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-300390204279559389	Cigarette Smoking Man	Cigarette Smoking Man - wikipedia Cigarette Smoking Man `` Cancer Man '' redirects here . For the Breaking Bad episode , see Cancer Man ( Breaking Bad ) . Carl Gerhard Busch / Cigarette Smoking Man The X-Files character William B. Davis as Cigarette Smoking Man First appearance `` Pilot '' ( September 10 , 1993 ) Last appearance `` My Struggle IV '' ( March 21 , 2018 ) Created by Chris Carter Portrayed by William B. Davis Chris Owens ( younger ) Craig Warkentin ( younger ) Information Occupation Department of Defense Syndicate member Men in Black Case Officer Assassin Family Cassandra ( ex-wife ) Jeffrey Spender ( son ) Fox Mulder ( son ) William Van de Kamp ( grandson ) Alias C.G.B. Spender Affiliated with Colonists Central Intelligence Agency National Security Agency Federal Bureau of Investigation , The X-Files The Syndicate Duration 1993 -- 2000 , 2002 , 2016 , 2018 Films The X-Files Cigarette Smoking Man ( abbreviated CSM or C - Man ; sometimes referred to as Cancer Man or the Smoking Man ) is a fictional character and one of the primary antagonists of the Fox science fiction - supernatural television series The X-Files . He serves as the arch - nemesis of FBI Special Agent Fox Mulder . In the show 's sixth season , his name is said to be C.G.B. Spender , but Dana Scully suggests this is one of `` hundreds of aliases '' ; the show 's characters and fans continue to refer to him by variations of `` the Smoking Man '' because he is almost always seen chain - smoking Morley cigarettes . In the eleventh season , he reveals his full name to be Carl Gerhard Busch . Although he utters only four audible words in the entire first season of the show , the Smoking Man eventually develops into the series ' primary antagonist . In his early appearances he is seen in the offices of Section Chief Scott Blevins and Assistant Director Walter Skinner , Mulder and his partner Dana Scully 's supervisors . An influential man working for the powers that be , he is a key member in a government - conspiracy unit known only as the Syndicate , who are hiding the truth of alien existence and their plan to colonize Earth . His power and influence remained strong , even after most of the Syndicate was destroyed . The Smoking Man is portrayed by Canadian actor William B. Davis . When Davis first received the role , the character was written as an extra for the pilot episode . He returned for small cameo appearances during the first season , making increasingly more appearances in the seasons that followed . Davis never received an award for his portrayal alone , but he was nominated for ensemble awards . TV Guide included him in their 2013 list of The 60 Nastiest Villains of All Time . Contents 1 Character arc 1.1 `` Musings of a Cigarette Smoking Man '' 1.2 `` My Struggle III '' 1.3 Other episodes 2 Spin - off media 3 Characterization 4 Development 5 Reception 6 References 6.1 Notes 7 External links Character arc ( edit ) `` Musings of a Cigarette Smoking Man '' ( edit ) The birth date , birthplace , and most of the history of the Smoking Man is never categorically confirmed . One possible version of his past is provided during the fourth - season episode `` Musings of a Cigarette Smoking Man '' , in which the conspiracy theorists known as The Lone Gunmen claim Smoking Man was first documented in Baton Rouge , Louisiana , on August 20 , 1940 . His father was an ardent communist activist and a spy for the Soviet NKVD who was executed under the Espionage Act of 1917 `` before his boy could walk . '' His mother was a cigarette smoker who died from lung cancer , also when he was an infant . Since he had no surviving family , he became a ward of the state and was sent to various orphanages in the Midwest . He made no friends and spent most of his time reading . The episode portrays the Smoking Man shooting John F. Kennedy after being signaled by the `` Umbrella man '' ( sitting on the right side ) . The same episode reveals that by the early 1960s he was a US Army captain involved in black ops and intelligence , and that he served alongside Fox Mulder 's father , Bill . The Smoking Man was already involved in the arming of anti-Castro rebels in Cuba and the assassinations of Patrice Lumumba and Rafael Trujillo before he was enlisted by a secret cabal to assassinate President John Fitzgerald Kennedy in Dallas . The assassination was motivated by Kennedy 's mishandling of the Bay of Pigs Invasion and the subsequent Cuban Missile Crisis . As part of the mission , the Smoking Man told the designated patsy , Lee Harvey Oswald , to bring the curtain rods as a way to frame him for the murder . Incidentally , it was Oswald himself who introduced the Smoking Man to cigarettes . By 1968 , the Smoking Man had progressed enough in the hierarchy to push himself for the assassination of Martin Luther King , concerned that King was `` talking like a Maoist '' and a threat to the American war effort in Vietnam . He did the deed himself because he had `` too much respect for the man , '' and chose to frame a white racist because of his own sympathy for the Civil Rights Movement . At the same time , the Smoking Man was an aspiring writer of espionage ( and later , science - fiction ) novels starring a fictional version of himself , Jack Colquitt , and based on his own secret activities , but all his drafts were rejected or altered by publishers who found them unrealistic and poorly written . This left him no choice but to continue working for the United States government . By 1991 , the Smoking Man 's power was pretty much absolute . He was in direct talks with Saddam Hussein and involved in one way or another on the Anita Hill - Clarence Thomas controversy , moving the Rodney King trial to Simi Valley , keeping the US government from interfering in the independence of Bosnia - Herzegovina , the Academy Awards nominations , keeping the Buffalo Bills from ever winning the Super Bowl , drugging the Soviet goalkeeper Vladislav Tretiak before the Miracle on Ice , and executing extraterrestrials that survived landing on American soil . Nevertheless , X-Files writer Frank Spotnitz , has stated that this version of events is only one possibility and is not accepted canon . `` My Struggle III '' ( edit ) In the eleventh - season episode `` My Struggle III , '' the Cigarette - Smoking Man reveals his name to be Carl Gerhard Busch ( the name of series creator Chris Carter 's grandfather ) . Other episodes ( edit ) In his first appearance in the series , he oversees FBI agent Dana Scully 's ( Gillian Anderson ) briefing and debriefing , and later disposes of evidence Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Scully had brought back from their investigation of an alien abduction . With the Smoking Man hiding truth from the public , Mulder seeks to reveal it to the public and the truth about the disappearance of his sister , Samantha . This leads to a rivalry that lasts until the end of the series . In later seasons , it is revealed that he is a member of a group known as the Syndicate , a shadowy organization within the United States government . The episode `` Two Fathers '' reveals his birthname or alias as C.G.B. Spender , and that he was formerly married to Cassandra Spender , with whom he had a son , Jeffrey Spender . He recruits FBI Special Agent Diana Fowley to be a subordinate of his because she has a close relationship with Mulder . In `` One Son '' , Jeffrey finds out that his father , the Smoking Man , forced his mother Cassandra to undergo medical treatments that led to several nervous breakdowns during his childhood years . When the Smoking Man finds out , he seemingly kills Jeffrey . Knowing of the colonization plan , the Alien rebels return to Earth to try to persuade the Syndicate to join their side against their war with the Colonists . Not believing in the strength of the Alien rebels , the Syndicate members meet at El Rico Air Base to be transported to a spaceship to survive the colonization . However , the rebels appear instead of the Colonists and kill all remaining chief members of the Syndicate . Together with Fowley , the Smoking Man escapes the destruction of the Syndicate . Later in the sixth season , there is more evidence that suggested that the Smoking Man is Mulder 's biological father . Eventually in `` The Sixth Extinction II : Amor Fati '' , Fowley comes in disagreement with him . Because of his plans to kill Mulder , Fowley helps Scully in her investigation to locate Mulder , which leads to her death . After the destruction of the Syndicate , the Smoking Man starts to operate as he wishes . However , his cancer resurfaces , and he begins using a wheelchair and has a tracheotomy . In the end , Alex Krycek and Marita Covarrubias betray him in the episode `` Requiem '' , throwing him down a flight of stairs , where they presume him to be dead . Until the ninth season episode `` William '' , the Smoking Man is presumed dead . It is learned that his attempted murder of his son failed , which led him to subject his son to terrible experiments . In the series finale , `` The Truth '' , Mulder and Scully travel through remote New Mexico and reach a pueblo where a `` wise man '' reputedly lives : he is , in fact , the Smoking Man . His condition has worsened since his disappearance , and he lives a primitive life in hiding from the `` New '' Syndicate . After taunting Mulder and Scully , he reveals to Scully what Mulder already knew , that the alien re-colonization of Earth is set for December 22 , 2012 . Shortly after , Smoking Man is again apparently killed by a rocket shot from a helicopter ordered by Knowle Rohrer . For the next 14 years , he is presumed dead . However , he appears again alive but seriously burned and disfigured at the end of `` My Struggle '' ( 2016 ) , the first episode of The X-Files miniseries , stating that the X-Files have been reopened . In the season finale , `` My Struggle II '' , the Smoking Man puts into motion the conspiracy he had been working on all these years , releasing chemtrails into the atmosphere which trigger immune system breakdowns throughout the American population , which had been infected by the Spartan virus through mandatory flu vaccinations . Out of fondness for Mulder , he offers him the cure to the disease , but is rebuffed . The United States is thrown into chaos as the Syndicate plan for depopulation gets underway . However in `` My Struggle III '' , this is shown to be a vision experienced by Scully . It is revealed that the Smoking Man is trying to find Scully 's son William in order to fulfill his plans , and that he is in conflict with a group lead by two other surviving Syndicate members , who want the Smoking Man dead in order to carry out their own agenda . The Smoking Man approaches Walter Skinner to make him a deal , and offers him a chance to survive the end of humanity in exchange for Skinner helping him find William . The Smoking Man also reveals he was responsible for the creation of William , as he impregnated Scully with the use of alien technology . In the season 11 finale `` My Struggle IV '' , the Smoking Man and Reyes follow Mulder , Scully and Skinner to an abandoned factory where they are chasing down William . Skinner points a gun at them and shoots Reyes dead , and the Smoking Man runs Skinner over in his car . The Smoking Man confronts `` Mulder '' ( who is actually William in disguise ) by a waterfront , and during the standoff shoots him in the head and causes him to fall into the water . The real Mulder appears and shoots the Smoking Man , who realizes that he has killed William , and he falls off the edge and into the water , with his body then carried away by the currents . Spin - off media ( edit ) Prior to the tenth televised series of The X-Files in 2016 , Chris Carter worked with IDW Publishing in 2013 to produce a comic - book continuation of the show . It hints that the Smoking Man is alive and indirectly feeding information to both Mulder and The Lone Gunmen . Carter later said that the story from these comics would be disregarded in future television productions . A variation of the comic - book continuation was made canonical with The X-Files : Cold Cases , an Audible adaptation of the series set between the events of the ninth and tenth seasons of The X-Files , in which the Smoking Man presented in the series is revealed to be a shape - shifting alien imitating him . Characterization ( edit ) Kim Manners , a director of several X-Files episodes , said that the Smoking Man was the show 's version of Darth Vader . Some X-Files fans have categorized the Smoking Man as evil , making him out to be the villain . Series creator Chris Carter once called him `` the devil '' , producing a mixed reaction among fans . Some fans , along with the portraying actor , see him as a hero , as he is forced to make choices others are not . The Smoking Man is involved in the Syndicate , a shadow organization which includes members of the United States government that exists to hide from the public the fact that aliens are planning to colonize Earth . The Smoking Man often ruthlessly protects the secrets of the conspiracy , and serves as the main antagonist to Mulder , who has an equally consuming devotion to reveal the truth in the first seven seasons . His stated justification is a desire to prevent the alien colonization for as long as possible ; in the episode `` One Breath '' , he tells Mulder that he is in the conspiracy ( which he calls `` the game '' ) because he believes that the secrets he keeps could , if publicly revealed , threaten the social order that preserves society : `` If people were to know of the things that I know ... it would all fall apart '' . He is at times shown working towards that goal , particularly in connection with developing a vaccine to protect people from the `` black oil '' , a parasitic agent which the alien Colonists use to propagate themselves . Development ( edit ) `` I tried to put myself in the character 's shoes and see the world from his point of view . After all , villains do n't think they are villains '' . -- William B. Davis talking about his character . When first cast for the role , portraying actor William B. Davis thought a show about the paranormal would not last for long . Before joining The X-Files cast , Davis had not smoked a cigarette in twenty years . For the first two episodes he appeared in , he smoked `` real '' cigarettes , but later changed to herbal cigarettes , giving the reason that smoking was dangerous for his health . In at least one early script draft from the `` Pilot '' , a Special Agent named Lake Drazen is present at the meeting near the start of the episode , having chosen Scully for an assignment to evaluate the validity of Mulder 's work on the X-Files . The scene was eventually deleted and replaced , and several crew members have hinted that Agent Drazen became the Smoking Man . Kim Manners said that it seemed all the prominent pieces created for The X-Files were created by `` accident '' . According to Manners , Davis was nothing more than an extra leaning on a shelf . At the start , the producers of the show were not sure about making the Smoking Man the main antagonist . Paul Rabwin commented once that he did not know if Davis could handle the role , because he was not sure if he was a `` good enough '' actor for the role . Manners later commented that Davis knew that the Smoking Man had two different characters , the first being the one played by Davis and the second was the cigarettes . He further stated that the cigarette smoke could tell a `` whole story '' by itself , thanks to Davis ' talent . Fans of the series were active in debating if the Smoking Man was actually dead after the events of the season five premiere `` Redux '' . In his first response , Chris Carter said he had left clues in the episode , and he later officially announced that the character would appear in The X-Files movie . In one of his last comments on the matter , he said , `` Not that we have n't brought deceased characters back before , in flashbacks or more paranormal ways . The great thing about The X-Files is that anything can happen . '' The Smoking Man is the only character in the series , in addition to Mulder and Scully , to appear in both the first episode , `` pilot '' and the last , `` The Truth '' of the series . Portraying actor William B. Davis was listed as CIA Agent in the first season episode `` Young at Heart '' , instead of his usual character , the Smoking Man . Actor Chris Owens for a time portrayed the Smoking Man as a young man in flashbacks . He later plays his son , Jeffrey Spender . Young Cigarette Smoking Man was first played by Craig Warkentin , with Davis 's voice dubbed over in `` Apocrypha '' . Reception ( edit ) While not being nominated for any of his work alone on The X-Files , William B. Davis and several other cast members were nominated in the category `` Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series '' by the Screen Actors Guild Awards in 1997 , 1998 and 1999 but did not win . The character was regularly voted `` The Nastiest Villain '' on television polls during the 90s . TV Guide listed Cigarette Smoking Man 20th in their `` 25 Greatest TV Villains '' list . According to the portraying actor , the character had garnered protest from `` pro-smokers '' . Entertainment Weekly writer Jennifer Armstrong cited the character as an example of the old tradition of having only `` bad guys '' smoking on television . Davis was included in Entertainment Weekly 's list of the 50 Biggest Emmy Snubs , the list 's author saying that the presence of the `` Cigarette Smoking Man '' was as important as `` black oil , alien implants , and Scully 's skepticism '' . The Malaysian newspaper the New Straits Times called the Smoking Man one of the most `` intriguing '' characters of the show . However , Christianity Today said that the mystery behind the Smoking Man had evaporated by the late season episodes . Likewise , Ken Tucker from Entertainment Weekly felt that `` the monotonous evil of Cancer Man '' had `` become actively annoying '' in later seasons of the show , being that his lurking presence did not seem as mysterious anymore . Salon reviewer Jeff Stark felt the show was at its best when you `` did n't exactly know the motivations of the Smoking Man '' . References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Michael W. Watkins ( director ) , David Duchovny & Chris Carter ( writers ) . `` The Sixth Extinction II : Amor Fati '' . The X-Files . Season 7 . Episode 2 . Fox Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ Bretts , Bruce ; Roush , Matt ; ( March 25 , 2013 ) . `` Baddies to the Bone : The 60 nastiest villains of all time '' . TV Guide . pp. 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Glen Morgan ( director and writer ) . `` Musings of a Cigarette Smoking Man '' . The X-Files . Season 4 . Episode 7 . Fox Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ Episode transcript Jump up ^ Meisler , pp. 75 -- 82 Jump up ^ Leighton , Susan ( January 6 , 2018 ) . `` The X-Files : Chris Carter and the Cigarette Smoking Man share a secret '' . 1428elm.com . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Robert Mandel ( director ) , Chris Carter ( writer ) . `` Pilot '' . The X-Files . Season 1 . Episode 1 . Fox Home Entertainment . ^ Jump up to : Spotnitz , Frank , Carter , Chris , Shiban , John , Manners , Kim and Gordon , Howard among others ( 2004 ) . Threads of Mythology ( DVD ) . Fox Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ R.W. Goodwin ( director ) , Chris Carter ( writer ) . `` The Erlenmeyer Flask '' . The X-Files . Season 1 . Episode 24 . Fox Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ Kim Manners ( director ) , Chris Carter & Frank Spotnitz ( writers ) . `` Two Fathers '' . The X-Files . Season 6 . Episode 11 . Fox Home Entertainment . ^ Jump up to : Rob Bowman ( director ) , Chris Carter & Frank Spotnitz ( writers ) . `` One Son '' . The X-Files . Season 6 . Episode 12 . Fox Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ Kim Manners ( director ) , Chris Carter ( writer ) . `` Requiem '' . The X-Files . Season 7 . Episode 22 . Fox Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ David Duchovny ( director ) , David Duchovny , Frank Spotnitz & Chris Carter ( writers ) . `` William '' . The X-Files . Season 9 . Episode 16 . Fox Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ Kim Manners ( director ) , Chris Carter ( writer ) . `` The Truth '' . The X-Files . Season 9 . Episode 19 & 20 . Fox Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ `` The X-Files : Season 10 # 2 -- Believers , Part 2 ( of 5 ) ( Issue ) '' . comicvine.com . Jump up ^ Quijada , Avi ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` XFN Exclusive : Chris Carter on # XFilesRevival '' . XFilesNews . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2016 . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kowalski and B. Davis 2007 , p. 142 -- 143 . Jump up ^ Tomashoff , Craig ( December 5 , 1999 ) . `` Television / Radio ; Where Have the Confident , Happy Heroes Gone ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive interview -- William B. Davis '' . Expedientes X . Retrieved July 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Doherty , Brian ( October 22 , 2009 ) . `` An Interview '' . Space . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2008 . Retrieved July 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Nuytens , Gilles ( October 11 , 2005 ) . `` Interview with William B. Davis '' . The Sci Fi World . Retrieved July 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Carter , Chris , Anderson , Gillian , Duchovny , David , B. Davis , William and Williams , Steven ( 1998 ) . Inside The X-Files ( Season 5 ) ( DVD ) . Fox Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ Baldwin , Kristen ( November 21 , 1997 ) . `` Dead Man Smoking ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Carter , Chris ( 2005 ) . Audio Commentary for `` The Red and the Black '' ( DVD ) . Fox Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ Carter , Chris and Manners , Kim ( 2005 ) . Audio Commentary for `` Apocrypha '' ( DVD ) . Fox Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ `` 3rd Annual SAG Awards Nominees '' . Screen Actors Guild Award . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2008 . Retrieved July 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 4th Annual SAG Awards Nominees '' . Screen Actors Guild Award . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2008 . Retrieved July 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 5th Annual SAG Awards Nominees '' . Screen Actors Guild Award . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2008 . Retrieved July 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rampton , James ( February 7 , 1998 ) . `` Where there 's smoke ... '' The Independent . London . Retrieved July 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Jennifer ( June 7 , 2002 ) . `` TV smoking makes doctors gag '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Biggest Emmy Snubs : No. 50 - 26 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Trust Is Out There ... '' New Straits Times . February 11 , 1998 . Retrieved July 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hertz , Todd ( January 1 , 2002 ) . `` Opinion Roundup : Is The Truth Out There ? '' . Christianity Today . Retrieved July 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Ken ( May 16 , 1997 ) . `` The X-Files ( 1993 -- 2002 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Stark , Jeff ( January 16 , 2001 ) . `` The X-Files : Fight the Future '' . Salon . Retrieved October 17 , 2009 . Works cited A. Kowalsi , Dean ; B. Davis , William ( 2007 ) . The Philosophy of The X-files . Kentucky , US : University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 0 - 8131 - 2454 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Cigarette Smoking Man at The X-Files Wiki The X-Files The X-Files Awards Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Unmade The X-Files ( film ) The X-Files : I Want to Believe Mythology Religion in The X-Files Sources and analogues Characters Colonists Minor Samantha Mulder X-files unit Fox Mulder Dana Scully Walter Skinner John Doggett Monica Reyes Brad Follmer Jeffrey Spender Alvin Kersh Lone Gunmen Jimmy Bond Syndicate Cigarette Smoking Man Well - Manicured Man Deep Throat X Marita Covarrubias Alex Krycek Men in Black Merchandise Games Collectible Card Game The X-Files Game Unrestricted Access Resist or Serve Deep State DVD releases Volume 1 Volume 2 Volume 3 Volume 4 Revelations Music Theme Songs in the Key of X The Truth and the Light The X-Files : Original Motion Picture Score The X-Files : The Album I Want to Believe : Original Motion Picture Score Literature The X-Files ( comics ) The X-Files Season 10 The X-Files Season 11 Related shows Millennium The Lone Gunmen `` The Springfield Files '' Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cigarette_Smoking_Man&oldid=855851797 '' Categories : The X-Files characters Fictional assassins Fictional characters from Louisiana Fictional characters introduced in 1993 Fictional characters with cancer Fictional characters with disfigurements Fictional characters without a name Fictional members of secret societies Fictional murderers Fictional smokers Hidden categories : Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from August 2014 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Español Français Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 August 2018 , at 07 : 42 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the smoking man on the x-files	[ "The Smoking Man is portrayed by Canadian actor William B. Davis. When Davis first received the role, the character was written as an extra for the pilot episode. He returned for small cameo appearances during the first season, making increasingly more appearances in the seasons that followed. Davis never received an award for his portrayal alone, but he was nominated for ensemble awards.\n" ]	[ "Canadian actor William B. Davis" ]
-7630463456586364494	Shoot Out at the Fantasy Factory	Shoot Out at the Fantasy Factory - wikipedia Shoot Out at the Fantasy Factory Jump to : navigation , search Shoot Out at the Fantasy Factory Studio album by Traffic Released February 1973 Recorded 1972 Studio Strawberry Hill Studios , Jamaica Genre Progressive rock , jazz fusion Length 39 : 18 Label Island Producer Steve Winwood Traffic chronology The Low Spark of High Heeled Boys ( 1971 ) The Low Spark of High Heeled Boys 1971 Shoot Out at the Fantasy Factory ( 1973 ) On the Road ( 1973 ) On the Road 1973 Shoot Out at the Fantasy Factory is the sixth studio album by English rock band Traffic released in 1973 . It followed their 1971 album The Low Spark of High Heeled Boys and contained five songs . Shoot Out , while achieving poorer reviews than its predecessor , did reach number six on the Billboard Pop Albums chart , one space higher than Low Spark had peaked in 1972 . Like its predecessor , the original jacket for the Shoot Out LP had its top right and bottom left corners clipped . The album was remastered for CD in 2003 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Reception 2 Track listing 2.1 Side One 2.2 Side Two 3 Versions of the album 4 Personnel 4.1 Traffic 4.2 Additional personnel 4.3 Technical 5 Charts 6 Certifications 7 References 8 External links Reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Robert Christgau ( C ) Rolling Stone had a subdued reaction , saying that most of the songs are too even - tempered and uniform in structure and tone , but that `` Evening Blue '' and `` ( Sometimes I Feel So ) Uninspired '' are high points . They summarized that the album `` embodies the inconsistencies that beset the band as well as the high points that have kept Traffic moving . '' Retrospective reviews were less forgiving , with AllMusic stating that both the compositions and the performances are uniformly weak , adding up to `` a competent , if perfunctory effort in the band 's familiar style '' , while Robert Christgau 's review consisted of a single sentence followed by the note ' Giveaway : `` ( Sometimes I Feel So ) Uninspired . '' ' Track listing ( edit ) All songs written by Steve Winwood and Jim Capaldi unless otherwise indicated . Side One ( edit ) `` Shoot Out at the Fantasy Factory '' -- 6 : 05 `` Roll Right Stones '' -- 13 : 40 Side Two ( edit ) `` Evening Blue '' -- 5 : 19 `` Tragic Magic '' ( Chris Wood ) -- 6 : 43 `` ( Sometimes I Feel So ) Uninspired '' -- 7 : 31 Versions of the album ( edit ) The original , full - length master of Shoot Out at the Fantasy Factory was originally only heard on the original U.S. vinyl version . This was at a time when Island Records was manufactured and distributed by Capitol Records . When Island 's distribution deal with Capitol ended , Traffic submitted a revised master in which `` Roll Right Stones '' and `` Uninspired '' were remixed and faded out early . `` Uninspired '' was shortened by about 15 seconds and `` Roll Right Stones '' by a full two minutes . This shortened master was used for all subsequent copies of the album until May 2003 . With Island 's 2003 remaster of the album , the original full - length versions of these songs finally became available on CD . LPs and CDs with the shortened versions of these songs commonly falsely list the longer times for them . Personnel ( edit ) Traffic ( edit ) Steve Winwood -- lead and backing vocals , guitar , piano , organ Chris Wood -- saxophone , flute Jim Capaldi -- percussion , backing vocals ( track 2 ) David Hood ( of the Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section aka ' The Swampers ' ) -- bass Roger Hawkins ( of the Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section ) -- drums Rebop Kwaku Baah -- percussion Additional personnel ( edit ) Barry Beckett ( of the Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section ) -- keyboards ( track 4 ) Jimmy Johnson ( of the Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section ) -- clarinet ( track 4 ) Technical ( edit ) Jerry Masters , Steve Melton -- engineer Tony Wright -- cover illustrations Tommy Wright -- photography Charts ( edit ) Album Year Chart Position 1973 Billboard 200 6 Certifications ( edit ) Organization Level Date RIAA -- USA Gold March 3 , 1973 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Billboard 200 - Traffic '' . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` AllMusic Review - Shoot Out at the Fantasy Factory '' . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Traffic reviews , Robert Christgau . Retrieved August 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Romasco , John . ( March 15 , 1973 ) . Album review , Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ Muscle Shoals Sound Studio Jump up ^ Interview with UMG catalog chief Bill Levenson in ICE Magazine , referenced in a review at Amazon.com . External links ( edit ) Shoot Out at the Fantasy Factory ( 1973 ) album releases & credits at Discogs.com Traffic -- Shoot Out at the Fantasy Factory ( 1973 ) album user reviews & credits at ProgArchives.com Shoot Out at the Fantasy Factory ( 1973 ) album review by William Ruhlmann , credits , releases and Billboard charts at AllMusic.com ( hide ) Traffic Steve Winwood Jim Capaldi Chris Wood Dave Mason Ric Grech Jim Gordon Rebop Kwaku Baah Roger Hawkins David Hood Barry Beckett Rosko Gee Randall Bramblett Michael McEvoy Walfredo Reyes Jr . Studio albums Mr. Fantasy Traffic Last Exit John Barleycorn Must Die The Low Spark of High Heeled Boys Shoot Out at the Fantasy Factory When the Eagle Flies Far from Home Live albums Welcome to the Canteen On the Road The Last Great Traffic Jam Compilations Best of Traffic Heavy Traffic More Heavy Traffic Smiling Phases Gold Songs `` Paper Sun '' `` Hole in My Shoe '' `` Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush '' `` Dear Mr. Fantasy '' `` 40,000 Headmen '' `` Feelin ' Alright ? '' `` John Barleycorn '' `` The Low Spark of High Heeled Boys '' Related articles Discography Blind Faith Ginger Baker 's Air Force Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shoot_Out_at_the_Fantasy_Factory&oldid=814441339 '' Categories : Traffic ( band ) albums 1973 albums Island Records albums Albums produced by Steve Winwood Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 8 December 2017 , at 21 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	traffic shoot out at the fantasy factory songs	[]	[]
1008414979454102179	Paterson, New Jersey	Paterson , New Jersey - wikipedia Paterson , New Jersey City in New Jersey , United States Paterson , New Jersey City City of Paterson Downtown Paterson Coat of arms Nickname ( s ) : The Silk City Motto ( s ) : Spe et Labore ( Latin ) `` Hope and Effort '' Map of Paterson in Passaic County . Inset : Passaic County 's location in New Jersey . Census Bureau map of Paterson , New Jersey Coordinates : 40 ° 54 ′ 53 '' N 74 ° 09 ′ 46 '' W / 40.914746 ° N 74.162826 ° W / 40.914746 ; - 74.162826 Coordinates : 40 ° 54 ′ 53 '' N 74 ° 09 ′ 46 '' W / 40.914746 ° N 74.162826 ° W / 40.914746 ; - 74.162826 Country United States State New Jersey County Passaic Established November 22 , 1791 Incorporated April 11 , 1831 ( as township ) Reincorporated April 14 , 1851 ( as city ) Named for William Paterson Government Type Faulkner Act Mayor - Council Body City Council Mayor Andre Sayegh Municipal clerk Sonia Gordon ( acting ) Area Total 8.704 sq mi ( 22.544 km ) Land 8.428 sq mi ( 21.829 km ) Water 0.276 sq mi ( 0.715 km ) 3.17 % Area rank 223rd of 566 in state 7th of 16 in county Elevation 112 ft ( 34.1376 m ) Population ( 2010 Census ) Total 146,199 Estimate ( 2017 ) 148,678 Rank 3rd of 565 in state 1st of 16 in county Density 17,346.3 / sq mi ( 6,697.4 / km ) Density rank 9th of 566 in state 2nd of 16 in county Time zone Eastern ( EST ) ( UTC − 5 ) Summer ( DST ) Eastern ( EDT ) ( UTC − 4 ) ZIP codes 07501 - 07505 , 07508 - 07514 , 07522 , 07524 , 07533 , 07538 , 07543 , 07544 Area code ( s ) 201 and 973 FIPS code 3403157000 GNIS feature ID 0885343 Website www.patersonnj.gov Paterson is the largest city in and the county seat of Passaic County , New Jersey , United States . As of the 2010 United States Census , its population was 146,199 , rendering it New Jersey 's third-most - populous city . Paterson has the second - highest density of any U.S. city with over 100,000 people , behind only New York City . For 2017 , the Census Bureau 's Population Estimates Program calculated a population of 148,678 , an increase of 1.7 % from the 2010 enumeration , ranking the city the 174th - largest in the nation . Paterson is known as the `` Silk City '' for its dominant role in silk production during the latter half of the 19th century . The city has since evolved into a major destination for Hispanic immigrants as well as for immigrants from India , South Asia , the Arab and Muslim world . Paterson has the second - largest Muslim population in the United States by percentage . Contents 1 History 1.1 Establishment 1.2 Industrial growth 1.3 Athletics 1.4 Post-World War II era 2 Geography 2.1 Neighborhoods 2.2 Climate 3 Demographics 3.1 2010 Census 3.2 2000 Census 3.3 Ethnic groups 4 Economy 5 Arts and culture 6 Government 6.1 Local government 6.2 Federal , state and county representation 6.3 Politics 7 Emergency services 8 Transportation 8.1 Roads and highways 8.2 Public transportation 9 Education 10 Sister cities 10.1 Friendship 11 In popular culture 12 Notable people 13 See also 14 References 15 External links History ( edit ) Further information : History of New Jersey The area of Paterson was inhabited by the Algonquian - speaking Native American Acquackanonk tribe of the Lenape , referred to as the Delaware Indians . The land was known as the Lenapehoking . The Dutch claimed the land as New Netherlands , then the British as the Province of New Jersey . Establishment ( edit ) In 1791 Alexander Hamilton ( 1755 / 57 -- 1804 ) , first United States Secretary of the Treasury , helped found the Society for the Establishment of Useful Manufactures ( S.U.M. ) , which helped encourage the harnessing of energy from the Great Falls of the Passaic River to secure economic independence from British manufacturers . Paterson , which was founded by the society , became the cradle of the industrial revolution in America . Paterson was named for William Paterson , statesman , signer of the Constitution and Governor of New Jersey who signed the 1792 charter that established the Town of Paterson . Architect , engineer and city planner Pierre ( Peter ) Charles L'Enfant ( 1754 -- 1825 ) , who had earlier developed the initial plans for Washington , D.C. , was the first planner for the S.U.M. project . His plan proposed to harness the power of the Great Falls through a channel in the rock and an aqueduct . The society 's directors felt he was taking too long and was over budget , and he was replaced by Peter Colt , who used a less complicated reservoir system to get the water flowing to factories in 1794 . Eventually Colt 's system developed some problems and a scheme resembling L'Enfant's original plan was used after 1846 . Paterson was originally formed as a township from portions of Acquackanonk Township on April 11 , 1831 , while the area was still part of Essex County . Paterson became part of newly created Passaic County on February 7 , 1837 . It was incorporated as a city on April 14 , 1851 , based on the results of a referendum held that day . The city was reincorporated on March 14 , 1861 . Industrial growth ( edit ) A view of Paterson circa 1880 . Part of the central business district of Paterson , at the intersection of Market and Main streets , 1911 The industries developed in Paterson were powered by the 77 - foot - high Great Falls and a system of water raceways that harnessed the power of the falls , providing power for the mills in the area until 1914 and fostering the growth of the city around the mills . The district originally included dozens of mill buildings and other manufacturing structures associated with the textile industry and , later , the firearms , silk and railroad locomotive manufacturing industries . In the latter half of the 19th century silk production became the dominant industry and formed the basis of Paterson 's most prosperous period , earning it the nickname `` Silk City . '' In 1835 Samuel Colt began producing firearms in Paterson , although within a few years he moved his business to Hartford , Connecticut . Later in the 19th century Paterson was the site of early experiments with submarines by Irish - American inventor John Philip Holland . Two of Holland 's early models -- one found at the bottom of the Passaic River -- are on display in the Paterson Museum , housed in the former Rogers Locomotive and Machine Works near the Passaic Falls . The city was a mecca for immigrant laborers who worked in its factories , particularly Italian weavers from the Naples region . Paterson was the site of historic labor unrest that focused on anti-child labor legislation , and the six - month - long Paterson silk strike of 1913 that demanded the eight - hour day and better working conditions . It was defeated by the employers , with workers forced to return under pre-strike conditions . Factory workers labored long hours for low wages under dangerous conditions and lived in crowded tenement buildings around the mills . The factories then moved to the South , where there were no labor unions , and still later moved overseas . In 1919 Paterson was one of eight locations bombed by self - identified anarchists . Athletics ( edit ) In 1932 Paterson opened Hinchliffe Stadium , a 10,000 - seat stadium named in honor of John V. Hinchliffe , the city 's mayor at the time . Hinchliffe Stadium originally served as the site for high school and professional athletic events . From 1933 to 1937 and 1939 to 1945 , Hinchliffe was the home of the New York Black Yankees and from 1935 to 1936 the home of the New York Cubans of the Negro National League . The historic ballpark was also a venue for many professional football games , track and field events , boxing matches and auto and motorcycle racing . The comedy team of Bud Abbott and Lou Costello performed at Hinchliffe prior to boxing matches ( Abbott was from the coastal New Jersey city of Asbury Park , but Costello was a Paterson native ) . Hinchliffe is one of only three Negro League stadiums left standing in the United States and is on the National Register of Historic Places . In 1963 the Paterson Public Schools acquired the stadium and used it for public school events until 1997 , but it is currently in a state of disrepair while the schools have been taken over by the state . Post-world War II era ( edit ) A Hooverville for unemployed on the outskirts of Paterson , 1937 . During World War II Paterson played an important part in the aircraft engine industry . By the end of World War II , however , there was a decline in urban areas and Paterson was no exception , and since the late 1960s the city has suffered high unemployment rates and white flight . Once a premier shopping and leisure destination of northern New Jersey , competition from malls in upscale neighboring towns like Wayne and Paramus have forced the big chain stores out of Paterson 's downtown . The biggest industries are now small businesses , with the decline of the city 's industrial base . However , the city still , as always , attracts many immigrants , who have revived the city 's economy , especially through small businesses . The downtown area has been struck by massive fires several times , most recently on January 17 , 1991 . In this fire a near full city block ( bordered on the north and south by Main Street and Washington Street and on the east and west by Ellison Street and College Boulevard , a stretch of Van Houten Street that is dominated by Passaic County Community College ) was engulfed in flames due to an electrical fire in the basement of a bar at 161 Main Street and spread to other buildings . Firefighter John A. Nicosia , 28 , of Engine 4 went missing in the fire , having gotten lost in the basement . His body was recovered two days later . A plaque honoring his memory was later placed on a wall near the area . The area was so badly damaged that most of the burned buildings were demolished , with an outdoor mall standing in their place . The most notable of the destroyed buildings was the Meyer Brothers department store , which closed in 1987 and had since been parceled out . Paterson includes numerous locations listed on the National Register of Historic Places , including museums , civic buildings such as City Hall , Hinchliffe Stadium , Public School Number Two and the Danforth Memorial Library , churches ( Cathedral of St. John the Baptist and St. Michael 's Roman Catholic Church ) , individual residences , such as Lambert Castle , and districts of the city , such as the Paterson Downtown Commercial Historic District , the Great Falls / Society for the Establishment of Useful Manufactures Historic District and the Eastside Park Historic District . In August 2011 , Paterson was severely affected in the aftermath of Hurricane Irene , particularly by flooding of the Passaic River , where waters rose to levels unseen for 100 years , leading to the displacement of thousands and the closure of bridges over the river . Touring the area with Federal Emergency Management Agency Administrator Craig Fugate , U.S. Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano declared , `` This is as bad as I 've seen , and I 've been in eight states that have been impacted by Irene . '' The same day , President Obama declared New Jersey a disaster area , and announced that he would visit the city . Geography ( edit ) According to the United States Census Bureau , the city had a total area of 8.704 square miles ( 22.544 km ) , including 8.428 square miles ( 21.829 km ) of land and 0.276 square miles ( 0.715 km ) of water ( 3.17 % ) . Unincorporated communities , localities and place names located partially or completely within the city include Riverside and Totowa . The city borders the municipalities of Clifton , Haledon , Hawthorne , Prospect Park , Totowa and Woodland Park ( formerly West Paterson ) in Passaic County ; and both Elmwood Park ( formerly East Paterson ) and Fair Lawn in Bergen County . Neighborhoods ( edit ) Paterson city hall . The Great Falls of the Passaic River in Paterson . Paterson 's skyline , New Jersey , showing the canyon of the Passaic River in the foreground . The area along the river was formerly the site of most of the mills that flourished throughout Paterson 's history . The Great Falls Historic District is the most famous neighborhood in Paterson because of the landmark Great Falls of the Passaic River . The city has attempted to revitalize the area in recent years , including the installation of period lamp posts and the conversion of old industrial buildings into apartments and retail venues . Many artists live in this section of Paterson . A major redevelopment project is planned for this district in the coming years . The Paterson Museum of Industrial History at Rogers Locomotive and Machine Works is situated in the Historic District . Downtown Paterson is the main commercial district of the city and was once a shopping destination for many who lived in northern New Jersey . After a devastating fire in 1902 , the city rebuilt the downtown with massive Beaux - Arts - style buildings , many of which remain to this day . These buildings are usually four to seven stories tall . Downtown Paterson is home to Paterson City Hall and the Passaic County Courthouse Annex , two of the city 's architectural landmarks . City Hall was designed by the New York firm Carrere and Hastings in 1894 , and was modeled after the Hôtel de Ville ( city hall ) in Lyon , France , capital of the silk industry in Europe . The former Orpheum Theatre located on Van Houten Street has been converted to a mosque by the Islamic Foundation of New Jersey . The massive structure , now known as Masjid Jalalabad , can accommodate 1,500 worshipers . As with many other old downtown districts in the United States , Downtown Paterson suffered as shoppers and retailers moved to the suburban shopping malls of the region . Many historic buildings are in disrepair or are abandoned after years of neglect . In addition , Downtown Paterson is an Urban Enterprise Zone . The city has , in recent years , begun initiatives in hopes of reviving the downtown area with the centerpiece being the Center City Mall , constructed on a large parking lot spanning Ward Street from Main to Church Streets and features retail , entertainment , and commercial space . Downtown Paterson is located in the city 's 1st Ward . Eastside Park Historic District consists of about 1,000 homes in a variety of architectural styles , including Tudors , Georgian colonials , Victorians , Italianate villas and Dutch colonials . It is located east of downtown . Once the home of the city 's industrial and political leaders , the neighborhood experienced a significant downturn as industry fled Paterson . In recent years , gentrification has begun to occur in the neighborhood and some of the area 's historic houses have been restored . The Eastside Park Historic District is a state and nationally registered historic place . The jewel of the neighborhood is Eastside Park and the mansions that surround it . This section of Paterson once had a large Jewish population that reached 40,000 at its peak ; a synagogue still remains . Eastside Park and what is commonly known as the Upper Eastside are located in Paterson 's 3rd Ward . East River Section is a section that is referred to by locals roughly bordering Riverside at 5th Avenue and extending south to Broadway , sandwiched in by Madison Avenue to McClean Boulevard ( Route 20 ) . However , the neighborhood 's layout unofficially extends to the `` Paterson - Newark / Hudson Route '' of River Road in the Paterson - Memorial Park section of Fair Lawn whose house addresses are in alignment with the now defunct Jewish synagogue on the corner of 33rd Street and Broadway , which connects Paterson to Newark / Hudson , and at one time was a main route through River Drive , which starts in Elmwood Park and rides north to south along the East Bank of the Passaic River in Paterson 's original county . Built when Paterson was still Bergen County , River Drive changes to River Road in the greater Eastside Sections of Upper Eastside - Manor Section , East River , and Riverside Sections , and turns into Wagaraw Road north of 1st Avenue / Maple Avenue in the old Bunker Hill extension of Columbia Heights in Fair Lawn an indication of not only entering the Industrial Section , but also entering the foothills of the Ramapo Mountains in Hawthorne . River Drive then turns into East Main Street to indicate that you have entered the Northside Section . The East River neighborhood which was and still maintains its `` blue collar '' working - class identity , was at one time known for its large Jewish community , as well as a Neapolitan / Italian population and more recently other Mediterranean and Adriatic Europeans , Caribbean and South Americans , and other modern immigrant groups from all over the world , as well as African - Americans . Manor Section is a residential neighborhood in Paterson . It is located east of East 33rd Street , north of Broadway , and south - west of Route 20 and the Passaic River . The Manor section of Paterson is located in the city 's 3rd Ward . The layout and culture of the Manor Section also extends into the neighboring Lyncrest and Rivercrest sections of Fair Lawn , with all the addresses aligning themselves to the now defunct Jewish Temple , located at the corner of 33rd and Broadway . Paterson neighborhoods This box : view talk edit -- Totowa Section -- Hillcrest -- Great Falls Historic District -- Stoney Road -- South Paterson -- Lakeview -- Near Eastside -- Manor Section -- Eastside Park Historic District -- Sandy Hill -- People 's Park -- Riverside -- Downtown -- The Central Business District -- The Old Dublin District -- Little Italy -- Wrigley Park -- Northside South Paterson , also known as Little Istanbul or Little Ramallah , is a diverse neighborhood with a growing number of immigrants from the Middle East , with significant Arab and Turkish communities . The neighborhood is located in the 6th Ward , east of Main Street and west of West Railway Avenue . A majority of the city 's Arabs live in this section of Paterson . Many of the retail shops and restaurants cater to this community . The neighborhood is characterized by Halal meat markets which offer goat and lamb ; and shop signs are in Arabic . South Paterson 's Arab community is mostly made up of Jordanians , Palestinians , Syrians , and Lebanese . Lakeview is situated in the southern part of the city , and is a middle class neighborhood . Interstate 80 runs north of this district . Lakeview is home to the Paterson Farmers Market , where many people from across North Jersey come to buy fresh produce . The neighborhood is roughly 65 % Hispanic , although this neighborhood also has sizable European , Middle - Eastern , African - American , and Asian populations , including a significant Filipino presence . Lakeview also shares some of the same characteristics as neighboring Clifton as they both share a neighborhood bearing the same name . The Lakeview section of Paterson is located in the city 's 6th Ward . Hillcrest is a largely residential , middle class enclave , to the west of the downtown area . Its borders ' limits are Preakness Avenue to the east , Cumberland Avenue to the west , and Totowa Avenue along with West Side Park and the Passaic River to the south . Hillcrest is one of Paterson 's most desirable neighborhoods . The Hillcrest section of Paterson is located in the city 's 2nd Ward . People 's Park is a neighborhood located north of 23rd Avenue and south of Market Street . Twenty - First Avenue or `` La Veinte y uno '' as it 's known by most of Paterson 's Spanish - speaking community , is located in the People 's Park section of Paterson . It is an active and vibrant retail strip featuring a variety of shops and services catering to a diverse clientele . Twenty First Avenue used to have a large Italian population . Although there is still a significant Italian presence left in the neighborhood , it also has a large first - generation Hispanic population , particularly Colombian . House in Paterson 's inner city , 1974 . Photo by Danny Lyon . Wrigley Park is a neighborhood that has suffered from years of poverty , crime , and neglect . It is mostly African - American . Poverty , crime , open - air drug markets , prostitution , vacant lots , and boarded - up windows are all common in this area . However , there are new houses being built , and crime has dropped in recent years . This neighborhood is located north of Broadway . It is also known as the ' 4th Ward ' . Sandy Hill is a neighborhood in the Eastside located roughly west of Madison Avenue , north of 21st Avenue , south of Park Avenue , and east of Straight Street . Due to Paterson 's significant population turn - over , this neighborhood is now home to a large and growing Hispanic community , mostly first - generation Dominicans . The Sandy Hill section of Paterson is located in the city 's 5th Ward . Roberto Clemente Park , which was originally known as Sandy Hill Park , is located in this neighborhood . Part of the 5th Ward is called Near Eastside by residents to differentiate it from the Eastside Park Historic District to its immediate east . Northside , located north of Downtown , suffers from many of the social problems currently facing the Wrigley Park neighborhood , but to a lesser extent . This neighborhood borders the boroughs of Haledon and Prospect Park and is known for its hills and sweeping views of the New York City skyline . The Northside section of Paterson is located in the city 's 1st Ward . Totowa section is a large neighborhood located west of the Passaic River , south - west of West Broadway and north - east of Preakness Avenue . As the name implies , it borders the town of Totowa . It is mostly Hispanic but with an increasing South Asian community , mainly Bangladeshi . Many Bengali grocery and clothing stores are located on Union Avenue and the surrounding streets . Masjid Al - Ferdous is located on Union Avenue , which accommodates the daily Bangladeshi pedestrian population . A large Italian presence remains in this neighborhood . Many Peruvian and other Latin American restaurants and businesses are located on Union Avenue . Colonial Village and Brooks Sloate Terraces are located in this neighborhood . The Totowa Section is located in parts of the 1st and 2nd Wards of Paterson . Stoney Road is Paterson 's most south - west neighborhood , bordering Woodland Park to the south and Totowa across the Passaic River to the west . This neighborhood is home to Pennington Park , Hayden Heights , Lou Costello Pool , the Levine reservoir , Murray Avenue , Mc Bride Avenue , and Garret Heights . A strong Italian presence remains in this neighborhood . The Stoney Road section of Paterson is located in the city 's 2nd Ward . Riverside is a larger neighborhood in Paterson and , as its name suggests , is bound by the Passaic River to the north and east , separating the city from Hawthorne and Fair Lawn . Riverside is a working - class neighborhood . The neighborhood is mostly residential with some industrial uses . Madison Avenue cuts through the heart of this district . Route 20 runs through the eastern border of Riverside , providing an easy commute to Route 80 East and New York City . This section is ethnically diverse with a growing Hispanic community concentrating mostly north and along River Street . Many Albanians make their home in the East 18th Street and River Street areas . River View Terrace is located in this neighborhood . Riverside is located in parts of the 3rd and 4th Wards of Paterson . Bunker Hill is a mostly industrial area west of River Street and east of the Passaic River . Westside Park located off Totowa Avenue and best known as the site of the Holland submarine , Fenian Ram , which was built from 1879 to 1881 for the Fenian Brotherhood . It became the target of graffiti artists because the fence surrounding it was too low and too close to the submarine itself . The sub is now located in Paterson Museum . Climate ( edit ) The climate in this area is characterized by hot , humid summers and generally cool to cold winters . According to the Köppen Climate Classification system , Paterson has a humid continental climate , abbreviated `` Dfa '' on climate maps . Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1840 7,596 -- 1850 11,334 49.2 % 1860 19,586 72.8 % 1870 33,579 71.4 % 1880 51,031 52.0 % 1890 78,347 53.5 % 1900 105,171 34.2 % 1910 125,600 19.4 % 1920 135,875 8.2 % 1930 138,513 1.9 % 1940 139,656 0.8 % 1950 139,336 − 0.2 % 1960 143,663 3.1 % 1970 144,824 0.8 % 1980 137,970 − 4.7 % 140,891 2.1 % 2000 149,222 5.9 % 146,199 − 2.0 % Est. 2017 148,678 1.7 % Population sources : 1800 -- 1920 1840 -- 1900 1840 - 1870 1840 1850 1870 1880 - 1890 1890 - 1910 1860 - 1930 1930 - 1990 2000 2010 According to then - Mayor Jose Torres , Paterson had 52 distinct ethnic groups in 2014 . Paterson 's rapidly growing Bangladeshi American , Turkish American , Arab American , Palestinian American , Albanian American , Bosnian American , Dominican American , and Peruvian American communities are among the largest and most prominent in the United States , the latter owing partially to the presence of the Consulate of Peru . Paterson 's Muslim population has been estimated at 25,000 to 30,000 . Paterson has become a prime destination for one of the fastest - growing communities of Dominican Americans , who have become the city 's largest ethnic group . The Puerto Rican American population has established a highly significant presence as well . Demographic surveys and census data find Paterson has the highest percentage of disabled persons of any city with more than 100,000 residents , with about 30 % of males and 29 % of females not classified as poor listed as having a disability . 2010 Census ( edit ) As of the 2010 United States Census , there were 146,199 people , 44,329 households , and 32,715 families residing in the city . The population density was 17,346.3 per square mile ( 6,697.4 / km ) . There were 47,946 housing units at an average density of 5,688.7 per square mile ( 2,196.4 / km ) . The racial makeup of the city was 34.68 % ( 50,706 ) White , 31.68 % ( 46,314 ) Black or African American , 1.06 % ( 1,547 ) Native American , 3.34 % ( 4,878 ) Asian , 0.04 % ( 60 ) Pacific Islander , 23.94 % ( 34,999 ) from other races , and 5.26 % ( 7,695 ) from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 57.63 % ( 84,254 ) of the population . There were 44,329 households out of which 38.7 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 35.4 % were married couples living together , 29.5 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 26.2 % were non-families. 21.0 % of all households were made up of individuals , and 7.6 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 3.24 and the average family size was 3.71 . In the city , the population was spread out with 27.9 % under the age of 18 , 11.4 % from 18 to 24 , 29.0 % from 25 to 44 , 22.9 % from 45 to 64 , and 8.9 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 32.1 years . For every 100 females there were 93.6 males . For every 100 females ages 18 and older there were 89.9 males . Same - sex couples headed 290 households in 2010 , a decline from the 349 counted in 2000 . The Census Bureau 's 2006 -- 2010 American Community Survey showed that ( in 2010 inflation - adjusted dollars ) median household income was $34,086 ( with a margin of error of ± $1,705 ) and the median family income was $39.003 ( ± $2,408 ) . Males had a median income of $30,811 ( ± $825 ) versus $28,459 ( ± $1,570 ) for females . The per capita income for the city was $15,543 ( ± $467 ) . About 24.1 % of families and 26.6 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 39.0 % of those under age 18 and 25.4 % of those age 65 or over . 2000 Census ( edit ) As of the 2000 United States Census there were 149,222 people , 44,710 households , and 33,353 families residing in the city , for a population density of 17,675.4 per square mile ( 6,826.4 / km ) . Among cities with a population higher than 100,000 , Paterson was the second most densely populated large city in the United States , only after New York City . There were 47,169 housing units at an average density of 5,587.2 per square mile ( 2,157.8 / km ) . The racial makeup of the city was 32.90 % African American , 13.20 % White , 0.60 % Native American , 1.90 % Asian , 0.06 % Pacific Islander , 27.60 % from other races and 6.17 % from two or more races . Latino of any race were 50.1 % of the population . The majority of Latinos are Puerto Rican 14 % , Dominican 10 % , Peruvian 5 % and Colombian 3 % . There were 44,710 households out of which 40.9 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 39.4 % were married couples living together , 26.8 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 25.4 % were non-families. 20.4 % of all households were made up of individuals and 7.9 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 3.25 and the average family size was 3.71 . In the city the population was spread out with 29.8 % under the age of 18 , 11.2 % from 18 to 24 , 32.0 % from 25 to 44 , 18.7 % from 45 to 64 , and 8.3 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 30 years . For every 100 females , there were 94.4 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 91.1 males . The median income for a household in the city was $30,127 , and the median income for a family was $32,983 . Males had a median income of $27,911 versus $21,733 for females . The per capita income for the city was $13,257 . About 19.2 % of families and 22.2 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 29.0 % of those under age 18 and 19.4 % of those age 65 or over . Ethnic groups ( edit ) A map showing the diversity of Paterson 's population , 2010 Since its early beginnings , Paterson has been a melting pot . Irish , Germans , Dutch , and Jews settled in the city in the 19th century . Italian and Eastern European immigrants soon followed . As early as 1890 , Syrian and Lebanese immigrants also arrived in Paterson . In addition to many African Americans of Southern heritage , more recent immigrants have come from the Caribbean and Africa . Paterson 's black population increased during the Great Migration of the 20th century , but there have been Patersonians of African descent since before the Civil War . However , Paterson 's black population declined between the years 2000 and 2010 , consistent with the overall return migration of African Americans from Northern New Jersey back to the Southern United States . A house once existing at Bridge Street and Broadway was a station on the Underground Railroad . It was operated from 1855 to 1864 by abolitionists William Van Rensalier , a black engineer , and Josiah Huntoon , a white industrialist . There is a memorial located at the site . Many second - and third - generation Puerto Ricans have called Paterson home since the 1950s , including an estimated 10,000 who participated in the 2014 mayoral election , which was won by Jose `` Joey '' Torres , a Puerto Rican American who was one of three Hispanic candidates vying for the seat . Today 's Hispanic immigrants to Paterson are primarily Dominican , Peruvian , Colombian , Mexican , and Central American , with a resurgence of Puerto Rican migration as well . In 2014 , more than 600 business people attended the annual Statewide Hispanic Chamber of Commerce of New Jersey Convention in Paterson . Western Market Street , sometimes called Little Lima by tourists , is home to many Peruvian and other Latin - American businesses . In contrast , if one travels east on Market Street , a heavy concentration of Dominican - owned restaurants , beauty salons , barber shops and other businesses can be seen . The Great Falls Historic District , Cianci Street , Union Avenue and 21st Avenue have several Italian businesses . To the north of the Great Falls is a fast - growing Bangladeshi population . Park Avenue and Market Street between Straight Street and Madison Avenue are heavily Dominican and Puerto Rican . Main Street , just south of downtown , is heavily Mexican with a declining Puerto - Rican community . Broadway -- also called Dr. Martin Luther King Jr . Way -- is predominantly black , as is the Fourth Ward and parts of Eastside and Northside . Costa Ricans and other Central American immigrant communities are growing in the Riverside and Peoples Park neighborhoods . Main Street between the Clifton border and Madison Avenue is heavily Turkish and Arab . 21st Avenue in the People 's Park section is characterized by Colombian and other Latin American restaurants and shops . Every summer , Patersonians conduct an African - American Day Parade , a Dominican Day Parade , a Puerto Rican Day Parade , a Peruvian Day Parade , and a Turkish - American Day Parade ; budget cuts in 2011 have forced parade organizers to contribute to cover the costs of police and other municipal services . Paterson is considered by many as the capital of the Peruvian Diaspora in the U.S. Importance of the Peruvian community is recognized by city officials . Paterson renamed a section bordered by Mill , Market , Main , and Cianci streets as Peru Square . Paterson 's rapidly growing Peruvian community celebrates what is known as Señor de los Milagros ( `` Our Lord of Miracles '' in English ) on October 18 through 28th each year and every July participates in the annual Passaic County Peruvian Day Parade , which passes through Market Street and Main Street in the Little Lima neighborhood of Downtown Paterson . In the 2000 Census , 4.72 % of residents listed themselves as being of Peruvian American ancestry , the third - highest percentage of the population of any municipality in New Jersey and the United States , behind East Newark with 10.1 % and Harrison with 7.01 % . The community includes both Quechua and Spanish speakers . Paterson is home to the third - largest Dominican - American Community in the United States , after New York City and Lawrence , Massachusetts . In the 2000 Census , 10.27 % of residents listed themselves as being of Dominican American ancestry , the eighth highest percentage of the population of any municipality in the United States and the third highest percentage in New Jersey , behind Perth Amboy 's 18.81 % and Union City 's 11.46 % . Paterson renamed a section of Park Avenue in Sandy Hill to Dominican Republic Way to recognize the Dominican community . Paterson is home to the largest Turkish - American immigrant community in the United States ( Little Istanbul ) and the second largest Arab - American community after Dearborn , Michigan . Paterson has been nicknamed Little Ramallah and contains a neighborhood with the same name in South Paterson , with an Arab American population estimated as high as 20,000 in 2015 , serving as the center of Paterson 's growing Syrian American and Palestinian American populations . The Paterson - based Arab American Civic Association runs an Arabic language program in the Paterson Public Schools that serves 125 students at School 9 on Saturdays . Paterson is also home to the largest Circassian immigrant community in the United States . The Greater Paterson area which includes the cities of Clifton and Wayne and the boroughs of Haledon , Prospect Park , North Haledon , Totowa , Woodland Park , and Little Falls , is home to the nation 's largest North Caucasian population , mostly Circassians , Karachays , and small Chechen and Dagestani communities . Reflective of these communities , Paterson and Prospect Park public schools observe Muslim holidays . Paterson has incorporated a rapidly growing Bangladeshi American community , which is estimated to number 15,000 , the largest in the United States outside New York City . Mohammed Akhtaruzzaman was ultimately certified as the winner of the 2012 city council race in the Second Ward , making him North Jersey 's first Bangladeshi - American elected official . A branch of the Sonali Exchange Company Inc. has opened on Union Avenue in the Totowa Section ; the Sonali Exchange Company is a subsidiary of Sonali Bank , the largest state - owned commercial bank in Bangladesh . Economy ( edit ) Portions of Paterson are part of an Urban Enterprise Zone , established in September 1994 . In addition to other benefits to encourage employment within the Zone , shoppers can take advantage of a reduced 3.3125 % sales tax rate ( versus the 6.625 % rate charged statewide ) at eligible merchants . Arts and culture ( edit ) Paterson has a significant parks and recreation system , including larger areas such as Eastside , Westside and Pennington Parks , as well as neighborhood parks such as Wrigley , Robert Clemente , and People 's . The Great Falls of the Passaic are part of the national park system . Main article : Paterson Museum The Paterson Museum , in the Great Falls Historic District , was founded in 1925 and is owned and operated by the city of Paterson . Its mission is to preserve and display the industrial history of the city . Since 1982 , the museum has been housed in the Thomas Rogers Building on Market Street , the former erecting shop of Rogers Locomotive and Machine Works , a major 19th - century manufacturer of railroad steam locomotives . Main article : Lambert Castle Belle Vista , locally known as Lambert Castle , was built in 1892 as the home of Catholina Lambert , the self - made owner of a prominent silk mill in Paterson . After Lambert 's death in 1923 , his family sold the building to the city , which in turn sold it to the County of Passaic a few years later . The county used the building for administrative offices , and in 1936 , provided one room to the fledgling Passaic County Historical Society to serve as its historical museum . As time went by the museum grew , room by room , until the entire first floor became the historical museum . In the late 1990s , the Castle underwent a multi-million - dollar restoration and all four floors of the building were developed into a museum and library . Today , Passaic County remains the owner of the building and supports the facilities ' operation ; however , the Passaic County Historical Society is solely responsible for the operation and management of Lambert Castle Museum with its historical period rooms , long - term and changing exhibition galleries , educational programs for elementary and middle - school students , and research library / archive . Above Lambert Castle stands a 75 - foot ( 23 m ) observation tower , located at the peak of Garret Mountain , which while technically standing in Woodland Park , was constructed when the property was considered part of Paterson . The tower is part of the Garret Mountain Reservation and renovations were completed in 2009 to restore the tower to the original condition as built in 1896 by Lambert , who used the tower to impress guests with its view of the New York City skyline . Attempts were being made to fund the restoration of the Paterson Armory as a recreation and cultural center , but the building was destroyed by fire before these could bear fruit . Government ( edit ) Local government ( edit ) The City of Paterson operates within the Faulkner Act , formally known as the Optional Municipal Charter Law , under a Plan - D Mayor - Council form of government , which was adopted in 1974 in a change from a 1907 statute - based form . Under the Mayor - Council plan , the Mayor is the chief executive and is responsible for administering the City 's activities . The Mayor is elected at - large for a four - year term by the citizens and is responsible for them . The mayor enforces the charter and the ordinances and laws passed by the City Council . The Mayor appoints all department heads including the business administrator , with the advice and consent of the Council and may remove any department heads after giving them notice and an opportunity to be heard . With the assistance of the business administrator , the Mayor is responsible for preparation of the municipal budget . The Mayor submits the budget to the Council along with a detailed analysis of expenditures and revenues . The Council may reduce any item or items in the budget by a majority vote , but can only increase an item by a two - thirds vote . The City Council consists of nine seats . Of these , six are elected through use of the ward system , where candidates run to represent a certain area of the city . The other three seats are elected using the at - large system , where each candidate is voted upon by the entire voting population of the city . Municipal elections are held in even numbered years , are non-partisan , and take place in early May . The six members of the City Council representing their wards are elected in the same years as Presidential elections , while the mayoral election and the at - large Council elections are held in the same years as the mid-term Congressional elections . As of July 2018 , the Mayor of Paterson is Andre Sayegh . The previous mayor was Jane Williams - Warren , who was serving on an interim basis following the resignation of José `` Joey '' Torres , whose term of office was to end on June 30 , 2018 . Torres was in his third non-consecutive term as Mayor of Paterson , having first been elected by defeating incumbent Martin G. Barnes in 2002 and then winning re-election in 2006 against Lawrence Spagnola . After losing his bid for a third consecutive term by a margin of 600 votes to City Council President Jeffery Jones in 2010 , Torres defeated Jones in a rematch four years later . Torres pleaded guilty to corruption charges in September 2017 that required him to leave office and to serve a prison term of five years . According to city law , the President of the City Council is the next in line to succeed a Mayor who is removed from office for any reason and serves as Acting Mayor until the next election , unless the Council appoints someone else to fill the post within 30 days of the creation of the vacancy . City Council President Ruby Cotton immediately became Mayor upon Torres ' resignation and served until September 29 , when the council voted 5 - 4 to appoint Williams - Warren , a former city clerk , as interim mayor until the May 2018 municipal election . Members of the City Council are Council President Ruby N. Cotton ( Fourth Ward ; 2020 ) , Council Vice President Luis Velez ( Fifth Ward ; 2020 ) , Maritza Davila ( at - large ; 2018 ) , Michael Jackson ( First Ward ; 2020 ) , Shahin Khalique ( Second Ward ; 2020 ) , William McKoy ( Third Ward ; 2020 ) , Domingo `` Alex '' Mendez ( at - large ; 2018 ) , Kenneth M. Morris Jr. ( at - large ; 2018 ) and Andre Sayegh ( Sixth Ward ; 2020 ) . Federal , State and County representation ( edit ) Paterson is located in the 9th Congressional District and is part of New Jersey 's 35th state legislative district . Prior to the 2010 Census , Paterson had been part of the 8th Congressional District , a change made by the New Jersey Redistricting Commission that took effect in January 2013 , based on the results of the November 2012 general elections . New Jersey 's Ninth Congressional District is represented by Bill Pascrell ( D , Paterson ) . New Jersey is represented in the United States Senate by Democrats Cory Booker ( Newark , term ends 2021 ) and Bob Menendez ( Paramus , 2019 ) . For the 2018 -- 2019 session ( Senate , General Assembly ) , the 35th Legislative District of the New Jersey Legislature is represented in the State Senate by Nellie Pou ( D , North Haledon ) and in the General Assembly by Shavonda E. Sumter ( D , Paterson ) and Benjie E. Wimberly ( D , Paterson ) . The Governor of New Jersey is Phil Murphy ( D , Middletown Township ) . The Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey is Sheila Oliver ( D , East Orange ) . Passaic County is governed by a seven - member Board of Chosen Freeholders , who are elected at - large to staggered three - year terms office on a partisan basis , with two or three seats coming up for election each year as part of the November general election in a three - year cycle . At a reorganization meeting held in January , the board selects a Director and Deputy Director from among its members to serve for a one - year term . As of 2017 , Passaic County 's Freeholders are Director Cassandra `` Sandi '' Lazzara ( D , 2018 ; Woodland Park ) , Deputy Director Bruce James ( D , 2017 ; Clifton ) , Assad R. Akhter ( D , 2018 - appointed to serve an unexpired term ; Paterson ) , John W. Bartlett ( D , 2018 ; Wayne ) , Theodore O. Best Jr . ( D , 2017 ; Paterson ) , Terry Duffy ( D , 2019 ; West Milford ) , and Pasquale `` Pat '' Lepore ( D , 2019 ; Woodland Park ) . Constitutional officers elected on a countywide basis are County Clerk Kristin M. Corrado ( R , 2019 ; Totowa ) , Sheriff Richard H. Berdnik ( D , 2019 ; Little Falls ) and Surrogate Bernice Toledo ( D , 2021 ; Prospect Park ) . Politics ( edit ) As of March 23 , 2011 , there were a total of 68,324 registered voters in Paterson , of which 27,926 ( 40.9 % vs. 31.0 % countywide ) were registered as Democrats , 3,100 ( 4.5 % vs. 18.7 % ) were registered as Republicans and 37,285 ( 54.6 % vs. 50.3 % ) were registered as Unaffiliated . There were 13 voters registered to other parties . Among the city 's 2010 Census population , 46.7 % ( vs. 53.2 % in Passaic County ) were registered to vote , including 64.8 % of those ages 18 and over ( vs. 70.8 % countywide ) . In the 2012 presidential election , Democrat Barack Obama received 93.6 % of the vote ( 41,662 cast ) , ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 6.1 % ( 2,696 votes ) , and other candidates with 0.3 % ( 152 votes ) , among the 45,050 ballots cast by the city 's 78,194 registered voters ( 540 ballots were spoiled ) , for a turnout of 57.6 % . In the 2008 presidential election , Democrat Barack Obama received 38,085 votes ( 86.7 % vs. 58.8 % countywide ) , ahead of Republican John McCain with 4,098 votes ( 9.3 % vs. 37.7 % ) and other candidates with 150 votes ( 0.3 % vs. 0.8 % ) , among the 43,946 ballots cast by the city 's 70,925 registered voters , for a turnout of 62.0 % ( vs. 70.4 % in Passaic County ) . In the 2004 presidential election , Democrat John Kerry received 28,896 votes ( 79.2 % vs. 53.9 % countywide ) , ahead of Republican George W. Bush with 5,959 votes ( 16.3 % vs. 42.7 % ) and other candidates with 151 votes ( 0.4 % vs. 0.7 % ) , among the 36,470 ballots cast by the city 's 64,151 registered voters , for a turnout of 56.9 % ( vs. 69.3 % in the whole county ) . In the 2013 gubernatorial election , Democrat Barbara Buono received 78.5 % of the vote ( 15,726 cast ) , ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 20.6 % ( 4,123 votes ) , and other candidates with 0.9 % ( 179 votes ) , among the 20,787 ballots cast by the city 's 80,140 registered voters ( 759 ballots were spoiled ) , for a turnout of 25.9 % . In the 2009 gubernatorial election , Democrat Jon Corzine received 17,334 ballots cast ( 85.7 % vs. 50.8 % countywide ) , ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 2,213 votes ( 10.9 % vs. 43.2 % ) , Independent Chris Daggett with 264 votes ( 1.3 % vs. 3.8 % ) and other candidates with 129 votes ( 0.6 % vs. 0.9 % ) , among the 20,233 ballots cast by the city 's 66,603 registered voters , yielding a 30.4 % turnout ( vs. 42.7 % in the county ) . Emergency services ( edit ) The City of Paterson is served by a professional police department . The Paterson Fire Department , headed by Chief Brian McDermott , operates out of seven fire stations with a total of 400 employees , and is also responsible for the city 's emergency medical services division and ambulance units . The department is part of the Metro USAR Strike Team , which consists of nine North Jersey fire departments and other emergency services divisions working to address major emergency rescue situations . In addition to local services , Paterson is home to the Passaic County Sheriff 's Office Courts Division in the Passaic County Courthouse and Correctional Division in the Passaic County Jail . The jail , originally constructed in 1957 , can accommodate 1,242 inmate beds . In April 2011 , Paterson laid off 125 police officers , nearly 25 % of the total force in the city , due to severe budget constraints caused by a $70 million deficit . At the same time , the Guardian Angels , a New York City - based volunteer citizen safety patrol organization , began operating in Paterson at the invitation of the Mayor . St. Joseph 's Regional Medical Center is a large institution providing comprehensive emergency services as well as non-emergency medical care to Paterson and the surrounding community . Transportation ( edit ) Roads and highways ( edit ) As of May 2010 , the city had a total of 195.28 miles ( 314.27 km ) of roadways , of which 157.62 miles ( 253.66 km ) were maintained by the municipality , 29.21 miles ( 47.01 km ) by Passaic County and 8.45 miles ( 13.60 km ) by the New Jersey Department of Transportation . By road , Paterson is served directly by Interstate 80 , as well as State Routes 4 , 19 , and 20 , U.S. Route 46 , and the Garden State Parkway . State Routes 3 , 17 , 21 , and 208 are also nearby and serve as feeder roads to the community . Paterson also served as the terminus for numerous major secondary roads in northern New Jersey . Paterson Plank Road linked the city to Jersey City and eventually the Hudson River waterfront in Hoboken , while the Paterson - Hamburg Turnpike connected the city with Sussex County along what is now parts of State Route 23 . Public Transportation ( edit ) The city is served by the NJ Transit Main Line commuter rail service , with the station located in Downtown Paterson . Plans are being developed for new commuter rail service on the existing NYS&W line , which is currently single - tracked . The Passaic - Bergen Rail Line plans to have five stops in Paterson . Bus service to locations in Passaic , Bergen , Essex and Hudson counties is provided by NJ Transit , making the city a regional transit hub . The Broadway Bus Terminal , also downtown , is the terminus for many NJ Transit bus lines . Service to and from the Port Authority Bus Terminal in Midtown Manhattan is offered on the 161 and the 190 , by the 171 to the George Washington Bridge Bus Station in Washington Heights , Manhattan , on the 72 to Newark , with local service provided on the 74 , 702 , 703 , 704 , 707 , 712 , 722 , 742 ( Saturday only ) , 744 , 746 , 748 , 770 , 970 and 971 routes . Many buses stop at or near City Hall , going to various points in the area , including New York and the neighboring communities . Private , independent jitney buses ( guaguas or dollar vans ) connect Paterson with neighboring communities along Route 4 , and provide transportation to and from the Port Authority Bus Terminal and George Washington Bridge Bus Station in Manhattan . These buses run at high frequency but do not have formal , published schedules . Education ( edit ) The Paterson Public Schools serve students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade . The district is one of 31 former Abbott districts statewide , which are now referred to as `` SDA Districts '' based on the requirement for the state to cover all costs for school building and renovation projects in these districts under the supervision of the New Jersey Schools Development Authority . As of the 2014 - 15 school year , the district 's 47 schools had an enrollment of 30,058 students and 2,212.0 classroom teachers ( on an FTE basis ) , for a student -- teacher ratio of 13.6 : 1 . District enrollment in Paterson surged at the start of the 2015 -- 16 school year , creating a public school enrollment of 700 students higher than expected and putting the school district in a situation of needing to hire teachers rapidly not long after the district had laid off 300 positions . In 2011 , all of Paterson 's high schools were changed to theme schools , as part of a goal to give students a better choice in areas they wanted to pursue . Among the 594 students who took the SAT in 2013 , the mean combined score was 1120 and there were 19 students ( 3.2 % of those taking the exam ) who achieved the combined score of 1550 that the College Board considers an indicator of college readiness , a decline from the 26 students ( 4.3 % ) who achieved the standard the previous year . Paterson Charter School for Science and Technology is a charter school serving students in kindergarten through twelfth grade . Other charter schools include Community Charter School of Paterson ( K -- 8 ) , John P. Holland Charter School ( K -- 8 ) and Paterson Arts and Science Charter School ( K -- 7 ) . The city is host to the state 's annual robotics competition held at Passaic County Community College . The competition , called the North Jersey Robotics Competition or NJRC , was created to place high educational merit on the students of Paterson . The competition draws schools from around New Jersey . Three events make up the meet which takes place on two different days . The competition 's tenth anniversary event in 2011 was won by Paterson 's Panther Academy . Blessed Sacrament School and St. Gerard Majella School are elementary schools that operate under the auspices of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Paterson . In the face of declining enrollment and financial difficulties , Paterson Catholic High School , the city 's last remaining Catholic high school , was closed by the Diocese of Paterson . Established in the 1970s , Paterson hosts the main campus of Passaic County Community College , which serves 13,000 students at its main campus and at satellite programs in Passaic , Wanaque and at the Public Safety Academy . Sister cities ( edit ) Sister cities of Paterson include : Eskişehir , Turkey , May 22 , 2002 Lyon , Rhône , Auvergne - Rhône - Alpes , France Lowell , Massachusetts Sylhet , Bangladesh Surat , Gujarat , India Baroda , Gujarat , India Yulin , Shaanxi , China Friendship ( edit ) Montescaglioso Street in Paterson There is a pact of friendship with the town of Montescaglioso ( Matera , Basilicata , Italy ) ) , as testified by mutual naming of two streets in their city centers . Paterson was a place of Italian emigration in the late nineteenth century and today houses a large community of citizens of Montescaglioso emigrated in those years . `` Avenue Paterson '' in Montescaglioso `` Montescaglioso Street '' in Paterson . The San Rocco Society was founded in Paterson , an association whose main purpose is to maintain sales relationships with the motherland , and in some ways the traditions . In popular culture ( edit ) Paterson is the subject of William Carlos Williams ' five - book epic poem Paterson , a cornerstone work of modern American poetry . Paterson is also mentioned in the twelfth line of Part 1 of Allen Ginsberg 's poem Howl . In the novel On the Road by Ginsberg 's friend Jack Kerouac , the protagonist Sal Paradise lives with his aunt in Paterson . Kerouac may have chosen Paterson as a stand - in for his hometown of Lowell , Massachusetts , also a mill town with a waterfall . Paterson is the setting of many of Junot Diaz 's short stories and novels , including the Pulitzer Prize - winning The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao , and John Updike 's 1997 novel In the Beauty of the Lilies . The controversial arrest and conviction of boxer Rubin `` Hurricane '' Carter , whose conviction was overturned in 1985 , was dramatized in the 1999 Denzel Washington film , The Hurricane , and was partially shot in the city . The lyrics of the Bob Dylan song `` Hurricane '' include `` In Paterson that 's just the way things go / If you 're Black you might as well not show / Up on the street / Unless you want to draw the heat '' . The film Lean On Me , while sensationalized , is based on events that occurred in Paterson 's Eastside High School . Alice , Sweet Alice ( 1976 ) with Brooke Shields was filmed entirely in Paterson , the director 's hometown , as was State Property . Its sequel , State Property 2 , and Far from Heaven , The Preacher 's Wife and Purple Rose of Cairo are among other films that were partially shot in Paterson . The city was also a filming location for the 1995 drama film , New Jersey Drive , which is primarily based on Newark 's automobile theft rate at the time , with the city being considered `` the car theft capital of the world '' . The 2016 film Paterson directed by Jim Jarmusch is set in the city , about a bus driver named Paterson who writes poetry in his free time . Lou Costello often referred to his hometown of Paterson in his comedy routines with Bud Abbott . The plot of the June 28 , 1945 , episode of the Abbott & Costello radio show is about the City of Paterson inviting him back for `` Lou Costello Day '' to launch a new garbage scow . Paterson Falls was featured in the first season of The Sopranos in the episode Pax Soprana as the place where Junior Soprano 's friend , Capri 's grandson , committed suicide after taking poor designer drugs ; As a favor , Junior Soprano had Mikey Palmice and another individual toss the dealer , Rusty Irish , over the falls . Some interior shots for the show were filmed in the unused Barnert Hospital . The Sopranos also shot a scene at Ralph Piccolo Pizza and renamed it `` UF - FA 'S Pizzeria '' . The New Jersey - based band Suit of Lights pays tribute to Paterson in their song , `` Goodbye Silk City '' . The 1983 music video `` Two Tribes '' by Frankie Goes to Hollywood makes reference to Paterson in its opening sequence . The first marketable revolver was produced in Paterson by Samuel Colt starting in 1836 , and was known as the Colt Paterson . The first steam - powered and first electric - powered model trains were both invented in Paterson . Eugene Beggs made the first steam - powered train in the city around 1871 . Beggs ' employee , Jehu Garlick , invented the first electric - powered model train that consisted of a tinplate toy locomotive with four aluminum wheels . `` Toy World '' which highlights the history of New Jersey 's toy making industry at the New Jersey State Museum prominently featured Paterson 's contribution to the history of toys . Notable people ( edit ) See also : Category : People from Paterson , New Jersey . People who were born in , residents of , or otherwise closely associated with Paterson include : ( ( B ) denotes that the person was born in Paterson ) . Tom Acker ( born 1930 ) , pitcher who played for four seasons with the Cincinnati Reds . Jorge Acosta ( born 1964 ) , retired Colombian - born American soccer forward who earned 12 caps with the U.S. national team in 1991 and 1992 . Mike Adams ( born 1981 ) , pro football player for the Indianapolis Colts . Adeva ( born 1960 ) , house music and R&B vocalist . Charlie Adler ( born 1956 ) , animation voice actor and director . Nelson Algren ( 1909 -- 1981 ) , author best known for his novel The Man with the Golden Arm . Henry C. Allen ( 1872 -- 1942 ) , politician who represented New Jersey 's 6th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 1905 to 1907 . Bruce Arians ( born 1952 ) , head coach of the NFL 's Arizona Cardinals . Gerald Ash ( born 1942 ) , electrical engineer at Bell Labs , whose research has focused on routing problems . Robert Atwan ( born 1940 ) , essayist and editor of several anthologies of literature . Sisto Averno ( 1925 -- 2012 ) , American football guard and linebacker who played in the National Football League for the original Baltimore Colts ( 1950 ) , the New York Yanks ( 1951 ) , Dallas Texans ( 1952 ) and the Baltimore Colts ( 1953 -- 1954 ) . Vincent Baggetta ( born 1944 ) , actor best known for his title role in the 1978 -- 79 television series , The Eddie Capra Mysteries . Samm Sinclair Baker ( 1909 -- 1997 ) , author / coauthor of many how - to and self - help books , most notably The Complete Scarsdale Medical Diet which he coauthored with Dr. Herman Tarnower . Lawrence Barrett ( 1838 -- 1891 ) , a leading actor of the 19th century . Charles D. Beckwith ( 1838 -- 1921 ) , represented New Jersey 's 5th congressional district from 1889 to 1891 , and was mayor of Paterson from 1885 to 1889 . Alexander Berzin ( born 1944 ) , Buddhist Scholar , translator and teacher focusing on the Tibetan tradition . Jeffrey Bewkes ( born 1952 ) , CEO of Time Warner since January 1 , 2008 , President since December 2005 , and Chairman of the Board since January 1 , 2009 . Chauncey Black ( born 1968 ) , singer with the vocal group Blackstreet . Just Blaze ( born 1978 ) , hip hop music producer . Jennie Bosschieter ( 1882 -- 1900 ) , woman who was raped and murdered , as an early victim of the date rape drug chloral hydrate which caused her death . Bill Braun , auto racer . Gaetano Bresci ( 1869 -- 1901 ) , weaver and anarchist , assassinated Italian king Umberto I . Johnny Briggs ( born 1944 ) , former Major League Baseball player . Mark Brown ( born 1980 ) , NFL linebacker who played for the New York Jets . Edna Buchanan ( born 1938 / 1939 ) , journalist and writer best known for her crime mystery novels . Rubin `` Hurricane '' Carter ( 1937 -- 2014 ) , boxer whose triple murder conviction was later overturned , subject of the Bob Dylan song `` Hurricane '' and the movie The Hurricane . Federico Castelluccio ( born 1964 ) , Italian - born actor , most known for portraying Furio Giunta on the HBO series The Sopranos . Ersilia Cavedagni ( 1862 -- ? ) , Italian - American anarcha - feminist activist , writer , and editor . Joe Clark ( born 1938 ) , educator and former principal of Eastside High School , depicted by Morgan Freeman in the movie Lean on Me . Lou Costello ( 1906 -- 1959 ) , of the comedy duo Abbott and Costello . ( B ) Christos M. Cotsakos ( born 1948 ) , former CEO of E * TRADE . Ernestina Cravello ( 1880 -- 1942 ) , Italian - American anarcha - feminist activist during the late 19th and early 20th centuries . Sunda Croonquist , comic and actress . Victor Cruz , ( born 1986 ) wide receiver for the NFL Super Bowl championship team , the New York Giants . Joe Cunningham ( born 1931 ) , former MLB first baseman and outfielder first baseman and outfielder who played for the St. Louis Cardinals , Chicago White Sox and Washington Senators . ( B ) Andrew Derrom ( 1817 -- 1892 ) , military officer , inventor , civil engineer and industrialist . Larry Doby ( 1923 -- 2003 ) , Hall of Fame Major League Baseball player and manager who broke the color barrier in the American League . Eric Downing ( born 1978 ) , NFL player . Lou Duva ( born 1922 ) , boxing trainer , manager , and promoter , member of the International Boxing Hall Of Fame . Randy Edelman ( born 1947 ) , film and TV score composer . ( B ) Barry Edelstein ( born 1965 ) , theatre director , author , and educator who serves as Artistic Director of the Old Globe Theatre in San Diego , California . ( B ) Eddie Einhorn ( 1936 -- 2016 ) , television executive , part - owner of the Chicago White Sox . Derrick Etienne ( born 1996 ) , professional soccer player for the New York Red Bulls . William W. Evans Jr. ( 1921 -- 1999 ) , politician who served as Mayor of Wyckoff and in the New Jersey General Assembly , who was a candidate for the Republican nomination for President in 1968 . J. John Fox ( c. 1904 -- 1999 ) , judge known for his central role in the founding of the University of Massachusetts Medical School . Abe Gelbart ( 1911 -- 1994 ) , mathematician who was the founding dean of the Belfer Graduate School of Science at Yeshiva University and the namesake of the International Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences at Bar - Ilan University in Ramat Gan , Israel . Allen Ginsberg ( 1926 -- 1997 ) , writer and Beat Generation poet . Teresa Giudice ( born 1972 ) , reality show participant on The Real Housewives of New Jersey . Abraham Godwin ( 1724 -- 1777 ) , captain of Marines USS Lady Washington in 1776 . Abraham Godwin ( 1763 -- 1835 ) , member of the New Jersey General Assembly from 1802 to 1806 . Abraham Godwin Jr ( 1791 -- 1849 ) , member of the New Jersey General Assembly from 1821 to 1832 . Parke Godwin ( 1816 - 1904 ) , journalist . Bill Haast ( 1910 -- 2011 ) , snake and venom specialist , director of Miami Serpentarium Laboratories . ( B ) Thomas Hagan ( born c. 1942 ) , one of the men convicted for the assassination of Malcolm X . Alexander Hamilton ( 1755 / 57 -- 1804 ) , first United States Secretary of the Treasury who helped found the Society for the Establishment of Useful Manufactures ( S.U.M. ) that helped establish Paterson around the Great Falls . Keith Hamilton ( born 1971 ) , NFL defensive tackle who spent his entire 12 - season career New York Giants . Larry Hand ( born 1940 ) , defensive end and defensive tackle who played in the National Football League ( NFL ) for the Detroit Lions from 1965 to 1977 . The Happenings , pop music group created in the 1960s . Gerald Hayes ( born 1980 ) , linebacker for the Arizona Cardinals . Ureli Corelli Hill ( 1802 -- 1875 ) , music conductor and founder of the New York Symphony Orchestra . Garret A. Hobart ( 1844 -- 1899 ) , Speaker of the New Jersey General Assembly , President of the New Jersey Senate and the 24th Vice President of the United States , serving under President William McKinley . Kendall Holt ( born 1981 ) , light welterweight boxer who held the WBO junior welterweight championship from 2008 -- 09 . Michael Hossack ( 1946 -- 2012 ) , drummer , member of the Doobie Brothers . Michael Jace ( born 1962 ) , actor who appeared in The Shield . Charlie Jamieson ( 1893 -- 1969 ) , Major League Baseball player . Charles Samuel Joelson ( 1916 -- 1999 ) , lawyer and politician who served on the Paterson City Council and as the Representative for New Jersey 's 8th congressional district from 1961 to 1969 . Jemal Johnson ( born 1985 ) , soccer player who has played for English Coca Cola League One side Milton Keynes Dons . Maxine Jones ( born 1966 ) , singer , member of En Vogue . Ron Cephas Jones ( born 1957 ) , actor known for This is Us , Mr. Robot and Across The Universe . Alfred E. Kahn ( 1917 -- 2010 ) , economist and deregulation advocate . Joseph Keller ( 1923 -- 2016 ) , mathematician who specialized in applied mathematics . King Kelly ( 1857 -- 1894 ) , major league baseball player and member of the Baseball Hall Of Fame . Bernard Kerik ( born 1955 ) , former New York City Police Commissioner . Gabriel Kolko ( 1932 -- 2014 ) , historian , author . ( B ) Garret Kramer , author and performance coach . ( B ) Frank Lautenberg ( 1924 -- 2013 ) , politician who represented New Jersey in the United States Senate . John L. Leal ( 1858 -- 1914 ) , physician and water utility sanitary adviser , was responsible for the installation of the first drinking water chlorine disinfection system in the U.S. John LoCascio ( born 1991 ) , defenseman for the Rochester Rattlers in Major League Lacrosse . Edward L. Masry ( 1932 -- 2005 ) , attorney whose firm was behind the case featured in Erin Brockovich . Don Martin ( 1931 -- 2000 ) , cartoonist for Mad magazine . Thomas McEwan Jr. ( 1854 -- 1926 ) , represented New Jersey 's 7th congressional district from 1895 to 1899 . George Middleton ( 1880 -- 1967 ) , playwright . Greg Olsen ( born 1985 ) , tight end for the Carolina Panthers . ( B ) Simon Perchik ( born 1923 ) , poet . Joseph D. Pistone ( born 1939 ) , FBI agent and author who infiltrated the Bonanno crime family , as described in the film Donnie Brasco . Bucky Pizzarelli ( born 1926 ) , jazz guitarist . John Pizzarelli ( born 1960 ) , jazz guitarist and singer . Martin Pizzarelli ( born 1963 ) , jazz double - bassist . David Prater ( 1937 -- 1988 ) , of the soul duo Sam & Dave . Amos H. Radcliffe ( 1870 -- 1950 ) , Mayor of Paterson , New Jersey , from 1916 to 1919 , and represented New Jersey 's 7th congressional district from 1919 to 1923 . Prince Randian ( 1871 -- 1934 ) , sideshow performer . George Rochberg ( 1918 -- 2005 ) , classical composer . Frederick Reines ( 1918 -- 1998 ) , Nobel Prize - winning physicist who co-discovered the neutrino . ( B ) Frankie Ruiz ( 1958 -- 1998 ) , salsa music singer . ( B ) John Ryle ( 1817 -- 1887 ) , industrialist and capitalist , known as the `` Father of the United States Silk Industry '' starting the first silk mill in 1839 . Mary Danforth Ryle ( 1833 -- 1904 ) , philanthropist who donated millions to various city institutions , notably the Danforth Memorial Library . Kathryn Salfelder ( born 1987 ) , classical composer. ( B ) Louis Scott ( 1891 -- ? ) , gold medal winner at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm . Marcel Shipp ( born 1978 ) , running back for the Arizona Cardinals . Rocco Silano ( born 1962 ) , magician and author . Dave Sime ( 1936 -- 2016 ) , Olympic medal - winning sprinter . John Spencer ( 1946 -- 2005 ) , actor , best known for his role as Leo McGarry , the White House Chief of Staff on the television drama The West Wing . Lewis Atterbury Stimson ( 1844 - 1917 ) , surgeon who was the first to perform a public operation in the United States using Joseph Lister 's antiseptic technique. ( B ) J. Michael Straczynski ( born 1954 ) , science - fiction writer , creator and writer for Babylon 5 . Kazbek Tambi ( born 1961 ) , Seton Hall University women 's soccer team head coach and retired U.S. soccer midfielder who was a member of the U.S. Olympic soccer team at the 1984 Summer Olympics and spent two seasons in the North American Soccer League , four in the Major Indoor Soccer League and one in the American Soccer League , and formerly the United States U-17 women 's soccer team coach . Albert Tangora ( 1903 -- 1978 ) , holder of the speed record for typing on a manual typewriter . Joe Taub ( 1929 -- 2017 ) , businessman who joined his brother Henry Taub and Frank Lautenberg in building the payroll company Automatic Data Processing and later was part of an investment group that acquired the New Jersey Nets . Tim Thomas ( born 1977 ) , NBA basketball player . Dante Tomaselli ( born 1969 ) , horror film screenwriter , director , and composer . Robert Torricelli ( born 1951 ) , politician , former representative of New Jersey in the United States Senate and United States House of Representatives . Elizabeth Vargas ( born 1962 ) , ABC news anchor . Bruce Vilanch ( born 1948 ) , six - time Emmy Award winning comedy writer , actor and songwriter . `` Uncle '' Floyd Vivino ( born 1951 ) , comic , and star of Uncle Floyd Show , the longest - running ever Public - access television cable TV show in New Jersey , appeared in film Good Morning , Vietnam . Jimmy Vivino ( born 1955 ) , musician , guitarist , member of The Max Weinberg 7 . Fetty Wap ( born 1991 ) , rapper and singer best known for his song Trap Queen , which was released in 2014 . Darryl Watkins ( born 1984 ) , professional basketball player who played collegiately at Syracuse . Patrick Warburton ( born 1964 ) , actor , best known for his roles in Seinfeld and Family Guy . ( B ) Bernie Wayne ( 1919 -- 1993 ) , composer best known for Blue Velvet . Joseph Weber ( 1919 -- 2000 ) , physicist who gave the earliest public lecture on the principles behind the laser and the maser and developed Weber bars , the first gravitational wave detectors . ( B ) Carl Weinrich ( 1904 -- 1991 ) , classical organist known for his recitals and recordings of Baroque organ music . ( B ) Bert Wheeler ( 1895 -- 1968 ) , of the comedy duo Wheeler & Woolsey . K'Waun Williams ( born 1991 ) , cornerback for the Cleveland Browns . William Carlos Williams ( 1883 -- 1963 ) , important modern 20th century poet ; author of the poem Paterson . Paul Zukerberg , lawyer , activist and politician . ( B ) Giuseppe Zangara ( 1900 -- 1933 ) , assassin of Chicago mayor Anton Cermak , though President -- elect Franklin D. Roosevelt may have been his intended target . See also ( edit ) 1913 Paterson silk strike 1835 Paterson textile strike References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Thomasch , Paul . `` Irene another blow to struggling New Jersey city '' , Reuters , September 1 , 2011 . Accessed January 24 , 2012 . `` Nicknamed the ' Silk City ' for its 19th - century silk factories , Paterson has a place in labor history as the site of a six - month strike in 1913 by the Industrial Workers of the World , or ' Wobblies , ' who were viewed as a threat to capitalism at a time when the United States had a radical labor movement . '' ^ Jump up to : 2010 Census Gazetteer Files : New Jersey County Subdivisions , United States Census Bureau . Accessed May 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : US Gazetteer files : 2010 , 2000 , and 1990 , United States Census Bureau . Accessed September 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Mayor , City of Paterson . Accessed July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 2017 New Jersey Mayors Directory , New Jersey Department of Community Affairs . Accessed May 30 , 2017 . As of date accessed , Joey Torres is listed as mayor . Jump up ^ Municipal Clerk , City of Paterson . Accessed July 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : 2012 New Jersey Legislative District Data Book , Rutgers University Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy , March 2013 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System : City of Paterson , Geographic Names Information System . Accessed March 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : DP - 1 -- Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics : 2010 for Paterson city , Passaic County , New Jersey , United States Census Bureau . Accessed November 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Municipalities Grouped by 2011 - 2020 Legislative Districts , New Jersey Department of State , p. 14 . Accessed January 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Table DP - 1 . Profile of General Demographic Characteristics : 2010 for Paterson city Archived January 18 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development . Accessed November 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : GCT - PH1 Population , Housing Units , Area , and Density : 2010 -- State -- County Subdivision from the 2010 Census Summary File 1 for New Jersey , United States Census Bureau . Accessed August 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Look Up a ZIP Code , United States Postal Service . Accessed September 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Area Code Lookup -- NPA NXX for Paterson , NJ , Area-Codes.com . Accessed November 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : American FactFinder , United States Census Bureau . Accessed September 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ A Cure for the Common Codes : New Jersey , Missouri Census Data Center . Accessed August 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ US Board on Geographic Names , United States Geological Survey . Accessed September 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ New Jersey County Map , New Jersey Department of State . Accessed July 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : The Counties and Most Populous Cities and Townships in 2010 in New Jersey : 2000 and 2010 , New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development . Accessed July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ USA : New Jersey , City Population , source U.S. Census Bureau . Accessed January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Menendez , New Senate Foreign Relations Committee Chair : ' No Daylight Between US , Israel On My Watch ' '' , The Algemeiner , March 13 , 2013 . Accessed January 27 , 2015 . `` JNS.org asked Menendez if his public support for the Jewish community and for Israel in any way has conflicted with his work in diverse New Jersey communities such as Paterson , a city that is home to the second - largest Muslim population in the U.S. as well as a mosque , the Islamic Center of Passaic County , whose leader , Mohammad Qatanani , is allegedly a member of Hamas . '' Jump up ^ Scott , William Winfield . `` The Founding of Passaic 250 years ago '' Archived May 12 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine. , Passaic County Historical Society , September 1 , 1929 . Accessed January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ District Significance , Paterson Friends of the Great Falls . Accessed September 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Who Was William Paterson ? , William Paterson University . Accessed September 4 , 2011 . `` He also supported a proposal by Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton and a group of investors to incorporate them as the Society for Establishing Useful Manufactures ( SUM ) . In 1792 he signed the charter incorporating SUM as well as a municipal charter covering 36 square miles for the Corporation of the Town of Paterson at the site of the Great Falls of the Passaic River . '' Jump up ^ Hutchinson , Viola L. The Origin of New Jersey Place Names , New Jersey Public Library Commission , May 1945 . Accessed September 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jusserand , Jean Jules ( 1916 ) . Major L'Enfant and the Federal City . With Americans of Past and Present Days . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . p. 184 . Jump up ^ Society for Establishing Useful Manufactures , Paterson Friends of the Great Falls . Accessed August 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Introduction : Project Copy of the Calendar of the S.U.M. Collection of Manuscripts from the New Jersey Historical Records Survey , Paterson Friends of the Great Falls , backed up by the Internet Archive as of March 11 , 2015 . Accessed December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Snyder , John P . The Story of New Jersey 's Civil Boundaries : 1606 -- 1968 , Bureau of Geology and Topography ; Trenton , New Jersey ; 1969 . p. 210 . Accessed January 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Narvaez , Alfonso A. `` Historic Power Plant Reborn At The Great Falls In Paterson '' , The New York Times , June 30 , 1987 . Accessed April 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Paterson , New Jersey : America 's Silk City , National Park Service . Accessed April 18 , 2012 . `` These mills manufactured many things during the long history of this industrial city -- cotton textiles , steam locomotives , Colt revolvers , and aircraft engines . In the late 19th and early 20th centuries , they produced silk fabrics in such quantities that Paterson was known as ' Silk City . ' '' Jump up ^ Sachs , Andrea . `` Escapes : Paterson , N.J. 's Great Falls is an urban oasis with depth '' , Washington Post , August 6 , 2010 . Accessed April 18 , 2012 . `` The museum , for example , owns the first two submersibles built by John Philip Holland , the Father of the Modern Submarine , and 30 of the rare Colt Paterson firearms ( 1837 -- 42 ) , the third - largest collection in the world . '' Jump up ^ Salerno , Salvatore . `` Paterson 's Italian Anarchist Silk Workers and the Politics of Race by Salvatore Salerno '' , libcom.org , February 5 , 2011 . Accessed November 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ New Jersey City Seeks to Capitalize on its Twin Landmarks ( + Photos ) , The Epoch Times , April 14 , 2013 . Accessed July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hinchliffe Stadium , National Trust for Historic Preservation . Accessed September 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , James S. Hurricane : The Miraculous Journey of Rubin Carter , p. 8 . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt , 2000 . ISBN 0618087281 . Accessed August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Get to Know Paterson Archived July 1 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , Merchants & Businesses of Downtown Paterson . Accessed August 16 , 2012 . `` Today , the city 's growth and economy has been boosted my immigrants who still migrate to Paterson for the small business opportunities . '' Jump up ^ Last Alarm , Paterson Fire Journal , June 21 , 2008 . Accessed August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Via Associated Press . `` Firefighter 's Body Is Found '' , The New York Times , January 21 , 1991 . Accessed August 5 , 2014 . `` Paterson firefighters have found the body of a missing colleague , two days after a fire destroyed much of two city blocks . '' Jump up ^ Dolnick , Sam . `` River , at 100 - Year High , Ravages a City That Once Thrived on It '' , The New York Times , August 31 , 2011 . Accessed August 5 , 2014 . `` On Wednesday , this working - class city in North Jersey was fighting back the highest floodwaters in over a century . At least 6,000 people here have been affected , Mayor Jeffery Jones said . '' Jump up ^ Staff . `` President Obama declares N.J. a disaster area as residents continue to deal with Hurricane Irene 's impact '' , The Star - Ledger , September 1 , 2011 . Accessed August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Matt . `` President Obama to visit Paterson to survey Hurricane Irene damage '' , The Star - Ledger , August 31 , 2011 . Accessed August 5 , 2014 . `` The White House announced President Obama will be visiting the hurricane - stricken areas of Paterson on Sunday . '' Jump up ^ City Room . `` Obama to Visit Paterson on Sunday and the Overflowing Passaic River '' , The New York Times , August 31 , 2011 . Accessed August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Herb . `` Paterson prepares for President Obama 's visit today '' Archived October 1 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , The Record ( Bergen County ) , September 4 , 2011 . Accessed September 4 , 2011 . `` Details are being tightly guarded about where President Obama will go Sunday when he visits Paterson to see the damage wrought by Hurricane Irene . Only Obama 's arrival at Newark Liberty International Airport is open to the press . The rest of his travels Sunday afternoon will be watched by a small group of pool reporters . '' Jump up ^ Locality Search , State of New Jersey . Accessed May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Areas touching Paterson , MapIt . Accessed January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Paterson Mill Survey , City of paterson . Accessed January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Walking Tour of Downtown , PatersonHistory.com . Accessed May 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Karen Tina . `` Savor City : Paterson , the one - time Silk City , is a Great Falls of ethnic eating . '' , New Jersey Monthly , July 13 , 2009 . Accessed May 3 , 2012 . `` Turkish , Syrian , Lebanese , Egyptian , and Palestinian immigrants , among others , share a grand mosque , Masjid Jalalabad , in the renovated , once - endangered 1921 Orpheum Theater . A long stretch of Main Street in the South Paterson neighborhood amounts to a Jersey souk , or market , encompassing all kinds of shops and Middle Eastern eateries . '' Jump up ^ Hyman , Vicki . `` Colonial mansion restored in Paterson 's once - ( and again ) grand Eastside Park '' , The Star - Ledger , July 1 , 2009 . Accessed September 22 , 2011 . `` Smaller but no less spectacular examples of Tudor , Craftsman , Dutch Colonial , Federal , Greek Revival , Spanish and even mid-century modern homes sprang up over the next half - century . Eastside Park at one point was home to as many as 40,000 Jews , but they decamped rapidly to burgeoning suburbs starting in the late 1950s ( though Temple Emanuel , the octagonal art deco neighborhood landmark , did n't pull up roots until 2005 ) . '' ^ Jump up to : Cowen , Richard . `` Paterson 's Palestinians celebrate annual flag - raising at City Hall '' , The Record ( Bergen County ) , May 18 , 2014 . Accessed August 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Villeneuve , Marina ; and Seasly , John . `` Nearly 100 gather for Paterson candlelight vigil honoring Syrian refugees '' Archived May 10 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine. , The Record ( Bergen County ) , September 5 , 2015 . Accessed December 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Adely , Hannan . `` Paterson embraces Syrian refugees as neighbors '' Archived December 20 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , The Record ( Bergen County ) , December 1 , 2015 . Accessed December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ La Valle - Finn , Lisa . `` Living The Dream : Palestinian traditions and American freedoms blend perfectly in Paterson . '' , New Jersey Monthly , November 10 , 2009 . Accessed November 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2007 . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Other Important Industries In Paterson , Paterson Friends of the Great Falls . Accessed August 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Climate of Paterson , New Jersey Jump up ^ Compendium of censuses 1726 - 1905 : together with the tabulated returns of 1905 , New Jersey Department of State , 1906 . Accessed August 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gilman , Dainel Coit ; Peck , Harry Thurston ; and Colby , Frank Moore . `` Paterson '' , New International Encyclopedia , p. 784 , Dodd , Mead and Company , 1903 . Accessed January 14 , 2013 . `` Population in 1840 , 7,596 ; 1850 , 11,334 ; 1860 , 19,586 ; 1870 , 33,579 ; 1880 = 51,031 ; 1890 , 78,347 ; 1900 , 105,171 . '' Jump up ^ Raum , John O . The History of New Jersey : From Its Earliest Settlement to the Present Time , Volume 1 , p. 274 , J.E. Potter and company , 1877 . Accessed January 14 , 2013 . `` The population in 1840 was 7,596 ; in 1850 , 11,334 ; in 1860 , 19,588 ; and in 1870 , 33,579 . '' Jump up ^ Bowen , Francis . American Almanac and Repository of Useful Knowledge for the Year 1843 , p. 231 , David H. Williams , 1842 . Accessed August 7 , 2013 . Population of 7,598 listed for 1840 is two higher than values shown in other sources . Jump up ^ Debow , James Dunwoody Brownson . The Seventh Census of the United States : 1850 , p. 140 . R. Armstrong , 1853 . Accessed January 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Staff . A compendium of the ninth census , 1870 , p. 260 . United States Census Bureau , 1872 . Accessed January 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Porter , Robert Percival . Preliminary Results as Contained in the Eleventh Census Bulletins : Volume III - 51 to 75 , p. 99 . United States Census Bureau , 1890 . Accessed January 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Thirteenth Census of the United States , 1910 : Population by Counties and Minor Civil Divisions , 1910 , 1900 , 1890 , United States Census Bureau , p. 338 . Accessed January 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fifteenth Census of the United States : 1930 -- Population Volume I , United States Census Bureau , p. 718 . Accessed January 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Table 6 . New Jersey Resident Population by Municipality : 1930 -- 1990 Archived May 10 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine. , New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development . Accessed June 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Census 2000 Profiles of Demographic / Social / Economic / Housing Characteristics for Paterson city , New Jersey Archived July 30 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , United States Census Bureau . Accessed January 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : DP - 1 : Profile of General Demographic Characteristics : 2000 -- Census 2000 Summary File 1 ( SF 1 ) 100 - Percent Data for Paterson city , Passaic County , New Jersey , United States Census Bureau . Accessed January 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Malinconico , Joe . `` Political battle brewing over Paterson 's plans for Hispanic Heritage Month event '' Archived September 26 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , The Record ( Bergen County ) , September 25 , 2014 . Accessed December 10 , 2014 . `` ' I have 52 different ethnic groups in the city , ' said Torres . ' If I incur the expense , I have to do it for everybody . ' '' Jump up ^ Rumley , Ed . `` Paterson 's Bangladeshi community celebrates start of Martyrs ' Monument '' , Paterson Press , October 12 , 2014 . Accessed January 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : via Associated Press . `` Muslims could prove key in choosing next U.S. president '' , The Seattle Times , October 8 , 2004 . Accessed July 17 , 2011 . `` ... Paterson , which is the nation 's second - largest Arab - American community after the Dearborn , Mich. - area . '' Jump up ^ Sudol , Karen . `` North Jersey Peruvians celebrate Peru 's independence with a flag raising in Paterson '' , The Record ( Bergen County ) , July 27 , 2013 . Accessed August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Valencia , Laura . `` Thousands celebrate their heritage in Paterson 's Dominican Parade '' Archived August 10 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , Paterson Press , September 8 , 2013 . Accessed August 5 , 2014 . `` The Dominican community has become the largest among the city 's more than 50 ethnic groups , with tens of thousands tracing their heritage to the Dominican Republic . '' ^ Jump up to : Loboguerrero , Cristina ; translated from Spanish by Carlos Rodríguez - Martorell , Carlos . `` Three Hispanic Candidates Vie For Paterson , NJ Mayor '' , Voices of NY from El Diario La Prensa , May 12 , 2014 . `` Puerto Rican José ' Joey ' Torres , who was the mayor from 2002 to 2010 , seeks to regain the seat after losing it to Jeffery Jones in the past election . Torres and the current City Council President Andre Sayegh are the main favorites to unseat Jones in the May 13 election . The other Latino candidates are both Dominican : María Teresa Feliciano is a newcomer in politics , and Councilman Rigo Rodríguez was recently charged with electoral fraud . '' Jump up ^ Paterson , New Jersey ( NJ ) Poverty Rate Data - Information about poor and low income residentsRead more : http://www.city-data.com/poverty/poverty-Paterson-New-Jersey.html#ixzz3Q36U80Xw , City - Data . Accessed January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lipman , Harvy ; and Sheingold , Dave . `` North Jersey sees 30 % growth in same - sex couples '' , The Record ( Bergen County ) , August 14 , 2011 , backed up by the Internet Archive as of February 3 , 2013 . Accessed December 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ DP03 : Selected Economic Characteristics from the 2006 -- 2010 American Community Survey 5 - Year Estimates for Paterson city , Passaic County , New Jersey , United States Census Bureau . Accessed January 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cities with 100,000 or More Population in 2000 ranked by Population per Square Mile , 2000 in Rank Order Archived June 29 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , United States Census Bureau . Accessed September 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ QT - P15 - Region and Country or Area of Birth of the Foreign - Born Population : 2000 from the 2000 Summary File 3 ( SF 3 ) - Sample Data for Paterson city , Passaic County , New Jersey , United States Census Bureau . Accessed January 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Paterson city , New Jersey QuickLinks Archived May 22 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , United States Census Bureau . Accessed May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sheingold , Dve . `` North Jersey black families leaving for lure of new South '' , The Record ( Bergen County ) , February 20 , 2011 . Accessed May 21 , 2013 . `` In Paterson , the number dipped from 46,900 to 41,400 and now comprises 28 percent of the city 's population . '' Jump up ^ Sharkey , Joe . `` Finding a Lost Page From a Family History '' , The New York Times , November 10 , 1996 . Accessed May 3 , 2012 . `` Blinking back tears , Delores Van Rensalier pushed a shovel into the damp earth in a vacant lot wedged between a Wendy 's restaurant and the police and courts complex in downtown Paterson . Beside her , workers were putting up a sign to mark the lot as the location of ' the Huntoon - Van Rensalier Station of the Underground Railroad , 1855 -- 1864 . ' ... Paterson , a prosperous milltown before the Civil War , was a ' station ' on the Underground Railroad , the clandestine network of way stations operated by northern abolitionists to help slaves escape to Canada from the South . Huntoon operated his station in partnership with Van Rensalier , whom Ms. Van Rensalier now suspects came here on a slave ship and later assumed the Dutch name as a free man . Jump up ^ Van Rensalier , Dolores ; and Alaya , Flavia . Bridge Street to Freedom : Landmarking a Station on the Underground Railroad , Ramapo College , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 927351 - 04 - 8 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Samuel . `` Plans for a monument at Paterson 's Underground Railroad station '' , Paterson press , January 10 , 2014 . Accessed January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anzidei , Melanie . `` Hispanic chamber hosts annual convention in Paterson ; state provides grant for entrepreneurship center '' , The Record ( Bergen County ) , October 23 , 2014 . Accessed December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schectman , Joel ; and Patberg , Zach . `` Ethnic parades in Paterson likely to be victims of city budget stress '' , The Record ( Bergen County ) , June 13 , 2011 . Accessed September 4 , 2011 . `` The Puerto Rican , Dominican and African - American parades , which attracted tens of thousands of people , face shutdown after Mayor Jeffery Jones demanded that organizers pay as much as $100,000 for police and cleanup after the event ... Peruvians were set to celebrate their 25th annual parade in Paterson next month . The event has brought in more than 35,000 people from as far away as Florida . '' Jump up ^ A Brief History of Peruvian Immigration to the United States Archived July 31 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , yumimmigrantcity.com . Accessed May 21 , 2013 . `` Today , Paterson , NJ remains the effective ' capital ' of the Peruvian Diaspora in the United States . '' Jump up ^ Rahman , Jayed ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Paterson 's Peruvians celebrate unveiling of sign for Peru Square '' . The Paterson Times . The Paterson Times . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff . `` Photos : Annual Peruvian Day Parade in Passaic County . The parade makes it way down Market Street in Paterson '' , The Record ( Bergen County ) , July 27 , 2014 . Accessed December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Peruvian Communities , EPodunk . Accessed July 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Torrens , Claudia via Associated Press . `` Some NY immigrants cite lack of Spanish as barrier '' , U-T San Diego , May 28 , 2011 . Accessed May 21 , 2013 . `` Peruvians who speak Quechua live in Queens and Paterson , N.J. '' Jump up ^ Dominican Republic Ancestry , EPodunk . Accessed July 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rahman , Jayed ( October 8 , 2016 ) . `` Paterson 's largest Hispanic community celebrates renaming Park Avenue to Dominican Republic Way '' . The Paterson Times . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yellin , Deena . `` Palestinian flag - raising is highlight of heritage week in Paterson '' , The Record ( Bergen County ) , May 3 , 2015 . Accessed May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Adely , Hannan . `` Hundreds of Palestinians rally in Paterson in protest of Israeli military campaign '' , The Record ( Bergen County ) , July 19 , 2014 . Accessed August 5 , 2014 . `` Organized by community leaders , the rally took place in the South Paterson neighborhood often called Little Ramallah for its large population of Palestinian - Americans . '' Jump up ^ Staff . `` Paterson school district restarts Arab language program for city youths '' , Paterson Press , December 10 , 2014 . Accessed December 10 , 2014 . `` City education officials have resumed providing a program that teaches 125 students the Arab language . The district has been offering the program , which is run by the Paterson - based Arab American Civic Association , for more than a decade . '' Jump up ^ Natho , Kadir I. Circassian History , p. 530 . Xlibris Corporation , 2009 . ISBN 9781465316998 . Jump up ^ Yellin , Deena . `` More NJ school districts recognize Muslim holidays '' , The Record ( Bergen County ) , October 22 , 2010 . Accessed May 29 , 2015 . `` Yet , many New Jersey districts have for years closed schools for Muslim holidays , including Paterson , Atlantic City , Trenton , Cliffside Park , Piscataway , Prospect Park , Plainfield and Irvington . '' Jump up ^ Malinconico , Joe ; and Kratovil , Charlie . `` Paterson 's Bengali Community Takes Pride in Akhtaruzzaman 's Upset Victory '' , The Alternative Press , May 9 , 2012 . Accessed August 5 , 2014 . `` Ahmed estimated that Paterson has about 15,000 Bengali residents . '' Jump up ^ `` Bangladeshis in the New York Metro Area '' , All Peoples Initiative . Accessed October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Clunn , Nick . `` Officials certify election of Akhtaruzzaman to Paterson 's 2nd Ward '' , The Record ( Bergen County ) , November 27 , 2012 . Accessed August 5 , 2014 . `` Election officials Tuesday certified Mohammed Akhtaruzzaman as the winner of a special City Council race , settling a prolonged political contest that ended with his reclaiming the seat he lost in a court challenge ... It was unclear when Akhtaruzzaman would take office as the representative for the 2nd Ward and reclaim his mantle as the first Bangladeshi - American elected to municipal office in North Jersey . '' Jump up ^ What Is The Urban Enterprise Zone ? , City of Paterson . Accessed August 12 , 2018 . `` The Paterson UEZ is one of 37 zones in New Jersey . Paterson became a designated Urban Enterprise Zone city in September 1994 . '' Jump up ^ Urban Enterprise Zones ( UEZs ) Overview , New Jersey Department of Treasury Division of Taxation , updated August 3 , 2018 . Accessed August 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ City Parks Facilities , City of Paterson . Accessed May 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Paterson Museum , City of Paterson . Accessed November 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lambert Castle , Passaic County Historical Society . Accessed November 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cowen , Richard . `` Renovation of Woodland Park 's ' Lambert Castle ' tower nearly complete '' , The Record ( Bergen County ) , December 1 , 2009 . Accessed May 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Malinconico , Joe . `` A Dream or Reality ? Plans for Paterson Armory Take Shape '' , The Alternative Press , April 9 , 2012 . Accessed May 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ City Council , City of Paterson . Accessed January 14 , 2013 . `` The City of Paterson Municipal Council was created as a result of a 1974 decision to change its form of government from a 1907 statute - based form , to a Faulkner Act Plan - D Mayor - Council Form . '' Jump up ^ Staff . `` Joey Torres regains mayor 's seat in Paterson '' , The Star - Ledger , May 14 , 2014 . Accessed March 21 , 2016 . `` After a four - year absence Jose `` Joey '' Torres will again be the mayor of New Jersey 's third - largest city ... Jones beat Torres by less than 600 votes to become mayor in 2010 . '' Jump up ^ Malinconcino , Joe ; Oglesby , Amanda . `` Paterson Mayor Joey Torres pleads guilty to corruption charges '' , Asbury Park Press , September 24 , 2017 . Accessed September 24 , 2017 . `` Paterson Mayor Joey Torres , a former Jackson business administrator , pleaded guilty to corruption charges Friday afternoon , despite saying for months after his indictment that he would be vindicated in the courts . The proposed agreement will require Torres , 58 , to step down from the mayor 's job and serve prison time up to five years in prison ... Torres will be replaced as mayor on an interim basis by City Council President Ruby Cotton . She will remain in the top job until Paterson 's mayoral election in May 2018 , unless her colleagues pick someone else to fill the job during the next 30 days . '' Jump up ^ Malinconico , Joe . `` Paterson Council picks Williams - Warren , not Ruby Cotton , to be interim mayor until May election '' , Paterson Press , September 30 , 2017 . Accessed September 30 , 2017 . `` Retired municipal clerk Jane Williams - Warren will become Paterson 's next mayor on Oct. 10 , under decision reached by the City Council late Friday . Williams - Warren will fill the seat that Jose ' Joey ' Torres was forced to give up as a result of his conviction on Sept. 22 of corruption charges . The council picked Williams - Warren to serve as interim mayor despite a standing - room - only crowd that jammed City Hall to urge the to governing body to keep Councilwoman Ruby Cotton as Paterson 's acting mayor . '' Jump up ^ City Council Members , City of Paterson . Accessed September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fiscal Year 2017 Municipal Data Sheet , City of Paterson . Accessed September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Passaic County 2016 Directory Archived August 1 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine. , Passaic County , New Jersey , March 2016 . Accessed July 28 , 2016 . As of date accessed , the directory lists ward members with terms ending June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paterson Municipal Election May 10 , 2016 Summary Report Passaic County Official Results , Passaic County , New Jersey , updated May 23 , 2016 . Accessed July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paterson Municipal Election May 13 , 2014 Summary Report Passaic County Official Results , Passaic County , New Jersey , updated May 21 , 2014 . Accessed July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Plan Components Report , New Jersey Redistricting Commission , December 23 , 2011 . Accessed January 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 2017 New Jersey Citizen 's Guide to Government Archived April 7 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine. , p. 62 , New Jersey League of Women Voters . Accessed May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Districts by Number for 2011 -- 2020 , New Jersey Legislature . Accessed January 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 2011 New Jersey Citizen 's Guide to Government , p. 62 , New Jersey League of Women Voters . Accessed May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Directory of Representatives : New Jersey , United States House of Representatives . Accessed January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ About Cory Booker , United States Senate . Accessed January 26 , 2015 . `` He now owns a home and lives in Newark 's Central Ward community . '' Jump up ^ Biography of Bob Menendez , United States Senate , January 26 , 2015 . `` He currently lives in Paramus and has two children , Alicia and Robert . '' Jump up ^ Senators of the 114th Congress from New Jersey . United States Senate . Accessed January 26 , 2015 . `` Booker , Cory A. - ( D - NJ ) Class II ; Menendez , Robert - ( D - NJ ) Class I '' Jump up ^ Legislative Roster 2018 - 2019 Session , New Jersey Legislature . Accessed January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ District 35 Legislators , New Jersey Legislature . Accessed January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Governor Phil Murphy , State of New Jersey . Accessed January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lieutenant Governor Oliver , State of New Jersey . Accessed January 16 , 2018 . `` Assemblywoman Oliver has resided in the City of East Orange for over 40 years . '' Jump up ^ Clerk - Freeholders , Passaic County , New Jersey . Accessed August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cassandra Lazzara , Passaic County , New Jersey . Accessed August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bruce James , Passaic County , New Jersey . Accessed August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Assad Akhter , Passaic County , New Jersey . Accessed August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ John W. Bartlett , Passaic County , New Jersey . Accessed August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Theodore O. Best Jr. , Passaic County , New Jersey . Accessed August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Terry Duffy , Passaic County , New Jersey . Accessed August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pat Lepore , Passaic County , New Jersey . Accessed August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Freeholders , Passaic County , New Jersey . Accessed August 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Passaic County 2017 Directory , Passaic County , New Jersey . Accessed August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 2017 County Data Sheet , Passaic County , New Jersey . Accessed August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ County Clerk , Passaic County , New Jersey . Accessed August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sheriff Richard H. Berdnik , Passaic County Sheriff 's Office . Accessed August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ County Surrogate , Passaic County , New Jersey . Accessed August 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Voter Registration Summary - Passaic , New Jersey Department of State Division of Elections , March 23 , 2011 . Accessed January 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ GCT - P7 : Selected Age Groups : 2010 -- State -- County Subdivision ; 2010 Census Summary File 1 for New Jersey , United States Census Bureau . Accessed January 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Presidential General Election Results -- November 6 , 2012 -- Passaic County '' ( PDF ) . New Jersey Department of Elections . March 15 , 2013 . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Number of Registered Voters and Ballots Cast -- November 6 , 2012 -- General Election Results -- Passaic County '' ( PDF ) . New Jersey Department of Elections . March 15 , 2013 . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 2008 Presidential General Election Results : Passaic County , New Jersey Department of State Division of Elections , December 23 , 2008 . Accessed January 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 2004 Presidential Election : Passaic County , New Jersey Department of State Division of Elections , December 13 , 2004 . Accessed January 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Governor -- Passaic County '' ( PDF ) . New Jersey Department of Elections . January 29 , 2014 . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Number of Registered Voters and Ballots Cast -- November 5 , 2013 -- General Election Results -- Passaic County '' ( PDF ) . New Jersey Department of Elections . January 29 , 2014 . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 2009 Governor : Passaic County , New Jersey Department of State Division of Elections , December 31 , 2009 . Accessed January 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Paterson Police Department , City of Paterson . Accessed November 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ About Archived April 5 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , Paterson Fire Department . Accessed May 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Steadman , Andrew . `` Bayonne firefighters participate in mock disaster drills in Newark '' , The Jersey Journal , May 1 , 2012 . Accessed June 6 , 2016 . `` According to the press release , the Metro USAR Strike Team is made up of nine fire departments from Bayonne , Elizabeth , Hackensack , Hoboken , Jersey City , Newark , Paterson , Morristown as well as the five - municipality North Hudson Regional Fire and Rescue Agency . '' Jump up ^ Passaic County Jail , Passaic County Sheriff 's Office . Accessed December 10 , 2014 . `` Originally constructed in 1957 , the Passaic County Jail was built to accommodate 227 beds . Over the years , the jail has undergone many changes . The facility now consists of 4 floors and has a 1242 inmate bed capacity . '' Jump up ^ Patberg , Zach . `` Paterson layoff of 125 police officers draws protests '' , The Record ( Bergen County ) , April 18 , 2011 . Accessed September 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lynn , Kathleen . `` Guardian Angels begin Paterson patrols '' , The Record ( Bergen County ) , April 17 , 2011 . Accessed September 4 , 2011 . `` Responding to the layoffs of 125 Paterson police officers , the New York City - based Guardian Angels began patrols in the city Sunday . The Guardian Angels arrived in Paterson on Sunday to begin patrolling the city . The 18 Angels , in signature red jackets and berets , were greeted in front of City Hall by Mayor Jeffery Jones , who had invited the volunteer safety patrol organization in February as the city 's budget problems deepened . '' Jump up ^ Home page Archived September 2 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , St. Joseph 's Regional Medical Center . Accessed September 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Passaic County Mileage by Municipality and Jurisdiction , New Jersey Department of Transportation , May 2010 . Accessed July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Passaic - Bergen Rail Plan Advances : NJT Board Amends Contract To Cover Final Design Expenses '' , NJ Transit press release dated April 18 , 2007 . Accessed July 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bus Terminals , NJ Transit . Accessed August 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Passaic County Bus / Rail Connections , NJ Transit , backed up by the Internet Archive as of May 22 , 2009 . Accessed July 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Passaic County System Map , NJ Transit . Accessed August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jitney Transportation Along New Jersey 's Route 4 Corridor , Columbia University Urban Transportation Policy , November 30 , 2006 . Accessed August 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Paterson -- Port Authority , Jitney Buses of New Jersey . Accessed November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paterson -- George Washington Bridge , Jitney Buses of New Jersey . Accessed November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abbott School Districts , New Jersey Department of Education . Accessed June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ About SDA Archived August 16 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , New Jersey Schools Development Authority . Accessed July 21 , 2016 . `` The legislation allocates $2.9 billion for 31 special - needs districts , known as SDA Districts . The SDA manages and funds 100 percent of eligible project costs in the former Abbott districts ... Also due to the 2007 legislation , the SDA developed regulations that will allow for delegating the management of projects to SDA Districts ( formerly known as Abbott Districts ) , as authorized by the legislation of August 2007 . '' Jump up ^ Abbott District Web Sites , New Jersey Department of Education . Accessed July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ District information for Paterson Public School District , National Center for Education Statistics . Accessed December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Malinconico , Joe . `` Months after layoffs , unexpected enrollment puts Paterson school district in hiring scramble '' , The Record ( Bergen County ) , September 17 , 2015 . Accessed September 17 , 2015 . `` Just months after imposing more than 300 layoffs , the city school district is scrambling to hire dozens of extra teachers to handle an unexpected enrollment increase of about 700 students ... But far more immigrants have moved into Paterson than were expected , the superintendent said . '' Jump up ^ Brody , Leslie . `` Paterson to split JFK high school into four academies '' , The Record ( Bergen County ) , March 7 , 2011 . Accessed November 14 , 2011 . `` Paterson school officials will split the troubled John F. Kennedy High School into four smaller academies so that starting next fall , all public high school students in the city will be enrolled in a ' choice ' magnet school . '' Jump up ^ Malinconico , Joe . `` Latest SAT results : Number of Paterson ' college - ready ' students drops to 19 '' , Paterson Press , October 14 , 2014 . Accessed December 11 , 2014 . `` A report released by the school district last week showed 19 of the 594 Paterson students who took the SATs this year had scores that met the `` college - ready '' criteria established by the College Board , which conducts the standardized tests . '' Jump up ^ Admissions FAQ Archived November 3 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , Paterson Charter School for Science and Technology . Accessed November 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Charter Schools Directory Archived October 12 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine. , New Jersey Department of Education . Accessed August 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Passaic County Schools , Roman Catholic Diocese of Paterson Catholic Schools Office . Accessed August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Naanes , Marlene . `` Paterson Catholic to close by end of school year '' Archived May 28 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , The Record ( Bergen County ) , April 21 , 2010 . Accessed June 21 , 2011 . `` Paterson Catholic Regional High School , which has prided itself for four decades on serving some of the area 's poorest and immigrant families , will close its doors the diocese said Wednesday , citing enormous debt , plummeting donations and a bad economy . '' Jump up ^ About PCCC , Passaic County Community College . Accessed May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Eskisehir Municipality 's Sister Cities List Jump up ^ Staff . `` Mr Jones wants Surat as a sister city '' , Paterson Times , June 28 , 2013 . Accessed August 25 , 2015 . `` The city has sister city status with a number of municipalities around the world including with Lyon , France ; Eskişehir , Turkey ; and Yulin , China . '' Jump up ^ Malinconico , Joe ; and Green , Jeff . `` Paterson mayor reports India delegation will be visiting soon '' , The Record ( Bergen County ) , July 5 , 2013 . Accessed December 10 , 2014 . `` Jones said he reached a sister - city agreement with Surat City that was signed by members of the Indian community 's chamber of commerce . '' Jump up ^ Staff . `` Mr Jones wants Surat as a sister city '' , Paterson Times , June 28 , 2013 . Accessed August 5 , 2014 . `` Jeffery Jones , the mayor of Paterson , during his much lambasted visit to India , has proposed to establish sister city link between the Indian city of Surat , a large diamond cutting town with a population of more than 4 million , and the city of Paterson , according to a local Indian newspaper . '' Jump up ^ Clunn , Nick . `` Paterson Officials Invited To Sister City In China '' , The Record ( Bergen County ) , December 10 , 2011 . Accessed December 10 , 2014 . `` The expo is considered an important regional event for business interests in southeast China and Yulin City , which struck a ' friendship agreement ' with Paterson . '' Jump up ^ Twenty - First Avenue : Place of Conjunction , Library of Congress . Accessed August 7 , 2013 . `` Italians from that town found their way to Paterson , and settled in the 21st Avenue area earlier in this century . This population increased over the years , at least in part because of the Italian practice of chain migration . The Paterson Montese community was fed by renewed immigration after World War II , from about the mid-1950s to the mid-1970s , when immigration from Italy to the United States slowed considerably as a result of vastly improved economic conditions in Italy . '' Jump up ^ Avenue Paterson Jump up ^ Montescaglioso Street Jump up ^ Rassegna delle Associazioni Lucane nel Mondo Jump up ^ Schiller , Kristan . `` Kerouac 's ' On the Road ' And Its Jersey Ties '' , The New York Times , December 4 , 1994 . Accessed May 21 , 2013 . `` Kerouac was born and raised in the Merrimack River valley town of Lowell , Mass. , and lived in Ozone Park , Queens , with his mother , Gabrielle Ange Levesque Kerouac , when he started writing On the Road . He imagined himself in the story as Salvatore Paradise , a young writer attempting a novel while living with an unnamed aunt in another American city -- Paterson , N.J. '' Jump up ^ Barnes , Julian . `` Grand Illusion '' , The New York Times , January 28 , 1996 . Accessed May 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Maslin , Janet . `` Movie Review : Lean on Me '' , The New York Times , March 3 , 1989 . Accessed January 24 , 2012 . `` And Morgan Freeman manages it in Lean on Me , in which he plays Joe Clark , the controversial high - school principal from Paterson , N.J. '' Jump up ^ The Terror Trap : Alice Sweet Alice Jump up ^ DeLuca , Dan . `` No payoff in ' State Property ' A street thug aims to hit it big . The movie misses . '' , The Philadelphia Inquirer , January 19 , 2002 . Accessed August 16 , 2012 . `` The setting is meant to be Philadelphia , but save for one quick shot of City Hall , State Property never looks the slightest bit familiar . Perhaps that 's because it was shot in Paterson , N.J. ( According to Abbott 's production notes , efforts to film in town were thwarted because ' we could not afford to house everyone in Philly or commute from NYC , ' where the Roc - A-Fella posse is headquartered . ) '' Jump up ^ Staudter , Thomas . `` How Main Street Cafe Got in the Movies '' , The New York Times , May 26 , 1996 . Accessed August 16 , 2012 . `` In addition to the Chelsea Pier television and film production studios in Manhattan , other chief locales for The Preacher 's Wife include Yonkers , Newark , Jersey City , Paterson , N.J. , and Portland , Me . '' Jump up ^ Staff . `` Banner Year For N.J. Film Industry Production Companies Spent $15.4 Million In ' 84 '' , The Philadelphia Inquirer , January 3 , 1985 . Accessed August 16 , 2012 . `` The Purple Rose of Cairo , Woody Allen 's sixth New Jersey film , using sites in Mount Arlington , South Amboy and Paterson . '' Jump up ^ Robey , Tim . `` Adam Driver 's Paterson will be treasured for years -- review '' , The Daily Telegraph , November 24 , 2016 . Accessed December 6 , 2016 . `` You 've beheld Adam Driver as Kylo Ren ; now meet Kylo Zen . In Jim Jarmusch 's new film Paterson , he plays a guy called Paterson , who happens to live in Paterson , New Jersey , his birthplace , where he drives a bus ( number 23 ) with his surname naturally emblazoned on it . '' Jump up ^ Episode : `` Abbott & Costello -- Return To Paterson '' , My Old Radio , broadcast June 28 , 1945 . Accessed August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nussbaum , Paul . `` In gritty North Jersey , a national park - to - be Waterfall has a Sopranos tie . '' , The Philadelphia Inquirer , April 20 , 2009 . Accessed October 9 , 2016 . `` In recent times , though , the biggest thing to hit the falls was an unlucky victim who got tossed off the footbridge in an episode of The Sopranos . '' Jump up ^ Sopranos filming location -- Ooh - Fa , The Sopranos Location Guide . Accessed October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ YouTube -- Frankie Goes To Hollywood -- Two Tribes ( 1983 ) Jump up ^ Richard C. Rattenbury , `` Colt Revolvers '' , Handbook of Texas Online , published by the Texas State Historical Association . Accessed November 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rahman , Jayed ( October 29 , 2016 ) . `` America 's first model trains , invented in Paterson , on display at New Jersey State Museum exhibit '' . The Paterson Times . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tom Acker # 40 , MLB.com . Accessed September 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Raskin , David A. `` Soccer ; Acosta Finds His Dreams Close to Home '' , The New York Times , June 13 , 1988 . Accessed September 16 , 2015 . `` But Acosta , a Paterson resident , has found more than a team since returning from Long Island University . The 23 - year - old has become the leading scorer in the newly formed American Soccer League and is the league 's first young player to gain national attention . '' Jump up ^ Mike Adams Archived September 27 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , Cleveland Browns . Accessed May 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Idec , Keith . `` Browns enjoy playing for that other Ryan '' , The Record ( Bergen County ) , November 14 , 2010 . Accessed September 4 , 2011 . `` Paterson native Mike Adams could n't help but laugh when he heard and read about the controversy Jets head coach Rex Ryan caused with his R - rated vocabulary during episodes of HBO 's Hard Knocks this summer . '' Jump up ^ Adeva , soulwalking.co.uk . Accessed March 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Adler '' . IMDb . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Newirth , Mike . `` Lost on Nelson Algren Avenue '' , The Baffler , No. 18 , 2009 . Accessed May 3 , 2015 . `` In 1974 , Esquire asked Algren to write an article on Rubin ' Hurricane ' Carter , since made famous by Bob Dylan and Denzel Washington ; back then , Carter was just another murderer , albeit one railroaded by police misconduct . Algren concluded that Carter and his co-defendant were innocent , and decided to move to Paterson , N.J. , to write about them . '' Jump up ^ `` Allen , Henry Crosby , ( 1872 -- 1942 ) '' , Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Accessed May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cannizzaro , Mark . `` Carthon & Muir Receive Invites To Stay Aboard '' , New York Post , January 20 , 2001 . Accessed May 3 , 2015 . `` One of the offensive coordinators who 's believed to be at or near the top of Edwards ' list is Colts ' quarterbacks coach Bruce Arians , a Paterson , NJ , native who 's had a close hand in the development of Peyton Manning . '' Jump up ^ 2001 Award Winners , New Jersey Inventors hall of Fame . Accessed May 3 , 2015 . `` New Jersey native Gerald R. Ash , who was born in Paterson and lived for many years in West Long Branch , started working for AT&T Bell Laboratories in 1976 as a member of the technical staff . '' Jump up ^ Atwan , Robert ; Dardess , George ; and Rosenthal , Peggy . Divine Inspiration : The Life of Jesus in World Poetry , p. 134 . Oxford University Press , 1998 . ISBN 9780195093513 . Accessed May 3 , 2015 . `` Born in Paterson , New Jersey , Atwan , whose grandfather came from Aleppo , was raised in a Syrian - Catholic household and educated at Seton Hall and Rutgers University . '' Jump up ^ Kelly , Jacques . `` Sisto J. Averno Sr. , Colt player1950s Baltimore Colt guard who also played for New York and Dallas became a Luby and Fox Chevrolet salesman '' , The Baltimore Sun , March 29 , 2012 . Accessed September 16 , 2015 . `` Born in Paterson , N.J. , he was the son of Roberto Averno and Elvira Isabella Salerno . While a student at Paterson High School , he played football and was scouted by colleges . '' Jump up ^ Staff . `` Capra wo n't throw any punches '' , Eugene Register - Guard , September 2 , 1978 . Accessed December 15 , 2015 . `` The call wnt out for Shannons , and a jaunty Italian from New York by way of Paterson , N.J. , one Vincent Baggetta , turns up . '' Jump up ^ Saxon , Wolfgang . `` Samm Sinclair Baker , 87 , Author Of Dozens of Self - Help Books '' , The New York Times , March 23 , 1997 . Accessed September 16 , 2015 . `` He was born in Paterson , N.J. , and was a 1929 economics graduate of the University of Pennsylvania . '' Jump up ^ Staff . `` Lawrence Barrett Dead ; Pneumonia Fatal After An Illness Of Only Two Days . Swift Progress Of An Attack That At First Seemed Slight -- Mrs. Barrett Present At The Last -- The Story Ot The Actor 's Life . '' , The New York Times , March 21 , 1891 . Accessed March 13 , 2012 . `` Lawrence Barrett . the son of Thomas Barrett , a poor Irish immigrant , was born at Paterson , N.J. , April 4 , 1838 . '' Jump up ^ Charles Dyer Beckwith profile , Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Accessed August 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Fineman , Mark . `` Dalai Lama 's Disciples Gather for Peace Prayer Religion : About 150,000 participate in ceremony with the Peace Prize winner . '' , Los Angeles Times , January 1 , 1991 . Accessed December 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Staff . `` 12 to Watch : Jeffrey Bewkes '' , TVWeek , January 20 , 2008 . Accessed September 16 , 2015 . `` Place of birth : Patterson , ( sic ) N.J. '' Jump up ^ Staff . `` Backstreet Takes Music Higher '' , Contra Costa Times , August 8 , 1997 . Accessed March 13 , 2012 . `` Heavy R&B group Blackstreet has reached ' Another Level ' with its current album . Led by Chauncey ' Black ' Hannibal and Teddy ' Street ' Riley , Blackstreet , which performs at Saturday 's KMEL Summer Jam at the Concord Pavilion , has expanded its stylistic range , tightened its vocal harmonies and sought new audiences with its second album , ' Another Level . ' ... Weary of New York , the ace producer / musician moved his family to Virginia Beach about five years ago ; Hannibal , from Paterson , NJ , followed . '' Jump up ^ Staff . `` In Pictures : Red Bull Music Academy at Harlem Cafe in Belfast '' , Belfast Telegraph , March 5 , 2012 . Accessed March 13 , 2012 . `` Joining Kerri was legendary hip hop producer Just Blaze aka Justin Smith from Paterson , NJ . The CEO of Fort Knocks Entertainment is best known for producing hits from Jay - Z 's Blueprint , Blueprint 2 and The Black Album . '' Jump up ^ Krajicek , David J. `` Attacked by the Gang '' , New York Daily News , October 25 , 2008 . Accessed September 16 , 2015 . `` On a mild October evening in 1900 , a pretty teenager named Jennie Bosschieter walked to a drugstore from her home in Paterson , N.J. , to fetch baby powder for an infant niece . '' Jump up ^ Bill Braun , racing-reference.info . Accessed March 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's lot fell upon anarchist here ; Gaetano Bresci , the King 's Murderer , Lived in Paterson . Was in America six years his identity established , and his membership in an Italian Anarchistic Group in the New Jersey Town . '' , The New York Times , July 31 , 1900 . Accessed August 12 , 2018 . `` He is Gaetano Bresci , who left Paterson , N.J. , in May , and went directly from New York to Europe , having been delegated by an Anarchist group , it is believed , to assassinate the King '' . Jump up ^ Idec , Keith . `` Tardy Mets might have had Paterson 's Briggs '' , The Record ( Bergen County ) , May 17 , 2011 . Accessed March 13 , 2012 . `` Johnny Briggs ' baseball career might 've turned out very different if a Mets scout had n't arrived late to his house one night in October 1962 . Briggs , a former Eastside star , was eager to hear what the newest National League team had to offer . The Mets had just paid another amateur free agent , Ed Kranepool , $85,000 to sign , and the Paterson native was intrigued by the prospect of playing so close to his hometown . '' Jump up ^ Picker , David . `` Long Climb Pays Off for Jets ' Linebacker '' , The New York Times , December 18 , 2004 . Accessed November 28 , 2007 . `` Brown , a native of Paterson , N.J. , stayed in the area and close to the phone . '' Jump up ^ Geeslin , Ned . `` Edna Buchanan 's Life Is No Day at the Beach -- Her Calling Is Miami 's Vice '' , People ( magazine ) , January 18 , 1988 , Vol. 29 No. 2 . Accessed September 16 , 2015 . `` Showing no hint of burnout , Buchanan is as excited by an absorbing , grisly crime story today as she was growing up in Paterson , N.J. In those days she would buy all the New York tabloids and read them aloud to her Polish grandmother , who could n't read English . '' Jump up ^ Rubin `` Hurricane '' Carter Biography ( 1937 - ) , The Biography Channel . Accessed September 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` `` I Sopranos ? No agli stereotipi ma non facciamone un dramma '' -- Federico Castelluccio , il Furio Giunta della celebre serie tv , a Toronto per incontrare gli zii '' , Corriere Canadese , May 11 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Guglielmo , Jennifer . Living the Revolution : Italian Women 's Resistance and Radicalism in New York City , 1880 -- 1945 , p. 162 . University of North Carolina Press , 2010 . ISBN 9780807833568 . Accessed December 30 , 2017 . `` Both Italian and American authorities became particularly concerned over Cravello 's developing friendship with Ersilia Cavedagni , whom they considered a ' very dangerous anarchist . ' of ' limited formal instruction but much audaciousness . ' ... Cavedagni arrived in Paterson just as Cravello was gaining media attention . '' Jump up ^ Nash , Margo . `` Memories Linger Of a ' Baaad Boy ' From Paterson '' , The New York Times , March 24 , 2002 . Accessed December 6 , 2016 . `` ON April 5 , 1952 , Abbott and Costello came to Paterson for the premiere of their film Jack and the Beanstalk . Klieg lights pierced the sky around the Fabian Theater on Church Street , and fans turned out to see Lou Costello , the star from Paterson who never forgot where he came from . '' Jump up ^ `` Trading on a great education wp 's richard reiss has a conversation with E * TRADE ceo christos cotsakos '' Archived March 11 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , WP : The Magazine of William Paterson University , Fall / Winter 1999 . Accessed December 6 , 2007 . `` Born and raised in Paterson , New Jersey , Cotsakos was a 1965 graduate of Eastside High School . He will tell you -- ' barely . ' '' Jump up ^ Zimmer , Kenyon . Immigrants against the State : Yiddish and Italian Anarchism in America , p. 66 . Accessed December 28 , 2017 . `` However , most of Paterson 's anarchist women were like Ernestina Cravello , who before her emigration had a ' good reputation ' and was not politically active but who became involved in the anarchist movement as a result of her two brothers ' participation . '' Jump up ^ DeMasters , Karen . `` Hearing the Laughter in Women 's Lives '' , The New York Times , August 1 , 1999 . Accessed May 1 , 2010 . `` Like Ms. Langan , Ms. Croonquist now lives in Manhattan , but she grew up in Paterson , where she attended Roman Catholic schools from first grade through college . '' Jump up ^ Pennington , Bill . `` Catching On After a Last Chance ; Giants ' Cruz Defied Odds at UMass '' , The New York Times , February 4 , 2012 . Accessed August 5 , 2014 . `` It was not the first bump in the road Cruz had endured . The son of Blanca Cruz and Michael Walker , a Paterson firefighter , Cruz lived in the city 's downtrodden Fourth Ward . '' Jump up ^ Joe Cunningham , Baseball-Reference.com . Accessed August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nelson , William . History of Bergen and Passaic Counties , New Jersey : With Biographical Sketches of Many of Its Pioneers and Prominent Men , p. 144 . Everts & Peck , 1882 . Accessed December 9 , 2016 . `` In November 1836 he came to Paterson , where he found employment under C.S. Van Wagoner to survey lay out and map the city . '' Jump up ^ `` Paterson Is Making Move to Honor Doby '' , The New York Times , June 27 , 1997 . Accessed January 24 , 2012 . `` Larry Doby was a four - sport star in high school in Paterson , N.J. , before going on to break the color barrier in the American League 50 years ago , when he joined the Cleveland Indians . '' Jump up ^ Teicher , Adam . `` Chiefs report : Fake punt fools KC '' , Kansas City Star , November 12 , 2001 . Accessed March 13 , 2012 . `` Rookie defensive tackle Eric Downing , who made his second consecutive start , is from Paterson , NJ , and attended Syracuse University . '' Jump up ^ James , George . `` In person ; Slugging It Out All These Years '' , The New York Times , June 9 , 2002 . Accessed January 24 , 2012 . `` Lou Duva grew up the second youngest of seven children in a working - class family in Paterson . '' Jump up ^ Randy Edelman , FilmReference.com . Accessed September 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Launer , Pat . `` New Face at the Old Globe '' , San Diego Jewish Journal , January 31 , 2013 . Accessed March 19 , 2016 . `` Edelstein ( pronounced EH - duhl - steen ) , was born in Paterson , N.J. He grew up in Fair Lawn , N.J. , where he attended Fair Lawn High School and went on to graduate summa cum laude from Tufts University . '' Jump up ^ Cahillane , Kevin . `` Worth nothing ; White Sox Fans ? Say It Ai n't So '' , The New York Times , September 25 , 2005 . Accessed August 12 , 2018 . `` Mr. Einhorn -- who was born and raised in Paterson and lives in Alpine -- is the flamboyant yin to the steely yang of the principal owner , Jerry Reinsdorf . '' Jump up ^ Staff . `` New York Red Bulls sign Brandon Allen , Derrick Etienne as Homegrown Players , now lead MLS with 7 HGPs '' , Major League Soccer , December 21 , 2015 . Accessed March 21 , 2016 . `` Etienne , from Paterson , New Jersey , joined the Red Bulls academy as an Under - 14 player and advanced through the developmental system . '' Jump up ^ Fitzgerald 's Legislative Manual , 1960 , p. 378 . Accessed November 13 , 2017 . `` William W. Evans , Jr . ( Rep. , Wyckoff ) William W. Evans , Jr. , was born in Paterson , New Jersey , on May 6 , 1921 ... He is former Mayor of Wyckoff , New Jersey . '' Jump up ^ `` Obituaries '' , The Standard - Times ( New Bedford ) , October 6 , 1999 . Accessed October 10 , 2017 . `` Fox was born in Paterson , N.J. , and moved to Boston when he was young . '' Jump up ^ Staff . A Community Of Scholars : The Institute for Advanced Study Faculty and Members 1930 -- 1980 , p. 174 . Institute for Advanced Study , 1980 . Accessed November 20 , 2015 . `` Gelbart , Abe 47 -- 48 M Born 1911 Paterson , NJ . '' Jump up ^ Hampton , Wilborn . `` Allen Ginsberg , Master Poet Of Beat Generation , Dies at 70 '' , The New York Times , April 6 , 1997 . Accessed January 24 , 2012 . `` Allen Ginsberg was born on June 3 , 1926 , in Newark and grew up in Paterson , N.J. , the second son of Louis Ginsberg , a schoolteacher and sometime poet , and the former Naomi Levy , a Russian emigree and fervent Marxist . '' Jump up ^ Bios : Teresa Giudice Archived June 22 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , Bravo ( U.S. TV channel ) . Accessed July 4 , 2013 . `` She grew up in Paterson , New Jersey , where she met her husband of more than ten years , Joe . '' Jump up ^ Revolutionary War Sites in Paterson , New Jersey , Revolutionary War New Jersey . Accessed September 6 , 2017 . `` In memory of Abraham Godwin . Pioneer of Paterson '' ^ Jump up to : Stauffer , David McNeely . American Engravers Upon Copper and Steel : Bibographical sketches , illustrated . Index to engravings described with check - list numbers and names of engravers and artists , p. 107 . Grolier Club of the City of New York , 1907 . Accessed September 6 , 2017 . `` Godwin , Abraham -- Born in what is now Paterson , N.J. , July 16 , 1763 ; died there Oct. 5 , 1835 ; he was the son of Abraham Godwin and Phebe Cool ... He was the father of the late editor and author . Parke Godwin . who was born in Paterson , N.J. , in 1816 . '' Jump up ^ Rosenberg , carol via The Miami Herald . `` Bill Haast dies at 100 ; snakes were the charm for south Florida celebrity : At a Florida roadside attraction , Bill Haast extracted venom for paying customers . His wife says he survived 172 venomous snakebites and donated blood to 21 snakebite victims . ' I could become a poster boy for the benefits of venom , ' he said . '' , Los Angeles Times , June 21 , 2011 . Accessed August 5 , 2014 . `` Born William E. Haast on Dec. 30 , 1910 , in Paterson , N.J. , he became a south Florida celebrity for surviving successive venomous snakebites . '' Jump up ^ Kihss , Peter . `` Malcom X Shot to Death at Rally Here : Three Other Negroes Wounded - One is Held in Killing '' , The New York Times , February 22 , 1965 . Accessed March 13 , 2012 . `` Records of the Federal Bureau of Investigation showed that Hagan 's real name is Talmadge Hayer , the police said this morning . He was booked as Thomas Hagan . The F.B.I. records showed that the suspect 's address was 347 Marshall Street , Paterson , N.J. '' Jump up ^ Alexander Hamilton , Paterson Friends of the Great Falls . Accessed May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Keith Hamilton , NFL.com . Accessed May 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Larry Hand , NJSports.com . Accessed November 18 , 2017 . `` Larry Thomas Hand was born July 10 , 1940 in Paterson and grew up in the nearby town of Butler . Larry was a late bloomer size-wise . '' Jump up ^ Hall , Debbie. `` 1960 's group The Happenings return to the Suncoast Showroom in Las Vegas '' . AXS ( ticket merchant ) , October 18 , 2014 . Accessed January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gerald Hayes player profile , National Football League Players Association . Accessed July 23 , 2007 . `` resides in Paterson , New Jersey . '' Jump up ^ Blumenthal , Ralph. `` Philharmonic Gets Diary Of a Savvy Music Man '' , The New York Times , July 29 , 2002 . Accessed January 24 , 2012 . `` Hill played violin with the orchestra until he was over 70 , then fell into poverty and depression . In 1875 , living in Paterson , N.J. , he wrote a farewell note to his second wife : ' Why should or how can a man exist and be powerless to earn means for his family ? ' '' Jump up ^ Staff . `` Garret A. Hobart : The Vice-President Dies of Angina Pectoris Funeral To Be Held At Paterson Saturday The End Come Yesterday Morning -- President Mckinley Issues a Proclamation -- Arrangements for the Funeral Mr. Hobart 's Career '' , Hartford Courant , November 22 , 1899 . Accessed September 4 , 2011 . `` Paterson , N.J. , Nov. 21 . -- Garret A. Hobart , vice-president of the United States , died of angina pectoris at 8 : 30 o'clock this morning at his home in this city . '' Jump up ^ Silversey , Dylon . `` Paterson 's Holt gets back into title picture with knockout victory '' , NJ.com , May 14 , 2011 . Accessed December 13 , 2013 . `` Former NABO & WBO champion and Paterson native Kendall ' Rated R ' Holt returned to his previously highly regarded form on Friday night , knocking out the former champion Julio Diaz ( 38 -- 7 27KO ) , in the main event on ESPN 's Friday Night Fights . '' Jump up ^ via Associated Press . `` Paterson native Michael Hossack , drummer for Doobie Brothers , dies '' , The Record ( Bergen County ) , March 13 , 2012 . Accessed March 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hyman , Vicki . `` ' The Shield ' actor , Paterson native Michael Jace accused of murdering wife '' , The Star - Ledger , May 20 , 2014 . Accessed August 5 , 2014 . `` Actor Michael Jace , a Paterson native best known for playing a moral Los Angeles police officer in a corrupt unit on FX 's trailblazing `` The Shield , '' has been arrested in Los Angeles for alleging shooting his wife to death Monday night , the Los Angeles Times reports . '' Jump up ^ Charlie Jamieson , Baseball-Reference.com . Accessed December 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Saxon , Wolfgang . `` Charles S. Joelson , 83 , Congressman Who Saved School Libraries '' , The New York Times , August 21 , 1999 . Accessed December 3 , 2017 . `` A native of Paterson , Charles Joelson graduated Phi Beta Kappa in 1937 from Cornell University , where he also received his law degree in 1939 . He practiced law in Paterson until 1961 , with time out for service as an ensign in the Navy 's intelligence service in the Far East during World War II . He served on the Paterson City Council in the early 1950 's and then as a ' racket - busting ' Deputy Attorney General of New Jersey . '' Jump up ^ Ubha , Ravi . `` Johnson finds a home with the M.K. Dons '' , ESPNsoccernet , April 17 , 2008 . Accessed December 14 , 2008 . `` Johnson was born in Paterson , N.J. , moved to England when he was 5 , and can also compete for Jamaica , given his mother 's background . '' Jump up ^ Berkman , Meredith . `` Funky Divas : En Vogue rise to the top -- In just two years the group has sold more than two million records '' , Entertainment Weekly , June 5 , 1992 . Accessed March 13 , 2012 . `` Maxine Jones , 26 . File : The self - described ' moody ' member of the group . Bio : Originally from Paterson , NJ , she was 5 when her mother died . '' Jump up ^ `` How hit show This Is Us is connected to NJ -- NO spoilers , scout 's honor ! '' , WKXW , February 23 , 2017 . Accessed February 17 , 2018 . `` First , the cast includes New Jersey native , Ron Cephas Jones . The Paterson native who plays William ( Randall 's biological dad ) graduated John F. Kennedy High School and then attended Ramapo College in Mahwah . Jones also has had recent roles in Mr. Robot & Luke Cage . '' Jump up ^ Hershey Jr. , Robert D. `` Alfred E. Kahn Dies at 93 ; Prime Mover of Airline Deregulation '' , The New York Times , December 28 , 2010 . Accessed January 14 , 2013 . `` Alfred Edward Kahn , known as Fred , was born on Oct. 17 , 1917 , in Paterson , N.J. , the son of Russian immigrants , and came of age during the Depression , which prompted his interest in economics . '' Jump up ^ Roberts , Sam . `` Joseph B. Keller , Mathematician With Whimsical Curiosity , Dies at 93 '' , The New York Times , September 16 , 2016 . Accessed September 19 , 2016 . `` Joseph Bishop Keller was born in Paterson , N.J. , on July 31 , 1923 . His father , Isaac Keiles -- whose name , he said , was changed when he arrived in the United States -- was a Russian refugee who fled pogroms against Jews ... Joseph Keller competed on the math team at East Side High School in Paterson . '' Jump up ^ Gordon , Peter M. King Kelly , Society for American Baseball Research . Accessed August 20 , 2014 . `` Kelly told the story of what happened next in his autobiography , Play Ball , Stories of the Ball Field : ' Ill health compelled my father to leave the army , and we moved to Paterson , N.J. ' '' Jump up ^ Staff . `` ' King ' Kelly Dies Of Pneumonia. ; The Famous Player 's Record on the Baseball Field . '' , The New York Times , November 9 , 1894 . Accessed August 12 , 2018 . `` ' King ' Kelly , as he was dubbed by the occupants of the at baseball games , was born at Troy , N.Y. , but when young was taken to Paterson , N.J. , where he learned to play baseball . '' Jump up ^ James , Randy . `` 2 - Min . Bio : Bernard Kerik '' , Time ( magazine ) November 6 , 2009 . Accessed May 1 , 2010 . `` Born Sept. 4 , 1955 , in Newark , N.J. , ' Bernie ' grew up in a tough neighborhood of Paterson , N.J. , a suburb of New York City . '' Jump up ^ Stromberg , Joseph . Gabriel Kolko Revisited , Part 1 : Kolko at Home , September 1 , 2013 . Accessed May 20 , 2014 . `` Born in 1932 in Paterson , NJ , historian Gabriel Kolko ... '' Jump up ^ `` The Path of No Resistance with Garret Kramer '' , DrKevinPecca.com , October 30 , 2017 . Accessed December 3 , 2017 . `` ( Q ) Garret , where are you from ? ( A ) I was born in Paterson , New Jersey . I grew up in Clifton , New Jersey . I was into playing hockey , pretty much that 's what I was into . '' Jump up ^ Senator Lautenberg 's Biography Archived August 6 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , United States Senate . Accessed March 13 , 2012 . `` Senator Lautenberg was born in Paterson , New Jersey , the son of Polish and Russian immigrants who came to the United States through Ellis Island . His early life was unsettled as his parents moved about a dozen times while struggling to support the family . '' Jump up ^ Leal , John L. ( 1909 ) . `` The Sterilization Plant of the Jersey City Water Supply Company at Boonton , N.J. '' Proceedings American Water Works Association . pp. 100 -- 9 . Jump up ^ John LoCascio , Villanova Wildcats men 's lacrosse . Accessed May 27 , 2016 . `` Hometown : Fairfield , N.J. ; High School : West Essex Regional ... Born November 25 , 1991 in Paterson , N.J. Jump up ^ Martin , Douglas . `` Edward L. Masry , 73 , Pugnacious Lawyer , Dies '' , The New York Times , December 8 , 2005 . Accessed December 8 , 2007 . `` Edward L. Masry was born in Paterson , N.J. , on July 29 , 1932 . His parents started a silk apparel business , but when silk import tariffs were lifted , the business faltered . The family then headed for California . '' Jump up ^ Woo , Elaine . `` Obituaries ; Don Martin ; Cartoonist Exemplified Mad Magazine in Sight and Sound '' , Los Angeles Times , January 8 , 2000 . Accessed January 2 , 2011 . `` Born in Paterson , N.J. , Martin showed an early talent for drawing . '' Jump up ^ Thomas McEwan Jr. , Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Accessed August 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ via Associated Press . `` George Middleton A Playwright , 87 ; Former Head of Dramatists ' Guild , 87 , Is Dead '' , The New York Times , December 24 , 1967 . March 13 , 2012 . `` Mr. Middleton was born in Paterson , N.J. , on Oct. 27 , 1880 . '' Jump up ^ Simon Perchik , Asheville Poetry Review . Accessed March 13 , 2012 . `` Simon Perchik was born in Paterson , New Jersey in 1923 and made his living as an attorney in New York . '' Jump up ^ Span , Paula . `` The FBI 's Veiled Threat : Joseph Pistone Spent Six Years Inside the Mafia and Lived to Tell the Tale '' , The Washington Post , February 28 , 1997 . Accessed March 13 , 2012 . `` And Pistone had always seen himself as a good guy . He grew up in working - class Paterson , N.J. , which proved helpful in his subsequent career . '' Jump up ^ Staff . `` Jazz notes : Roseanna Vitro in New Brunswick ; Bucky Pizzarelli in Madison ; Michele Rosewoman in Montclair '' , The Star - Ledger , January 10 , 2012 . Accessed March 13 , 2012 . `` Guitarist and Paterson native Bucky Pizzarelli turned 86 yesterday , and fans and friends will gather several times this month to celebrate his timeless , bright and swinging style . '' ^ Jump up to : Ripmaster , Terence . Mel Bay presents Bucky Pizzarelli : a life in music , p. 31 . Mel Bay Publications , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 7866 - 3315 - 8 . Accessed March 13 , 2012 . `` Even with his busy and successful career , Bucky never forgot his roots in Paterson . His sons , John and Martin , are still listed in Paterson 's # 248 American Federation of Musicians Directory . '' Jump up ^ Wilkins , Tim . `` Jazz bits : John Pizzarelli and Grover Kemble '' , The Star - Ledger , September 27 , 2011 . Accessed March 13 , 2012 . `` In the ' 80s , John Pizzarelli was a guitar - toting kid from Paterson and Grover Kemble was a wisecracking Jersey songsmith with stints in Sha Na Na and Za Zu Zaz under his belt . '' Jump up ^ via Associated Press . `` Dave Prater , 50 , Dies ; Soul Singer of the 60 's '' , The New York Times , April 13 , 1988 . Accessed March 13 , 2012 . `` Dave Prater Sr. , of the soul - singing duo Sam and Dave , was killed Saturday when the car he was driving went off Interstate 75 near Sycamore , Ga. , and hit a tree . He was 50 years old . Mr. Prater had lived in Paterson since 1974 and his body will be returned to New Jersey for burial next week , his widow , Rosemary , said Monday . '' Jump up ^ Amos Henry Radcliffe , Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Accessed July 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kaltenbach , Chris . `` The four pillars of Hollywood 's house of horrors ; Critical Eye '' , The Baltimore Sun , October 30 , 2005 . Accessed March 13 , 2012 . `` ... the ' human worm ' , Prince Randian lived in Paterson , NJ , with his wife and five children ... '' Jump up ^ Staff . `` George Rochberg , Composer , Dies at 86 '' , The New York Times , June 1 , 2005 . Accessed March 13 , 2012 . `` Mr. Rochberg was born in Paterson , N.J. , on July 5 , 1918 . '' Jump up ^ Frederick Reines : The Nobel Prize in Physics 1995 -- Autobiography , Nobel Prize Organization . Accessed April 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dominguez , Robert ; with Hinckley , David . `` Frankie Ruiz , Salsa Singer , Dead At 40 '' , New York Daily News , August 11 , 1998 . Accessed November 14 , 2011 . `` Born in Paterson , N.J. , Ruiz spent his childhood in Puerto Rico and was singing professionally with Orquesta La Solucion by the time he was a teenager . '' Jump up ^ Staff . `` He Died In England. ; Career Of John Ryle , The Paterson Silk Manufacturer . '' , The New York Times , November 17 , 1887 . Accessed March 13 , 2012 . `` John Ryle , formerly Mayor of Paterson , N.J. , and known throughout the United States as the ' Father of the Silk Industry in America , ' has just died in Macclesfield , England . '' Jump up ^ Danforth Public Library , Paterson Arts Council . Accessed March 13 , 2012 . `` Paterson adopted a free library law in 1885 and opened the first public library in the State of New Jersey in 1886 . By 1888 , having outgrown the Stimson House on Church Street , Mary Danforth Ryle donated her father 's residence for a new library . '' Jump up ^ The ASCAP Foundation Announces Recipients of 2012 Morton Gould Young Composer Awards , ASCAP , April 6 , 2012 . Accessed August 5 , 2014 . `` Kathryn Salfelder of Fairlawn , NJ ( Paterson , NJ ) '' Jump up ^ Staff . `` Paterson 's Olympic Day. ; Jersey Town Welcomes Her Athletes Who Completed at Stockholm . '' , The New York Times , August 1 , 1912 . Accessed April 13 , 2013 . `` The Paterson ' boys , ' Strobino , Scott , Hellawell , and Mueller , who competed for Uncle Sam at the Olympic games in Sweden , and who returned to this country on the Vaderland early this morning , got a rousing reception in this city later in the day , when a parade through the principal streets of Paterson was held in their honor . '' Jump up ^ Marcel Shipp player profile , National Football League Players Association . Accessed July 24 , 2007 . `` Hometown : Paterson , N.J. Played one year of prep football at Milford ( Conn . ) Academy and was all - New Jersey choice as a senior at Passaic County Technical High School . '' Jump up ^ `` About Rocco Silano '' . roccosilano.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Jeff . `` Intriguing People : Dave Sime '' , The Record ( Bergen County ) , April 25 , 2010 . Accessed June 25 , 2013 . `` This was the moment that changed everything for the Paterson - born , Fair Lawn - bred Sime . '' Jump up ^ Staff . `` West Wing 's Leo dies at age of 58 : John Spencer displays his Emmy for outstanding supporting actor in 2002Spencer was a familiar face on US television showsJohn Spencer , the actor who plays politician Leo McGarry in NBC television 's The West Wing , has died of a heart attack at 58 . '' , BBC News , December 17 , 2005 . Accessed March 13 , 2012 . `` John Spencer grew up in Paterson , New Jersey , the son of working - class parents , and he studied at the Professional Children 's School in Manhattan . '' Jump up ^ The Lewis Stimson , MD ( 1844 -- 1917 ) Papers , Weill Cornell Library . Accessed December 22 , 2017 . `` Lewis Atterbury Stimson was born August 24 , 1844 in Paterson , New Jersey , the second son of Henry Clark and Julia Atterbury Stimson . He was educated in the Paterson schools and at Yale College from which he graduated in 1863 . '' Jump up ^ Amy , Jeanne . `` ' Babylon 5 ' creator speaks about failure , future of media at MIT '' , The Observer - Dispatch , May 25 , 2009 . Accessed March 13 , 2012 . `` Straczynski comes from Paterson , N.J. , where people grew up to work at gas stations and supermarkets , not to become writers , he said . He pushed himself as those around him told him he could never make it as a writer . '' Jump up ^ Kazbek Tambi , Seton Hall Pirates . Accessed May 30 , 2015 . `` A native of Paterson , N.J. , he earned his law degree from Seton Hall University Law School in 1990 . '' Jump up ^ Staff . `` Typists to Demonstrate Speed '' , The New York Times , October 7 , 1928 . Accessed March 13 , 2012 . `` Albert Tangora of Paterson , N. J , and Irma Wright of Toronto , Canada , new professional and amateur typing champions , will give demonstrations at the National Business Show which opens in Madison Square Garden ... '' Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard . `` Joe Taub , Basketball Fan Who Became Part Owner of the Nets , Dies at 88 '' , The New York Times , November 5 , 2017 . Accessed November 20 , 2017 . `` Joseph Albert Taub was born in Paterson , N.J. , on May 29 , 1929 ... Mr. Taub played forward on the basketball team at Eastside High School , in Paterson , and attended Rutgers University but did not graduate . '' Jump up ^ Popper , Steve . `` Pro Basketball ; Marbury and Tim Thomas Connect in Victory '' , The New York Times , March 4 , 2004 . Accessed September 4 , 2011 . `` One would like to believe that the play had been rehearsed on playgrounds and in gyms when they were younger . Stephon Marbury and Tim Thomas , one from Brooklyn , the other from Paterson , N.J. , grew up playing together on all - star teams and in tournaments . '' Jump up ^ NBA.com : Tim Thomas Bio Page Archived April 10 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... Accessed June 30 , 2010 . `` Hails from Paterson , New Jersey . '' Jump up ^ Lancifer , Unkle . `` Dante Tomaselli : : The Kindertrauma Interview '' , Kindertrauma , February 14 , 2011 . Accessed March 13 , 2012 . `` Unforgettable . I grew up on Alice , Sweet Alice ... originally titled Communion . It made its world premiere in 1976 in Paterson . All my relatives were there . Many were extras in the movie . My Aunt Matilda stands out in the funeral scene . Both of my grandmothers were from Paterson and I was born in Paterson General Hospital . '' Jump up ^ Robert Guy Torricelli , Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Accessed March 13 , 2012 . `` Torricelli , Robert Guy , a Representative and a Senator from New Jersey ; born in Paterson , N.J. , August 27 , 1951 '' Jump up ^ Quintanilla , Michael . `` enfoque ; Elizabeth Vargas '' , San Antonio Express - News , January 26 , 2006 . Accessed March 13 , 2012 . `` Vargas , a woman in a field with so few Latinos , was born in Paterson , N.J. , to a Puerto Rican U.S. Army captain and his Irish American wife . '' Jump up ^ Rohan , Virginia . `` Former Paterson resident is man behind the lines at the Oscars '' , The Record ( Bergen County ) , March 7 , 2010 . Accessed December 31 , 2012 . `` And Bruce Vilanch will jump right on it . ' The only really spontaneous parts of the show are the winners . Everything else is scripted . And so , unless somebody else goes off script , we know what everybody else is saying , ' says Vilanch , a former Patersonian , who has written for the Oscars for the past 21 years . '' Jump up ^ Floyd Vivino profile from Sirius Satellite Radio . Accessed December 20 , 2006 . Jump up ^ La Gorce , Tammy . `` New Brunswick Still Loves the Lads From Liverpool `` , The New York Times , August 12 , 2007 . Accessed March 13 , 2012 . `` Local boosterism could also be at work . ' Two of the guys are from Jersey , ' Mr. Korin said , including Mr. Vivino , a Paterson native whose brother Floyd Vivino is better known to state residents as TV 's ' Uncle Floyd . ' '' Jump up ^ Staff . `` The Break Presents : Fetty Wap '' , XXL ( magazine ) , November 18 , 2014 . Accessed March 3 , 2015 . `` However , it 's definitely been a minute since the last Jersey MC popped off . Now , 24 - year - old Paterson , NJ native Fetty Wap is trying to put the state back on the map with his buzzing record , Trap Queen . '' Jump up ^ Staff . `` Watkins will play more , McNeil less as SU center '' , Rochester Democrat and Chronicle , January 22 , 2004 . Accessed March 13 , 2012 . `` The 6 -- 11 Watkins is a highly promoted center from Paterson , N.J. , where he averaged 16 points , 11 rebounds and 6 blocks last season to help Paterson Catholic to a 22 -- 5 record . '' Jump up ^ Yannis , Alex . `` Hockey ; The Devils , And Fans , Ignite First Match '' , The New York Times , October 8 , 1995 . Accessed January 27 , 2012 . `` Moments after the banner was raised , Patrick Warburton , the actor who portrayed a fanatic Devils ' fan in a segment of the Seinfeld television show , was called upon to drop the puck . With his face painted in Devils red and black , the native of nearby Paterson dropped the puck , then stripped the Brodeur jersey he was wearing to display the letter D on his chest . '' Jump up ^ Staff . Different tune for Miss America `` , The Philadelphia Inquirer , May 8 , 2013 . Accessed August 5 , 2014 . `` Bernie Wayne , who grew up in Paterson , was a prolific composer and came up with the `` There She Is '' while getting a haircut in 1954 . '' Jump up ^ Staff . A Community Of Scholars : The Institute for Advanced Study Faculty and Members 1930 -- 1980 , p. 429 . Institute for Advanced Study , 1980 . Accessed November 22 , 2015 . `` Weber , Joseph 55f , 62 -- 63 , 69 -- 70 M ( NS ) , Physics Born 1919 Paterson , NJ . '' Jump up ^ Randel , Don Michael , `` Weinrich , Carl '' , The Harvard Biographical Dictionary of Music , Harvard University Press , 1996 , p. 975 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 37299 - 9 . Jump up ^ Staff . `` Bert Wheeler , Vaudeville Comic With Rubbery Face , Dead at 72 ; His Over 50 - Year Career in Show Business Spanned Films , the Follies and TV '' , The New York Times , January 19 , 1968 . Accessed March 13 , 2012 . `` ' I 'll tell you a secret , ' he said when he was 64 years old . ' I 'm just as ambitious and stage - struck as when I was a kid in Paterson , New Jersey . Nothing has changed . ' '' Jump up ^ Reed , Tom . `` K'Waun Williams could become integral member of burgeoning Browns ' secondary , provided he stays healthy '' , The Plain Dealer , June 3 , 2015 . Accessed August 12 , 2015 . `` '' ' You have to play with a chip on your shoulder , ' said the Paterson , New Jersey native who grew up on the same street as Giants receiver Victor Cruz . '' Jump up ^ William Carlos Williams , Poets.org . Accessed August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Suderman , Alan . `` The Weed Candidate '' , Washington City Paper , March 6 , 2013 . Accessed August 6 , 2014 . `` The son of a self - taught musician who was a big wheel on the bar mitzvah and Jewish wedding circuit in Paterson , N.J. , Zukerberg moved to D.C. 30 years ago to go to law school at American University . '' Jump up ^ Oliver , Willard M. ; and Marion , Nancy E. Killing the President : Assassinations , Attempts , and Rumored Attempts on U.S. Commanders - in - chief , p. 90 . ABC - CLIO , 2010 . ISBN 9780313364747 . Accessed July 22 , 2015 . `` Giuseppe Zangara was born in Ferruzzano , Calabria , Italy . In the United States , Zangara settled in Paterson , New Jersey , and on September 11 , 1929 , became a naturalized citizen . '' External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paterson , New Jersey . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Paterson . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Paterson . City of Paterson , New Jersey ( official site ) Paterson Public Schools Paterson Public Schools 's 2015 -- 16 School Report Card from the New Jersey Department of Education School Data for the Paterson Public Schools , National Center for Education Statistics centercitypaterson.com patersononline.net patersonpulseonline.net patersonpulse.net Paterson : Great Falls State Park . Master plan design competition Paterson , New Jersey : America 's Silk City , a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places ( TwHP ) lesson plan Stoney Road , Paterson , New Jersey Hamilton Partnership for Paterson Friends of Hinchliffe Stadium Working in Paterson : Occupational Heritage in an Urban Setting An ethnographic study from the Library of Congress . Oral history interviews and photographs from a study of working life in Paterson conducted in 1994 . Accessed August 28 , 2009 . Paterson , New Jersey Neighborhoods Downtown Paterson Dublin Little Italy Little Lima Eastside Eastside Park Great Falls / Society for the Establishment of Useful Manufactures Historic District Hillcrest Lakeview Northside Old Great Falls Historic District People 's Park Sandy Hill South Paterson Stoney Road Totowa section Wrigley Park Government Paterson Fire Department Mayor Schools Paterson Public Schools Eastside High School International High School John F. Kennedy High School Rosa L. Parks School of Fine and Performing Arts Paterson Catholic High School ( closed ) Other education Danforth Memorial Library Passaic County Community College Main Campus Landmarks Cathedral of St. John the Baptist Center City Mall Garret Mountain Reservation Lambert Castle Great Falls ( Passaic River ) Passaic County Court House Paterson Armory Paterson City Hall Paterson Museum Public School Number Two St. Joseph 's Regional Medical Center St. Michael 's Roman Catholic Church Barnert Hospital ( closed ) History 1835 Paterson textile strike 1913 Paterson silk strike Rogers Locomotive and Machine Works Society for the Establishment of Useful Manufactures Culture Paterson ( poem ) Lean on Me ( film ) Paterson ( film ) Transportation Broadway Bus Terminal Bridges Paterson NJT station Spanish Transportation This list is incomplete . Municipalities and communities of Passaic County , New Jersey , United States County seat : Paterson Cities Clifton Passaic Paterson Boroughs Bloomingdale Haledon Hawthorne North Haledon Pompton Lakes Prospect Park Ringwood Totowa Wanaque Woodland Park Townships Little Falls Wayne West Milford CDPs Singac Other unincorporated communities Cooper Great Notch Haskell Hewitt Macopin Newfoundland Oak Ridge Packanack Lake Pines Lake Preakness New York metropolitan area Counties Bergen Bronx Carbon Dutchess Essex Fairfield Hudson Hunterdon Kings Lehigh Litchfield Mercer Middlesex Monmouth Monroe Morris Nassau New Haven Northampton New York Ocean Orange Passaic Pike Putnam Queens Richmond Rockland Somerset Suffolk Sussex Sullivan Ulster Union Warren Westchester Major cities New York City The Bronx Brooklyn Manhattan Queens Staten Island Cities and towns over 100,000 Allentown Babylon Bridgeport Brookhaven Edison Elizabeth Hempstead Huntington Islip Jersey City New Haven Newark North Hempstead Oyster Bay Paterson Smithtown Stamford Waterbury Woodbridge Yonkers Cities and towns over 25,000 Bayonne Bergenfield Bethlehem Branford Cheshire Clifton Danbury East Haven East Orange Easton Englewood Ewing Township Fairfield Fair Lawn Fort Lee Freehold Township Garfield Greenwich Hackensack Hamden Hamilton Township , Mercer County Hoboken Howell Kearny Long Beach Long Branch Lower Macungie Township Mahwah Manalapan Marlboro Meriden Middletown , NJ Middletown , NY Milford Montclair Mount Vernon Naugatuck New Brunswick New Milford New Rochelle Newburgh Newtown Norwalk Old Bridge Paramus Passaic Perth Amboy Plainfield Poughkeepsie Rahway Shelton Stratford Teaneck Torrington Trenton Trumbull Union City Wallingford West Haven Westfield Westport White Plains Whitehall Township , PA Cities and towns over 10,000 Ansonia Asbury Park Beacon Bethel Bethlehem Township , PA Brookfield Coolbaugh Township Darien Derby Dover Dumont East Stroudsburg Edgewater Elmwood Park Emmaus , PA Fairview Franklin Lakes Freehold Borough Glen Rock Guildford Guttenberg Harrison , NJ Harrison , NY Hasbrouck Heights Hazlet Hillsdale Holmdel Kingston Linden Little Ferry Lodi Lyndhurst Madison Monroe Morristown New Canaan New Fairfield New Milford North Arlington North Branford North Haven Northampton , PA Oakland Orange Palisades Park Phillipsburg Plymouth Peekskill Ramsey Red Bank Ridgefield , CT Ridgefield , NJ Ridgefield Park Ridgewood Rutherford Rye Saddle Brook Scarsdale Secaucus Seymour Somerville Southbury Stroud Township Summit Tenafly Upper Macungie Township Wallington Watertown West Milford West New York Weston Westwood Wilton Winchester Wolcott Wyckoff Regions Catskills Central Jersey Greater Danbury Greater New Haven Greater Torrington Greater Waterbury Housatonic Valley Hudson Valley Lehigh Valley Litchfield Hills Long Island North Jersey Poconos Skylands Region Western Connecticut State of New Jersey Trenton ( capital ) Topics Delegations Seantors Representatives Elections Geography Government Governor Lieutenant Governor History Law Media Municipalities Music Parks People Sports Transportation Society Cuisine Crime Gambling Politics Regions Atlantic Coastal Plain Central Jersey Delaware River Region Delaware Valley Gateway Region Hudson Waterfront Highlands Jersey Shore Meadowlands New York metro area North Hudson North Jersey Pascack Valley Piedmont Pine Barrens Raritan Bayshore Ridge - and - Valley Appalachians Southern Shore Region Skylands Region South Jersey Tri ‐ State Region West Hudson Counties Atlantic Bergen Burlington Camden Cape May Cumberland Essex Gloucester Hudson Hunterdon Mercer Middlesex Monmouth Morris Ocean Passaic Salem Somerset Sussex Union Warren Major cities and towns Atlantic City Bayonne Camden Clifton Edison Elizabeth Hackensack Hoboken Jersey City Newark New Brunswick Ocean City Paterson Perth Amboy Trenton Vineland Woodbridge Mayors of municipalities with populations exceeding 100,000 in New Jersey State capital : Eric Jackson ( Trenton ) Ras Baraka ( Newark ) Steven Fulop ( Jersey City ) Jane Williams - Warren ( Paterson ) J. Christian Bollwage ( Elizabeth ) Thomas Lankey ( Edison ) John McCormac ( Woodbridge Township ) Raymond G. Coles ( Lakewood ) Northeast megalopolis Major metropolitan areas ( over 1,000,000 ) New York city Philadelphia city Washington city Boston city Baltimore city Providence city Hartford city Other cities ( over 100,000 ) Newark Jersey City Yonkers Worcester Springfield Alexandria Paterson Bridgeport Elizabeth New Haven Stamford Allentown Manchester Waterbury Cambridge Lowell County seats of New Jersey Belvidere Bridgeton Camden Cape May Court House Elizabeth Flemington Freehold Hackensack Jersey City Mays Landing Morristown Mount Holly Newark New Brunswick Newton Paterson Salem Somerville Toms River Trenton Woodbury Northeastern United States Topics Culture Geography Government History States Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Maryland Massachusetts New Hampshire New Jersey New York Maine Pennsylvania Rhode Island Vermont Major cities Allentown Baltimore Boston Bridgeport Buffalo Burlington Cambridge Elizabeth Erie Hartford Jersey City Lowell Manchester New Haven New York City Newark Paterson Philadelphia Pittsburgh Portland Providence Quincy Reading Rochester Scranton Springfield Stamford Syracuse Washington , D.C. Waterbury Wilmington Worcester State capitals Albany Annapolis Augusta Boston Concord Dover Hartford Harrisburg Montpelier Providence Trenton BNF : cb12648659j ( data ) GND : 4442930 - 7 ISNI : 0000 0004 0419 528X NARA : 10045805 VIAF : 139491974 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paterson,_New_Jersey&oldid=856927559 '' Categories : Paterson , New Jersey 1851 establishments in New Jersey Arab - American culture in New Jersey Albanian - American history Cities in Passaic County , New Jersey County seats in New Jersey Early American industrial centers Faulkner Act ( mayor -- council ) New Jersey Urban Enterprise Zones Populated places established in 1851 Populated places on the Underground Railroad Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Use mdy dates from April 2018 Articles with short description Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from December 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Aymar aru Bân - lâm - gú Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Ślůnski Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray 中文 45 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 12 : 45 ( UTC ) . 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7342054001994216899	Clipboard (computing)	Clipboard ( computing ) - wikipedia Clipboard ( computing ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Glipper , an example of a clipboard management program The clipboard is a software facility used for short - term data storage and / or data transfer between documents or applications , via copy and paste operations . It is most commonly a part of a GUI environment and is usually implemented as an anonymous , temporary data buffer , sometimes called the paste buffer , that can be accessed from most or all programs within the environment via defined programming interfaces . A typical application accesses clipboard functionality by mapping user input ( keybindings , menu selections , etc . ) to these interfaces . Clipboard managers are applications that enable the user to manipulate the clipboard . Contents ( hide ) 1 Basic functions 2 Data formats 3 Computer security 4 Clipboard management 5 Operating system - specific clipboards 5.1 Microsoft Windows 5.2 macOS 5.3 X Window System 5.4 AmigaOS 6 Clipboard extensions 7 List of clipboard software 8 See also 9 References Basic functions ( Edit ) The semantics of the clipboard facility varies from one operating system to another , and can also vary between versions of the same system . They can sometimes be changed by different programs or by user preference . This can lead to user frustration when switching between environments with different clipboard semantics particularly as copy and paste operations often become embedded in the user 's muscle memory or mental model . Most environments support a single clipboard transaction . Each cut or copy overwrites the previous contents . Normally , paste operations copy the contents , leaving the contents available in the clipboard for further pasting operations . Data formats ( Edit ) Early implementations of the clipboard stored data as plain text without meta - information such as typeface , type style or color . More recent implementations support the multiple types of data , allowing complex data structures to be stored . These range from styled text formats such as RTF or HTML , through a variety of bitmap and vector image formats to complex data types like spreadsheets and database entries . For example , cutting a range of cells in a spreadsheet and then pasting them into another sheet may preserve the underlying formulae and data , and may even translate intra-cell references , so that a `` SUM ( ... ) '' calculation on a sub-range of the cells is converted to refer to the newly pasted copies of those cells . When data is added to the clipboard by an application , it typically makes it available in as many different data formats as it can . This includes both native and simpler ( or more common ) formats that would have a higher chance of being recognized by a wide variety of applications . Thus , when data is pasted into another application , the format that is closest to that application 's native format can be used , preserving as much of the original data as possible . In Windows in particular , the internal clipboard functionality of the operating system will automatically translate data from known advanced formats to simpler formats ( such as RTF to plain text , or Unicode to ANSI Text ) , increasing the likelihood that any given application can interpret some form of the original data . Computer security ( Edit ) Clipboard hijacking is an exploit in which a person 's clipboard 's content is replaced by malicious data , such as a link to a malicious web site . While some security - holes were patched JavaScript can still be used to modify clipboard content via an attack dubbed ' pastejacking ' . Dylan Ayrey who developed the attack set up a website that demonstrates how this exploit can be used to trick a user into running commands they did n't want to run . There have been exploits where web pages grab clipboard data . In early 2013 researchers exposed risks stemming from Android - based password managers and documented how passwords in 21 of the most popular of these apps could be accessed by any other app on an Android device including those with extremely low - level privileges . Joe Siegrist notes that this is an `` OS - level issue that impacts everything running on Android '' . Clipboard management ( Edit ) See also : Snippet management Modern GUIs often provide a clipboard manager which supports multiple cut and paste transactions . In this model the clipboard is treated as a stack or scrap book , with new cuts and copies being placed on top of the list of recent transactions . The standard paste operation copies the most recent transaction , while specialized pastes provide access to the other stored transactions . These managers generally also provide a window that displays the transaction history and allows the user to select earlier copies , edit them , change their format and even search amongst them . Most environments do not save the clipboard contents to any persistent storage - when a user logs out or reboots his or her system the clipboard contents are cleared and forgotten . Operating system - specific clipboards ( Edit ) Microsoft Windows ( Edit ) Main article : ClipBook Viewer In some versions of the Microsoft Windows operating system , the contents of the clipboard can be viewed at any time by using the Clipboard Viewer ( Clipbook Viewer in Windows XP and 2000 ) application ( clipbrd. exe ) . It can be run by pressing Windows key + r and typing clipbrd. exe . Alternatively , the program can be found at % windir % \ system32 \ clipbrd. exe on such versions of Windows . In older versions of Windows the common practice was to open a copy of the `` Notepad '' or `` Wordpad '' editor , and paste into that . Often these operations are available from the `` Edit '' pull down menu and they may be available via a context menu , usually accessible by context - clicking in the window or dialog entry that is to be cut from or pasted into . The standard Windows key bindings are : Ctrl + C to copy data onto the clipboard Ctrl + X to cut data to the clipboard Ctrl + V to paste data from the clipboard Alternative key bindings derived from the IBM Common User Access are : Ctrl + Ins is copy ⇧ Shift + Del is cut ⇧ Shift + Ins is paste The advantage of the alternative keys is that the fingers can stay close to the arrow and selection keys when one is editing a large body of text . The Clipbook Viewer was removed entirely in Windows Vista . MacOS ( Edit ) In macOS the contents can be viewed by selecting the Show Clipboard menu item from the Finder 's Edit menu . The standard macOS keybindings are : ⌘ Cmd - C to copy data into the clipboard ⌘ Cmd - X to cut into it ⌘ Cmd - V to paste data from the clipboard . Also available as a secondary , text - only clipboard , is an emacs - style kill - ring ( a stack of text strings ) . This works in all applications that use standard Cocoa text boxes : Ctrl - K to kill from cursor to end - of - line . Ctrl - Y to yank from kill - ring to cursor . Using the following commands the clipboard can be accessed from the command line : $ # to copy data into the clipboard : $ echo ' hello world ' pbcopy $ # to paste from the clipboard : $ pbpaste hello world X window system ( Edit ) The X Window System commonly used on Unix and Linux systems provides a clipboard implementation as part of X Window selection . Selections are asynchronous , so data is copied and converted into the desired format only on - demand . The usage and handling of various selections is not standardized . However most modern toolkits and desktop environments , such as GNOME or KDE , follow a widely accepted convention , outlined in the freedesktop.org specification . One selection , CLIPBOARD , is used for traditional clipboard semantics , with shortcuts identical to Windows . Another selection , PRIMARY , is an X11 - specific mechanism . Data is `` copied '' immediately upon highlighting and pasted with the third ( middle ) mouse button . This is usually separate from the CLIPBOARD selection and does not change its contents . Amigaos ( Edit ) The Amiga operating system uses 256 units , so you have multiple clipboards at the same time . Clipboard extensions ( Edit ) A number of independent software vendors have extended the capabilities of local clipboard . One good example is making the local clipboard work with online applications by saving the clipboard data to the online location upon a copy or cut event , making this data available to online applications for pasting . Another example is a case when the software does not support copying from clipboard or does not allow one to paste a text from clipboard ( for example , while logging into remote Windows server , one can not copy and paste their user name and password ) . Tools like `` Clipboard Typist '' help one to overcome this limitation . List of clipboard software ( edit ) This article contains embedded lists that may be poorly defined , unverified or indiscriminate . Please help to clean it up to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . Where appropriate , incorporate items into the main body of the article . ( July 2013 ) Name Operating System License AceClipboard Windows Freeware BethClip Windows , macOS , Linux , Android , iOS , Web application Freeware / Commercial AtoZ Clipboard Windows Freeware ArchiveClipboard Windows , macOS , Linux Freeware Spartan Multi-Clipboard Windows Commercial ClipSync Android / Windows Freeware 3D Clipboard Windows Freeware AM8 Free Clipboard Windows Freeware ArsClip Windows Open Source ( Delphi ) Capast Windows Freeware Clipboard Evolved macOS Commercial Clipboard History Windows Freeware Clipboard Magic Windows Freeware Clipboard Master Windows Freeware Clipjump Windows Open Source ( Apache License ) ClipboardMultiSharer Cross-platform Open Source ( GPL ) Clipboard Typist Windows Freeware ClipboardZanager Windows Open Source ( WTFPL ) Clipcomrade Windows Open Source ( LGPL ) Clipomatic Windows Freeware ClipX Windows Freeware Clipmenu macOS Freeware Clipmate 7 Windows Commercial Clyppan macOS Freeware / Commercial CopyPaste macOS Commercial CopyTexty Windows Freeware / Commercial Cute Clips macOS Commercial Ditto Windows Open Source ( GPL ) ECPText and Template software Windows Freeware / Commercial Glipper / Klipper Gnu / Linux , GNOME / KDE Open Source ( GPL ) Iclip macOS Commercial Hot Copy Paste Windows Commercial Jumpcut macOS Open Source ( MIT License ) Open Paste Windows Commercial PasteCopy.NET Windows Freeware Pthpasteboard macOS Commercial Rclipstep Windows Freeware Savvy Clipboard macOS Commercial Shapeshifter Windows Freeware Stuf macOS Commercial Wlipper Windows Open Source ( GPL ) Yankee Clipper 3 / X Windows Freeware / Commercial copy+ iOS Commercial CopyIt Windows , macOS , Linux , Android Open Source ( GPL ) Clipboard Stripper Windows Commercial Clipdiary Windows Commercial Clipdiary Free Windows Freeware See also ( edit ) Clipboard manager Cut , copy , and paste References ( Edit ) Jump up ^ `` What is clipboard hijack attack ? - Definition from WhatIs.com '' . WhatIs.com . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Chirgwin , Richard . `` Pastejack attack turns your clipboard into a threat '' . The Register . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Researcher warns of ' pastejacking ' hack attacks targeting users ' clipboards '' . Graham Cluley. 26 May 2016 . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` dxa4481 / Pastejacking '' . GitHub . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hey , You , Get Off of My Clipboard '' ( PDF ) . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 39884 - 1_12 . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Using a password manager on Android ? It may be wide open to sniffing attacks '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Copy to clipboard from terminal in OS X '' . rogeriopvl.com . Jump up ^ `` pbcopy ( 1 ) Mac OS X Manual Page '' . apple.com . Jump up ^ `` clipboards - spec '' . freedesktop.org . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 16 . ( hide ) Windows command - line programs and shell builtins COMMAND.COM Command Prompt Windows PowerShell Recovery Console File system navigation cd ( chdir ) dir popd pushd tree File management attrib cacls cipher compact copy del ( erase ) deltree expand icacls makecab md ( mkdir ) move rd ( rmdir ) recover ren ( rename ) replace rmdir robocopy xcopy Disk management chkdsk convert defrag diskcomp diskcopy diskpart fdisk format label subst scandisk sys vol vssadmin Processes exit kill powercfg runas sc shutdown start taskkill tasklist Registry assoc ftype reg regini regsvr32 User environment date mode path set setx time title ver whoami File contents comp edlin fc find findstr print type Scripting choice clip cscript doskey echo for goto if more pause prompt rem Networking arp getmac hostname ipconfig net use netsh netstat nslookup PathPing ping route tracert Maintenance and care driverquery msiexec ntbackup sfc systeminfo w32tm WBAdmin winsat wmic Boot management bcdedit bootcfg fixboot fixmbr Software development debug exe2bin QBasic Miscellaneous cls help List of DOS commands Environment variables Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clipboard_(computing)&oldid=799980101 '' Categories : Windows commands Clipboard ( computing ) User interface techniques Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2013 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011 Articles needing cleanup from July 2013 All pages needing cleanup Wikipedia list cleanup from July 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Олык марий Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Українська اردو Walon 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 23 : 32 . 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-7611551276596942381	Keeping Up with the Kardashians	Keeping up with the Kardashians - Wikipedia Keeping up with the Kardashians This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 14 November 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search Keeping Up with the Kardashians The title card of the show ( season 11 -- present ) Genre Reality television Starring Kris Jenner Caitlyn Jenner Kourtney Kardashian Kim Kardashian Khloé Kardashian Rob Kardashian Kendall Jenner Kylie Jenner Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 14 No. of episodes 200 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Ryan Seacrest Jonathan Murray Gil Goldschein Jeff Jenkins Farnaz Farjam - Chazan Kris Jenner Kourtney Kardashian Kim Kardashian Khloé Kardashian Location ( s ) Los Angeles , California Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 22 minutes ( seasons 1 -- 6 ) 42 minutes ( season 7 -- present ) Production company ( s ) Ryan Seacrest Productions Bunim / Murray Productions Release Original network E ! Picture format 480i ( 4 : 3 SDTV ) ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) 1080i ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) ( season 3 -- present ) Original release October 14 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 14 ) -- present External links Official website www.eonline.com/shows/kardashians Keeping Up with the Kardashians ( often abbreviated KUWTK ) is an American reality television series that airs on the E ! cable network . The show focuses on the personal and professional lives of the Kardashian -- Jenner blended family . Its premise originated with Ryan Seacrest , who also serves as an executive producer . The series debuted on October 14 , 2007 and has subsequently become one of the longest - running reality television series in the country . The fourteenth season premiered on October 1 , 2017 . The series focuses mainly on sisters Kourtney , Kim , and Khloé Kardashian and their half - sisters Kendall and Kylie Jenner . It also features their parents Kris and Caitlyn Jenner ( previously known as Bruce Jenner ) , and brother Rob Kardashian . The significant others of the Kardashian sisters have also appeared on the show , including Kourtney 's boyfriend Scott Disick and Khloé 's ex-husband Lamar Odom . Caitlyn 's son Brody made cameo appearances in the early seasons before joining the show to appear regularly , along with his brother Brandon , and Brandon 's wife , Leah . Kim 's friend Jonathan Cheban and Khloé 's friend Malika Haqq have also been part of the show . Keeping Up with the Kardashians has received very poor critical reviews since its premiere . It is often criticized for the high degree of emphasis on the `` famous for being famous '' concept , and for appearing to fabricate some aspects of its storylines . Several critics also noted the show 's lack of intelligence , and described the family as `` self - absorbed '' and `` desperate '' for fame . However , some critics recognized the reality series as a `` guilty pleasure '' and acknowledged the family 's success . Despite the negative reviews , Keeping Up with the Kardashians has attracted high viewership ratings , becoming one of the network 's most successful shows and winning several audience awards . The series ' success has led additionally to the creation of numerous spin - off series , including : Kourtney and Kim Take Miami , Kourtney and Kim Take New York , Khloé & Lamar , Kourtney and Khloé Take The Hamptons , Dash Dolls , Rob & Chyna , and Life of Kylie . The network has also broadcast several television specials featuring special events involving members of the family . The series led to the Kardashians being able to cash in on their social media popularity by endorsing products like waist slimming pants and Coca - Cola , for which they are paid ( as of 2016 ) $75,000 upwards per post on instagram , facebook and twitter , as a CBC Marketplace programme revealed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Production 2.1 Development 2.2 Cast 3 Related programming 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Viewership 5 Awards and nominations 6 Broadcast history 7 Home video releases and streaming 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Background ( edit ) Robert Kardashian ( 1944 -- 2003 ) and Kristen Mary `` Kris '' Houghton ( born 1955 ) married in 1978 , and had four children together : daughters Kourtney ( born 1979 ) , Kim ( born 1980 ) , and Khloé ( born 1984 ) , and son Rob ( born 1987 ) . The couple divorced in 1991 . In 1994 , Robert rose to prominence when he defended O.J. Simpson for the murders of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman during the O.J. Simpson trial . In 1991 , Kris married retired Olympic decathlon champion Bruce Jenner ( born 1949 ; now known as Caitlyn Jenner after undergoing a gender transition in 2015 ) . Bruce and Kris had two daughters together , Kendall ( born 1995 ) and Kylie ( born 1997 ) . Robert died in 2003 , eight weeks after being diagnosed with esophageal cancer . The Kardashian sisters began appearing in the media spotlight more often . In 2004 , Kim became a personal stylist for recording artist Brandy Norwood . She eventually developed into a full - time stylist , and was a personal shopper and stylist for actress Lindsay Lohan . Khloé , Kim , and Kourtney ventured further into fashion , opening a high fashion boutique Dash in Calabasas , California . Throughout Kim 's early career , she was involved in some high - profile relationships including Brandy Norwood 's brother , singer Ray J , and later , singer Nick Lachey . In 2006 , Kourtney starred in her first reality television series , Filthy Rich : Cattle Drive . In February 2007 , a home sex video that Kim made with Ray J years earlier was leaked . Vivid Entertainment bought the rights for $1 million and released the film as Kim Kardashian : Superstar on February 21 . Kim sued Vivid for ownership of the tape , but dropped the suit in April 2007 settling with Vivid Entertainment for $5 million . It is often assumed that the release of the sex tape was a major contributor to the rising fame of Kim Kardashian and her family . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) `` ( Kris ) was interested in doing a television show and this was in the time that The Osbournes was popular . I had seen The Osbournes and thought to myself -- because I had formed a production company -- I thought we should find something in this vein . And at the time , we had heard that Kris was interested in doing something with the family , so it was me and one other guy at the company . ( ... ) We had no idea it would become the monster pop culture business that it is . '' -- Ryan Seacrest on developing the idea for the reality series . The idea of creating a reality series originated in 2006 when Kris Jenner showed an interest in appearing on a television show together with her family . Jenner commented : `` Everybody thinks that ( my children ) could create a bunch of drama in their lives , but it 's something that I felt I did n't even have to think about . It would be natural . '' Producer Ryan Seacrest , who had his own production company , decided to develop the idea , having the popular family - based show The Osbournes in mind . He hired a camera man to visit the Kardashian 's family home to film them having a Sunday barbeque : `` They were all together -- as crazy and as fun as loving as they are , '' Seacrest described the family after seeing the tape . He later initiated the series by sharing the tape with E ! , an American cable network which features mostly entertainment - related programming , and reality television series ; the show was eventually picked up . In August 2007 , it was announced that the Kardashian and Jenner families would star in a yet - to - be-titled reality show on E ! described as a `` new non-scripted family sitcom '' , being produced by Ryan Seacrest and Bunim / Murray Productions . The series ' announcement came one week after Paris Hilton and her friend Nicole Richie announced that their popular E ! series , The Simple Life , was ending . Ryan Seacrest , an executive producer The show , entitled Keeping Up With the Kardashians , premiered on October 14 , 2007 . The reality series centers around the members of the Kardashian - Jenner blended family , focusing on the sisters Kourtney , Kim and Khloé . Most episodes have very similar structure : the family `` show ( s ) off their privileged lifestyle and maybe get into one or two minor family squabbles before ultimately wrapping things up with a monologue that reinforces the importance of family , '' as noted by Caroline Siede of Quartz . Harriet Ryan and Adam Tschorn of the Los Angeles Times described the reality series as a : `` Hollywood version of The Brady Bunch -- the harmless high jinks of a loving blended family against a backdrop of wealth and famous connections '' . Kim Kardashian described the beginning of filming the show , `` When we first started ( the show ) , we came together as a family and said , ' If we 're going to do this reality show , we 're going to be 100 percent who we really are . ' '' . She further commented on the show 's authenticity by saying that the network `` has never once put anything out there that we have n't approved of or accepted '' . The series was renewed for a second season one month after its premiere due to high ratings . Seacrest described the show 's success : `` At the heart of the series -- despite the catfights and endless sarcasm -- is a family that truly loves and supports one another ( ... ) The familiar dynamics of this family make them one Hollywood bunch that is sure to entertain . '' The following year , Keeping Up with the Kardashians was picked up for a third season . In April 2012 , E ! signed a three - year deal with the Kardashian family that kept the series airing through seasons seven , eight and nine . Keeping up with the Kardashians was later renewed for a tenth season which premiered on March 15 , 2015 . In February 2015 , it was announced that the show had been renewed for four more years , along with an additional spin - off series , making it one of the longest - running reality television series in the country . In terms of the show 's future , Kim Kardashian has commented that the reality series could go for an indefinite number of seasons saying that she : `` hope ( s ) it goes on for as long as it can . '' Keeping Up With the Kardashians , including its spin - off series , has become the cable network 's flagship show and its most lucrative franchise . `` It has changed the face of E ! '' said Lisa Berger , the network 's executive producer . `` We were a place to report on celebrity ; we were n't a place to break and make celebrity , which is now the whole idea of the E ! brand . '' The show 's success contributed significantly towards building the `` Kardashian brand '' , or `` Kardashian Inc . '' as it is called by The Hollywood Reporter . `` These shows are a 30 - minute commercial , '' Khloé Kardashian admitted in 2011 , in response to a suggestion that the television series is used to promote their retail stores and endorsement deals . On August 3 , 2017 It was announced the show 's 10 year anniversary will premiere on September 24 , 2017 following the show 's season 14 premiere . On August 24 , 2017 It was announced the family had signed a $150 million dollar deal with E ! . Cast ( edit ) The reality series revolves around the children of Kris Jenner , and originally focused mainly on the children from her first marriage to deceased attorney Robert Kardashian : Kourtney , Kim , Khloé , and Rob . Kris ' children Kendall and Kylie from her subsequent marriage to American athlete Bruce ( later Caitlyn ) Jenner have also been featured on the show since its beginning , along with Jenner 's son Brody from another marriage , although he appeared very few times during the early seasons , mostly being called by his step - brother Rob to babysit their half - sisters Kylie and Kendall . Kourtney 's boyfriend Scott Disick has also been appearing frequently on the show since the first season , as well as on the show 's spin - offs . Cast members also include numerous friends and other acquaintances of the family members , most notably Malika Haqq and Jonathan Cheban who joined Keeping Up with the Kardashians in the second and third seasons , respectively . Most of the Kardashian sisters ' significant others have appeared on the reality series . Kim 's relationship with football player Reggie Bush was featured on the show when they were dating ; after the breakup , Bush commented on appearing on the show saying that he never felt comfortable being followed by cameras , adding : `` I do it because it 's important to ( Kim ) . '' Rob 's relationship with singer Adrienne Bailon has also been documented on the show when they were dating from 2007 to 2009 ; although Bailon later admitted that the decision to appear on the show , and be associated with the family , hurt her career . Kim 's ex-husband Kris Humphries first appeared on the show during the premiere of the sixth season ; their relationship was chronicled throughout the season and ended with the couple 's wedding special `` Kim 's Fairytale Wedding : A Kardashian Event '' . They eventually went through a highly publicized divorce ; Kardashian 's former publicist later claimed that Humphries was allegedly set up to be portrayed on the show in a negative way and that the short - lived marriage was staged for the cameras as a ploy to generate money . Khloé married basketball player Lamar Odom during a fourth - season premiere aired in 2009 . He later had a major role as part of the supporting cast of the series , though he did not appear regularly during the following seasons as he was attempting to repair his marriage with Khloé . Kim 's current husband Kanye West made his first appearance on Keeping Up with the Kardashians in July 2012 during the seventh season when he started dating Kim . However , West was seldom seen in subsequent seasons . He explained the reasons for not appearing on the show later : `` You know , the amount of backlash I got from it is when I decided to not be on the show anymore . And it 's not that I have an issue with the show ; I just have an issue with the amount of backlash that I get . '' He also criticized the show for its cinematography and further complained about the way how the show is filmed . In the eighth season , Caitlyn Jenner 's sons Brandon and Brody Jenner , as well as Brandon 's wife Leah , joined the cast for regular appearances . Related programming ( edit ) Kourtney ( left ) and Khloé ( right ) featured on Kourtney and Khloé Take Miami , one of the numerous spin - off series of Keeping Up with the Kardashians . The success of the reality series resulted in the development of several spin - off shows and other related programming . In April 2009 , E ! announced the first spin - off of Keeping Up with the Kardashians entitled Kourtney and Khloé in Miami , which was later renamed Kourtney and Khloé Take Miami . The series followed the sisters who moved to Miami to open a new Dash boutique . Ted Harbert , president and CEO of Comcast Entertainment Group , considered the sisters capable of handling their own standalone series . `` It 's a very simple formula that we took from scripted TV and applied to a reality show . ( ... ) There are a lot of family sitcom elements to ' Kardashians , ' and we think that humor and warmth will carry over to Miami , '' Harbert added . The show premiered on August 16 , 2009 to very high ratings ; the first episode brought in 2.7 million total viewers and then became the most - watched show on the network since The Anna Nicole Show in 2002 . The spin - off was subsequently renewed for a second season which premiered on June 13 , 2010 , and later returned as Kourtney and Kim Take Miami for a third season on January 20 , 2013 . Additionally , a series of webisodes entitled Lord Disick : Lifestyles of a Lord were released following the show , which showcased Disick as he informed viewers how to live like a `` king '' . `` Khloé and Lamar are such a dynamic couple that we just knew we had to give them their own series . ( ... ) They are funny , dramatic , opinionated , and we intend to capture all this , along with the unvarnished reality of their lives together and apart , since each is constantly followed by their own celebrity spotlight . '' -- Lisa Berger , the executive vice president of the network . In October 2010 , the network announced another spin - off called Kourtney and Kim Take New York which followed the same format as its predecessor . The show debuted on January 23 , 2011 , and followed the sisters who opened a Dash location in New York City . The series returned for another season which premiered on November 27 the same year . In January 2011 , Khloé & Lamar , which featured Khloé and her husband Lamar Odom , became the third spin - off of Keeping Up with the Kardashians . The show premiered on April 10 , 2011 , and lasted two seasons . In March 2014 , E ! announced the fourth spin - off entitled Kourtney and Khloé Take The Hamptons . The series premiered on November 2 , 2014 , and followed Kourtney and Khloé who relocated to the Hamptons to work on opening a new Dash pop - up store . The fifth spin - off series called Dash Dolls premiered on September 20 , 2015 . The reality series chronicles the daily life of the employees of the Dash boutique in Los Angeles . In June 2016 , the network announced another show entitled Rob & Chyna which premiered on September 11 the same year , and follows the relationship of Rob Kardashian and Blac Chyna as they prepare to welcome their first child . The show was later renewed for a second season . In July 2017 , E ! confirmed the series was put on hold , and not on their current schedule . The network has also aired several television specials featuring important family events . A two - part television event called `` Kim 's Fairytale Wedding : A Kardashian Event '' , showcasing the wedding between Kim and Kris Humphries , was broadcast on October 9 and 10 , 2011 as part of the sixth season ; the special was highly successful with a combined 10.5 million viewers . A few days after Caitlyn Jenner ( then Bruce ) came out as a trans woman during a 20 / 20 interview with Diane Sawyer in May 2015 , E ! aired a two - part special on Keeping Up with the Kardashians entitled `` About Bruce '' , in which another side of the story was told featuring family members who were not involved in the previous interview on 20 / 20 . The first part of the special debuted on May 17 , 2015 , and attracted 2.92 million total viewers , a 40 % increase from the previous episode , while the second part aired the following day with similar viewership . I Am Cait , a separate documentary series , was announced immediately after the 20 / 20 interview . Jeff Olde , head of programming at E ! network , said that the series is `` not at all a Kardashian spin - off '' , and that `` we will not resort to spectacle , '' trying to emphasize its distinct format that is entirely different from most programming on the network , including Keeping Up with the Kardashians . The eight - part , one - hour docuseries debuted on July 26 , 2015 , on E ! , and focused on how Jenner was handling the aftermath of the transition ; it also attempted to deal with various LGBT - related issues . It was later cancelled after two seasons . In April 2017 , it was announced E ! had ordered an 8 - episode spin - off Life of Kylie revolving around Kylie Jenner which is set to premiere in summer 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) `` The Kardashians are the last ladies standing in reality TV because they 've simply always believed they were celebrities -- endlessly amused with themselves , endlessly oblivious to one another . Their vanity is impervious to the outside world , which is how many of us often wish our own personal vanity worked . Their gargantuan egos , their petty jealousies , their catty feuds , the effort - vs. - eye - roll they put into reciting their lines , their commitment to frivolity at all costs -- these are seductive qualities in a reality - TV star , however repugnant they might be in real life . Whatever it is you watch reality TV for , the Kardashians just have a lot more of it . '' -- Rob Sheffield from Rolling Stone Keeping Up with the Kardashians has been the subject of constant panning by critics since its inception . Brian Lowry , reviewing the show for Variety , said that the network : `` widens its lens to encompass the whole irritating brood -- including Kim 's sisters Khloé and Kourtney , mom - manager Kris and stepdad Bruce Jenner , who now has the distinction of having two sets of useless rich kids featured in pointless reality shows . '' Ginia Bellafonte of The New York Times compared the show to reality series Gene Simmons Family Jewels and exclaimed that : `` the Kardashian show is not about an eccentric family living conventionally ; it is purely about some desperate women climbing to the margins of fame , and that feels a lot creepier . '' Laura Burrows of IGN criticized the family for being too self - seeking and using the given platform only to gain more notoriety for themselves . Following the conclusion of the second season of the series , Burrows wrote : `` Those of us who watch this show ( ... ) want to believe that these whores of attention have souls and would actually do something for their fellow man and not reap the benefits of their service , but two seasons ' worth of self - absorbed egocentrism speaks to the contrary . '' Roxana Hadadi , reviewing Keeping Up with the Kardashians for The Washington Post , was extremely negative towards the reality series due to its absurdity , and commented that the show : `` firmly captures all of Kim and Co. 's dumbest instances from the series ' debut -- from the simply self - absorbed to the downright despicable . '' Amaya Rivera , writing about the series for Popmatters , noted : `` Indeed , there is something disturbing about the Kardashians ' intense hunger for fame . But even worse -- it is downright boring to watch this family live out their tedious lives . '' John Kubicek , the senior writer of BuddyTV , reviewed the premiere of the third season of the show and discussed the reason for the family 's success by saying that : `` the Kardashians ' fame is a lot like Möbius strip or an M.C. Escher painting . '' Harriet Ryan and Adam Tschorn of the Los Angeles Times described Keeping Up with the Kardashians as a : `` Hollywood version of The Brady Bunch -- the harmless high jinks of a loving blended family against a backdrop of wealth and famous connections '' . Jessica Chasmar of The Washington Times said that series : `` illustrates our nation 's moral , spiritual and cultural decay . '' Chasmar emphasized its negative influence and noted : `` America of 50 years ago would regard Ms. Kardashian with a mixture of disdain and pity , embarrassed by the very idea of a young lady 's most private moments being broadcast for all the world to see . '' Goal Auzeen Saedi , reviewing Keeping Up with the Kardashians for Psychology Today , emphasized the show 's influence saying that : `` The Kardashians become more relatable the more famous they become . '' Saedi also questioned their decision to appear on the show and added : `` But if living life in the spotlight is so taxing and demands multiple justifications for the way your life is being lived and criticized , perhaps you can take the cameras out of your house . '' Vinnie Mancuso , writing for New York Observer , criticized the show and felt : `` roughly one iota of shadenfreudic pleasure from this endeavor , but for the most part this show is the 100 % drizzling poops . '' David Hinckley of the New York Daily News , reviewing the tenth season , said that `` even when you think something about the Kardashians could be interesting , it 's not , '' adding that the `` entertainment value ( of the show ) is like having spent 10 years in Rapid City , S.D. , watching the traffic lights change . '' Amy Amatangelo of The Hollywood Reporter said that `` in true Kardashian fashion , they managed to make everything about them , '' after Caitlyn Jenner came out as a trans woman to her family in the `` About Bruce '' special aired as part of the tenth season . Amatangelo felt that the conversations `` seemed a little too staged , too controlled '' , and noted that `` there was no attempt to educate the viewers about transgender issues . '' `` The title of the show is misleading -- Keeping Up with the Kardashians has me imagining the raven - haired siblings being tracked by a slobbering pack of hunting dogs . Sadly , the reality is much more mundane . The best we can hope for is a peek into the crazy chaos of life on the A-list . ( ... ) The Kardashians would be the first to admit that their notoriety has little to do with any discernible talent , beyond an alarming capability for self - promotion . '' -- Gareth Dimelow from Sabotage Times However , several critics were more positive towards the show . A number of publications welcomed the show as `` guilty pleasure '' , including The Huffington Post , The Atlantic , and The Week . Tim Stack , writing for Entertainment Weekly , described the reality series as : `` my favorite little slice of reality TV spongecake . '' Lauren Le Vine of Refinery29 appreciated the success of the family which `` achieved the American dream of making something out of nothing , '' using the given platform . Libby Hill of The A.V. Club also acknowledged the show 's success and said : `` Keeping Up With The Kardashians gives us real , joyous , ugly , unsavory , hilarious life , with all the polished sitcom trappings . And though the latter may have launched a multimedia empire , the former has made it last '' . Maura Kelly of The Guardian evaluated the aftermath of the failed wedding of Kim Kardashian and Kris Humphries , which was documented on Keeping Up with the Kardashians , and subsequently caused public outrage , including an online protest petition to cancel the show . `` Since Kim does n't exactly seem to be an exemplar of self - awareness , I suppose it 's possible that she really believed she and Humphries would live happily ever after , '' Kelly speculated whether or not the marriage was a publicity stunt . `` But more likely , she and E ! are laughing all the way to the bank -- 10.5 million viewers tuned into `` Kim 's Fairytale Wedding : A Kardashian Event '' , after all , '' Kelly summarized the controversy . Josh Duboff , writing for Vanity Fair , commented on the show 's long run and said that `` it is near impossible to argue that their continued relevance , 10 years later , is anything other than awe - inspiring and remarkable '' . Viewership ( edit ) `` At their core , the Kardashians are an incredibly bonded , loving , large family who live an incredibly large life . And if you actually look at the history of television , there 's a pretty large number of families with that blend resonating with viewers . This just happens to be the first reality show that does it . ( ... ) It 's just an incredibly fascinating drama that 's played out . But at its core , you know that they 're going to end up around that dinner table together . '' -- E ! President Suzanne Kolb discusses the popularity of the series in an interview with The Wrap . Keeping Up with the Kardashians has been a ratings success for E ! -- in its first month it became the highest - rated series aired on Sunday nights for adults 18 -- 34 and was seen by 1.3 million total viewers , according to Nielsen Media Research . Lisa Berger , executive vice president of original programming and series development for E ! , said : `` The buzz surrounding the series is huge , and viewers have clearly fallen for the Kardashians . ( ... ) Seacrest and Bunim - Murray 's unique ability to capture this family 's one - of - a-kind dynamics and hilarious antics has made the series a fantastic addition to our prime - time lineup . '' The second season continued the success and was viewed by 1.6 million viewers on average , which led to a third season renewal . The two - hour fourth - season premiere , which aired on November 8 , 2009 , and featured the wedding ceremony of Khloé and Lamar Odom , brought in then - record ratings with 3.2 million viewers . The subsequent season debuted with nearly 4.7 million total viewers , which ranked as the highest - rated season premiere of the show , as of August 2015 . It was also the second highest - rated episode of Keeping Up with the Kardashians , second only to the previous season 's record - breaking finale with 4.8 million viewers . The seventh - season premiere of the series , which aired on May 20 , 2012 in its earlier timeslot , continued to deliver high ratings attracting almost three million total viewers which exceeded the premiere of the previous season by 16 % . Kim Kardashian has explained the success of the show by saying that people tune in to watch the series because they can relate themselves to the members of the family ; in an interview with the V magazine she said : `` You can see that soap operas are n't on the air as much anymore . I think reality shows are taking over that genre , but I think the draw to our show is that we are relatable . '' The eighth season debuted to 3 million viewers , up 6 % from the previous season , while the subsequent ninth season 's premiere was down by 20 % . The ninth season averaged 3.3 million total viewers and almost 2.2 million in the 18 -- 49 years adult demographic , the most sought after by advertisers . It was the highest rated cable show in its timeslot . The series finished as the most - social ad - supported cable program and , as of March 2015 , Keeping Up with the Kardashians is the most - watched show on E ! network . The first episode of the tenth season averaged 2.5 million viewers , slightly less than the premiere of the ninth season . In 2016 , a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that Keeping Up with the Kardashians `` tends to most popular in areas with large Hispanic populations , particularly in the Southwest '' . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Keeping Up with the Kardashians has been nominated for , and won , several television awards . The reality series has received nominations for a Teen Choice Award in the Choice TV : Celebrity Reality Show category nine consecutive times between 2008 and 2016 , winning the award in 2010 , 2013 , 2014 and 2016 . The show also won a People 's Choice Award as Favorite TV Guilty Pleasure in 2011 . The Kardashian sisters have been nominated as part of the cast for five awards , winning four times ; Kim Kardashian has been nominated for three awards winning one in 2012 . In 2010 , Kris and Caitlyn Jenner received a Teen Choice Award nomination in a one - time Choice TV : Parental Unit category . Year Association Category Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2008 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV : Celebrity Reality Show Keeping Up with the Kardashians Nominated Choice TV Reality / Variety Star : Female Kim Kardashian Nominated 2009 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV : Reality Show Keeping Up with the Kardashians Nominated Choice TV Reality / Variety Star : Female Kim Kardashian Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV : Reality Show Keeping Up with the Kardashians Won Choice TV Reality / Variety Star : Female The Kardashian sisters Won Choice TV : Parental Unit Kris Jenner and Caitlyn Jenner Nominated 2011 Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer TV Show Keeping Up with the Kardashians Nominated Choice TV Reality / Variety Star : Female The Kardashian sisters Won People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Guilty Pleasure Keeping Up with the Kardashians Won 2012 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV : Reality Show Keeping Up with the Kardashians Nominated Choice TV Reality / Variety Star : Female The Kardashian sisters Won People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Celebreality Star Kim Kardashian Won 2013 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV : Reality Show Keeping Up with the Kardashians Won Choice TV Reality / Variety Star : Female The Kardashian sisters Won 2014 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV : Reality Show Keeping Up with the Kardashians Won Choice TV Reality / Variety Star : Female The Kardashian sisters Nominated 2015 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV : Reality Show Keeping Up with the Kardashians Nominated 2016 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV : Reality Show Keeping Up with the Kardashians Won Broadcast history ( edit ) Main article : List of Keeping Up with the Kardashians episodes The title card of the show that was used in seasons 1 -- 10 Keeping Up with the Kardashians premiered on October 14 , 2007 in the United States on the E ! cable network at 10 : 30 / 9 : 30 pm ET / PT . The half - hour reality series continued to air every Sunday night in the same time slot , and the eight - episode first season of the show concluded on December 2 . The subsequent season premiered the following year on March 9 in an earlier time slot at 10 : 00 / 9 : 00 pm with a repeated episode airing immediately afterwards . The season ended on May 26 , 2008 with an episode `` Junk in the Trunk '' , which featured the Kardashian siblings sharing the most memorable moments of the season . The third season commenced airing on March 8 , 2009 and concluded with two back - to - back episodes which aired on May 25 . The subsequent season premiered with a two - hour long episode entitled `` The Wedding '' on November 8 , and ended on February 21 , 2010 ; some of the episodes aired throughout the season were extended to a full hour . The fifth season of Keeping Up with the Kardashians began airing on August 22 , 2010 and concluded with another `` Junk in the Trunk '' episode on December 20 . The sixth season commenced on June 12 , 2011 and ended with a television special `` Kim 's Fairytale Wedding : A Kardashian Event '' which aired two extended episodes on October 9 and 10 . The show later returned on December 19 with the episode `` Kendall 's Sweet 16 '' . Starting with the seventh season , which premiered on May 20 , 2012 , the half - hour reality series was extended to a full hour in a new 9 : 00 / 8 : 00 pm time slot . The season concluded on October 28 . The eighth season of the series started airing on June 2 , 2013 ; it became the longest season with 21 episodes and ended on December 1 . The ninth and tenth seasons aired in 2014 and 2015 , respectively . The latter season included a television special entitled `` About Bruce '' which aired on May 17 and 18 , 2015 . The eleventh season premiered on November 15 , one month after the previous season finished . The twelfth season of the show debuted on May 1 , 2016 . The thirteenth season premiered on March 12 , 2017 . Home video releases and streaming ( edit ) In North America , the first three seasons of the reality series were distributed on DVD . The first season was released on October 7 , 2008 by Lions Gate Entertainment which obtained the home entertainment distribution rights for a variety of programming from Comcast Entertainment Group , including Keeping Up with the Kardashians . The second and third seasons of the series were released on November 10 , 2009 and August 17 , 2010 , respectively . In Australia , all seasons are released on DVD by Universal Sony Pictures . The latest addition , which includes the eleventh season of the show , was released on April 28 , 2016 . In the United Kingdom , the reality series is distributed by Universal Pictures UK . The DVD set of the seventh season , the latest addition , was released on June 24 , 2013 . The episodes of Keeping Up with the Kardashians are also available on numerous streaming video on demand services , such as Amazon Video , iTunes , Google Play , Microsoft Movies & TV , Hulu , and Vudu , as well as the E ! network 's own streaming service . See also ( edit ) Television in the United States portal History of the Armenian Americans in Los Angeles References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Watch Kim , Khloe & Family Throw `` Shade '' in Keeping Up With the Kardashians 10 Year Anniversary Special First Look ! `` . E ! Online . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How celebrities like Kim Kardashian are selling you ads and products '' . CBC News . 11 November 2016 . Retrieved 14 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Challis , Carla ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` Why are Kim Kardashian , Kylie Jenner and the rest of the family famous ? '' . BT Group . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . 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Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shea , Danny ( September 17 , 2009 ) . `` '' Kourtney & Khloé Take Miami '' Debuts To Record E ! Ratings `` . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( March 1 , 2010 ) . `` ' Kourtney and Khloé Take Miami ' Renewed for Season 2 '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( November 15 , 2012 ) . `` E ! 's ' Kourtney and Kim Take Miami , ' Style 's ' Big Rich Atlanta ' Set Premieres '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` E ! 's First Royal Subject Is Crowned and Steps Into the Spotlight in E ! Online 's `` Lord Disick : Lifestyles of a Lord '' `` . The Futon Critic ( Press release ) . January 30 , 2013 . Retrieved May 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` E ! Shines the Spotlight on `` Khloé & Lamar '' ( Working Title ) in New Series About the Power Couple 's Life Together `` . The Futon Critic ( Press release ) . January 5 , 2011 . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Oldenburg , Ann ( October 5 , 2011 ) . `` Kourtney and Kim Kardashian to ' Take New York ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ( November 27 , 2011 ) . `` ' Kourtney & Kim Take New York ' Season Premiere : Could You Tell There Was Trouble ? '' . E ! Online . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hammel , Sara ( January 5 , 2011 ) . `` Khloé Kardashian & Lamar Odom Get New Reality Show '' . People . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 6 , 2012 ) . `` Viewers Will Fall In Love All Over Again When ' Khloé & Lamar ' Returns for a Second Season on Sunday , February 19 '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( March 26 , 2014 ) . `` E ! Upfront Slate : More Kardashians , ' Rich Kids , ' Lance Bass and ' Gucci ' Miniseries '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . 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Scores Most - Watched Event Ever With `` Kim 's Fairytale Wedding : A Kardashian Event '' Drawing 10.5 Million Total Viewers Across Two - Part Event `` . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . October 11 , 2011 . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` E ! to Air Two - Part Bruce Jenner Special ' Keeping Up with the Kardashians : About Bruce ' '' . Variety . May 4 , 2015 . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nededog , Jethro ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` E ! 's Bruce Jenner special gives ' Kardashians ' a 40 % ratings bump '' . Business Insider . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( June 3 , 2015 ) . `` Watch the ' I Am Cait ' trailer for E ! reality show '' . CNN . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Luchina ( June 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' I Am Cait ' Promo for Caitlyn Jenner Docu - Series Hits the Internet '' . ABC News . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . 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Jump up ^ Burrows , Laura ( May 20 , 2008 ) . `` Keeping Up with the Kardashians : `` A New Perspective in New Orleans '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hadadi , Roxana ( October 8 , 2008 ) . `` Real Dumb : ' Keeping Up with the Kardashians ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rivera , Amaya ( October 15 , 2008 ) . `` Keeping Up with the Kardashians : Season 1 '' . PopMatters . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kubicek , John ( March 6 , 2009 ) . `` ' Keeping Up with the Kardashians ' Season 3 Review : Jailing and Wailing '' . BuddyTV . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Chasmar , Jessica ( January 3 , 2013 ) . `` Kardashian culture is killing America '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Auzeen Saedi , Goal ( August 14 , 2011 ) . `` Are the Kardashians Keeping Up Appearances ? '' . Psychology Today . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mancuso , Vinnie ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` I Watched ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' for the First Time , a Review '' . New York Observer . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hinckley , David ( March 14 , 2015 ) . `` ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' review : Even with Bruce Jenner 's central role , Season 10 is a dud '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Amatangelo , Amy ( May 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' Keeping Up with the Kardashians : About Bruce ' : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dimelow , Gareth ( June 27 , 2011 ) . `` Keeping Up With The Kardashians : TV 's Face Of Evil '' . The Wrap . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 7 Best Guilty Pleasure TV Shows Of All Time '' . The Huffington Post . August 6 , 2014 . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Turbin , Sarah ( August 22 , 2014 ) . `` What Keeping Up With the Kardashians can teach America about interracial marriage '' . The Week . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Berlatsky , Noah ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` With Culture , Guilt Can Sometimes Be a Good Thing '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( August 30 , 2010 ) . `` ' Keeping Up with the Kardashians ' recap : Three things I learned from last night 's episode '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Le Vine , Lauren ( July 30 , 2015 ) . `` Some Of You Asked Us To Stop Writing About The Kardashians -- This Is Our Response '' . Refinery29 . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hill , Libby ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` Keeping Up With the Kardashians embraced female archetypes and created an empire '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Maura ( November 23 , 2011 ) . `` How about not keeping up with the Kardashians ? '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Duboff , Josh ( May 1 , 2016 ) . `` 12 Seasons Later , Keeping Up with the Kardashians Is Perhaps More Important to the Kardashian Machine than Ever '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Molloy , Tim ( December 28 , 2011 ) . `` Kardashians ' Appeal Explained by E ! President : ' People Aspire to Be Them or to Befriend Them ' '' . The Wrap . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Claustro , Lisa ( November 13 , 2007 ) . `` E ! Renews ' Keeping Up with the Kardashians ' '' . BuddyTV . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Kona ( July 18 , 2008 ) . `` E ! still wants to keep up with the Kardashians '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Piazza , Jo ( November 9 , 2009 ) . `` Kardashian wedding a huge ratings draw '' . CNN . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( August 23 , 2010 ) . `` ' Keeping Up with the Kardashians ' premiere attracts record audience '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( October 11 , 2011 ) . `` Kardashian wedding ratings strong , but not record setting '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 21 , 2012 ) . `` E ! 'S ' Keeping Up With The Kardashians ' Season Premiere Delivers Nearly 3 Million Total Viewers , Besting Previous Season Premiere By + 16 % '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Retrieved August 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vena , Jocelyn ( August 28 , 2012 ) . `` Kim Kardashian Explains Why Reality TV Is Just Like Rap Music '' . MTV News . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( June 3 , 2013 ) . `` TV Ratings : ' The Kardashians ' Still Going Strong in Season 8 , ' The Wanted Life ' Fizzles '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lawson , Richard ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` The Kardashians Ca n't Keep Up '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved August 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 20 , 2015 ) . `` E ! 's ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' & ' The Royals ' Deliver Strong Live + 3 Ratings Growth '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Retrieved August 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Maglio , Tony ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' Premiere Down From Last Season 's Debut '' . The Wrap . Retrieved August 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Katz , Josh ( 2016 - 12 - 27 ) . `` ' Duck Dynasty ' vs. ' Modern Family ' : 50 Maps of the U.S. Cultural Divide '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Teen Choice Awards winners and nominees '' . Los Angeles Times . June 17 , 2008 . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards 2009 nominees '' . Los Angeles Times . June 15 , 2009 . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Finn , Natalie ( August 8 , 2010 ) . `` Vampires Do n't Suck at Teen Choice Awards ( Neither Do Justin Bieber , Sandra Bullock or the Kardashians ) '' . E ! Online . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Reiher , Andrea ( August 8 , 2011 ) . `` 2011 Teen Choice Awards winners list : Taylor Swift gets the surfboards '' . Screener . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards : Fan Favorites in Movies , Music & TV -- 2011 '' . People 's Choice Awards . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards 2012 : Taylor Swift , Justin Bieber , ' The Hunger Games ' big winners '' . Screener . July 22 , 2012 . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2012 : Fan Favorites in Movies , Music & TV '' . People 's Choice Awards . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hayner , Chris ( August 11 , 2013 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2013 : Full winners list '' . Screener . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( August 10 , 2014 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards : The Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards 2015 Winners : Full List '' . Variety . August 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Jessica ( July 31 , 2016 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2016 : See the full list of winners '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z -- Keeping Up with the Kardashians on E ! -- All related listings '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Keeping Up with the Kardashians -- Episodes '' . TV Guide . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Keeping Up With the Kardashians , Season 4 '' . iTunes . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shen , Maxine ( April 10 , 2012 ) . `` Stealing time '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Jess ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` The Keeping Up With the Kardashians Season 12 Promo Is All About Family : We 'll Do Anything for Each Other -- Watch Now ! '' . E ! Online . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Duncan , Gabi ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` Kim Kardashian Breaks Silence on Paris Robbery , Recalls Thinking `` They 're Going to Shoot Me in the Back '' `` . E ! Online . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z -- Keeping Up with the Kardashians on E ! -- All related DVDs '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionsgate Announces Home Entertainment Distribution Deal with Disney - ABC Domestic Television '' . The Futon Critic ( Press release ) . August 5 , 2008 . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Kardashians -- Buy Movies , TV Shows , Music , DVDs , Blu - ray , CDs and Games Online '' . Sanity.com.au . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2016 . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Keeping Up with the Kardashians -- Season 7 DVD ( 2012 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2015 . Retrieved October 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Neuenschwander , Andy ( March 13 , 2013 ) . `` Download to Own : Keeping Up with the Kardashians '' . E ! Online . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2016 . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Keeping Up With the Kardashians Online '' . Hulu . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` VUDU -- Keeping Up with the Kardashians -- All seasons '' . Vudu . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` E ! Now -- Watch Full Episodes -- Keeping Up with the Kardashians '' . E !. Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Halperin , Ian ( 2016 ) . Kardashian Dynasty : The Controversial Rise of America 's Royal Family . Gallery Books . ISBN 1 - 5011 - 2888 - 4 . Jenner , Kris ( 2012 ) . Kris Jenner ... and All Things Kardashian . Gallery Books / Karen Hunter Publishing . ISBN 1 - 4516 - 4697 - 6 . Kardashian , Kim ; Kardashian , Kourtney ; Kardashian , Khloé ( 2010 ) . Kardashian Konfidential . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 62807 - 2 . Scheiner McClain , Amanda ( 2013 ) . Keeping Up the Kardashian Brand : Celebrity , Materialism , and Sexuality . Lexington Books . ISBN 0 - 7391 - 7715 - X . External links ( edit ) ( hide ) Find more aboutKardashiansat Wikipedia 's sister projects Quotations from Wikiquote Textbooks from Wikibooks Data from Wikidata Official website Keeping Up With the Kardashians on IMDb Keeping Up with the Kardashians at TV.com Keeping Up with the Kardashians at TV Guide Keeping Up with the Kardashians Episodes season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Cast Main Kris Jenner Caitlyn Jenner Kourtney Kardashian Kim Kardashian Khloé Kardashian Rob Kardashian Kendall Jenner Kylie Jenner Brody Jenner Brandon Jenner Supporting Adrienne Bailon Reggie Bush Jonathan Cheban Scott Disick Malika Haqq Kris Humphries Leah Jenner French Montana Lamar Odom Tyga Kanye West Blac Chyna Spin - offs Kourtney and Kim Take Miami Kourtney and Kim Take New York Khloé & Lamar Kourtney and Khloé Take The Hamptons Bromance Dash Dolls I Am Cait Rob & Chyna Revenge Body with Khloé Kardashian Life of Kylie Related The Princes of Malibu Kris Sex with Brody Kocktails with Khloé The Spin Crowd Kingin ' with Tyga Hollywood Divas Category E ! original programming Former 1990s debuts The Dick Tracy Show ( 1990 ) TV 's Bloopers & Practical Jokes ( 1990 ) Talk Soup ( 1991 -- 2002 ) E ! Behind the Scenes ( 1991 ) Coming Attractions ( 1991 ) Melrose Place ( 1992 ) Howard Stern ( 1994 -- 2005 ) Models Inc. ( 1994 -- 95 ) Night Stand with Dick Dietrick ( 1995 -- 97 ) The Michael Essany Show ( 1997 -- 2004 ) Wild On ! ( 1997 -- 2003 ) Mysteries and Scandals ( 1998 -- 2001 ) Search Party ( 1999 ) 2000s debuts Revealed with Jules Asner ( 2001 -- 03 ) Daly / Nightly ( 2002 ) The Anna Nicole Show ( 2002 -- 03 ) Star Dates ( 2002 -- 03 ) Celebrities Uncensored ( 2003 -- 04 ) Totally Outrageous Behavior ( 2003 -- 05 ) It 's Good to Be ... ( 2003 ) Love Chain ( 2003 ) Dr. 90210 ( 2004 -- 08 ) The Soup ( 2004 -- 15 ) Love Is in the Heir ( 2004 -- 05 ) Life is Great with Brooke Burke ( 2004 ) Filthy Rich : Cattle Drive ( 2005 ) The Gastineau Girls ( 2005 -- 06 ) Fight for Fame ( 2005 ) E ! Hollywood Hold'em ( 2005 ) The Girls Next Door / Girls of the Playboy Mansion ( 2005 -- 10 ) Kill Reality ( 2005 ) Taradise ( 2005 -- 06 ) The Entertainer starring Wayne Newton ( 2005 ) Party @ The Palms ( 2005 ) My Crazy Life ( 2005 ) The Daily 10 ( 2006 -- 10 ) The Chelsea Handler Show ( 2006 ) House of Carters ( 2006 ) Love Ride ( 2006 ) # 1 Single ( 2006 ) The Simple Life ( 2006 -- 07 ) Boulevard of Broken Dreams ( 2007 ) Katie & Peter ( 2007 ) Saturday Night Live ( 2007 -- 09 ) Snoop Dogg 's Father Hood ( 2007 -- 09 ) Starveillance ( 2007 ) Sunset Tan ( 2007 -- 08 ) Paradise City ( 2007 ) Chelsea Lately ( 2007 -- 14 ) Denise Richards : It 's Complicated ( 2008 -- 09 ) Kimora : Life in the Fab Lane ( 2008 ) Living Lohan ( 2008 ) Match Mistress ( 2008 ) Party Monsters Cabo ( 2008 ) Pop Fiction ( 2008 ) Pam : Girl on the Loose ! ( 2008 ) Candy Girls ( 2009 ) Reality Hell ( 2009 ) Kendra ( 2011 ) Kourtney and Kim Take Miami ( 2009 -- 13 ) Leave It to Lamas ( 2009 ) Holly 's World ( 2009 -- 11 ) Wildest Naked TV Moments ( 2009 ) 2010s debuts A-List Listings ( 2012 ) After Lately ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Bridalplasty ( 2010 -- 11 ) Chasing the Saturdays ( 2013 ) Christina Milian Turned Up ( 2015 -- 16 ) The Dance Scene ( 2011 ) Dash Dolls ( 2015 ) Dirty Soap ( 2011 ) Eric & Jessie : Game On ( 2013 -- 14 ) Escape Club ( 2014 ) The Grace Helbig Show ( 2015 ) Hello Ross ( 2013 -- 14 ) I Am Cait ( 2015 -- 16 ) Ice Loves Coco ( 2011 -- 13 ) Khloé & Lamar ( 2011 -- 12 ) Kourtney and Khloé Take The Hamptons ( 2014 -- 15 ) Kourtney and Kim Take New York ( 2011 -- 12 ) Love You , Mean It with Whitney Cummings ( 2012 -- 13 ) Married to Jonas ( 2012 -- 13 ) Married to Rock ( 2010 ) Mrs. Eastwood & Company ( 2012 ) Opening Act ( 2012 ) Playing with Fire ( 2013 ) Pretty Wild ( 2010 ) Scouted ( 2011 -- 12 ) The Spin Crowd ( 2010 ) Stewarts & Hamiltons ( 2015 ) The Wanted Life ( 2013 ) What Would Ryan Lochte Do ? ( 2013 ) What 's Eating You ( 2010 ) Current The Arrangement ( 2017 -- ) Botched ( 2014 -- ) Botched by Nature ( 2016 -- ) The Comment Section ( 2015 -- ) Daily Pop 2017 - ) E ! Investigates ( 2009 -- ) E ! News ( 1991 -- ) E ! True Hollywood Story ( 1996 -- ) EJNYC ( 2016 -- ) Famously Single ( 2016 -- ) Fashion Police ( 2010 -- ) Good Work ( 2015 -- ) Hollywood & Football ( 2016 -- ) Hollywood Cycle ( 2015 -- ) Hollywood Medium With Tyler Henry ( 2016 -- ) House of DVF ( 2014 -- ) Just Jillian ( 2016 -- ) Keeping Up with the Kardashians ( 2007 -- ) L.A. Clippers Dance Squad ( 2016 -- ) Live from the Red Carpet ( 2005 -- ) Mariah 's World ( 2016 -- ) New Money ( 2015 -- ) Revenge Body with Khloé Kardashian ( 2017 ) Rich Kids of Beverly Hills ( 2014 -- ) Rob & Chyna ( 2016 -- ) The Royals ( 2015 -- ) So Cosmo ( 2017 ) Sex with Brody ( 2015 -- ) Total Bellas ( 2016 -- ) Total Divas ( 2013 -- ) WAGS ( 2015 -- ) WAGS Miami ( 2016 -- ) We Have Issues ( 2015 -- ) Upcoming Life of Kylie ( 2017 ) Teen Choice Awards for Choice TV -- Reality Series TRL ( 2001 ) The Osbournes ( 2002 ) American Idol ( 2003 ) Punk 'd ( 2004 ) American Idol ( 2005 -- 07 ) The Hills ( 2008 -- 09 ) Keeping Up with the Kardashians ( 2010 ) Jersey Shore ( 2011 ) Punk 'd ( 2012 ) Keeping Up with the Kardashians ( 2013 -- 14 ) The Voice ( 2015 ) Keeping Up with the Kardashians ( 2016 ) VIAF : 181623256 LCCN : n2010042669 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keeping_Up_with_the_Kardashians&oldid=810242084 '' Categories : Kardashian family Keeping Up with the Kardashians 2007 American television series debuts 2000s American television series 2010s American television series American LGBT - related television shows E ! network shows English - language television programs Kim Kardashian Television series by Bunim / Murray Productions Television series by Ryan Seacrest Productions Television shows set in Los Angeles Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Good articles Use mdy dates from June 2016 Use American English from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Nederlands Norsk Papiamentu Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 14 November 2017 , at 03 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when is keeping up with the kardashian's on	[]	[]
710306211187855756	Old North Church	Old North Church - wikipedia Old North Church Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Christ Church in the City of Boston . For other places , see Old North . Old North Church U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. National Historic Landmark Image of the North End , Boston neighborhood . The Old North Church is at center , a Big Dig vent building is near the bottom , and the green Tobin Bridge over the Mystic River is at the top . Location Boston Coordinates 42 ° 21 ′ 58.78 '' N 71 ° 3 ′ 16.04 '' W / 42.3663278 ° N 71.0544556 ° W / 42.3663278 ; - 71.0544556 Coordinates : 42 ° 21 ′ 58.78 '' N 71 ° 3 ′ 16.04 '' W / 42.3663278 ° N 71.0544556 ° W / 42.3663278 ; - 71.0544556 Built 1723 Architect Price , William Architectural style Georgian NRHP reference # 66000776 Significant dates Added to NRHP October 15 , 1966 Designated NHL January 20 , 1961 Interior of the Old North Church Old North Church ( officially , Christ Church in the City of Boston ) , at 193 Salem Street , in the North End , Boston , is the location from which the famous `` One if by land , two if by sea '' signal is said to have been sent . This phrase is related to Paul Revere 's midnight ride , of April 18 , 1775 , which preceded the Battles of Lexington and Concord during the American Revolution . The church is a mission of the Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts . It is the oldest standing church building in Boston and is a National Historic Landmark . Inside the church is a bust of George Washington , which Gilbert du Motier , Marquis de Lafayette , reportedly remarked was the best likeness of the first president he had ever seen . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 U.S. bicentennial celebration 3 The bells 4 Steeple damage 5 The other `` Old North '' 6 Crypt 7 Today 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History ( edit ) The Old North Church was built in December , 1723 , and was inspired by the works of Christopher Wren , the British architect who was responsible for rebuilding London after the Great Fire . Timothy Cutler was the founding rector after serving as third rector of Yale College from 1719 to 1722 . In April 1775 , Paul Revere told three Boston patriots to hang two lanterns in the steeple . These men were the church sexton Robert Newman and Captain John Pulling -- the two of whom historian David Hackett Fischer suggests each carried one lantern up to the steeple -- as well as Thomas Bernard , who stood watch for British troops outside the church . The lanterns were displayed to send a warning to Charlestown patriots across the Charles River about the movements of the British Army . Revere and William Dawes would later deliver the same message to Lexington themselves , but this lantern method was a fast way to inform the back - up riders in Charlestown about the movements of the British ; these back - up riders planned to deliver the warning message to Lexington and Concord in case Revere and Dawes were arrested on the way . The lanterns were hung for just under a minute to avoid catching the eyes of the British troops occupying Boston , but this was long enough for the message to be received in Charlestown . The militia waiting across the river had been told to look for the signal lanterns , and were prepared to act as soon as they saw them . The meaning of two lanterns has been memorized by countless American schoolchildren . `` One if by land , and two if by sea '' is from Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 's poem `` Paul Revere 's Ride '' . One lantern was to notify Charlestown that the British Army would march over Boston Neck and the Great Bridge , and two were to notify them that the troops were taking boats across the Charles River to land near Phips farm ( the British Army would take the `` sea '' route ; thus , two lanterns were hung ) . After receiving the signal , the Charlestown Patriots sent out a rider to Lexington , but this rider did not reach his destination and his identity has disappeared from history . He was the one who might have been captured by a British patrol . But the warning was delivered miles away to dozens of towns , first by Revere and Dawes on horses , and then by other men on horses and men who rang church bells and town bells , beat drums , and shot off warning guns . ( The current status of the lanterns is not entirely clear ; one is said to be in the hands of a private collector , another broken during a tour , and yet another is on display at the Concord Museum . ) Us Bicentennial celebration ( edit ) This statue of Paul Revere outside the Old North Church commemorates his memorable ride . President Gerald Ford visited Old North Church on April 18 , 1975 . In his nationally televised speech , the President said , in part : Let us pray here in the Old North Church tonight that those who follow 100 years or 200 years from now may look back at us and say : We were a society which combined reason with liberty and hope with freedom . May it be said above all : We kept the faith , freedom flourished , liberty lived . These are the abiding principles of our past and the greatest promise of our future . Following President Ford 's remarks , two lanterns were lit by Robert Newman Ruggles and Robert Newman Sheet , descendants of Robert Newman , who , as sexton of the Old North Church in 1775 , lit the two lanterns which signaled the movement of British troops . The President then lit a third lantern , which hangs in a window of the church today . On July 11 , 1976 , Queen Elizabeth II visited Boston as part of celebrations honoring the United States Bicentennial , and made reference to the aforementioned celebration events in April 1975 that followed President Ford 's speech . She said : `` At the Old North Church last year , your President lit a third lantern dedicated to America 's third century of freedom and to renewed faith in the American ideals . May its light never be dimmed . '' The Queen and Prince Philip attended a Sunday morning service at the Old North Church , sitting in a pew at the right front . The Rev. Robert W. Golledge led the service and later presented the Queen with a replica of a silver chalice made by Paul Revere . The Queen was shown the iconic statue of Paul Revere by Cyrus E. Dallin near the church before departing in a motorcade to attend a function at the Old State House . The bells ( edit ) Steeple of the Old North Church Eight change ringing bells ( tenor : 13 long cwt 3 qr 5 lb ( 1,545 lb or 701 kg ) in F ) at Old North Church were cast by Abel Rudhall ( Rudhall of Gloucester ) in Gloucester , England in 1744 and hung in 1745 . One bell has the inscription : `` We are the first ring of bells cast for the British Empire in North America , A.R. 1744 . '' The bells were restored in 1894 and in 1975 . They are maintained and rung regularly by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Guild of Bellringers . Steeple damage ( edit ) Sketch of the Old North Church c. 1882 , showing the 1807 steeple that was destroyed in 1954 . The original steeple of the Old North Church was destroyed by the 1804 Snow hurricane . A replacement steeple , designed by Charles Bulfinch , was toppled by Hurricane Carol on August 25 , 1954 . The current steeple uses design elements from the original and the Bulfinch version . The church is now 174 feet ( 53 m ) tall . At its tip is the original weather vane . The other `` Old North '' ( edit ) Main article : Second Church , Boston Before the construction of the `` Old North Church '' ( Christ Church , Boston ) , there was another church in Boston called the `` Old North '' ( Meetinghouse ) . This Congregationalist meeting house was founded in North Square , across the street from what is now called `` Paul Revere 's house '' . This church was once pastored by Cotton Mather , the minister now known largely for his involvement in the Salem witch trials . Crypt ( edit ) In 2009 , an archeologist began examining the estimated 1,100 bodies buried in 37 tombs in the basement . The crypt was in use between 1732 and 1860 , and each tomb is sealed with a wooden or slate door , with many doors covered over by plaster as ordered by the city of Boston in the 1850s . Founding Rector Timothy Cutler and his wife were buried under the altar together . Other notable figures buried under the church include British Marine Major John Pitcairn , who died at the Battle of Bunker Hill and was entombed along with many other soldiers killed in this battle . So is Captain Samuel Nicholson of the USS Constitution . A behind the scenes tour run by the church takes tourists down into the crypt , as well as up to the bell - ringing chamber . Today ( edit ) Old North Church is today one of four church sites among the 16 stops on the Freedom Trail . See also ( edit ) Anglicanism portal Forest Lawn Memorial Park ( Hollywood Hills ) , where there is a replica of the church List of National Historic Landmarks in Boston National Register of Historic Places listings in northern Boston References ( edit ) Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2007 - 01 - 23 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ Dove 's Guide for Church Bell Ringers Jump up ^ Skyscraperpage.com Jump up ^ Secrets : Church of the Dead Further reading ( edit ) Asa Eaton . Historical account of Christ church , Boston : A discourse in said church , on Sunday , December 28 , 1823 . Boston : Printed by J.W. Ingraham , 1824 . Google books Henry Burroughs . A historical account of Christ Church , Boston : an address , delivered on the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the opening of the church , December 29 , 1873 . Boston : A. Williams & Co. , 1874 . Google books Christ Church , Salem Street , Boston , 1723 . Boston : 1912 . Google books Percival Merritt . The parochial library of the eighteenth century in Christ Church , Boston . Boston : Merrymount Press , 1917 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Old North Church . Old North Church Mayo family history Boston National Historical Park Official Website Listing and photographs at the Historic American Buildings Survey Old North Church ( Christ Church ) at Find a Grave C - SPAN American History TV Tour of Old North Church - Part 1 C - SPAN American History TV Tour of Old North Church - Part 2 Preceded by Old State House , Boston Tallest Building in Boston 1745 -- 1810 53 m Succeeded by Park Street Church Preceded by Paul Revere House Locations along Boston 's Freedom Trail Old North Church Succeeded by Copp 's Hill City of Boston Topics Accent Annual events Arts Bibliography Culture Demographics Diplomatic missions Economy Education Colleges and universities Geography Historic Places Northern Southern History Timeline Media Nicknames People Politics Port Public Library Public Schools Sister cities Skyscrapers Songs Transportation Attractions Boston Common Boston Convention and Exhibition Center Boston Irish Famine Memorial Boston Tea Party Ships and Museum Bunker Hill Monument Faneuil Hall Fenway Park Franklin Park Zoo Freedom Trail Hynes Convention Center Institute of Contemporary Art Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum Museum of Fine Arts Museum of Science New England Aquarium Old North Church Paul Revere House Symphony Hall TD Garden USS Constitution Museum Business districts Back Bay Downtown Fenway -- Kenmore Financial District Government Center Innovation district North End Route 128 corridor South End List of companies in Boston Government City council City Hall Elections Emergency Medical Services ( EMS ) FinComm Fire Housing ( BHA ) Mayor Police Boston Planning and Development Agency Neighborhoods Allston -- Brighton Allston Brighton Back Bay Bay Village Beacon Hill Downtown Boston Financial District Government Center Charlestown Chinatown Dorchester Columbia Point South Bay East Boston Fenway -- Kenmore Harbor Islands Hyde Park Readville Jamaica Plain Forest Hills Leather District Mattapan Mission Hill Longwood North End Roslindale Roxbury Fort Hill South Boston Fort Point South End West End West Roxbury Chestnut Hill Sports Boston Bruins Boston Celtics Boston Red Sox New England Patriots New England Revolution Suffolk County Boston - Cambridge Metro Massachusetts United States Boston Landmarks African Meeting House Boston Athenæum Boston Children 's Museum Boston Common Boston Convention and Exhibition Center Boston Navy Yard Boston Public Garden Boston Public Library Boston Tea Party Ships and Museum Citi Performing Arts Center Downtown Crossing Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate Faneuil Hall Fenway Park Franklin Park Zoo Freedom Trail Harvard University Institute of Contemporary Art Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum Massachusetts Institute of Technology Massachusetts State House Museum of Fine Arts Museum of Science New England Aquarium New England Holocaust Memorial Newbury Street Old North Church Paul Revere House Prudential Center Samuel Adams ( Whitney ) South Station Symphony Hall TD Garden Trinity Church USS Constitution Museum Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_North_Church&oldid=842498036 '' Categories : 1723 establishments in Massachusetts 18th - century Episcopal church buildings 18th - century establishments in Massachusetts Boston National Historical Park Churches in Boston Episcopal church buildings in Massachusetts Libraries in British North America National Historic Landmarks in Boston Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts Churches completed in 1723 Landmarks in North End , Boston Museums in Boston National Register of Historic Places in Boston Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Nederlands 日本語 Русский Simple English 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018 , at 21 : 04 . About Wikipedia	who said one if by land two if by sea	[ "In April 1775, Paul Revere told three Boston patriots to hang two lanterns in the steeple. These men were the church sexton Robert Newman and Captain John Pulling—the two of whom historian David Hackett Fischer suggests each carried one lantern up to the steeple—as well as Thomas Bernard, who stood watch for British troops outside the church. The lanterns were displayed to send a warning to Charlestown patriots across the Charles River about the movements of the British Army. Revere and William Dawes would later deliver the same message to Lexington themselves, but this lantern method was a fast way to inform the back-up riders in Charlestown about the movements of the British; these back-up riders planned to deliver the warning message to Lexington and Concord in case Revere and Dawes were arrested on the way." ]	[ "Paul Revere" ]
-4897533470523814420	Microsoft Azure SQL Database	Microsoft Azure SQL Database - wikipedia Microsoft Azure SQL Database Jump to : navigation , search This article contains content that is written like an advertisement . Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may be too technical for most readers to understand . Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts , without removing the technical details . The talk page may contain suggestions . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Microsoft Azure SQL Database ( formerly SQL Azure , SQL Server Data Services , SQL Services , and Windows Azure SQL Database ) is a managed cloud database ( SaaS ) provided as part of Microsoft Azure . A cloud database is a database that runs on a cloud computing platform , and access to it is provided as a service . Managed database services take care of scalability , backup , and high availability of the database . Azure SQL Database is a managed database service which is different from AWS RDS which is a container service . Microsoft Azure SQL Database includes built - in intelligence that learns app patterns and adapts to maximize performance , reliability , and data protection . It was originally announced in 2009 and released in 2010 . Key capabilities include : Continuous learning of your unique app patterns , adaptive performance tuning , and automatic improvements to reliability and data protection Scaling as needed , with virtually no app downtime Management and monitoring of multitenant apps with isolation benefits of one - customer - per - database Leverage open source tools like cheetah , sql - cli , VS Code and Microsoft tools like Visual Studio and SQL Server Management Studio , Azure Management Portal , PowerShell , and REST APIs Data protection with encryption , authentication , limiting user access to the appropriate subset of the data , continuous monitoring and auditing to help detect potential threats and provide a record of critical events in case of a breach Contents ( hide ) 1 Popular Use Cases 2 Design 3 Timeline 4 Pricing 5 See also 6 References Popular Use Cases ( edit ) Relational data storage for cloud based applications and web sites Business and consumer web and mobile apps Manage databases for multi-tenant apps ( software - as - a-service ) Quickly create dev and test databases to speed up development cycles Scale production business services quickly and at a known cost Containerize data in the cloud for isolation and security Outsource database management in order to focus on value - added services Design ( edit ) Azure SQL Database shares the SQL Server 2016 codebase . It is compatible with SQL Server 2014 and 2016 and most of the features available in SQL Server 2016 are available in Azure SQL Database . A list of incompatibilities is published by Microsoft . Timeline ( edit ) 2009 -- Service announced 2010 -- Service went live 2014 -- New version announced 2015 -- Elastic Pools announced Pricing ( edit ) Azure SQL Database is offered either as a Standalone database or Elastic database pool , and is priced in three tiers : Basic , Standard and Premium . Each tier offers different performance levels to accommodate a variety of workloads . The resources available for Standalone databases are expressed in terms of Database Transaction Units ( DTUs ) and for elastic pools in terms of elastic DTUs or eDTUs . A DTU is defined as a blended measure of CPU , memory , and data I / O and transaction log I / O in a ratio determined by an OLTP benchmark workload designed to be typical of real - world OLTP workloads . Databases are available as Standalone databases or in database pools which allow multiple databases to share storage and compute resources . Service tier Target workloads Basic Best suited for a small database , supporting typically one single active operation at a given time . Examples include databases used for development or testing , or small - scale infrequently used applications . Standard The go - to option for most cloud applications , supporting multiple concurrent queries . Examples include workgroup or web applications . Premium Designed for high transactional volume , supporting many concurrent users and requiring the highest level of business continuity capabilities . Examples are databases supporting mission critical applications . It is also available as a limited service offering with a trial Web site or Mobile service and eligible for use with an Azure trial subscription . See also ( edit ) Microsoft Azure SQL Server Amazon Relational Database Service Relational Database Cloud computing Software as a service References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` MS Branding '' . Jump up ^ Rabeler , Carl ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` Azure SQL Database Learns & Adapts '' . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Rabeler , Carl ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` Azure SQL Database Scales on the fly '' . Jump up ^ Rabeler , Carl ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` Builds Multi-tenant Apps with Azure SQL Database With Isolation and Efficiency '' . Jump up ^ `` wunderlist / cheetah '' . GitHub . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` sql - cli '' . npm . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Visual Studio Code - Code Editing . Redefined '' . code.visualstudio.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Any Developer , Any App , Any Platform Visual Studio '' . www.visualstudio.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Use SQL Server Management Studio '' . msdn.microsoft.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Rabeler , Carl ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Azure SQL Database Secures and Protects '' . Jump up ^ Byham , Rick ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Azure SQL Database Transact - SQL differences '' . Jump up ^ `` SQL Data Services announces plans to accelerate core relational database features '' . azure.microsoft.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` SQL Azure - The Year in Review '' . azure.microsoft.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Preview for greater SQL Server compatibility coming soon to Azure SQL Database '' . azure.microsoft.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Azure continues to be the best place for Software as a Service '' . azure.microsoft.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 03 . Cloud computing Applications Box Enstratius Google G Suite Docs , Sheets and Slides HP Cloud ( closed ) Microsoft Online Rackspace Salesforce Platforms Alpha7 Amazon AppScale Box Bluemix Cloud Foundry Cocaine ( PaaS ) Engine Yard Enstratius eXo Platform Helion GE Predix Google App Engine GreenQloud Heroku Inktank Jelastic Mendix Microsoft Azure OutSystems openQRM OpenShift RightScale Force.com SAP Cloud Platform VMware vCloud Air Infrastructure Amazon Abiquo Enterprise Edition CloudStack CtrlS Cloud4c DigitalOcean EMC Atmos Enstratius Eucalyptus Fujitsu GoGrid Google Cloud Platform GreenButton GreenQloud IBM cloud computing iland Joyent Lunacloud Nimbula Nimbus OpenNebula OpenStack OrionVM Rackspace Cloud SoftLayer Zadara Storage libvirt libguestfs OVirt Virtual Machine Manager Wakame - vdc Virtual Private Cloud OnDemand Technologies Cloud database Data centers Distributed file system for cloud Hardware virtualization Internet Networking Security Structured storage Virtual appliance Web APIs Virtual private cloud Category Commons Microsoft History All topics People ( list ) Founders Bill Gates Paul Allen Board of directors John W. Thompson ( Chairman ) Satya Nadella ( CEO ) Dina Dublon Maria Klawe David Marquardt Charles Noski Helmut Panke Mason Morfit John W. Stanton Senior leadership team Satya Nadella ( CEO ) Scott Guthrie Amy Hood ( CFO ) Terry Myerson Harry Shum Corporate VPs Gabe Aul ( VP ) Joe Belfiore Richard Rashid ( SVP ) S. Somasegar ( SVP ) Divisions Engineering groups Mobile Skype unit Digital Crimes Unit Garage Press Research Studios . 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NET Services SharePoint Services Dynamics CRM Services Online applications Azure AD Connect Hohm Microsoft Dynamics CRM Online Microsoft Exchange Online Microsoft SharePoint Online Office Live Windows Live Microsoft development tools Development environments Visual Studio Code Express Lab Management Team System Profiler Test Professional Tools for Applications Tools for Office Others . NET Compiler Platform App Studio Blend Expression Web GW - BASIC Microsoft Pascal MSBuild Robotics Developer Studio SharePoint Designer FrontPage PowerShell ISE QuickBASIC QBasic QuickC Small Basic WebMatrix Windows SDK CLR Profiler ILAsm Native Image Generator XAMLPad Languages Microsoft Basic Visual Basic Visual Basic . NET Visual C++ C++ / CX C++ / CLI Managed C++ C# F# J# Visual FoxPro IronPython IronRuby JScript PowerShell TypeScript VBScript XAML Major APIs and frameworks ( See all ) Windows API Silverlight XNA DirectX Managed DirectX Xbox Development Kit Windows Installer . NET Framework ASP.NET ASP.NET Core ASP.NET AJAX ASP.NET Dynamic Data ASP.NET MVC ASP.NET Razor ADO.NET Entity Framework CardSpace Communication Foundation Identity Foundation LINQ Presentation Foundation Workflow Foundation Device drivers WDK WDF KMDF UMDF Windows Hardware Certification Kit WDM Database SQL Server Express Compact Management Studio Business Intelligence Development Studio MSDE SQL services Analysis Reporting Integration Notification Other Visual FoxPro Microsoft Access Jet Engine Extensible Storage Engine Azure DocumentDB Source control Team Foundation Server Visual SourceSafe Delivery Active Setup ClickOnce NuGet Web Platform Windows Installer WiX Windows Store Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft_Azure_SQL_Database&oldid=785723639 '' Categories : Microsoft cloud services Hidden categories : Articles with a promotional tone from June 2017 All articles with a promotional tone Wikipedia articles that are too technical from June 2017 All articles that are too technical Articles needing expert attention from June 2017 All articles needing expert attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages עברית 日本語 Polski Русский Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 June 2017 , at 02 : 15 . 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3531809902653384489	United States constitutional law	United States constitutional law - wikipedia United States constitutional law Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs attention from an expert in law . The specific problem is : Large segments of this article are very poorly sourced and appear to contain a significant amount of original research . The overall organization requires improvement , too ... WikiProject Law may be able to help recruit an expert . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Constitutional Law of the United States Overview Articles Amendments History Judicial review Principles Separation of powers Individual rights Rule of law Federalism Republicanism Government structure Legislative branch Executive branch Judicial branch State government Local government Individual rights Freedom of religion Freedom of speech Freedom of the press Freedom of assembly Right to petition Freedom of association Right to keep and bear arms Right to trial by jury Criminal procedural rights Right to privacy Freedom from slavery Due process Equal protection Citizenship Voting rights Theory Living Constitution Originalism Purposivism Textualism Strict constructionism United States constitutional law is the body of law governing the interpretation and implementation of the United States Constitution . Contents ( hide ) 1 Interpreting the Constitution and the authority of the Supreme Court 1.1 Beginning 1.2 The power of judicial review 1.3 Scope and effect 1.4 Prudential limits -- the principles of justiciability 1.5 Differing views on the role of the Court 2 Federalism 2.1 Powers granted by the Constitution to the federal government 2.1. 1 The federal commerce power 2.1. 2 The spending power 2.1. 3 Other federal powers 2.2 Powers reserved by the states 2.2. 1 Suits against states : effect of the 11th Amendment 2.3 Intergovernmental Immunities and Interstate Relations 3 Limiting the power of the three branches -- the system of `` checks and balances '' 3.1 Boundaries of power : Congress versus the executive 3.1. 1 The presidential veto power 3.1. 2 Foreign affairs and war powers 3.1. 3 Appointment and removal of executive personnel 3.2 Legislative and executive immunity 4 The Takings Clause 5 Freedom of expression 6 Freedom of religion 7 Sources 8 See also Interpreting the Constitution and the authority of the Supreme Court ( edit ) Beginning ( edit ) United States constitutional law defines the scope and application of the terms of the Constitution . It covers areas of law such as the relationship between the federal government and state governments , the rights of individuals , and other fundamental aspects of the application of government authority in the United States . It is a field of law that is broad and complex . Some constitutional scholars maintain that the authors of the Constitution intended that it be vague and subject to interpretation so that it could be adapted to the needs of a changing society . Others maintain that the provisions of the Constitution should be strictly construed and their provisions applied in a very literal manner . The power of judicial review ( edit ) Early in its history , in Marbury v. Madison , 5 U.S. 137 ( 1803 ) and Fletcher v. Peck , 10 U.S. 87 ( 1810 ) , the Supreme Court of the United States declared that the judicial power granted to it by Article III of the United States Constitution included the power of judicial review , to consider challenges to the constitutionality of a State or Federal law . According to this jurisprudence , when the Court measures a law against the Constitution and finds the law wanting , the Court is empowered and indeed obligated to strike down that law . In this role , for example , the Court has struck down state laws for failing to conform to the Contract Clause ( see , e.g. , Dartmouth College v. Woodward ) or the Equal Protection Clause ( see , e.g. , Brown v. Board of Education ) , and it has invalidated federal laws for failing to arise under the Commerce Clause of the Constitution ( see , e.g. , United States v. Lopez ) . Scope and effect ( edit ) The Supreme Court 's interpretations of constitutional law are binding on the legislative and executive branches of the federal government , on the lower courts in the federal system , and on all state courts . This system of binding interpretations or precedents evolved from the common law system ( called `` stare decisis '' ) , where courts are bound by their own prior decisions and by the decisions of higher courts . While neither English common law courts nor continental civil law courts generally had the power to declare legislation unconstitutional ( only the power to change law ) , the United States Supreme Court has long been understood to have the power to declare federal or state legislation unconstitutional . Prudential limits -- the principles of justiciability ( edit ) Before deciding a constitutional question , the Supreme Court may consider whether the court can avoid the constitutional question by basing its decision on a non-constitutional issue at dispute . For example , if a federal statute is on shaky constitutional footing but has been applied to the challenging party in a manner that does not implicate the basis for the constitutional claim , the Supreme Court will not decide whether the statute might be unconstitutional if it were applied differently . Or , when reviewing a decision of a state 's highest court , the Court may avoid the constitutional question if the state court 's decision is based on an independent and adequate state - law grounds . Federal courts consider other doctrines before allowing a lawsuit to go forward : Actual dispute - the lawsuit concerns a `` case or controversy '' under the meaning of Article III , Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution Standing - the party bringing the suit must have ( 1 ) a particularized and concrete injury , ( 2 ) a causal connection between the complained - of conduct and that injury , and ( 3 ) a likelihood that a favorable court decision will redress the injury Ripeness - a party will lack standing where his / her case raises abstract , hypothetical or conjectural questions . Mootness - a party is seeking redress over a case that no longer has a basis for dispute , though there are limited exceptions Political question - the issues raised in the suit are unreviewable because the Constitution relegates it to another branch of government . Consistent with these doctrines , the Court considers itself prohibited from issuing advisory opinions where there is no actual case or controversy before them. ( See Muskrat v. United States , 219 U.S. 346 ( 1911 ) ) . These doctrines , because they apply to all federal cases whether of constitutional dimension or not , are discussed separately in the article on federal jurisdiction . Differing views on the role of the Court ( edit ) There are a number of ways that commentators and Justices of the Supreme Court have defined the Court 's role , and its jurisprudential method : The Late Associate Justice Antonin Scalia and current Associate Justice Clarence Thomas are known as originalists ; originalism is a family of similar theories that hold that the Constitution has a fixed meaning from an authority contemporaneous with the ratification ( although opinion as to what that authority is varies ; see discussion at originalism ) , and that it should be construed in light of that authority . Unless there is a historic and / or extremely pressing reason to interpret the Constitution differently , originalists vote as they think the Constitution as it was written in the late 18th Century would dictate . Associate Justice Felix Frankfurter was a leading proponent of so - called judicial restraint , in that he believed that the Supreme Court should not make law ( which , by invalidating or significantly altering the meaning of Congressional bills , Frankfurter felt they were ) , and so believers in this idea often vote not to grant cases the writ of certiorari . Associate Justice Stephen Breyer generally advocates a quasi-purposivist approach , focusing on what the law was supposed to achieve rather than what it actually says , and measuring the possible outcomes of voting one way or another . Other Justices have taken a more instrumentalist approach , believing it is the role of the Supreme Court to reflect societal changes . They often see the Constitution as a living , changing and adaptable document ; thus their legal rationale will sometimes be in stark contrast to originalists . Compare , for example , the differing opinions of Justices Scalia and Ruth Bader Ginsburg , who is a more instrumentalist justice . Finally , there are some Justices who do not have a clear judicial philosophy , and so decide cases purely on each one 's individual merits . Debate continues over which , if any , of these interpretive strategies is `` better '' . Complicating the analysis is the lack of direct correspondence between the various interpretive strategies and contemporary notions of `` conservatism '' or `` liberalism '' . Federalism ( edit ) In essence , the Constitution is a compromise between two extremes feared by the framers : the development of a British - like monarchy on one end of the spectrum , and the ineffectiveness of an overly decentralized government on the other . The balance reached was the model of federalism : a binary structure of management composed of divided powers between the governments of each of the states and a centralized federal government . Supporters of federalism believed that a division of power between federal and state governments would decrease the likelihood of tyranny , which on a federal level would be much more concerning than its occurrence locally . The framers felt the states were in the best position to restrict such movements . Another frequently raised value of federalism is the notion that since the states are much closer to the people , they can be more responsive to and effective in resolving the localized concerns of the public . Accordingly , the Constitution explicitly enumerates the powers given to the federal government and bestows the remaining discretion to the states . In order to create a cohesive government , the framers felt certain powers must have belonged to a centralized authority . Conducting foreign affairs , for example , would be severely curtailed if not embarked upon in a nationally uniform manner . Similarly , a standardized currency was of prime importance for a robust and capable economy . As a result , the powers to raise armies , create treaties , and to regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the states , among others , were given to the federal government . Powers granted by the Constitution to the federal government ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2007 ) The federal commerce power ( edit ) Congress is authorized to `` regulate commerce with foreign nations , and among the several states , and with the Indian tribes '' under Article I , Section 8 , Clause 3 of the Constitution . Important early cases include United States v. E.C. Knight Co. ( 1895 ) which held that the federal Sherman Act could not be applied to manufacture of sugar because `` commerce succeeds to manufacture , and is not a part of it . '' Essentially , the Court cabined commerce as a phase of business distinct from other aspects of production . In the Shreveport Rate Cases ( 1914 ) , the Court permitted congressional regulation of railroad lines because Congress was regulating the `` channels of commerce '' and although the regulation was on intrastate rail lines , the effect of the intrastate lines was direct so as to concern interstate commerce . In Schecter Poultry , the Court invalidated a federal statute seeking to enforce labor conditions at a slaughterhouse for chickens ; the Court held the relationship between labor conditions and chickens was too indirect - that chickens come to rest upon arrival at the slaughterhouse ( thereby ending the stream of commerce ) , so whatever happened in the slaughterhouse was not Congress 's business . In these early cases , the Court approached problems formalistically - from cabining commerce to a specific zone to a direct / indirect test . This continued in the cow case , Stafford v. Wallace , where the court articulated a `` Stream of Commerce '' test ; essentially , Stream of Commerce conceptualizes commerce as a flow mostly concerned with the transportation and packaging of goods and not including acquisition of raw materials at the front end and retail of those goods at the tail end . However , with the Great Depression , there was political pressure for increased federal government intervention and the Court increasingly deferred to Congress . A seminal case was NLRB v. Jones and Laughlin where the Court adopted a realist approach and reasoned that interstate commerce is an elastic conception which required the Court to think of problems not as falling on either side of a dichotomy but in a more nuanced fashion . Expansion of Congress 's commerce clause power continued with Wickard in 1942 involving a farmer 's refusal to comply with a federal quota . Wickard articulated the aggregation principle : that effects of the entire class matter rather than composites of the class , so even if the single farmer did not substantially affect interstate commerce , all farmers - the class to which he belonged - do - they compete with the national market . With recent cases like Lopez and Morrison , there has been a return to formalism - i.e. legal tests created by the Court to determine if Congress has overstepped its bounds . In both those cases , the federal statutes were invalidated . But in Gonzalez v. Raich ( post Lopez and Morrison ) , principles of Wickard were resurrected , leaving the future of commerce clause doctrine uncertain . The spending power ( edit ) Clause 1 of Article I , § 8 grants Congress the power to tax and spend `` to provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States , '' subject to the qualification that all taxes and duties be uniform across the country . Other federal powers ( edit ) Other federal powers specifically enumerated by Section 8 of Article I of the United States Constitution ( and generally considered exclusive to the federal government ) are : to coin money , and to regulate its value ; to establish laws governing bankruptcy ; to establish post offices ( although Congress may allow for the establishment of non-governmental mail services by private entities ) ; to control the issuance of copyrights and patents ( although copyrights and patents may also be enforced in state courts ) ; to govern the District of Columbia and all other federal properties ; to control naturalization ( and , implicitly , the immigration ) of aliens ; to enforce `` by appropriate legislation '' the Thirteenth , Fourteenth , and Fifteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution ( a function of the Constitution 's Necessary and Proper clause ) ; to propose , by a two - thirds vote , constitutional amendments for ratification by three - fourths of the states pursuant to the terms of Article V . Powers reserved by the States ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2007 ) Although , for all practical purposes ( as proved by the fact of the U.S. Civil War ) , the federal government does not actually govern by the `` consent of the states , '' some of the more important powers reserved by the states to themselves in the Constitution are : the power , by `` application of two - thirds of the legislatures of the several states , '' to require Congress to convene a constitutional convention for the purpose of proposing amendments to or revising the terms of the Constitution ( see Article V ) . Suits against States : effect of the 11th Amendment ( edit ) The Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution defines the scope of when and in what circumstances a state may be taken to federal court . Taken literally , the Amendment prohibits a citizen from suing a state in federal court through the sovereign immunity doctrine . However , the Court has articulated three exceptions : 1 ) Particular state officials may be sued , 2 ) States can waive immunity or consent to suit , and 3 ) Congress may authorize suits against a state through the abrogation doctrine . However , concerning this latter exception , the Supreme Court has held in Seminole Tribe v. Florida that Congress may not , outside of the Fourteenth Amendment , authorize federal lawsuits against states in abrogation of the Eleventh Amendment 's guarantee of sovereign state immunity . Intergovernmental immunities and interstate relations ( edit ) Main article : intergovernmental immunity The United States government , its agencies and instrumentalities , are immune from state regulation that interferes with federal activities , functions , and programs . State laws and regulations can not substantially interfere with an authorized federal program , except for minor or indirect regulation , such as state taxation of federal employees . This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2007 ) Limiting the power of the three branches -- the system of `` checks and balances '' ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2007 ) Boundaries of power : Congress versus the executive ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2007 ) Many powers of Congress and of the President are specifically enumerated by the Constitution . Enumerated powers of Congress Article I , Section 8 of the Constitution enumerates many explicit powers of Congress . See Enumerated powers . Enumerated powers of the President Several important powers are enumerated to the President under Article II , Section 2 . These include : Commander - in - chief of the armed forces ; Power to pardon offenses against the United States ; Power to make treaties ( with consent of the Senate ) ; and the Power to appoint judges , ambassadors , and other officers of the United States ( often requiring Senate consent ) ; The presidential veto power ( edit ) The Presentment Clause ( Article I , Section 7 , cl. 2 - 3 ) grants the president the power to veto Congressional legislation and Congress the power to override a presidential veto with a supermajority . Under the clause , once a bill has been passed in identical form by both houses of Congress , with a two thirds majority in both houses , it becomes federal law . First , the president can sign the bill into law . In this scenario there is Congressional agreement . Second , if not in agreement , the president can veto the legislation by sending the bill back to Congress , within ten days of reception , unsigned and with a written statement of his objections . Third , the president can choose not to act at all on the bill , which can have one of two effects , depending on the circumstances . If Congress is in session , the bill automatically becomes law , without the president 's signature , only with a two thirds majority of both houses . If , however , Congress adjourned during that 10 - day period , the bill fails to become law in a procedural device known as the `` pocket veto '' . The bill becomes `` mute '' . The president approves or rejects a bill in its entirety ; he is not permitted to veto specific provisions . In 1996 , Congress passed , and President Bill Clinton signed , the Line Item Veto Act of 1996 , which gave the president the power to veto individual items of budgeted expenditures in appropriations bills . The Supreme Court subsequently declared the line - item veto unconstitutional as a violation of the Presentment Clause in Clinton v. City of New York , 524 U.S. 417 ( 1998 ) . The Court construed the Constitution 's silence on the subject of such unilateral presidential action as equivalent to `` an express prohibition , '' agreeing with historical material that supported the conclusion that statutes may only be enacted `` in accord with a single , finely wrought and exhaustively considered , procedure '' , and that a bill must be approved or rejected by the president in its entirety . The Court reasoned that a line - item veto `` would authorize the President to create a different law -- one whose text was not voted on by either House of Congress or presented to the President for signature , '' and therefore violates the federal legislative procedure prescribed in Article I , Section 7 . Foreign affairs and war powers ( edit ) The president has power as commander in chief to control the army . Article I grants congress the power to declare war and raise and support the army and the navy . However , Article II grants the president the power as commander - in - chief . The Supreme Court rarely addresses the issue of the president 's use of troops in a war - like situation . Challenges to the president 's use of troops in a foreign country are likely to be dismissed on political question grounds . The Supreme Court does not review political questions like who to go to war with or how to handle rebellions since that is the power of the Federal Executive and Legislative branches . Appointment and removal of executive personnel ( edit ) Article II , Section 2 grants the President the power , with the `` advice and consent of the Senate , '' to appoint `` ambassadors , ... judges of the Supreme Court , and all other officers of the United States , whose appointments are not otherwise provided for '' in the Constitution . This includes members of the cabinet , top - level agency officials , Article III judges , US Attorneys , and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs , among many other positions . Under the modern interpretation of `` advice and consent , '' a presidential appointment must be confirmed by majority vote in the Senate in order to take effect . Thus , in practice , the President holds the power to nominate , while the Senate holds the power to confirm . Article II , Section 2 gives Congress the discretion to vest the appointment of `` inferior officers '' in either the President alone , the heads of departments , or the lower federal courts . Congress may not appropriate this role for itself , and Senate confirmation is not required for these positions . The President has the authority to remove most high - level executive officers at will . Congress , however , may place limitations on the removal of certain executive appointees serving in positions where independence from the presidency is considered desirable , such as stipulating that removal may only be for cause . Legislative and executive immunity ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2007 ) Legislative Immunity Members of the Senate and of the House of Representatives have absolute immunity for all statements made on the floor of Congress ( Art . I Sec. 6 ) . Executive Immunity As a general rule , sitting presidents enjoy immunity from civil suit for damages arising from actions taken while in office . This rule was significantly curtailed by the Supreme Court 's decision in Clinton v. Jones , which held that sitting Presidents could in fact be sued for actions undertaken before taking office or for actions which are unrelated to the presidential office . The takings Clause ( edit ) Generally speaking , the Fifth Amendment prevents the government from taking private property `` for public use without just compensation . '' This prohibition on takings is applicable to the 50 states through the Fourteenth Amendment . A governmental taking includes not only physical appropriations of property but also government action that significantly reduces property or impairs its use . A government `` taking '' must be distinguished from a government `` regulation . '' With a taking , the government must fairly compensate the property owner when the property is taken for public use . If the government regulates property , it does not have to pay any compensation . A `` taking '' will be found if there is an actual appropriation or destruction of a person 's property or a permanent physical invasion by the government or by authorization of law . The courts may also find a taking where a governmental regulation denies a landowner of all economic use unless principles of nuisance or property law that existed when the owner acquired the land make the use prohibitable . This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2007 ) Freedom of expression ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2007 ) Main article : Freedom of speech in the United States Freedom of religion ( edit ) Main article : Freedom of Religion in the United States This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2007 ) Sources ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cornell University - Constitutional law Jump up ^ Introduction to the Study of Constitutional Law Jump up ^ Andrzej Rapczynski , From Sovereignty to Process : The Jurisprudence of Federalism After Garcia , 1985 Sup . Ct. Rev. 380 Jump up ^ Id . at 391 Jump up ^ From INS v. Chadha , 462 U.S. 919 ( 1983 ) . 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-3667469004096694942	Helen Keller	Helen Keller - wikipedia Helen Keller Helen Keller Helen Keller holding a magnolia , ca . 1920 . Helen Adams Keller ( 1880 - 06 - 27 ) June 27 , 1880 Tuscumbia , Alabama , U.S. June 1 , 1968 ( 1968 - 06 - 01 ) ( aged 87 ) Arcan Ridge Easton , Connecticut , U.S. Occupation Author , political activist , lecturer Alma mater Harvard University Notable works The Story of My Life Signature Helen Adams Keller ( June 27 , 1880 -- June 1 , 1968 ) was an American author , political activist , and lecturer . She was the first deaf - blind person to earn a bachelor of arts degree . The dramatic depictions of the play and film The Miracle Worker made widely known the story of how Keller 's teacher , Anne Sullivan , broke through the isolation imposed by a near complete lack of language , allowing the girl to blossom as she learned to communicate . Her birthplace in West Tuscumbia , Alabama , is now a museum and sponsors an annual `` Helen Keller Day '' . Her birthday on June 27 is commemorated as Helen Keller Day in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania and was authorized at the federal level by presidential proclamation by President Jimmy Carter in 1980 , the 100th anniversary of her birth . A prolific author , Keller was well - traveled and outspoken in her convictions . A member of the Socialist Party of America and the Industrial Workers of the World , she campaigned for women 's suffrage , labor rights , socialism , antimilitarism , and other similar causes . She was inducted into the Alabama Women 's Hall of Fame in 1971 and was one of twelve inaugural inductees to the Alabama Writers Hall of Fame on June 8 , 2015 . Contents 1 Early childhood and illness 2 Formal education 3 Example of her lectures 4 Companions 5 Political activities 6 Writings 7 Later life 8 Portrayals 9 Posthumous honors 10 Archival material 11 See also 12 References 13 Bibliography 14 Further reading 14.1 Primary sources 14.2 Historiography 15 External links Early childhood and illness Helen Keller Birthplace in Tuscumbia , AL . Keller with Anne Sullivan vacationing on Cape Cod in July 1888 Helen Adams Keller was born on June 27 , 1880 , in Tuscumbia , Alabama . Her family lived on a homestead , Ivy Green , that Helen 's grandfather had built decades earlier . She had two siblings , Mildred Campbell and Phillip Brooks Keller , and two older half - brothers from her father 's prior marriage , James and William Simpson Keller . Her father , Arthur H. Keller , spent many years as an editor for the Tuscumbia North Alabamian , and had served as a captain for the Confederate Army . Her paternal grandmother was second cousins with Robert E. Lee . Her mother , Kate Adams , was the daughter of Charles W. Adams , a Confederate general . Though originally from Massachusetts , Charles Adams also fought for the Confederate Army during the American Civil War , earning the rank of colonel ( and acting brigadier general ) . Her paternal lineage was traced to Casper Keller , a native of Switzerland . One of Helen 's Swiss ancestors was the first teacher for the deaf in Zurich . Keller reflected on this coincidence in her first autobiography , stating `` that there is no king who has not had a slave among his ancestors , and no slave who has not had a king among his . '' At 19 months old Keller contracted an unknown illness described by doctors as `` an acute congestion of the stomach and the brain '' , which might have been scarlet fever or meningitis . The illness left her both deaf and blind . At that time , she was able to communicate somewhat with Martha Washington , the six - year - old daughter of the family cook , who understood her signs ; by the age of seven , Keller had more than 60 home signs to communicate with her family . Even though blind and deaf , Helen Keller had passed through many obstacles and she learned to live with her disabilities . She learned how to tell which person was walking from the vibrations of their footsteps . In 1886 , Keller 's mother , inspired by an account in Charles Dickens ' American Notes of the successful education of another deaf and blind woman , Laura Bridgman , dispatched the young Keller , accompanied by her father , to seek out physician J. Julian Chisolm , an eye , ear , nose , and throat specialist in Baltimore , for advice . Chisholm referred the Kellers to Alexander Graham Bell , who was working with deaf children at the time . Bell advised them to contact the Perkins Institute for the Blind , the school where Bridgman had been educated , which was then located in South Boston . Michael Anagnos , the school 's director , asked 20 - year - old former student Anne Sullivan , herself visually impaired , to become Keller 's instructor . It was the beginning of a 49 - year - long relationship during which Sullivan evolved into Keller 's governess and eventually her companion . Sullivan arrived at Keller 's house in March 1887 and immediately began to teach Helen to communicate by spelling words into her hand , beginning with `` d-o-l-l '' for the doll that she had brought Keller as a present . Keller was frustrated , at first , because she did not understand that every object had a word uniquely identifying it . In fact , when Sullivan was trying to teach Keller the word for `` mug '' , Keller became so frustrated she broke the mug . Keller 's breakthrough in communication came the next month , when she realized that the motions her teacher was making on the palm of her hand , while running cool water over her other hand , symbolized the idea of `` water '' ; she then nearly exhausted Sullivan demanding the names of all the other familiar objects in her world . Helen Keller was viewed as isolated but was very in touch with the outside world . She was able to enjoy music by feeling the beat and she was able to have a strong connection with animals through touch . She was delayed at picking up language , but that did not stop her from having a voice . Formal education In May 1888 , Keller started attending the Perkins Institute for the Blind . In 1894 , Keller and Sullivan moved to New York to attend the Wright - Humason School for the Deaf , and to learn from Sarah Fuller at the Horace Mann School for the Deaf . In 1896 , they returned to Massachusetts , and Keller entered The Cambridge School for Young Ladies before gaining admittance , in 1900 , to Radcliffe College of Harvard University where she lived in Briggs Hall , South House . Her admirer , Mark Twain , had introduced her to Standard Oil magnate Henry Huttleston Rogers , who , with his wife Abbie , paid for her education . In 1904 , at the age of 24 , Keller graduated from Radcliffe , becoming the first deaf - blind person to earn a Bachelor of Arts degree . She maintained a correspondence with the Austrian philosopher and pedagogue Wilhelm Jerusalem , who was one of the first to discover her literary talent . Determined to communicate with others as conventionally as possible , Keller learned to speak and spent much of her life giving speeches and lectures on aspects of her life . She learned to `` hear '' people 's speech by reading their lips with her hands -- her sense of touch had heightened . She became proficient at using braille and reading sign language with her hands as well . Shortly before World War I , with the assistance of the Zoellner Quartet , she determined that by placing her fingertips on a resonant tabletop she could experience music played close by . Example of her lectures On January 22 , 1916 , Keller and Sullivan traveled to the small town of Menomonie in western Wisconsin to deliver a lecture at the Mabel Tainter Memorial Building . Details of her talk were provided in the weekly Dunn County News on January 22 , 1916 : A message of optimism , of hope , of good cheer , and of loving service was brought to Menomonie Saturday -- a message that will linger long with those fortunate enough to have received it . This message came with the visit of Helen Keller and her teacher , Mrs. John Macy , and both had a hand in imparting it Saturday evening to a splendid audience that filled The Memorial . The wonderful girl who has so brilliantly triumphed over the triple afflictions of blindness , dumbness and deafness , gave a talk with her own lips on `` Happiness , '' and it will be remembered always as a piece of inspired teaching by those who heard it . When part of the account was reprinted in the January 20 , 2016 , edition of the paper under the heading `` From the Files '' , the column compiler added According to those who attended , Helen Keller spoke of the joy that life gave her . She was thankful for the faculties and abilities that she did possess and stated that the most productive pleasures she had were curiosity and imagination . Keller also spoke of the joy of service and the happiness that came from doing things for others ... Keller imparted that `` helping your fellow men were one 's only excuse for being in this world and in the doing of things to help one 's fellows lay the secret of lasting happiness . '' She also told of the joys of loving work and accomplishment and the happiness of achievement . Although the entire lecture lasted only a little over an hour , the lecture had a profound impact on the audience . Companions Helen Keller in 1899 with lifelong companion and teacher Anne Sullivan . Photo taken by Alexander Graham Bell at his School of Vocal Physiology and Mechanics of Speech . Anne Sullivan stayed as a companion to Helen Keller long after she taught her . Sullivan married John Macy in 1905 , and her health started failing around 1914 . Polly Thomson ( February 20 , 1885 -- March 21 , 1960 ) was hired to keep house . She was a young woman from Scotland who had no experience with deaf or blind people . She progressed to working as a secretary as well , and eventually became a constant companion to Keller . Keller moved to Forest Hills , Queens , together with Sullivan and Macy , and used the house as a base for her efforts on behalf of the American Foundation for the Blind . `` While in her thirties Helen had a love affair , became secretly engaged , and defied her teacher and family by attempting an elopement with the man she loved . '' He was `` Peter Fagan , a young Boston Herald reporter who was sent to Helen 's home to act as her private secretary when lifelong companion , Anne , fell ill . '' Anne Sullivan died in 1936 after a coma as a result of coronary thrombosis , with Keller holding her hand . Keller and Thomson moved to Connecticut . They traveled worldwide and raised funds for the blind . Thomson had a stroke in 1957 from which she never fully recovered , and died in 1960 . Winnie Corbally , a nurse whom they originally hired to care for Thomson in 1957 , stayed on after her death and was Keller 's companion for the rest of her life . Political activities Helen Keller portrait , 1904 . Due to a protruding left eye , Keller was usually photographed in profile . Both her eyes were replaced in adulthood with glass replicas for `` medical and cosmetic reasons '' . The few own the many because they possess the means of livelihood of all ... The country is governed for the richest , for the corporations , the bankers , the land speculators , and for the exploiters of labor . The majority of mankind are working people . So long as their fair demands -- the ownership and control of their livelihoods -- are set at naught , we can have neither men 's rights nor women 's rights . The majority of mankind is ground down by industrial oppression in order that the small remnant may live in ease . -- Helen Keller , 1911 Keller went on to become a world - famous speaker and author . She is remembered as an advocate for people with disabilities , amid numerous other causes . The Deaf community was widely impacted by her . She traveled to twenty - five different countries giving motivational speeches about Deaf people 's conditions . She was a suffragette , pacifist , radical socialist , birth control supporter , and opponent of Woodrow Wilson . In 1915 she and George A. Kessler founded the Helen Keller International ( HKI ) organization . This organization is devoted to research in vision , health and nutrition . In 1920 , she helped to found the American Civil Liberties Union ( ACLU ) . Keller traveled to over 40 countries with Sullivan , making several trips to Japan and becoming a favorite of the Japanese people . Keller met every U.S. President from Grover Cleveland to Lyndon B. Johnson and was friends with many famous figures , including Alexander Graham Bell , Charlie Chaplin and Mark Twain . Keller and Twain were both considered radicals at the beginning of the 20th century , and as a consequence , their political views have been forgotten or glossed over in the popular mind . Keller was a member of the Socialist Party and actively campaigned and wrote in support of the working class from 1909 to 1921 . Many of her speeches and writings were about women 's right to vote and the impacts of war . She had speech therapy in order to have her voice heard better by the public . When the Rockefeller - owned press refused to print her articles , she protested until her work was finally published . She supported Socialist Party candidate Eugene V. Debs in each of his campaigns for the presidency . Before reading Progress and Poverty , Helen Keller was already a socialist who believed that Georgism was a good step in the right direction . She later wrote of finding `` in Henry George 's philosophy a rare beauty and power of inspiration , and a splendid faith in the essential nobility of human nature . '' Keller claimed that newspaper columnists who had praised her courage and intelligence before she expressed her socialist views now called attention to her disabilities . The editor of the Brooklyn Eagle wrote that her `` mistakes sprung out of the manifest limitations of her development . '' Keller responded to that editor , referring to having met him before he knew of her political views : At that time the compliments he paid me were so generous that I blush to remember them . But now that I have come out for socialism he reminds me and the public that I am blind and deaf and especially liable to error . I must have shrunk in intelligence during the years since I met him ... Oh , ridiculous Brooklyn Eagle ! Socially blind and deaf , it defends an intolerable system , a system that is the cause of much of the physical blindness and deafness which we are trying to prevent . Keller joined the Industrial Workers of the World ( the IWW , known as the Wobblies ) in 1912 , saying that parliamentary socialism was `` sinking in the political bog '' . She wrote for the IWW between 1916 and 1918 . In Why I Became an IWW , Keller explained that her motivation for activism came in part from her concern about blindness and other disabilities : I was appointed on a commission to investigate the conditions of the blind . For the first time I , who had thought blindness a misfortune beyond human control , found that too much of it was traceable to wrong industrial conditions , often caused by the selfishness and greed of employers . And the social evil contributed its share . I found that poverty drove women to a life of shame that ended in blindness . The last sentence refers to prostitution and syphilis , the former a frequent cause of the latter , and the latter a leading cause of blindness . In the same interview , Keller also cited the 1912 strike of textile workers in Lawrence , Massachusetts for instigating her support of socialism . Keller supported eugenics . In 1915 she wrote in favor of refusing life - saving medical procedures to infants with severe mental impairments or physical deformities , stating that their lives were not worthwhile and they would likely become criminals . Keller also expressed concerns about human overpopulation . Writings Helen Keller , circa 1912 Keller wrote a total of 12 published books and several articles . One of her earliest pieces of writing , at age 11 , was The Frost King ( 1891 ) . There were allegations that this story had been plagiarized from The Frost Fairies by Margaret Canby . An investigation into the matter revealed that Keller may have experienced a case of cryptomnesia , which was that she had Canby 's story read to her but forgot about it , while the memory remained in her subconscious . At age 22 , Keller published her autobiography , The Story of My Life ( 1903 ) , with help from Sullivan and Sullivan 's husband , John Macy . It recounts the story of her life up to age 21 and was written during her time in college . Keller wrote The World I Live In in 1908 , giving readers an insight into how she felt about the world . Out of the Dark , a series of essays on socialism , was published in 1913 . When Keller was young , Anne Sullivan introduced her to Phillips Brooks , who introduced her to Christianity , Keller famously saying : `` I always knew He was there , but I did n't know His name ! '' Her spiritual autobiography , My Religion , was published in 1927 and then in 1994 extensively revised and re-issued under the title Light in My Darkness . It advocates the teachings of Emanuel Swedenborg , the Christian revelator and theologian who gives a spiritual interpretation of the teachings of the Bible and who claims that the second coming of Jesus Christ has already taken place . Adherents use several names to describe themselves , including Second Advent Christian , Swedenborgian , and New Church . Keller described the progressive views of her belief in these words : But in Swedenborg 's teaching it ( Divine Providence ) is shown to be the government of God 's Love and Wisdom and the creation of uses . Since His Life can not be less in one being than another , or His Love manifested less fully in one thing than another , His Providence must needs be universal ... He has provided religion of some kind everywhere , and it does not matter to what race or creed anyone belongs if he is faithful to his ideals of right living . Later life Keller suffered a series of strokes in 1961 and spent the last years of her life at her home . On September 14 , 1964 , President Lyndon B. Johnson awarded her the Presidential Medal of Freedom , one of the United States ' two highest civilian honors . In 1965 she was elected to the National Women 's Hall of Fame at the New York World 's Fair . Keller devoted much of her later life to raising funds for the American Foundation for the Blind . She died in her sleep on June 1 , 1968 , at her home , Arcan Ridge , located in Easton , Connecticut , a few weeks short of her eighty - eighth birthday . A service was held in her honor at the National Cathedral in Washington , D.C. , her body was cremated and her ashes were placed there next to her constant companions , Anne Sullivan and Polly Thomson . She was buried at the Washington National Cathedral in Washington , D.C. Portrayals `` Anne Sullivan -- Helen Keller Memorial '' -- a bronze sculpture in Tewksbury , Massachusetts Keller 's life has been interpreted many times . She appeared in a silent film , Deliverance ( 1919 ) , which told her story in a melodramatic , allegorical style . She was also the subject of the documentaries Helen Keller in Her Story , narrated by Katharine Cornell , and The Story of Helen Keller , part of the Famous Americans series produced by Hearst Entertainment . The Miracle Worker is a cycle of dramatic works ultimately derived from her autobiography , The Story of My Life . The various dramas each describe the relationship between Keller and Sullivan , depicting how the teacher led her from a state of almost feral wildness into education , activism , and intellectual celebrity . The common title of the cycle echoes Mark Twain 's description of Sullivan as a `` miracle worker . '' Its first realization was the 1957 Playhouse 90 teleplay of that title by William Gibson . He adapted it for a Broadway production in 1959 and an Oscar - winning feature film in 1962 , starring Anne Bancroft and Patty Duke . It was remade for television in 1979 and 2000 . With Patty Duke , who portrayed Helen Keller in both the play and film The Miracle Worker ( 1962 ) . In a 1979 remake , Patty Duke played Anne Sullivan . In 1984 , Keller 's life story was made into a TV movie called The Miracle Continues . This film that entailed the semi-sequel to The Miracle Worker recounts her college years and her early adult life . None of the early movies hint at the social activism that would become the hallmark of Keller 's later life , although a Disney version produced in 2000 states in the credits that she became an activist for social equality . The Bollywood movie Black ( 2005 ) was largely based on Keller 's story , from her childhood to her graduation . A documentary called Shining Soul : Helen Keller 's Spiritual Life and Legacy was produced by the Swedenborg Foundation in the same year . The film focuses on the role played by Emanuel Swedenborg 's spiritual theology in her life and how it inspired Keller 's triumph over her triple disabilities of blindness , deafness and a severe speech impediment . On March 6 , 2008 , the New England Historic Genealogical Society announced that a staff member had discovered a rare 1888 photograph showing Helen and Anne , which , although previously published , had escaped widespread attention . Depicting Helen holding one of her many dolls , it is believed to be the earliest surviving photograph of Anne Sullivan Macy . Video footage showing Helen Keller learning to mimic speech sounds also exists . A biography of Helen Keller was written by the German Jewish author H.J. Kaeser . A 10 - by - 7 - foot ( 3.0 by 2.1 m ) painting titled The Advocate : Tribute to Helen Keller was created by three artists from Kerala as a tribute to Helen Keller . The Painting was created in association with a non-profit organization Art d'Hope Foundation , artists groups Palette People and XakBoX Design & Art Studio . This painting was created for a fundraising event to help blind students in India and was inaugurated by M.G. Rajamanikyam , IAS ( District Collector Ernakulam ) on Helen Keller day ( June 27 , 2016 ) . The painting depicts the major events of Helen Keller 's life and is one of the biggest paintings done based on Helen Keller 's life . Posthumous honors Helen Keller as depicted on the Alabama state quarter A preschool for the deaf and hard of hearing in Mysore , India , was originally named after Helen Keller by its founder , K.K. Srinivasan . In 1999 , Keller was listed in Gallup 's Most Widely Admired People of the 20th century . In 2003 , Alabama honored its native daughter on its state quarter . The Alabama state quarter is the only circulating U.S. coin to feature braille . The Helen Keller Hospital in Sheffield , Alabama , is dedicated to her . Streets are named after Helen Keller in Zürich , Switzerland , in the USA , in Getafe , Spain , in Lod , Israel , in Lisbon , Portugal , and in Caen , France . A stamp was issued in 1980 by the United States Postal Service depicting Keller and Sullivan , to mark the centennial of Keller 's birth . On October 7 , 2009 , a bronze statue of Keller was added to the National Statuary Hall Collection , as a replacement for the State of Alabama 's former 1908 statue of the education reformer Jabez Lamar Monroe Curry . Archival material Archival material of Helen Keller stored in New York was lost when the Twin Towers were destroyed in the September 11 attacks . The Helen Keller Archives are owned by the American Foundation for the Blind . See also Helen Keller Services for the Blind Perkins School for the Blind Ragnhild Kåta References ^ Jump up to : `` Helen Keller Birthplace '' . Helen Keller Birthplace Foundation , Inc . Jump up ^ `` Inductees '' . Alabama Women 's Hall of Fame . State of Alabama . Retrieved February 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Harper Lee Among Inaugural Inductees Into Alabama Writers Hall of Fame '' . The Huffington Post . June 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Helen Keller FAQ '' . Perkins School for the Blind . Retrieved December 25 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Nielsen , Kim E. ( 2007 ) . `` The Southern Ties of Helen Keller '' . Journal of Southern History . 73 ( 4 ) . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Ask Keller '' . American Foundation for the Blind . October 2006 . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ask Keller '' . American Foundation for the Blind . November 2005 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arthur H. Keller '' . Encyclopedia of Alabama . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Herrmann , Dorothy ; Keller , Helen ; Shattuck , Roger ( 2003 ) . The Story of my Life : The Restored Classic . pp. 12 -- 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 32568 - 3 . Retrieved May 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kate Adams Keller '' . American Foundation for the Blind . Retrieved March 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Charles W. Adams ( 1817 -- 1878 ) profile '' . Findagrave.com . Retrieved August 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ask Keller '' . American Foundation for the Blind . November 2005 . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ask Keller '' . American Foundation for the Blind . February 2005 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Helen 's illness was diagnosed by her doctor as `` acute congestion of the stomach and the brain '' Jump up ^ `` Helen Keller Biography '' . American Foundation for the Blind . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Keller , Helen ( 1905 ) . `` The Story of My Life '' . New York : Doubleday , Page & Company . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shattuck , Roger ( 1904 ) . `` The World I Live In '' . Jump up ^ Worthington , W. Curtis ( March 1990 ) . A Family Album : Men Who Made the Medical Center . Reprint Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87152 - 444 - 7 . Jump up ^ Wilkie , Katherine E. ( January 1969 ) . Helen Keller : Handicapped Girl . Atheneum . ISBN 978 - 0 - 672 - 50076 - 3 . Jump up ^ Dahl , Hartvig . `` Observation on a Natural Experiment '' . Jump up ^ `` HELEN KELLER IN COLLEGE -- Blind , Dumb and Deaf Girl Now Studying at Radcliffe '' . Chicago Tribune : 16 . October 13 , 1900 . Jump up ^ Herbert Gantschacher `` Back from History ! -- The correspondence of letters between the Austrian - Jewish philosopher Wilhelm Jerusalem and the American deafblind writer Helen Keller '' , Gebärdensache , Vienna 2009 , p. 35ff . Jump up ^ Specifically , the reordered alphabet known as American Braille Jump up ^ `` First Number Citizens Lecture Course Monday , November Fifth '' , The Weekly Spectrum , North Dakota Agricultural College , Volume XXXVI no . 3 , November 7 , 1917 . Jump up ^ Koser , Jessica ( January 19 , 2016 ) . `` From the files : New library is now open to the public '' . Dunn County News . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Herrmann , Dorothy ( December 15 , 1999 ) . Helen Keller : A Life . University of Chicago Press . pp. 266 -- . ISBN 9780226327631 . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tragedy to Triumph : An Adventure with Helen Keller '' . Graceproducts.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The life of Helen Keller '' . Royal National Institute of Blind People . November 20 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sultan , Rosie ( May 14 , 2012 ) . `` Helen Keller 's Secret Love Life '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wellman , Victoria ( May 8 , 2012 ) . `` Helen Keller 's forbidden love : New book inspired by the author 's clandestine engagement tells of thwarted romance and broken hearts '' . Daily Mail . ^ Jump up to : Nielsen , Kim . `` The Radical Lives of Helen Keller '' . ^ Jump up to : Herrmann , Dorothy . Helen Keller : A Life . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 32763 - 1 . Jump up ^ Helen Keller : Rebel Lives , by Helen Keller & John Davis , Ocean Press , 2003 ISBN 978 - 1 - 876175 - 60 - 3 , pg 57 Jump up ^ McGinnity , B.L. `` Helen Keller '' . ^ Jump up to : Loewen , James W. ( 1996 ) ( 1995 ) . Lies My Teacher Told Me : Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong ( Touchstone ed . ) . New York , NY : Touchstone Books . pp. 20 -- 22 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 81886 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman at Massey Hall '' . Toronto Star Weekly . January 1914 . Retrieved October 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ George , Henry ( 1998 ) . Progress & Poverty . Robert Schalkenbach Foundation . ISBN 978 - 0 - 911312 - 10 - 2 . Jump up ^ Keller , Helen ( November 3 , 1912 ) . `` How I Became a Socialist '' . The New York Call . Helen Keller Reference Archive . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Why I Became an IWW '' in Helen Keller Reference Archive from An interview written by Barbara Bindley , published in the New York Tribune , January 16 , 1916 Jump up ^ Nielsen , Kim E. ( April 1 , 2009 ) . The Radical Lives of Helen Keller . New York City , NY : New York University Press . pp. 36 -- 37 . ISBN 0814758142 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pernick , MS ( November 1997 ) . `` Eugenics and public health in American history '' . American Journal of Public Health . 87 ( 11 ) : 1767 -- 1772 . doi : 10.2105 / ajph. 87.11. 1767 . PMC 1381159 . PMID 9366633 . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Quotes '' . Population Matters . Retrieved July 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Quotes '' . World Population Balance . Retrieved July 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Keller , Helen ( 1910 ) . The World I Live In . New York : The Century Co . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59017 - 067 - 0 . Jump up ^ Willmington , H.L. Willmington 's Guide to the Bible . Wheaton , Illinois : Tyndale House Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8423 - 8804 - 7 . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Sometime after she had progressed to the point that she could engage in conversation , she was told of God and his love in sending Christ to die on the cross . She is said to have responded with joy , `` I always knew he was there , but I did n't know his name ! '' Jump up ^ Helms , Harold E. ( April 30 , 2004 ) . God 's Final Answer . Xulon Press . p. 78 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59467 - 410 - 5 . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . A favorite story about Helen Keller concerns her first introduction to the gospel . When Helen , who was both blind and deaf , learned to communicate , Anne Sullivan , her teacher , decided that it was time for her to hear about Jesus Christ . Anne called for Phillips Brooks , the most famous preacher in Boston . With Sullivan interpreting for him , he talked to Helen Keller about Christ . It was n't long until a smile lighted up her face . Through her teacher she said , `` Mr. Brooks , I have always known about God , but until now I did n't know His name . '' Jump up ^ Dickinson , Mary Lowe ; Avary , Myrta Lockett ( 1901 ) . Heaven , Home And Happiness . The Christian Herald . p. 216 . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Phillips Brooks began to tell her about God , who God was , what he had done , how he loved me , and what he was to us . The child listened very intently . Then she looked up and said , `` Mr. Brooks , I knew all that before , but I did n't know His name . '' ^ Jump up to : Keller , Helen ( March 17 , 2007 ) . My Religion . The Book Tree . pp. 177 -- 178 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58509 - 284 - 0 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Scott . Resting Places : The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons , 3d ed. : 2 ( Kindle Locations 24973 - 24974 ) . McFarland & Company , Inc. , Publishers . Kindle Edition . Jump up ^ `` Deliverance ( 1919 ) '' . Retrieved June 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Helen Keller : The Miracle Continues ( 1984 ) ( TV ) '' . Retrieved June 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Güler , Emrah ( October 28 , 2013 ) . `` Helen Keller story inspires Turkish film '' . Hürriyet Daily News . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Picture of Helen Keller as a child revealed after 120 years '' . The Independent . London . March 7 , 2008 . Retrieved May 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Newly Discovered Photograph Features Never Before Seen Image Of Young Helen Keller '' ( PDF ) . New England Genealogical Society . Retrieved March 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Post to Wall . `` Helen Keller learning to mimic speech '' . Wimp.com . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A tribute to Helen Keller '' . The New Indian Express . Jump up ^ `` ' Tribute to Helen Keller ' : Art for raising funds for blind students '' . www.artdhope.org . July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tribute to Helen Keller '' . The Hindu . Jump up ^ `` A likeness of Helen Keller is featured on Alabama 's quarter '' . United States Mint . March 23 , 2010 . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Alabama State Quarter '' . The US50 . March 17 , 2003 . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Helen Keller Hospital website '' . Helenkeller.com . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` רחוב הלן קלר , לוד '' ( Helen Keller Street , Lod ) ( in Hebrew ) . Google Maps . January 1 , 1970 . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Toponomy section of the Lisbon Municipality website '' . Toponimia.cm-lisboa.pt . January 6 , 1968 . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2012 . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Helen Keller '' . Architect of the Capitol . Retrieved December 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Helen Keller Archive Lost in World Trade Center Attack '' . Poets & Writers . October 3 , 2001 . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Urschel , Donna ( November 2002 ) . `` Lives and Treasures Taken '' . Library of Congress Information Bulletin . Library of Congress . 61 ( 11 ) . Jump up ^ Bridge , Sarah ; Stastna , Kazi ( August 21 , 2011 ) . `` 9 / 11 anniversary : What was lost in the damage '' . CBC News . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Helen Keller -- Our Champion '' . American Foundation for the Blind . 2015 . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Bibliography The Frost King ( 1891 ) The Story of My Life ( 1903 ) The World I Live In in 1908 Out of the Dark , a series of essays on socialism , was published in 1913 My Religion Further reading Library resources about Helen Keller Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries By Helen Keller Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Brooks , Van Wyck. ( 1956 ) Helen Keller Sketch for a Portrait ( 1956 ) Harrity , Richard and Martin , Ralph G. ( 1962 ) The Three Lives of Helen Keller Lash , Joseph P. ( 1980 ) Helen and Teacher : The Story of Helen Keller and Anne Sullivan Macy . New York , NY : Delacorte Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 440 - 03654 - 8 Einhorn , Lois J. ( 1998 ) Helen Keller , Public Speaker : Sightless But Seen , Deaf But Heard ( Great American Orators ) Herrmann , Dorothy ( 1998 ) Helen Keller : A Life . New York , NY : Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 44354 - 4 `` Keller , Helen Adams '' . World Encyclopedia . Philip 's . Oxford Reference Online . Oxford University Press . University of Edinburgh. 2008 . Retrieved February 10 , 2012 . Primary sources Keller , Helen with Anne Sullivan and John A. Macy ( 1903 ) The Story of My Life . New York , NY : Doubleday , Page & Co . Historiography Amico , Eleanor B. , ed . Reader 's Guide to Women 's Studies ( Fitzroy Dearborn , 1998 ) pp328 -- 29 External links Find more aboutHelen Kellerat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata External video Booknotes interview with Dorothy Herrmann on Helen Keller : A Life October 25 , 1998 ) , C - SPAN Helen Keller International Helen Keller and Anne Sullivan Archive at Perkins School for the Blind Works by Helen Keller at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Helen Keller at Internet Archive Works by Helen Keller at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) The Story of My Life by Helen Keller at Project Gutenberg Helen Keller at Women Film Pioneers Project Helen Keller on IMDb Helen Keller at the TCM Movie Database FBI Records : The Vault -- Helen Keller at fbi.gov Helen Keller at the American Film Institute Catalog The Story of My Life with introduction to the text Philip Foner , Helen Keller , Her Socialist Years : Writings and Speeches . New York : International Publishers , 1967 . `` Who Stole Helen Keller ? '' by Ruth Shagoury in the Huffington Post , June 22 , 2012 . Papers of Helen Adams Keller , 1898 -- 2003 Schlesinger Library , Radcliffe Institute , Harvard University . Poems by Florence Earle Coates : `` To Helen Keller '' , `` Helen Keller with a Rose '' , `` Against the Gate of Life '' Michals , Debra . `` Helen Keller '' . National Women 's History Museum . 2015 . Helen Keller Life history Ivy Green Tuscumbia , Alabama Laura Bridgman Alexander Graham Bell Charles W. Adams Schools attended Perkins School for the Blind Anne Sullivan Wright - Humason School for the Deaf Horace Mann School for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing The Cambridge School of Weston Radcliffe College Related foundations Helen Keller International American Civil Liberties Union Helen Keller Services for the Blind Related works `` The Frost King '' The Story of My Life Light in My Darkness Deliverance Helen Keller in Her Story The Miracle Worker The Miracle Continues Black Related topics Helen Keller Day Helen Keller ( Hlavka ) Helen Keller 's The Story of My Life ( 1903 ) Characters Anne Sullivan Helen Keller Film The Miracle Worker ( 1962 ) The Miracle Worker ( 1979 ) The Miracle Worker ( 2000 ) Black ( 2005 ) Stage The Miracle Worker ( 1959 play ) Related The Miracle Continues The Miracle Worker Alabama Women 's Hall of Fame 1970s 1971 Hallie Farmer Helen Adams Keller Julia Strudwick Tutwiler 1972 Agnes Ellen Harris Margaret Murray Washington 1973 Edwina Donnelly Mitchell Lurleen Burns Wallace Henrietta Gibbs Loraine Bedsole Tunstall Dixie Bibb Graves Marie Bankhead Owen 1976 Ruth Robertson Berrey Annie Lola Price 1977 Amelia Gayle Gorgas Augusta Jane Evans Wilson 1978 Annie Rowan Forney Daugette Patti Ruffner Jacobs 1979 Myrtle Brooke Carrie A. Tuggle 1980s 1980 Kathleen Moore Mallory Ruby Pickens Tartt 1981 Tallulah Bankhead Elizabeth Johnston 1982 Chrysostom Moynahan Loula Friend Dunn Anne Mathilde Bilbro Clara Weaver Parrish 1984 Mildred Westervelt Warner Katherine White - Spunner 1985 Blanche Evans Dean Katherine Vickery 1986 Chamintney Stovall Thomas Martha Strudwick Young Elizabeth Caroline Crosby Lella Warren 1988 Katherine Cooper Cater Mary Elizabeth Phillips Thompson Gwen Bristow Geneva Mercer 1990s 1990 Maud McLure Kelly Octavia Walton Le Vert 1991 Frances Virginia Praytor Anna Linton Praytor Julia Tarrant Barron Bessie Morse Bellingrath Frances Scott Fitzgerald Smith Zelda Sayre Fitzgerald 1993 Ida Elizabeth Brandon Mathis Mary George Jordan Waite 1994 Doris Marie Bender Lottice Howell 1995 -- 1996 Elizabeth Burford Bashinsky Maude McKnight Lindsay 1997 Hattie Hooker Wilkins Marion Walker Spidle 1998 Martha Foster Crawford Maria Howard Weeden 1999 Margaret H. Booth Juliet Opie Hopkins 2000s 2000 Florence Golson Bateman Maria Fearing 2001 Ida Vines Moffett Sibyl Murphree Pool 2002 Idella Jones Childs Jane Lobman Katz 2003 Louise Branscomb Bess Bolden Walcott Nancy Batson Crews Rosa Gerhardt 2005 Vera Hall Juliette Hampton Morgan 2006 Virginia Foster Durr Mary Celesta Johnson Weatherly 2007 Fran McKee Martha Crystal Myers 2008 Rosa McCauley Parks 2009 Coretta Scott King 2010s Mary Ivy Burks Margaret Charles Smith 2011 Evelyn Daniel Anderson Ada Ruth Stovall 2012 Nina Miglionico 2013 Frances C. Roberts 2014 Hazel Mansell Gore 2015 Kathryn Tucker Windham 2016 Anne Mae Beddow Sarah Haynsworth Gayle 2017 Mary Ward Brown Sara Crews Finley Connecticut Women 's Hall of Fame 1994 Mary Jobe Akeley Anni Albers Marian Anderson Beatrice Fox Auerbach Emma Fielding Baker Evelyn Beatrice Longman Catharine Beecher Jody Cohen Prudence Crandall Katharine Seymour Day Fidelia Fielding Charlotte Perkins Gilman Dorothy Goodwin Ella T. Grasso Estelle Griswold Mary Hall Alice Hamilton Katharine Hepburn Katharine Martha Houghton Hepburn Isabella Beecher Hooker Emeline Roberts Jones Barbara B. Kennelly Clare Boothe Luce Rachel Taylor Milton Alice Paul Ellen Ash Peters Ann Petry Sarah Porter Theodate Pope Riddle Edna Negron Rosario Margaret Rudkin Susan Saint James Lydia Sigourney Virginia Thrall Smith Smiths of Glastonbury Hilda Crosby Standish Harriet Beecher Stowe Gladys Tantaquidgeon Betty Tianti Hannah Bunce Watson Chase G. Woodhouse 1995 Helen M. Feeney Caroline Hewins Donna Lopiano María Colón Sánchez Edythe J. Gaines Madeleine L'Engle Susanne Langer 1997 Elizabeth Hart Jarvis Colt Annie Dillard Margo Rose Laura Wheeler Waring 1998 Dorrit Hoffleit Constance Baker Motley Rosa Ponselle Lillian Vernon Mabel Osgood Wright 1999 Jane Hamilton - Merritt Sophie Tucker Ann Uccello Florence Wald 2000 Emily Barringer Adrianne Baughns - Wallace Mary Goodrich Jenson 2001 Laura Nyro Catherine Roraback Maria Miller Stewart 2002 Florence Griswold Eileen Kraus Miriam Therese Winter 2003 Dotha Bushnell Hillyer Clarice McLean 2005 Martha Coolidge Helen Frankenthaler Rosalind Russell 2006 Helen Keller Mary Townsend Seymour Anne Stanback 2007 Dorothy Hamill Joan Joyce Glenna Collett - Vare 2008 Jewel Plummer Cobb Patricia Goldman - Rakic Barbara McClintock Joan A. Steitz 2009 Martha Minerva Franklin Carolyn M. Mazure Helen L. Smits Anne M. Mulcahy Martha Parsons Maggie Wilderotter 2011 Isabelle M. Kelley Denise Lynn Nappier Patricia Wald 2012 Anne Garrels Annie Leibovitz Faith Middleton 2013 Rosa DeLauro Barbara Franklin Linda Lorimer Augusta Lewis Troup 2014 Beatrix Farrand Jennifer Lawton Marian Salzman 2015 Margaret Bourke - White Carolyn Miles Indra Nooyi 2016 Rebecca Lobo Jane Pauley Joyce Yerwood Inductees to the National Women 's Hall of Fame 1970 -- 1979 1973 Jane Addams Marian Anderson Susan B. Anthony Clara Barton Mary McLeod Bethune Elizabeth Blackwell Pearl S. Buck Rachel Carson Mary Cassatt Emily Dickinson Amelia Earhart Alice Hamilton Helen Hayes Helen Keller Eleanor Roosevelt Florence Sabin Margaret Chase Smith Elizabeth Cady Stanton Helen Brooke Taussig Harriet Tubman 1976 Abigail Adams Margaret Mead Mildred `` Babe '' Didrikson Zaharias 1979 Dorothea Dix Juliette Gordon Low Alice Paul Elizabeth Bayley Seton 1980 -- 1989 1981 Margaret Sanger Sojourner Truth 1982 Carrie Chapman Catt Frances Perkins Belva Lockwood Lucretia Mott 1984 Mary `` Mother '' Harris Jones Bessie Smith 1986 Barbara McClintock Lucy Stone Harriet Beecher Stowe 1988 Gwendolyn Brooks Willa Cather Sally Ride Ida B. Wells - Barnett 1990 -- 1999 1990 Margaret Bourke - White Barbara Jordan Billie Jean King Florence B. Seibert 1991 Gertrude Belle Elion 1993 Ethel Percy Andrus Antoinette Blackwell Emily Blackwell Shirley Chisholm Jacqueline Cochran Ruth Colvin Marian Wright Edelman Alice Evans Betty Friedan Ella Grasso Martha Wright Griffiths Fannie Lou Hamer Dorothy Height Dolores Huerta Mary Jacobi Mae Jemison Mary Lyon Mary Mahoney Wilma Mankiller Constance Baker Motley Georgia O'Keeffe Annie Oakley Rosa Parks Esther Peterson Jeannette Rankin Ellen Swallow Richards Elaine Roulet Katherine Siva Saubel Gloria Steinem Helen Stephens Lillian Wald Madam C.J. Walker Faye Wattleton Rosalyn S. Yalow Gloria Yerkovich 1994 Bella Abzug Ella Baker Myra Bradwell Annie Jump Cannon Jane Cunningham Croly Catherine East Geraldine Ferraro Charlotte Perkins Gilman Grace Hopper Helen LaKelly Hunt Zora Neale Hurston Anne Hutchinson Frances Wisebart Jacobs Susette La Flesche Louise McManus Maria Mitchell Antonia Novello Linda Richards Wilma Rudolph Betty Bone Schiess Muriel Siebert Nettie Stevens Oprah Winfrey Sarah Winnemucca Fanny Wright 1995 Virginia Apgar Ann Bancroft Amelia Bloomer Mary Breckinridge Eileen Collins Elizabeth Hanford Dole Anne Dallas Dudley Mary Baker Eddy Ella Fitzgerald Margaret Fuller Matilda Joslyn Gage Lillian Moller Gilbreth Nannerl O. Keohane Maggie Kuhn Sandra Day O'Connor Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin Pat Schroeder Hannah Greenebaum Solomon Louisa May Alcott Charlotte Anne Bunch Frances Xavier Cabrini Mary A. Hallaren Oveta Culp Hobby Wilhelmina Cole Holladay Anne Morrow Lindbergh Maria Goeppert - Mayer Ernestine Louise Potowski Rose Maria Tallchief Edith Wharton 1998 Madeleine Albright Maya Angelou Nellie Bly Lydia Moss Bradley Mary Steichen Calderone Mary Ann Shadd Cary Joan Ganz Cooney Gerty Cori Sarah Grimké Julia Ward Howe Shirley Ann Jackson Shannon Lucid Katharine Dexter McCormick Rozanne L. Ridgway Edith Nourse Rogers Felice Schwartz Eunice Kennedy Shriver Beverly Sills Florence Wald Angelina Grimké Weld Chien - Shiung Wu 2000 -- 2009 2000 Faye Glenn Abdellah Emma Smith DeVoe Marjory Stoneman Douglas Mary Dyer Sylvia A. Earle Crystal Eastman Jeanne Holm Leontine T. Kelly Frances Oldham Kelsey Kate Mullany Janet Reno Anna Howard Shaw Sophia Smith Ida Tarbell Wilma L. Vaught Mary Edwards Walker Annie Dodge Wauneka Eudora Welty Frances E. Willard 2001 Dorothy H. Andersen Lucille Ball Rosalynn Carter Lydia Maria Child Bessie Coleman Dorothy Day Marian de Forest Althea Gibson Beatrice A. Hicks Barbara Holdridge Harriet Williams Russell Strong Emily Howell Warner Victoria Woodhull 2002 Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis Ruth Bader Ginsburg Katharine Graham Bertha Holt Mary Engle Pennington Mercy Otis Warren 2003 Linda G. Alvarado Donna de Varona Gertrude Ederle Martha Matilda Harper Patricia Roberts Harris Stephanie L. Kwolek Dorothea Lange Mildred Robbins Leet Patsy Takemoto Mink Sacagawea Anne Sullivan Sheila E. Widnall 2005 Florence Ellinwood Allen Ruth Fulton Benedict Betty Bumpers Hillary Clinton Rita Rossi Colwell Mother Marianne Cope Maya Y. Lin Patricia A. Locke Blanche Stuart Scott Mary Burnett Talbert 2007 Eleanor K. Baum Julia Child Martha Coffin Pelham Wright Swanee Hunt Winona LaDuke Elisabeth Kübler - Ross Judith L. Pipher Catherine Filene Shouse Henrietta Szold 2009 Louise Bourgeois Mildred Cohn Karen DeCrow Susan Kelly - Dreiss Allie B. Latimer Emma Lazarus Ruth Patrick Rebecca Talbot Perkins Susan Solomon Kate Stoneman 2010 -- 2019 2011 St. Katharine Drexel Dorothy Harrison Eustis Loretta C. Ford Abby Kelley Foster Helen Murray Free Billie Holiday Coretta Scott King Lilly Ledbetter Barbara A. Mikulski Donna E. Shalala Kathrine Switzer 2013 Betty Ford Ina May Gaskin Julie Krone Kate Millett Nancy Pelosi Mary Joseph Rogers Bernice Sandler Anna Schwartz Emma Willard 2015 Tenley Albright Nancy Brinker Martha Graham Marcia Greenberger Barbara Iglewski Jean Kilbourne Carlotta Walls LaNier Philippa Marrack Mary Harriman Rumsey Eleanor Smeal 2017 Matilda Cuomo Temple Grandin Lorraine Hansberry Victoria Jackson Sherry Lansing Clare Boothe Luce Aimee Mullins Carol Mutter Janet Rowley Alice Waters BIBSYS : 9 BNE : XX4578930 BNF : cb119095608 ( data ) GND : 118561103 ISNI : 0000 0001 2278 350X LCCN : n83158974 NARA : 10677875 NDL : 00445391 NKC : jn20000700876 NLA : 35264173 SELIBR : 193192 SNAC : w6sc4vq1 SUDOC : 026947234 VIAF : 36920292 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helen_Keller&oldid=851066252 '' Categories : 1880 births 1968 deaths Helen Keller 19th - century American women writers 20th - century American writers 20th - century American women writers American anti-war activists American birth control activists American Christian pacifists American Civil Liberties Union people American feminist writers American memoirists American people of Swiss descent American people with disabilities American political writers American women short story writers American suffragists American Swedenborgians American essayists American women essayists Blind people from the United States Burials at Washington National Cathedral Christian feminists Deafblind people from the United States Disease - related deaths in Connecticut Disability rights activists from the United States Industrial Workers of the World members Members of the Socialist Party of America Nonviolence advocates People from Tuscumbia , Alabama Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients Radcliffe College alumni Workers ' rights activists Writers from Alabama Recipients of the Order of St. Sava Socialist feminists Stroke survivors Women memoirists Swedenborgian socialists 19th - century American short story writers American Christian socialists Women in Film ( pioneers ) Hidden categories : Pages with login required references or sources CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from January 2013 CS1 Hebrew - language sources ( he ) Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from May 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013 Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with LibriVox links Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers AC with 14 elements Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kiswahili Ladino Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 85 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 July 2018 , at 20 : 38 ( UTC ) . 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1696688755225244873	The Maze Runner (series)	The Maze Runner ( series ) - wikipedia The Maze Runner ( series ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the book series . For the film series , see Maze Runner ( film series ) . The Maze Runner 2009 edition cover of the first book The Maze Runner ( 2009 ) The Scorch Trials ( 2010 ) The Death Cure ( 2011 ) The Kill Order ( 2012 ) The Fever Code ( 2016 ) Author James Dashner Cover artist Philip Straub Country United States Language English Genre Adventure Science fiction Dystopian Young adult fiction Publisher Delacorte Press Published 2009 -- present Media type Print ( hardcover and paperback ) , audiobook , e-book The Maze Runner is a series of young adult dystopian science fiction novels written by American author James Dashner . The series consists of The Maze Runner ( 2009 ) , The Scorch Trials ( 2010 ) and The Death Cure ( 2011 ) , as well as the two prequel novels , The Kill Order ( 2012 ) and The Fever Code ( 2016 ) , and a companion book titled The Maze Runner Files ( 2013 ) . The series , revealing details in non-chronological order , tells how the world was devastated by a series of massive solar flares and coronal mass ejections . Contents ( hide ) 1 Books 1.1 The Maze Runner 1.2 The Scorch Trials 1.3 The Death Cure 1.4 The Kill Order 1.5 The Fever Code 1.6 Companion book 1.6. 1 The Maze Runner Files 2 Characters 3 Critical reception 4 Film adaptations 5 References Books ( edit ) The Maze Runner ( edit ) Main article : The Maze Runner The Maze Runner is the first book in the series and was released on October 6th , 2009 . A number of teenagers , who call themselves `` The Gladers '' , are left in a strange place which they call `` The Glade '' . Beyond the walls of the Glade is the ever - changing maze , with its horrifying creatures , the Grievers . Every month a newcomer , or greenie , joins the Gladers , sent by a lift with all past memories ( except language and other common things ) wiped out . The only thing that they really do remember is their name . The ultimate goal of the remaining Gladers , is to find a way out of the Glade . To do so , the runners venture into the maze every day , to map it in an attempt to find a pattern in the maze that would lead them to find an exit . When Thomas , a curious newcomer , arrives at the Glade and ventures into the maze , unusual things begin to happen . The Scorch Trials ( edit ) Main article : The Scorch Trials The Scorch Trials is the second book in the series and was released on September 18 , 2010 . The Gladers thought that getting through the maze was it ; except they did not know that their world was scorched by the sun . The Gladers did not know that they would have to fight for their lives another time . Burning and naked , the earth is a wasteland , its people driven mad by an infection known as the Flare . Instead of freedom , the Gladers must face another trial . They must survive the scorch trials to find their happy ending . The Death Cure ( edit ) Main article : The Death Cure The Death Cure is the third book in the series and was released on October 11 , 2011 . Thomas is locked up in solitary confinement for four weeks . He is then released , and Assistant Director Janson ( Rat Man ) reveals to him and the other subjects ( including Group B) that there is no cure for the Flare but that most of the Gladers and Group B are immune . He warns them that many people in the outside world hate them because of their unnatural resistance to the Flare , and that if they escape they will most likely be in more danger . Later , all Gladers and Group B members have memory restoration and escape . Thomas , Newt and Minho refuse . They later escape with Jorge and Brenda . They then go to a city and have WICKED 's devices in their brain disabled . They join forces with Right Arm , an organization against WICKED . The Kill Order ( edit ) Main article : The Kill Order The Kill Order is the fourth book in the series and was released on August 14 , 2012 . It is the first prequel in the series , set prior to the events of The Fever Code and 13 years before The Maze Runner book . It is followed by The Fever Code . Of the novel , Dashner stated that he wanted to expand the world , but not focus on the main characters of the main Maze Runner trilogy . He also stated that he had originally planned to write a prequel for the series , but that the plans did not become official until he had completed the third book in the trilogy . Before WICKED was formed , before the Glade was built , before Thomas entered the Maze , Sun Flares hit the earth and mankind was ravaged by disease . Mark and Trina were there when it happened , and they survived . Now a disease of rage and lunacy races across the eastern United States , and there 's something suspicious about its origin and it 's mutating , and all evidence suggests that it will bring humanity to its knees . Mark and Trina are convinced there 's a way to save those left living from descending into madness . The Fever Code ( edit ) Main article : The Fever Code The Fever Code is the fifth book in the series and was released on September 27 , 2016 . It is the second prequel in the series and the fifth installment overall , preceded by The Kill Order and followed by The Maze Runner . The book is chronologically set in between the events of The Kill Order and immediately before The Maze Runner . The novel is written from the various points of view of the Gladers . The book primarily focuses on the training that Thomas and the others undergo before being sent into the Maze , however , it also explores the relationships between the Gladers before they underwent the `` Swipe '' , the `` Purge '' that is briefly mentioned in The Death Cure and the lives of the Gladers in Thomas ' absence , as he is working with WICKED at the time . The book ends with the final moments of Thomas entering the Box ready to be sent to the Maze , leading to the beginning of The Maze Runner . Companion book ( edit ) The Maze Runner Files ( edit ) The Maze Runner Files is a companion book to The Maze Runner series . It was released on January 1 , 2013 in e-book form . It is 50 pages long . The book is divided into three parts : Confidential Files , Recovered Correspondence , and Suppressed Memories . It contains information about the Flare , WICKED and some of the Gladers . It also reveals events such as Thomas and Teresa 's first conversation , Minho 's Phase Three Trial , Frypan 's past , e-mails between WICKED correspondents , and more . Characters ( edit ) Thomas ( books 1 - 3 and 5 , minor appearance in book 4 ) was a Glader and one of the creators of The Maze along with Teresa Agnes . He is the main protagonist of the series , named after Thomas Edison . Thomas 's real name before being taken by WICKED was Stephen . Teresa Agnes ( books 1 - 5 , appears in book 4 as Deedee before her name is changed ) was a Glader and a creator of the Maze with Thomas . She was named after Mother Teresa . Minho ( books 1 - 3 , 5 ) is a former Glader and Keeper of the Runners . Newt ( books 1 - 3 , 5 ) was a Glader and Alby 's Second - in - command . He has a heavy limp from attempting suicide when he was a Runner . Newt was named after Sir Isaac Newton . Gally ( books 1 , 3 , 5 ) was a Glader who was Thomas 's first enemy in the Glade . He serves as the main antagonist of the first book . Gally was named after Galileo . Alby ( book 1 , 5 ) was the first - in - command and leader of the Gladers . He is named after Albert Einstein . Chuck ( book 1 , mentioned in 2 and 3 , 5 ) was a Glader who befriended Thomas in the Maze . He was Thomas ' best friend . He was named after Charles Darwin . Frypan ( books 1 - 3 , 5 ) is the former Keeper of the Cooks . He is named after Sigmund Freud . He was originally named Toby before being taken by WICKED . Winston ( books 1 - 2 ) was a Glader and the Keeper of the Slicers . He is named after Winston Churchill Chancellor Ava Paige ( books 1 - 3 , 5 ) is the highest - ranking official of WICKED . She initially opposed the use of Immunes for the Trials and also was one of the two people to oppose Thomas ' death . All epilogues of the three books consist of an email written by Chancellor Paige to her associates . Assistant Director Janson ( books 2 - 3 ) also referred to as Rat Man , was the highest - ranking official in the organization WICKED under Chancellor Paige . Jorge Gallaparga ( books 2 - 3 , 5 ) was a pilot for WICKED . He became a leader of a group of Cranks residing in the Scorch after . Brenda ( books 2 - 3 , 5 ) is a character that the Gladers assumed to be a Crank . Eventually , it is discovered that she is part of the group of Immunes . Aris Jones ( books 2 - 3 , 5 ) was the only male member of a group of female teenagers called Group B. He was named after Aristotle . Rachel ( mentioned in book 2 , 5 ) was a member of Group B and the best friend of Aris Jones , with whom she had a telepathic connection . Harriet ( books 2 - 3 ) was one of the leaders of Group B. She is named after Harriet Tubman Sonya ( books 2 - 3 , 5 ) was one of the leaders of Group B along with Harriet , another Group B member , in their Maze . She is the younger sister of Newt . Her name was originally Elizabeth and is called Lizzy by Newt . Mark ( book 4 ) is the main protagonist of The Kill Order . He survived the Sun Flares , and escaped to the Appalachians . Alec ( book 4 ) was a veteran and a pilot of the United States Military . He survived the Sun Flares and is one of the protagonists in The Kill Order . Trina ( book 4 ) is one of the protagonists in The Kill Order . She is also the love interest of Mark . Lana ( book 4 ) is a former military nurse and is one of the protagonists who survived the sun flares in The Kill Order . Critical reception ( edit ) Book retailer Barnes & Noble included The Maze Runner book as part of its showcasing of new writers for the end of 2009 and the beginning of 2010 . Kirkus Reviews wrote , `` Hard to put down , this is clearly just a first installment , and it will leave readers dying to find out what comes next '' . Jessica Harrison of the Deseret Morning News labeled The Maze Runner as `` a thrilling adventurous book for kids ages 13 + that will get readers ' hearts pumping and leave them asking for more . '' She noted that it `` starts out a bit slow '' but as it matched Thomas 's confusion and picked up pace as he became more accustomed , she wrote that `` it 's almost as if Dashner is easing the reader into what becomes a fast - paced , nonstop action . '' However , she thought the `` only drawback '' was the `` fictionalized slang '' that although it `` feels realistic and fits with his characters , it gets old pretty fast . On the plus side , however , it 's used so often that the reader almost becomes desensitized and learns to ignore it . '' Film adaptations ( edit ) Main article : Maze Runner ( film series ) The Maze Runner : Development for the film began in January 2011 when 20th Century Fox purchased the film rights to Dashner 's novel series . Principal photography began in Baton Rouge , Louisiana in May 2013 and ended in July . It was released on September 19 , 2014 . Maze Runner : The Scorch Trials : Principal photography commenced in Albuquerque , New Mexico in October 2014 and ended in January 2015 . It was released on September 18 , 2015 . Maze Runner : The Death Cure : Principal photography begun in South Africa in February 2017 for a January 12 , 2018 release . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Shill , Aaron ( November 25 , 2009 ) . `` ' Maze Runner ' on ' right track ' '' . Deseret Morning News . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2009 . Retrieved December 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dig , Enric ( September 24 , 2014 ) . `` The Maze Runner 2014 Full Movie Review '' . Publishers Weekly . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Deutsch , Lindsay . `` Exclusive cover reveal and excerpt : ' The Kill Order ' by James Dashner '' . USA Today . Retrieved 25 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Haddock , Sharon ( Aug 11 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Kill Order ' explains much of the series ' story '' . Deseret News . Retrieved 25 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Young , Terrell ( February 7 , 2013 ) . `` Talking with James Dashner about ' The Kill Order ' '' . Herald Extra . Retrieved 25 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` James Dashner on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` Sugarscape on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ Zeitchik , Steven ( January 4 , 2011 ) . `` Young - adult sensation ' The Maze Runner ' gets ready to run the movie gantlet ( Updated ) '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Maze Runner Movie Set '' . jamesdashner.com . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2013 . Retrieved September 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Maze Runner Movie Release Date , News , and Updates : 2 New Clips Released in Anticipation of The Premiere '' . hallels.com . Retrieved September 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( September 21 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office Sunday : ' Maze Runner ' Finds $32.5 M ; Liam 's ' Walk ' Limps In ; ' Where I Leave You ' No. 3 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Maze Runner Official Twitter ( October 27 , 2014 ) . `` Maze Runner : Scorch Trials begins filming '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wentz , Brook ( January 29 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Maze Runner ' sequel ' The Scorch Trials ' officially wraps filming '' . Hypable . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dashner , James ( September 21 , 2014 ) . `` And like that 's not cool enough , it 's official : THE SCORCH TRIALS movie is coming September 18 , 2015 . Does n't this look sweet : # ScorchTrials '' . Twitter . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Anita Busch ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Maze Runner : The Death Cure ' Will Restart Production In February '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ian Bailey ( September 4 , 2016 ) . `` Maze Runner film production leaving B.C. for South Africa '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . The Maze Runner series by James Dashner Main trilogy The Maze Runner film The Scorch Trials film The Death Cure film Prequels The Kill Order ( 2012 ) The Fever Code ( 2016 ) Other Film series Works by James Dashner The Jimmy Fincher Saga A Door in the Woods ( 2003 ) A Gift of Ice ( 2004 ) The Tower of Air ( 2004 ) War of the Black Curtain ( 2005 ) The 13th Reality series The Journal of Curious Letters ( 2008 ) The Hunt for Dark Infinity ( 2009 ) The Blade of Shattered Hope ( 2010 ) The Void of Mist and Thunder ( 2012 ) The Maze Runner series The Maze Runner ( 2009 ) The Scorch Trials ( 2010 ) The Death Cure ( 2011 ) The Kill Order ( 2012 ) The Fever Code ( 2016 ) The Infinity Ring series A Mutiny in Time ( 2012 ) The Mortality Doctrine The Eye of Minds ( 2013 ) The Rule of Thoughts ( 2014 ) The Game of Lives ( 2015 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Maze_Runner_(series)&oldid=798569177 '' Categories : Science fiction novel trilogies American science fiction novels Dystopian novels The Maze Runner Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Français Magyar Português ไทย Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 2 September 2017 , at 17 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the maze runner book series about	[ "The series, revealing details in non-chronological order, tells how the world was devastated by a series of massive solar flares and coronal mass ejections." ]	[ "tells how the world was devastated by a series of massive solar flares and coronal mass ejections" ]
7208668005351572007	South African environmental law	South African environmental law - wikipedia South African environmental law Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on Law and the Environment Environmental Law Pollution control law Environmental impact assessment Air quality law Water quality law Waste management law Environmental cleanup law Natural resources law Species protection Water resources law Mining law Forestry law Fisheries law Game law Reference materials Environmental journals International environmental agreements Environmental laws by country Environmental lawsuits Environmental ministries Supranational environmental agencies Related topics Administrative law Bankruptcy law Earth jurisprudence Energy law Environmental crime poaching Environmental justice Insurance law International law Land law Land use Law of the sea Property law Public trust doctrine Wild law South African environmental law describes the legal rules in South Africa relating to the social , economic , philosophical and jurisprudential issues raised by attempts to protect and conserve the environment in South Africa . South African environmental law encompasses natural resource conservation and utilization , as well as land - use planning and development . Issues of enforcement are also considered , together with the international dimension , which has shaped much of the direction of environmental law in South Africa . The role of the country 's Constitution , crucial to any understanding of the application of environmental law , also is examined . The National Environmental Management Act ( NEMA ) provides the underlying framework for environmental law . Contents ( hide ) 1 The concept of the `` environment '' 2 Scope of environmental law 3 Legal norms and standards 3.1 Emerging international norms and concepts 3.1. 1 Sustainable development 3.1. 2 Intergenerational equity 3.1. 3 Environmental justice 3.1. 4 Environmental rights 3.1. 5 Public trust doctrine 3.1. 6 Precautionary principle 3.1. 7 Preventive principle 3.1. 8 Polluter - pays principle 3.1. 9 Local - level governance 3.1. 10 Common but differentiated responsibility 4 Legislation regulating environmental management 5 Sources 6 Jurisprudential grounding 7 History 7.1 Pre-1994 7.1. 1 First three centuries 7.1. 2 1940 -- 1969 7.1. 3 1970 -- 1994 7.2 Post-1994 8 International environmental law 8.1 Impact on South African law 8.1. 1 Constitution 9 Constitution 9.1 s 24 9.1. 1 s 24 ( a ) 9.1. 2 s 24 ( b ) 9.1. 2.1 s 24 ( b ) ( i ) 9.1. 2.2 s 24 ( b ) ( ii ) 9.1. 2.3 s 24 ( b ) ( iii ) 9.2 s 25 9.3 s 32 9.4 s 33 9.4. 1 Procedural fairness 9.4. 2 Right to reasons 9.4. 3 Legitimate expectations 9.4. 4 Judicial review 9.4. 4.1 Promotion of Administrative Justice Act ( PAJA ) 9.4. 4.2 Common law 9.4. 4.2. 1 Compelling exercise of statutory duty 9.4. 4.2. 2 Relief 9.5 s 38 10 Administration 10.1 Co-operative governance 10.1. 1 National authority 10.1. 2 Provincial authority 10.1. 3 Local authority 10.1. 4 Schedules 4 and 5 10.1. 5 Mechanisms 10.1. 5.1 Intergovernmental Relations Framework Act 10.1. 5.2 National Environmental Management Act 10.1. 6 Environmental implementation plans 10.1. 7 Environmental management plans 10.1. 8 Implementation compliance and enforcement 10.1. 8.1 Constitutional mandate 10.1. 8.2 International obligations 11 Key cases 12 See also 13 References 13.1 Notes 13.2 Bibliography The concept of the `` environment '' ( edit ) The National Environmental Management Act ( NEMA ) defines `` environment '' as the surroundings within which humans exist . These are made up of : the land , the water and the atmosphere of the earth ; micro-organisms , plant and animal life ; any part or combination of the first two items on this list , and the interrelationships among and between them ; and the physical , chemical , aesthetic and cultural properties and conditions of the foregoing that influence human health and well - being . In addition , the Environment Conservation Act defines the environment as `` the aggregate of surrounding objects , conditions and influences that influence the life and habits of man or any other organism or collection of organisms . '' Scope of environmental law ( edit ) Jan Glazewski claims environmental law encompasses the following three `` distinct but inter-related areas of general concern . '' They are : land - use planning and development ; resource conservation and utilisation ; and waste management and pollution control . Legal norms and standards ( edit ) `` Not every legal norm relating to the environment , '' observes Rabie , `` is regarded as constituting environmental law . Environmental law presupposes that the norm in question is aimed at or is used for environmental conservation . '' `` Environmental conservation '' describes the conservation of natural resources and control of environmental pollution . This is done through a process known as `` environmental management . '' Environmental - law norms relate to the management of the environment . Emerging international norms and concepts ( edit ) A few of the emerging international norms and concepts in environmental law are noted below , together in some cases with a discussion of their application in South Africa . Sustainable development ( edit ) Main article : Sustainable development Sustainable development seeks to combat the idea that , while moving away from traditional sources of energy , civilisation would be forced to sacrifice growth , innovation , and progress . The 1983 World Commission on Environment and Development , convened by UN General Assembly , provided the most - cited definition of the concept : `` development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs . '' This aspiration contains within it two key concepts : `` the concept of needs , in particular the essential needs of the world 's poor , to which overriding priority must be given ; '' and `` the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organisation on the environment 's ability to meet present and future needs . '' The concept encompasses more than merely the environment , so for present purposes the focus should be on environmental sustainability : the goal of utilising the environment in a way which both meets human needs and ensures the environment 's indefinite preservation . NEMA defines `` sustainable development '' as `` the integration of social , economic and environmental factors into planning , implementation and decision - making so as to ensure that development serves present and future generations . '' NEMA provides further that `` sustainable development requires the consideration of all relevant factors including : `` that the disturbance of ecosystems and loss of biological diversity are avoided , or , where they can not be altogether avoided , are minimised and remedied ; `` that pollution and degradation of the environment are avoided , or , where they can not be altogether avoided , are minimised and remedied ; `` that the disturbance of landscapes and sites that constitute the nation 's cultural heritage is avoided , or where it can not be altogether avoided , is minimised and remedied ; `` that waste is avoided , or where it can not be altogether avoided , minimised and re-used or recycled where possible and otherwise disposed of in a responsible manner ; `` that the use and exploitation of non-renewable natural resources is responsible and equitable , and takes into account the consequences of the depletion of the resource ; `` that the development , use and exploitation of renewable resources and the ecosystems of which they are part do not exceed the level beyond which their integrity is jeopardised ; `` that a risk - averse and cautious approach is applied , which takes into account the limits of current knowledge about the consequences of decisions and actions ; and `` that negative impacts on the environment and on people 's environmental rights be anticipated and prevented , and where they can not be altogether prevented , are minimised and remedied . '' Intergenerational equity ( edit ) Main article : Intergenerational equity Intergenerational equity is , as the name implies , the concept of equality between the generations -- children , youth , adults and seniors . In discussions of climate change especially , people are often exhorted to think of the legacy they are leaving their children and grandchildren . Environmental Justice ( edit ) Main article : Environmental justice NEMA provides that `` environmental justice must be pursued so that adverse environmental impacts shall not be distributed in such a manner as to unfairly discriminate against any person , particularly vulnerable and disadvantaged persons . '' Environmental rights ( edit ) This term does not imply that `` environment ' has rights in South African Law but rather the right of people to an environment that is safeguarded , in fulfilment of the government 's public trust duties , for current and future generations . Section 24 of the South African Constitution states that `` everyone has the right : `` to an environment that is not harmful to their health or well - being ; and `` to have the environment protected , for the benefit of present and future generations , through reasonable legislative and other measures that `` prevent pollution and ecological degradation ; `` promote conservation ; and `` secure ecologically sustainable development and use of natural resources while promoting justifiable economic and social development . '' Public trust doctrine ( edit ) Main article : Public trust doctrine `` The environment , '' according to NEMA , `` is held in public trust for the people . The beneficial use of environmental resources must serve the public interest and the environment must be protected as the people 's common heritage . '' Precautionary principle ( edit ) Main article : Precautionary principle § Environment and health Principle 15 of the Rio Declaration provides as follows : Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage , lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost - effective measures to prevent environmental degradation . As noted above , NEMA requires `` that a risk - averse and cautious approach ( be ) applied , which takes into account the limits of current knowledge about the consequences of decisions and actions . '' Preventive principle ( edit ) Underlying this principle is the idea that only to be reacting to crises , when they happen , is far more expensive ( and in more than just the pecuniary sense ) than forestalling or preventing them before they happen . This is the fundamental notion behind laws regulating the generation , transportation , treatment , storage and disposal of hazardous waste , and laws regulating the use of pesticides . It is also the foundation of the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal ( 1989 ) , which sought to minimise the production of hazardous waste and to combat illegal dumping . The preventive principle was an important element , too , of the European Community 's Third Environmental Action Programme , adopted in 1983 . In South Africa , NEMA requires `` that pollution and degradation of the environment are avoided , or , where they can not be altogether avoided , are minimised and remedied . '' Polluter - pays principle ( edit ) Main article : Polluter pays principle This principle , widely understood to be commonsensical and intuitively fair , is analogous to the slogan `` you break , you pay . '' It makes the party responsible for producing the pollution responsible for paying for the damage done to the natural environment . It has attained the status of a regional custom , because of the strong support it has received in most OECD and EC countries . In terms of Principle 16 of the Rio Declaration , National authorities should endeavour to promote the internalisation of environmental costs and the use of economic instruments , taking into account the approach that the polluter should , in principle , bear the costs of pollution , with due regard to the public interests , and without distorting international trade and investment . NEMA echoes this : The costs of remedying pollution , environmental degradation and consequent adverse health effects and of preventing , controlling or minimising further pollution , environmental damage or adverse health effects must be paid for by those responsible for harming the environment . Local - level governance ( edit ) Questions about how environmental decisions are made , and about who makes them , are questions of environmental governance . This lies at the heart of environmental law and policy . Of especial relevance in the context of South African law are Schedules 4 and 5 of the Constitution . Common but differentiated responsibility ( edit ) The principle of common but differentiated responsibility ( CBDR ) is an important principle of international environmental law , explicitly formulated in the Principle 7 of the Rio Declaration : In view of the different contributions to global environmental degradation , States have common but differentiated responsibilities . The developed countries acknowledge the responsibility that they bear in the international pursuit of sustainable development in view of the pressures their societies place on the global environment and of the technologies and financial resources they command . Legislation regulating environmental management ( edit ) Legislation , from an environmental point of view , may be divided into six categories : legislation aimed exclusively at environmental management , like the National Parks Act and the Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Act ; legislation calculated to promote an environmental object , like the Mountain Catchment Areas Act ; legislation not specifically directed at environmental management , but including individual provisions aimed at environmental management , like the Nuclear Energy Act , the Sea - Shore Act and the National Roads Act ; legislation not aimed at environmental management , but including provisions that are directly or potentially of environmental significance , like land - use planning legislation and the Customs and Excise Act ; legislation not aimed at environmental management , but rather at environmental exploitation ( like the old mining legislation and legislation promoting afforestation and fishing , and the development of townships ) ; and , finally , Legislation with no environmental relevance . Sources ( edit ) There are a number of diverse sources of South African environmental law : International law -- Both international customary law and international conventions function as sources of South African environmental law . Common law -- A variety of common - law rules , derived from neighbour law , for example , and the law of nuisance , are of significance as sources of environmental law . The dictum sic utere tuo ut alienum laedas ( `` use your own so as to cause no harm '' ) furnishes one instance . Constitution of South Africa -- The Constitution now informs and underlies the entire legal system in South Africa . Of prime importance is the Bill of Rights , with its explicit provision for environmental rights . The Constitution provides a framework for the administration of environmental laws . Statute law -- Environmental law is also derived , fairly obviously , from national and provincial legislation , and from local by - laws . Customary law -- Custom functions to some degree as a source of environmental law . Jurisprudential grounding ( edit ) There are , broadly speaking , two bases in jurisprudence for protection of the environment : the biocentric ( or life - centred ) approach ; and the anthropocentric ( or human - centred ) approach . The anthropocentric approach finds some support in the common law of South Africa . There is , again , the Roman - law maxim sic utere tuo ut alienum laedas ( `` you may use your property only in such a way as will not harm another '' ) , for example . The Constitution , insofar as it deals with the environment , also embraces anthropocentric philosophy , providing for basic environmental rights . NEMA additionally provides that `` environmental management must place people and their needs at the forefront of its concern , and serve their physical , psychological , developmental , cultural and social interests equitably . '' History ( edit ) See also : History of South Africa Pre-1994 ( edit ) First three centuries ( edit ) For the first three centuries of South African law , the most prominent environmental issues were the control of drinking water ; pollution ; and the conservation of wild animals . This last became increasingly important in the late Nineteenth and early Twentieth Century , when the first conservation areas were established . 1940 -- 1969 ( edit ) In the three decades from 1940 to 1969 , environmental concern intensified . Several important pieces of legislation were passed , including the Water Act and the Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Act . The legislature , however , only responded to environmental concerns on an ad hoc basis , leading to a piece - meal effort . 1970 -- 1994 ( edit ) The 1970s heralded an environmental watershed worldwide , with the publication of Rachel Carson 's The Silent Spring in 1962 , the Torrey Canyon Disaster of 1967 , and Woodstock in 1970 . In South Africa , a variety of new laws were passed , and several novel concepts were introduced . Several important Acts were also updated , including the Environment Conservation Act . Post-1994 ( edit ) In 1996 , section 24 of the Constitution enshrined basic environmental rights . A strong theme in the current legal order is that of equitable access to resources . In the late 1990s , South Africa ratified several international conventions relating to the environment . It also enacted the National Environmental Management Act ( NEMA ) , which supplemented but did not entirely repeal the provisions of the Environment Conservation Act , some of which are still in force . Other important recent legislation includes the National Water Act ; the National Forests Act ; the National Environmental Management : Protected Areas Act ; the National Environmental Management : Biodiversity Act ; and the Marine Living Resources Act . International environmental law ( edit ) Main article : Environmental protocol International law is made up of : international conventions ( or treaties ) ; international custom , as evidence of a general practice accepted as law ; general principles of law as recognised by civilised nations ; and judicial decisions and the writings of the most highly qualified publicists . Most of this is applicable to South African environmental law , and is binding in South Africa . Impact on South African law ( edit ) International environmental law has had a considerable influence on South African environmental law . The former is usually incorporated into the latter in one of three ways : by incorporation of the provisions of the treaty into an Act of Parliament ; by including the treaty as a schedule to a statute ; and by proclamation by the executive in the Government Gazette , under the authorisation of a particular Act , giving the executive the power to bring the treaty into effect . Constitution ( edit ) See Chapter 14 of the Constitution and Chapter 6 of NEMA . Constitution ( edit ) Main article : Constitution of South Africa S 24 ( edit ) Section 24 of the Constitution explicitly grants environmental rights to `` everyone . '' S 24 ( a ) ( edit ) Section 24 ( a ) grants everyone the right to an environment that is not harmful to their health . This goes beyond the right of access to healthcare , established in section 27 of the Constitution , as a particular environment may be damaging to one 's health and yet not on infringe on one 's right of access to healthcare . In Verstappen v Port Edward Town Board , where the plaintiff sought an interdict on the ground that she was suffering health problems due to the local council 's dumping waste , without the requisite permit , on the adjoining property , she might have invoked section 24 , but did not . The right to an environment that is not harmful to one 's `` well - being , '' the second aspect of subsection 24 ( a ) , `` elevates the right beyond health but to a not readily determinable realm , '' writes Glazewski . He takes the word `` well - being '' to imply `` that the environment has not only an instrumental value ( ... ) , but that in addition , aspects of the environment ( ... ) are derserving of conservation for their intrinsic value . '' The ambit of `` well - being '' is potentially limitless , but is clearly relevant to pollution . It was invoked in Hichange Investments v Cape Produce Company , where Leach J opined , One should not be obliged to work in an environment of stench and , in my view , to be in an environment contaminated by H2S ( as it was in casu ) is adverse to one 's ' well - being . ' '' It may be argued that what constitutes `` well - being '' is relative to the nature and personality of the person seeking to assert this right , and that it will be decided on the facts of the particular case . Leach J concurs : `` The assessment of what is significant involves , in my view , a considerable measure of subjective import . '' S 24 ( b ) ( edit ) Section 24 ( b ) states that the government must use `` reasonable legislative and other measures '' to protect the environment . Glazewski argues that `` the government has clearly complied '' with the constitutional injunction to take legislative measures : It has enacted `` a plethora of environmental legislation and accompanying regulations since 1994 . '' The meaning of `` reasonable ( ... ) other measures '' was considered in the context of the environmental right in BP Southern Africa v MEC for Agriculture , Conservation & Land Affairs , where the court determined that it is up to the courts to determine what measures are reasonable . S 24 ( b ) ( i ) ( edit ) Section 24 ( b ) ( i ) requires these measures to `` prevent pollution and ecological degradation . '' This leads to the question : What degree of pollution should be tolerated in a developing country like South Africa ? This issue was highlighted in Hichange Investments , where Leach J considered what constitutes `` significant pollution . '' He answered , that `` the assessment ( ... ) involves ( ... ) a considerable measure of subjective import , '' and referred to the right to an environment that is not harmful to one 's well - being . S 24 ( b ) ( ii ) ( edit ) Section 24 ( b ) ( ii ) requires these measures to `` promote conservation . '' This is satisfied by `` the various statutory obligations on the state contained in the vast array of environmental statutes and regulations enacted before and after 1994 . '' S 24 ( b ) ( iii ) ( edit ) Section 24 ( b ) ( iii ) requires `` measures that ( ... ) secure ecologically sustainable development and use of natural resources while promoting justifiable economic and social development . '' In Minister of Public Works v Kyalami Ridge Environmental Association , where the government sought to establish a transit camp for people rendered homeless as a result of severe flooding , the court found that , in effect , the government 's duty to fulfil its obligations in terms of the right to housing trumped other legal claims , including the environmental concerns of the respondents . The notion that sustainable development is an inherent factor to be considered in environmental decision - making was specifically endorsed in BP Southern Africa v MEC for Agriculture , Conservation & Land Affairs : The concept of `` sustainable development '' is the fundamental building block around which environmental legal norms have been fashioned , both internationally and in South Africa , and is reflected in section 24 ( b ) ( iii ) of the constitution ( sic ) . Pure economic principles will no longer determine in an unbridled fashion whether a development is acceptable . Development , which may be regarded as economically and financially sound , will in future be balanced by its environmental impact , taking coherent cognisance of the principle of intergenerational equity and sustainable use of resources in order to arrive at an integrated management of the environment , sustainable development and socio - economic concerns . S 25 ( edit ) Section 25 of the Constitution guarantees property rights , which Glazewski states is fundamentally linked to environmental concerns . Property rights are not absolute ; owners may not use their property as they please . A central question is the extent to which private property rights may be limited in the public environmental interest , and when compensation is triggered if they are so limited . This tension has always been present in South African law ; it is now more acute in view of the relatively recent recognition of environmental rights . In Diepsloot Residents ' & Landowners Association v Administrator , Transvaal , a landowners ' association challenged the administrator 's decision to settle squatters near a residential area , on the grounds that this decision constituted an unwarranted interference with its property rights . The landowners contended that these property rights included an environmental component : The settlement would pollute the water and air . Their application was dismissed , however , on numerous grounds . In BP Southern Africa v MEC for Agriculture , Conservation & Land Affairs , the court found that : the constitutional right to environment is on a par with the rights to freedom of trade , occupation , profession and property entrenched in sections 22 and 25 of the Constitution . In any dealings with the physical expressions of property , land and freedom to trade , the environmental rights requirements should be part and parcel of the factors to be considered without any a priori grading of the rights . It will require a balancing of rights where competing interests and norms are concerned . S 32 ( edit ) Section 32 accords `` everyone '' the right to access information . This echoes Principle 10 of the Rio Declaration , which provides as follows : Environmental issues are best handled with the participation of all concerned citizens at the relevant level . At the national level , each individual shall have appropriate access to information concerning the environment that is held by public authorities , including information on hazardous materials and activities in their communities , and the opportunity to participate in decision - making processes . States shall facilitate and encourage public awareness and participation by making information widely available . S 33 ( edit ) The Constitution also provides that `` everyone has the right to administrative action that is lawful , reasonable and procedurally fair , '' and that `` everyone whose rights have been adversely affected by administrative action has the right to be given written reasons . '' It requires that national legislation , enacted `` to give effect to these rights , '' must `` provide for the review of administrative action by a court or , where appropriate , an independent and impartial tribunal ; '' `` impose a duty on the state to give effect to the rights '' above ; and `` promote an efficient administration . '' Section 1 ( 5 ) of NEMA , inserted by section 1 of the National Environmental Management Amendment Act , and effective from May 1 , 2009 , provides that any administrative process conducted or decision taken in terms of this Act must be conducted or taken in accordance with the Promotion of Administrative Justice Act ( ... ) unless otherwise provided for in this Act . In terms of the Promotion of Administrative Justice Act ( PAJA ) , `` administrative action '' refers to `` any decision taken , or any failure to take a decision , by `` an organ of state , when `` exercising a power in terms of the Constitution or a provincial constitution ; or `` exercising a public power or performing a public function in terms of any legislation ; or `` a natural or juristic person , other than an organ of state , when exercising a public power or performing a public function in terms of an empowering provision , `` which adversely affects the rights of any person and which has a direct , external legal effect . '' The provision goes on to list those actions which are not included in the definition of `` administrative action . '' An `` administrator '' is defined in PAJA is `` an organ of state or any natural or juristic person taking administrative action . '' A `` decision , '' meanwhile , means `` any decision of an administrative nature made , proposed to be made , or required to be made , as the case may be , under an empowering provision , including a decision relating to `` making , suspending , revoking or refusing to make an order , award or determination ; `` giving , suspending , revoking or refusing to give a certificate , direction , approval , consent or permission ; `` issuing , suspending , revoking or refusing to issue a licence , authority or other instrument ; `` imposing a condition or restriction ; `` making a declaration , demand or requirement ; `` retaining , or refusing to deliver up , an article ; or `` doing or refusing to do any other act or thing of an administrative nature , and a reference to a failure to take a decision must be construed accordingly . '' An `` empowering provision '' is `` a law , a rule of common law , customary law , or an agreement , instrument or other document in terms of which an administrative action was purportedly taken . '' Procedural fairness ( edit ) Fundamental to administrative decision - making , and to the right to just administrative action , is procedural fairness , referred to in section 33 ( 1 ) of the Bill of Rights . It has been taken up by PAJA , which provides that `` administrative action which materially and adversely affects the rights or legitimate expectations of any person must be procedurally fair . '' Inherent in procedural fairness is the common - law audi alteram partem rule : `` Hear the other side . '' Its application is illustrated in The Director : Mineral Development , Gauteng Region v Save the Vaal Environment , where the applicant had granted a mining licence to carry out open - cast mining near the Vaal river . The respondent , an environmental NGO , which had not been permitted to make representations prior to the granting of the permit , applied successfully to the High Court for a review of the decision . The question on appeal before the Supreme Court of Appeal was whether ( and , if so at what point ) interested parties wishing to oppose a mining licence application on environmental grounds were entitled to be heard by the Director . The court rejected the Director 's argument that section 9 of the Minerals Act excluded the application of the audi alteram partem rule , finding that the respondent should have been granted a hearing when the licence decision was made . Right to reasons ( edit ) The importance of right to reasons for an administrative action , whether generally or in the environmental context , was well known before the advent of section 33 of the Bill of Rights and section 5 of PAJA , where the right is now entrenched . Lawrence Baxter in 1984 , in his textbook on administrative law , provided a précis of the right 's importance : In the first place , a duty to give reasons entails a duty to rationalise the decision . Reasons therefore help to structure the exercise of discretion , and the necessity of explaining why a decision is reached requires one to address one 's mind to the decisional referents which ought to be taken into account . Secondly , furnishing reasons satisfies an important desire on the part of the affected individual to know why a decision was reached . This is not only fair : it is also conducive to public confidence in the administrative decision - making process . Thirdly -- and probably a major reason for the reluctance to give reasons -- rational criticism of a decision may only be made when the reasons for it are known . This subjects the administration to public scrutiny and it also provides an important basis for appeal or review . Finally , reasons may serve a genuine educative purpose , for example where an applicant has been refused on grounds which he is able to correct for the purpose of future applications . Section 5 of PAJA gives effect to the constitutional imperative in section 33 ( 2 ) for written reasons in the following terms : Any person whose rights have been materially and adversely affected by administrative action and who has not been given reasons for the action may , within 90 days after the date on which that person became aware of the action or might reasonably have been expected to have become aware of the action , request that the administrator concerned furnish written reasons for the action . The rest of section 5 sets out the procedures for obtaining reasons ; it also sets out the circumstances in which reasons need not be furnished by the administrator concerned . `` This section is welcome , '' writes Glazewski , `` as it lays down for the first time the right to reasons in clear statutory terms . '' The importance of the right to reasons in the environmental context is illustrated in Administrator , Transvaal and The Firs Investments ( Pty ) Ltd v Johannesburg City Council , concerning opposition to the then - controversial proposal to rezone a residential area to business , in order to enable the establishment of what today is the Firs Shopping centre in northern Johannesburg . On the question of reasons , Chief Justice Ogilivie Thompson said the following : The Administrator would have been well advised to state the reasons for his decision ( ... ) for just as the failure of a party to testify on a matter within his knowledge may , under certain circumstances , give rise to an inference against him , so may the failure to give reasons for the decision constitute an adverse element in assessing the conduct of the person making that decision . In particular ( ... ) the failure to furnish reasons may -- I emphasise `` may '' not `` must '' -- add colour to an inference of arbitrariness . Reasons for administrative decision - making in the environmental context were also in issue in Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism v Phambili Fisheries ( hereafter referred to as `` Phambili 1 '' ) . The first respondent , a fishing company , feeling aggrieved by the inadequacy of the fishing quota allocated to it , contended that inadequate reasons had been given regarding the historical baseline used to allocate current quotas . The court dismissed the argument , quoting an Australian decision in which it was held that the ( Australian ) Judicial Review Act requires the decision - maker to explain his decision in a way which will enable a person aggrieved to say , in effect : `` Even though I may not agree with it , I now understand why the decision went against me . I am now in a position to decide whether that decision has involved an unwarranted finding of fact , or an error of law , which is worth challenging . '' This requires that the decision - maker should set out his understanding of the relevant law , any findings a fact on which his conclusions depend ( especially if those facts have been in dispute ) , and the reasoning processes which led him to those conclusions . He should do so in clear and unambiguous language , not in vague generalities or the formal language of legislation . The court also quoted Cora Hoexter , a leading authority on South African administrative law , to the effect that it is apparent that reasons are not really reasons unless they are properly informative . They must explain why action was taken or not taken ; otherwise they are better described as findings or other information . The court applied these dicta to the respondents ' contention that the reasons given were no reasons at all in respect of the question regarding the historical baseline used , and dismissed the contention , holding that `` a fair reading of the reasons makes it clear that the Chief Director , suitably assisted , in the exercise of his discretion , decided that an appropriate percentage for the diminution of quotas at the end of 2001 was 5 % , '' and satisfied itself that adequate reasons had been given for the administrative decisions taken in this instance . Legitimate expectations ( edit ) Section 3 of PAJA , quoted above , applies procedural fairness not only to the `` rights of persons , '' but also to situations where there may be `` legitimate expectations . '' Legitimate expectation is relevant in the environmental context : for example , in the marine fisheries domain , where legal persons , having had regular fishing quotas in the past , may now be granted a lesser quota ; conversely , a historically disadvantaged person may expect to receive a quota in the new dispensation . This issue , as well as a number of other administrative law principles , were considered relatively recently , in just such a fisheries - allocation question , by both the Supreme Court of Appeal , in Phambili 1 , and the Constitutional Court , in Bato Star Fishing v Minister of Environmental Affairs ( referred to hereinafter as `` Phambili 2 '' ) . Historically , however , the leading case on legitimate expectation is Administrator , Transvaal v Traub where a group of medical doctors successfully argued that they had a legitimate expectation that their posts would be confirmed . Chief Justice Corbett , quoting with approval Lord Denning 's judgment in Ridge v Baldwin , held that an administrative body may , in a proper case , be bound to give a person who is affected by their decision an opportunity of making representations . It all depends on whether he has some right or interest , or , I would add , some legitimate expectation , of which it would not be fair to deprive him without hearing what he has to say . Later in the judgment , the Chief Justice described the doctrine of legitimate expectation as follows : The legitimate expectations doctrine is sometimes expressed in terms of some substantive benefit or advantage or privilege which the person concerned could reasonably expect to acquire or retain and which it would be unfair to deny such person without prior consultation or a prior hearing ; and at other times in terms of a legitimate expectation to be accorded a hearing before some decision adverse to the interests of the person concerned is taken . In Phambili 1 , the respondent argued that it had a legitimate expectation that it would receive increased allocations under the quota system for hake fishing . The Supreme Court of Appeal considered the legitimate - expectation doctrine , noting with approval National Director of Public Prosecutions v Phillips , where Heher J described the doctrine in the following terms : The law does not protect every expectation but only those which are `` legitimate '' . The requirements for legitimacy of the expectation , include the following : ( i ) The representation underlying the expectation must be `` clear , unambiguous and devoid of relevant qualification '' ( ... ) The requirement is a sensible one . It accords with the principle of fairness in public administration , fairness both to the administration and the subject . It protects public officials against the risk that their unwitting ambiguous statements may create legitimate expectations . It is also not unfair to those who choose to rely on such statements . It is always open to them to seek clarification before they do so , failing which they act at their peril . ( ii ) The expectation must be reasonable ( ... ) ( iii ) The representation must have been induced by the decision - maker ( ... ) ( iv ) The representation must be one which it was competent and lawful for the decision - maker to make without which the reliance can not be legitimate . Applying the above principles to the case in point , the court dismissed the argument that the appellants had a legitimate expectation on the ground that the various statements made by government officials regarding the allocation of fishing quotas did not amount to statements which were `` clear , unambiguous and devoid of relevant qualification . '' Judicial review ( edit ) Promotion of administrative Justice Act ( PAJA ) ( edit ) The grounds of judicial review have been codified in section 6 ( 2 ) of PAJA . Grounds for judicial review will exist if the administrator who took the administrative action `` was not authorised to do so by the empowering provision ; `` acted under a delegation of power which was not authorised by the empowering provision ; or `` was biased or reasonably suspected of bias . '' Judicial review will also be possible if `` a mandatory and material procedure or condition prescribed by an empowering provision was not complied with ; `` the action was procedurally unfair ; or `` the action was materially influenced by an error of law . '' If the action was taken `` for a reason not authorised by the empowering provision ; `` for an ulterior purpose or motive ; `` because irrelevant considerations were taken into account or relevant considerations were not considered ; `` because of the unauthorised or unwarranted dictates of another person or body ; `` in bad faith ; or `` arbitrarily or capriciously , '' the courts will be entitled to review such action . They may do so , too , if `` the action itself contravenes a law or is not authorised by the empowering provision , '' or if it `` is not rationally connected to `` the purpose for which it was taken ; `` the purpose of the empowering provision ; `` the information before the administrator . '' Finally , judicial review is possible if `` the action concerned consists of a failure to take a decision ; `` the exercise of the power or the performance of the function authorised by the empowering provision , in pursuance of which the administrative action was purportedly taken , is so unreasonable that no reasonable person could have so exercised the power or performed the function ; or `` the action is otherwise unconstitutional or unlawful . '' Section 8 ( 1 ) of PAJA provides for remedies in judicial - review proceedings in the following terms : `` The court or tribunal , in proceedings for judicial review ( ... ) , may grant any order that is just and equitable , including orders `` directing the administrator `` to give reasons ; or `` to act in the manner the court or tribunal requires ; `` prohibiting the administrator from acting in a particular manner ; `` setting aside the administrative action and `` remitting the matter for reconsideration by the administrator , with or without directions ; or `` in exceptional cases `` substituting or varying the administrative action or correcting a defect resulting from the administrative action ; or `` directing the administrator or any other party to the proceedings to pay compensation ; `` declaring the rights of the parties in respect of any matter to which the administrative action relates ; `` granting a temporary interdictor other temporary relief ; or `` as to costs . '' Common law ( edit ) In the environmental context , litigation around the enforcement of statutory duties arises in two broad ways : An application may be brought to compel the exercise of a statutory duty : for example , for the Minister to declare an environmental policy or to allocate fishing quotas . A plaintiff may seek some form of relief , like compensation for harm suffered due to the failure by the government to carry out a statutory duty . Compelling exercise of statutory duty ( edit ) Regard must be had to whether the provision imposing the duty is peremptory or permissive . A question in Van Huyssteen NO v Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism , concerning the erection of a steel mill at Langebaan Lagoon , was whether or not the applicant had the right to compel the respondent Minister to appoint a Board of Investigation provided for in section 15 ( 1 ) of the Environmental Conservation Act ( ECA ) , and to order such appointment . It was held that , as the relevant provisions of the ECA were permissive , not directory or peremptory , there was no obligation on the Minister to appoint a Board . The applicants accordingly had no right to compel the constitution thereof . In Wildlife Society of Southern Africa v Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism of the Republic of South Africa , the court held , as regards the merits of an application for a mandamus compelling the State to comply with its statutory obligations to protect the environment , that the first respondent 's opposition to the application rested largely upon the fact that there was in existence a Task Group which had been established to tackle the issue . The court found , however , that the Task Group was a non-statutory , advisory body of uncertain nature and duration , whose actions had in any event fallen short of establishing that the provisions of section 39 ( 2 ) of the Transkei Environmental Decree were being enforced by first respondent . The Court held , accordingly , that the applicants were entitled to an order that the first respondent enforce the provisions of section 39 ( 2 ) of the Decree , which were , as `` degree '' implies , peremptory rather than permissive . Relief ( edit ) An example of the second scenario is Verstappen v Port Edward Town Board , where the plaintiff sought an interdict on the ground that she was suffering health problems , as the local authority was dumping waste on the adjoining property without the requisite permit . The case ( heard prior to the advent of the interim Constitution ) failed , as the applicant not shown that she was likely to suffer `` special damage . '' S 38 ( edit ) The use of word `` everyone '' in the environmental right raises the issue of locus standi , traditionally a serious obstacle to individual litigants or NGOs concerned with the implementation and enforcement of environmental laws , or those wishing to assert environmental rights or defend environmental actions . South African law , in common with many other legal systems , formerly required that to have legal standing to challenge administrative lawfulness , an individual must show that he had some degree of personal interest in the administrative action under challenge . Section 38 of the Constitution dramatically changed this . The following persons , among others , may approach a competent court : anyone acting as a member of , or in the interest of , a group or class of persons ; anyone acting in the public interest ; and an association acting in the interest of its members . Most importantly , litigation may now also be brought in the public interest . Administration ( edit ) See also : Government of South Africa Cooperative governance ( edit ) Government in South Africa , as in most modern states , is divided broadly into three branches : the legislative ; the executive ; and the judicial . The Constitution sets the framework for these three branches . Of particular practical importance for the administration of environmental laws are the respective powers of the national , provincial and local levels of government . `` Co-operative governance '' refers to and regulates the interrelationship between these levels . Chapter 3 of the Constitution , entitled `` Co-operative government , '' reflects a `` fundamental departure from the past , '' in that the three levels of government are `` no longer regarded as hierarchical tiers with the national government at the helm , '' but rather , in the words of the Constitution , as `` distinctive , interdependent and interrelated . '' Co-operative relationships between all spheres of government play a central role in the development of an integrated environmental management framework for South Africa . Section 41 of the Constitution sets out the principles of co-operative governance and intergovernmental relations . Particularly important are subsections 41 ( 1 ) ( g ) - ( h ) , which provides that all levels of government , and all organs of state , must `` exercise their powers and perform their functions in a manner that does not encroach on the geographical , functional or institutional integrity of government in another sphere ; and `` co-operate with one another in mutual trust and good faith by `` fostering friendly relations ; `` assisting and supporting one another ; `` informing one another of , and consulting one another on , matters of common interest ; `` co-ordinating their actions and legislation with one another ; `` adhering to agreed procedures ; and `` avoiding legal proceedings against one another . '' Section 41 ( 3 ) provides that `` an organ of state involved in an intergovernmental dispute must make every reasonable effort to settle the dispute by means of mechanisms and procedures provided for that purpose , and must exhaust all other remedies before it approaches a court to resolve the dispute . '' Section 43 of the Constitution also states `` the legislative authority `` of the national sphere of government is vested in Parliament , as set out in section 44 ; `` of the provincial sphere of government is vested in the provincial legislatures , as set out in section 104 ; and `` of the local sphere of government is vested in the Municipal Councils , as set out in section 156 . '' All three levels of government , write Paterson and Kotze , have a key role to play in environmental governance and , accordingly , environmental compliance and enforcement . However , this role has to a degree been undermined by significant overlap in their respective competences , which , during the course of the past decade , has resulted in legislative and institutional fragmentation , both within and between the different spheres of governance . This fragmentation has in turn led to functional duplication and confusion , an undesirable reality in a country with significant resource constraints . Co-operative governance is accordingly regarded as `` a necessary precursor '' for the development of an effective environmental compliance and enforcement effort in South Africa . National authority ( edit ) National executive authority is vested in the President who , together with his Cabinet , must implement national legislation , develop and implement national policy , co-ordinate the functions of state departments and administrations , prepare and initiate legislation , and perform any other executive function provided for in law . The Cabinet consists of the President , a Deputy President and the Ministers . The members of the Cabinet must , inter alia , act in accordance with the Constitution and provide Parliament with full and regular reports concerning matters under their control . In the environmental context , the Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism , with his Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism , constitutes the leading national environmental authority . There are a number of other ministries and departments which play a role in environmental governance . They include Agriculture , Foreign Affairs , Health , Housing , Justice and Constitutional Development , Land Affairs , Provincial and Local Government , Science and Technology , Transport , Minerals and Energy , Trade and Industry , and Water Affairs and Forestry . The fact that environmental matters fall within the jurisdiction of so many different ministries and departments `` poses an immense challenge for developing a coherent and effective environmental regime in South Africa . '' The national government 's legislative authority is similarly prescribed in the Constitution . It has exclusive competence to make laws governing the following environmental matters : national parks ; national botanical gardens ; marine resources ; fresh - water resources ; and mining . Furthermore , it has concurrent competence with provincial government to make laws regulating the following environmental matters : indigenous forests ; agriculture ; disaster management ; cultural matters ; environment ; health services ; housing ; nature conservation ; pollution control ; regional planning and development ; soil conservation ; trade ; and urban and rural development . The national government has exercised this legislative authority to prescribe an extensive array of new environmental laws , such as NEMA ; the National Environmental Managemeht : Biodiversity Act ; the National Environmental Management : Air Quality Act ; the National Environmental Management : Protected Areas Act ; the National Water Act ; and the Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act . These laws , which apply across the entire territory of South Africa , and are generally administered by several national departments , contain a myriad of provisions of relevance to environmental compliance and enforcement . National legislative and executive competence is provided for in section 44 of the Constitution , which states that Parliament may pass legislation on any matter , including a matter referred to in Schedule 4 , but excluding a matter in Schedule 5 unless it is a matter in which it is specifically authorised to intervene . Among the reasons for which it may intervene within a functional area listed in Schedule 5 are the following , which are relevant to environmental concerns : `` to maintain essential national standards ; `` to establish minimum standards required for the rendering of services ; or `` to prevent unreasonable action taken by a province which is prejudicial to the interests of another province or to the country as a whole . '' It ought to be noted , however , that this may only be done in accordance with the procedure set out in section 76 ( 1 ) , which provides for ordinary bills affecting provinces , and stipulates that `` the Bill must be referred to the National Council of Provinces . '' It provides for certain procedures , depending on whether the bill is accepted , amended or rejected by the NCOP . Parliament therefore enjoys `` residual competence , '' in that it has exclusive legislative competence in respect of all matters which are not expressly assigned to the concurrent or exclusive competence of provincial legislatures . If , in other words , the matter appears in neither Schedule 4 nor Schedule 5 , Parliament has exclusive competence to deal with it . Apart from section 44 , intervention is also possible under the national override section , which deals with conflicts between national and provincial legislation falling within the functional areas of concurrent competences listed in Schedule 4 . It provides that national legislation prevails over provincial legislation if the former meets certain stipulated conditions . National legislation which applies uniformly across the nation will prevail over provincial legislation if it is necessary for `` the protection of the environment . '' Similarly , if the national legislation deals with a matter that requires uniformity if it is to be dealt with effectively , it will prevail over provincial legislation if it establishes uniform norms and standards , frameworks or national policy . Pollution control is a pertinent example . If standards are not uniform throughout the country , individual provinces could pass , for example , less stringent standards for their individual provinces in order to attract industrial investment . This , however , could be detrimental to the national public environmental interest . `` Uniform standards , '' notes Glazewski , `` would inhibit a situation where polluting industries go ' polluter - haven shopping ' , for the provinces with the least stringent environmental standards . '' Provincial authority ( edit ) South Africa has nine provinces , each with its own provincial government , which possesses legislative and executive authority . The legislative authority of a province vests in its provincial legislature , which section 104 of the Constitution states may pass legislation not only in respect of the functional areas listed in Schedule 4 and 5 , but also in respect of `` any matter outside those functional areas , and that is expressly assigned to the province by national legislation . '' Furthermore , `` provincial legislation with regard to a matter that is reasonably necessary for , or incidental to , the effective exercise of a power concerning any matter listed in Schedule 4 , is for all purposes legislation with regard to a matter listed in Schedule 4 . '' Provincial legislatures must provide for mechanisms to ensure that all provincial executive organs of state are accountable to it , and must maintain oversight of the exercise of provincial executive authority in the province , including the implementation of legislation . The executive power in the principal sphere vests in the premier of the province , who exercises this authority together with the Members of the Executive Council ( MECs ) . Executive powers accorded to the provincial executives include implementing provincial legislation in the province ; implementing all national legislation within the functional areas listed in Schedules 4 and 5 of the Constitution ; developing and implementing provincial policy ; co-ordinating the functions of the provincial administration and its departments ; and preparing and initiating provincial legislation . Possible conflicts which arise between national and provincial legislation are regulated in sections 146 to 150 of the Constitution . The Constitution also enables relevant provincial executive authorities to intervene in local governance , where a municipality refrains from or fails to fulfil an executive obligation in terms of legislation , by taking any appropriate steps to ensure fulfilment of that obligation : `` A typical example would be where provincial legislation compels all local governments within the province to draft a cultural heritage resources management plan , and a particular municipality fails to do so . '' In most instances , MECs are responsible for the various provincial departments , certain of which undertake environmental functions . The manner in which these functions are grouped per department varies between the provinces : In Gauteng , for example , the Department of Agriculture , Conservation and Environment administers environmental matters . In the Western Cape , on the other hand , the Department of Environmental Affairs and Development Planning is the provincial environmental authority . These provincial authorities administer various old provincial conservation and land - use planning ordinances ; new provincial environmental Acts ; and environmental functions delegated to them by the national executive . They have `` a key role to play , '' therefore , in environmental compliance and enforcement . Local authority ( edit ) Within the sphere of local government , South Africa has 284 municipalities . `` As the sphere of government closest to communities , '' write Kotze and Paterson , `` local government has an essential role to play in promoting not only socio - economic development and the provision of basic services , but also environmental compliance and enforcement '' ( 33 ) . The Constitution prescribes the objectives , composition , executive powers and legislative functions of local governments . They generally have the right to govern , at their own initiative , the local affairs relevant to their community , subject to national and provincial legislation . National and provincial governments may not , however , compromise or impede a municipality 's ability or right to exercise its powers or to perform its functions . Some of the environmentally relevant areas over which local governments exercise legislative competence include building regulations ; electricity and gas reticulation ; municipal planning ; specified water and sanitation services ; cleansing ; control of public nuisances ; municipal roads ; noise pollution ; public places ; refuse removal ; refuse dumps ; and solid waste disposal . The Constitution goes on to set out the areas of local authority competence , stipulating that a municipality has executive authority and the right to administer local government matters listed in the respective Part Bs of Schedules 4 and 5 , so that `` air pollution , '' for example , being a Part - B item in Schedule 4 , may be administered by local authorities ; and `` any other matter assigned to it by national or provincial legislation . '' In this regard , a further subsection stipulates that national and provincial government must assign , by agreement , the administration of any `` Part A '' matter listed in Schedules 4 and 5 , if the matter would be more effectively administered locally and the municipality has the capacity to administer it . Although section 156 of the Constitution refers to municipalities ' `` executive authority , '' and the `` right to administer '' certain matters , it specifically stipulates that `` a municipality may make and administer by - laws for the effective administration of the matters which it has the right to administer . '' Therefore , although the section does not refer specifically to a municipality 's legislative competence , it may legislate for Part B matters of Schedules 4 and 5 . The Constitution requires provincial government to establish municipalities in a manner consistent with legislation prescribed in the Constitution , and to monitor , support and promote the development of local government capacity . National legislation , in the form of the Local Government : Municipal Structures Act 117 of 1998 , which deals with local authority competences , has been passed . The Constitution establishes three categories of municipalities : A `` Category A '' municipality has exclusive municipal executive and legislative authority in area . A `` Category B '' municipality shares municipal executive and legislative authority in its area with a `` Category C '' municipality . A `` Category C '' municipality has municipal executive and legislative authority in an area that includes more than one municipality . The Local Government : Municipal Structures Act elaborates on this categorisation , providing for `` the establishment of municipalities in accordance with the requirements relating to categories and types of municipality , '' and seeks `` to establish criteria for determining the category of municipality in an area and related matters . '' The Act includes chapters on categories and types of municipality ; the establishment of municipalities ; and the functions and powers of municipalities . The Act was assented to in December 1998 , and came into force in February 1999 . In Cape Metropolitan Council v Minister for Provincial Affairs and Constitutional Development , the applicant challenged the constitutionality of the Act without success . Schedules 4 and 5 ( edit ) Schedules 4 and 5 of the Constitution include various environmental matters ( See Glazewski 113 ) . Schedule 4 includes `` Pollution control '' under Part A , but `` Air Pollution '' under Part B , which also includes a further item relevant to pollution : `` Municipal Health Services . '' Schedule 5 includes `` control of public nuisances '' in Part B as one of its items , which is also relevant to pollution . Therefore , while `` pollution , '' and specifically `` air pollution , '' generally is a concurrent matter , the inclusion of `` air pollution '' in Part B of Schedule 4 means that local authorities have specific executive authority and the right of administration in respect of that matter . Moreover , the national and provincial governments have a duty to see to the effective performance by municipalities of their functions . As `` pollution '' and `` air pollution '' are designated concurrent matters in Schedule 4 , either national or provincial government could conceivably promulgate air pollution Acts . The Constitution is clear , however , that national government has overriding powers as regards the setting of standards . Where uniform standards are warranted , national government could invoke the provisions of the Constitution which deal with conflicting laws . The so - called override provision , which specifically applies to conflicts between national and provincial legislation within the functional areas listed in Schedule 4 , provides that national legislation prevails over provincial legislation if the former `` deals with a matter that , to be dealt with effectively , requires uniformity across the nation , and the national legislation provides that uniformity by establishing ( ... ) norms and standards . '' This is particularly relevant to the prevention of `` polluter - haven shopping . '' Furthermore , national legislation which applies uniformly across the nation prevails over provincial legislation if it is necessary for `` the protection of the environment . '' The differentiation between Parts A and B of Schedules 4 and 5 has to do with the respective roles of provinces and local authorities in administering the items listed in these respective parts of the two schedules . Municipalities have executive authority and the right to administer the local - government matters listed in Part B of both Schedules 4 and 5 , and the right to make and administer by - laws in this regard . They also have this right in respect of those matters specifically assigned to them by national or provincial legislation . Furthermore , Part A matters which relate to local government must be assigned to municipalities if the matter would most effectively be administered locally , and if the municipality has the capacity to administer it . It follows from all this that either national government or provincial governments are to administer pollution laws generally , but that , in the case of air pollution , local authorities have the right to do so . The question of the respective competence of national and provincial governments in respect of Schedules 4 and 5 has not yet been considered by the courts in an environmental matter , but analogies may be drawn from the case of Ex parte the President of the Republic of South Africa , In re : Constitutionality of the Liquor Bill . `` Liquor licences '' are specifically mentioned in Schedule 5 , but `` trade '' and `` industrial promotion '' appear in Schedule 4 : They are concurrent matters , therefore . The question considered by Cameron J in the Constitutional Court was whether or not the override provision , applied in casu , gives national government the competence to enact legislation on various facets of the liquor trade . After a thorough analysis of the position the court pointed out that Where a matter requires regulation inter-provincially , as opposed to intra-provincially , the Constitution ensures that national government has been accorded the necessary power , whether exclusively or concurrently under Schedule 4 , or through the powers of intervention accorded by section 44 ( 2 ) . The corrolorary is that where provinces are accorded exclusive powers these should be interpreted as applying primarily to matters which may appropriately be regulated intra-provincially . The court found the Bill to be unconstitutional because , while the national government had made out a case for intervening in crediting a national system of registration for manufacturers aid and wholesale distributors of liquor , no such case had been made out in the case of retail sales of liquor . `` In summary , '' writes Glazewski , in considering the question of who does what , the starting point is that national level of government enjoys exclusive competence with respect to all matters which are not expressly assigned to the concurrent or exclusive competence of provincial legislatures , but the provinces have only those powers and functions specifically allocated to them by the Constitution . Mechanisms ( edit ) The Constitution specifically prescribes a set of principles of cooperative governance and intergovernmental relations . The Intergovernmental Relations Framework Act ( IRFA ) contains detailed provisions on co-operative governance , while NEMA prescribes an array of statutory mechanisms for achieving co-operative environmental governance , such as a set of national environmental management principles , planning frameworks and procedures for conflict resolution . Notwithstanding the above array of provisions , `` some commentators are of the view that that these mechanisms will not achieve cooperative governance unless they are accompanied by the requisite political will '' ( Paterson and Kotze 34 ) . Intergovernmental relations framework Act ( edit ) IRFA is the primary Act on co-operative governance . Its specific objectives include facilitating and co-ordinating the implementation of policy and legislation , including coherent government ; monitoring such implementation ; providing for effective services ; and realising national priorities . When read together with the conflict - resolution procedures prescribed in NEMA , IRFA `` should significantly contribute to resolving disputes arising as a result of environmental governance inefficiencies '' ( Paterson and Kotze 124 ) . National environmental management Act ( edit ) The long title of NEMA describes its purpose below : `` To provide for co-operative environmental governance by establishing principles for decision - making on matters affecting the environment , institutions that will promote cooperative governance and procedures for co-ordinating environmental functions exercised by organs of state ; `` to provide for certain aspects of the administration and enforcement of other environmental management laws ; and `` to provide for matters connected therewith . '' Chapter 3 of NEMA , entitled `` Procedures for Co-operative Governance , '' provides for the drawing up of environmental implementation plans by certain scheduled national government departments and provinces . These reflect how the activities of the organ of state affect the environment ( s 13 ) . In addition , environmental management plans shall be drawn up by certain other scheduled national departments . These reflect how the respective functions of the departments listed involve the management of the environment ( s 14 ) . These plans are one of the principle ways of implementing the set of principles contained in section 2 of the Act . All provinces , and only those national government departments listed in Schedules 1 and 2 , have to carry out environmental implementation and / or management plans . Schedule 1 lists national government departments which exercise functions which `` may affect the environment . '' These have to prepare environmental implementation plans . Schedule 2 lists national departments exercising functions that `` involve the management of the environment '' . These have to prepare environmental management plans . `` It is accordingly evident , '' writes Glazewski , that a primary focus of the Act is not to impose a set of burdensome requirements on the private sector but to design a national environmental management system applicable to certain organs of state whether at national , provincial , and possibly local level . The private sector , however , will obviously be influenced indirectly thereby '' ( 143 ) . The following departments are listed in both Schedules 1 and 2 : the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism ; the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry ; and the Department of Land Affairs . These , accordingly , have to carry out both environmental implementation and environmental management plans , but the two sets of plans may be consolidated . The following departments are listed only in Schedule 1 , and therefore have to prepare only environmental implementation plans : Agriculture ; Housing ; Trade and Industry ; Transport ; and Defence . The following are listed only in Schedule 2 and therefore have to prepare only environmental management plans : Minerals and Energy ; Health ; and Labour . Glazewski notes that , although the Department of Minerals and Energy is listed in Schedule 2 , its activities clearly `` affect the environment , '' and should therefore logically fall into Schedule 1 ( 143 ) . The provinces have to prepare environmental implementation plans only . Local authorities do not appear to be directly affected by these requirements . Both implementation and management plans have to be prepared within one year of the promulgation of the Act , and every four years thereafter . The purpose of both environmental implementation and environmental management plans is set out in some detail . In essence , these plans must give effect to the principle of co-operative governance ; give preference to national rather than provincial interests where the latter are unreasonable or prejudicial to the interests of the country as a whole ; enable the Minister to monitor the achievement , promotion and protection of sustainable environment ; and co-ordinate and harmonise environmental policies , plans , programmes and decisions of national , provincial and local tiers of government to minimise duplication and promote consistency . `` A confusing point , '' notes Glazewski , `` is that this subsection refers to ' functions that may affect the environment , ' implying that it only refers to Schedule 1 departments . However , '' he continues , `` this phrase is wide enough to embrace functions involving the ' management of the environment ' , that is Schedule 2 departments as well '' ( 144 ) . These guidelines appear to give a wide discretion to those charged with drawing up these plans ( Glazewski 144 ) . One of the differences between environmental implementation plans and environmental management plans is illustrated by sections 13 and 14 , which set out the contents of environmental management plans and environmental implementation plans respectively . Another difference between the two kinds of plans is evident in the two headings of Schedules 1 and 2 . Schedule 1 is applicable to national departments exercising functions `` which may affect the environment '' , while Schedule 2 refers to national departments that exercise functions that `` involve the management of the environment . '' The environmental implementation plan should reflect how the activities of the particular organ of state affect the environment . To this end , the relevant section provides that it must contain : a description of policies , plans and programmes that may significantly affect the environment ; a description of the manner in which the relevant national department or province will ensure that its policies , plans and programmes will comply with the principles set out in section 2 , as well as any national norms and standards as envisaged under section 146 ( 2 ) ( b ) ( i ) of the Constitution and set out by the Minister or by any other Minister , which have as their objective the achievement , promotion , and protection of the environment ; a description of the manner in which the relevant national department or province will ensure that its functions are exercised so as to ensure compliance with relevant legislative provisions , including the principles set out in section 2 , and any national norms and standards envisaged under section 146 ( 2 ) ( b ) ( i ) of the Constitution and set out by the Minister , or by any other Minister , which are in accordance with the same objective described above ; and recommendations for the promotion of the objectives and plans for the implementation of integrated environmental management procedure and regulations referred to in Chapter 5 of the Act . `` This , '' according to Glazewski , `` is a particularly significant provision as it places the onus of compliance with the integrated environmental assessment procedures squarely in the court of the provinces and listed sectoral ministries '' ( 145 ) . Environmental management plans should in contrast reflect how the respective functions of the departments listed in Schedule 2 `` involve the management of the environment . '' `` Clearly , '' writes Glazewski , `` this is onerous than is the case with environmental implementation plans . '' The relevant section provides that the contents of environmental management plans must include : a description of the functions exercised by the relevant department in respect of the environment ; a description of environmental norms and standards , including norms and standards contemplated in section 146 ( 2 ) ( b ) ( i ) of the Constitution , set or applied by the relevant department ; a description of the policies , plans and programmes of the relevant department that are designed to ensure compliance with its policies by other organs of state and persons ; a description of priorities regarding compliance with the relevant department 's policies by other organs of state and persons ; a description of the extent of compliance with the relevant department 's policies by other organs of state and persons ; a description of arrangements for co-operation with other national departments and spheres of government , including any existing or proposed memoranda of understanding entered into , or delegation or assignment of powers to other organs of state , with a bearing on environmental management ; and proposals for the promotion of the objectives and plans for the implementation of the procedures and regulations referred to in Chapter 5 of the Act . Although the two sets of plans are `` very similar , '' Glazewski notes what he describes as `` a significant difference , '' which is that `` the implementation plans have to set out how they will give effect to the section 2 principles while management plans do not '' ( 145 ) . Both must be submitted for approval to the Minister or MEC , as the case may be ( s 15 ( 1 ) ) . Both have to comply with the norms - and - standards provisions of section 146 ( 2 ) ( b ) ( i ) of the Constitution , which requires uniformity across the country . Both environmental management plans and environmental implementation plans must be submitted to the Committee for Environmental Co-ordination ( the CEC ) . In the case of environmental implementation plans , the CEC must scrutinise these and either adopt them , or report to the Minister of Environment and every other responsible Minister that they do not comply with certain stipulated criteria . Where the CEC agrees to the adoption of an environmental implementation plan , the plan must be published in the Government Gazette by the relevant organ of state within ninety days of such adoption , whereupon it becomes effective . If the CEC finds that the plan does not comply with the principles in section 2 , the purpose and objectives of such environmental implementation plans , or any relevant environmental management plan , this fact must be reported to the Minister of Environment and every other responsible Minister . In the event of a dispute concerning the content or submission of an environmental implementation plan , this must be submitted to the Minister of Environment in consultation with the other Schedule 2 Ministers for determination by him or her , where a national department is concerned . Where such a dispute concerns a province , it must be submitted to the Director - General for conciliation in accordance with the procedure set out in Chapter 4 of the Act . Although environmental management plans are submitted to the CEC , they are not subject to scrutiny by the CEC , but must simply be published in the Gazette within ninety days of such submission , whereupon they become effective . Section 16 provides for compliance with these plans in different ways . Firstly , it obliges organs of state which have prepared these plans to exercise all their functions in accordance with them . Secondly , all organs of state are obliged to submit their plans to the Director - General and the Committee annually . Where the plans have not been submitted or adopted , the Minister may recommend that it comply after consultation with the Committee . The Director - General is charged with monitoring compliance with the environmental implementation and management plans , and may make inquiries or take other appropriate steps to establish whether or not the plans are being complied with . Where the plans are not being substantially complied with , the Director - General may serve a written notice on the organ state concerned to remedy the failure of compliance . The organ of state must respond within thirty days . If it fails to do so , the Director - General may `` specify steps and a time period within which steps must be taken to remedy the failure of compliance . '' If thereafter the non-compliance persists , the matter must go to conciliation in accordance with Chapter 4 of the Act . Finally , each provincial department must ensure that the relevant environmental implementation plan is complied with by each municipality in its province . The Director - General is obliged to keep a record of all environmental implementation and management plans , and make them available to the public . Guidelines may be published by the Minister to assist provinces in the preparation of these plans . Of particular relevance to this process is the fact that the preparation of these plans may `` consist of the assembly of information or plans compiled for other purposes . '' Integrated Development Plans would fall into this category . Environmental implementation plans ( edit ) Environmental implementation plans should reflect how the activities of a particular organ of state affect the environment , focusing on the ways in which general policies and functions take account of environmental management . Environmental implementation plans are the primary statutory instruments for the promotion of cooperative governance around environmental management , through the alignment of governmental policies , plans and programmes and decisions in respect of the environment . Their content is prescribed in section 13 . Environmental management plans ( edit ) Environmental management plans should reflect how the respective functions of the departments listed involve management of the environment . They should focus on policies and mechanisms to ensure that other bodies comply with the departments ' environmental management mandate . An environmental management plan is defined as `` an environmental management tool used to ensure that undue or reasonably avoidable adverse impacts of the construction , operation and decommissioning of a project are prevented ; and that the positive benefits of the projects are enhanced . '' They are , therefore , very important tools for ensuring that the management actions arising from EIA processes are clearly defined and implemented through all phases of the project life - cycle . Their content is prescribed in section 13 . See Maccsand v City of Cape Town . Implementation compliance and enforcement ( edit ) `` In principle , '' write Paterson and Kotze , `` environmental compliance and enforcement are about ensuring adherence to statutorily prescribed environmental standards . '' They add , The historical application of unjust and discriminatory laws has unquestionably undermined the development of a culture of legal compliance and accordingly clouded the application of the rule of law in South Africa , a reality compounded by inadequate legal enforcement . This has negatively affected the environmental sector , and the extent of environmental non-compliance with South Africa 's environmental legal framework is accordingly not surprising . Elements of both the rationalist and normative theories of compliance are evident in South Africa 's current environmental regime . Historically , wildlife and conservation authorities adopted a rationalist approach , relying on the deterrence theory , with enforcement being very much secured through arrest and criminal prosecution . On the other hand , compliance and enforcement in the industrial sector , `` perhaps under the influence of large corporations , '' has focused more on the normative theory , adopting `` a far more conciliatory approach to compliance and enforcement . '' This approach to environmental compliance and enforcement `` appears to have shifted somewhat in recent times . There is a current trend inherent in the conservation sector , '' observe Paterson and Kotze , `` to entrench a more normative approach focusing on cooperation and community - based participation . '' Conversely , since the establishment of the Environmental Management Inspectorate ( EMI ) , the initial normative approach , adopted in the industrial context , has turned in a more rationalist direction , `` with punishment being the key enforcement strategy for compelling compliance and achieving improved environmental performance . '' The term `` environmental compliance and enforcement '' has adopted `` its own peculiar flavour '' in South Africa . Many of the prescribed environmental standards are outdated ; accordingly , the traditional mechanisms used to regulate behaviour and ensure compliance therewith , such as environmental permits with associated conditions , `` have on occasion proven inappropriate . '' A recent trend has been to seek to include other non-binding standards in the compliance effort . Compliance and enforcement in the South African context may , therefore , `` also describe attempts to ensure adherence to environmental standards contained in non-binding instruments such as environmental policies , guidelines and strategies . '' Paterson and Kotze believe that `` this approach is not ideal . '' Until such time , however , as appropriate environmental standards are prescribed throughout South Africa 's environmental regime , they concede that it may continue . `` So , '' they ask , `` what would be the appropriate environmental standard on which to base the country 's compliance and enforcement effort ? '' There are numerous international precedents , including best available technology ( BAT ) ; best available technology not entailing excessive cost ( BATNEEC ) ; and best practicable environmental option ( BPEO ) . As South Africa begins to consolidate its environmental standards , and to review the measures for ensuring compliance with such standards , `` it would appear that BPEO is set to become the desired environmental standard . '' Constitutional mandate ( edit ) A further factor shaping the distinct nature of South Africa 's environmental compliance and enforcement effort is the Constitution , particularly the principle of environmental right . Section 24 ( b ) states that everyone has the right to have the environment protected , for the benefit of present and future generations , `` through reasonable legislative and other measures . '' These `` other measures , '' in the view of Paterson and Kotze , `` no doubt include those aimed at ensuring environmental compliance and enforcement . '' The High Court has recently confirmed , in Khabisi v Aquarella Investment , that the State and its organs , and their representatives , have an `` onerous constitutional mandate to promote conservation and protection of the environment . '' The constitutional duty to ensure environmental compliance and enforcement is amplified in a suite of environmental legislation promulgated since 1996 . Cumulatively , this legislation prescribes concrete statutory mechanisms for both encouraging and compelling compliance with , and facilitating the enforcement of , South Africa 's contemporary environmental regime . More specifically , South Africa 's framework environmental law , NEMA , provides for the designation of Environmental Management Inspectors ( EMIs ) , whose specific mandate it is to monitor and enforce compliance with South Africa 's environmental regime , and to investigate potential offences and breaches of it . International obligations ( edit ) In fulfilling its constitutional mandate , the South African government is also required to comply with its international compliance and enforcement obligations . Agenda 21 , one of the primary international environmental instruments , expressly recognises that building strong institutions , and prescribing dedicated compliance and enforcement programmes , are important prerequisites for achieving the goal of sustainable development . This tenor was reinforced at the World Summit on Sustainable Development , held in Johannesburg in 2002 . In addition , a number of specific international environmental instruments , to which South Africa is a party , require the government to strengthen domestic compliance and enforcement capacity , in order to execute effectively the obligations set out therein . Key cases ( edit ) Bareki NO and Another v Gencor Ltd and Others 2006 ( 8 ) BCLR 920 ( T ) . Bato Star Fishing ( Pty ) Ltd v Minister of Environmental Affairs and Others 2004 ( 4 ) SA 490 ( CC ) . Breytenbach Appellant v Frankel & Another Respondents 1913 AD 390 . The Director : Mineral Development , Gauteng Region v Save the Vaal Environment 1999 ( 2 ) SA 709 ( SCA ) . Harmony Gold Mining Co Ltd v Regional Director : Free State , Dept of Water Affairs & Forestry & another ( 2006 ) JOL 17506 ( SCA ) . Hichange Investments ( Pty ) Ltd v Cape Produce Company ( Pty ) Ltd t / a Pelts Products and others ( 2004 ) 1 All SA 636 ( E ) . Khabisi NO and Another v Aquarella Investment 83 ( Pty ) Ltd and Others ( 9114 / 2007 ) ( 2007 ) ZAGPHC 116 ( 22 June 2007 ) . Maccsand ( Pty ) Ltd v City of Cape Town and Others ( Chamber of Mines of South Africa and Another as Amici Curiae ) 2012 ( 7 ) BCLR 690 ( CC ) ; 2012 ( 4 ) SA 181 ( CC ) . MEC : Department of Agriculture , Conservation and Environment and another v HTF Developers ( Pty ) Limited 2008 ( 4 ) BCLR 417 ( CC ) . Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism and Others v Phambili Fisheries ( Pty ) Ltd ; Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism and Others v Bato Star Fishing ( Pty ) Ltd 2003 ( 6 ) SA 407 ( SCA ) . Minister of Health and Welfare v Woodcarb ( Pty ) Ltd and Another 1996 ( 3 ) SA 155 ( N ) . Minister of Public Works v Kyalami Ridge Environmental Association & Others 2001 ( 7 ) BCLR 652 ( CC ) . Minister of Water Affairs and Forestry v Stilfontein Gold Mining Co Ltd and Others 2006 ( 5 ) SA 333 ( W ) . Verstappen v Port Edward Town Board and Others 1994 ( 3 ) SA 569 ( D ) . See also ( edit ) Administrative law in South Africa Constitution of South Africa Environmental law International law Insurance law Natural Justice : Lawyers for Communities and the Environment South African criminal law South African law of delict South African property law References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Act 107 of 1998 . Jump up ^ Act 107 of 1998 . Jump up ^ s 1 . Jump up ^ Act 73 of 1989 . Jump up ^ s 1 . Jump up ^ 9 . Jump up ^ Rabie , Andre . Nature and Scope . p. 92 . Jump up ^ s 1 ( 1 ) ( xxix ) . Jump up ^ s 2 ( 4 ) ( a ) . Jump up ^ s 2 ( 4 ) ( c ) . Jump up ^ http://www.gov.za/documents/constitution/chapter-2-bill-rights#24 Jump up ^ s 2 ( 4 ) ( o ) . Jump up ^ s 2 ( 4 ) ( a ) ( vii ) . Jump up ^ s 2 ( 4 ) ( a ) ( ii ) . Jump up ^ s 2 ( 4 ) ( p ) . Jump up ^ s 24 . Jump up ^ s 2 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ Act 54 of 1956 . Jump up ^ 45 of 1965 . Jump up ^ Act 73 of 1989 . Jump up ^ Act 107 of 1998 . Jump up ^ Act 36 of 1998 . Jump up ^ Act 30 of 1998 . Jump up ^ Act 57 of 2003 . Jump up ^ Act 10 of 2004 . Jump up ^ Act 18 of 1998 . Jump up ^ 1994 ( 3 ) SA 569 ( D ) . Jump up ^ 77 . Jump up ^ 2004 ( 2 ) SA 393 ( E ) . Jump up ^ 415D . Jump up ^ 414I . Jump up ^ 79 . Jump up ^ 2004 ( 5 ) SA 124 ( W ) . Jump up ^ 415D . Jump up ^ Glazewski 80 . Jump up ^ 2001 ( 7 ) BCLR 652 ( CC ) . Jump up ^ 2004 ( 5 ) SA 124 ( W ) . Jump up ^ Glazewski 82 . Jump up ^ 1994 ( 3 ) SA 336 ( A ) . Jump up ^ 2004 ( 5 ) SA 124 ( W ) . Jump up ^ s 33 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ s 33 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ s 33 ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ s 33 ( 3 ) ( a ) . Jump up ^ s 33 ( 3 ) ( b ) . Jump up ^ s 33 ( 3 ) ( a ) . Jump up ^ Act 62 of 2008 . Jump up ^ Act 3 of 2000 . Jump up ^ s 3 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ 1999 ( 2 ) SA 709 ( SCA ) . Jump up ^ This summation was cited with approval by the Eastern Cape High Court in Sikutshwa v MEC for Social Development , Eastern Cape Province 2009 ( 3 ) SA 47 ( TkH ) , and by the High Court of Delhi in ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ s 5 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ ss 5 ( 2 ) - ( 4 ) . Jump up ^ Environmental Law 89 . Jump up ^ 1971 ( 1 ) SA 56 ( A ) . Jump up ^ 81F - G . Jump up ^ ( 2003 ) 2 All SA 616 ( SCA ) . Jump up ^ 2004 ( 4 ) SA 490 ( CC ) . Jump up ^ In the event , however , a Board was appointed . Jump up ^ 1109A - B / C . Jump up ^ 1109F . Jump up ^ s 38 ( c ) . Jump up ^ s 38 ( d ) . Jump up ^ s 38 ( d ) . Jump up ^ Glazewski 106 . Jump up ^ s 40 . Jump up ^ Paterson and Kotze . p. 33 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Paterson and Kotze 58 . Jump up ^ s 146 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ See Glazewski 114 - 116 . Jump up ^ 110 - 111 . Jump up ^ Parliament may `` assign any of its legislative powers , except the power to amend the Constitution , to any legislative body in another sphere of government '' ( s 44 ( 1 ) ( a ) ( iii ) ) . Jump up ^ s 104 ( 4 ) . Jump up ^ Paterson and Kotze 32 . Jump up ^ Paterson and Kotze 33 . Jump up ^ 2012 ( 4 ) SA 181 ( CC ) . Jump up ^ 45 . Jump up ^ 44 - 45 . Jump up ^ Paterson and Kotze 45 . Jump up ^ 45 . Jump up ^ Paterson and Kotze 45 . Jump up ^ Paterson and Kotze 45 . Jump up ^ Paterson and Kotze 45 . Jump up ^ Paterson and Kotze 45 - 46 . Jump up ^ 46 . Jump up ^ 46 . Jump up ^ Paterson and Kotze 46 . Jump up ^ s 24 . Jump up ^ 46 . Jump up ^ 2008 ( 4 ) SA 195 ( T ) . Jump up ^ Para 27 . Bibliography ( edit ) Birnie , P.W. , and A.E. Boyle. ( 1992 ) . International Law and the Environment Glazewski , J. ( 2009 ) . Environmental Law in South Africa , 2nd ed . Kidd , M. ( 2011 ) Environmental Law , 2nd ed . National Environmental Management Act ( Act 107 of 1998 ) Rabie , A. ( 1991 ) . `` Environmental Law in search of an Identity , '' Stell LR ( 2 ) : 202 . Sands , P. ( 2003 ) . Principles of International Environmental Law , 2nd ed . ( hide ) Law of South Africa Main areas Constitutional law Administrative law Criminal law Labour law Company and Insolvency Competition law Commercial law Property Contract Delict Environmental law Insurance Agency Family law Specific issues Abortion Bill of Rights Chapter nine institutions Freedom of religion Gun laws Human rights Internet censorship LGBT rights Prostitution Protection of State Information Bill Slums Act Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_African_environmental_law&oldid=826696314 '' Categories : South African law Environmental law in South Africa Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles EngvarB from May 2013 Use dmy dates from May 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 14 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	provides civil and criminal penalties to help proctect wildlife	[]	[]
-2071666627056702464	Blood urea nitrogen	Blood urea nitrogen - wikipedia Blood urea nitrogen Jump to : navigation , search `` BUN '' redirects here . For other uses , see Bun ( disambiguation ) . Blood urea nitrogen Medical diagnostics Urea MeSH D001806 LOINC 6299 - 2 , 59570 - 2 , 12961 - 9 , 12963 - 5 , 12962 - 7 ( edit on Wikidata ) Blood urea nitrogen ( BUN ) is a medical test that measures the amount of urea nitrogen found in blood . The liver produces urea in the urea cycle as a waste product of the digestion of protein . Normal human adult blood should contain between 6 and 20 mg of urea nitrogen per 100 ml ( 6 -- 20 mg / dL ) of blood . Individual laboratories will have different reference ranges as the assay used will vary between laboratories . Contents ( hide ) 1 Interpretation 2 Units 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Interpretation ( edit ) Blood urea nitrogen ( BUN ) is an indication of renal ( kidney ) health . The normal range is 1.8 - 7.1 mmol / L or 6 -- 20 mg / dL . Blood urea nitrogen levels can also help identify damage to body systems and diseases of the digestive , circulatory and respiratory systems . The main causes of an increase in BUN are : high protein diet , decrease in glomerular filtration rate ( GFR ) ( suggestive of renal failure ) and in blood volume ( hypovolemia ) , congestive heart failure , gastrointestinal hemorrhage , fever and increased catabolism . Hypothyroidism can cause both decreased GFR and hypovolemia , however BUN - to - creatinine ratio has been found to be lowered in hypothyroidism and raised in hyperthyroidism . The main causes of a decrease in BUN are severe liver disease , anabolic state , and syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone . Reference ranges for blood tests , comparing urea ( yellow at right ) to other blood constituents . Another rare cause of a decreased BUN is ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency , which is a genetic disorder inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern . OTC Deficiency is also accompanied by hyperammonemia and high orotic acid levels . Units ( edit ) BUN ( urea - N ) is mg / dL in the United States , Mexico , Italy , Austria , and Germany . Elsewhere , the concentration of urea is reported as mmol / L , generally depending on the lab . BUN ( urea - N ) SI unit is mmol / L BUN ( mmol / L ) = BUN ( mg / dL ) * 0.3571 To convert from mg / dL of blood urea nitrogen to mmol / L of urea , multiply by 0.357 ( each molecule of urea having 2 nitrogens , each of molar mass 14g / mol ) ( BUN is the mass of nitrogen within urea / volume , not the mass of urea ) Urea ( mmol / L ) = BUN ( mg / dL of nitrogen ) x 10 ( dL / L ) / 14x2 ( mg N / mmol urea ) ( the mass of nitrogen within urea is used ) convert BUN to urea in mg / dL by using following formula : Urea ( mg / dL ) = BUN ( mg / dL ) * 2.14 ( conversion factor derived by : MW of urea = 60 , MW of urea nitrogen = 14x2 = > 60 / 28 = 2.14 ) factor = 1 for conversions in mmol ( 1 mole N2 = 2 moles N per mole of urea ) : BUN ( mmol / L ) = urea ( mmol / L ) See also ( edit ) BUN - to - creatinine ratio Kt / V Urea reduction ratio ( URR ) Urine urea nitrogen Standardized Kt / V References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Last page of Deepak A. Rao ; Le , Tao ; Bhushan , Vikas ( 2007 ) . First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2008 ( First Aid for the Usmle Step 1 ) . McGraw - Hill Medical . ISBN 0 - 07 - 149868 - 0 . Jump up ^ Normal Lab Results Archived December 16 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . from Marshal University School of Medicine Jump up ^ `` Blood Urea Nitrogen '' . biologydictionary.net . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Longo et al. , Harrison 's Principles of Internal Medicine , 18th ed. , p. 611 External links ( edit ) ( hide ) Reference ranges for blood tests ( CPT 82000 -- 84999 ) Electrolytes Sodium Potassium Chloride Calcium Renal function Creatinine Urea BUN - to - creatinine ratio Plasma osmolality Serum osmolal gap Acid - base Anion gap Arterial blood gas Base excess Bicarbonate CO content Iron tests Ferritin Serum iron Transferrin saturation Total iron - binding capacity Transferrin Transferrin receptor Hormones ACTH stimulation test Thyroid function tests Thyroid - stimulating hormone Metabolism Blood lipids Cardiovascular Cardiac marker Troponin test CPK - MB test Lactate dehydrogenase Myoglobin Glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB Liver function tests Proteins Human serum albumin Serum total protein ALP transaminases ALT AST AST / ALT ratio Bilirubin Unconjugated Conjugated Pancreas Amylase Lipase Pancreatic lipase Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blood_urea_nitrogen&oldid=797423437 '' Categories : Chemical pathology Nitrogen cycle Nephrology Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Italiano עברית 日本語 Polski Português Scots தமிழ் 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2017 , at 23 : 54 . About Wikipedia	what is the normal range for urea nitrogen	[ "Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is a medical test that measures the amount of urea nitrogen found in blood. The liver produces urea in the urea cycle as a waste product of the digestion of protein. Normal human adult blood should contain between 6 and 20 mg of urea nitrogen per 100 ml (6–20 mg/dL) of blood. Individual laboratories will have different reference ranges as the assay used will vary between laboratories.[1][2]" ]	[ "between 6 and 20 mg of urea nitrogen per 100 ml (6–20 mg/dL) of blood" ]
4930209386964544003	Shri Atmanand Jain Institute of Management and Technology	Shri Atmanand Jain institute of Management and Technology - Wikipedia Shri Atmanand Jain institute of Management and Technology hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's notability guidelines for companies and organizations . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` Shri Atmanand Jain Institute of Management and Technology '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( June 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is an orphan , as no other articles link to it . Please introduce links to this page from related articles ; try the Find link tool for suggestions . ( February 2009 ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . No cleanup reason has been specified . Please help improve this article if you can . ( June 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Shri Atmanand Jain Institute of Management and Technology ( AIMT ) Type Run by Shri Atmanand Jain College Trust & Management Society Industry Education Founded Ambala City , ( 1996 ) Headquarters Ambala City , Haryana , India Website ( 1 ) Shri Atmanand Jain Institute of Management and Technology ( AIMT ) , in Ambala was established in 1996 to provide modern Quality Management Education to students . AIMT is affiliated to Kurukshetra University , and is approved by the All India Council for Technical Education ( AICTE ) , New Delhi . Since inception , the institute has been an active member of the Confederation of Indian Industry ( CII ) , Ludhiana Management Association ( LMA ) and All India Management Association ( AIMA ) . The institute is run by the Management of Shri Atmanand Jain College Trust & Management Society , established in 1938 , under the Society Registration Act XXI of 1860 , as non-profitable educational society . The society also runs Shri Atmanand Jain ( PG ) College , Ambala City , which is affiliated to Kurukshetra University , Kurukshetra for B.A. , B.Sc. , B.Com. , B.B.A. , M.A. ( Eco . ) , M.Com. , PGDCA , M.Sc . ( Software ) and is also running evening classes of B.Com. and M.Com . The institute is providing full - time Master of Computer Application ( MCA ) and Master of Business Administration ( MBA ) courses . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tribuneindia ... Regional Briefs Jump up ^ Shri Atmanand Jain Institute of Management & Technology , Ambala City External links ( edit ) http://www.aimtambala.com This article about a university or college in Haryana , India is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shri_Atmanand_Jain_Institute_of_Management_and_Technology&oldid=818044623 '' Categories : Jain universities and colleges Universities and colleges in Haryana Ambala Business schools in Haryana Kurukshetra University India university stubs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2018 Use Indian English from January 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles with topics of unclear notability from June 2009 All articles with topics of unclear notability Orphaned articles from February 2009 All orphaned articles Articles needing cleanup from June 2009 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles without a reason field from June 2009 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from June 2009 Articles with multiple maintenance issues Haryana articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 January 2018 , at 05 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	shri atmanand jain institute of management & technology (aimt)	[]	[]
-4221665204936506933	History of the United Arab Emirates	History of the United Arab Emirates - wikipedia History of the United Arab Emirates Jump to : navigation , search The United Arab Emirates ( UAE ) is a country on the Arabian Peninsula located on the southeastern coast of the Persian Gulf and the northwestern coast of the Gulf of Oman . The UAE consists of seven emirates and was founded on 2 December 1971 as a federation . Six of the seven emirates ( Abu Dhabi , Dubai , Sharjah , Ajman , Umm Al Quwain and Fujairah ) combined on that date . The seventh , Ras Al Khaimah , joined the federation on 10 February 1972 . The seven sheikhdoms were formerly known as the Trucial States , in reference to the treaty relations established with the British in the 19th Century . Artefacts uncovered in the UAE show a long history of human habitation and regional trade including with Mesopotamia . The area was settled by a number of tribes along both the coast and interior and was Islamised in the seventh century . A number of incursions and bloody battles took place along the coast when the Portuguese , under Albuquerque , invaded the area . Conflicts between the maritime communities of the Trucial Coast and the British led to the sacking of Ras Al Khaimah by British forces in 1809 and again in 1819 , which resulted in the first of a number of British treaties with the Trucial Rulers in 1820 . These treaties , including the Treaty of Perpetual Maritime Peace , signed in 1853 , led to peace and prosperity along the coast which lasted until the 1930s , when the pearl trade collapsed , leading to significant hardship among the coastal communities . A British decision , taken in early 1968 , to withdraw from its involvement in the Trucial States , led to the decision to found a Federation . This was agreed between two of the most influential Trucial Rulers , Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan of Abu Dhabi and Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum of Dubai . The two invited other Trucial Rulers to join the Federation . At one stage it seemed likely Bahrain and Qatar would also join the Union , but both eventually decided on independence . Today , the UAE is a modern , oil exporting country with a highly diversified economy , with Dubai in particular developing into a global hub for tourism , retail , and finance , home to the world 's tallest building , and largest man - made seaport . Contents ( hide ) 1 Prehistory 2 Umm al - Nar and Wadi Suq Cultures 3 Advent of Islam 4 Trucial Sheikhs 5 The British era 6 The rise and fall of the pearling industry 7 The beginning of the oil era 8 Border disputes 9 Sheikh Zayed and the Union 10 Independence 10.1 Federation of Emirates 10.2 1971 -- 1972 10.3 1973 - 2003 10.4 2004 - 2008 10.5 2017 - Present 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Prehistory ( edit ) In 2011 primitive hand - axes , as well as several kinds of scrapers and perforators , were excavated at the Jebel Faya archaeological site in the United Arab Emirates . These tools resemble the types used by early modern humans in East Africa . Through the technique of Thermoluminescence dating the artefacts were placed between 100,000 and 125,000 years old . This is the earliest evidence of modern humans found anywhere outside Africa and implies modern humans left Africa much earlier than previously thought . The site of these discoveries has been preserved alongside finds of later cultures , including tombs and other finds from the Umm Al Nar , Wadi Suq and Islamic periods , at Sharjah 's Mleiha Archaeological Centre . During the glacial maximum period , 68000 to 8000 BC , Eastern Arabia is thought to have been uninhabitable . Finds from the stone age Arabian Bifacial and Ubaid cultures ( including stone arrow and axe heads as well as Ubaid pottery ) show human habitation in the area from 5000 to 3100 BC . The Hafit era , producing distinctive burial sites as well as finds of Jamdat Nasr pottery , stretched from 3100 to 2500 BC . Umm Al - Nar and Wadi Suq cultures ( edit ) Main article : Umm al - Nar Culture Umm al - Nar ( also known as Umm an - Nar ) was a bronze age culture variously defined by archaeologists as existing around 2600 and 2000 BC in the area of the modern - day United Arab Emirates and Oman . The etymology derives from the island of the same name which lies adjacent to Abu Dhabi . The key site is well protected , but its location between a refinery and a sensitive military area means public access is currently restricted . The UAE authorities are working to improve public access to the site , and plan to make this part of the Abu Dhabi cultural locations . One element of the Umm al - Nar culture is circular tombs typically characterized by well fitted stones in the outer wall and multiple human remains within . The Umm al - Nar culture , as indicated from inland 3rd millennium BC , covers around five or six centuries ( 2600 / 2500 - 2000 BC ) . It was followed by the Wadi Suq Culture , which dominated the region from 2000 to 1300 BC . Key archaeological sites pointing to major trading cities extant during both periods exist on both the Western and Eastern coasts of the UAE and in Oman , including Dalma , Umm Al Nar , Sufouh , Ed Dur , Tell Abraq , Shimal and Kalba . The domestication of camels and other animals took place during the Wadi Suq era , leading to increased inland settlement and the cultivation of diverse crops , including the date palm . Increasingly sophisticated metallurgy , pottery and stone carving led to more sophisticated weaponry and other implements even as evidence of strong trading links with the Indus Valley and Mesopotamia dwindled . From 1200 BC to the advent of Islam in Eastern Arabia , through three distinctive iron ages ( Iron age 1 , 1200 - 1000 BC ; Iron age 2 , 1000 - 600 BC and Iron age 3 600 - 300 BC ) and the Mleiha period ( 300 BC onward ) , the area was variously occupied by Archaemenid and other forces and saw the construction of fortified settlements and extensive husbandry thanks to the development of the falaj irrigation system . Advent of Islam ( edit ) Main article : Islam in the United Arab Emirates The arrival of envoys from Muhammad in 632 heralded the conversion of the region to Islam . After Muhammad 's death , one of the major battles of the Ridda Wars was fought at Dibba , in present - day Fujairah . The defeat of the non-Muslims in this battle resulted in the triumph of Islam in the Arabian Peninsula . In 637 , Julfar ( today Ras al - Khaimah ) was used as a staging post for the conquest of Iran . Over many centuries , Julfar became a wealthy port and pearling centre from which dhows travelled throughout the Indian Ocean . Trucial sheikhs ( edit ) See also : Piracy in the Persian Gulf Wikisource has original text related to this article : General Treaty for the Cessation of Plunder and Piracy by Land and Sea Portions of what is now the UAE came under the direct influence of the Ottoman Empire during the 16th century . Portuguese expansion into the Indian Ocean in the early 16th century following Vasco da Gama 's route of exploration resulted in the sacking of many coastal towns by the Portuguese . Thereafter , the region was known to the British as the `` Pirate Coast '' , as raiders based there harassed the shipping industry despite both European and Omani navies patrolling the area from the 17th to 19th centuries . British expeditions to protect the Indian trade from raiders at Ras al - Khaimah led to campaigns against that headquarters and other harbours along the coast in 1819 . The next year , a peace treaty was signed to which all the sheikhs of the coast adhered . Raids continued intermittently until 1835 , when the sheikhs agreed not to engage in hostilities at sea . In 1853 , they signed a treaty with the United Kingdom , under which the sheikhs ( the Trucial Sheikhdoms ) agreed to a `` perpetual maritime truce '' . It was enforced by the United Kingdom , and disputes among sheikhs were referred to the British for settlement . Flag of the Trucial Coast The British era ( edit ) Primarily in reaction to the ambitions of other European countries , the United Kingdom and the Trucial Sheikhdoms established closer bonds in an 1892 treaty , similar to treaties entered into by the UK with other Persian Gulf principalities . The sheikhs agreed not to dispose of any territory except to the United Kingdom and not to enter into relationships with any foreign government other than the United Kingdom without its consent . In return , the British promised to protect the Trucial Coast from all aggression by sea and to help in case of land attack . In her book `` The Judicial System in The Trucial Coast '' , Noora Saqr Al Falahi argues that the 1892 treaty had a profound role in isolating the country for a long time which has impeded development in comparison to other communities in the region at the time . The rise and Fall of the pearling industry ( edit ) A map of the area in 1914 During the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries , the pearling industry thrived in the relative calm at sea , providing both income and employment to the people of the Persian Gulf . It began to become a good economic resource for the local people . The First World War had a severe impact on the pearl fishery , but it was the Great Depression of the late 1920s and early 1930s , coupled with the Japanese invention of the cultured pearl , that all but destroyed it . The industry eventually faded away shortly after the Second World War , when the newly independent Government of India imposed heavy taxation on pearls imported from the Arab states of the Persian Gulf . The decline of pearling resulted in a very difficult era , with little opportunity to build any infrastructure . The beginning of the oil era ( edit ) In the 1930s , the first oil company teams carried out preliminary surveys . An onshore concession was granted to Petroleum Development ( Trucial Coast ) in 1939 , and an offshore concession to D'Arcy Exploration Ltd in 1952 . Oil was discovered under an old pearling bed in the Persian Gulf , Umm Shaif , in 1958 , and in the desert at Murban in 1960 . The first cargo of crude was exported from Jabel Dhanna in Abu Dhabi in 1962 . As oil revenues increased , the ruler of Abu Dhabi , Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan , undertook a massive construction program , building schools , housing , hospitals and roads . When Dubai 's oil exports commenced in 1969 , Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum , the ruler of Dubai , was also able to use oil revenues to improve his people 's quality of life . Border disputes ( edit ) In 1955 , the United Kingdom sided with Abu Dhabi in the latter 's dispute with Oman over the Buraimi Oasis , another territory to the south . A 1974 agreement between Abu Dhabi and Saudi Arabia would have settled the Abu Dhabi -- Saudi border dispute ; however , the agreement has yet to be ratified by the UAE government and is not recognised by the Saudi government . The border with Oman also remains officially unsettled , but the two governments agreed to delineate the border in May 1999 . Sheikh Zayed and the union ( edit ) Al Fahdi Fort in Dubai in the late 1950s In the early 1960s , oil was discovered in Abu Dhabi , an event that led to quick unification calls made by UAE sheikdoms . Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan became ruler of Abu Dhabi in 1966 , and the British started losing their oil investments and contracts to U.S. oil companies . The British had earlier started a development office that helped in some small developments in the emirates . The sheikhs of the emirates then decided to form a council to coordinate matters between them and took over the development office . They formed the Trucial States Council , and appointed Adi Bitar , Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum 's legal advisor , as Secretary General and Legal Advisor to the Council . This council was terminated once the United Arab Emirates was formed . Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan Independence ( edit ) By 1966 , the British government had come to the conclusion that it could no longer afford to govern what is now the United Arab Emirates . Much deliberation took place in the British parliament , with a number of MPs arguing that the Royal Navy would not be able to defend the Trucial Sheikhdoms . Denis Healey , who , at the time , was the UK Secretary of State for Defence , reported that the British Armed Forces were severely overextended , and in some respects , dangerously under - equipped to defend the Sheikhdoms . On 24 January 1968 , British Prime Minister Harold Wilson announced the decision to end the treaty relationships with the seven Trucial Sheikhdoms which had been , together with Bahrain and Qatar , under British protection . The British decision to withdraw was reaffirmed in March 1971 by Prime Minister Edward Heath . Days after the announcement Sheikh Zayed , fearing vulnerability , tried to persuade the British to honour the protection treaties by offering to pay in full the costs of keeping the British Armed Forces in the Emirates . The British Labour government rebuffed the offer . Federation of Emirates ( edit ) The first conference on the Gulf federation in Abu Dhabi , 1968 . After Labour MP Goronwy Roberts informed Sheikh Zayed of the news of British withdrawal , the nine Persian Gulf sheikhdoms attempted to form a federation of Arab emirates . The federation was first proposed in February 1968 when the rulers of Abu Dhabi and Dubai met in the desert location of Argoub El Sedirah and agreed on the principle of Union . They announced their intention to form a coalition , extending an invitation to other Persian Gulf states to join . Later that month , in a summit meeting attended by the rulers of Bahrain , Qatar and the Trucial Coast , the government of Qatar proposed the formation of a federation of Arab Emirates to be governed by a higher council composing of nine rulers . This proposal was accepted and a declaration of union was approved . There were , however , several disagreements between the rulers on matters such as the location of the capital , the drafting of the constitution and the distribution of ministries . The proposed federation of Arab emirates . Further political issues surfaced as a result of Bahrain attempting to impose a leading role in the nine - state union , as well as the emergence of a number of differences between the rulers of the Trucial Coast , Bahrain and Qatar , the latter two being in a long - running dispute over the Hawar Islands . While Dubai 's ruler , Sheikh Rashid , had a strong connection to the Qatari ruling family , including the royal intermarriage of his daughter with the son of the Qatari emir , the relationship between Abu Dhabi and Dubai ( also cemented by intermarriage , Rashid 's wife was a member of Abu Dhabi 's ruling family ) was to endure the break - up of the talks with both Bahrain and Qatar . Overall , there were only four meetings between the nine rulers . The last such meeting , which took place in Abu Dhabi , saw Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan elected as the first president of the federation . There were stalemates on numerous issues during the meeting , including the position of vice-president , the defence of the federation , and whether a constitution was required . Shortly after the meeting , the Political Agent in Abu Dhabi revealed the British government 's interests in the outcome of the session , prompting Qatar to withdraw from the federation apparently over what it perceived as foreign interference in internal affairs . The nine - emirate federation was consequently disbanded despite efforts by Saudi Arabia , Kuwait and Britain to reinvigorate discussions . Bahrain became independent in August 1971 , and Qatar in September 1971 . 1971 -- 1972 ( edit ) When the British - Trucial Sheikhdoms treaty expired on December 1 , 1971 , the Trucial States became fully independent sheikhdoms . Four more of the Trucial states ( Ajman , Sharjah , Umm Al Quwain and Fujairah ) , had decided to join Abu Dhabi and Dubai in signing the UAE 's founding treaty , with a draft constitution in place drafted in record time to meet the December 2 , 1971 deadline . On that date , at the Dubai Guesthouse ( now known as Union House ) , the emirates agreed to enter into a union to be called the United Arab Emirates . Ras al - Khaimah joined later , following Iran 's swift annexation of the Tunbs islands , in early 1972 . The move to form a union took place at a time of unprecedented instability in the region , with a border dispute killing 22 in Kalba and a coup in Sharjah in January 1972 . The then emir of Qatar was deposed by his cousin in February 1972 . 1973 - 2003 ( edit ) After the 9 / 11 terrorist attacks on the United States , the UAE was identified as a major financial centre used by Al - Qaeda in transferring money to the hijackers . The nation immediately cooperated with the United States , freezing accounts tied to suspected terrorists and strongly clamping down on money laundering . The country had already signed a military defence agreement with the United States in 1994 and one with France in 1995 . The UAE supports military operations from the United States and other coalition nations engaged in the invasion of Afghanistan ( 2001 ) and Iraq ( 2003 ) as well as operations supporting the Global War on Terrorism for the Horn of Africa at Al Dhafra Air Base , located outside of Abu Dhabi . The air base also supported Allied operations during the 1991 Persian Gulf War and Operation Northern Watch . 2004 - 2008 ( edit ) On 2 November 2004 , the UAE 's first president , Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan , died . His eldest son , Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan , succeeded him as ruler of Abu Dhabi . In accordance with the constitution , the UAE 's Supreme Council of Rulers elected Khalifa as president . Sheikh Mohammad bin Zayed Al Nahyan succeeded Khalifa as Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi . In January 2006 , Sheikh Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum , the prime minister of the UAE and the ruler of Dubai , died , and Crown Prince Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum assumed both roles . In March 2006 , the United States forced the state - owned Dubai Ports World to relinquish control of terminals at six major American ports . Critics of the ports deal feared an increased risk of terrorist attack , saying the UAE had been home to two of the 9 / 11 hijackers . In December 2006 , the UAE prepared for its first election to determine half the members of UAE 's Federal National Council from 450 candidates . However , only 7000 Emirati citizens , less than 1 % of the Emirati population , were given the right to vote in the election . The exact manner of selection was opaque . Notably , women were included in the electorate . 2017 - present ( edit ) In 2011 , the Middle East saw a number of pro-democratic uprisings , popularly known as the Arab Spring . The UAE saw comparatively little unrest , but did face one high - profile case in which five pro-democracy activists were arrested on charges of insulting the president , Sheikh Khalifa , the vice president , Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum , and the Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi ( and presumed successor to Sheikh Khalifa ) , Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan . The trial of the UAE Five attracted international publicity and protest from a number of human rights groups , including Amnesty International , which named the five men prisoners of conscience . The defendants were convicted and given two - to three - year prison sentences on 27 November 2011 . However , all five were pardoned without comment by Sheikh Khalifa the following day . See also ( edit ) History of Asia History of the Middle East List of presidents of the United Arab Emirates List of Prime Ministers of the United Arab Emirates National Center for Documentation and Research Politics of the United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates Cities in UAE Timeline of Abu Dhabi History of Dubai and Timeline of Dubai References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/index.php Jump up ^ http://earthsky.org/human-world/new-timeline-for-first-early-human-exodus-out-of-africa Jump up ^ UAE History : 20,000 - 2,000 years ago - UAEinteract Archived 2013 - 06 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO - Tentative Lists '' . Settlement and Cementery of Umm an - Nar Island . UNESCO . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ The Archaeology of Ras al - Khaimah Archived 2009 - 03 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Ottoman Empire - History of Ottoman Empire Encyclopedia.com : Dictionary of Contemporary World History '' . Encyclopedia.com. 1923 - 10 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Belgrave , Sir Charles ( 1966 ) The Pirate Coast , London : G. Bell and Sons Jump up ^ `` UK in the UAE '' . Ukinuae.fco.gov.uk. 2008 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Tore Kjeilen ( 2007 - 04 - 04 ) . `` Trucial States '' . Looklex.com . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Al Falahi , Noora ( 2014 ) . Judicial System in The Trucial Coast . Hamdan Bin Mohammad Heritage Center . p. 19 . Jump up ^ Morton , Michael Quentin ( July 2016 ) . `` The Search for Offshore Oil Abu Dhabi '' . AAPG Explorer . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Middle East Country profiles Country profile : United Arab Emirates '' . BBC News . 2009 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` United Arab Emirates ( 06 / 07 ) '' . State.gov . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Oil at heart of renewed UAE - Saudi border dispute - Jane 's Security News '' . Janes.com . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2007 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` United Arab Emirates - Oil and Natural Gas '' . Countrystudies.us . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Al Khaleej News Paper '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Trucial States Council until 1971 ( United Arab Emirates ) '' . Fotw.net . Archived from the original on 2011 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Morton , Michael Quentin ( February 2016 ) . Keepers of the Golden Shore : A History of the United Arab Emirates ( 1st ed . ) . London : Reaktion Books . pp. 178 -- 199 . ISBN 978 - 1780235806 . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Gornall . `` Sun sets on British Empire as UAE raises its flag - The National '' . Thenational.ae . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` History the United Arab Emirates UAE '' . TEN Guide . 1972 - 02 - 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Maktoum , Mohammed ( 2012 ) . Spirit of the Union . UAE : Motivate . pp. 30 -- 38 . ISBN 9781860633300 . ^ Jump up to : Zahlan , Rosemarie Said ( 1979 ) . The creation of Qatar ( print ed . ) . Barnes & Noble Books . p. 104 . ISBN 978 - 0064979658 . ^ Jump up to : R.S. Zahlan ( 1979 ) , p. 105 Jump up ^ R.S. Zahlan ( 1979 ) , p. 106 Jump up ^ `` Bahrain -- INDEPENDENCE '' . Country-data.com . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` United Arab Emirates : History , Geography , Government , and Culture '' . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Smith , Simon C. ( 2004 ) . Britain 's Revival and Fall in the Gulf : Kuwait , Bahrain , Qatar , and the Trucial States , 1950 -- 71 . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 33192 - 0 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Trucial Oman or Trucial States -- Origin of Trucial Oman or Trucial States '' . Oxford Dictionary of World Place Names . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Cloud , David S. ( 2006 - 02 - 23 ) . `` U.S. Sees Emirates as Both Ally and , Since 9 / 11 , a Foe '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Veteran Gulf ruler Zayed dies '' . BBC News . 2004 - 11 - 02 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` United Arab Emirates profile '' . BBC News . 2013 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Wheeler , Julia ( 15 December 2006 ) . `` UAE prepares for first elections '' . Archived from the original on 13 April 2012 . Retrieved 17 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` UAE : End Trial of Activists Charged with Insulting Officials '' . Amnesty International . 17 July 2011 . Retrieved 22 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Five jailed UAE activists ' receive presidential pardon ' '' . BBC News . 28 November 2011 . Retrieved 22 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UAE pardons jailed activists '' . Al Jazeera. 28 November 2011 . Retrieved 22 January 2012 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of the United Arab Emirates . External links ( edit ) Timeline of the United Arab Emirates History from Bronze Age to present day United Arab Emirates articles History Prehistory Umm an - Nar Culture Advent of Islam Portuguese control Trucial Sheikhs British era Pearling industry The beginning of the oil era Border disputes Sheikh Zayed and the Union Independence Federation of Emirates Post-independence Trucial States Death of Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan Geography Border disputes Cities Climate Environmental concerns Resources and land use Towns and villages Politics Elections 2006 parliamentary Emirates rulers Federal National Council Federal Supreme Council Foreign aid Foreign relations Human rights LGBT Legal system Military President Prime Minister Economy Central Bank Dirham ( currency ) Taxation Tourism attractions hotels resorts Dubai Stock exchange Telecommunications companies regulation Internet domain Transport airlines airports water - based Society Crime Demographics Education Emiratis Diaspora list Expatriates Health Language Women Culture Architecture Cinema Cuisine Literature and poetry writers Media Dubai radio and TV channels Music Religion Sunni Muslim Shi'a Muslim Sport camel racing Thawb ( garment ) Symbols Animal Anthem Bird Coat of arms Flag Flower Garment Sport Tree Outline Index Portal British Empire Legend Current territory Former territory * Now a Commonwealth realm Now a member of the Commonwealth of Nations Historical flags of the British Empire Europe 1542 -- 1800 Ireland ( integrated into UK ) 1708 -- 1757 , 1763 -- 1782 and 1798 -- 1802 Minorca Since 1713 Gibraltar 1800 -- 1813 Malta ( Protectorate ) 1813 -- 1964 Malta ( Colony ) 1807 -- 1890 Heligoland 1809 -- 1864 Ionian Islands 1878 -- 1960 Cyprus 1921 -- 1937 Irish Free State North America 17th century and before 18th century 19th and 20th century 1579 New Albion 1583 -- 1907 Newfoundland 1605 -- 1979 * Saint Lucia 1607 -- 1776 Virginia Since 1619 Bermuda 1620 -- 1691 Plymouth 1623 -- 1883 Saint Kitts 1624 -- 1966 * Barbados 1625 -- 1650 Saint Croix 1627 -- 1979 * Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1628 -- 1883 Nevis 1629 -- 1691 Massachusetts Bay 1632 -- 1776 Maryland since 1632 Montserrat 1632 -- 1860 Antigua 1635 -- 1644 Saybrook 1636 -- 1776 Connecticut 1636 -- 1776 Rhode Island 1637 -- 1662 New Haven 1643 -- 1860 Bay Islands Since 1650 Anguilla 1655 -- 1850 Mosquito Coast 1655 -- 1962 * Jamaica 1663 -- 1712 Carolina 1664 -- 1776 New York 1665 -- 1674 and 1702 -- 1776 New Jersey Since 1666 Virgin Islands Since 1670 Cayman Islands 1670 -- 1973 * Bahamas 1670 -- 1870 Rupert 's Land 1671 -- 1816 Leeward Islands 1674 -- 1702 East Jersey 1674 -- 1702 West Jersey 1680 -- 1776 New Hampshire 1681 -- 1776 Pennsylvania 1686 -- 1689 New England 1691 -- 1776 Massachusetts Bay 1701 -- 1776 Delaware 1712 -- 1776 North Carolina 1712 -- 1776 South Carolina 1713 -- 1867 Nova Scotia 1733 -- 1776 Georgia 1754 -- 1820 Cape Breton Island 1762 -- 1974 * Grenada 1763 -- 1978 Dominica 1763 -- 1873 Prince Edward Island 1763 -- 1791 Quebec 1763 -- 1783 East Florida 1763 -- 1783 West Florida 1784 -- 1867 New Brunswick 1791 -- 1841 Lower Canada 1791 -- 1841 Upper Canada Since 1799 Turks and Caicos Islands 1818 -- 1846 Columbia District / Oregon Country 1833 -- 1960 Windward Islands 1833 -- 1960 Leeward Islands 1841 -- 1867 Canada 1849 -- 1866 Vancouver Island 1853 -- 1863 Queen Charlotte Islands 1858 -- 1866 British Columbia 1859 -- 1870 North - Western Territory 1860 -- 1981 * British Antigua and Barbuda 1862 -- 1863 Stickeen 1866 -- 1871 British Columbia 1867 -- 1931 * Dominion of Canada 1871 -- 1964 Honduras 1882 -- 1983 * Saint Kitts and Nevis 1889 -- 1962 Trinidad and Tobago 1907 -- 1949 Newfoundland 1958 -- 1962 West Indies Federation 1 . Occupied jointly with the United States . 2 . In 1931 , Canada and other British dominions obtained self - government through the Statute of Westminster . See Name of Canada . 3 . Gave up self - rule in 1934 , but remained a de jure Dominion until it joined Canada in 1949 . South America 1631 -- 1641 Providence Island 1651 -- 1667 Willoughbyland 1670 -- 1688 Saint Andrew and Providence Islands 1831 -- 1966 Guiana Since 1833 Falkland Islands Since 1908 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 4 . Now a department of Colombia . 5 . Occupied by Argentina during the Falklands War of April -- June 1982 . Africa 17th and 18th centuries 19th century 20th century Since 1658 Saint Helena 1792 -- 1961 Sierra Leone 1795 -- 1803 Cape Colony Since 1815 Ascension Island Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha 1806 -- 1910 Cape of Good Hope 1807 -- 1808 Madeira 1810 -- 1968 Mauritius 1816 -- 1965 The Gambia 1856 -- 1910 Natal 1862 -- 1906 Lagos 1868 -- 1966 Basutoland 1874 -- 1957 Gold Coast 1882 -- 1922 Egypt 1884 -- 1900 Niger Coast 1884 -- 1966 Bechuanaland 1884 -- 1960 Somaliland 1887 -- 1897 Zululand 1890 -- 1962 Uganda 1890 -- 1963 Zanzibar 1891 -- 1964 Nyasaland 1891 -- 1907 Central Africa 1893 -- 1968 Swaziland 1895 -- 1920 East Africa 1899 -- 1956 Sudan 1900 -- 1914 Northern Nigeria 1900 -- 1914 Southern Nigeria 1900 -- 1910 Orange River 1900 -- 1910 Transvaal 1903 -- 1976 Seychelles 1910 -- 1931 South Africa 1914 -- 1960 Nigeria 1915 -- 1931 South - West Africa 1919 -- 1961 Cameroons 1920 -- 1963 Kenya 1922 -- 1961 Tanganyika 1923 -- 1965 and 1979 -- 1980 Southern Rhodesia 1924 -- 1964 Northern Rhodesia 6 . League of Nations mandate . 7 . Self - governing Southern Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence in 1965 ( as Rhodesia ) and continued as an unrecognised state until the 1979 Lancaster House Agreement . After recognised independence in 1980 , Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003 . Asia 17th and 18th century 19th century 20th century 1685 -- 1824 Bencoolen 1702 -- 1705 Pulo Condore 1757 -- 1947 Bengal 1762 -- 1764 Manila and Cavite 1781 -- 1784 and 1795 -- 1819 Padang 1786 -- 1946 Penang 1795 -- 1948 Ceylon 1796 -- 1965 Maldives 1811 -- 1816 Java 1812 -- 1824 Banka and Billiton 1819 -- 1826 Malaya 1824 -- 1948 Burma 1826 -- 1946 Straits Settlements 1839 -- 1967 Aden 1839 -- 1842 Afghanistan 1841 -- 1997 Hong Kong 1841 -- 1946 Sarawak 1848 -- 1946 Labuan 1858 -- 1947 India 1874 -- 1963 Borneo 1879 -- 1919 Afghanistan ( protectorate ) 1882 -- 1963 North Borneo 1885 -- 1946 Unfederated Malay States 1888 -- 1984 Brunei 1891 -- 1971 Muscat and Oman 1892 -- 1971 Trucial States 1895 -- 1946 Federated Malay States 1898 -- 1930 Weihai 1878 -- 1960 Cyprus 1907 -- 1949 Bhutan ( protectorate ) 1918 -- 1961 Kuwait 1920 -- 1932 Mesopotamia 1921 -- 1946 Transjordan 1923 -- 1948 Palestine 1945 -- 1946 South Vietnam 1946 -- 1963 North Borneo 1946 -- 1963 Sarawak 1946 -- 1963 Singapore 1946 -- 1948 Malayan Union 1948 -- 1957 Federation of Malaya Since 1960 Akrotiri and Dhekelia ( before as part of Cyprus ) Since 1965 British Indian Ocean Territory ( before as part of Mauritius and the Seychelles ) League of Nations mandate . Iraq 's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the Anglo - Iraqi Treaty Oceania 18th and 19th centuries 20th century 1788 -- 1901 New South Wales 1803 -- 1901 Van Diemen 's Land / Tasmania 1807 -- 1863 Auckland Islands 1824 -- 1980 New Hebrides 1824 -- 1901 Queensland 1829 -- 1901 Swan River / Western Australia 1836 -- 1901 South Australia since 1838 Pitcairn Islands 1841 -- 1907 New Zealand 1851 -- 1901 Victoria 1874 -- 1970 Fiji 1877 -- 1976 Western Pacific Territories 1884 -- 1949 Papua 1888 -- 1901 Rarotonga / Cook Islands 1889 -- 1948 Union Islands 1892 -- 1979 Gilbert and Ellice Islands 1893 -- 1978 Solomon Islands 1900 -- 1970 Tonga 1900 -- 1974 Niue 1901 -- 1942 * Australia 1907 -- 1947 * New Zealand 1919 -- 1942 and 1945 -- 1968 Nauru 1919 -- 1949 New Guinea 1949 -- 1975 Papua and New Guinea 9 . Now part of the * Realm of New Zealand . 10 . Suspended member . 11 . Now Kiribati and * Tuvalu . 12 . Now the * Solomon Islands . 13 . Now * Papua New Guinea . Antarctica and South Atlantic Since 1658 Saint Helena Since 1815 Ascension Island Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha Since 1908 British Antarctic Territory 1841 -- 1933 Australian Antarctic Territory ( transferred to the Commonwealth of Australia ) 1841 -- 1947 Ross Dependency ( transferred to the Realm of New Zealand ) 14 . Since 2009 part of Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha ; Ascension Island ( 1922 -- ) and Tristan da Cunha ( 1938 -- ) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena . 15 . Both claimed in 1908 ; territories formed in 1962 ( British Antarctic Territory ) and 1985 ( South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ) . Portuguese overseas empire North Africa 15th century 1415 -- 1640 Ceuta 1458 -- 1550 Alcácer Ceguer ( El Qsar es Seghir ) 1471 -- 1550 Arzila ( Asilah ) 1471 -- 1662 Tangier 1485 -- 1550 Mazagan ( El Jadida ) 1487 -- 16th century Ouadane 1488 -- 1541 Safim ( Safi ) 1489 Graciosa 16th century 1505 -- 1541 Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué ( Agadir ) 1506 -- 1525 Mogador ( Essaouira ) 1506 -- 1525 Aguz ( Souira Guedima ) 1506 -- 1769 Mazagan ( El Jadida ) 1513 -- 1541 Azamor ( Azemmour ) 1515 -- 1541 São João da Mamora ( Mehdya ) 1577 -- 1589 Arzila ( Asilah ) Sub-Saharan Africa 15th century 1455 -- 1633 Anguim 1462 -- 1975 Cape Verde 1470 -- 1975 São Tomé 1471 -- 1975 Príncipe 1474 -- 1778 Annobón 1478 -- 1778 Fernando Poo ( Bioko ) 1482 -- 1637 Elmina ( São Jorge da Mina ) 1482 -- 1642 Portuguese Gold Coast 1508 -- 1547 Madagascar 1498 -- 1540 Mascarene Islands 16th century 1500 -- 1630 Malindi 1501 -- 1975 Portuguese Mozambique 1502 -- 1659 Saint Helena 1503 -- 1698 Zanzibar 1505 -- 1512 Quíloa ( Kilwa ) 1506 -- 1511 Socotra 1557 -- 1578 Accra 1575 -- 1975 Portuguese Angola 1588 -- 1974 Cacheu 1593 -- 1698 Mombassa ( Mombasa ) 17th century 1645 -- 1888 Ziguinchor 1680 -- 1961 São João Baptista de Ajudá 1687 -- 1974 Bissau 18th century 1728 -- 1729 Mombassa ( Mombasa ) 1753 -- 1975 Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe 19th century 1879 -- 1974 Portuguese Guinea 1885 -- 1974 Portuguese Congo Part of São Tomé and Príncipe from 1753 . Or 1600 . A factory ( Anosy Region ) and small temporary coastal bases . Part of Portuguese Guinea from 1879 . Part of Portuguese Angola from the 1920s . Middle East ( Persian Gulf ) 16th century 1506 -- 1615 Gamru ( Bandar Abbas ) 1507 -- 1643 Sohar 1515 -- 1622 Hormuz ( Ormus ) 1515 -- 1648 Quriyat 1515 -- ? Qalhat 1515 -- 1650 Muscat 1515 ? -- ? Barka 1515 -- 1633 ? Julfar ( Ras al - Khaimah ) 1521 -- 1602 Bahrain ( Muharraq Manama ) 1521 -- 1529 ? Qatif 1521 ? -- 1551 ? Tarut Island 1550 -- 1551 Qatif 1588 -- 1648 Matrah 17th century 1620 -- ? Khor Fakkan 1621 ? -- ? As Sib 1621 -- 1622 Qeshm 1623 -- ? Khasab 1623 -- ? Libedia 1624 -- ? Kalba 1624 -- ? Madha 1624 -- 1648 Dibba Al - Hisn 1624 ? -- ? Bandar - e Kong Indian subcontinent 15th century 1498 -- 1545 Laccadive Islands ( Lakshadweep ) 16th century Portuguese India 1500 -- 1663 Cochim ( Kochi ) 1501 -- 1663 Cannanore ( Kannur ) 1502 -- 1658 1659 -- 1661 Quilon ( Coulão / Kollam ) 1502 -- 1661 Pallipuram ( Cochin de Cima ) 1507 -- 1657 Negapatam ( Nagapatnam ) 1510 -- 1961 Goa 1512 -- 1525 1750 Calicut ( Kozhikode ) 1518 -- 1619 Portuguese Paliacate outpost ( Pulicat ) 1521 -- 1740 Chaul ( Portuguese India ) 1523 -- 1662 Mylapore 1528 -- 1666 Chittagong ( Porto Grande De Bengala ) 1531 -- 1571 Chaul 1531 -- 1571 Chalé 1534 -- 1601 Salsette Island 1534 -- 1661 Bombay ( Mumbai ) 1535 Ponnani 1535 -- 1739 Baçaím ( Vasai - Virar ) 1536 -- 1662 Cranganore ( Kodungallur ) 1540 -- 1612 Surat 1548 -- 1658 Tuticorin ( Thoothukudi ) 1559 -- 1961 Daman and Diu 1568 -- 1659 Mangalore ( Portuguese India ) 1579 -- 1632 Hugli 1598 -- 1610 Masulipatnam ( Machilipatnam ) 1518 -- 1521 Maldives 1518 -- 1658 Portuguese Ceylon ( Sri Lanka ) 1558 -- 1573 Maldives 17th century Portuguese India 1687 -- 1749 Mylapore 18th century Portuguese India 1779 -- 1954 Dadra and Nagar Haveli East Asia and Oceania 16th century 1511 -- 1641 Portuguese Malacca ( Malaysia ) 1512 -- 1621 Maluku ( Indonesia ) 1522 -- 1575 Ternate 1576 -- 1605 Ambon 1578 -- 1650 Tidore 1512 -- 1665 Makassar 1557 -- 1999 Macau ( China ) 1580 -- 1586 Nagasaki ( Japan ) 17th century 1642 -- 1975 Portuguese Timor ( East Timor ) 19th century Portuguese Macau 1864 -- 1999 Coloane 1851 -- 1999 Taipa 1890 -- 1999 Ilha Verde 20th century Portuguese Macau 1938 -- 1941 Lapa and Montanha ( Hengqin ) 1975 is the year of East Timor 's Declaration of Independence and subsequent invasion by Indonesia . In 2002 , East Timor 's independence was fully recognized . North America & North Atlantic 15th century ( Atlantic islands ) 1420 Madeira 1432 Azores 16th century ( Canada ) 1500 -- 1579 ? Terra Nova ( Newfoundland ) 1500 -- 1579 ? Labrador 1516 -- 1579 ? 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the united arab emirates gain independence	[ "By 1966, the British government had come to the conclusion that it could no longer afford to govern what is now the United Arab Emirates. Much deliberation took place in the British parliament, with a number of MPs arguing that the Royal Navy would not be able to defend the Trucial Sheikhdoms. Denis Healey, who, at the time, was the UK Secretary of State for Defence, reported that the British Armed Forces were severely overextended, and in some respects, dangerously under-equipped to defend the Sheikhdoms. On 24 January 1968, British Prime Minister Harold Wilson announced the decision to end the treaty relationships with the seven Trucial Sheikhdoms which had been, together with Bahrain and Qatar, under British protection. The British decision to withdraw was reaffirmed in March 1971 by Prime Minister Edward Heath.[18]" ]	[ "1968" ]
8434866834651952975	Indian Ocean trade	Indian Ocean trade - wikipedia Indian Ocean trade Jump to : navigation , search Indian Ocean Trade has been a key factor in East -- West exchanges throughout history . Long distance trade in dhows and sailboats made it a dynamic zone of interaction between peoples , cultures , and civilizations stretching from Java in the East to Zanzibar and Mombasa in the West . Cities and states on the Indian Ocean rim were Janus - faced . They looked outward to the sea as much as they looked inward to the hinterland . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early period 2 Hellenic Period 3 Roman period 3.1 Roman ports 3.1. 1 Arsinoe 3.1. 2 Myos Hormos and Berenice 3.2 Major regional ports 3.2. 1 Barigaza 3.2. 2 Muziris 3.2. 3 Arikamedu 3.3 Decline and Legacy 4 Hindu - Buddhist period 5 Muslim period 6 Chinese travels 7 Portuguese period 8 Dutch and English period 9 Japanese Trade 10 See also 11 References Early period ( edit ) Further information : Meluhha There was an extensive maritime trade network operating between the Harappan and Mesopotamian civilizations as early as the middle Harappan Phase ( 2600 - 1900 BCE ) , with much commerce being handled by `` middlemen merchants from Dilmun '' ( modern Bahrain and Failaka located in the Persian Gulf ) . Such long - distance sea trade became feasible with the development of plank - built watercraft , equipped with a single central mast supporting a sail of woven rushes or cloth . Several coastal settlements like Sotkagen - dor ( astride Dasht River , north of Jiwani ) , Sokhta Koh ( astride Shadi River , north of Pasni ) , and Balakot ( near Sonmiani ) in Pakistan along with Lothal in western India , testify to their role as Harappan trading outposts . Shallow harbours located at the estuaries of rivers opening into the sea allowed brisk maritime trade with Mesopotamian cities . Hellenic period ( edit ) Prior to Roman expansion , the various peoples of the subcontinent had established strong maritime trade with other countries . The dramatic increase in South Asian ports , however , did not occur until the opening of the Red Sea by the Greeks and the Romans and the attainment of geographical knowledge concerning the region 's seasonal monsoons . In fact , the first two centuries of the Common Era indicate this increase in trade between present - day western India and Rome . This expansion of trade was due to the comparative peace established by the Roman Empire during the time of Augustus ( 23 September 63 BC -- 19 August AD 14 ) , which allowed for new explorations . Roman period ( edit ) Main article : Roman trade with India Roman trade with India according to the Periplus Maris Erythraei , 1st century CE . Indian ship on lead coin of Vasisthiputra Sri Pulamavi . Relief panel of a ship at Borobudur , 8th -- 9th century . The replacement of Greece by the Roman empire as the administrator of the Mediterranean basin led to the strengthening of direct maritime trade with the east and the elimination of the taxes extracted previously by the middlemen of various land - based trading routes . Strabo 's mention of the vast increase in trade following the Roman annexation of Egypt indicates that monsoon was known and manipulated for trade in his time . The trade started by Eudoxus of Cyzicus in 130 BCE kept increasing , and according to Strabo ( II. 5.12 . ) , writing some 150 years later : At any rate , when Gallus was prefect of Egypt , I accompanied him and ascended the Nile as far as Syene and the frontiers of Kingdom of Aksum ( Ethiopia ) , and I learned that as many as one hundred and twenty vessels were sailing from Myos Hormos to the subcontinent , whereas formerly , under the Ptolemies , only a very few ventured to undertake the voyage and to carry on traffic in Indian merchandise . -- Strabo By the time of Augustus up to 120 ships were setting sail every year from Myos Hormos to India . So much gold was used for this trade , and apparently recycled by the Kushan Empire ( Kushans ) for their own coinage , that Pliny the Elder ( NH VI. 101 ) complained about the drain of specie to India : Roman ports ( edit ) The three main Roman ports involved with eastern trade were Arsinoe , Berenice and Myos Hormos . Arsinoe was one of the early trading centers but was soon overshadowed by the more easily accessible Myos Hormos and Berenice . Arsinoe ( edit ) Sites of Egyptian Red Sea ports , including Alexandria and Berenice . The Ptolemaic dynasty exploited the strategic position of Alexandria to secure trade with the subcontinent . The course of trade with the east then seems to have been first through the harbor of Arsinoe , the present day Suez . The goods from the East African trade were landed at one of the three main Roman ports , Arsinoe , Berenice or Myos Hormos . The Romans repaired and cleared out the silted up canal from the Nile to harbor center of Arsinoe on the Red Sea . This was one of the many efforts the Roman administration had to undertake to divert as much of the trade to the maritime routes as possible . Arsinoe was eventually overshadowed by the rising prominence of Myos Hormos . The navigation to the northern ports , such as Arsinoe - Clysma , became difficult in comparison to Myos Hormos due to the northern winds in the Gulf of Suez . Venturing to these northern ports presented additional difficulties such as shoals , reefs and treacherous currents . Myos Hormos and Berenice ( edit ) Myos Hormos and Berenice appear to have been important ancient trading ports , possibly used by the Pharaonic traders of ancient Egypt and the Ptolemaic dynasty before falling into Roman control . The site of Berenice , since its discovery by Belzoni ( 1818 ) , has been equated with the ruins near Ras Banas in Southern Egypt . However , the precise location of Myos Hormos is disputed with the latitude and longitude given in Ptolemy 's Geography favoring Abu Sha'ar and the accounts given in classical literature and satellite images indicating a probable identification with Quseir el - Quadim at the end of a fortified road from Koptos on the Nile . The Quseir el - Quadim site has further been associated with Myos Hormos following the excavations at el - Zerqa , halfway along the route , which have revealed ostraca leading to the conclusion that the port at the end of this road may have been Myos Hormos . Major regional ports ( edit ) Roman piece of pottery from Arezzo , Latium , found at Virampatnam , Arikamedu ( 1st century CE ) . Musee Guimet . The regional ports of Barbaricum ( modern Karachi ) , Sounagoura ( central Bangladesh ) Barygaza , Muziris in Kerala , Korkai , Kaveripattinam and Arikamedu on the southern tip of present - day India were the main centers of this trade , along with Kodumanal , an inland city . The Periplus Maris Erythraei describes Greco - Roman merchants selling in Barbaricum `` thin clothing , figured linens , topaz , coral , storax , frankincense , vessels of glass , silver and gold plate , and a little wine '' in exchange for `` costus , bdellium , lycium , nard , turquoise , lapis lazuli , Seric skins , cotton cloth , silk yarn , and indigo '' . In Barygaza , they would buy wheat , rice , sesame oil , cotton and cloth . Barigaza ( edit ) Trade with Barigaza , under the control of the Indo - Scythian Western Satrap Nahapana ( `` Nambanus '' ) , was especially flourishing : There are imported into this market - town ( Barigaza ) , wine , Italian preferred , also Laodicean and Arabian ; copper , tin , and lead ; coral and topaz ; thin clothing and inferior sorts of all kinds ; bright - colored girdles a cubit wide ; storax , sweet clover , flint glass , realgar , antimony , gold and silver coin , on which there is a profit when exchanged for the money of the country ; and ointment , but not very costly and not much . And for the King there are brought into those places very costly vessels of silver , singing boys , beautiful maidens for the harem , fine wines , thin clothing of the finest weaves , and the choicest ointments . There are exported from these places spikenard , costus , bdellium , ivory , agate and carnelian , lycium , cotton cloth of all kinds , silk cloth , mallow cloth , yarn , long pepper and such other things as are brought here from the various market - towns . Those bound for this market - town from Egypt make the voyage favorably about the month of July , that is Epiphi . -- Periplus of the Erythraean Sea ( paragraph 49 ) . Muziris ( edit ) Muziris , as shown in the Tabula Peutingeriana , with a `` Templum Augusti '' . Muziris is a lost port city on the south - western coast of India which was a major center of trade in the ancient Tamil land between the Chera kingdom and the Roman Empire . Its location is generally identified with modern - day Cranganore ( central Kerala ) . Large hoards of coins and innumerable shards of amphorae found at the town of Pattanam ( near Cranganore ) have elicited recent archeological interest in finding a probable location of this port city . According to the Periplus , numerous Greek seamen managed an intense trade with Muziris : Then come Naura and Tyndis , the first markets of Damirica ( Limyrike ) , and then Muziris and Nelcynda , which are now of leading importance . Tyndis is of the Kingdom of Cerobothra ; it is a village in plain sight by the sea . Muziris , of the same Kingdom , abounds in ships sent there with cargoes from Arabia , and by the Greeks ; it is located on a river , distant from Tyndis by river and sea five hundred stadia , and up the river from the shore twenty stadia '' -- The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea ( 53 -- 54 ) Arikamedu ( edit ) The Periplus Maris Erythraei mentions a marketplace named Poduke ( ch. 60 ) , which G.W.B. Huntingford identified as possibly being Arikamedu in Tamil Nadu , a centre of early Chola trade ( now part of Ariyankuppam ) , about 3 kilometres ( 1.9 mi ) from the modern Pondicherry . Huntingford further notes that Roman pottery was found at Arikamedu in 1937 , and archeological excavations between 1944 and 1949 showed that it was `` a trading station to which goods of Roman manufacture were imported during the first half of the 1st century AD '' . Decline and legacy ( edit ) Following the Roman - Persian Wars , the areas under the Roman Byzantine Empire were captured by Khosrow II of the Persian Sassanian Dynasty , but the Byzantine emperor Heraclius reconquered them ( 628 ) . The Arabs , led by ' Amr ibn al - ' As , crossed into Egypt in late 639 or early 640 CE . This advance marked the beginning of the Islamic conquest of Egypt and the fall of ports such as Alexandria , used to secure trade with the subcontinent by the Roman world since the Ptolemaic dynasty . The decline in trade saw the ancient Tamil country turn to Southeast Asia for international trade , where it influenced the native culture to a greater degree than the impressions made on Rome . Hindu - buddhist period ( edit ) The Satavahanas developed shipping ventures in Southeast Asia . The 8th century depiction of a wooden double outrigger and sailed Borobudur ship in ancient Java suggests that there were ancient trading links across the Indian Ocean between Indonesia and Madagascar and East Africa sometimes referred to as the ' Cinnamon Route . ' The single or double outrigger is a typical feature of vessels of the seafaring Austronesians and the most likely vessel used for their voyages and exploration across Southeast Asia , Oceania , and Indian Ocean . During this period , between 7th to 13th century in Indonesian archipelago flourished the Srivijaya thalassocracy empire that rule the maritime trade network in maritime Southeast Asia and connecting India and China . Muslim period ( edit ) During the Muslim period , in which the Muslims had dominated the trade across the Indian Ocean , the Gujaratis were bringing spices from the Moluccas as well as silk from China , in exchange for manufactured items such as textiles , and then selling them to the Egyptians and Arabs . Calicut was the center of Indian pepper exports to the Red Sea and Europe at this time with Egyptian and Arab traders being particularly active . In Madagascar , merchants and slave traders from the Middle East ( Shirazi Persians , Omani Arabs , Arabized Jews , accompanied by Bantus from southeast Africa ) and from Asia ( Gujarat Indians , Malays , Javanese , Bugis ) were sometimes integrated within the indigenous Malagasy clans New waves of Austronesian migrants arrived in Madagascar at this time leaving behind a lasting cultural and genetic legacy . Chinese travels ( edit ) Part of Zheng He 's navigation map providing instruction for aligning ship to travel from Hormuz to Calicut , 1430 Chinese fleets under Zheng He criscrossed the Indian Ocean during the early part of the 15th century . The missions were diplomatic rather than commercial , but many exchanges of gift and produces were made . Portuguese period ( edit ) Further information : Portuguese India and Cape Route The Portuguese under Vasco da Gama discovered a naval route to the Indian Ocean through the southern tip of Africa in 1497 -- 98 . Initially , the Portuguese were mainly active in Calicut , but the northern region of Gujarat was even more important for trade , and an essential intermediary in east - west trade . Reception of Venetian ambassadors in Damascus in the time of Qaitbay . Venetian interests were directly threatened as the traditional trade patterns were eliminated and the Portuguese became able to undersell the Venetians in the spice trade in Europe . Venice broke diplomatic relations with Portugal and started to look at ways to counter its intervention in the Indian Ocean , sending an ambassador to the Egyptian court . Venice negotiated for Egyptian tariffs to be lowered to facilitate competition with the Portuguese , and suggested that `` rapid and secret remedies '' be taken against the Portuguese . The Mamluks sent a fleet in 1507 under Amir Husain Al - Kurdi , which would fight in the Battle of Chaul . The Ottomans tried to challenge Portugal 's hegemony in the Persian Gulf region by sending an armada against the Portuguese under Ali Bey in 1581 . They were supported in this endeavor by the chiefs of several local principalities and port towns such as Muscat , Gwadar , and Pasni . However , the Portuguese successfully intercepted and destroyed the Ottoman Armada . Subsequently , the Portuguese attacked Gwadar and Pasni on the Mekran Coast and sacked them in retaliation for providing aid and comfort to the enemy . Dutch and English period ( edit ) The island of Hormuz was captured by an Anglo - Persian force in the 1622 Capture of Ormuz . During the 16th century the Portuguese had established bases in the Persian Gulf . In 1602 , the Iranian army under the command of Imam - Quli Khan Undiladze managed to expel the Portuguese from Bahrain . In 1622 , with the help of four English ships , Abbas retook Hormuz from the Portuguese in the capture of Ormuz . He replaced it as a trading centre with a new port , Bandar Abbas , nearby on the mainland , but it never became as successful . Japanese trade ( edit ) Japanese portolan sailing map , depicting the Indian Ocean and the East Asian coast , early 17th century . During the 16th and 17th century , Japanese ships also made forays into Indian Ocean trade through the Red Seal ship system . See also ( edit ) Indian Maritime History Winds in the Age of Sail References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Neyland , R.S. ( 1992 ) . `` The seagoing vessels on Dilmun seals '' . In Keith , D.H. ; Carrell T.L. ( eds . ) . Underwater archaeology proceedings of the Society for Historical Archaeology Conference at Kingston , Jamaica 1992 . Tucson , AZ : Society for Historical Archaeology . pp. 68 -- 74 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Lach 1994 : 13 Jump up ^ Young 2001 : 20 ^ Jump up to : `` The Geography of Strabo published in Vol . I of the Loeb Classical Library edition , 1917 '' . Jump up ^ `` minimaque computatione miliens centena milia sestertium annis omnibus India et Seres et paeninsula illa imperio nostro adimunt : tanti nobis deliciae et feminae constant . quota enim portio ex illis ad deos , quaeso , iam vel ad inferos pertinet ? '' Pliny , Historia Naturae 12.41. 84 . ^ Jump up to : Lindsay 2006 : 101 Jump up ^ O'Leary 2001 : 72 ^ Jump up to : Fayle 2006 : 52 ^ Jump up to : Freeman 2003 : 72 ^ Jump up to : Shaw 2003 : 426 ^ Jump up to : Halsall , Paul . `` Ancient History Sourcebook : The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea : Travel and Trade in the Indian Ocean by a Merchant of the First Century '' . Fordham University . ^ Jump up to : `` Search for India 's ancient city '' . BBC . 11 June 2006 . Retrieved 4 January 2010 . Jump up ^ George Menachery , Kodungallur City of St. Thomas , Azhikode , 1987alias Kodungallur Cradle of Christianity in India , 2000 Jump up ^ http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090803/jsp/frontpage/story_11313800.jsp ^ Jump up to : Huntingford 1980 : 119 . Jump up ^ Farrokh 2007 : 252 ^ Jump up to : Meri 2006 : 224 Jump up ^ Holl 2003 : 9 Jump up ^ Kulke 2004 : 106 Jump up ^ Borobudur Ship Expedition ^ Jump up to : Foundations of the Portuguese empire , hi lo millo1415 -- 1580 Bailey Wallys Diffie p. 234ff ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Larson , 2000 Jump up ^ Larson , Pier M. ( 2000 ) . History and Memory in the Age of Enslavement . Becoming Merina in Highland Madagascar , 1770 -- 1822 . Social History of Africa Series . Portsmouth , New Hampshire : Heinemann , 414 p . ISBN 0 - 325 - 00217 - 7 . Jump up ^ Lawler . `` Ancient crop remains record epic migration to Madagascar '' . 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6439650343327922707	Black Hand (Serbia)	Black Hand ( Serbia ) - wikipedia Black Hand ( Serbia ) Unification or Death ( Black Hand Society ) Unification or Death 's logo Formation August 1901 ( as Black Hand Society ) 28 June 1914 ( as Unification or Death ) Type Secret society Purpose Liberation of Austro - Hungarian South Slavs ( Yugoslavism ) Unification of ethnic Serb territories ( Pan-Serbism ) Location Balkans Key people Dragutin Dimitrijević Unification or Death ( Serbian : Уједињење или смрт / Ujedinjenje ili smrt ) , popularly known as the Black Hand ( Црна рука / Crna ruka ) , was a secret military society formed on 9 May 1911 by officers in the Army of the Kingdom of Serbia , originating in the conspiracy group that assassinated the Serbian royal couple ( 1903 ) , led by captain Dragutin Dimitrijević `` Apis '' . It was formed with the aim of uniting all of the territories with a South Slavic majority not ruled by either Serbia or Montenegro . Its inspiration was primarily the unification of Italy in 1859 -- 70 , but also that of Germany in 1871 . Through its connections to the June 1914 assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo , which was committed by the members of youth movement Young Bosnia , the Black Hand is often viewed as having contributed to the start of World War I by precipitating the July Crisis of 1914 , which eventually led to Austria - Hungary 's invasion of the Kingdom of Serbia . Contents 1 Background 1.1 Apis ' conspiracy group and the May Coup 1.2 Narodna Odbrana 2 Establishment 3 1911 -- 13 4 1914 5 Ideology 6 Legacy 7 See also 8 References 9 Sources 10 Further reading 11 External links Background ( edit ) Apis ' conspiracy group and the May coup ( edit ) This section needs expansion with : events occurring in the long time span between the described regicide and the events of the next subsection . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2017 ) See also : May Coup ( Serbia ) Early members of the Black Hand . In August 1901 , a group of lower officers headed by captain Dragutin Dimitrijević `` Apis '' established a conspiracy group ( called the Black Hand in literature ) , against the dynasty . The first meeting was held on 6 September 1901 . In attendance were captains Radomir Aranđelović , Milan F. Petrović , and Dragutin Dimitrijević , as well as lieutenants Antonije Antić , Dragutin Dulić , Milan Marinković , and Nikodije Popović . They made a plan to kill the royal couple -- King Alexander I Obrenović and Queen Draga . Captain Apis personally led the group of Army officers who killed the royal couple in the Old Palace at Belgrade on the night of 28 / 29 May 1903 ( Old Style ) . Narodna Odbrana ( edit ) Main article : Narodna Odbrana On 8 October 1908 , just two days after Austria annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina , some Serbian ministers , officials , and generals held a meeting at the City Hall in Belgrade . They founded a semi-secret society , the Narodna Odbrana ( `` National Defense '' ) which gave Pan-Serbism a focus and an organization . The purpose of the group was to liberate Serbs under the Austro - Hungarian occupation . They also undertook anti-Austrian propaganda and organized spies and saboteurs to operate within the occupied provinces . Satellite groups were formed in Slovenia , Bosnia , Herzegovina and Istria . The Bosnian group went under the name Mlada Bosna ( `` Young Bosnia '' ) . Establishment ( edit ) Ritual cross of the Black Hand Signatures The Unification or Death was established in the beginning of May 1911 , the original constitution of the organization being signed on 9 May . Ljuba Čupa , Bogdan Radenković and Vojislav Tankosić wrote the constitution of the organization . The constitution was modeled after similar German secret nationalist associations and the Italian Carbonari . The organization was mentioned in the Serbian parliament as the `` Black Hand '' in late 1911 . By 1911 -- 12 , Narodna Odbrana had established ties with the Black Hand , and the two became `` parallel in action and overlapping in membership '' . 1911 -- 13 ( edit ) The organization used the magazine Pijemont ( the Serbian name for Piedmont , the kingdom that led the unification of Italy , under the House of Savoy ) for the dissemination of their ideas . The magazine was founded by Ljuba Čupa in August 1911 . 1914 ( edit ) By 1914 , there were hundreds of members , many of whom were Serbian Army officers . The goal of uniting Serb - inhabited territories was implemented through the training of guerilla fighters and saboteurs . The Black Hand was organized at the grassroots level in 3 to 5 - member cells , supervised by district committees and by a Central committee in Belgrade whose ten - member Executive Committee was led , more or less , by Colonel Dragutin Dimitrijević `` Apis '' . To ensure secrecy , members rarely knew much more than the members of their own cell and one superior above them . New members swore the oath : I ( ... ) , by entering into the society , do hereby swear by the Sun which shineth upon me , by the Earth which feedeth me , by God , by the blood of my forefathers , by my honour and by my life , that from this moment onward and until my death , I shall faithfully serve the task of this organisation and that I shall at all times be prepared to bear for it any sacrifice . I further swear by God , by my honour and by my life , that I shall unconditionally carry into effect all its orders and commands . I further swear by my God , by my honour and by my life , that I shall keep within myself all the secrets of this organisation and carry them with me into my grave . May God and my brothers in this organisation be my judges if at any time I should wittingly fail or break this oath . The Black Hand took over the terrorist actions of Narodna Odbrana , and worked deliberately at obscuring any distinctions between the two groups , trading on the prestige and network of the older organization . Black Hand members held important army and government positions . Crown Prince Alexander was an enthusiastic and financial supporter . The group held influence over government appointment and policy . The Serbian government was fairly well informed of Black Hand activities . Friendly relations had fairly well cooled by 1914 . The Black Hand was displeased with Prime Minister Nikola Pašić . They thought he did not act aggressively enough towards the Pan-Serb cause . They engaged in a bitter power struggle over several issues , such as who would control territories Serbia annexed in the Balkan Wars . By this point , disagreeing with the Black Hand was dangerous , as political murder was one of their tools . It was also in 1914 that Apis allegedly decided that Archduke Franz Ferdinand , the heir - apparent of Austria , should be assassinated , as he was trying to pacify the Serbians , and if this happened then a revolution would never occur . Towards that end it is claimed that three young Bosnian Serbs were recruited to kill the Archduke . They were definitely trained in bomb throwing and marksmanship by current and former members of the Serbian military . Gavrilo Princip , Nedeljko Čabrinović and Trifko Grabež were smuggled across the border back into Bosnia via a chain of underground - railroad style contacts . The decision to kill the Archduke was apparently initiated by Apis , and not sanctioned by the full Executive Committee ( assuming Apis was involved at all , a question that remains in dispute ) . Those involved probably realized that their plot would result in war between Austria and Serbia , and had every reason to expect that Russia would side with Serbia . They likely did not , however , anticipate that the assassination would start a chain of events leading to World War I. Others in the government and some of the Black Hand Executive Council were not as confident of Russian aid . Russia had let them down recently . When word of the plot allegedly percolated through Black Hand leadership and the Serbian government ( the Prime Minister Pašić was definitely informed of two armed men being smuggled across the border ; it is not clear if Pašić knew the planned assassination ) , Apis was supposedly told not to proceed . He may have made a half - hearted attempt to intercept the young assassins at the border , but they had already crossed . Other sources say the attempted ' recall ' was only begun after the assassins had reached Sarajevo . This ' recall ' appears to make Apis look like a loose cannon , and the young assassins as independent zealots . In fact , the ' recall ' took place a full two weeks before the Archduke 's visit . The assassins idled around in Sarajevo for a month . Nothing more was done to stop them . Ideology ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The group encompassed a range of ideological outlooks , from conspiratorially - minded army officers to idealistic youths , sometimes tending towards republicanism , despite the acquisition of nationalistic royal circles in its activities ( the movement 's leader , Colonel Dragutin Dimitrijević or `` Apis , '' had been instrumental in the June 1903 coup which had brought King Petar Karađorđević to the Serbian throne following 45 years of rule by the rival Obrenović dynasty ) . The group was denounced as nihilist by the Austro - Hungarian press and compared to the Russian People 's Will and the Chinese Assassination Corps . Legacy ( edit ) In 1938 a conspiracy group to overthrow the Yugoslav regency was founded by , among others , members of the Serbian Cultural Club ( SKK ) . The organization was modeled after the Black Hand , including the recruitment process . Two members of the Black Hand , Antonije Antić , and Velimir Vemić were the organization 's military advisors . See also ( edit ) Serbian Chetnik Organization Young Bosnia Serb revolutionary organizations References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Gavrilo Princip and the Black Hand organization '' . Bookrags . Jump up ^ Alan Cassels ( 15 November 1996 ) . Ideology and international relations in the modern world . Psychology Press . pp. 122 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 11926 - 9 . Retrieved 8 November 2011 . Jump up ^ David Stevenson , 1914 - 1918 , 2012 Penguin , reissue , p. 12 Jump up ^ Borislav Ratković ; Mitar Đurišić ; Savo Skoko ( 1972 ) . Srbija i Crna Gora u balkanskim ratovima 1912 - 1913 . Beogradski izdavačko - grafički zavod . Y августу 1901 . нижи официри су , под руководством капетана Драгутина Димитр ^ евиhа -- Аписа , створили заверенички покрет против ди - насти е ( `` Црна рука '' ) . Jump up ^ Antić & 2010 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ Đorđe Radenković ( 1997 ) . Pašić i Srbija . Službeni list SRJ . p. 462 . Jump up ^ Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti ( 1955 ) . Posebna izdanja. 243 . p. 199 . Оригинални Устав истого , друштва од 9 / 22 ма ) а 1911 год . са своеручним потписила опт . ^ Jump up to : Stanoje Stanojević ( 1929 ) . Narodna enciklopedija srpsko - hrvatsko - slovenačka , knjiga 2 ( in Serbo - Croatian ) . Zagreb . p. 181 . Jump up ^ Olga Popović - Obradović ( 1998 ) . Parlamentarizam u Srbiji od 1903 . do 1914 . godine . Službeni list SRJ . p. 158 . Jump up ^ Victor Roudometof ( 2001 ) . Nationalism , Globalization , and Orthodoxy : The Social Origins of Ethnic Conflict in the Balkans . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 170 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31949 - 5 . Jump up ^ NIN . nedeljne informativne novine . Politika. 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Пијемонт '' . Veliki rat . National Library of Serbia . Jump up ^ Pressonline.rs Press ( 2011 - 10 - 07 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 11 - 08 . ( in Serbian ) Jump up ^ Vladimer Dedijer , The Road to Sarajevo Jump up ^ Kazimirović 1995 , p. 653 . Jump up ^ Kazimirović 1995 , p. 654 . Jump up ^ Zečević 2003 , p. 335 . Sources ( edit ) Antić , Antonije ( 2010 - 11 - 20 ) . `` Škola gnezdo zavere '' . Novosti . Apis , Dragutin T. Dimitrijević ( 1918 ) . Tajna prevratna organizacija . Velika Srbija . Dedijer , Vladimir ( 1966 ) . The Road to Sarajevo . Simon and Schuster . Kazimirović , Vasa ( 1995 ) . Srbija i Jugoslavija , 1914 - 1945 : Srbija i Jugoslavija između dva svetska rata . Prizma . Kazimirović , Vasa ( 1997 ) . Crna ruka : ličnosti i događaji u Srbiji od prevrata 1903 . do Solunskog procesa 1917 . godine . Prizma . ISBN 978 - 86 - 7084 - 016 - 4 . MacKenzie , David ( 1995 ) . The `` Black Hand '' on Trial : Salonika , 1917 . East European Monographs . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88033 - 320 - 7 . MacKenzie , David ( 1998 ) . The Exoneration of the `` Black Hand , '' 1917 - 1953 . East European Mongraphs . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88033 - 414 - 3 . MacKenzie , David ( 1989 ) . Apis , the Congenial Conspirator : The Life of Colonel Dragutin T. Dimitrijević . East European Monographs . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88033 - 162 - 3 . MacKenzie , David ( 1982 ) . `` Serbian Nationalist and Military Organizations and the Piedmont Idea , 1844 - 1914 '' . East European Quarterly . 16 ( 3 ) : 323 -- . Remak , Joachim ( 1971 ) . The Origins of World War I : 1871 - 1914 . Holt , Rinehart and Winston . Zečević , Momčilo ( 2003 ) . Prošlost i vreme : iz istorije Jugoslavije . Prosveta . Further reading ( edit ) Bataković , Dušan T. ( 2006 ) . `` Nikola Pašić : The Radicals and the `` Black hand '' challenges to parliamentary democracy in Serbia 1903 - 1917 `` . Balcanica. 37 : 143 -- 169 . Blakley , Patrick R.F. `` Narodna Odbrana ( The Black Hand ) : Terrorist Faction that Divided the World '' ( PDF ) . Oswego Historical Review . 2 : 13 -- 34 . Gilfond , Henry ( 1975 ) . The Black Hand at Sarajevo . Bobbs - Merrill . ISBN 0672520702 . OCLC 1692249 . Jelavich , Barbara ( 1991 ) . `` What the Habsburg Government Knew about the Black Hand '' . Austrian History Yearbook. 22 : 131 -- 150 . Nešković , Borivoje ( 1953 ) . Istina o solunskom procesu . Narodna knjiga . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Black Hand . `` The Constitution of the Ujedinjenje ili Smrt ( Unification or Death ) '' . `` Black Hand over Europe '' by Henri Pozzi , 1935 . Projekat Rastko. 1935 ( 1911 ) . Lutz , Hermann . `` The Serbian ' Black Hand ' , '' The Freeman , Vol. 7 , N °. 164 , pp. 179 -- 181 , 2 May 1923 . BNE : XX4775559 GND : 4242974 - 2 LCCN : n92066358 NKC : kn20140915011 SUDOC : 124852386 VIAF : 156081661 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Hand_(Serbia)&oldid=854215108 '' Categories : Serbian revolutionary organizations History of Austria - Hungary Kingdom of Serbia Serbia in World War I Ottoman Empire in World War I Causes of World War I Serbian nationalism Christian fundamentalism Secret societies in Serbia Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria Greater Serbian ideology History of the Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina History of the Serbs of Croatia 1901 establishments in Serbia Political history of Serbia Organizations established in 1901 Defunct organisations based in Serbia Austria - Hungary -- Serbia relations Vardar Macedonia ( 1918 -- 41 ) Revolutionary organizations against the Ottoman Empire Revolutionary organizations against Austria - Hungary Hidden categories : CS1 Serbo - Croatian - language sources ( sh ) Articles with Serbian - language external links Use dmy dates from March 2012 Pages using infobox organization with unsupported parameters Articles containing Serbian - language text Articles to be expanded from April 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from March 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010 Articles needing additional references from March 2015 All articles needing additional references All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 18 : 50 ( UTC ) . 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3657051734877847920	Flag of Colombia	Flag of Colombia - wikipedia Flag of Colombia Jump to : navigation , search Colombia Name Tricolor Nacional ( National tricolor ) Use National flag and ensign Proportion 2 : 3 Adopted November 26 , 1861 Design A horizontal tricolor of yellow ( double - width ) , blue and red . The national flag of Colombia was adopted on November 26 , 1861 . It is a horizontal tricolour of yellow , blue and red . The yellow stripe takes up the top half of the flag and the blue and red take up a quarter of the space each . It is a triband flag with horizontal bands colored yellow , blue and red . Vertically the yellow occupies 50 % and the other 50 % is shared by the blue and red colors in equal proportion . National flag and state ensign . Flag ratio : 2 : 3 Civil ensign . Flag ratio : 2 : 3 Naval ensign . Flag ratio : 2 : 3 Contents ( hide ) 1 Symbolism and design 2 History 3 Past flags 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Symbolism and design ( edit ) Flag of Colombia atop Castillo San Felipe de Barajas in Cartagena , Colombia . Construction sheet of Colombia national flag . The horizontal stripes ( from top to bottom ) of yellow , blue and red tricolor have a ratio of 2 : 1 : 1 . It -- together with that of Ecuador , also derived from the flag of Gran Colombia -- is different from most other tricolor flags , either vertical or horizontal , in having stripes which are not equal in size . ( Venezuela , whose flag is also derived from the same source , opted for a more conventional tricolor with equal stripes ) . The official colors have not yet been established by law . However , it is recommended to use the following : Scheme Yellow blue Red Pantone 116 287 186 RGB ( hex ) 252 - 209 - 22 ( # FCD116 ) 0 - 56 - 147 ( # 003893 ) 206 - 17 - 38 ( # CE1126 ) CMYK C0 - M17. 1 - Y91. 3 - K0 C100 - M61. 9 - Y0 - K42. 4 C0 - M91. 7 - Y81. 6 - K19. 2 According to the current interpretation , the colors signify : Yellow : Represents the riches of the country , the wealth of the Colombian soil , the gold , sovereignty , harmony , justice and agriculture , as well as the Sun , the source of Light . Blue : represents the seas on Colombia 's shores , the rivers that run through , and the sky above . Red : represents the blood spilled for Colombia 's independence and also the effort of Colombian people , the determination and the perseverance . It represents that although Colombia 's people have had to struggle they have thrived . Although , the flag has other representatives such as blue for loyalty and vigilance , red for victory of battles for Colombian independence , and finally yellow for sovereignty and justice . History ( edit ) Francisco de Miranda was the person who originally created the common yellow , blue and red flag of Gran Colombia that Colombia , Ecuador and Venezuela , with slight variations , share today . Miranda gave at least two sources of inspiration for his flag . In a letter written to Count Simon Romanovich Woronzoff and philosopher Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , Miranda described a late - night conversation he had had with Goethe at a party in Weimar during the winter of 1785 . Fascinated by Miranda 's account of his exploits in the United States Revolutionary War and his travels throughout the Americas and Europe , Goethe told him that , `` Your destiny is to create in your land a place where primary colours are not distorted . '' He proceeded to clarify what he meant : `` First he explained to me the way the iris transforms light into the three primary colours ( ... ) then he proved to me why yellow is the most warm , noble and closest to ( white ) light ; why blue is that mix of excitement and serenity , a distance that evokes shadows ; and why red is the exaltation of yellow and blue , the synthesis , the vanishing of light into shadow . It is not that the world is made of yellows , blues and reds ; it is that in this manner , as if in an infinite combination of these three colours , we human beings see it . ( ... ) A country ( Goethe concluded ) starts out from a name and a flag , and it then becomes them , just as a man fulfils his destiny . '' After Miranda designed his flag based on this conversation , he recalled seeing a fresco by Lazzaro Tavarone in the Palazzo Belimbau in Genoa that depicted Christopher Columbus unfurling a similar - coloured flag in Veragua during his fourth voyage . In his military diary , Miranda gave another possible source of inspiration : the yellow , blue and red standard of the Burger Guard ( Bürgerwache ) of Hamburg , which he also saw during his travels in Germany . In the 1801 plan for an army to liberate Spanish America , which he submitted unsuccessfully to the British cabinet , Miranda requested the materials for `` ten flags , whose colours shall be red , yellow and blue , in three zones . '' However , the first flag was not raised until March 12 , 1806 , in Jacmel , Haiti , during his ill - fated expedition to Venezuela . Past flags ( edit ) Provisional flag of the State of New Granada , 1831 -- 1834 . Flag ratio : 2 : 3 Flag of the Republic of New Granada and the Granadine Confederation , 1834 -- 1861 . Flag ratio : 2 : 3 Flag of the United States of New Granada , 1861 . Flag ratio : 2 : 3 See also ( edit ) Colombia portal Flag of Gran Colombia List of Colombian flags ¡ Oh , Gloria Inmarcesible ! References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Flag and Arms of Colombia '' . ColombiaInfo.org - The Colombia Information Site ! . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ Serpa Erazo , Jorge , ( summary of Ricardo Silva Romero 's ) `` La Bandera del Mundo . '' Pañol de la Historia . Part 1 , Section 1 ( July 30 , 2004 ) . ISSN 1900 - 3447 . Retrieved on 2008 - 12 - 02 Jump up ^ Dousdebés , Pedro Julio , `` Las insignias de Colombia , '' Boletín de historia y antigüedades , August 1937 , 462 , cited in Nelson González Ortega , `` Formación de la iconografía nacional en Colombia : una lectura semiótico - social , '' Revista de Estudios Colombianos , No. 16 ( 1996 ) , 20 . Jump up ^ Miranda , Francisco ; Josefina Rodríguez de Alonso ; José Luis Salcedo - Bastardo ( 1983 ) , Colombeia : Segunda sección : El viajero ilustrado , 1787 - 1788 , 4 , Caracas : Ediciones de la Presidencia de la República , p. 415 , ISBN 84 - 499 - 6610 - 8 , April 19 : ( ... ) around 5 : 30 in the evening I had the pleasure of seeing the Burger Guard pass by with flag waving and drums beating , which it does every day at a similar time ( ... ) The ( officers of the ) infantry wore red with a yellow emblem , and the artillery blue with red emblem . Jump up ^ Miranda , Francisco ; Josefina Rodríguez de Alonso ; José Luis Salcedo - Bastardo ( 1978 ) , Colombeia : Primera parte : Miranda , súbdito español , 1750 - 1780 , 1 , Caracas : Ediciones de la Presidencia de la República , p. 80 , ISBN 978 - 84 - 499 - 5163 - 3 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags of Colombia . Colombia at Flags of the World Colombian flag history ( Spanish ) Colombian flag history ( English ) National symbols of Colombia National Anthem Flag Coat of arms Andean condor Quindio wax palm Cattleya trianae orchid Flags of South America Sovereign states Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Falkland Islands French Guiana South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands National flags and coats of arms National flags Sovereign states Dependent territories Timeline National coats of arms Sovereign states Dependent territories Heraldry portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Colombia&oldid=840525934 '' Categories : Flags of Colombia National flags National symbols of Colombia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans አማርኛ Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kiswahili Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Žemaitėška 中文 49 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 May 2018 , at 13 : 14 . 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3358853052755781687	Tiger I	Tiger I - wikipedia Tiger I This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Panzerkampfwagen Tiger Ausf . E Tiger I in northern France , March 1944 Type Heavy tank Place of origin Germany Service history In service 1942 -- 45 Wars World War II Production history Designer Erwin Aders Henschel & Son Designed 1938 -- 41 Manufacturer Henschel Unit cost 250,800 RM Produced 1942 -- 44 No. built 1,347 Specifications ( RfRuK VK 4501H Ausf. E , Blatt : G - 330 ) Weight 54 tonnes ( 60 short tons ) 57 tonnes ( 63 short tons ) ( Ausf . E ) Length 6.316 m ( 20 ft 8.7 in ) 8.45 m ( 27 ft 9 in ) gun forward Width 3.56 m ( 11 ft 8 in ) Height 3.0 m ( 9 ft 10 in ) Crew 5 ( commander , gunner , loader , driver , assistant driver ) Armour 25 -- 120 mm ( 0.98 -- 4.72 in ) Main armament 1 × 8.8 cm KwK 36 L / 56 92 AP and HE rounds Secondary armament 2 × 7.92 mm MG 34 4,500 rounds 4,800 rounds ( Ausf . E ) Engine Maybach HL230 P45 V - 12 700 PS ( 690 hp , 515 kW ) Power / weight 13 PS ( 9.5 kW ) / tonne Suspension Torsion bar Ground clearance 0.47 m ( 1 ft 7 in ) Fuel capacity 540 L ( 140 US gal ) including reserve Operational range Road : 195 km ( 121 mi ) Cross country : 110 km ( 68 mi ) Speed Maximum , road : 45.4 km / h ( 28.2 mph ) Sustained , road : 40 km / h ( 25 mph ) Cross country : 20 -- 25 km / h ( 12 -- 16 mph ) World War II tanks List Light 7TP Fiat L6 / 40 M3 / M5 Stuart M22 Locust M24 Chaffee Marmon - Herrington CTLS Renault R40 Schofield T - 26 T - 40 T - 60 T - 70 Tetrarch Toldi Type 98 Ke - Ni Type 2 Ke - To Type 2 Ka - Mi Type 4 Ke - Nu Type 5 Ke - Ho Medium Carro Armato P 40 40 M Turan I Fiat M11 / 39 Fiat M13 / 40 Fiat M14 / 41 Fiat M15 / 42 M2 Medium M3 Lee / Grant M4 Sherman Panzer III Panzer IV Panzer V Panther T - 34 T - 43 Type 97 ShinHoTo Chi - Ha Type 1 Chi - He Type 3 Ka - Chi Type 3 Chi - Nu Type 4 Chi - To Type 5 Chi - Ri Type 5 To - Ku Sherman Firefly Cruiser AMC 35 AMR 33 AMR 35 BT - 2 / BT - 5 / BT - 7 / BT - 7M Cruiser Mk III Cruiser Mk IV Covenanter Crusader Cavalier Cromwell Mk VIII Challenger Comet Grizzly Ram Sentinel Infantry Black Prince Churchill Matilda I Matilda II T - 26 T - 50 Valentine Valiant Type 2 Ho - I Heavy IS tank KV tank M26 Pershing Tiger I Tiger II T - 35 Assault Excelsior T14 Sherman Jumbo Tortoise Super-heavy T28 TOG1 TOG2 O-I Panzer VII Löwe Panzer VIII Maus Panzerkampfwagen E-100 Landkreuzer P. 1000 Ratte Landkreuzer P. 1500 Monster Tank history classification WWI Interwar WWII Cold War Post -- Cold War The Tiger I listen ( help info ) is a German heavy tank of World War II deployed from 1942 in Africa and Europe , usually in independent heavy tank battalions . Its final designation was Panzerkampfwagen VI Tiger Ausf . E often shortened to Tiger . The Tiger I gave the Wehrmacht its first armoured fighting vehicle that mounted the 8.8 cm KwK 36 gun ( not to be confused with the 8.8 cm Flak 36 ) . 1,347 were built between August 1942 and August 1944 . After August 1944 , production of the Tiger I was phased out in favour of the Tiger II . While the Tiger I has been called an outstanding design for its time , it was over-engineered , using expensive materials and labour - intensive production methods . The Tiger was prone to certain types of track failures and breakdowns , and was limited in range by its high fuel consumption . It was expensive to maintain , but generally mechanically reliable . It was difficult to transport , and vulnerable to immobilisation when mud , ice , and snow froze between its overlapping and interleaved Schachtellaufwerk - pattern road wheels , often jamming them solid . This was a problem on the Eastern Front in the muddy rasputitsa season and during periods of extreme cold . The tank was given its nickname `` Tiger '' by Ferdinand Porsche , and the Roman numeral was added after the later Tiger II entered production . The initial designation was Panzerkampfwagen VI Ausführung H ( ' ' Panzer VI version H ' ' , abbreviated PzKpfw VI Ausf . H ) where ' H ' denoted Henschel as the designer / manufacturer . It was classified with ordnance inventory designation SdKfz 182 . The tank was later re-designated as PzKpfw VI Ausf . E in March 1943 , with ordnance inventory designation SdKfz 181 . Today , only about seven Tiger Is survive in museums and private collections worldwide . The Tiger 131 at the UK 's Tank Museum , which was captured during the North Africa Campaign , is currently the only one restored to running order . Contents 1 Design history 1.1 Earlier designs 1.2 Another attempt 1.3 Further improvements 1.4 Final designs 2 Design 2.1 Armour 2.2 Gun 2.3 Engine and drive 2.4 Suspension 2.5 Fording system 2.6 Crew compartment 2.7 Cost 3 Production history 4 Variants 5 Designations 6 Combat history 6.1 Gun and armour performance 6.2 First actions 6.3 Mobility and reliability 6.4 Tactical organization 7 Allied response 7.1 British response 7.2 Soviet response 7.3 U.S. response 8 Operators 9 Survivors 9.1 Tiger 131 9.2 Others 10 Tanks of comparable role , performance and era 11 Notes 12 References 12.1 Citations 12.2 Bibliography 13 External links Design History ( edit ) Earlier designs ( edit ) Henschel & Sohn began development of a large tank design in January 1937 when the Waffenamt requested Henschel to develop a Durchbruchwagen ( `` breakthrough vehicle '' ) in the 30 -- 33 tonne range . Only one prototype hull was ever built and it was never fitted with a turret . The Durchbruchwagen I 's general shape and suspension resembled the Panzer III , while the turret resembled the early Panzer IV C turret with the short - barrelled 7.5 cm L / 24 cannon . Before Durchbruchwagen I was completed , a request was issued for a heavier 30 - tonne class vehicle with thicker armour ; this was the Durchbruchwagen II , which would have had 50 mm ( 2 in ) of frontal armour and mounted a Panzer IV turret with a short - barrelled 7.5 cm L / 24 gun . Overall weight would have been 36 tonnes . Only one hull was built and no turret was fitted . Further development of the Durchbruchwagen was dropped in 1938 in favour of the larger and better - armoured VK 30.01 ( H ) and VK 36.01 ( H ) designs . Both the Durchbruchwagen I and II prototype hulls were used as test vehicles until 1941 . Another attempt ( edit ) The VK 30.01 ( H ) medium tank and the VK 36.01 ( H ) heavy tank designs pioneered the use of the complex Schachtellaufwerk track suspension system of torsion bar - sprung , overlapped and interleaved main road wheels for tank use . This concept was already common on German half - tracks such as the Sd. Kfz. 7 . The VK 30.01 ( H ) was intended to mount a low - velocity 7.5 cm L / 24 infantry support gun , a 7.5 cm L / 40 dual purpose anti-tank gun , or a 10.5 cm L / 28 field gun in a Krupp turret . Overall weight was to be 33 tonnes . The armour was designed to be 50 mm on frontal surfaces and 30 mm on the side surfaces . Four prototype hulls were completed for testing . Two of these were later modified to build the `` Sturer Emil '' ( 12.8 cm Selbstfahrlafette L / 61 ) self - propelled anti-tank gun . The VK 36.01 ( H ) was intended to weigh 40 tonnes , with 100 mm ( 4 in ) of armour on front surfaces , 80 mm on turret sides and 60 mm on the hull sides . The VK 36.01 ( H ) was intended to carry a 7.5 cm L / 24 , or a 7.5 cm L / 43 , or a 7.5 cm L / 70 , or a 12.8 cm L / 28 cannon in a Krupp turret that looked similar to an enlarged Panzer IV Ausf. C turret . The hull for one prototype was built , followed later by five more . The six turrets built were never fitted and were used as part of the Atlantic Wall . The VK 36.01 ( H ) project was discontinued in early 1942 in favour of the VK 45.01 project . Further improvements ( edit ) Combat experience against the French Somua S35 cavalry tank and Char B1 heavy tank , and the British Matilda II infantry tanks during the Battle of France in June 1940 showed that the German Army needed better armed and armoured tanks . On 26 May 1941 , Henschel and Ferdinand Porsche were asked to submit designs for a 45 - tonne heavy tank , to be ready by June 1942 . Porsche worked on an updated version of their VK 30.01 ( P ) Leopard tank prototype while Henschel worked on an improved VK 36.01 ( H ) tank . Henschel built two prototypes : a VK 45.01 ( H ) H1 with an 8.8 cm L / 56 cannon , and a VK 45.01 ( H ) H2 with a 7.5 cm L / 70 cannon . Final designs ( edit ) On 22 June 1941 , Germany launched Operation Barbarossa , the invasion of the Soviet Union . The Germans were shocked to encounter Soviet T - 34 medium and KV - 1 heavy tanks , and , according to Henschel designer Erwin Aders : `` There was great consternation when it was discovered that the Soviet tanks were superior to anything available to the Heer . '' . An immediate weight increase to 45 tonnes and an increase in gun calibre to 8.8 cm was ordered . The due date for the new prototypes was set for 20 April 1942 , Adolf Hitler 's 53rd birthday . Unlike the Panther tank , the designs did not incorporate sloped armour , an innovation taken from the T - 34 . Model reconstruction of VK 4501 ( P ) Porsche prototype Porsche and Henschel submitted prototype designs , each making use of the Krupp - designed turret . They were demonstrated at Rastenburg in front of Hitler . The Henschel design was accepted , mainly because the Porsche VK 4501 ( P ) prototype design used a troubled gasoline - electric hybrid power unit which needed large quantities of copper for manufacture of its electrical drivetrain components , a strategic war material of which Germany had limited supplies with acceptable electrical properties for such uses . Production of the Panzerkampfwagen VI Ausf . H began in August 1942 . Expecting an order for his tank , Porsche built 100 chassis . After the contract was awarded to Henschel , they were used for a new turretless , casemate - style tank destroyer ; 91 hulls were converted into the Panzerjäger Tiger ( P ) in early 1943 . The Tiger was still at the prototype stage when it was first hurried into service , and therefore changes both large and small were made throughout the production run . A redesigned turret with a lower cupola was the most significant change . To cut costs , the submersion capability and an external air - filtration system were dropped . Design ( edit ) The Tiger differed from earlier German tanks principally in its design philosophy . Its predecessors balanced mobility , armour and firepower , and were sometimes outgunned by their opponents . While heavy , this tank was not slower than the best of its opponents . However , at over 50 tonnes dead weight , the suspension , gearboxes , and other such items had clearly reached their design limits and breakdowns were frequent if regular maintenance was not undertaken . Although the general design and layout were broadly similar to the previous medium tank , the Panzer IV , the Tiger weighed more than twice as much . This was due to its substantially thicker armour , the larger main gun , greater volume of fuel and ammunition storage , larger engine , and a more solidly built transmission and suspension . Armour ( edit ) The Tiger I 's armour was up to 120 mm on the mantlet . The Tiger I had frontal hull armour 100 mm ( 3.9 in ) thick , frontal turret armour of 100 mm ( 3.9 in ) and a 120 mm ( 4.7 in ) thick gun mantlet . The Tiger had 60 mm ( 2.4 in ) thick hull side plates and 80 mm armour on the side superstructure / sponsons , while turret sides and rear were 80 mm . The top and bottom armour was 25 mm ( 1 in ) thick ; from March 1944 , the turret roof was thickened to 40 mm ( 1.6 in ) . Armour plates were mostly flat , with interlocking construction . The armour joints were of high quality , being stepped and welded rather than riveted and were made of maraging steel . Gun ( edit ) Turmzielfernrohr TZF 9c gun sight Main article : 8.8 cm KwK 36 The 56 - calibre long 8.8 cm KwK 36 was chosen for the Tiger . A combination of a flat trajectory from the high muzzle velocity and precision from Leitz Turmzielfernrohr TZF 9b sight ( later replaced by the monocular TZF 9c ) made it very accurate . In British wartime firing trials , five successive hits were scored on a 410 by 460 mm ( 16 by 18 in ) target at a range of 1,100 metres ( 3,600 ft ) . Compared with the other contemporary German tank guns , the 8.8 cm KwK 36 had superior penetration to the 7.5 cm KwK 40 on the Sturmgeschütz III and Panzer IV but inferior to the 7.5 cm KwK 42 on the Panther tank under ranges of 2,500 metres . At greater ranges , the 8.8 cm KwK 36 was superior in penetration and accuracy . The ammunition for the Tiger had electrically fired primers . Four types of ammunition were available but not all were fully available ; the PzGr 40 shell used tungsten , which was in short supply as the war progressed . PzGr. 39 ( armour - piercing , capped , ballistic cap ) PzGr. 40 ( armour - piercing , composite rigid ) Hl . Gr. 39 ( high explosive anti-tank ) sch . Sprgr . Patr . L / 4.5 ( incendiary shrapnel ) Engine and drive ( edit ) Crew working on the engine through the hatch on the rear hull roof The rear of the tank held an engine compartment flanked by two separate rear compartments each containing a fuel tank and radiator . The Germans had not developed an adequate diesel engine , so a petrol ( gasoline ) powerplant had to be used instead . The original engine utilised was a 21.35 - litre ( 1303 cu.in . ) 12 - cylinder Maybach HL 210 P45 developing 485 kW ( 650 hp ) at 3,000 rpm . Although a good engine , it was underpowered for the vehicle . From the 251st Tiger onwards , it was replaced by the upgraded HL 230 P45 , a 23.095 litre ( 1409 cu.in . ) engine developing 521 kW ( 700 hp ) at 3,000 rpm . The main difference between these engines was that the original Maybach HL 210 used an aluminium engine block while the Maybach HL 230 used a cast - iron engine block . The cast - iron block allowed for larger cylinders ( and thus , greater displacement ) which increased the power output to 521 kW ( 700 hp ) . The engine was in V - form , with two cylinder banks set at 60 degrees . An inertia starter was mounted on its right side , driven via chain gears through a port in the rear wall . The engine could be lifted out through a hatch on the rear hull roof . In comparison to other V12 and various vee - form gasoline engines used for tanks , the eventual HL 230 engine was nearly four litres smaller in displacement than the Allied British Rolls - Royce Meteor V12 AFV powerplant , itself adapted from the RR Merlin but de-rated to 448 kW ( 600 hp ) power output ; and the American Ford - designed precursor V12 to its Ford GAA V - 8 AFV engine of 18 litre displacement , which in its original V12 form would have had the same 27 litre displacement as the Meteor . The engine drove the front sprockets through a drivetrain connecting to a transmission in the front portion of the lower hull ; the front sprockets had to be mounted relatively low as a result . The Krupp - designed 11 - tonne turret had a hydraulic motor whose pump was powered by mechanical drive from the engine . A full rotation took about a minute . Another new feature was the Maybach - Olvar hydraulically controlled semi-automatic pre-selector gearbox . The extreme weight of the tank also required a new steering system . Germany 's Argus Motoren , where Hermann Klaue had invented a ring brake in 1940 , supplied them for the Arado Ar 96 and also supplied the 55 cm disc . Klaue acknowledged in the patent application that he had merely improved on existing technology , that can be traced back to British designs dating to 1904 . It is unclear whether Klaue 's patent ring brake was utilised in the Tiger brake design . The clutch - and - brake system , typical for lighter vehicles , was retained only for emergencies . Normally , steering depended on a double differential , Henschel 's development of the British Merritt - Brown system first encountered in the Churchill tank . The vehicle had an eight - speed gearbox , and the steering offered two fixed radii of turns on each gear , thus the Tiger had sixteen different radii of turn . In first gear , at a speed of a few km / h , the minimal turning radius was 3.44 m ( 11 ft 3 in ) . In neutral gear , the tracks could be turned in opposite directions , so the Tiger I pivoted in place . There was a steering wheel instead of either a tiller -- or , as most tanks had at that time , twin braking levers -- making the Tiger I 's steering system easy to use , and ahead of its time . Suspension ( edit ) Clear view of the Tiger I 's Schachtellaufwerk overlapping and interleaved road wheels during production The suspension used sixteen torsion bars , with eight suspension arms per side . To save space , the swing arms were leading on one side and trailing on the other . There were three road wheels ( one of them double , closest to the track 's centre ) on each arm , in a so - called Schachtellaufwerk overlapping and interleaved arrangement , similar to that pioneered on German half - tracked military vehicles of the pre-World War II era , with the Tiger I being the first all - tracked German AFV built in quantity to use such a road wheel arrangement . The wheels had a diameter of 800 mm ( 31 in ) in the Schachtellaufwerk arrangement for the Tiger I 's suspension , providing a high uniform distribution of the load onto the track , at the cost of increased maintenance . Removing an inner wheel that had lost its solid rubber tire ( a common occurrence ) required the removal of up to nine other wheels first . During the rainy period that brought on the autumn rasputitsa mud season and onwards into the winter conditions on the Eastern front , the roadwheels of a Schachtellaufwerk - equipped vehicle could also become packed with mud or snow that could then freeze . Presumably , German engineers , based on the experience of the half tracks , felt that the improvement in off - road performance , track and wheel life , mobility with wheels missing or damaged , plus additional protection from enemy fire was worth the maintenance difficulties of a complex system vulnerable to mud and ice . This approach was carried on , in various forms , to the Panther and the non-interleaved wheel design for the Tiger II . Eventually , a new 80 cm diameter ' steel ' wheel design , closely resembling those on the Tiger II , with an internally sprung steel - rim tire was substituted , and which like the Tiger II , were only overlapped and not interleaved . Tiger at the Henschel plant is loaded onto a special rail car . The outer road wheels have been removed and narrow tracks put in place to decrease vehicle width , allowing it to fit within the loading gauge of the German rail network . To support the considerable weight of the Tiger , the tracks were 725 mm ( 2 ft 4.5 in ) wide . To meet rail - freight size restrictions , the outermost roadwheel on each axle ( 16 total ) could be unbolted from a flange and narrower 520 mm ( 20 in ) wide ' transport ' tracks ( Verladeketten ) installed . The track replacement and wheel removal took 30 minutes for each side of the tank . However , in service , Tigers were frequently transported by rail with their combat tracks fitted , as long as the train crew knew there were no narrow tunnels or other obstructions on the route that would prevent an oversized load from passing , despite this practice being strictly forbidden . Fording system ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Tiger tank was too heavy for small bridges , so it was designed to ford bodies of water up to four metres ( 13 feet ) deep . This required unusual mechanisms for ventilation and cooling when underwater . At least 30 minutes of set - up time was required , with the turret and gun being locked in the forward position , and a large snorkel tube raised at the rear . An inflatable doughnut - shaped ring sealed the turret ring . The two rear compartments ( each containing a fuel tank , radiator and fans ) were floodable . Only the first 495 units were fitted with this deep fording system ; all later models were capable of fording water only two metres deep . Crew compartment ( edit ) The internal layout was typical of German tanks . Forward was an open crew compartment , with the driver and radio - operator seated at the front on either side of the gearbox . Behind them the turret floor was surrounded by panels forming a continuous level surface . This helped the loader to retrieve the ammunition , which was mostly stowed above the tracks . Three men were seated in the turret ; the loader to the right of the gun facing to the rear , the gunner to the left of the gun , and the commander behind him . There was also a folding seat on the right for the loader . The turret had a full circular floor and 157 cm headroom . Cost ( edit ) The main problem with the Tiger was that its production required considerable resources in terms of manpower and material , which led to it being expensive : the Tiger I cost over twice as much as a Panzer IV and four times as much as a StuG III assault gun . Partly because of their high cost , only 1,347 Tiger I and 492 Tiger II tanks were produced . The closest counterpart to the Tiger from the United States was the M26 Pershing ( around 200 deployed to the European Theater of Operations ( ETO ) during the war ) and the IS - 2 from the USSR ( about 3,800 built during the conflict ) . Although from a technical point of view it was superior to its contemporaries , the low number produced , shortages in qualified crew and the considerable fuel requirement in a context of ever shrinking resources prevented the Tiger I from having a real impact on the war . Production History ( edit ) Installing the turret Production of the Tiger I began in August 1942 , initially at a rate of 25 per month and peaking in April 1944 at 104 per month . 1,355 had been built by August 1944 , when production ceased . Deployed Tiger I 's peaked at 671 on 1 July 1944 . It took about twice as long to build a Tiger I as another German tank of the period . When the improved Tiger II began production in January 1944 , the Tiger I was soon phased out . In 1943 , Japan bought several specimens of German tank designs for study . A single Tiger I was apparently purchased , along with a Panther and two Panzer IIIs , but only the Panzer IIIs were actually delivered . The undelivered Tiger was loaned to the German Wehrmacht by the Japanese government . Many modifications were introduced during the production run to improve automotive performance , firepower and protection . Simplification of the design was implemented , along with cuts due to raw material shortages . In 1942 alone , at least six revisions were made , starting with the removal of the Vorpanzer ( frontal armour shield ) from the pre-production models in April . In May , mudguards bolted onto the side of the pre-production run were added , while removable mudguards saw full incorporation in September . Smoke discharge canisters , three on each side of the turret , were added in August 1942 . In later years , similar changes and updates were added , such as the addition of Zimmerit ( a non-magnetic anti-mine coating ) , in late 1943 . Due to slow production rates at the factories , incorporation of the new modifications could take several months . The humorous and somewhat racy crew manual , the Tigerfibel , was the first of its kind for the German Army and its success resulted in more unorthodox manuals that attempted to emulate its style . Variants ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Among other variants of the Tiger , a citadel , heavily armoured self - propelled rocket projector , today commonly known as the Sturmtiger , was built . A tank recovery version of the Porsche Tiger I , and one Porsche Tiger I , was issued to the 654th Heavy Tank Destroyer Battalion , which was equipped with the Ferdinand / Elefant . In Italy , a demolition carrier version of the Tiger I without a main gun was built by maintenance crews in an effort to find a way to clear minefields . It is often misidentified as a BergeTiger recovery vehicle . As many as three may have been built . It carried a demolition charge on a small crane on the turret in place of the main gun . It was to move up to a minefield and drop the charge , back away , and then set the charge off to clear the minefield . There is no verification of any being used in combat . Another variant was the Fahrschulpanzer VI Tiger tanks ( driving school Tiger tanks ) . These tanks were Tigers with modified engines to run on either compressed Towngas gas ( Stadtgas System ) or wood gas ( Holzgas System ) . This was due to shortages in fuel supply . They used a mixture of turreted and turretless hulls . They were used to train Tiger tank crews . They were not used in combat . Designations ( edit ) Tigers under construction . This hull rests on a jig ( 1944 ) Assembly facility ; the vehicles are fitted with the narrower transport tracks ( 1943 ) Designation Reference Date Prototypes VK 45.01 Henschel 28 July 1941 Pz. Kpfw . VI Ausf . H1 ( VK 4501 ) Wa Prüf 6 21 October 1941 VK 4501 ( H ) Wa J Rue ( WuG 6 ) 5 January 1942 Tiger H1 ( VK 4501 -- Aufbau fur 8 , 8 cm Kw. K. Krupp - Turm ) Wa Prüf 6 February 1942 Pz. Kpfw . VI ( VK 4501 / H Ausf . H1 ( Tiger ) ) Wa Prüf 6 2 March 1942 Pz. Kpfw . `` Tiger '' H Wa J Rue ( WuG 6 ) 20 June 1942 Pz. Kpfw . VI VK 4501 ( H ) Tiger ( H ) Krupp - Turm mit 8.8 cm Kw. K. L / 56 fur Ausf . H1 Wa Prüf 6 1 July 1942 Production Panzerkampfwagen VI H ( Sd. Kfz. 182 ) KStN 1150d 15 August 1942 Tiger I Wa Prüf 6 15 October 1942 Pz. Kpfw . VI H Ausf . H1 ( Tiger H1 ) -- 1 December 1942 Panzerkampfwagen VI H Ausf . H1 Panzerkampfwagen Tiger Ausf . E D656 / 21 + ( Tank manual ) March 1943 Pz. Kpfw . Tiger ( 8 , 8 cm L / 56 ) ( Sd. Kfz. 181 ) KStN 1176e 5 March 1943 Panzerkampfwagen Tiger Ausf . E ( Sd. Kfz. 181 ) Panzerkampfwagen Tiger Ausf . E D656 / 22 ( Tank manual ) 7 September 1944 Hitler 's order , dated 27 February 1944 , abolished the designation Panzerkampfwagen VI and ratified Panzerkampfwagen Tiger Ausf . E , which was the official designation until the end of the war . For common use it was frequently shortened to Tiger . Combat History ( edit ) Gun and armour performance ( edit ) German soldiers inspect a non-penetrating hit to the Tiger 's armour . A report prepared by the Waffenamt - Prüfwesen 1 gave the calculated probability of perforation at range , on which various adversaries would be defeated reliably at a side angle of 30 degrees to the incoming round . The Wa Pruef report estimated that the Tiger 's 88 mm gun would be capable of penetrating the differential case of an American M4 Sherman from 2,100 m ( 1.3 mi ) and the turret front from 1,800 m ( 1.1 mi ) , but the Tiger 's 88 mm gun would not penetrate the upper glacis plate at any range . The M4 Sherman 's 75 mm gun would not penetrate the Tiger frontally at any range , and needed to be within 100 m to achieve a side penetration against the 80 mm upper hull superstructure . The Sherman 's upgraded 76 mm gun would have the possibility to penetrate the Tiger 's driver 's front plate from 600 m , the nose from 400 m and the turret front from 700 m . The M3 90 mm cannon used as a towed anti-aircraft and anti-tank gun , and later mounted in the M36 tank destroyer and finally the late - war M26 Pershing , could penetrate the Tiger 's front plate at a range of 1,000 m using standard ammunition , and from beyond 2,000 m when using HVAP . Soviet ground trial testing conducted in May 1943 determined that the 8.8 cm KwK 36 gun could pierce the T - 34 - 76 frontal beam nose of 140 mm thickness from 1500 m , and the front hull from 1500 m . A hit to the driver 's hatch would force it to collapse inward and break apart . According to the WaPrüf , the Soviet T - 34 - 85 's upper glacis and turret front armour would be defeated between 100 and 1,400 m ( 0.062 and 0.870 mi ) , while the T - 34 's 85 mm gun would penetrate the front of a Tiger between 200 and 500 m ( 0.12 and 0.31 mi ) . The 120 mm hull armour of the Soviet IS - 2 model 1943 would be defeated between 100 and 300 m ( 0.062 and 0.186 mi ) at the driver 's front plate and nose . The IS - 2 's 122 mm gun could penetrate the Tiger 's front armour from between 500 and 1,500 m ( 0.31 and 0.93 mi ) . However , according to Steven Zaloga , the IS - 2 and Tiger I could each knock the other out in normal combat distances below 1,000 m . At longer ranges , the performance of each respective tank against each other was dependent on the crew and the combat situation . The British Churchill IV would become vulnerable to the Tiger at between 1,100 and 1,700 m ( 0.68 and 1.06 mi ) , its strongest point being the nose and its weakest the turret . According to an STT document dated April 1944 , it was estimated that the British 17 - pounder , as used on the Sherman Firefly , firing its normal APCBC ammunition , would penetrate the turret front and driver 's visor plate of the Tiger out to 1,900 yards ( 1,700 m ) . When engaging targets , Tiger crews were encouraged to angle the hull position 45 degrees to the Mahlzeit Stellung of 10 1⁄2 or 1 1⁄2 o'clock . This would maximize the effective front hull armour to 180mm and side hull to 140mm , making the Tiger impervious to any Allied gun up to 152 mm . Unlike the lighter Panzer IV and Panther tanks , the Tiger 's thick side armour gave a degree of confidence of immunity from flank attacks . The tank was also immune to Soviet anti-tank rifle fire to the sides and rear . Its large calibre 8.8 cm provided superior fragmentation and high explosive content over the 7.5 cm KwK 42 gun . Therefore , comparing the Tiger with the Panther , for supporting the infantry and destroying fortifications , the Tiger offered superior firepower . It was also key to dealing with towed anti-tank guns ; according to German tank commander Otto Carius : The destruction of an antitank gun was often accepted as nothing special by lay people and soldiers from other branches . Only the destruction of other tanks counted as a success . On the other hand , antitank guns counted twice as much to the experienced tanker . They were much more dangerous to us . The antitank cannon waited in ambush , well camouflaged , and magnificently set up in the terrain . Because of that , it was very difficult to identify . It was also very difficult to hit because of its low height . Usually , we did n't make out the antitank guns until they had fired the first shot . We were often hit right away , if the antitank crew was on top of things , because we had run into a wall of antitank guns . It was then advisable to keep as cool as possible and take care of the enemy , before the second aimed shot was fired . -- Otto Carius ( translated by Robert J Edwards ) , Tigers in the Mud First actions ( edit ) A Tiger I deployed to supplement the Afrika Korps operating in Tunisia , January 1943 Eager to make use of the powerful new weapon , Hitler ordered the vehicle be pressed into service months earlier than had planned . A platoon of four Tigers went into action on 23 September 1942 near Leningrad . Operating in swampy , forested terrain , their movement was largely confined to roads and tracks , making defence against them far easier . Many of these early models were plagued by problems with the transmission , which had difficulty handling the great weight of the vehicle if pushed too hard . It took time for drivers to learn how to avoid overtaxing the engine and transmission , and many broke down . The most significant event from this engagement was that one of the Tigers became stuck in swampy ground and had to be abandoned . Captured largely intact , it enabled the Soviets to study the design and prepare countermeasures . The 503rd Heavy Panzer Battalion was deployed to the Don Front in the autumn of 1942 , but arrived too late to participate in Operation Winter Storm , the attempt to relieve Stalingrad . It was subsequently engaged in heavy defensive fighting in the Rostov - on - Don and adjacent sectors in January and February 1943 . In the North African Campaign , the Tiger I first saw action during the Tunisia Campaign on 1 December 1942 east of Tebourba when three Tigers attacked an olive grove 5 km west of Djedeida . The thick olive grove made visibility very limited and enemy tanks were engaged at close range . The Tigers were hit by a number of M3 Lee tanks firing at a range of 80 to 100 metres . Two of the Lees were knocked out in this action . The Tiger tanks proved that they had excellent protection from enemy fire ; this greatly increased the crew 's trust in the quality of the armour . The first loss to an Allied gun was on 20 January 1943 near Robaa , when a battery of the British 72nd Anti-Tank Regiment knocked out a Tiger with their 6 - pounder ( 57 mm ) anti-tank guns . Seven Tigers were immobilised by mines during the failed attack on Béja during Operation Ochsenkopf at the end of February . Mobility and reliability ( edit ) A Tiger undergoing engine repairs The tank 's weight significantly limited its use of bridges . For this reason , the Tiger was built with water tight hatches and a snorkel device that allowed it to ford water obstacles four metres deep . The tank 's weight also made driving through buildings risky , as the presence of a cellar could result in a sudden drop . Another weakness was the slow traverse of the hydraulically operated turret . Due to reliability problems with the Maybach HL 210 TRM P45 , which was delivered within the first production batch of 250 Tigers , performance for its maximum power output at high gear ratio could not be fulfilled . Though the Maybach engines had a maximum of 3,000 rpm , crews were told in the Tigerfibel not to exceed 2,600 rpm . The engine limitation was alleviated only by the adoption of the Maybach HL 230 . A British Army test report showed that the turret on the Tiger E tank turned 360 degrees , at 19o / second , with its power traverse system set at high ratio and with the engine speed at 2,000 revolutions per minute ( rpm ) . The turret could also be traversed manually , but this option was rarely used , except for very small adjustments . Early Tigers had a top speed of about 45 kilometres per hour ( 28 mph ) over optimal terrain . This was not recommended for normal operation , and was discouraged in training . An engine governor was subsequently installed , capping the engine at 2,600 rpm and the Tiger 's maximum speed to about 38 kilometres per hour ( 24 mph ) . Tiger crews report that typical march speed off - road was 10 kilometers per hour ( 6 mph ) . However , medium tanks of the time , such as the Sherman or T - 34 , had on average a top speed of about 45 kilometres per hour ( 28 mph ) . Thus , despite the Tiger being nearly twice as heavy , its speed was comparatively respectable . With the tank 's very wide tracks , a design feature borrowed from the Soviet T - 34 , the Tiger had a lower ground pressure than many smaller tanks , such as the M4 Sherman . Tiger I towed by two Sd. Kfz. 9 Tiger I tanks needed a high degree of support . It required two or sometimes three of the standard German Sd. Kfz. 9 Famo heavy recovery half - track tractors to tow it . Tiger crews often resorted to using another Tiger to tow the damaged vehicle , but this was not recommended as it often caused overheating and engine breakdown . The low - mounted sprocket limited the obstacle clearance height . The tracks also had a tendency to override the rear sprocket , resulting in immobilisation . If a track overrode and jammed , two Tigers were normally needed to tow the tank . The jammed track was also a big problem itself , since due to high tension , it was often impossible to split the track by removing the track pins . The track sometimes had to be blown apart with a small explosive charge . The average reliability of the Tiger tank in the second half of 1943 was similar to that of the Panther , 36 % , compared to the 48 % of the Panzer IV and the 65 % of the StuG III . From May 1944 to March 1945 , the reliability of the Tiger tank was as good as the Panzer IV . With an average of 70 % , the Tiger 's operational availability on the Western Front , was better than compared to 62 % of Panthers . On the Eastern Front , 65 % of Tigers were operationally available , compared to the 71 % of Panzer IVs and 65 % of Panthers . Tactical organization ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A Tiger I camouflaged in a static defensive position Tigers were usually employed in separate heavy tank battalions ( schwere Panzer - Abteilung ) under army command . These battalions would be deployed to critical sectors , either for breakthrough operations or , more typically , counter-attacks . A few favoured divisions , such as the Grossdeutschland , and the 1st SS Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler , 2nd SS Das Reich , and 3rd SS Totenkopf Panzergrenadier Divisions at Kursk , had a Tiger company in their tank regiments . The Grossdeutschland Division had its Tiger company increased to a battalion as the III Panzer Battalion of the Panzer Regiment Grossdeutschland . 3rd SS Totenkopf retained its Tiger I company through the entire war . 1st SS and 2nd SS had their Tiger companies taken away and incorporated into the 101st SS Tiger Battalion , which was part of 1st SS Panzer Corps . The Tiger was originally designed to be an offensive breakthrough weapon , but by the time it went into action , the military situation had changed dramatically , and its main use was on the defensive , as a mobile anti-tank and infantry gun support weapon . Tactically , this also meant moving the Tiger units constantly to parry breakthroughs , causing excessive mechanical wear . As a result , there are almost no instances where a Tiger battalion went into combat at anything close to full strength . Against the Soviet and Western Allied production numbers , even a 10 : 1 kill ratio was not sufficient . These numbers must be set against the opportunity cost of the expensive Tiger . Every Tiger cost as much to build as four Sturmgeschütz III assault guns . Allied response ( edit ) British response ( edit ) Tiger I that knocked out the first M26 Pershing in combat . It then backed into a pile of rubble and became stuck , leading to the crew abandoning it . The British had observed the gradual increase in German AFV armour and firepower since 1940 and had anticipated the need for more powerful anti-tank guns . Work on the 76.2 mm calibre Ordnance QF 17 pounder had begun in late 1940 and in 1942 100 early - production guns were rushed to North Africa to help counter the new Tiger threat . The gun carriage had not yet been developed , and the guns were mounted on the carriages of 25 - pounder gun / howitzers and were known by the code name `` Pheasant '' . Efforts were hastened to get cruiser tanks armed with 17 - pounder guns into operation . The A30 Challenger was already at the prototype stage in 1942 , but this tank was relatively unprotected , having a front hull thickness of 64 mm , and in the end was fielded in only limited numbers ( around 200 were ordered in 1943 ) , though crews liked it for its high speed . The Sherman Firefly , armed with the 17 - pounder , was a notable success even though it was only intended to be a stopgap design . Fireflies were successfully used against Tigers ; in one engagement , a single Firefly destroyed three Tigers in 12 minutes with five rounds . Over 2,000 Fireflies were built during the war . Five different 17 - pounder - armed British designs saw combat during the war : the A30 Challenger , the A34 Comet ( using the OQF 77mm HV variant ) , the Sherman Firefly , the 17pdr SP Achilles , and the 17pdr SP Archer self - propelled gun , while one more , the A41 Centurion , was about to enter service as the European war ended . In 1944 the British introduced an APDS round for the 17 - pounder , which increased penetration performance considerably . Soviet response ( edit ) Marshal Georgy Zhukov inspecting a Tiger captured by the Red Army in 1943 Initially , the Soviets responded to the Tiger I by restarting production of the 57 mm ZiS - 2 anti-tank gun ( production was stopped in 1941 in favour of cheaper and more versatile alternatives -- e.g. the ZiS - 3 -- as the gun 's performance was excessive for early German armour ) . The ZiS - 2 had better armour penetration than the 76 mm F - 34 tank gun used by most Red Army tanks , or the ZiS - 3 76 mm divisional cannon , but was still inadequate against Tigers . A small number of T - 34s were again fitted with a tank version of the ZiS - 2 , the ZiS - 4 , but it could not fire an adequate high - explosive round , making it an unsuitable tank gun . Firing trials of the new 85 mm D - 5T also had proved disappointing . Several captured German Tiger I tanks were shipped to Chelyabinsk , where they were subjected to 85 mm fire from various angles . The 85 mm gun could not reliably penetrate the Tiger I 's armour except at ranges within the lethal envelope of the Tiger I 's own 88 mm gun . It was still initially used on the SU - 85 self - propelled gun ( based on a T - 34 chassis ) from August 1943 . The production of KV heavy tanks armed with the 85 mm D - 5T in an IS - 85 turret was also started . There was a short production run of 148 KV - 85 tanks , which were sent to the front beginning in September 1943 with production ending by December 1943 . By early 1944 , the T - 34 / 85 appeared ; this up - gunned T - 34 matched the SU - 85 's firepower , but with the advantage of mounting the gun in a turret . It also matched the firepower of the heavier IS - 85 tank in a more cost effective package resulting in a repeat of the events which heralded the decline of KV - 1 production . The IS was subsequently rearmed with the 122 mm D - 25T , which with BR -- 471 AP rounds was capable of going through the Tiger 's armour from 1,200 m , and with the improved BR -- 471B APHEBC rounds at over 2,000 m . The redundant SU - 85 was replaced by the SU - 100 , mounting a 100 mm D - 10 tank gun , that could penetrate 149 mm of vertical armour plate at 1,000 m . In May 1943 , the Red Army deployed the SU - 152 , replaced in 1944 by the ISU - 152 . These self - propelled guns both mounted the large , 152 mm howitzer - gun . The SU - 152 was intended to be a close - support gun for use against German fortifications rather than armour ; however , it shared among the later fielded ISU - 152 , the nickname Zveroboy ( `` beast killer '' ) , for its rare ability to knock out German heavy tanks . The 152 mm armour - piercing shells weighed over 45 kilograms ( 99 lb ) and could penetrate a Tiger 's frontal armour from about 1,000 metres ( 1,100 yd ) . Its high - explosive rounds were powerful enough to cause significant damage to a tank , occasionally ripping the turret off outright . However , the size and weight of the ammunition meant both vehicles had a low rate of fire , and each could carry only 20 rounds . Us response ( edit ) Tiger 712 being captured by US forces in Tunis , 1943 The US Army hesitated to place 76 mm M1 guns in action even when they were already available , as combat through early 1944 indicated that the 75 mm M3 was more than adequate for handling the German tank threat . This conclusion was partly based on the correct estimate that Tigers would be encountered in relatively small numbers , and on the assumption that anti-tank gun - fire ( as in Tunisia and Sicily ) rather than tanks could knock them out . Operators ( edit ) Nazi Germany -- The main operator . Kingdom of Hungary -- 13 examples given by Germany . Survivors ( edit ) Tiger 131 ( edit ) Main article : Tiger 131 Tiger 131 , Bovington Tank Museum , United Kingdom On 21 April 1943 , a Tiger I of the 504th German heavy tank battalion , with turret number 131 , was captured on a hill called Djebel Djaffa in Tunisia . A 6 - pounder solid shot from a Churchill tank of the British 48th Royal Tank Regiment hit the Tiger 's gun barrel and ricocheted into its turret ring , jamming its traverse and wounding the commander . The crew bailed out and the tank was captured. . After repairs , the tank was sent to England for a thorough inspection . The captured tank was officially handed over to the Bovington Tank Museum by the British Ministry of Supply on 25 September 1951 . In June 1990 , the tank was removed from display at the museum and work began on its restoration . This was carried out both by the museum and the Army Base Repair Organisation and involved an almost complete disassembly of the tank . The Maybach HL230 engine from the museum 's Tiger II was installed ( the Tiger 's original Maybach HL210 had been sectioned for display ) , along with a modern fire - suppressant system in the engine compartment . In December 2003 , Tiger 131 returned to the museum , restored and in running condition . This Tiger was used in the film Fury , the first time an original , fully mechanically operable Tiger I has appeared in a movie since World War II . Others ( edit ) Given the low number of just over 1,300 Tiger I 's produced during World War II , very few survived the war and the post-war scrap drives . Many large components have been salvaged over the years , but the discovery of a ( more or less ) complete vehicle has so far eluded enthusiasts and collectors . In addition to Tiger 131 , six other Tiger tanks survive as of April 2018 , at the following locations : Musée des Blindés in Saumur , France . Indoor exhibit in good condition . Mid 1944 version with overlapping roadwheels adopted from the Tiger II , fitted with narrow transport tracks . This Tiger was part of the 2nd company of the SS Heavy Panzer Battalion 102 , fought in the Cauville sector , and was abandoned by her crew after a mechanical breakdown . She was recommissioned as Colmar with the 2nd squadron of the 6th Cuirassier Regiment , fighting all the way back to Germany . Vimoutiers , Normandy , France . The `` Vimoutiers Tiger tank '' . Abandoned by its crew in August 1944 . Outdoor monument . In bad condition due to the effect of time and the elements . Kubinka Tank Museum , Moscow , Russia , in good condition . Displayed as an indoor exhibit . Military - historical Museum of Lenino - Snegiri , Russia . In very bad condition . As a former firing range target it is badly shot and cut up . Displayed as an outdoor exhibit . Tiger 712 ( 250031 ) of the 501st Heavy Panzer Battalion is part of the United States Army Armor & Cavalry Museum , Fort Benning , Georgia . In good condition . The left side of the hull and turret were cut - away in the late 1940s for interior training and display purposes . German Panzer Museum , Munster , has a Tiger I now on display . This tank was reconstructed by Mr. Hoebig in Germany , using parts found in the Trun scrapyard in Normandy and some parts found in Kurland ( Latvia ) . Tiger Colmar , Musée des Blindés , Saumur , France The Vimoutiers Tiger tank in Vimoutiers , Normandy , France Lenino - Snegiri Military Historical Museum , Russia Kubinka Tank Museum , Russia Tanks of comparable role , performance and era ( edit ) Soviet Iosif Stalin 2 United States M26 Pershing Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Without weapons , optics , or radio . 399,800 combat ready . Jump up ^ Although 1,350 is a common figure , World War II magazine reported the figure of 1,355 in their January 1994 edition ( p. 16 ) . Jentz gives a revised number of 1,347 , including the prototype , the result of the most detailed investigation of the primary sources ever undertaken . Jump up ^ VK from the German Voll Ketten meaning `` fully tracked '' ; H for Henschel Jump up ^ Waffenamt Prüfwesen 6 -- Panzer and Motorized Equipment Branch of the Heereswaffenamt ( Army Weapons Department ) Jump up ^ Wa J Ru - WuG 6 -- Panzerkraftwagen und Zugkraftwagenabteilung -- Tanks and Tractors Branch of Amtsgruppe fur Industrielle Rustung -- Waffen und Gerat , the Group for Weapons and Equipment Manufacture Jump up ^ The data used here is from the Soviet Military Intelligence Service . With the capture of an intact Tiger at Lake Lagoda the Soviets obtained data regarding the Tiger 's technical and tactical capabilities . By test firing the 8.8 cm gun against a T - 34 hull , data was obtained that led to several improvements of the T - 34 and development of the IS II as a new breakthrough tank . By increasing the thickness of the armour and mounting it with a very heavy 122 mm gun , the Soviet IS II became a very difficult tank to deal with . Jump up ^ The Br - 471B projectile was ordered in early 1945 , but arrived too late to be issued for combat in Europe . David R. Higgins , King Tiger Vs IS - 2 : Operation Solstice. 1945 p. 26 Jump up ^ The conservators have kept the damage caused by the ricochet unpainted ; it can be observed at the Bovington Tank museum . References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Zetterling 2000 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Jentz & Doyle 1993 , pp. 11 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Jentz & Doyle 2000 , p. 177 . ^ Jump up to : Jentz & Doyle 2000 , p. 179 . ^ Jump up to : Jentz & Doyle 1993 , pp. 8 , 16 . Jump up ^ Hart 2007 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Jentz & Doyle 2000 , p. 182 . Jump up ^ Jentz & Doyle 2000 , p. 181 . Jump up ^ Trewhitt , Philip A. ( 1999 ) . Armored Fighting Vehicles . Barnes & Noble . p. 26 . ISBN 0760712603 . Jump up ^ Bishop 2002 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Tucker - Jones 2012 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Drabkin & Sheremet 2006 : 43 Jump up ^ White , B.T. German Tanks and Armoured Vehicles , 1914 -- 1945 . p. 69 - 70 Jump up ^ Green & Brown 2008 , pp. 12 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Green & Brown 2008 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Green & Brown 2008 , p. 14 . ^ Jump up to : Carruthers 2013 , chapt . Design features . Jump up ^ Jentz & Doyle 1993 , p. 6 . ^ Jump up to : Fabio Prado . `` Pzkpfw Vi Tiger I '' . Armorsite . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Bird & Livingston 2001 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Green & Brown 2008 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Disk brake for use in motor cars , airplanes , and the like US Patent 2323052 A Jump up ^ Arado Ar 96 , Lexikon der Wehrmacht . Jump up ^ Transmission & Steering , Tiger I Information Center . ^ Jump up to : Green & Brown 2008 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Green & Brown 2008 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Jentz & Doyle 2000 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Jentz & Doyle 2000 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Wilbeck 2004 . Jump up ^ Anderson 2013 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Anderson 2013 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Panzer Statistics achtungpanzer.com Jump up ^ Jentz 1996 , p. 288 . Jump up ^ Hunnicutt 1971 . Jump up ^ Zaloga 2015 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Jentz & Doyle 1993 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Zaloga 2007 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Panzerkampfwagen VI Tiger Ausf . E Sd . Kfz. 181 achtungpanzer.com Jump up ^ Crawford 2000 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Jentz & Doyle 1993 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Table of Organisation , KStN 1150d Jump up ^ Table of Organisation , KStN 1176e ^ Jump up to : Jentz & Doyle 1993 , pp. 19 -- 20 . Jump up ^ `` USA Guns 90mm calibre '' . Gva.freeweb.hu . Archived from the original on 17 January 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Baryatinsky 2008 , pp. 29 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Kolomiets 2013 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Zaloga 1994 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Zaloga 1994 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Tigerfibel p84 - 85 Jump up ^ Bird & Livingston 2001 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ p. 118 Jump up ^ Guderian 1952 , p. 280 . Jump up ^ Showalter 2013 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2005 , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Speer , Albert ( 1995 ) . Inside the Third Reich . London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson . pp. 335 -- 336 . ISBN 9781842127353 . ^ Jump up to : Jentz 1996 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Schneider 2004 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Schneider 2004 , p. 44 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Maybach Engine '' . The Tiger I Information Center . Jump up ^ Green & Brown 2008 , p. 86 . ^ Jump up to : Carruthers 2013 . Jump up ^ Lochmann and Rubbel p 22 Jump up ^ Zaloga 2015 , p. 202 . Jump up ^ Fletcher 2011 , p. 139 . Jump up ^ Jentz 1996 , p. 202,230 . ^ Jump up to : Wilbeck 2004 , pp. 25 , 99 . Jump up ^ The 17 Pounder Anti-Tank Gun Archived 4 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine . David Boyd , wwiiequipment.com Jump up ^ Hart 2007 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Zaloga 1994 , pp. 6 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Boldyrev , Eugeni . `` KV - 85 Heavy Tank '' . The Russian Battlefield . Retrieved 20 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Potapov , Valeri . `` Development History of the JS - 1 / JS - 2 '' . The Russian Battlefield . Archived from the original on 7 September 2005 . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Specification and Armor Penetration Jump up ^ Zaloga 1994 , p. 225 . Jump up ^ Zaloga 2003 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Zaloga 2003 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Kliment , C.K. and Bernád , D. ( 2007 ) . Maďarská armáda 1919 -- 1945 ( n.b. - The source mentions that perhaps 15 vehicles had been delivered but only 13 are accounted for in the Hungarian Army sources . ) Jump up ^ Carruthers 2000 . Jump up ^ The Tiger Tank Restoration project -- `` Our Tiger '' Journal Jump up ^ `` BBC News -- ' Last ' WW2 Tiger tank to be used in Brad Pitt film '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Deutsches Panzermuseum Munster : Die schwerste Katze aller Zeiten Jump up ^ `` Un char Tigre Allemand reconstruit avec des pièces de la poche de Falaise - Chambois '' . Ouest-France.fr . Bibliography ( edit ) Anderson , Thomas ( 2013 ) . Tiger . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78096 - 201 - 6 . Agte , Patrick ( 2006 ) . Michael Wittmann and the Waffen SS Tiger Commanders of the Leibstandarte in WWII , Vol. 1 . Mechanicsburg : Stackpole Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8117 - 3334 - 2 . Baryatinsky , Mikhail ( 2008 ) . The T - 34 in Combat . Jauza , Moscow . ISBN 978 - 5 - 699 - 26709 - 5 . Bird , Lorrin Rexford ; Livingston , Robert D. ( 2001 ) . World War II Ballistics -- Armor and Gunnery . Albany , N.Y. : Overmatch Press . OCLC 71143143 . Bishop , Chris ( 2002 ) . `` 1 '' . The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II . London : Metrobooks . ISBN 1 - 58663 - 762 - 2 . Carius , Otto ; Edwards , Robert J. ( 2003 ) . Tigers in the Mud -- The Combat Career of German Panzer Commander Otto Carius . Stackpole Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8117 - 2911 - 6 . Carruthers , Bob ( 2000 ) . German Tanks at War . London : Cassell . ISBN 978 - 0 - 304 - 35394 - 1 . Carruthers , Bob ( 2013 ) . Tiger I in Combat . Coda Books Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78159 - 129 - 1 . Drabkin , Artem ; Sheremet , Oleg ( 2006 ) . T - 34 in action . Barnsley ( S-Y ) : Pen & Sword Military . ISBN 1 - 84415 - 243 - X . Fletcher , David ( 2011 ) . Tiger Tank : Owners ' Workshop Manual . Haynes Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 4078 - 3 . Forty , George ( 2004 ) . Villers Bocage . Battle Zone Normandy . Sutton Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 3012 - 8 . Glantz , David ( 2005 ) . Colossus Reborn : the Red Army at War : 1941 -- 1943 . Lawrence , KS : University of Kansas Press . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 1353 - 6 . Green , Michael ; Brown , James D. ( 2008 ) . Tiger Tanks at War . St. Paul , MN : Zenith Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 3112 - 5 . Guderian , Heinz ( 1952 ) . Panzer Leader ( Reissue edition , 2001 ed . ) . New York : Da Capo Press . Hart , Stephen ( 2007 ) . Sherman Firefly vs Tiger : Normandy 1944 . Reading : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 1 - 84603 - 150 - 8 . Hunnicutt , Richard Pearce ( 1971 ) . Pershing : A History of the Medium Tank T20 Series . Navato , CA : Presidio Press . ISBN 0 - 98219 - 070 - 0 . Jentz , Thomas ( 1996 ) . Panzertruppen 2 : The Complete Guide to the Creation & Combat Employment of Germany 's Tank Force 1943 -- 1945 . Schiffer . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7643 - 0080 - 6 . Jentz , Tom ; Doyle , Hillary ( 1993 ) . Tiger 1 Heavy Tank 1942 -- 45 . illustrated by Sarson , Peter . Osprey . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85532 - 337 - 7 . Jentz , Tom ; Doyle , Hillary ( 1997 ) . Germany 's Tiger Tanks : Tiger I & II : Combat Tactics . Schiffer Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7643 - 0225 - 1 . Jentz , Tom ; Doyle , Hillary ( 2000 ) . Germany 's Tiger tanks D.W. to Tiger 1 . Schiffer . ISBN 978 - 0 - 76431 - 038 - 6 . Kolomiets , Maxim ( 2013 ) . `` Тигры '' на Огненной Дуге `` Тигры '' на Огненной Дуге ( `` Tiger Tierra del Arc '' ) ( in Russian ) . KM Strategy . ISBN 978 - 5 - 699 - 65932 - 6 . Lochmann , Franz - Wilhelm ; Rubbel , Alfred ( 2000 ) . Combat History of German Tiger Tank Battalion 503 . Mechanicsburg , PA , USA : Stackpole Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8117 - 3484 - 4 . Perrett , Bryan ( 1999 ) . Panzerkampfwagen IV medium tank : 1936 -- 1945 . Oxford , United Kingdom : Osprey . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85532 - 843 - 3 . Schneider , Wolfgang ( 2004 ) ( First published 2000 by J.J. Fedorowicz ; Winnipeg ) . Tigers in Combat I ( 2nd ed . ) . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 3171 - 5 . Schneider , Wolfgang ( 2005 ) . Tigers in Combat II . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books ; originally published 1998 by J.J. Fedorowicz ; Winnipeg , Canada . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 3203 - 7 . Showalter , Dennis E ( 2013 ) . Armor and Blood : the Battle of Kursk , the turning point of World War II . New York , NY : Random House . Spielberger , Walter & Doyle , Hilary ( 2007 ) . Tigers I and II and their variants . Pennsylvania : Schiffer Publishing Ltd , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7643 - 2780 - 3 . Tucker - Jones , Anthony ( 2012 ) . `` Introduction '' . Tiger I and Tiger II . Barnsley : Pen & Sword Military . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78159 - 030 - 0 . Wilbeck , Christopher ( 2004 ) . Sledgehammers : Strengths and Flaws of Tiger Tank Battalions in World War II . Bedford , Pa. : The Aberjona Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9717650 - 2 - 3 . Zaloga , Steven ( 1994 ) . IS - 2 Heavy Tank 1944 -- 73 . Osprey . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85532 - 396 - 4 . Zaloga , Steven ( 2003 ) . M4 ( 76mm ) Medium Tank 1943 -- 65 . New Vanguard . Osprey . ISBN 1 - 84176 - 542 - 2 . Zaloga , Steven ( 2005 ) . US Anti-Tank Artillery 1941 -- 45 . New Vanguard . Osprey . ISBN 1 - 84176 - 690 - 9 . Zaloga , Steven ( 2007 ) . Japanese Tanks 1939 -- 45 . New Vanguard . Osprey . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 091 - 8 . Zaloga , Steven ( 2015 ) . Armored Champion : The Top Tanks of World War II . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8117 - 1437 - 2 . Zetterling , Niklas ( 2000 ) . Kursk 1943 : a statistical analysis . London : Frank Cass . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7146 - 5052 - 4 . `` Tiger and Tiger II sections from Handbook on German Military Forces '' . Retrieved 8 October 2009 . Bird , Lorrin Rexford ; Livingston , Robert D. ( 2001 ) . WWII Ballistics : Armor and Gunnery . Overmatch Press . External links ( edit ) Bovington Tank Museum Tiger and Restoration Tiger I Information Center - Comprehensive website about the Tiger I Article , `` New German Heavy Tank '' from U.S. Intelligence Bulletin , June 1943 `` Under The Tiger 's Skin '' - June 1945 Popular Science Tiger survivors -- PDF , Surviving Tiger Tanks Tiger and Tiger II sections from Handbook on German Military Forces German armoured fighting vehicles of World War II Tanks Panzer I Panzer II Panzer III Panzer IV Panther Tiger I Tiger II Panzer 35 ( t ) Panzer 38 ( t ) Self - propelled artillery Wespe 10.5 cm leFH18 ( Sf ) LrS 10.5 cm leFH18 ( Sf ) 39H 15cm sFH13 / 1 ( Sf ) LrS Sturmpanzer I Sturmpanzer II Grille Hummel Panzerwerfer 42 Wurfrahmen 40 Karl - Gerät Assault guns StuG III StuG IV StuH 42 StuIG 33B Brummbär Sturmtiger Tank destroyers Panzerjäger I 35R ( f ) Marder I II III RSO / PaK 40 Nashorn Elefant Jagdpanzer IV Hetzer Jagdpanther Jagdtiger Half - tracks Maultier SdKfz 2 6 7 8 9 10 11 250 251 252 253 254 sWS Armored cars Kfz 13 Sdkfz 221 / 22 / 23 Sdkfz 231 / 32 / 33 / 34 / 63 SdKfz 234 Sd. Kfz. 247 ADGZ Self - propelled anti-aircraft guns Flakpanzer I Flakpanzer IV Möbelwagen Wirbelwind Ostwind Kugelblitz Flakpanzer 38 ( t ) Demolition vehicles Leichter Ladungsträger Goliath Mittlerer Ladungsträger Springer Schwerer Ladungsträger Borgward IV Prototypes Maus Geschützwagen Tiger Entwicklung series Leichttraktor Panther II Heuschrecke 10 Neubaufahrzeug Sturer Emil 10.5 cm K ( gp. Sfl . ) Pz. Sfl. II Flakpanzer Coelian VK 4501 ( P ) VK 4502 ( P ) Proposed designs Panzer III / IV Löwe Panzer IX Panzer X Ratte Monster VK 1602 Leopard Gep . MTW Kätzchen VK 4502 ( P ) VK 20 series German armored fighting vehicle production during World War II Portals Access related topics Military of Germany portal Tank portal World War II portal Find out more on Wikipedia 's Sister projects Media from Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tiger_I&oldid=856194049 '' Categories : Heavy tanks of Germany World War II heavy tanks World War II tanks of Germany History of the tank Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from February 2013 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from May 2013 Use British English from May 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Articles needing additional references from August 2018 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2015 Articles needing additional references from May 2015 Articles needing additional references from April 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010 CS1 uses Russian - language script ( ru ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 39 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 14 : 32 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what production model was the tiger i tank of world war ii	[ "The Tiger I listen (help·info) is a German heavy tank of World War II deployed from 1942 in Africa and Europe, usually in independent heavy tank battalions. Its final designation was Panzerkampfwagen VI Tiger Ausf. E often shortened to Tiger. The Tiger I gave the Wehrmacht its first armoured fighting vehicle that mounted the 8.8 cm KwK 36 gun (not to be confused with the 8.8 cm Flak 36). 1,347 were built between August 1942 and August 1944.[9] After August 1944, production of the Tiger I was phased out in favour of the Tiger II.\n" ]	[ "Panzerkampfwagen VI Tiger Ausf. E" ]
4359926409562919674	History of the Dallas Cowboys	History of the Dallas Cowboys - wikipedia History of the Dallas Cowboys Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . No cleanup reason has been specified . Please help improve this article if you can . ( January 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Contents ( hide ) 1 1960s 1.1 Origins 1.2 1960 -- 1964 : Early struggles 1.2. 1 1960 : Winless first year 1.2. 2 1961 -- 1964 : Gradual improvement 1.3 1965 -- 1969 : First tastes of success 2 1970s 2.1 1970 : First Super Bowl appearance 2.2 1971 : First Super Bowl victory and the move to Texas Stadium 2.3 1972 2.4 1973 2.5 1974 : 8 - 6 , Playoffs missed 2.6 1975 : Third Super Bowl appearance 2.7 1976 2.8 1977 : Second Super Bowl victory 2.9 1978 : Fifth Super Bowl appearance 2.10 1979 3 1980s 3.1 1980 3.2 1981 3.3 1982 3.4 1983 3.5 1984 : 25th season 3.6 1985 3.7 1986 3.8 1987 3.9 1988 : Tom Landry 's final season 3.10 1989 4 1990s 4.1 1990 4.2 1991 4.3 1992 : Third Super Bowl victory 4.4 1993 : Fourth Super Bowl victory 4.5 Switzer era 4.5. 1 1994 : Attempt of a three - peat thwarted 4.5. 2 1995 : Fifth Super Bowl victory 4.5. 3 1996 4.5. 4 1997 4.6 Gailey era 4.6. 1 1998 4.6. 2 1999 5 2000s 5.1 Dave Campo era ( 2000 -- 02 ) 5.2 Parcells era ( 2003 -- 2006 ) 5.2. 1 2003 5.2. 2 2004 5.2. 3 2005 5.2. 4 2006 5.3 Phillips era 5.3. 1 2007 5.3. 2 2008 : Last season in Texas Stadium 5.3. 3 2009 : 50th season and first season in AT&T stadium 6 2010s 6.1 2010 6.2 Jason Garrett era ( 2011 -- present ) 6.2. 1 2011 6.2. 2 2012 6.2. 3 2013 6.2. 4 2014 6.2. 5 2015 6.2. 6 2016 7 Notable games 8 Notable firsts 9 References 10 External links 1960s ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) The Dallas Cowboys were the NFL 's first modern - era expansion team . The NFL was late in awarding Dallas ; after Lamar Hunt was rebuffed in his efforts to acquire an NFL franchise for Dallas , he became part of a group of owners that formed the American Football League with Hunt 's AFL franchise in Dallas known as the Texans ( later to become the Kansas City Chiefs ) . In an effort not to cede the South to the AFL , the NFL awarded Dallas a franchise , but not until after the 1960 college draft had been held . As a result , the NFL 's first ever expansion team played its inaugural season without the benefit of a college draft . Originally , the formation of an NFL expansion team in Texas was met with strong opposition by Washington Redskins owner , George Preston Marshall . This was no surprise , because despite being located in the nation 's capital , Marshall 's Redskins had enjoyed a monopoly as the only NFL team to represent the American South for several decades . This came as little surprise to would - be team owners , Clint Murchison Jr. and Bedford Wynne , so to ensure the birth of their expansion team , the men bought the rights to the Redskins fight song , `` Hail to the Redskins '' and threatened to refuse to allow bob to play the song at games . Needing the song , which had become a staple for his `` professional football team of Dixie '' , Marshall changed his mind , and the city of Dallas was granted an NFL franchise on January 28 , 1960 . This early confrontation between the two franchises helped to trigger what would become one of the more heated National Football League rivalries , which continues to this day . The team was first known as the Dallas Steers , then the Dallas Rangers . On March 19 , 1960 , the organization announced that it would be called the Cowboys to avoid confusion with the American Association Dallas Rangers baseball team . The founding investors of the Dallas Cowboys were Clint Murchison , Jr. ( 45 % ) , John D. Murchison ( 45 % ) , along with minority shareholders , Toddie Lee and Bedford Wynne ( Director and Secretary ) ( 5 % ) and William R. Hawn ( 5 % ) . The new owners subsequently hired Tex Schramm as general manager , Gil Brandt as player personnel director , and Tom Landry as head coach . 1960 -- 1964 : early struggles ( edit ) 1960 : winless first year ( edit ) The Cowboys began play in 1960 , and played their home games a few miles east of Downtown Dallas at the Cotton Bowl . For their first three seasons , they shared this stadium with the Dallas Texans ( now the Kansas City Chiefs franchise ) , who began play in the American Football League that same year . The 1960 Cowboys finished their inaugural campaign 0 - 11 - 1 with a roster largely made up of sub-par players ( many well past their prime ) . 1961 -- 1964 : gradual improvement ( edit ) The following year , the Cowboys made their first college draft selection , taking TCU Horned Frogs defensive tackle Bob Lilly with the 13th pick in the draft ( although the Cowboys finished with the league 's worst record in 1960 , the first overall selection in the 1961 draft was given to the expansion team Minnesota Vikings ) . The 1961 season also saw the Cowboys pick up their first victory in franchise history , a win over the Pittsburgh Steelers in the first game of the season . The Cowboys , interestingly enough , had played the Steelers in their first ever regular season game only the year before . The Cowboys finished their second campaign with an overall 4 - 9 - 1 record . In 1962 , Dallas improved slightly , going 5 - 8 - 1 . After the season , the Cowboys became the sole professional football franchise in the Dallas - Fort Worth area , as the AFL 's Dallas Texans , despite winning the 1962 AFL championship by a score of 20 -- 17 in double overtime , moved to Kansas City and became the Kansas City Chiefs . The Chiefs would eventually join the NFL as part of the 1970 AFL -- NFL merger . In 1963 , Dallas fell back to 4 -- 10 . In 1964 , they posted another 5 - 8 - 1 campaign . During this period , the Cowboys had the misfortune of being associated as the city where President Kennedy was assassinated . The Cowboys success later in the decade , largely contributed to restoring civic pride in Dallas after the assassination . During the early and mid-1960s , the Cowboys gradually built a contender . Quarterback Don Meredith was acquired in 1960 , running back Don Perkins , linebacker Chuck Howley and Lilly were acquired in 1961 , linebacker Lee Roy Jordan in 1963 , cornerback Mel Renfro in 1964 , and wide receiver Bob Hayes and running back Dan Reeves in 1965 . 1965 -- 1969 : first tastes of success ( edit ) In 1965 , the Cowboys went 7 -- 7 , achieving a . 500 record for the first time . In 1966 , the Cowboys posted their first winning season , finishing atop the Eastern Conference with a 10 - 3 - 1 record . Dallas sent eight players to the Pro Bowl , including Howley , Meredith , Perkins , and future Pro Football Hall of Fame members Hayes , Lilly , and Renfro . In their first - ever postseason appearance , the Cowboys faced the Green Bay Packers in the 1966 NFL Championship Game , with a trip to the first ever Super Bowl on the line . Green Bay defeated Dallas in a 34 -- 27 thriller by stopping the Cowboys on a goal line stand with 28 seconds remaining and went on to win Super Bowl I 35 - 10 against the Kansas City Chiefs . Despite this disappointment , 1966 marked the start of an NFL - record - setting eight consecutive postseason appearances for the Cowboys . ( Dallas later broke its own record with nine consecutive trips to the playoffs between 1975 and 1983 , a record that would be tied by the Indianapolis Colts when they reached the playoffs every year from 2002 to 2010 , inclusive . ) It was also the beginning of a still NFL record streak of 20 consecutive winning seasons that would extend all the way through 1985 . In 1967 , the Cowboys finished with a 9 -- 5 record and had their first playoff victory , a 52 -- 14 rout of the Cleveland Browns . They went on to face the Packers in the 1967 NFL Championship game , a rematch of the 1966 NFL championship game , with the winner advancing to Super Bowl II . The game , which happened on December 31 , 1967 , at Lambeau Field in Green Bay , turned out to be the coldest NFL game in history ( about - 13 ° F with a - 40 ° wind chill ) . The Cowboys lost 21 -- 17 on a one - yard quarterback sneak by Packers quarterback Bart Starr with 16 seconds remaining . The game would later become known as the `` Ice Bowl . '' Green Bay would go on to win the Super Bowl again , this time against the Oakland Raiders . Dallas remained one of the NFL 's top teams for the remainder of the 1960s , easily winning their division in 1968 ( with a 12 -- 2 record ) and in 1969 ( with an 11 -- 2 -- 1 mark ) . Each season , however , ended with a disappointing , decisive loss to the Cleveland Browns . The Browns would in turn lose in the NFL championship game to the Baltimore Colts and Minnesota Vikings in the 1968 and 1969 seasons respectively . The 1968 Colts and 1969 Vikings subsequently lost Super Bowl III and Super Bowl IV to the New York Jets and Kansas City Chiefs , respectively . Repeated failures to achieve their ultimate goal earned the Cowboys the nickname `` Next Year 's Champions '' and a reputation for not being able to `` win the big one . '' Peter Gent , a wide receiver with Dallas from 1964 to 1968 , later wrote a book called North Dallas Forty based on his observations and experiences with the team . The book was later made into a movie of the same name in 1979 . The book and movie depicted many of the team 's players as carousing , drug - abusing partiers callously used by the team and then tossed aside when they became too injured to continue playing productively . In 1969 , ground was broken on a new stadium for the Cowboys to replace the Cotton Bowl . Texas Stadium in Irving , a Dallas suburb , would be completed during the 1971 season . At the end of the decade , the historians Robert A. Calvert , Donald E. Chipman , and Randolph Campbell wrote The Dallas Cowboys and the NFL , an inside study of the organization and financing of the team . A reviewer describes the Cowboys as a vital cog of `` an industry that occupies an important segment of American time and attention ... a sophisticated industry that has worked out complex statistics to select the best thrower of a forward pass ... ( and ) has reformed television habits ... '' 1970s ( edit ) In the 1970s , the NFL underwent many changes as it absorbed the AFL and became a unified league , but the Cowboys also underwent many changes . Meredith and Perkins retired in 1969 and new players were joining the organization , like Cliff Harris , and Pro Football Hall of Famers Rayfield Wright , Mike Ditka , Herb Adderley and Roger Staubach . 1970 : first Super Bowl appearance ( edit ) Led by quarterback Craig Morton , the Cowboys had a 10 -- 4 season in 1970 . A 38 - 0 shutout by the Cardinals was the low point of the year , but the team recovered to make it to the playoffs . They defeated Detroit 5 -- 0 in the lowest - scoring playoff game in NFL history and then defeated San Francisco 17 -- 10 in the first - ever NFC Championship Game to qualify for their first Super Bowl appearance in franchise history , a mistake - filled Super Bowl V , where they lost 16 -- 13 to the Baltimore Colts courtesy of a field goal by Colts ' kicker Jim O'Brien with five seconds remaining in the contest . Despite the loss , linebacker Chuck Howley was named the Super Bowl MVP , the first and only time in Super Bowl history that the game 's MVP did not come from the winning team . 1971 : first Super Bowl victory and the move to Texas Stadium ( edit ) The Cowboys playing the Dolphins in their first Super Bowl championship . The Cowboys moved from the Cotton Bowl to Texas Stadium in week six of the 1971 season . Although the first game in their new home was a 44 -- 21 victory over New England , Dallas stumbled out of the gate by going 4 -- 3 in the first half of the season , including losses to the mediocre New Orleans Saints and Chicago Bears . Landry named Staubach as the permanent starting quarterback to start the second half of the season , and Dallas was off and running . The Cowboys won their last seven regular season games before dispatching of the Minnesota Vikings and San Francisco 49ers in the playoffs to return to the Super Bowl . In Super Bowl VI , behind an MVP performance from Staubach and a then Super Bowl record 252 yards rushing , the Cowboys crushed the upstart Miami Dolphins , 24 - 3 , to finally bury the `` Next Year 's Champions '' stigma . That game remains the only Super Bowl to date where one of the teams involved did not score a touchdown . The Cowboys rushed for 252 yards , while holding the Dolphins , who went 17 - 0 in 1972 , to 185 total yards . 1972 ( edit ) Mel Renfro , part of Dallas ' famed `` Doomsday Defense '' , pictured in action during Super Bowl V The 1972 season was another winning one for the Cowboys , but their 10 -- 4 record was only good for them to make the playoffs as a wild - card team . In the divisional playoffs they faced the San Francisco 49ers . The 49ers had a 28 -- 13 lead and seemed to have avenged their playoff losses to Dallas in the two previous seasons . But after Landry benched Morton , Staubach threw two touchdown passes with less than two minutes remaining -- including the game - winner to Ron Sellers -- for a miraculous 30 - 28 Dallas win , the first of several dramatic comebacks led by Staubach during the 1970s . However , they were defeated by their archrival Washington Redskins 26 -- 3 in the NFC Championship Game . The Cowboys were now beginning to grow in popularity not just in Dallas , but nationwide . Their televised appearances on Thanksgiving Day games beginning in 1966 helped bring the Cowboys to a nationwide audience . Under Coach Landry , the so - called `` Doomsday Defense '' became a powerful and dominating force in the NFL and their offense was also exciting to watch . Dallas had also established itself as the most innovative franchise off the field . It was the first to use computers in scouting , the first to have a modern cheerleading squad performing sophisticated choreographed routines , and the first to broadcast games in Spanish . General manager Schramm became the most powerful GM in the NFL ; it was he who pushed the league to adopt changes such as relocating the goal posts to the back of the end zone and ( after the 1974 season ) the use of instant replay . While Pittsburgh would win more Super Bowls in the 1970s , Dallas emerged as the `` glamour '' team of the decade . The 1979 film North Dallas Forty , based on a book written by former Cowboys wide receiver Peter Gent , presented a veiled portrayal of the team 's on - and - off field culture during this time . 1973 ( edit ) In 1973 , Dallas finished 10 -- 4 and won the NFC East . In the playoffs , they defeated the Los Angeles Rams 27 -- 16 before losing in the NFC Championship Game to the Minnesota Vikings , 27 - 10 . 1974 : 8 - 6 , playoffs missed ( edit ) The Cowboys faltered slightly in 1974 , finishing 8 -- 6 and missing the playoffs for the first time in nine years . Bob Lilly retired following the season , capping his 14 - year Hall of Fame career . 1975 : third Super Bowl appearance ( edit ) After missing the playoffs in 1974 , the team drafted well the following year , adding defensive lineman Randy White ( a future Hall of Fame member ) and linebacker Thomas `` Hollywood '' Henderson . The fresh influx of talent helped the Cowboys back to the playoffs in 1975 as a wild card , where they beat the Minnesota Vikings and Los Angeles Rams to advance to Super Bowl X , where they lost to the Pittsburgh Steelers , 21 - 17 . 1976 ( edit ) In 1976 , the team went 11 -- 3 , winning the NFC East . However , they were quickly eliminated from the playoffs with a 14 -- 12 loss to the Rams . The Cowboys playing against the Broncos in Super Bowl XII . 1977 : second Super Bowl victory ( edit ) The Cowboys began the 1977 season 8 - 0 before losing in consecutive weeks to the St. Louis Cardinals in a Monday night home game and the Steelers in Pittsburgh . After the losses , however , the Cowboys won their final four regular season games . Dallas had both the # 1 defense and # 1 offense in the NFL . In the postseason , the Cowboys routed the Chicago Bears 37 - 7 and Minnesota Vikings 23 - 6 before defeating the Denver Broncos 27 - 10 in Super Bowl XII in New Orleans . As a testament to Doomsday 's dominance in the hard - hitting game , defensive linemen Randy White and Harvey Martin were named co-Super Bowl MVPs , the first and only time multiple players have received the award . 1978 : fifth Super Bowl appearance ( edit ) After a slow start in 1978 , Dallas won its final six regular season games to finish the season at 12 -- 4 . After an unexpectedly close divisional playoff game against the Atlanta Falcons at Texas Stadium , the Cowboys traveled to Los Angeles and shut out the Rams in the NFC Championship Game 28 -- 0 to return to the Super Bowl . In Super Bowl XIII , Dallas would face the Steelers at the Orange Bowl in Miami . The Steelers outlasted the Cowboys 35 -- 31 , despite a furious comeback that saw Dallas score two touchdowns late in the fourth quarter ; the game was not decided until the final 22 seconds , when a Dallas onside kick failed . Bob Ryan , an NFL films editor , would dub the Cowboys `` America 's Team '' following this season , a nickname that has earned derision from non-Cowboys fans but has stuck through both good times and bad . 1979 ( edit ) Dallas finished the 1979 season 11 - 5 . The team slumped in November , but rallied to win its next two games . This set the stage for the regular season finale against Washington ; the winner would capture the NFC East title while the loser would miss the playoffs . In the game , Texas Stadium fans were treated to one of Staubach 's greatest comebacks -- which would also turn out to be his last . The Cowboys trailed 17 -- 0 , but then scored three touchdowns to take the lead . Led by running back John Riggins , the Redskins came back to build a 34 -- 21 lead , but the Cowboys scored 2 touchdowns in the final five minutes -- including a Staubach touchdown pass to Tony Hill with less than a minute remaining -- for an amazing 35 -- 34 victory . The season ended with a whimper , however , as two weeks later , the underdog Rams traveled to Dallas and upset the Cowboys 21 -- 19 in the divisional round of the playoffs . The Cowboys had a chance to win in the final two minutes after the Rams scored their final touchdown , but the Rams ' defense stopped Staubach from making a miracle comeback like the kinds that he had become famous for . The Rams would go on to win the NFC Championship Game against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers 9 - 0 and reach Super Bowl XIV , which they lost to the defending champion , Pittsburgh , by a score of 31 - 19 . This game marked the end of an era , as repeated concussions compelled Staubach to announce his retirement a few months later in an emotional press conference at Texas Stadium . All told , from 1970 through 1979 , the Cowboys won 105 regular season games , more than any other NFL franchise during that span . 1980s ( edit ) 1980 ( edit ) The Cowboys playing the Eagles in the 1980 NFC Championship Game . Main article : 1980 Dallas Cowboys season Danny White became the Cowboys ' starting quarterback in 1980 . Without Staubach , not much was expected of the Cowboys , but they surprised everyone with a 12 -- 4 regular season . Philadelphia also finished 12 -- 4 , but got the division title on a close tiebreaker . The Cowboys won the wildcard game at home against the Rams , then White engineered a late comeback to win the divisional playoff game in Atlanta . Dallas faced the Eagles in the NFC Championship Game , but suffered a highly embarrassing 20 -- 7 loss to their division rival in Veterans Stadium . 1981 ( edit ) Main article : 1981 Dallas Cowboys season Dallas started the 1981 season 4 - 0 , and captured the NFC East crown with another 12 -- 4 record . Dallas dismantled the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the divisional playoff 38 -- 0 . They then traveled to San Francisco to face the 49ers in the NFC Championship Game . It would be one of the most famous in NFL history . Dallas led 27 -- 21 with just under five minutes to play in the fourth quarter and appeared to be headed to their sixth Super Bowl appearance in franchise history . However , San Francisco quarterback Joe Montana led a long 49er drive that was capped by a Joe Montana touchdown pass to Dwight Clark with 51 seconds remaining . Dallas was not finished just yet , needing only a field goal to win . A White completion to Drew Pearson moved the ball into 49er territory and almost went for a touchdown . Two plays later , though , White fumbled after being hit , and San Francisco recovered to seal their 28 -- 27 victory . San Francisco would go on to win Super Bowl XVI . Clark 's leaping grab in the end zone would come to be famous as `` The Catch '' , and represented a changing of the guard in the NFC from the dominant Cowboys teams of the 1970s to the dominant 49ers teams of the 1980s . 1982 ( edit ) Main article : 1982 Dallas Cowboys season Dallas finished the strike - shortened 1982 season with a record of 6 -- 3 . The Cowboys held a one - game lead over the Redskins with two games to play in the regular season , but fell at home to Philadelphia , then lost a Monday night match in Minnesota ( a game best known for Tony Dorsett 's NFL record 99 - yard touchdown run ) . Dallas played two home games in the unusual postseason `` Super Bowl Tournament '' , defeating Tampa Bay and Green Bay . In the NFC Championship Game , Washington defeated Dallas 31 -- 17 at RFK Stadium . This finished a remarkable run that saw the Cowboys play in 10 of 13 conference championship games . Main article : 1983 Dallas Cowboys season The Cowboys opened the 1983 season in impressive fashion , erasing a 23 -- 3 deficit at Washington to defeat the Super Bowl champion Redskins 31 - 30 , then winning their next six games . When Dallas and Washington squared off again in Week 15 at Texas Stadium , both teams had 12 -- 2 records . However , the Redskins beat the Cowboys handily in that game , and Dallas subsequently lost its next two games to end its season ( a rout by the 49ers in the regular season finale and an upset home loss to the Rams in the wild card playoff game ) . 1984 : 25th season ( edit ) Main article : 1984 Dallas Cowboys season Change and controversy marked the Cowboys ' 1984 season ( its 25th , which Schramm commemorated as the `` Silver Season '' ) . Despite leading Dallas to the playoffs in each of his four seasons as starting quarterback , Danny White began to draw criticism for `` not being able to win the big game '' , and several players privately expressed their preference for backup quarterback Gary Hogeboom . Landry decided to start Hogeboom , and while Dallas started the season 4 -- 1 , Hogeboom 's inconsistency eventually led to White regaining the starting job . It would not be enough , though . The Cowboys suffered an embarrassing Week 12 loss to the winless Bills in Buffalo , and needing a win in their final two games to secure a playoff spot , lost both . Dallas finished the 1984 season 9 -- 7 , and missed the postseason for the first time in a decade . An important off - field change also took place in 1984 . Clint Murchison , in dire financial straits because of a collapse in oil prices , sold the Cowboys to Dallas oilman H.R. `` Bum '' Bright in May . 1985 ( edit ) Main article : 1985 Dallas Cowboys season The Cowboys ' defense attempting to stop a Rams ' rushing play in the 1985 - 86 NFC Divisional Playoffs Game . Bright 's ownership coincided with a decline in the Cowboys ' fortunes . The 1985 season saw a somewhat uneven string of wins and losses , the worst being in Week 11 when they were annihilated 44 -- 0 by the unstoppable Chicago Bears , the team 's first shutout since 1970 . With a 10 -- 6 record , the Cowboys won the division , but were blanked by the Rams 20 -- 0 in the playoffs . This was the franchise 's final winning season and postseason appearance with Tom Landry as coach . 1986 ( edit ) Main article : 1986 Dallas Cowboys season The 1986 campaign started optimistically , with highly regarded offensive coordinator Paul Hackett and Heisman Trophy - winning Herschel Walker having joined the team . The Cowboys ran their record to 6 -- 2 , but White 's wrist was broken in a mid-season loss to the Giants , and the team only managed to win one of its final seven games . Dallas finished with a 7 -- 9 record , ending the franchise 's streak of 20 consecutive winning seasons that had dated back to its first - ever winning season in 1966 . To this date , no other NFL team has successfully matched this feat . Main article : 1987 Dallas Cowboys season Dallas started the 1987 season 1 - 1 before NFL players went on strike and management responded by hiring replacement players . Schramm , having anticipated the strike , assembled one of the better replacement teams , which was soon bolstered by several starters who crossed the picket line ( including Dorsett , Danny White , and Randy White ) . However , the `` Counterfeit Cowboys '' suffered an embarrassing home loss to a Redskins team composed entirely of replacement players , and once the strike ended , Dallas ' regular squad lost six of its next eight games to finish 7 -- 8 . 1988 : Tom Landry 's final season ( edit ) Main article : 1988 Dallas Cowboys season The Cowboys went into a free - fall in 1988 . After starting the season 2 -- 2 , a last - second loss in New Orleans started a 10 - game Cowboy losing streak . Among the few bright spots in the season were the team 's first - round draft pick , wide receiver Michael Irvin ( whom Schramm had predicted would spur the team 's `` return from the dead '' ) , and a Week 15 victory against the Redskins in Washington , Tom Landry 's last . 1989 ( edit ) Main article : 1989 Dallas Cowboys season Bright sold the Cowboys to Arkansas businessman Jerry Jones on February 25 , 1989 . Jones ' first act as owner was to fire Tom Landry , who was until then the only head coach the franchise had ever known . Tom Landry 's abrupt termination attracted considerable criticism . He admitted to becoming more forgetful with play calling and clock management as he passed his 60th birthday , and to being a bit unwilling to adapt his offense for the NFL of the 1980s , although he was not totally to blame for the Cowboys ' problems , which included years of poor drafts . Schramm , Brandt , and other longtime personnel were soon gone as well . Jones replaced Landry with University of Miami head coach Jimmy Johnson . With the worst record of 1988 , Dallas gained the # 1 draft pick for 1989 , UCLA QB Troy Aikman ( Tom Landry had expressed interest in Aikman just before being fired ) . After Dallas opened the 1989 season 0 -- 5 , Johnson traded away Herschel Walker to the Minnesota Vikings for five veteran players and eight draft choices . ( A total of 18 players or draft choices were involved in what was the largest trade in NFL history at the time . ) The Cowboys finished the 1989 season with a 1 -- 15 record , their worst record since the team 's inception . Rookie quarterback Steve Walsh , starting in place of an injured Aikman , led the team to its lone victory in a midseason Sunday night game in Washington . The two games with Philadelphia in 1989 ( which became known as the Bounty Bowls ) were marked by particularly strong hostility between the staff and fans of both teams . Eagles coach Buddy Ryan insulted Jimmy Johnson , saying that he did nothing in his tenure at the University of Miami except run the score up on bad teams and also made fun of his weight . Ryan reputedly wanted his players to injure Cowboys kicker Roger Ruzek , who had been cut from the Eagles early in the season , and in the season - ender in Philadelphia , the Cowboys were pelted with snowballs . Main article : Herschel Walker trade Dallas 's 1 - 15 season of 1989 gave them the league 's worst record for the second consecutive year . However , they did not get the # 1 draft pick again , as they had forfeited their first round pick the previous year when they took Steve Walsh in the Supplemental Draft . 1990s ( edit ) Johnson quickly returned the Cowboys to the NFL 's elite with a series of skillful drafts . Having picked Aikman , fullback Daryl Johnston and center Mark Stepnoski in 1989 , Johnson added running back Emmitt Smith in 1990 , defensive tackle Russell Maryland and offensive tackle Erik Williams in 1991 , and safety Darren Woodson in 1992 . The young talent joined holdovers from the Landry era such as wide receiver Michael Irvin , guard Nate Newton , linebacker Ken Norton , Jr. , and offensive lineman Mark Tuinei , and veteran pickups such as tight end Jay Novacek and defensive end Charles Haley . 1990 ( edit ) Main article : 1990 Dallas Cowboys season In 1990 , the Cowboys finished 7 -- 9 , with Smith being named NFC Offensive Rookie of the Year and Johnson earning Coach of the Year honors . 1991 ( edit ) Main article : 1991 Dallas Cowboys season In 1991 , Dallas finished with an 11 -- 5 record , making the playoffs for the first time since 1985 . The Cowboys beat the Chicago Bears 17 - 13 in the wild card round . In the divisional round , they faced the Lions , who had beaten them earlier in the season . Detroit went in for a repeat performance , dismembering the Cowboys 38 -- 6 for their first , and to date only , postseason victory since 1957 . The 1991 Cowboys also became the first team to feature the league leaders in rushing yards ( Smith ) and receiving yards ( Irvin ) . The 1991 season also marked Dallas 's return to Monday Night Football after an absence of two years . 1992 : third Super Bowl victory ( edit ) Main article : 1992 Dallas Cowboys season In 1992 , the Cowboys finished with a 13 -- 3 record ( second best in the league ) , boasted the league 's # 1 defense , reached their peak in popularity ( many road fans were cheering for the Cowboys ) , and finally avenged their 1981 NFC Championship Game loss to San Francisco by defeating the 49ers in the conference title game , 30 -- 20 , in a muddy Candlestick Park . The Cowboys went on to crush the Buffalo Bills in Super Bowl XXVII , 52 -- 17 , forcing a Super Bowl record 9 turnovers . QB Troy Aikman was named MVP after completing 73.3 % of his passes for 273 yards , 4 touchdowns , and 0 interceptions for a passer rating of 140.7 , and even out rushed Bills running back Thurman Thomas 28 yards to 19 yards . Emmitt Smith rushed for 108 yards , and became the first NFL rushing champion to win a Super Bowl in the same season . Coach Johnson became the first coach to claim a National Championship in college football and a Super Bowl victory in professional football . 1993 : fourth Super Bowl victory ( edit ) Main article : 1993 Dallas Cowboys season The following season , the Cowboys finished with a 12 -- 4 record in the regular season . They again defeated the 49ers in the NFC Championship , this time by a score of 38 -- 21 at Texas Stadium , and again defeated the Buffalo Bills in the Super Bowl , this time by a score of 30 -- 13 . The Cowboys sent an NFL record 11 players to the Pro Bowl : Troy Aikman , Emmitt Smith , Michael Irvin , Thomas Everett , Daryl Johnston , Russell Maryland , Nate Newton , Ken Norton Jr , Jay Novacek , Mark Stepnoski and Erik Williams . Emmitt Smith won his third rushing title despite missing the first two games of the season , which the Cowboys went 0 -- 2 in , over a contract dispute , and was named both NFL and Super Bowl MVP. Smith is one of only six players to win both the NFL MVP award and Super Bowl MVP award in the same season , and is the only one of those six players who was not a quarterback . Switzer era ( edit ) 1994 : attempt of a three - peat thwarted ( edit ) Main article : 1994 Dallas Cowboys season Only weeks after Super Bowl XXVIII , however , friction between Johnson and Jones culminated in Johnson stunning the football world by announcing his resignation . The next day Jones hired former University of Oklahoma head coach Barry Switzer to replace Johnson . Norton and guard Kevin Gogan departed via free agency , but Dallas drafted offensive lineman Larry Allen , who would be a mainstay on the line for the next decade . In 1994 , the Cowboys played before the largest crowd to ever attend an NFL game when 112,376 in Mexico City turned out for a preseason match against the Houston Oilers . The Cowboys cruised to another NFC East title in 1994 . They finished the regular season 12 -- 4 , with their four losses coming by a combined 20 points . The team suffered key injuries , however , when Erik Williams was lost for the year after a mid-season auto accident and Emmitt Smith was hobbled for the final month with a pulled hamstring . Dallas advanced to the NFC Championship Game , where they faced San Francisco for the third consecutive year . Dallas fell behind 21 -- 0 in the first quarter , and despite a valiant comeback , the 49ers held on to win 38 -- 28 , thus denying the Cowboys their chance of winning a record three consecutive Super Bowls . 1995 : fifth Super Bowl victory ( edit ) Main article : 1995 Dallas Cowboys season In 1995 , Jones made a huge free agent splash by signing All - Pro corner Deion Sanders away from San Francisco . Dallas posted another two catch touchdown regular season record and NFC East crown . Emmitt Smith won his Third rushing title and scored a then NFL record 25 rushing touchdowns . After crushing the Eagles 30 - 11 in the divisional playoffs , the Cowboys earned their 8th NFC Championship title by defeating the Green Bay Packers 38 -- 27 at Texas Stadium . The Cowboys then topped the Pittsburgh Steelers in Super Bowl XXX 27 -- 17 , avenging two four - point losses to Pittsburgh in Super Bowls X and XIII . Coach Switzer followed Johnson to become the second coach to claim a National Championship in college football and a Super Bowl victory in professional football . Only one other coach , Pete Carroll , has since accomplished this feat . To date , this is the most recent Super Bowl appearance for the Cowboys . Main article : 1996 Dallas Cowboys season Injuries and off - field incidents deviled the 1996 Cowboys . Novacek , possibly Aikman 's most trusted target , suffered an off - season back injury that ended his career . Irvin was convicted of narcotics possession and suspended for the first five games of the season . In December defensive tackle Leon Lett was given a one - year suspension for failing a narcotics test . Late in the season Irvin and Williams drew national attention when they were accused of assaulting a Dallas woman , although the allegations were later recanted . Haley and Emmitt Smith were also plagued by injuries during the season . Yet Dallas still managed to earn its fifth consecutive NFC East title with a 10 -- 6 record . The Cowboys thumped the Vikings 40 - 15 in the first round of the playoffs , then traveled to Carolina , where they lost to the upstart Panthers 26 - 17 after Irvin and Sanders left the game with injuries . 1997 ( edit ) Main article : 1997 Dallas Cowboys season Preseason pundits again put the Cowboys at the top of the NFC in 1997 . However , Dallas finished the season with a disappointing 6 -- 10 record as continued discipline and off - field problems became major distractions . Switzer was arrested during the preseason after a handgun was found in his luggage at an airport metal detector . The team collapsed down the stretch , losing its final 5 games . Switzer resigned as head coach in January 1998 and was replaced by former Steelers offensive coordinator Chan Gailey . Gailey era ( edit ) 1998 ( edit ) Main article : 1998 Dallas Cowboys season After missing the playoffs in 1997 , Gailey led the team to a 10 -- 6 record in 1998 as Dallas became the first NFC East team to sweep the division . The Cowboys suffered a humiliating first - round playoff exit , however , when the Arizona Cardinals defeated them at Texas Stadium 20 -- 7 for their first postseason victory in half a century . Jones raised hopes in the off - season , though , signing fleet - footed wide receiver Raghib `` Rocket '' Ismail . 1999 ( edit ) Main article : 1999 Dallas Cowboys season The Cowboys started the 1999 campaign in impressive fashion , erasing a 21 - point deficit in Washington on opening day for a 41 -- 35 overtime victory . In their fourth game of the season , however , Dallas lost Irvin to a neck injury that ended his career . Darryl Johnston also suffered a career - ending injury early in the season , and Aikman , Allen , Sanders and cornerback Kevin Smith missed time as well . Dallas sputtered to an 8 -- 8 finish in 1999 . They gained a wild - card berth in their final regular season game , but lost in Minnesota in the first round of the playoffs , 27 - 10 . Key players were now grumbling about Gailey , and Jones fired him in January 2000 . 2000s ( edit ) Dave Campo era ( 2000 -- 02 ) ( edit ) Defensive coordinator Dave Campo was promoted to head coach , but he could only post three consecutive 5 -- 11 seasons . Instability plagued the quarterback position after several concussions ; the first suffered on opening day against the Eagles ( known as the Pickle Juice Game because Eagle players drank pickle juice at halftime Source ) , finally ended Aikman 's career late in the 2000 season ; five different quarterbacks started between 2001 and 2002 . The lowest point of the Campo era was an embarrassing and humiliating loss on opening night of the 2002 season to the brand - new Houston Texans . One of the only highlights of this era occurred on October 27 , 2002 , when running back Emmitt Smith broke Walter Payton 's all - time career yardage rushing record during a 17 - 14 home loss to the Seattle Seahawks . Many fans and media blamed Jerry Jones for the team 's ills , noting that he refused to hire a strong coach , preferring to hire coaches who did not want to be involved with personnel duties so that Jones himself could manage them . Parcells era ( 2003 -- 2006 ) ( edit ) 2003 ( edit ) Main article : 2003 Dallas Cowboys season However , Jones proved them wrong in 2003 by luring Bill Parcells out of retirement to coach the Cowboys . The Cowboys became the surprise team of the 2003 season , posting a 10 -- 6 record and a playoff berth by leading the NFL in sacks , turnovers and having the best overall defense in the NFL . However , they lost to the eventual conference champion Carolina Panthers in the Wild Card round , 29 - 10 . Main article : 2004 Dallas Cowboys season However , the 2004 season was one of turmoil . Injuries and persistent penalty problems plagued the Cowboys , who were shaken early in training camp when starting quarterback Quincy Carter was suddenly released , allegedly for drug use . 40 - year - old veteran Vinny Testaverde , recently brought in by former coach Parcells to be the back - up , became the starter . They had only a 3 -- 5 record at midseason , but injured rookie running back Julius Jones returned in late November , and in consecutive games logged two of the best single - game performances in franchise history . Dallas went 1 -- 3 down the stretch , though , finishing the season 6 -- 10 . In November 2004 , a vote was passed by the City of Arlington in Tarrant County to build a new stadium adjacent to the existing Ameriquest Field in Arlington . The team began playing at the new site in 2009 after thirty - eight years playing in the city of Irving , and forty - nine years in Dallas County . 2005 ( edit ) Main article : 2005 Dallas Cowboys season The Cowboys improved their defense before the 2005 season , adding DeMarcus Ware , Marcus Spears , Kevin Burnett , and Chris Canty through the draft . Parcells hoped to jumpstart the team 's transition from the traditional 4 -- 3 defense , which had been the Cowboys ' base defense for the past 20 years , to his preferred 3 -- 4 defense , which he believes favors the talents of the current lineup ( speed and athleticism over power ) . Jerry Jones also added a number of veterans , including nose tackle Jason Ferguson and cornerback Anthony Henry via free agency . On offense , the Cowboys tried to upgrade their passing game by signing free agent quarterback Drew Bledsoe . Bledsoe had a solid year and gave the Cowboys stability at the QB position , which had been lacking since Troy Aikman 's retirement 5 years earlier . The Cowboys endured an up - and - down 2005 season . Entering Thanksgiving the Cowboys had a 7 -- 3 record , Dallas would go on to finish the season 2 -- 4 and miss the playoffs . An injury to kicker Billy Cundiff led to inconsistency at that position , and costly misses contributed to close losses against Seattle and Denver . Shortly before the regular season finale , the Cowboys learned that they had been eliminated from the playoff chase , and turned in a listless performances against the St Louis Rams on Sunday Night Football to finish the season 9 -- 7 , 3rd place in the NFC East . 2006 ( edit ) Main article : 2006 Dallas Cowboys season The Cowboys entered the season with high hopes but got off to a mediocre 3 -- 2 start before an important Monday Night Football game against division rivals , the New York Giants . The Cowboys suffered a tough 36 -- 22 loss despite `` a changing of guard '' at the QB position from Drew Bledsoe to Tony Romo . With the next three games on the road , speculation grew that the Giants would run away with the division for a second straight year . Romo won his first game as a starter the following week against the Carolina Panthers with an outstanding 4th quarter comeback to win ( 35 -- 14 ) . The Cowboys ' chance to challenge the Giants seemingly fizzled when they lost to the Washington Redskins at FedExField on a last second field goal ( the `` Hand of God '' game ) However , the Giants entered a slump , and Tony Romo impressed the media as a quarterback , revitalizing the Cowboys with a 27 -- 10 win over the Cardinals , a well - earned ( 21 -- 14 ) victory over the previously unbeaten Colts , and a thorough routing of Tampa Bay ( 38 -- 10 ) on Thanksgiving Day . During that home game , Romo solidified his position as QB and quieted any remaining skeptics by completing 22 - of - 29 passes for 306 yards and five touchdowns ( tying a franchise record ) . Furthermore , the Cowboys took a two - game lead of the NFC East by beating the Giants in a Week 13 rematch . The success of the new quarterback surprised much of the nation and helped Romo receive much air - time on sports shows . The Cowboys then self - destructed in the last four games of the season , losing to the Saints in a battle for second - best record in the league , to the Philadelphia Eagles in a game that would have earned them the division championship , and to the 2 -- 13 Detroit Lions in a game where Tony Romo 's four fumbles cast significant doubt on his ability to successfully lead his team in the playoffs . The Cowboys played a wild card matchup at Seattle to start the playoffs . Leading 20 -- 13 with 6 : 42 left in the game with the ball at their own 1 - yard line , Romo threw a short pass to Terry Glenn where he fumbled it and it went out of bounds in the endzone resulting in a safety . The Seahawks got the ball back and Matt Hasselbeck threw a touchdown to Jerramy Stevens to take a 21 -- 20 lead after missing the two - point conversion . With 1 : 19 left in the game , the Cowboys had a chance win the game on a 19 - yard field goal , but the hold was fumbled by Romo , who continued to serve as field goal holder even after ascending to the starting quarterback 's role ( the backup quarterback is traditionally the holder on field goals ) . He picked up the loose ball and tried to run it to the 1 - yard line for a first down , but was tackled at the 2 . As the game came to a close , the Cowboys managed to get the ball back with two seconds left , but Romo 's hail mary pass attempt to the endzone fell incomplete . On January 22 , at the conclusion of the Cowboys ' season , head coach Bill Parcells retired . On February 8 , after a replacement search that included Mike Singletary , Jason Garrett , Jim Caldwell , Ron Rivera and Norv Turner , San Diego defensive coordinator Wade Phillips was hired as the new head coach . Jerry Jones eventually hired Garrett as offensive coordinator ( even before hiring Phillips ) . Phillips has since hired his son Wes Phillips , and former linebacker Dat Nguyen to his new list of assistant coaches . ( 1 ) Phillips era ( edit ) 2007 ( edit ) Main article : 2007 Dallas Cowboys season During the 2007 offseason , the Cowboys signed offensive lineman Leonard Davis and quarterback Brad Johnson to back up Tony Romo and have also resigned center Andre Gurode and kicker Martin Gramatica . They have also released two players ; quarterback Drew Bledsoe and tight end Ryan Hannam . Tony Romo also received a $67.5 million contract for six years with the Dallas Cowboys on October 30 , 2007 , making Romo the third highest paid quarterback in the NFL , after Peyton Manning of the Indianapolis Colts and Carson Palmer of the Cincinnati Bengals . The Cowboys tied a franchise record in 2007 with by winning 13 regular season games , a feat that had been accomplished 15 years earlier by their 1992 Super Bowl winning squad . Terrell Owens had arguably the most productive year in his career and franchise history . He tied the franchise record for most scoring receptions in a single game ( four ) . When Owens caught a touchdown pass in Week 16 against the Panthers , he set the franchise record for most touchdown receptions in a single season ( 15 ) . Tony Romo set team records in Touchdowns ( 36 ) and Passing Yards ( 4,211 ) in one season . After receiving the top NFC playoff seed , and getting a first - round bye , they lost to the Giants in the divisional round of the playoffs to end one of the most exciting seasons of the decade . In week 5 against the Buffalo Bills on Monday Night Football , the Cowboys turned the ball over six times , including five interceptions thrown by Romo . Despite having a - 5 turnover margin , the Cowboys managed to defeat the Bills . Trailing 24 -- 22 in the final moments of the game , Dallas sent rookie kicker Nick Folk out to attempt a potential 53 - yard game winner . His first kick sailed through the uprights , but did n't count because Buffalo called a timeout immediately before the snap . Folk had to attempt the kick a second time , and hammered it through the goalposts again to finish a dramatic victory . The season would go on to produce some of the team 's most memorable games of the decade as well . In Week 9 , tight end Jason Witten , who already had a reputation as a tough and intense player , caught a 25 - yard pass from Romo . Immediately after the catch , two Eagles delivered a hit that knocked Witten 's helmet off . Unfazed by the contact , Witten ran another 30 yards without a helmet . When he was finally dragged down at the Eagles ' 6 , he walked to the sideline with a bloody nose . Thanks to their dramatic victory over the Bills in Week 5 , Dallas started with a 5 -- 0 record . They were the last team in the NFC to remain undefeated up to that point heading into their next game against the 5 - 0 New England Patriots . The Patriots won 48 -- 27 , handing the Cowboys their first loss of the season , and would remain undefeated until they lost that season 's Super Bowl . Besides the loss to the Patriots in Week 6 , their only other losses came in Weeks 15 and 17 against their division rivals Philadelphia and Washington . When wide receiver Terrell Owens went down with an ankle injury against the Panthers in Week 16 , and missed Week 17 against the Redskins , the offense became stagnant . Another highlight of that season was a Week 13 match with Green Bay , which Dallas won 37 -- 27 , that was reminiscent of the 1990s Cowboys - Packers duels . Like the Cowboys , the Packers finished the regular season 13 -- 3 , but Dallas got the # 1 seed due to a better conference record and head to head win . This gave them both a first - round bye and home field advantage throughout the NFC playoffs . However , they lost their first playoff game to the eventual Super Bowl champion New York Giants , a team that they had defeated in their two regular - season matchups . Dallas was the first number one seed in the NFC to lose in the divisional round since 1990 . Meanwhile , the Giants went on to topple Green Bay in the NFC Championship and upset the 18 - 0 New England Patriots in the Super Bowl . A record thirteen members of the Cowboys were named to the Pro Bowl , while five were named All - Pro by the Associated Press . 2008 : last season in Texas Stadium ( edit ) Main article : 2008 Dallas Cowboys season The Cowboys began the 2008 season by defeating the Cleveland Browns 28 - 10 , Coming off their commanding road win over the Browns , the Cowboys played their Week 2 home opener under the MNF spotlight . In the last MNF game at Texas Stadium , Dallas would duel with their NFC East foe , the Philadelphia Eagles . In the first quarter , the Cowboys trailed early as Eagles kicker David Akers got a 34 - yard field goal . Dallas would answer in their first possession with QB Tony Romo completing a 72 - yard TD pass to WR Terrell Owens In a game that had 9 lead changes , it also set different point records , including most first half points in MNF history ( 54 ) and most combined points in the rivalry 's history ( 78 ) . Dallas would hold on to win 41 -- 37 . After starting 4 -- 1 the Cowboys flew to the University of Phoenix Stadium for a Week 6 Sunday Night Football showdown with the Arizona Cardinals . The Cardinals would return the opening kick return for a touchdown but Dallas would tie the game 7 -- 7 at halftime . With only 3 : 17 left in the 4th quarter Tony Romo would complete a 70 - yard pass to Marion Barber III and the kicker Nick Folk hit a 52 - yard field goal as time expired to send the game into overtime . In overtime the Cowboys punter Mat McBriar had a punt blocked and returned for a touchdown also in overtime QB Tony Romo broke his right pinkie finger . In the week following the game Tony Romo was listed as questionable and would go on to miss 3 games . In addition , Matt McBriar and Sam Hurd were placed in injured reserve , and Felix Jones was listed as out for 2 -- 3 weeks with a hamstring injury . Furthermore , Adam ( Pacman ) Jones was suspended by the NFL for a minimum of 4 weeks after an altercation with his bodyguard . Lastly The Cowboys traded for WR Roy Williams with the Detroit Lions , in exchange for their first , third , and sixth - round picks . After the bye week , they won another four victories , Dallas would finish the season 1 -- 3 losing its final game in Texas Stadium to the Baltimore Ravens 33 -- 24 and a disastrous 44 -- 6 loss to Philadelphia . With a 9 -- 7 record , the team finished third in the division and failed to qualify for the playoffs . After the season ended highly controversial and productive receiver Terrell Owens was released after receiving a $34 million extension the previous June that supposedly would allow the wide receiver to retire a Cowboy . Jones said he released Owens because of production and `` In this particular case , we have an outstanding player in Roy Williams , and it was a significant factor in the decision I made to release Terrell . '' In three seasons with the Cowboys , Owens had 235 receptions for 3,587 yards and 38 touchdowns , but his numbers declined last season , when he had 69 receptions for 1,052 yards and 10 touchdowns . 2009 : 50th season and first season in AT&T Stadium ( edit ) Main article : 2009 Dallas Cowboys season The 2009 season marked the 50th season of play for the Cowboys . In May of that year , the new Cowboys Stadium was completed in Arlington , Texas . It was widely criticized for its appearance , cost ( over $1 billion ) and high energy use . The first game played in the team 's new home was a preseason match with the Tennessee Titans on August 21 , and the first regular season one was a three - point loss to the Giants on September 20 . By Week 9 , the Cowboys stood at 6 -- 2 after defeating their archrival Eagles in Philadelphia . Then followed a loss to the Packers , and victories over Washington and Oakland , the latter being on Thanksgiving . The team then fell to the Giants a second time , and lost at home to the Chargers . By this point , the Cowboys ' playoff chances were doubtful , and the old talk of the `` December curse '' reappeared . The next game was a surprise upset of the 13 - 0 New Orleans Saints , followed by a shutout of Washington . Combined with Giants defeats , the Cowboys now found themselves guaranteed a wild card spot at the minimum . On January 3 , they hosted the Eagles , who had won their last five games . Philadelphia 's offense completely folded , and the team suffered a 24 -- 0 shutout , making this the first time in franchise history that Dallas blanked two consecutive opponents . This gave them the division title and the # 3 NFC seed , but also gave their opponent a wild card , which meant that they had to play in Dallas again the following week . The rematch saw the Eagles score 17 points , but their defense , which had been considered one of the NFL 's best a few weeks earlier , again performed poorly and the Cowboys put up 34 points , to beat them for the third time in one season . Having won their first playoff game since 1996 , the Cowboys traveled to the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome to face Brett Favre and the Vikings . Their season quickly ended after Minnesota scored four touchdowns and limited them to a single field goal . Linebacker Keith Brooking criticized the last touchdown pass of the game , arguing that it served no purpose other than to run up the score in a game the Vikings already had won . 2010s ( edit ) Main article : 2010 Dallas Cowboys season The Cowboys opened 2010 in Washington against a revitalized Redskins team that now featured Donovan McNabb ( traded from the Eagles in April ) and former Broncos coach Mike Shanahan . Although neither team performed well , Dallas lost unexpectedly when on the last play of the game Tony Romo threw a pass into the end zone that was nullified by a holding penalty . The Redskins thus won 13 -- 10 . In Week 2 , Dallas fell to the Bears 27 -- 20 in their second straight home opener loss . This was also the team 's first 0 -- 2 start since 2001 . Desperate to win , they headed to Houston for the third `` Battle of Texas '' with the Texans ( the first and second were in 2002 and 2006 ) and beat them 27 -- 13 . After coming back from their bye week , the Cowboys suffered another home embarrassment , this time against Tennessee . Dallas 's fortunes continued to slide in Week 6 as they lost to Minnesota 24 -- 21 . Things steadily got worse the next week as Tony Romo was knocked out with a fractured collarbone while playing the Giants on MNF . Filling in for him was 38 - year - old QB Jon Kitna , who had n't started in two years . Although rusty , he managed two touchdown passes and the Cowboys scored 35 points . But their division rival edged them out 41 -- 35 to win in Cowboys Stadium for the second straight year . By Week 8 , the Cowboys found themselves at 1 -- 6 after losing at home to Jacksonville after four Jon Kitna interceptions . After a disastrous 45 -- 7 loss in Green Bay , Wade Phillips was fired ( thus breaking Jerry Jones 's policy of not changing head coaches during the season ) and replaced by offensive coordinator Jason Garrett . Now largely eliminated from playoff contention , the Cowboys headed to the Meadowlands for a rematch with New York . This time things would be different as Jon Kitna passed for 327 yards and three touchdowns . An all - around better performance by the team allowed them to win 33 -- 20 . After beating Detroit at home , the Cowboys lost a close Thanksgiving game to New Orleans . They next defeated the Colts in Indianapolis 38 -- 35 on an OT field goal to retain faint playoff hopes . However , a home loss to Philadelphia mathematically eliminated them from playoff contention . Week 15 saw them beat the hapless Redskins 33 -- 30 . The Cowboys then lost a meaningless game in Arizona and followed that with a meaningless win over the Eagles to end their season at 6 -- 10 . Jason Garrett era ( 2011 -- present ) ( edit ) 2011 ( edit ) Main article : 2011 Dallas Cowboys season After going 5 -- 3 as interim head coach during the last eight games of the previous season , Jason Garrett took the head coaching position full - time . With Tony Romo back in action , the Cowboys headed to the Meadowlands to take on the Jets for a Sunday Night game commemorating the 10 - year anniversary of the September 11 , 2001 terrorist attacks . An early Dallas lead soon led to a 24 -- 24 tie , but Romo threw an interception in the 4th quarter that allowed New York to get into the red zone and score a game - winning field goal . The next week , the Cowboys headed to San Francisco and won 27 -- 24 after Romo made a valiant overtime comeback effort despite playing through a painful rib injury . Despite this and a punctured lung , Romo started in Week 3 as the Cowboys hosted Washington on MNF . They won 18 -- 16 in a bizarre game with six field goals from rookie kicker Dan Bailey . Dallas 's offense struggled the entire night with Romo handicapped by pain , multiple dropped passes , and several botched snaps from rookie center Kevin Kowalski . They went 1 -- 3 in the month of October including an embarrassing Week 7 34 - 7 loss by the division rival Eagles . They would turn things around by going undefeated in November . That run included a Week 10 44 - 7 blowout over Buffalo . Week 11 was a 27 - 24 OT victory over the Redskins on the road . They entered December with a 7 -- 4 record vying for first place of their division with the Giants , whom the Cowboys were yet to play . After losing in OT against Arizona in Week 13 , they headed to a Sunday Night primetime game against the Giants . Despite leading New York 34 -- 22 with less than 6 minutes to play , the Cowboys lost 37 -- 34 after a game - tying field goal by Dan Bailey was blocked by Jason Pierre - Paul . They rebounded by the next week by defeating Tampa Bay 31 -- 15 . Week 16 brought another loss to Philadelphia . Despite entering Week 17 with an 8 -- 7 record , Dallas was in a position to win the division . However , so was their final regular season opponent the New York Giants . However , Dallas would lose 31 -- 14 to finish the season 8 -- 8 while New York would go on to win Super Bowl XLVI . 2012 ( edit ) Main article : 2012 Dallas Cowboys season The Cowboys started the 2012 season on a high note by defeating defending Super Bowl Champion the New York Giants 24 -- 17 . They were unable to capitalize on their momentum as they would drop 3 out of their next 4 games . One of those losses was a tight 31 -- 29 game to eventual Super Bowl XLVII Champions the Baltimore Ravens . They entered their annual Thanksgiving home game with a 5 -- 5 record . Their opponent on Turkey Day this year was upstart division rival Washington whom was being led by rookie QB Robert Griffin III . The Redskins got off to a quick start leading 21 -- 3 at halftime . Dallas fought back in the second half but it was n't enough which led to 38 -- 31 loss . The Cowboys would win their next 3 games before losing on Week 16 to New Orleans . Going into Week 17 they were once again one win away from winning their division but so were their opponents that week the Redskins . The game was tight throughout . With less than 3 minutes to go , Dallas was down 21 -- 18 but had the ball and were starting to drive down the field . Their playoff hopes were destroyed after Tony Romo threw a game ending interception . Dallas lost 28 -- 18 , ending their season with an 8 -- 8 record and placing in 3rd in the NFC East for the second straight year . 2013 ( edit ) Main article : 2013 Dallas Cowboys season For the second straight year Dallas opened the season by defeating their division rival New York Giants 36 -- 31 . This win was punctuated after Giants QB Eli Manning threw an interception to Brandon Carr whom returned it for a touchdown . This was the first time Dallas had defeated New York at AT&T Stadium which had opened in 2009 . Just like the previous year though the Cowboys would lose 3 of their next 4 games . The 3rd loss of that run including a shootout to eventual AFC Champions the Denver Broncos 51 -- 48 . Numbers wise Tony Romo had an excellent day throwing for over 500 yards with 5 touchdowns . However , late in the 4th quarter with the game tied at 48 he would throw an interception to Danny Trevathan which would set up a Broncos winning field goal . They rebounded in Week 6 by decisively defeating division rival Washington 31 -- 16 whom has dashed the Cowboys playoff hopes the previous season with a Week 17 win over Dallas . Week 7 brought another division game , this time against the Eagles in Philadelphia . Dallas was firing on all cylinders that day winning 17 -- 3 . However , the next week they lost to Detroit in a tight 31 -- 30 loss to end the month of October . They went 3 -- 1 in the month of November which included another win over the Giants . Their sole loss that month was a Week 10 49 - 17 blowout loss to the Saints in New Orleans . They began December with 2 crucial losses to Chicago and Green Bay . The Week 15 loss to the Packers at home was especially bitter since Dallas had a 26 -- 3 halftime lead but would lose 37 -- 36 . Talk of the annual `` December Curse '' was in full affect . They came into their Week 16 division matchup in Washington with a 7 -- 7 record but still in the hunt with the Eagles for the NFC East crown . In the game vs the Redskins they started the 4th quarter down 23 -- 14 . They would battle back to win 24 -- 23 . The win was highlighted by a 4th and goal touchdown pass from Romo to DeMarco Murray from the 12yd line with 1 : 15 left . However , Romo received a serious back injury during the 4th quarter . While he was able to finish the game , the injury prematurely ended his season . For the 3rd consecutive year Dallas entered Week 17 one win away from the division title along with their opponents the Eagles . Dallas came into the game with a 5 -- 0 division record . With Romo out backup QB Kyle Orton started . With less than 2 minutes left and being down 24 -- 22 , Orton threw a game - ending interception . Dallas finished 8 -- 8 for the third straight year , but this time they finished in 2nd place in their division instead of in 3rd place in their division . 2014 ( edit ) Main article : 2014 Dallas Cowboys season After starting 2014 with an embarrassing 28 -- 17 loss to San Francisco , Dallas went on a roll , winning their next 6 games . It was their longest winning streak since 2007 . The highlight of this streak was defeating the defending Super Bowl XLVIII Champion Seahawks 30 -- 23 in Seattle . The Seahawks ' loss in that game was only their 2nd home loss in the past three seasons . The streak was ended by their division rival Redskins in overtime 20 -- 17 . However , Romo once again injured his back . He was out the next game against Arizona where backup Brandon Weeden started . The Cardinals won 28 -- 17 . Romo returned in Week 10 as Dallas played in London , England for the first time ever against Jacksonville in NFL International Series . The Cowboys beat the Jaguars 31 -- 17 . Dallas entered their annual Thanksgiving home game with an 8 -- 3 , identical with their opponents the Eagles . Philadelphia got off to a fast start and Dallas was never able to catch up . The Eagles won 33 -- 10 . They would rebound the next week over the Bears in Chicago 41 -- 28 for win number 9 to clinch their first winning season since 2009 . Week 15 was a rematch against the Eagles this time in Philadelphia . This time Dallas got off to a hot start going up 21 -- 0 . However , Philadelphia then scored 24 unanswered points . Dallas came back with a 78 - yard drive capped with a DeMarco Murray touchdown . The next Eagles drive ended with Mark Sanchez getting intercepted by Dallas defender J.J. Wilcox . Dallas took full advantage of that , with Dez Bryant scoring his third touchdown of the evening , the most in one game in his career . The Eagles would have 2 more turnovers , including another Sanchez interception to end the game . Dallas would win 38 -- 27 to take over first place . Week 16 started with Eagles losing to the Redskins , meaning the Cowboys could clinch their division if they were able to beat the Colts . They responded by blowing out Indianapolis 42 -- 7 to win their first division title since 2009 . Their final regular - season game was on the road vs Washington , where the Cowboys won 44 -- 17 to finish the season at 12 -- 4 , the Number 3 NFC Seed , and undefeated in away games . They also finished December 4 -- 0 which was huge for Dallas after they had struggled in the month of December during recent years . In the Wild Card round of the 2014 -- 15 NFL playoffs Dallas as the number 3 seed hosted the number 6 seed Detroit Lions . The Lions got off to a hot start going up 14 -- 0 in the first quarter . Dallas initially struggled on both sides of the ball . However , in towards the end of the 2nd quarter Romo connected to Terrance Williams for a 76yd touchdown pass . The Lions would hit a field goal before halftime to go up 17 -- 7 . Dallas came out swinging to start the second half by picking off Detroit QB Matthew Stafford on the first play of the 3rd quarter . Dan Bailey would miss a field goal during Dallas 's ensuing drive . Detroit would then kick another field goal to make the score 20 -- 7 . A DeMarco Murray touchdown later in that quarter closed the gap to 20 -- 14 . A 51 - yard Dallas field goal almost 3 minutes into the 4th quarter put Dallas down by 3 . The Lions got the ball back and started driving down the field . A 3rd and 1 pass 17 yard pass from Stafford to Lions TE Brandon Pettigrew was initially flagged as defensive pass interference against Dallas defender Anthony Hitchens . The penalty was then nullified by the officiating crew . Dallas got the ball back on their 41yd line and had a successful 59yd drive which was capped off by a 8yd touchdown pass from Romo to Williams to give Dallas its first lead of the game 24 -- 20 . The Lions got the ball back with less than 2 and 1 / 2 minutes to play . Stafford fumbled the ball at the 2 - minute mark and was picked up by Dallas defender DeMarcus Lawrence who then fumbled the ball which gave the Lions the ball back . Lawrence would redeem himself by sacking Stafford on a 4th and 3 play which lead to Stafford fumbling the ball again which Lawrence recovered to end the game . Dallas won 24 -- 20 . This was the first time in franchise playoff history that Dallas had been down by 10 + points at halftime to come back and win the game . They would travel to Green Bay for the divisional round to face the Packers . It was the first Cowboys - Packers postseason matchup at Lambeau Field since the Ice Bowl . There was a lot of hype in the week leading up to the game , as during the regular season , Green Bay had gone 8 -- 0 at home while Dallas had gone 8 -- 0 on the road . At halftime Dallas had a 14 -- 10 and would go up 21 -- 13 in the 3rd quarter . However , the Packers would come back to take a 26 -- 21 lead in the 4th quarter . With less than 5 minutes in the game on a 4th and 3 play Romo threw a 30 pass to Bryant to put them at the 1yd line . However , Packers head coach Mike McCarthy would challenge the catch and the ruling was overturned . The explanation given was that Bryant did n't maintain control of the ball as he came down with it . The ball would be turned over to Green Bay on downs and the Packers would run the clock out to win the game , thus ending the Cowboys season . Two days after the game , Dallas head coach Jason Garrett signed a 5 - year , $30 million contract along with defensive coordinator Rod Marinelli , who signed a 3 - year contract . Marinelli was largely credited for greatly improving the Dallas defense , which was one of the worst - ranked defenses the previous year under Monte Kiffin . 2015 ( edit ) Main article : 2015 Dallas Cowboys season After their successful 2014 season , Dallas began the season with high expectations . During Week 1 , Tony Romo managed to led the team to an astonishing comeback against the New York Giants , despite the loss of Dez Bryant . The next week against Philadelphia , Tony Romo was taken out with a collarbone injury , but Dallas won 20 - 10 to give them a 2 - 0 start . Romo missed the next seven games , and the Cowboys lost all of those games to drop to 2 - 7 . Romo finally returned in Week 11 to lead the Cowboys to a victory against Miami , but in the Cowboys ' next game on Thanksgiving , Tony Romo injured his collarbone again and was ruled out for the rest of the season , and the team was slaughtered by the then - undefeated Carolina Panthers , dropping their record to 3 - 8 . In the next game on Monday Night Football , Dallas defeated Washington 19 - 16 , which proved to be their last win of the season and their only win without Romo as starter . In Week 14 , Dallas lost handily against Green Bay . In Week 15 , the Cowboys were eliminated from playoff contention with a loss to the New York Jets in a Saturday night edition of Thursday Night Football . After that , the Cowboys lost to Buffalo 16 - 6 and then lost against Washington 34 - 23 to finish the regular season with a record of 4 - 12 and a last place finish in the NFC East . The Cowboys went 3 - 1 with Romo as the starting quarterback , but they were 1 - 11 in all of their other games . 2016 ( edit ) Main article : 2016 Dallas Cowboys season The Cowboys drafted running back Ezekiel Elliott from Ohio State in the first round and quarterback Dak Prescott from Mississippi State in the third round of the 2016 NFL Draft . During a preseason game against the Seahawks , Tony Romo suffered a back injury , allowing Prescott to become starter for the 2016 season , though Romo played in one series in Week 17 at Philadelphia . With Prescott 's stellar play , along with Elliott 's running game , the Dak and Zeke - led Cowboys finished with a 13 - 3 record , earning them a first - round bye in the playoffs . But Dallas ' promising season ended in heartbreak as they lost 34 - 31 to Aaron Rodgers and the Packers . After the season , Romo retired after 14 seasons with the Cowboys . Prescott was named Offensive Rookie of the year . Notable games ( edit ) The following is a selected list of memorable Cowboys games January 1 , 1967 , NFL Championship Game vs. Green Bay Packers The Cowboys ' first postseason appearance was for the NFL title and the right to appear in the first Super Bowl . A capacity Cotton Bowl crowd saw Green Bay build a quick 14 -- 0 lead , but Dallas fought back to tie the score . The Packers led 34 -- 20 late in the fourth quarter before a long Don Meredith touchdown pass to Frank Clarke pulled Dallas within a touchdown . Dallas advanced to the Green Bay 2 - yard line on their next drive . Running back Dan Reeves gained a yard on first down . A false start on second down pushed the Cowboys back to the Green Bay 6 , and Reeves , having just suffered a poked eye that blurred his vision , dropped a pass in the flat . Meredith found tight end Pettis Norman on third down to bring Dallas back to the 2 - yard line . On fourth down with 26 seconds remaining , Meredith rolled left and threw an interception under heavy pressure . Green Bay held on for a 34 -- 27 victory in one of the great NFL Championship Games . December 31 , 1967 , NFL Championship Game at Green Bay Packers Better known as the `` Ice Bowl '' , the 1967 NFL Championship Game still stands as the coldest game in NFL history . The official game - time temperature was - 13 ° F / - 25 ° C , with a wind chill around - 48 ° F / - 44 ° C. The bitter cold overwhelmed Lambeau Field 's new turf heating system , leaving the playing surface rock solid and nearly as smooth as ice . Several players suffered frostbite and permanent nerve damage . It was also one of the greatest games in NFL history . The Packers jumped to an early 14 -- 0 lead , but two turnovers cut their lead to 14 -- 10 at halftime . Neither team could score in the third quarter , but the Cowboys took a 17 -- 14 lead on the first play of the final period when running back Dan Reeves ' completed a 50 - yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Lance Rentzel on a halfback option play . Green Bay started its final drive at its own 32 - yard line with 4 : 54 left in the game and drove to the Dallas 1 - yard line before taking their final timeout with 16 seconds left . Quarterback Bart Starr then scored a touchdown on a quarterback sneak to give the Packers a 21 -- 17 victory and a trip to Super Bowl II . January 17 , 1971 , Super Bowl V vs. Baltimore Colts Linebacker Chuck Howley is named Super Bowl MVP , but the Cowboys lost to the Colts 16 -- 13 on a last - second field goal . It was the first time a defensive player was named Most Valuable Player , and the only time the MVP came from the losing team . Sometimes known as the `` Blunder Bowl '' or `` Blooper Bowl '' , the game witnessed 11 turnovers . It is the only time Dallas has worn its blue jersey in the Super Bowl . December 23 , 1972 , at San Francisco 49ers , 1972 NFC Divisional Playoff Game Roger Staubach 's first miracle comeback . Staubach came off the bench in relief of an ineffective Craig Morton and erased a 28 -- 13 deficit to the 49ers in the final two minutes . After Staubach hit Billy Parks on a 20 - yard touchdown . Mel Renfro then recovered an onside kick , and Staubach drove the team to the San Francisco 10 . He then hit Ron Sellers with 52 seconds left to give Dallas the win . November 28 , 1974 , vs. Washington Redskins Rookie free agent quarterback Clint Longley threw two touchdown passes in relief of an injured Staubach on Thanksgiving Day . Longley hurled a 50 - yard strike to Drew Pearson in the final minute of the game to give Dallas a 24 -- 23 victory . December 28 , 1975 , at Minnesota Vikings , 1975 NFC Divisional Playoff Game Main article : The Hail Mary ( American football game ) The term `` Hail Mary pass '' first came to national awareness with this game . Trailing 14 - 10 with 1 : 51 left in the fourth quarter , Dallas got the ball on its own 15 - yard line . Staubach managed a nine play drive to midfield . With 32 seconds now remaining , Staubach lined up in the shotgun formation , took the snap , pump - faked left , then turned to his right and threw a desperation pass to Drew Pearson , who was covered by Vikings cornerback Nate Wright . As the ball descended , Wright tripped over Pearson 's leg and was unable to defend the pass . Pearson caught the ball by trapping it against his right hip at the 5 - yard line and ran into the end zone , giving Dallas a 17 - 14 victory . Staubach , a Catholic , said that he `` closed his eyes and said a Hail Mary . '' The expression stuck . December 16 , 1979 , vs. Washington Redskins The game was played on the final week of the regular season . The winner would capture the NFC East title ; the loser would miss the playoffs . In the game , Texas Stadium fans were treated to Staubach 's last comeback , and one of his very greatest . The Cowboys trailed 17 -- 0 , but then scored three touchdowns to take the lead . Dallas trailed 34 -- 21 in the fourth quarter , and Washington had the ball . Randy White recovered a fumble , and Staubach subsequently hit Ron Springs on a 26 - yard touchdown pass to cut the lead to six with less than five minutes remaining . The Redskins tried to run out the clock on the next drive , but on 3rd and short , Larry Cole stuffed John Riggins for a loss , forcing a punt . Staubach then moved the Cowboys to the Washington 8 . He hit Tony Hill on a fade route with 38 seconds remaining to give Dallas a 35 -- 34 victory . It was the 21st time that Staubach had led Dallas to a come - from - behind win in the fourth quarter , and the 14th time he did it in the final two minutes . January 4 , 1981 , at Atlanta Falcons , 1980 NFC Divisional Playoff Game Dallas trailed 24 -- 10 after three quarters in Atlanta . Robert Newhouse scored on a 1 - yard touchdown run to pull the Cowboys within a touchdown . After an Atlanta field goal raised its lead to 27 -- 17 , Danny White capped a 62 - yard drive with a 14 - yard touchdown pass to Drew Pearson with 3 : 04 remaining . After forcing the Falcons to punt , Dallas then advanced 70 yards to score on Pearson 's 23 - yard touchdown grab with under 2 minutes left . The Cowboys pulled out a dramatic 30 -- 27 win . January 3 , 1983 , at Minnesota Vikings Dallas closed the 1982 regular season at the Metrodome against the Vikings . A Monday Night Football audience saw Cowboy running back Tony Dorsett set the NFL record for the longest run from scrimmage with a 99 - yard touchdown . On first down , Dorsett burst through a hole on the right side and streaked down the field . He picked up a key block from Drew Pearson in Viking territory and , though coming dangerously close to the sideline , managed to stay in bounds for the score . Oddly , the Cowboys ran the play with only 10 players on the field . With the playoffs set , however , the game had no real implications . The Vikings won 31 -- 27 . September 5 , 1983 , at Washington Redskins Dallas opened the 1983 season at RFK Stadium against the defending champion Redskins in a Monday night game . The Cowboys erased a 23 -- 3 halftime deficit to win 31 -- 30 . Danny White threw two third - quarter touchdown passes to Tony Hill , then scored on a 1 - yard run in the final period gave Dallas the lead . White later connected with tight end Doug Cosbie for a fourth touchdown to seal the win . January 31 , 1993 , vs. Buffalo Bills , Super Bowl XXVII With the Cowboys holding an insurmountable 52 -- 17 lead late in the fourth quarter , Dallas defensive lineman Leon Lett picked up a Bills fumble and appeared to be headed for a 64 - yard touchdown . As Lett started to showboat just before crossing the goal line , Buffalo receiver Don Beebe raced in and knocked the ball into the end zone . The ball then rolled out of bounds for a touchback . Had Lett scored , the Cowboys would have broken the record for most points scored in a Super Bowl ( the San Francisco 49ers hold that record with 55 points in Super Bowl XXIV ) . November 25 , 1993 , vs. Miami Dolphins On the day of the annual Thanksgiving game , the city of Dallas was hit with the ( 2 ) 4th coldest day in its history . ( 3 ) Before the game , a mini-bulldozer had to scrape ice off the frozen AstroTurf . The temperature with 32 degrees ; the wind chill in single digits , and ice and snow continued to pour into the stadium 's roof . After a 77 - yard touchdown run , Miami running back Keith Byars flopped down in the end zone and celebrated by making snow angels . Not to be outdone , Cowboy Kevin Williams returned a 64 - yard punt and slid on his feet the final ten yards into the end zone . Trailing 14 -- 13 with 15 seconds left in the game , Dolphins kicker Pete Stoyanovich attempted a 41 - yard field goal . But the ball was tipped by defensive lineman Jimmie Jones and spun forward toward the Cowboys ' end zone . Players from both teams stayed away from the ball , because a blocked field goal is usually ignored according to the rule book . However , Leon Lett tried to jump on the ball , but instead slid on the slick field grazing the ball , and thus making it a live ball ( i.e. a fumble ) . Jeff Dellenbach of the Dolphins recovered the ball at the 2 - yard line , and Stoyanovich then kicked a 20 - yard field goal as time expired , and Miami won 16 -- 14 . January 2 , 1994 , at New York Giants The NFL Network has called this pivotal matchup `` Emmitt Smith 's gutsiest game . '' The Cowboys and Giants entered the final regular season game with identical 11 - 4 records ; the winner would claim the division title , a first - round bye , and home - field advantage for the playoffs. Smith suffered a separated shoulder during the second quarter , yet returned to lead Dallas to an overtime victory . Smith finished with 168 yards rushing -- 41 of which came in the game - winning drive -- and 10 catches for 61 yards . After the 16 -- 13 Cowboys victory , former Hall of Fame coach and sports broadcaster John Madden would visit Smith in the Cowboys ' locker room -- the only time Madden ever visited a player as a commentator . November 18 , 1996 , vs. Green Bay Packers Kicker Chris Boniol scores seven field goals , tying the NFL record for most field goals in a single game . Seven years later on September 15 , 2003 , Dallas kicker Billy Cundiff would tie that record against the Giants . The two kickers they tied were Jim Bakken ( St. Louis Cardinals vs. Pittsburgh Steelers , September 24 , 1967 ) and Rich Karlis ( Minnesota Vikings vs. Los Angeles Rams , November 5 , 1989 ) . ( 4 ) September 12 , 1999 , at Washington Redskins In the last great game by `` The Triplets '' ( Aikman , Smith , and Irvin ) , the Cowboys erased a 21 - point deficit in the final 11 minutes of regulation to equal the biggest comeback in team history . A successful onside kick led to a touchdown , and the extra point ricocheted through the uprights to tie the game . A botched Redskin field goal attempt with three seconds left in regulation sent the game to overtime . Dallas finally won the game on a 76 - yard touchdown pass from Aikman to Raghib Ismail . September 24 , 2000 , vs. San Francisco 49ers Best known as the `` Star Incident '' , 49ers wide receiver Terrell Owens celebrated his two touchdowns against the Cowboys by running to the center of Texas Stadium . The first TD by holding his hands out to the heavens and the second by slamming the ball into the Cowboys star logo just before ( 5 ) Dallas safety George Teague caught up with Owens and blasted him off of the star , leading to a near midfield brawl by both teams and Teague 's ejection from the game . In between Owens ' two touchdowns , Emmitt Smith scored a TD of his own , ran and kneeled onto the star himself , slammed the ball down , and stared down the 49ers bench yelling `` This is our house ! ! '' This led to the popular `` Defend the Star '' slogan used for Emmitt Smith 's rush for the record in 2002 . However , the 49ers won the game , 41 -- 24 . and the NFL fined Smith , Teague and Owens for their actions in the game . 49ers coach Steve Mariucci also suspended Owens for a week , docking him a week 's pay . In a rematch on December 31 , 2001 , between the two teams that saw the Cowboys exact revenge on their most hated rival , Teague broke up a pass to Owens in the end zone , then flung Owens to the turf . The Cowboys won , 27 - 21 . Of note , Terrell Owens would play for Dallas himself during his career . September 19 , 2005 , vs. Washington Redskins Three former Cowboys were picked to be placed in the Ring of Honor in 2005 -- running back Emmitt Smith ( 1990 -- 2002 ) , wide receiver Michael Irvin ( 1988 -- 1999 ) , and quarterback Troy Aikman ( 1989 -- 2000 ) . Known throughout the league as `` The Triplets '' , they were the backbone of the great Dallas teams of the 1990s , and the first players from the Jerry Jones era to be placed into the Ring . `` When you look at what each of these men did for those teams that became the best in the NFL '' , said Jones , `` and how they complimented each other , it 's fitting that Michael Irvin , Troy Aikman , and Emmitt Smith are going in the Ring of Honor together . '' Irvin , Smith and Aikman were honored during halftime . It appeared that Dallas might blank the Redskins , leading 13 - 0 with 5 : 58 left in the game . But on a fourth - and - 15 drive from the Dallas 39 , quarterback Mark Brunell threw a touchdown pass to Santana Moss . After a Dallas punt , Brunell then found Moss again on a 70 - yard touchdown to spoil the evening . January 6 , 2007 , at Seattle Seahawks , NFC wild card playoff game , `` The Bobble '' Trailing 21 -- 20 with time winding down in the final quarter , the Cowboys drove inside the Seahawks 2 - yard line , and Martin Gramatica came on to the field to attempt a chip - shot 19 - yard field goal that would give Dallas a 23 -- 21 lead . But Tony Romo mishandled the snap from L.P. Ladouceur , what is now known as `` The Bobble '' and Seahawks cornerback Jordan Babineaux tackled Romo before he could pick up a first down , leaving the Cowboys with a one - point loss . October 8 , 2007 , vs. Buffalo Bills . On a disastrous evening that had seen quarterback Tony Romo throw 5 interceptions , Dallas found themselves trailing the Buffalo Bills ( a team the Cowboys were widely expected to defeat handily ) by an early fourth quarter score of 24 - 13 . However , with 3 : 45 left in the fourth quarter , Dallas ' offense mounted an 80 - yard drive that resulted in a touchdown pass from Romo to wide receiver Patrick Crayton . After a two - point conversion attempt ( which would have tied the game ) failed , Cowboys kicker Nick Folk executed a textbook on - side kick , which was recovered by Dallas tight end Tony Curtis near midfield . With no timeouts and 18 seconds remaining , Romo passed twice toward the sidelines , hitting Crayton for 4 yards and tight end Jason Witten for 8 ; enough to set up a 53 - yard field goal attempt to win the game . Folk 's kick split the uprights , but Bills coach Dick Jauron had called a timeout just before Folk 's foot hit the ball in an effort to rattle the rookie kicker 's nerves . Dallas again set up to kick , and again Folk 's kick was true for a career best 53 - yard field goal ( his first game - winning field goal in the NFL ) and the Cowboys came away with an improbable 25 -- 24 victory . The 12 unanswered points in the 4th helped Dallas improve to 5 -- 0 , and the Cowboys became the first team to win a game on Monday Night Football with a - 5 turnover margin . December 19 , 2009 , vs. New Orleans Saints . Hoping to end the two - game skid from their tough losses to the New York Giants and San Diego Chargers , the Cowboys went to the Superdome to take on the undefeated New Orleans Saints . The Cowboys took the lead in the first half by scoring two touchdowns with a pass from Tony Romo to Miles Austin and a touchdown run by Marion Barber . Outside linebacker DeMarcus Ware made a big play as he sacked Saints quarterback Drew Brees and caused the ball to be fumbled . Anthony Spencer recovered the ball to put it in Dallas ' hands . The Saints only points of the half were from a 43 - yard field goal by Garrett Hartley . In the second half , the Cowboys scored their only touchdown in the third quarter with a two - yard touchdown run by Marion Barber . Finally in the fourth quarter New Orleans got a touchdown when running back Mike Bell scored from one yard out to make a 24 -- 10 Dallas lead . Drew Brees also made a 7 - yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Lance Moore . After that , Nick Folk attempted a 24 - yard field goal , but the kick was no good . With a big advantage to take the lead as the clock was expiring , the Saints were driving for the game - tying score , but DeMarcus Ware made his second sack on Drew Brees , which again caused the ball to be fumbled . This time the ball was recovered by nose guard Jay Ratliff . With the ball in possession , Dallas took a knee to conclude the game . December 23 , 2013 , vs. Washington Redskins Despite having a 7 - 7 record and losing their last 2 games , including being up on Green Bay 26 - 3 at halftime the week before only to lose 37 - 36 , Dallas was very much in the hunt for the NFC East title with Philadelphia . After winning the division the year before led by Robert Griffin III , Washington was having a disastrous 2013 season coming into the game with a 3 - 11 season . Griffin received a serious knee injury in their 2012 Wild Card game loss against Seattle and was unable in 2013 to match his performance of the previous season . Redskins coach Mike Shanahan benched RG3 for the last 3 games of the year . Backup QB Kirk Cousins was promoted to starter for those 3 games . Dallas and Washington have a long storied rivalry , one of the best in the history of the NFL . This division game would be played at FedExField . After being down 14 - 6 at halftime , Washington scored 14 unanswered points in the second half . Dan Bailey scored a Dallas field goal at the start of the 4th quarter but Washington kicker Kai Forbath answered with a field goal as well . With 3 : 29 left in the game , Dallas started a drive from their 13 yard line . A 51 yard pass from Romo to rookie Terrance Williams sent the Cowboys deep into the Redskins territory . Romo then connected to wide receiver Dez Bryant for another 17 yards to put Dallas in the red zone . Dallas was unable to do anything in the next 3 downs which set them up on 4th and goal on the 10 yard line with 1 : 15 left . After the ball was snapped Romo backed up 2 yards and threw a touchdown to running back DeMarco Murray . A Bailey extra point gave Dallas a 24 - 23 lead . The Redskins got the ball back but turned the ball back over on downs clinching the win for Dallas . However , in the 4th quarter Romo received a serious back injury . Even though he was unable to finish the game , the injury effectively ended his season . The win set up a Week 17 showdown against the Eagles for the NFC East title which the Cowboys lost 24 - 22 . The Redskins would end the season 3 - 13 which would cost Shanahan his coaching job . October 12 , 2014 , vs. Seattle Seahawks Seattle was the defending Super Bowl Champions and were the heavy favorites , especially since they had only lost 1 home game since the start of the 2012 seasons . Dallas had entered their road game against Seattle with a lot of momentum after coming in with a 4 game winning streak . The game started off well for Seattle after they blocked a 1st quarter Dallas punt which they returned for a touchdown to give them an early 10 - 0 lead . Dallas then scored 17 unanswered points to end the first half in the lead 17 - 10 . Seattle started the 3rd quarter with 10 points but a Cowboys field goal led the game to tied to start the 4th quarter . Dallas was unable to get anything going at the start of the final quarter which led to a punt . Despite good field position , Seattle was only able to get a field goal out of this drive . In the next drive Dallas went 80 yards to take a 27 - 23 lead . Seattle had to turn the ball over on downs . Dallas got the ball back on Seattle 's 23 yard line which led to another Cowboys field goal to put Dallas up 30 - 23 . With over a minute left to play and needing a touchdown to tie the game to send the game into overtime , the Seahawks start their drive . On their 2nd play Seattle QB Russell Wilson threw a game ending interception to clinch an improbable win for Dallas . It was their most significant win since they defeated Philadelphia during a 2009 Wild Card playoff game . Notable firsts ( edit ) The Dallas Cowboys team / franchise has been `` first '' in the record books for a whole host of accomplishments , a few of which include : The first NFL team to win three Super Bowls in four years , with Super Bowl wins in the 1992 , 1993 , and 1995 seasons . Only one other team , the New England Patriots , have won three Super Bowls in a four - year time span , doing so in the 2001 , 2003 , and 2004 seasons . The first NFL team to play in eight Super Bowls . They have a 5 -- 3 record in the Super Bowl , with all three losses by a margin of four points or less . Three other teams , all from the American Football Conference ( AFC ) have since accomplished this feat : the Pittsburgh Steelers , whose eighth appearance came in Super Bowl XLV , the New England Patriots , whose eighth appearance came in Super Bowl XLIX , and the Denver Broncos , whose eighth appearance came in Super Bowl 50 . The first and only NFL team to lose a Super Bowl and still have a player selected as the Super Bowl MVP . ( Linebacker Chuck Howley , who intercepted two passes and forced a fumble in Super Bowl V , became the first defensive player to win the award . ) The first NFL team to win the Super Bowl after losing it the previous year . After losing Super Bowl V following the 1970 season , they won Super Bowl VI following the 1971 season . The only other team to do this is the Miami Dolphins , who followed up their Super Bowl VI loss to the Cowboys by going undefeated and untied the next season , capped off by a 14 -- 7 win against the Washington Redskins in Super Bowl VII . The first NFL team to lose the Super Bowl after winning it the previous year . After defeating the Denver Broncos 27 -- 10 in Super Bowl XII following the 1977 season , they were defeated by the Pittsburgh Steelers 35 -- 31 in Super Bowl XIII following the 1978 season . This has only happened three times since : The Washington Redskins lost Super Bowl XVIII 38 - 9 to the Raiders a year after winning Super Bowl XVII 27 - 17 against the Miami Dolphins , the Green Bay Packers lost Super Bowl XXXII 31 - 24 to the Denver Broncos a year after winning Super Bowl XXXI 35 - 21 against the New England Patriots , and the Seattle Seahawks lost Super Bowl XLIX 28 - 24 to the New England Patriots a year after winning Super Bowl XLVIII in a crushing 43 -- 8 blowout against the Denver Broncos . The first team in NFC East history to sweep all of its division opponents ( home and away ) , going 8 -- 0 in 1998 against the Giants , Eagles , Cardinals and Redskins . The first and only NFL team to post 20 consecutive winning seasons ( 1966 -- 1985 ) . The first NFL team to send at least 13 players to the Pro Bowl ( 2007 season ) . The first and only NFL team to play 58 postseason games . The first NFL team to win 33 postseason games . The first wild card NFL team to go to the Super Bowl , 1975 , after winning the NFC Championship . The first touchdown was scored by Darryl Hannah , Jr . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dallas Eleven Changes Made '' . New York Times . 1960 - 03 - 20 . p . S4 . Jump up ^ Ottawa Citizen -- November 15 , 1983 Jump up ^ Dallas Morning News reprint of original March 12 , 1989 Sports Day article Jump up ^ Breeders ' Cup. com 's William R. Hawn biography Jump up ^ Team -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Jump up ^ `` Book review of The Dallas Cowboys and the NFl '' . 74 : 567 -- 569 . JSTOR 30238133 . Jump up ^ Robert A. Calvert , Donald E. Chipman , and Randolph Campbell , The Dallas Cowboys and the NFL , Norman , Oklahoma : University of Oklahoma Press , 1970 Jump up ^ http://www.nfl.com/superbowl/history/recap/sbvi Jump up ^ http://www.nfl.com/stats/team?seasonId=1977&seasonType=REG&Submit=Go Jump up ^ Pro-Football-Reference.com In multiple seasons , from 1970 to 1979 , in the Regular Season , sorted by descending Date . Jump up ^ http://www.pro-football-reference.com/super-bowl/xxvii.htm External links ( edit ) National Football League Sports E-Cyclopdia.com Dallas Cowboys Founded in 1960 Based in Arlington , Texas Headquartered in Frisco , Texas Franchise Franchise History Coaches Players Seasons Expansion draft Draft history Starting quarterbacks First - round draft picks The Ford Center at The Star Stadiums Cotton Bowl Texas Stadium AT&T Stadium Culture NFL on Thanksgiving Day America 's Team Cheerleaders Doomsday Defense Crazy Ray Rowdy Jerry Jones Black Sunday ( film ) King of the Hill Lore Tom Landry Tex Schramm Captain Comeback Ice Bowl Hail Mary The Catch Herschel Walker trade Dirty Dozen Ring of Honor Bounty Bowl series Rivalries New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Green Bay Packers San Francisco 49ers Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Oilers / Texans Division championships ( 23 ) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1981 1985 1992 1993 1994 1995 1998 2007 2009 2014 2016 Conference championships ( 10 ) 1966 1967 1970 1971 1977 1978 1992 1993 1995 League Championships ( 5 ) 1971 ( VI ) 1977 ( XII ) 1992 ( XXVII ) 1993 ( XXVIII ) 1995 ( XXX ) Ring of Honor Bob Lilly Don Meredith Don Perkins Chuck Howley Mel Renfro Roger Staubach Lee Roy Jordan Tom Landry Tony Dorsett Randy White Bob Hayes Tex Schramm Cliff Harris Rayfield Wright Troy Aikman Michael Irvin Emmitt Smith Drew Pearson Charles Haley Larry Allen Darren Woodson Media Broadcasters Radio network KRLD - FM Brad Sham Babe Laufenberg Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold History of the National Football League American Football Conference AFC East Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets AFC North Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers AFC South Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans AFC West Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders National Football Conference NFC East Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins NFC North Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings NFC South Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers NFC West Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Defunct Teams Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Dallas_Cowboys&oldid=807256067 '' Categories : Dallas Cowboys National Football League history by team Hidden categories : Articles needing cleanup from January 2009 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles without a reason field from January 2009 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from January 2009 Articles needing additional references from January 2009 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 21 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what was the name of the dallas cowboys	[]	[]
-4217768615906836330	Wicked Tuna: Outer Banks	Wicked Tuna : Outer Banks - wikipedia Wicked Tuna : Outer Banks Jump to : navigation , search Wicked Tuna : Outer Banks Genre Reality Television Country of origin United States No. of seasons No. of episodes 30 Production Executive producer ( s ) Craig Piligian Running time 60 minutes Production company ( s ) Pilgrim Studios Release Original network National Geographic Channel Original release August 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 17 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Wicked Tuna External links Website channel.nationalgeographic.com/wicked-tuna-outer-banks/ Wicked Tuna : Outer Banks ( previously known as Wicked Tuna : North vs. South ) is a reality television series about commercial tuna fishermen based in the Outer Banks who fish for the lucrative Atlantic bluefin tuna off the coast of North Carolina . The teams of fishermen battle each other to see who can catch the most fish , while trying to earn their livelihood . In addition to offering an inside look at one of America 's oldest industries , Wicked Tuna : Outer Banks also sheds light on important issues surrounding the fate of the bluefin tuna . Captains adhere to U.S. regulations that determine size limits and quotas for the season . Wicked Tuna : Outer Banks is a spin - off of Wicked Tuna . Several vessels from the original show also appear in this version . Originally called Wicked Tuna : North vs. South , the name of the show was changed at the beginning of the second season . Season 3 began airing on July 26 , 2016 . Season 4 will premier on Sunday July 30 / 2017 on the National Geographic channel . Season Winners 1 ) Fishin ' Frenzy -- 49K ( 2014 ) ( Pin Wheel 48K , Whahoo 46K ) 2 ) Fishin ' Frenzy - 46K ( 2015 ) ( Reels of Fortune 42K , Dog House 27K ) 3 ) Fishin ' Frenzy -- 42K ( 2016 ) ( Pin Wheel 41K , Foolish Pleasures 33K ) 4 ) Reels of Fortune -- $64,675 ( 2017 ) ( Pin Wheel $64 , 045 Fishin ' Frenzy $59 , 055 ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Vessels 2 Episodes 2.1 Series overview 2.2 Season 1 ( 2014 ) 2.3 Season 2 ( 2015 ) 2.4 Season 3 ( 2016 ) 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Vessels ( edit ) Name Captain Seasons Ref . Hard Merchandise Dave Marciano Season 1 - Season 3 Doghouse Britton Shackelford Season 1 - present The Pinwheel Tyler McLaughlin Season 1 - present Fishin ' Frenzy Greg Mayer Season 1 - present The Hot Tuna TJ Ott Season 1 - present Reels of Fortune Charlie `` Griff '' Griffin Season 2 - present Foolish Pleasures Dale Lisi Season 3 - present Wahoo Reed Meredith Season 1 Reel Action Tami Gray Season 2 Little Shell Nick Gowitzka Season 4 - present Episodes ( edit ) Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 10 August 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 17 ) October 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 19 ) 10 July 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 19 ) September 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 20 ) 10 July 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 25 ) September 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 26 ) Season 1 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) No. in Season Title Original airdate `` Yankee Invasion '' August 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 17 ) `` Southern Discomfort '' August 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 24 ) `` Bluefin or Bust '' August 31 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 31 ) `` We 're Not in Gloucester Anymore '' September 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 07 ) 5 `` Ice Ice Tuna '' September 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 14 ) 6 `` By Hook or By Crook '' September 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 21 ) 7 `` From Rods to Riches '' September 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 28 ) 8 `` Doghouse Afternoon '' October 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 05 ) 9 `` Tick Tock Tuna '' October 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 12 ) 10 `` The Fat Tuna Sings '' October 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 19 ) Season 2 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No. in Season Title Original airdate `` First Strike '' July 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 19 ) `` Bombs Away '' July 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 26 ) `` Fins of the Father '' August 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 02 ) `` Salty Gals and Southern Nights '' August 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 09 ) 5 `` Wicked Ride '' August 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 16 ) 6 `` Reels of Misfortune '' August 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 23 ) 7 `` Nine - Foot Monster '' August 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 30 ) 8 `` Burn Blubber '' September 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 06 ) 9 `` On a Fin and a Prayer '' September 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 13 ) 10 `` Wicked End '' September 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 20 ) Season 3 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No. in Season Title Original airdate `` Back in the Battle '' July 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 25 ) `` Wicked Waters '' August 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 01 ) `` A Bluefin for Boo '' August 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 08 ) `` Underdog Day Afternoon '' August 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 15 ) 5 `` Not How We Operate '' August 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 22 ) 6 `` The Karma Kid '' August 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 29 ) 7 `` Old Sailors and Bold Sailors '' September 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 05 ) 8 `` Hostile Waters '' September 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 12 ) 9 `` Striking Distance '' September 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 19 ) 10 `` Luck Be A Tuna Tonight '' September 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 26 ) See also ( edit ) Wicked Tuna Deadliest Catch Lobster Wars Whale Wars References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` National Geographic Orders ' Wicked Tuna ' Spinoff Series From Craig Piligian '' . Deadline . January 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wicked Tuna : Outer Banks ' Season 2 Premiere Date Announced '' . OBX Entertainment . May 30 , 2015 . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wicked Tuna : Outer Banks ' Season 3 First Look Teaser Trailer Released '' . OBX Entertainment . May 31 , 2016 . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Doghouse Gallery '' . National Geographic Channel . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hard Merchandise Gallery '' . National Geographic Channel . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Pinwheel Gallery '' . National Geographic Channel . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fishin ' Frenzy Gallery '' . National Geographic Channel . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Tuna Gallery '' . National Geographic Channel . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Reels of Fortune Gallery '' . National Geographic Channel . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Foolish Pleasures Gallery '' . National Geographic Channel . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wahoo Gallery '' . National Geographic Channel . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Reel Action Gallery '' . National Geographic Channel . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wicked Tuna : Outer Banks at the National Geographic Channel Wicked Tuna : Outer Banks on IMDb Fishing personalities Personalities Sheridan Anderson Dan Bailey Conrad Voss Bark Juliana Berners Megan Boyd Joe Brooks Charles Cotton Cornilia Thurza Crosby Bill Dance Frank Parker Day Michael de Avila John Dietsch Gadabout Gaddis John Gierach Arnold Gingrich Theodore Gordon Karen Graham George F. Grant Robson Green Zane Grey Frederic M. Halford Charles Hallock Matt Hayes Ernest Hemingway Harold Ensley Charles F. Holder John Horrocks Rex Hunt Lefty Kreh Gary LaFontaine Billy Lane Michael Lerner Larry Larsen Norman Maclean George Selwyn Marryat Roland Martin Don Martinez Charlie Moore Moc Morgan Hank Parker Edward Peel James Prosek Skeet Reese Frank Saywer Ernest Schwiebert William Senior G.E.M. Skues Red Smith Carrie G. Stevens Jakub Vágner Robert Venables Jeremy Wade Richard Walker Izaak Walton Ted Williams John Wilson Babe Winkelman Joan Wulff Lee Wulff Philip Wylie Chris Yates Paul Young Al Lindner Ron Lindner Other Fisheries scientists J.R. Hartley Seth Green Fred Mather ( hide ) Fishing television Documentaries Deadliest Catch Lobstermen : Jeopardy at Sea Lobster Wars Saltwater Heroes Swords Trawlermen Series BassTech Beat Charlie Moore Bill Dance Outdoors Escape with ET FNC : Uncut Fishing Australia Fishing with John Fish Warrior Hook , Line and Sinker IFISH Lunkerville River Monsters Wicked Tuna Wicked Tuna : Outer Banks Other World Fishing Network Fisheries and fishing topic areas Fisheries Aquaculture Diversity of fish Fish diseases and parasites Fish farming Fisheries management Fisheries science Individual fishing quota Sustainable fishery Wild fisheries Fishing Artisanal fishing Fisherman Fishing vessel History of fishing Industry List of harvested aquatic animals by weight By country Commercial fishing Marketing Markets Processing Products Seafood Recreation Angling Big - game fishing Catch and release Fishing tournaments Fly fishing Techniques Fish trap Fishfinder Fishing net Gathering seafood by hand Handline fishing Spearfishing Trawling Tackle Artificial flies Bait Bite indicators Hook Line Lures Rod Sinker Locations Fish ponds Fishing banks Fishing villages Marine habitats Glossary Index Outline Fishing portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wicked_Tuna:_Outer_Banks&oldid=807886767 '' Categories : 2014 American television series debuts English - language television programs Fishing television series American reality television series Television shows set in North Carolina Outer Banks Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 17 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does wicked tuna outer banks take place	[ "Wicked Tuna: Outer Banks (previously known as Wicked Tuna: North vs. South) is a reality television series about commercial tuna fishermen based in the Outer Banks who fish for the lucrative Atlantic bluefin tuna off the coast of North Carolina. The teams of fishermen battle each other to see who can catch the most fish, while trying to earn their livelihood." ]	[ "North Carolina" ]
8646605042563604923	A Series of Unfortunate Events (TV series)	A Series of Unfortunate Events ( TV Series ) - wikipedia A Series of Unfortunate Events ( TV Series ) This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 1 May 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search A Series of Unfortunate Events Genre Drama Black comedy Based on A Series of Unfortunate Events by Lemony Snicket Developed by Mark Hudis Barry Sonnenfeld Starring Neil Patrick Harris Patrick Warburton Malina Weissman Louis Hynes K. Todd Freeman Presley Smith Lucy Punch Avi Lake Dylan Kingwell Theme music composer Nick Urata Daniel Handler Opening theme `` Look Away '' by Neil Patrick Harris Composer ( s ) James Newton Howard Sven Faulconer Chris Bacon Jim Dooley Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 18 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Cindy Holland Brian Wright Ted Biaselli Daniel Handler Neil Patrick Harris Rose Lam Barry Sonnenfeld Producer ( s ) Neil Patrick Harris Location ( s ) Vancouver , British Columbia Cinematography Bernard Couture Editor ( s ) Stuart Bass Skip MacDonald Running time 40 -- 64 minutes Production company ( s ) Paramount Television What is the Question ? Sonnenfeld Productions , Inc . Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD ) Original release January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) -- present ( present ) Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events , or simply A Series of Unfortunate Events , is an American black comedy - drama web television series from Netflix , developed by Mark Hudis and Barry Sonnenfeld , based on the children 's novel series of the same name by Lemony Snicket . It stars Neil Patrick Harris , Patrick Warburton , Malina Weissman , Louis Hynes , K. Todd Freeman , and Presley Smith with Lucy Punch , Avi Lake , and Dylan Kingwell joining the cast in the second season . The first season , which premiered on January 13 , 2017 , consists of eight episodes and adapts the first four books of the series . The second season was ordered in March 2017 and released on March 30 , 2018 . A Series of Unfortunate Events was renewed for a third season in April 2017 , which will consist of seven episodes and adapt the remaining four books . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 2.3. 1 Introduced in season 1 2.3. 2 Introduced in season 2 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2018 ) 3.3 Season 3 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 4.4 Music 4.5 Visual effects 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 6 Reception 6.1 Audience viewership 6.2 Critical response 6.2. 1 Season 1 6.2. 2 Season 2 7 Awards and nominations 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Premise ( edit ) When a mysterious fire kills their parents , the Baudelaire children are placed into the care of their distant relative Count Olaf , an actor who is determined to claim the family fortune for himself . Following Olaf 's failed attempt and his plot being exposed , the Baudelaires set out to elude Olaf and uncover the mystery behind a secret society from their parents ' past . Cast and characters ( edit ) See also : List of A Series of Unfortunate Events characters Main ( edit ) Neil Patrick Harris as Count Olaf , an actor determined to claim the Baudelaire fortune for himself . He has one eyebrow and a tattoo resembling an eye on his left ankle , which is frequently used to identify him when he is disguised . Patrick Warburton as Lemony Snicket , the narrator tasked with explaining the events during the lives of the Baudelaires . Malina Weissman as Violet Baudelaire , the eldest Baudelaire sibling and an inventor talented in mechanics . Louis Hynes as Klaus Baudelaire , the middle Baudelaire child , interested in literature and books . K. Todd Freeman as Arthur Poe , the family banker and executor of the Baudelaire parents who is in charge of placing the Baudelaires in the care of a suitable guardian . Presley Smith as Sunny Baudelaire , the infant child of the Baudelaires with unnaturally strong teeth . Tara Strong voices Sunny 's babbling , the meaning of which is often translated in subtitles . Lucy Punch as Esmé Squalor , a wealthy financial advisor , who becomes an ally and love interest for Count Olaf . Avi Lake as Isadora Quagmire , Duncan and Quigley 's sister who loves writing poetry . Dylan Kingwell as Duncan Quagmire , Isadora 's brother . Duncan is a keen journalist . Recurring ( edit ) Will Arnett as Father , a man who is trying to return home to his three children . Cobie Smulders as Mother , a woman who is trying to return home to her three children . Usman Ally as the Hook - Handed Man , a member of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe with hooks instead of hands . Matty Cardarople as the Henchperson of Indeterminate Gender , another member of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe . Cleo King as Eleanora Poe , Arthur Poe 's wife and the editor - in - chief of The Daily Punctilio , who loves pursuing sensationalist headlines . John DeSantis as the Bald Man , a large bald - headed man who is another member of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe . Jacqueline and Joyce Robbins as the White - Faced Women , two elderly twins who are members of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe . Sara Canning as Jacquelyn , Mr. Poe 's standoffish assistant and a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society . She possesses a spyglass . Patrick Breen as Larry Your - Waiter , a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society who is seen working as a waiter at various establishments the Baudelaires visit , including the Anxious Clown and Café Salmonella . Sara Rue as Olivia Caliban , a librarian at Prufrock Preparatory School who later enlists as a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society when she becomes invested in the Baudelaires ' plight . Nathan Fillion as Jacques Snicket , the dashing adventurer brother of Lemony Snicket who enlists Olivia Caliban to help the Baudelaires . Guest ( edit ) Introduced in season 1 ( edit ) Joan Cusack as Justice Strauss , a judge and Count Olaf 's neighbor who helps the Baudelaires and is hopeful to adopt them . Luke Camilleri as Gustav Sebald , a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society and Monty 's former assistant . Aasif Mandvi as Montgomery `` Uncle Monty '' Montgomery , a distant relative of the Baudelaires and enthusiastic herpetologist who claims to have spent his childhood with their late parents . He is a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society and possesses a spyglass . Alfre Woodard as Aunt Josephine Anwhistle , a distant relative of the Baudelaires at Lake Lachrymose who has many rational and irrational fears and a love of grammar . She is a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society . Don Johnson as Sir , the cigar - smoking owner of Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Catherine O'Hara as Georgina Orwell , an optometrist and Count Olaf 's ex-girlfriend who hypnotizes the Lucky Smells Lumbermill workers so they never leave , also causing them to believe the Baudelaire parents set fire to Paltryville . O'Hara previously portrayed Justice Strauss in the 2004 film adaptation . Rhys Darby as Charles , Sir 's partner . Timothy Webber as Jimmy , a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Chris Gauthier as Phil , an optimistic worker who befriends the Baudelaires during their stay at the Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Loretta Walsh as Norma Rae , a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Trent Redekop as Cesar , a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Daniel Handler cameos as a fish head salesperson at Lake Lachrymose . Barry Sonnenfeld does a picture cameo as the late Ike Anwhistle in `` The Wide Window '' and appears as him in a flashback scene in `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' Pt. 1 . Introduced in season 2 ( edit ) Barry Sonnenfeld as the voice of Mr. Tammerlane , a person that Arthur Poe talks to on the phone . Roger Bart as Nero Feint , the violin - playing vice-principal of Prufrock Preparatory School and struggling musician with an egotistic personality and a love for excessive punishments . Kitana Turnbull as Carmelita Spats , an obnoxious , tutu - wearing student at Prufrock Preparatory School . Bronwen Smith as Miss Tench , Prufrock Preparatory School 's gym teacher who is replaced in the post by a disguised Count Olaf while on her way back to Prufrock Preparatory School with the pep squad and the sports team . Malcolm Stewart as Mr. Remora , a teacher at Prufrock Preparatory School who specializes in teaching his personal anecdotes and is always seen eating a banana . BJ Harrison as Mrs. Bass , a teacher at Prufrock Preparatory School who specializes in measuring objects . She later becomes a bank robber . Tony Hale as Jerome Squalor , the timid husband of Esmé Squalor . Ithamar Enriquez as Hector , a skittish handyman and citizen of the Village of Fowl Devotees who befriends the Baudelaires . Mindy Sterling as Elder Anabelle , a member of the Village of Fowl Devotees ' Council of Elders . Carol Mansell as Elder Jemma , a member of the Village of Fowl Devotees ' Council of Elders . Ken Jenkins as Elder Sam , a member of the Village of Fowl Devotees ' Council of Elders . Lossen Chambers as Mrs. Morrow , an inhabitant of the Village of Fowl Devotees that wears a pink robe . Kevin Chamberlin as Mr. Lesko , an inhabitant of the Village of Fowl Devotees that wears plaid pants . John Bobek as the bearded leader of the Volunteers Fighting Disease . Kerri Kenney - Silver as Babs , the Head of Human Resources and Hospital Administration at Heimlich Hospital . David Alan Grier as Hal , a visually - disabled file clerk who is employed in the Library of Records at Heimlich Hospital . Robbie Amell as Kevin , an ambidextrous `` freak '' who works at the Caligari Carnival . Kevin Cahoon as Hugo , a hunchbacked `` freak '' who works at the Caligari Carnival . Bonnie Morgan as Colette , a contortionist `` freak '' who works at the Caligari Carnival . Allison Williams as an as - yet - unidentified woman who arrives to see the Caligari Carnival engulfed in flames . Neil Patrick Harris ' husband David Burtka and their children Harper and Gideon cameo as the heckler Mr. Willums and his children , respectively , within the `` Carnivorous Carnival '' episodes . Episodes ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally released 8 January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) 10 March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Season 1 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) The first season adapts the first four books of the novel series : The Bad Beginning , The Reptile Room , The Wide Window and The Miserable Mill . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` The Bad Beginning : Part One '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Violet , Klaus , and Sunny Baudelaire receive the news that their parents have perished in a house fire from well - meaning but inept banker Arthur Poe . While exploring the ruins , Klaus finds a broken spyglass with an insignia of an eye embedded on the front . Shortly afterwards , they are sent to live with their distant relative Count Olaf , a cruel and vain amateur actor , who forces them into servitude . One night , the siblings prepare puttanesca for Olaf 's theatre troupe only for him to demand roast beef upon arriving home . The children state that they were never asked to prepare roast beef , angering Olaf and prompting him to slap Klaus across the face when he protests about the sleeping arrangements . Meanwhile , a mother and father are held against their will by a mysterious captor . `` The Bad Beginning : Part Two '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) The Baudelaires attempt to convince Mr. Poe of Olaf 's actions , only to be sent away when Poe dismisses their claims . When Olaf gives Violet the starring role in his latest theatrical production , which ends with the two main characters being married , the siblings realize that Olaf intends to acquire their fortune by marrying Violet for real . Klaus confronts Olaf , who threatens to kill Sunny if Violet does n't follow through with his plans . At the very last minute , however , Violet signs the marriage certificate with her left hand , invalidating the proceedings due to the fact that she is right - handed . Mr. Poe 's mysterious secretary Jacquelyn reveals they were intended to be put in the care of their distant relative Montgomery Montgomery . Meanwhile , Jacquelyn 's ally Gustav is mysteriously drowned , after being hit by a poisoned dart . `` The Reptile Room : Part One '' Mark Palansky Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) The Baudelaires are sent to live with their herpetologist uncle Montgomery Montgomery , who has recently come across a reptile he calls the Incredibly Deadly Viper . While attempting to learn more about Montgomery , Klaus discovers that the hedge maze in Montgomery 's garden is exactly the same shape as the tattoo on Olaf 's ankle . Olaf poses as Montgomery 's new assistant Stephano and attempts to kidnap the Baudelaires , but Monty assures the Baudelaires that he recognizes Stephano as a threat . The four arrive at a movie theatre , where Monty deciphers a code sent for him through the subtitles of the film , using a spyglass identical to Klaus ' . The message instructs him to bring the children to Peru . He fires Stephano shortly afterwards , believing him to be a spy sent to steal his research . `` The Reptile Room : Part Two '' Mark Palansky Emily Fox January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Immediately after dismissing `` Stephano , '' Montgomery notices that the door to his Reptile Room is ajar and investigates , only to be attacked by an unseen figure . The next day , the Baudelaires discover Olaf standing next to Montgomery 's corpse . Olaf threatens to kill Sunny unless the siblings accompany him to Peru , but is prevented from carrying out his plan when Mr. Poe accidentally crashes into their car when they are trying to leave . Olaf 's theatre troupe then arrives disguised as police and nurses , and claim Monty was killed by the Incredibly Deadly Viper , despite Monty 's claim of it being completely harmless . While searching for proof of the snake 's innocence , Klaus discovers a statue in Monty 's hedge maze , and a photograph of Monty , both of them carrying spyglasses identical to Klaus ' . Violet proves Olaf to be the murderer ; however , he escapes via the hedge maze with Klaus ' spyglass . While pursuing him , the Baudelaires meet Jacquelyn , who is posing as a statue . She tells them to seek answers on the spyglasses from their Aunt Josephine while she hunts down Olaf via underground passageways . 5 5 `` The Wide Window : Part One '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Mr. Poe takes the Baudelaires to live with their Aunt Josephine , an irrationally frightened woman who lives in a dilapidated house overlooking Lake Lachrymose . She refuses to answer questions about their parents , so the siblings pursue answers themselves around her house , and discover their parents were members of a secret organization , with spyglasses being used as useful devices . They are also shocked to find out that Josephine was once fierce and formidable , and developed her phobias after the death of her husband . Olaf , who has followed the Baudelaires , disguises himself as a sailor named Captain Sham before pretending to fall in love with Josephine . Despite the siblings ' warnings , Josephine accepts his invitation to take her out for a fried egg sandwich . Later that night , the siblings discover that Josephine has jumped out the library 's bay window and left a note informing them that `` Captain Sham '' is their new guardian . 6 6 `` The Wide Window : Part Two '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) As Mr. Poe prepares to hand the Baudelaires over to `` Captain Sham , '' the siblings discover the note has several grammatical errors , something Josephine would never do since she was obsessed with proper grammar . Mr. Poe takes the children to a restaurant and prepares to complete the transfer , but allows the siblings to leave after Larry , a waiter secretly a member of their parents ' organization , triggers their allergy to peppermint . After returning to the house , the siblings decipher Josephine 's suicide note and discover she is still alive moments before a hurricane sends the house teetering over the cliff . Escaping with a photograph of their parents standing in front of a lumber mill , the siblings find Josephine at a nearby cave , only to be confronted by Olaf , who abandons Josephine to be eaten alive by the leeches that inhabit Lake Lachrymose . Upon returning to shore , Olaf escapes after being unmasked in front of Mr. Poe while the Baudelaires sneak away and set out to find the lumber mill in the photograph . 7 7 `` The Miserable Mill : Part One '' Bo Welch Joe Tracz January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Upon arriving at the Lucky Smells Lumber Mill , the Baudelaires are forced to work by the owner Sir , who blames their parents for starting a fire that destroyed the entire town . While investigating the workers ' unnaturally happy behavior , Klaus ' glasses are broken by the Hook - Handed Man posing as Foreman Flacutono , and he visits local optometrist Georgina Orwell , who puts him into a hypnotic trance . Later that day , the siblings learn that two visitors are waiting to see them . Believing that their parents are still alive , the three are shocked to instead find Orwell and her receptionist `` Shirley St. Ives , '' who is a poorly - disguised Olaf . Meanwhile , the mother and father who were previously held captive are revealed to be the parents of the Quagmire triplets , with whom they are reunited . 8 8 `` The Miserable Mill : Part Two '' Bo Welch Tatiana Suarez - Pico January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) The Baudelaires discover the entire mill is under a hypnotic trance , ensuring they do not leave their jobs . Orwell and Olaf use a still - hypnotized Klaus to murder Sir 's aide Charles , but Violet figures out how to break everyone 's trance in the nick of time . The workers then storm the mill , causing Orwell to fall into the furnace and die . Sir , Olaf , and the Hook - Handed Man all escape in the chaos . Charles reveals the truth about the Baudelaires ' role in the town , where they actually helped to fight the fire . The three siblings are reunited with Mr. Poe , and Jacquelyn sends Klaus the broken spyglass that Olaf stole from him . Poe then sends the three siblings to a dreary boarding school , which two of the three Quagmire siblings are also sent to , due to their house being burnt down by an unknown woman . The Quagmires ' parents are revealed to be members of the organization . In the final scene , Lemony Snicket , Count Olaf , the Baudelaires and Mr. Poe sing the song `` That 's Not How the Story Goes . '' Season 2 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) The second season adapts books five through nine of the novel series : The Austere Academy , The Ersatz Elevator , The Vile Village , The Hostile Hospital , and The Carnivorous Carnival . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 9 `` The Austere Academy : Part 1 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) The Baudelaires are introduced to life at Prufrock Preparatory School , an unpleasant institution run by an unpleasant vice-principal named Nero and terrorized by an equally unpleasant student named Carmelita Spats . The school 's only redeeming qualities are its friendly librarian , Olivia Caliban , and the surviving Quagmire triplets , Duncan and Isadora . During a lunch break , Klaus and Isadora discover that they are holding two halves of the same spyglass . The newfound friends quickly realize that they must track down a book on secret organizations to find the answers they seek -- a book Jacquelyn sent Larry to give them , but which he carelessly misplaced . Meanwhile , Count Olaf and his troupe lurk around the grounds of the school , unable to enter the front doors due to an advanced computer system programmed by Nero to detect Olaf 's presence . However , with Carmelita 's help , Olaf finally gains entry and locks Larry in the cafeteria 's walk - in refrigerator . He then dons his latest disguise : the school 's new turban - wearing gym teacher . 10 `` The Austere Academy : Part 2 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Joe Tracz March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Olaf is able to convince Nero to put the Baudelaires under a grueling exercise program , making the siblings run endless laps at night to prevent them from scheming against him , while also causing them to perform poorly in class from lack of sleep . Due to their slumping grades , Nero threatens to expel the Baudelaires if they fail a comprehensive exam to be given in front of the entire school , but because they must still exercise under Olaf 's program , they know they will likely fail . The Quagmires offer to help , and that night take their place during exercises ; however , their identity is discovered , and while hiding in the library , they find the copy of the book on secret organizations and read up on the purpose of the spyglass before they are caught by the Hook - Handed Man . The next day , with Mr. Poe in attendance , the Baudelaires readily pass the exam , and through it reveal Olaf 's identity . Olaf and his gang then escape with the Quagmires , who try to shout the initials `` V.F.D. '' from the backseat of Olaf 's car . Meanwhile , Larry is rescued from the refrigerator with the help of Lemony 's brother , Jacques , while Olivia walks off with the book on secret organizations that the Quagmires left behind . 11 `` The Ersatz Elevator : Part 1 '' Bo Welch Daniel Handler March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) While a citywide manhunt for Count Olaf is underway , Mr. Poe takes the Baudelaires to the penthouse of Jerome Squalor and his trendy financial advisor wife Esmé . While being introduced to the Squalors , they find Olaf has already arrived , posing as a foreign auctioneer named Gunther . The Baudelaires theorize that Olaf is trying to kill Jerome so that he can marry Esmé and become their legal guardian again . They search the penthouse for the Quagmires to no avail , but Klaus becomes suspicious of an extra elevator that only seems to serve the penthouse . Meanwhile , Olivia tries to convince Mr. Poe about Olaf 's scheme , which leads Jacquelyn to contact Jacques , who enlists her into their society . Esmé suggests they go out for lunch at a fashionable salmon - themed restaurant Cafe Salmonella , where Larry works to prolong their visit , giving Jacques and Olivia time to search the Squalor 's building for the Quagmires . When the Baudelaires manage to sneak away and examine the second elevator , they learn that it is merely an empty shaft . With a makeshift parachute , they descend it to find the Quagmires locked in a cage at its bottom . 12 `` The Ersatz Elevator : Part 2 '' Bo Welch Daniel Handler March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) The Baudelaires do not have the tools to free the Quagmires , so they ascend the shaft by turning the parachute into a hot - air balloon . They try to warn Esmé of Olaf 's scheme , but learn too late that she is in cahoots with him and that they are planning to smuggle the Quagmires out of the city . Esmé pushes them down the elevator shaft , where they are caught in a net midway down . Sunny helps them to escape safely , and afterwards they find a secret passage that leads to the ashen ruins of their home . At the auction in Veblen Hall , the Baudelaires start a bidding war on a box labeled `` V.F.D. '' , which they believe contains the Quagmires . Though they win the item , they find the box contains only doilies . In the aftermath , Olaf and his troupe escape with the Quagmires , who are hidden inside a red herring statue . The Baudelaires ask Jerome to help track down Olaf , but he is far too timid to do so , and gives up his guardianship of them . Mr. Poe tells the children that a village with the initials `` V.F.D. '' is willing to raise them . 13 5 `` The Vile Village : Part 1 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Sigrid Gilmer March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Mr. Poe drops the Baudelaires off at the Village of Fowl Devotees , where the whole community will care for them collectively . The Baudelaires take up residence with Hector , a kindly handyman prone to fainting spells who is secretly building a self - sustaining hot - air mobile home , and soon begin finding clues written by the Quagmires themselves . Olaf , Esmé , and the troupe also arrive at the village , with Esmé disguising herself as the town 's new chief of police . Jacques and Olivia also arrive and detain Olaf at the local jailhouse ; the next day , the villagers learn of Olaf 's capture and hold a town hall meeting , where Olaf appears in the disguise of Detective Dupin , tricking everyone into believing Jacques is Olaf . Jacques is sentenced to death , but Olivia convinces Esmé to free her and Jacques in exchange for the location of the Sugar Bowl , an object with ties to Esmé 's past . Jacques stays behind to confront Olaf ; however , the villain is unfazed by Jacques ' offer of a truce , and he and Esmé incapacitate and kill him . The next morning , as the Baudelaires try to break into the jail to rescue Jacques , they are informed that `` Olaf '' has been murdered . 14 6 `` The Vile Village : Part 2 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Sigrid Gilmer March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) The disguised Olaf and Esmé quickly convince Mr. Poe and the town that the Baudelaires murdered Jacques / `` Olaf , '' and they are promptly condemned to be burned at the stake . While in jail , the children instruct Hector to prepare his hot - air mobile home to help them escape . While Violet creates a battering ram to weaken the jail wall , Klaus deduces from their clues that the Quagmires are hidden inside a crow fountain in the village square . Larry and Jacquelyn arrive on the scene to distract the villagers long enough for the children to escape via a fire truck and follow Hector . The Baudelaires cover for the Quagmires as they use the truck 's ladder to climb aboard the mobile home . As they do so , Olaf , Esmé , and the villagers arrive , and Esmé begins damaging Hector 's home with a harpoon gun . Realizing their danger , the Baudelaires tell Hector to escape with the Quagmires . In thanks , the Quagmires try to throw their friends their notes about the secrets of V.F.D. , but Esmé shoots them with a harpoon , scattering the pages and harming a crow . While the villagers accost the disguised villains over the injured bird , the Baudelaires collect as many of the ruined pages as they can and make their escape . 15 7 `` The Hostile Hospital : Part 1 '' Alan Arkush Joshua Conkel March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) The Baudelaires hitch a ride with volunteer singing candy stripers heading to Heimlich Hospital . They learn that there is a Library of Records that collects and stores esoterica . After sneaking past the hospital 's administrator Babs , they meet Hal , the man who runs the library . He welcomes their help , but forbids them to read material in storage . While Hal shows them the ropes , a film reel labeled `` Snicket '' arrives and catches the children 's attention . Meanwhile , believing the Sugar Bowl to be in the hospital , Olaf and his troupe infiltrate the building . Desperate for answers , the children are forced to steal Hal 's keys to access the library , where they find the film . It contains a debriefing of Jacques by a V.F.D. volunteer , with Jacques informing the interviewer that someone has survived a fire , which may or may not be the one that killed the Baudelaire 's parents . However , before they can watch any further , they are interrupted by Esmé ; as they try to escape , the library is ruined . Violet is captured by Olaf while Klaus and Sunny hide in a chute , in possession of the film . 16 8 `` The Hostile Hospital : Part 2 '' Alan Arkush Joshua Conkel March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Olaf and Esmé hide Violet under a false name ; to find her , Klaus disguises himself as `` Dr. Faustus , '' with Sunny hidden in a sling underneath his coat . They eventually deduce which room Violet is in , but this is a trap laid by Olaf , who forces Klaus to operate on Violet inside an operating theater . Esmé promises to call off the scheme if Klaus can give her what he stole from the Library of Records , and he does so -- only , it 's not the Sugar Bowl that she has been searching for . Olaf , however , is interested in the Snicket film , and dashes off to watch it to learn its secret . Furious at its revelations , he burns the film , which also starts a fire in the hospital . The Baudelaires successfully evacuate the hospital , and realize that their only chance to escape safely is in the trunk of Olaf 's car . Elsewhere , an unknown person recovers the Sugar Bowl from the hospital . 17 9 `` Carnivorous Carnival : Part 1 '' Loni Peristere Joe Tracz March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) A flashback to a masked ball at the V.F.D. headquarters shows Lemony trying to warn Beatrice about Olaf . In the present , Olaf and his troupe arrive at the Caligari Carnival to speak with its fortune - teller , Madame Lulu , about the fire 's survivor . Lulu , who is really Olivia in disguise , tells them to wait for the answer in the morning . The Baudelaires overhear this , and hoping to speak to Lulu as well , assume the identities of circus freaks , with Violet and Klaus as a two - headed person and Sunny as a wolf child . After calling V.F.D. , Olivia is able to tell Olaf the next day that one of the Baudelaire parents did indeed survive the fire . Olaf then presents a freak show that proves disastrous , so he sets off to find a pack of roaming lions to help attract a larger crowd . This gives an opportunity for the children to sneak into Lulu 's tent , where they discover films , books , and disguises belonging to the Volunteer Fire Department -- the secret organization their parents and guardians belonged to . Olivia then appears and reveals her true identity to them . 18 10 `` Carnivorous Carnival : Part 2 '' Loni Peristere Joe Tracz March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Olivia explains to the Baudelaires that `` Madame Lulu '' is an alias used by V.F.D. agents to gather information . While Olivia admits she had to lie to Olaf about one of the children 's parents surviving the fire , Jacques had asserted that there was a survivor , and they should head to the V.F.D. headquarters in the Mortmain Mountains to find them . Meanwhile , Olaf plans to throw one of the freaks into a pit filled with the hungry lions he has corralled , while Esmé connives to have Lulu killed . The next day , Olaf selects Violet and Klaus for the pit . When Olivia is told to push the children to the lions , she instead pushes them to safety , and is sent tumbling into the pit by Olaf for her troubles . As the children try to collect the V.F.D. materials from Lulu 's tent , Olaf arrives and forces them to burn the tent down . Then , after placing Violet and Klaus in a towed caravan and taking Sunny in his car , Olaf has the other freaks cut the towing rope on a steep mountain path . At the same time , the last operative to pose as Madame Lulu arrives at the burning carnival . Season 3 ( edit ) The third season will adapt the final four books of the novel series in seven episodes : The Slippery Slope , The Grim Grotto and The Penultimate Peril will be adapted into two episodes each , and The End will conclude the series with a longer single episode . Barry Sonnenfeld will direct the episodes for The Penultimate Peril . Liza Johnson and Jonathan Teplitzky will also direct episodes in the season . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The thirteen A Series of Unfortunate Events novels , written by Daniel Handler under the pen name Lemony Snicket from 1999 to 2006 , achieved success in young adult fiction around the same time as the Harry Potter novels . As such , the Snicket books had been optioned to be filmed before they were published . This led to the development of a 2004 feature film , Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events , which covered the narratives of the first three novels in the series . Barry Sonnenfeld , who has expressed his love for the series , was originally slated to direct the feature film , and had hired Handler to write the screenplay . About 10 months into production , shortly after the casting of Jim Carrey as Olaf , there was a `` big crisis '' , according to Handler , which caused producer Scott Rudin to walk away and Sonnenfeld left the production under unclear terms . With the film 's completion in flux , its producing studios Paramount Pictures and DreamWorks fired Handler . While the film was eventually completed and released , sequels which would adapt the other novels in the series became unlikely due to `` corporate shakeups '' within DreamWorks , according to Handler , and the child actors that portrayed the Baudelaire children grew too old to star in a sequel . In November 2014 , Netflix , in association with Paramount Television , announced its plans to adapt the novels into an original television series , with the author of the series , Daniel Handler , serving as executive producer . In September 2015 , it was announced that Barry Sonnenfeld and Mark Hudis had agreed to helm the series . Hudis would serve as showrunner , Sonnenfeld as director , and both as executive producers , with Handler writing some of the scripts along with working with the series ' writing team . However , in January 2016 , Netflix announced that Hudis had left the project , with a replacement showrunner not named at the time . The first season consists of eight episodes , with two episodes adapting each of the first four books of the series . Handler considered this more in line with how he had written the books in the manner of a serialized melodrama , citing The Perils of Pauline as one of his influences in writing the book series . In January 2017 , Handler revealed that he was writing the series ' second season , to consist of ten episodes adapting the fifth through ninth books of the series . A third season would adapt the remaining novels of the series , which Handler hoped `` to get the go - ahead to do '' since `` given how quickly young actors age and change , we 're trying to film everything as quickly as possible . '' In March 2017 , Netflix revealed the series had been renewed for a second season by releasing a video on their social media pointing to a viral marketing website , where a letter written by Snicket revealed the decision . A month later , the series was `` quietly '' renewed for a third season , which Harris confirmed would be the final one for the series . Casting ( edit ) Neil Patrick Harris portrays Count Olaf in the series and serves as a producer . On December 3 , 2015 , an open casting call was announced for the roles of Violet and Klaus Baudelaire . In January 2016 , Netflix announced that Neil Patrick Harris had been cast as Count Olaf and Malina Weissman and Louis Hynes were cast as Violet and Klaus . Handler had first considered Harris for the role of Olaf after seeing him perform the opening number `` It 's Not Just for Gays Anymore '' , at the 65th Tony Awards in 2011 , noting `` I just immediately saw someone who could pull off a million things at once '' as was necessary for the character of Olaf , who utilizes various disguises and accents in his quest to steal the Baudelaire fortune . In March 2016 , K. Todd Freeman was cast as Mr. Poe , followed shortly after by the casting of Patrick Warburton as Lemony Snicket , and Aasif Mandvi as Uncle Monty . In September 2016 , it was revealed that Dylan Kingwell and Avi Lake were cast as the Quagmire siblings , Duncan and Isadora , respectively . In November 2016 , Handler revealed Catherine O'Hara , Don Johnson , and Alfre Woodard had been cast as Dr. Georgina Orwell , Sir , and Aunt Josephine , respectively ; O'Hara had previously portrayed Justice Strauss in the 2004 film adaptation of A Series of Unfortunate Events . It was also revealed that Presley Smith would play Sunny Baudelaire , whose quasi-nonsensical lines are voiced by Tara Strong , and Rhys Darby would play Charles , Sir 's partner . Filming ( edit ) Production began in May 2016 in Vancouver , British Columbia , and in August 2016 several cast members expressed through social media that filming had finished . Filming for the second season began in April 2017 . The third season began filming on January 5 , 2018 . One aspect of the series of books that the production team wanted to be captured in the series was the notion of a lack of specific time period or geography for the settings ; Handler stated that he wrote enough for establishing set pieces , but purposely left more specific details vague `` in order for young readers to fill in the blanks themselves . '' Sonnenfeld wanted to capture that same sense of ambiguous time and place , and he and his team worked to try to define a set of subjective rules of what elements could be included . Sonnenfeld brought on Bo Welch , production designer for Edward Scissorhands , which Handler considered to capture the same sense of a `` familiar but completely imaginary '' suburban setting he had in mind for his books . While the production team used computer - generated imagery where needed , they attempted to avoid this use where possible , such as by using large painted backdrops , by key scenic artist John E. Wilcox , rather than employing green screen filming . Music ( edit ) In April 2016 , Nick Urata was initially reported to be composing music for the series . Once the first season was released , it was revealed that Urata collaborated with Daniel Handler to compose the main title theme , `` Look Away '' , as well as various original songs that appear throughout the series , with Handler contributing the lyrics . The first season 's original score was composed by James Newton Howard , with his frequent collaborators Sven Faulconer and Chris Bacon filling in to score certain episodes . In the second season , Jim Dooley joined the production as composer and subsequently wrote the music for all ten episodes . `` Look Away '' , the theme song for the opening titles of the series , is performed by Neil Patrick Harris . In keeping with the tone of the book series , the song warns the viewer against continuing to watch the unpleasant story any further . The lyrics of one verse of the song change for each pair of episodes , comprising a brief synopsis of those episodes ' premise . Visual effects ( edit ) Zoic Studios created visual effects for the series , including the effects for many of Sunny Baudelaire 's actions . Tippett Studio also did work on the series , including the effects for the destruction of Josephine 's house , landscape shots of Lake Lachrymose and some of the more movement heavy Sunny Baudelaire shots . Release ( edit ) All eight episodes of the first season of A Series of Unfortunate Events were released worldwide on Netflix on January 13 , 2017 , in Ultra HD 4K . The second season was released on March 30 , 2018 . Marketing ( edit ) On July 5 , 2015 a video titled `` An Unfortunate Teaser '' was uploaded to YouTube by a user named `` Eleanora Poe '' . Netflix quickly released a statement saying `` This was not released from Netflix . '' Media outlets were almost unanimous in agreement that the trailer was fan - made . However , Caitlin Petrakovitz of CNET argued that the trailer may be real and that Netflix 's carefully worded denial was a marketing campaign , noting the user name `` Eleanora Poe '' being the same as a character from the series , and that a vinyl record seen in the trailer was of The Gothic Archies , a band who provided the theme music for the audio books of A Series of Unfortunate Events . The trailer was later revealed to be a spec promo , similar to a spec script , by an independent commercial director , whom Netflix contracted to make a title sequence for the series after the video 's popularity , though they did not go ahead with the concept . In October 2016 , Netflix released the first teaser trailer for A Series of Unfortunate Events , where Warburton narrates the events of the series as Lemony Snicket . A trailer , featuring footage from the series and Neil Patrick Harris 's character , Count Olaf , was released by Netflix in November 2016 , followed shortly by the first full trailer . The second trailer was released in December 2016 , followed by a `` holiday - themed '' trailer from Count Olaf leading fans to a viral marketing website for the fictional Valorous Farms Dairy , which featured four holiday e-cards for download . Reception ( edit ) Audience viewership ( edit ) As Netflix does not reveal subscriber viewership numbers for any of their original series , Symphony Technology Group compiled data for the first season based on people using software on their devices that measure television viewing by detecting a program 's sound . According to Symphony , 3.755 million viewers age 18 - 49 were watching an episode of A Series of Unfortunate Events over the average minute in its first weekend of release . Critical response ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) The first season of A Series of Unfortunate Events received critical acclaim . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the season an approval rating of 94 % based on 62 reviews , with an average rating of 8.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Enjoyably dark , A Series of Unfortunate Events matches the source material 's narrative as well as its tone , leaving viewers with a wonderfully weird , dry , gothic comedy . '' On Metacritic the season has a score of 81 out of 100 , based on 23 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Erik Adams of The A.V. Club awarded the season a B and praised it for treating `` mature themes like grief , loss , and disappointment with sardonic honesty . '' Adams compared the program positively to the Adam West Batman series , calling it `` kids stuff with adult sophistication , driven by two - part stories , outrageous visuals , and the scenery - chewing of big - name guest stars '' . Ben Travers of Indiewire gave the series an A - , saying that it `` proves as inspirational and endearing as it claims to be forlorn and heartbreaking '' . Brian Lowry of CNN praised the showrunners for `` infusing the show with a lemony - fresh feel , conjuring a series similar to the fantastical tone of Pushing Daisies '' . Lowry wrote that `` the show proves a good deal of fun '' and that `` Harris dives into his over-the - top character with considerable gusto . '' He also argued that the series improved upon the 2004 film . Several critics praised the television series as a better adaptation of the books than the 2004 feature film , which starred Jim Carrey as Count Olaf . Kelly Lawler of USA Today felt the television format gave the stories more room to develop , the addition of Warburton as the fourth wall - breaking Snicket helped to convey some of the wordplay humor used in the books , and Harris 's portrayal of Olaf was `` much more dynamic , and creepier '' than Carrey 's version . The Verge 's Chaim Gartenburg said that the show follows the books much more faithfully than the film , and `` nails down the tone that made the stories so special '' . Los Angeles Times writer Robert Lloyd felt that the backgrounds of Sonnenfeld and Welch made them `` the right people for this job , set in a milieu that is hard to fix in time , except to say it is not now '' , in capturing the tones of the book compared to the feature film . Nick Allen of RogerEbert.com , on the other hand , gave the series a negative review , calling it `` an unfunny parody of sadness '' that is `` never as clever as it wants to be '' and would only appeal to fans of the books . Caroline Framke of Vox Media praised the series for its unique and weird visuals , but found the show 's tone , pacing and performances to be haphazard and considered the show to be `` literally , a series of unfortunate events '' . Season 2 ( edit ) As with the first season , the second season of A Series of Unfortunate Events received critical acclaim . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the second season an approval rating of 100 % based on 10 reviews , with an average rating of 7.8 / 10 . Clarisse Loughrey of The Independent praised the show as one that `` essentially deals with thoughtful , intelligent young people battling to speak up against an illogical world . '' While observing that the `` show may revel in the miserable '' , she opined `` that the purpose of its own morbidity is to offer the assurance that hope lives in even the darkest of places . '' Loughrey also credited the show 's expanded storyline for the Baudelaires ' adult allies for `` plumping up '' the episodes ' narrative arcs and deepening the show 's emotional impact . Tristram Fane Saunders of The Telegraph awarded the second season four out of five stars . He described the show as a `` gothic treat ( that ) also offers a wicked line in absurdist humour , and the most gorgeously toybox - like set designs you 'll find anywhere outside a Wes Anderson film . '' Radio Times reviewer Huw Fullerton praised the series for its faithfulness to the original novels . While praising the improved CGI used to make Presley Smith 's character Sunny Baudelaire react better to situations , he criticized the addition of supporting `` good '' characters such as Nathan Fillion 's Jacques Snicket and Sara Canning 's Jacquelyn for `` undercutting the bleakness and loneliness that characterized the novels . '' Rohan Naahar of the Hindustan Times described A Series of Unfortunate Events as `` one of the most lavish originals in Netflix 's bottomless catalogue , created by fans , for fans . '' He also praised Neil Patrick Harris ' performance as Count Olaf . The Den of Geek reviewer Michael Ahr praised tortoise - shell ' amphibiophones ' and stone marimbas score for giving the television series its primal sound . IGN reviewer Jonathon Dornbush criticized the second season 's formulaic plot structure and lack of the insightful observations compared to the first season . He also praised several of the second season 's episodes particularly `` The Ersatz Elevator '' , `` The Hostile Hospital '' , and `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' for smartly twisting the story formula and deepening the novel series ' mythology . Dornbush also praised the performance of guest stars such as Lucy Punch and Patrick Warburton and awarded the second season 7.2 stars . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result Ref 2017 Leo Awards Best Visual Effects in a Dramatic Series Luis Alejandro Guevara , Bob Habros , Cale Jacox , Ron Simonson , Jeffrey De Guzman Nominated Best Make - Up in a Dramatic Series Rita Ciccozzi , Krista Seller , Tanya Hudson , Gitte Axen Won Best Hairstyling in a Dramatic Series Julie Mchaffie , Dianne Holme , Jenine Lehfeldt Won Best Guest Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series Sara Canning Nominated Saturn Awards Best New Media Television Series A Series of Unfortunate Events Nominated Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Music Composition for a Series James Newton Howard Nominated Gold Derby TV Awards Comedy Actor Neil Patrick Harris Nominated Hollywood Music in Media Awards Main Title Theme -- TV Show / Limited Series Nick Urata and Daniel Handler Won 2018 Satellite Awards Best Actor in a Series - Comedy or Musical Neil Patrick Harris Nominated Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Netflix and critics name the first two episodes as `` The Bad Beginning '' , following the title of the book , while the episode itself displays the name of `` A Bad Beginning '' after the opening credits . Jump up ^ Netflix names the episodes of the second season as Part 1 and Part 2 , while the episodes themselves display the names as Part One and Part Two after the opening credits , following the format of the first season . ^ Jump up to : Netflix names the ninth and tenth episodes as `` Carnivorous Carnival '' , while the episodes themselves display the name of `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' after the opening credits , following the title of the book . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wollaston , Sam ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events review -- fabulous steampunk fun '' -- via The Guardian . ^ Jump up to : `` A Series of Unfortunate Events ' : Barry Sonnenfeld Was Booted Off the Movie , and Now He 's Saved the Franchise '' . IndieWire.com . January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Saraiya , Sonia ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` TV Review : Lemony Snicket 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' on Netflix '' . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ; Goldberg , Lesley ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris to Star in Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' as Showrunner Exits '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Patrick Warburton Is Lemony Snicket In Netflix 's ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gettell , Oliver ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's Series Of Unfortunate Events casts its Violet and Klaus '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` K. Todd Freeman Joins Netflix 's ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' ; Anna Torv in ' Mindhunter ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Li , Shirley ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : Meet Count Olaf in official trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Shamsian , Jacob ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` 11 big actors you did n't realize were in ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' '' . Business Insider . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Calvario , Liz ( June 10 , 2017 ) . `` Nathan Fillion & More Join Season 2 of ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' -- Find Out Who They 're Playing '' . ET Online . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , Amanda ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' Air Date , Cast News : Early 2017 Release Plotted ; Meet 4 Child Actors Of ASOUE '' . Parent Herald . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Serrao , Nivea ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ' : A Deep Dive Into the New Trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rivera , Brittany ( January 1 , 2017 ) . `` 15 Things You Need To Know About Netflix 's A Series Of Unfortunate Events '' . ScreenRant . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Capes , Kristy ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Everything We Know So Far About Netflix 's A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Flickering Myth . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Van Vorrhis , Genevieve ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` A Series Of Unfortunate Events : News , Trailer , Characters , Release Date & All You Need To Know '' . Movie Pilot . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/reviews/a-series-of-unfortunate-events-season-2-review-release-watch-netflix-date-cast-count-olaf-a8274776.html#gallery ^ Jump up to : https://screenrant.com/series-unfortunate-events-season-2-cast-characters/ ^ Jump up to : `` The Teaser for Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events , Coming to Netflix '' . ComingSoon.net . October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Aasif Mandvi Cast In Netflix 's ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' & USA 's ' Mr. Robot ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : @ DanielHandler ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` The @ unfortunate trailer is coming tomorrow . For today , our final cast reveal -- -- @ AlfreWoodard as Aunt Josephine : '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : @ DanielHandler ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` Today 's @ Unfortunate reveal : @ DonJohnson and @ Aasif Mandvi 's characters . Can you guess who ? '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Will ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Series of Unfortunate Events : Lemony Snicket shares first look at two characters '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Scens of `` A Series of Unfortunate Events '' `` . Jump up ^ A Series of Unfortunate Events ( @ unfortunate ) ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` The sad truth is the truth is sad . @ davidalangrier joins Season 2 , adding to the ranks of people who did not heed our sound advice to avoid this grim tale at all costs '' . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ A Series of Unfortunate Events ( @ unfortunate ) ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` A most unfortunate update : @ robbieamell joins Season 2 of # ASOUE . Our repeated letters instructing him to run swiftly in the opposite direction must have failed to arrive '' . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` Allison Williams Joins ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' at Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Megan ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` Harper & Gideon Make A Cameo On ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' In The Most Surprising Way '' . Romper.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Falcone , Dana Rose ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris on What It Was Like Working with His Kids on A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . People . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sims , Andrew ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's ' Series of Unfortunate Events ' is ' a much darker take , ' says Neil Patrick Harris '' . Hypable . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Bad Beginning : Part One '' . A Series of Unfortunate Events . Season 1 . Episode 1 . Event occurs at 1 : 10 . Netflix . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The Bad Beginning : Part Two '' . A Series of Unfortunate Events . Season 1 . Episode 2 . Event occurs at 1 : 09 . Netflix . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Snetiker , Marc ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` Lemony Snicket speaks out about Netflix 's Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carnivorous Carnival : Part 1 '' . A Series of Unfortunate Events . Season 2 . Episode 9 . Event occurs at 1 : 09 . Netflix . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Carnivorous Carnival : Part 2 '' . A Series of Unfortunate Events . Season 2 . Episode 10 . Event occurs at 1 : 03 . Netflix . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Shamsian , Jacob ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` The final season of Netflix 's ' Series of Unfortunate Events ' will adapt the books differently than the rest of the show -- here 's why '' . Insider . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` DGC BC PRODUCTION LIST '' ( PDF ) . Directors Guild of Canada . September 29 , 2017 . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.creativebc.com/crbc-services/motion-picture-services/in-production/films.php?type=series Jump up ^ http://www.vancouverfilm.net/2017/09/vancouver-film-production-update.html ^ Jump up to : Spense D. ( December 16 , 2004 ) . `` Interview : Lemony Snicket '' . IGN . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tiffany , Kaitlyn ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` How Netflix made A Series of Unfortunate Events , its first great TV for families '' . The Verge . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( November 5 , 2014 ) . `` Netflix Adapting Lemony Snicket 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Into TV Show '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( September 4 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix 's Lemony Snicket Series Taps ' True Blood 's ' Mark Hudis , Barry Sonnenfeld ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lucero II , Louis ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's Fortunate Reinvention of ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' '' . New York Times . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwindt , Oriana ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Renewed for Season 2 at Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events Renewal Extended Through Season 3 at Netflix '' . TV Line . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Liam ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris Confirms A Series of Unfortunate Events Will End After Season 3 '' . TV Guide . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Series Of Unfortunate Events Online Search '' . Lemony Snicket Casting . Cast It Talent . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's why Lemony Snicket cast Neil Patrick Harris '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris Closes Deal To Star In Netflix 's A Series Of Unfortunate Events '' . ComicBook.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Patrick Harris on shooting A Series of Unfortunate Events in Vancouver '' . CBC News . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Smith , Sophia ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events Premiere Date and Casting : Confirmed and Rumored Casting ; Filming Concluded '' . CrossMap.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' Behind The Scenes '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Hynes , Louis ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` Day 1 of season 3 ! ! We got new slates ! ! ! @ janneswessels # asoue '' . Instagram . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nick Urata to Score Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' '' . Film Music Reporter. April 19 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix Premieres ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Theme Song '' . FilmMusicReporter.com . January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ahr , Michael ( April 1 , 2018 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : New Sounds for Season 2 '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Martinelli , Marissa ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris Urges You to `` Look Away '' in the Series of Unfortunate Events Theme Song `` . Slate . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` If you 're watching Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events , ' do n't skip the opening credits '' . Business Insider . January 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trendacosta , Katharine ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` I Bet You Did n't Know There Were This Many Ways to Fear a CGI Baby '' . io9 . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lemony Snicket 's Series of Unfortunate Events -- Tippett Studio '' . www.tippett.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Netflix . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Loughrey , Clarisse ( January 1 , 2018 ) . `` New trailer and release date revealed for A Series of Unfortunate Events Season 2 '' . The Independent . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( July 6 , 2015 ) . `` Someone made a cool trailer for Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' -- but it was n't Netflix '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( July 6 , 2015 ) . `` Fake Trailer for Netflix 's ' Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Lights Up YouTube '' . Variety . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Nigel M. ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` Lemony Snicket fan - made Netflix trailer goes viral '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Browning , Laura M. ( July 6 , 2015 ) . `` That Series Of Unfortunate Events trailer is fake , Netflix series still real '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petrakovitz , Caitlin ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` That ' Series of Unfortunate Events ' trailer is real , and here 's why '' . CNET . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kellen Moore '' . kmoore.co . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' : Meet Count Olaf In First - Look Teaser '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elfman , Sheri ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` Second trailer for ' Lemony Snicket 's A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' released '' . UPI . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Van Voorhis , Genevieve ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` Watch All The Trailers For Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' And Decode The Messages Inside '' . Movie Pilot . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events Tops Luke Cage Viewership '' . Screen Rant . January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : Season 1 '' . Metacritic.com . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adams , Erik ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Orphaned at the cinema , A Series Of Unfortunate Events gets its due on Netflix '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lemony Snicket ' books find fresh new life as Netflix series '' . CNN.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Kelly ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` How Netflix 's ' Series of Unfortunate Events ' outshines the 2004 film '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gartenburg , Chaim ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's A Series of Unfortunate Events gets right what the movie got wrong '' . The Verge . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Robert ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Fortunately , this ' Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ' is a series worth watching '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Allen , Nick ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's `` A Series Of Unfortunate Events '' an unfunny parody of sadness `` . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Framke , Caroline ( January 14 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's take on Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events embraces weirdness , and not much else '' . Vox . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : Season 2 ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Loughrey , Clarisse ( 29 April 2018 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events season 2 review : Misery makes a welcome return '' . The Independent . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Saunders , Tristan Fane ( 30 March 2018 ) . `` ' A gothic treat ' -- A Series of Unfortunate Events , season 2 , Netflix , review '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Huw ( 30 March 2018 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events season 2 review : more marvellous misery '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Naahar , Rohan ( 30 March 2018 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events season 2 review : Netflix 's strangest , most lavish show does n't care what you think '' . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Ahr , Michael . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : New Sounds for Season 2 '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon . `` Unfortunately uneven but still includes great episodes '' . IGN . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Leo Awards , 2017 Winners by Name '' . www.leoawards.com . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 2 March 2017 ) . `` ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees / Winners '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Chris Beachum , Daniel Montgomery , Marcus James ( 27 July 2017 ) . `` 2017 Gold Derby TV Awards nominations : ' This is Us , ' ' Veep , ' ' The Leftovers , ' ' Stranger Things ' among top contenders '' . Goldderby . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Music in Media Awards : Full Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Satellite Award Nominations '' . TheWrap. 29 November 2017 . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	netflix series of unfortunate events season 2 release	[ "The first season, which premiered on January 13, 2017, consists of eight episodes and adapts the first four books of the series. The second season was ordered in March 2017 and released on March 30, 2018. A Series of Unfortunate Events was renewed for a third season in April 2017, which will consist of seven episodes and adapt the remaining four books." ]	[ "March 30, 2018" ]
-4913363532567722618	Quinn Sullivan	Quinn Sullivan - wikipedia Quinn Sullivan This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( April 2018 ) Quinn Sullivan Quinn Sullivan at Buddy Guy 's Legends in January 2013 Background information ( 1999 - 03 - 26 ) March 26 , 1999 ( age 19 ) Origin New Bedford , Massachusetts , United States Genres Blues , pop , rock Occupation ( s ) Musician and songwriter Instruments Guitar Years active 2006 -- Present Labels SuperStar Records , Mascot Label Group / Provogue Associated acts Toe Jam Puppet Band The Damn Right Blues Band Tom Hambridge Buddy Guy Website http://www.quinnsullivanmusic.com/ Quinn Sullivan ( born March 26 , 1999 ) is an American singer and guitarist from New Bedford , Massachusetts , United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Gear 3 Discography 3.1 Albums 4 References 5 External links Career ( edit ) Sullivan began taking guitar lessons at age three . He has studied with Brian Cass of The Overclock Orchestra and the Toe Jam Puppet Band as well as Stan Belmarce . The first original song he wrote with Chris Waters was titled `` Sing , Dance , Clap Your Hands '' . Sullivan first gained national media attention at age six when he appeared on The Ellen DeGeneres Show . He garnered more attention when Buddy Guy asked him to come on stage and play during a performance at the Zeiterion Theater in New Bedford , Massachusetts in 2007 . Quinn has since performed on stage with Guy as well as with B.B. King and has played in venues such as the Beacon Theatre in New York City , the Orpheum Theatre in Boston , and Buddy Guy 's Legends in Chicago . In 2008 , Sullivan appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show and was featured on NBC 's The Today Show in July 2009 . In 2009 , Sullivan opened for Buddy Guy on his East Coast tour during the summer , played his own set at the summer music festival Lollapalooza , as well as the Austin City Limits Festival in October . In 2011 , he appeared on the Jimmy Kimmel Live ! show . Sullivan made a guest appearance on Buddy Guy 's Grammy - nominated album Skin Deep , released in 2008 . His solo can be heard on the track `` Who 's Gonna Fill Those Shoes . '' His single , `` Summer of Love , '' was released in 2009 . Quinn released his debut album , Cyclone , in February 2011 . He went on tour in the summer of 2011 with Buddy Guy to promote his album . In the fall of 2011 Quinn played such venues as Austin City Limits Music Festival and BB King 's Blues Club in New York City . In April 2013 , Quinn Sullivan played at Madison Square Garden with his mentor Buddy Guy during the first night of the 2013 Crossroads Guitar Festival . That same year , he sat in with The Roots on Late Night With Jimmy Fallon , and was the musical guest on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno . On January 16 , 2014 , Quinn returned to The Ellen DeGeneres Show to perform `` She Gets Me '' from his album Getting There . He was given the first 60th Anniversary Stratocaster , signed by DeGeneres . Gear ( edit ) Quinn plays Fender guitars and amps including Fender Stratocasters , Bassmans and Twin Reverbs live , but in the studio uses all different varieties of guitars , pedals and amps . Quinn also plays out of a Buddy Guy signature Chicago Blues Box Amp . Quinn 's effects include an Ibanez Tube Screamer , a Buddy Guy signature Dunlop Wah Wah Pedal , and a Boss Tuner Pedal . Quinn also has a Gibson ES - 335 that he received as a gift on `` The Ellen DeGeneres Show '' in 2006 . Discography ( edit ) Albums ( edit ) 2011 : Cyclone 2013 : Getting There 2017 : Midnight Highway References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Daley , Lauren ( August 3 , 2007 ) . `` Jerry Lee Lewis knocks ' em dead at the ' Z ' '' . SouthCoastToday . Retrieved August 8 , 2013 . Opening for Mr. Lewis was 8 - year - old boy wonder Quinn Sullivan , New Bedford 's guitar prodigy who played with Buddy Guy at the `` Z '' in April and who has also performed on the Ellen DeGeneres show . Jump up ^ Cuddy , Don ( April 16 , 2007 ) . `` 8 - year old guitarist jams with Buddy Guy at ' Z '' . SouthCoastToday.com . Retrieved August 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gonet , Sarah ( May 12 , 2008 ) . `` Local guitar prodigy ready to rock Oprah '' . SouthCoastToday.com . New Bedford Standard Times . Retrieved 8 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Singh , Amrit ( April 28 , 2009 ) . `` 2009 Austin City Limits Line - Up Offers Pearl Jam , Dave Matthews Band , Beastie Boys In Case You Missed Them The First Time '' . stereogum.com . Retrieved August 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Quinn Sullivan '' . AllMusic.com . Retrieved August 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Doyle , Patrick ( April 23 , 2013 ) . `` Quinn Sullivan , 14 - Year - Old Blues Prodigy , Impresses the Masters '' . Rolling Stone Music . Retrieved August 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Crossroads Guitar Festival 2013 '' . NYDailyNews.com . p. 12 . Retrieved August 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ https://onlineprnews.com/news/386485-1370281905-14-year-old-guitar-prodigy-quinn-sullivan-to-appear-on-late-night-with-jimmy-fallon-tues-june-4th.html Jump up ^ http://superstarrecords.com/?p=489 Jump up ^ `` Quinn Sullivan Performs ' She Gets Me ' '' . Youtube.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.guitarplayer.com/miscellaneous/buddy-guy-picks-12-year-old-quinn-sullivan-to-fill-his-blues-shoes Jump up ^ https://www.musicradar.com/news/on-the-radar-quinn-sullivan External links ( edit ) Official website Special message `` Blues for the Blue '' concert GND : 1042719527 ISNI : 0000 0001 1995 6721 LCCN : no2011074824 MusicBrainz : e98c228f - f951 - 4609 - a638 - 3dbb76a5b0fa VIAF : 170977873 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quinn_Sullivan&oldid=845602860 '' Categories : 1999 births Living people People from New Bedford , Massachusetts American rock guitarists American male guitarists Guitarists from Massachusetts Hidden categories : Wikipedia introduction cleanup from April 2018 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from April 2018 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Français Italiano Polski Português Simple English Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 12 June 2018 , at 21 : 55 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the young guitarist who played with buddy guy	[ "\n\nQuinn Sullivan\n\n\n\nQuinn Sullivan at Buddy Guy's Legends in January 2013\n\n\n\nBackground information\n\n\nBorn\n(1999-03-26) March 26, 1999 (age 19)\n\n\nOrigin\nNew Bedford, Massachusetts, United States\n\n\nGenres\nBlues, pop, rock\n\n\nOccupation(s)\nMusician and songwriter\n\n\nInstruments\nGuitar\n\n\nYears active\n2006–Present\n\n\nLabels\nSuperStar Records, Mascot Label Group/Provogue\n\n\nAssociated acts\nToe Jam Puppet Band\nThe Damn Right Blues Band\nTom Hambridge\nBuddy Guy\n\n\nWebsite\nhttp://www.quinnsullivanmusic.com/\n\n" ]	[ "Quinn Sullivan" ]
-4852975954499895222	I'm a Man (The Spencer Davis Group song)	I 'm a Man ( the Spencer Davis Group song ) - wikipedia I 'm a Man ( the Spencer Davis Group song ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` I 'm a Man '' Single by The Spencer Davis Group B - side `` I Ca n't Get Enough of It '' Released January 1967 Format 7 '' vinyl Genre Rock , blues rock Length 2 : 58 Label Fontana TF785 ( UK ) United Artists UA50144 ( US ) Songwriter ( s ) Steve Winwood , Jimmy Miller Producer ( s ) Jimmy Miller The Spencer Davis Group singles chronology `` Gimme Some Lovin ' '' ( 1966 ) `` I 'm a Man '' ( 1967 ) `` Time Seller '' ( 1967 ) `` Gimme Some Lovin ' '' ( 1966 ) `` I 'm a Man '' ( 1967 ) `` Time Seller '' ( 1967 ) `` I 'm a Man '' Single by Chicago Transit Authority from the album The Chicago Transit Authority A-side `` Questions 67 and 68 '' Released 1970 Format 7 '' vinyl Recorded 27 / 30 January 1969 Genre Hard rock Length 7 : 43 ( Album version ) 3 : 27 ( Single version ) 5 : 43 ( Only the Beginning edit ) Label Columbia 4 - 45467 Songwriter ( s ) Steve Winwood , Jimmy Miller Producer ( s ) James William Guercio Chicago Transit Authority singles chronology `` Beginnings / Colour My World '' ( 1971 ) `` I 'm a Man '' ( 1970 ) `` Saturday in the Park '' ( 1972 ) `` Beginnings / Colour My World '' ( 1971 ) `` Questions 67 and 68 / I 'm a Man '' ( 1971 ) `` Saturday in the Park '' ( 1972 ) `` I 'm a Man '' is a song written by The Spencer Davis Group singer - songwriter Steve Winwood and record producer Jimmy Miller . Contents 1 Original version by the Spencer Davis Group 2 Chicago version 3 Other cover versions 4 VW Polo advert 5 In other media 6 References 7 External links Original version by the Spencer Davis Group ( edit ) The original recording was a fast , Hammond organ - driven blues rock track released as a single by the Spencer Davis Group in early 1967 , reaching number nine in the UK Singles Chart and number 10 in the U.S. ( the US edition was slightly edited ) Billboard Hot 100 . It was the last hit single by the band before the brothers Steve and Muff Winwood left to pursue their own separate careers . `` I 'm a Man '' was included on the band 's summer 1967 album , I 'm a Man , as well as being featured on the 2005 Spencer Davis Group DVD Gimme Some Lovin ' Live 1966 . Although the recording is said to be late 1966 , this date is in fact controversial . In an article and an interview on the `` Living Archives '' ( Elävä arkisto ) website of YLE , the Finnish Broadcasting Corporation , the producer of the original live recording , Mr. Tapani Karhu , clearly states that the date of the show was 19 March 1967 . Chicago version ( edit ) Chicago Transit Authority ( now known as Chicago ) recorded a cover version of `` I 'm a Man '' for their 1969 debut album , The Chicago Transit Authority . When the band 's popularity surged after their second album , `` I 'm a Man '' was released as the B - side to a re-release of `` Questions 67 and 68 '' . Radio stations ended up playing both sides , and `` I 'm a Man '' reached # 49 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1971 and got as high as the top ten in the UK , reached # 8 . The song reached # 13 in Ireland . Chicago 's cover arrangement features an extended percussion and drum section with a total run time of 7 minutes and 40 seconds , and is based around the distortion - heavy blues - rock guitar of Terry Kath , the drumming of Danny Seraphine , the bass of Peter Cetera , the soaring Hammond organ of Robert Lamm and the horn players periodically switching over to auxiliary percussion instruments , such as claves , cowbell , maracas , and tambourine . Kath , Cetera and Lamm each sing a verse apiece ( not singing the lyrics as they were originally written , but as they misheard and / or revised them ) , preluding Seraphine 's extended drum solo before a return to the second and third verses with the horn section and choruses that bring the song to a climactic drum roll , and finally leading into a guitar solo to bring the song to a dramatic close . This version is featured on the 1971 four record live album Chicago at Carnegie Hall and Chicago Live in Japan and has remained a fan favorite and concert staple throughout Chicago 's career . Santana has also used a small part of this song in the track `` Waiting '' which appears on their self titled 1969 debut album . Chicago Personnel : Terry Kath - lead vocals ( first verse ) , backing vocals , guitar Peter Cetera - lead vocals ( second verse ) , backing vocals , bass Robert Lamm - lead vocals ( third verse ) , backing vocals , keyboards Danny Seraphine - drums , maracas Jimmy Pankow - cowbell , trombone Lee Loughnane - claves , trumpet Walt Parazaider - tambourine , tenor saxophone Other cover versions ( edit ) The Serfs album The Early Bird Cafe , Capitol , 1968 , featured a percussion - heavy intro ( pre-dating Chicago 's ) and Mike Finnigan 's lead vocal . Their arrangement segued into Bo Diddley 's song of the same name . Hungarian progressive band Syrius often played the song - combined with Brian Auger song Black Cat - in their concerts between 1970 and 1973 . The studio version of the song has been recorded in 1971 in Australia , but it has been released more than twenty years later in 1994 on album Most , Mult , Lesz . Former Chicago drummer Danny Seraphine 's current band , California Transit Authority ( CTA ) , performed `` I 'm a Man '' at their appearance at the 2006 Modern Drummer Festival in New Jersey . The performance featured extensive drumset and percussion solos . The tune also appears on CTA 's first album , Full Circle , released in 2007 . Marzio Vincenzi ( lead and background vocalist originally from Bologna , Italy ) and Mauro Malavasi produced in 1978 a version of `` I 'm a Man '' under the name Macho which is a classic of disco music , or as some have classified it , `` rosco music '' , a hybrid between rock and disco genres . A further disco - flavored version is the one released by keyboardist Keith Emerson in his soundtrack album of the 1981 film Nighthawks , featuring him providing unlikely lead vocals . The song underpins a key scene in the movie in a slightly different version which features a longer instrumental coda not included in the original record . In 1987 the Italian producer Gianfranco Bortolotti edited as Club House the maxi - single `` I 'm a man / Yéké Yéké '' remixing both tracks . Guitarist Roy Z 's band , Tribe of Gypsies , included a cover of `` I 'm a Man '' on their 1997 ( Japanese import only ) mini-album , Nothing Lasts Forever , adding a strong Latin rock flavor to the song . A remix of the original was featured on Gravy : Remixes & Rarities in 2007 released by Acid Jazz Records . Los Lonely Boys recorded a version on their 2008 album Forgiven . VW Polo advert ( edit ) Volkswagen aired a UK television commercial titled `` Dog '' in late winter 2008 , which featured a dog miming singing `` I 'm a Man '' . The version used in the advert for the Polo was a cover version by a young British singer - songwriter , Charlie Winston . The Noam Murro - directed advert was banned after complaints from the RSPCA and over 750 viewers . In other Media ( edit ) An instrumental disco version of the song is occasionally featured in the game show The Price Is Right mostly for reveals of new cars . The Live365 Internet radio service Radio Vietnam uses excerpts from `` I 'm a Man '' as one of their station IDs . The song was used in the Mad Men Season 7 premiere episode , `` Time Zones '' . The song was featured in the 2014 film Pawn Sacrifice . The 2015 film Minions featured the song and is also on the film 's soundtrack . In 2016 , the original Spencer Davis Group version of `` I 'm A Man '' was used in an advert for Amazon Prime in the UK and Germany . In 2017 , the original Spencer Davis Group version of `` I 'm A Man '' was used in Episode 5 of The Vietnam War , a documentary by Ken Burns . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 103 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ Jaclyn Ward . `` The Irish Charts - All there is to know '' . Irishcharts.ie . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 03 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` VW Polo Dog '' . Glossyinc.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ O'Meara , Ryan ( 2008 - 03 - 29 ) . `` RSCPA Complain About ' Abused ' Dog in Volkswagen TV Advert - Let 's Get Our Priorities Right Shall We ? '' . K9 Magazine . K9 Media Ltd . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 20 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Judd , Terri ( 2008 - 06 - 25 ) . `` Kiss goodbye to your sales , Stonewall tells ' homophobic ' Heinz after advert is pulled '' . The Independent . Independent News & Media . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 02 . External links ( edit ) Review of `` I 'm a Man '' by Richie Unterberger at Allmusic The Spencer Davis Group Spencer Davis Steve Winwood Muff Winwood Pete York Eddie Hardin Ray Fenwick Phil Sawyer Colin Hodgkinson Miller Anderson Nigel Olsson Dee Murray Steff Porzel Dave Hynes Charlie McCracken Ed Tree Taras Prodaniuk Jim Blazer Tom Fillman Studio albums ( UK ) Their First LP The Second Album Autumn ' 66 With Their New Face On Funky Gluggo Living in a Back Street Singles ( UK ) `` Dimples '' `` I Ca n't Stand It '' `` Every Little Bit Hurts '' `` Strong Love '' `` Keep on Running '' `` Somebody Help Me '' `` When I Come Home '' `` Gimme Some Lovin ' '' `` I 'm a Man '' `` Time Seller '' `` Mr Second Class '' `` After Tea '' `` Short Change '' Related Discography Albums Songs Book : The Spencer Davis Group Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27m_a_Man_(The_Spencer_Davis_Group_song)&oldid=854623494 '' Categories : 1967 singles 1971 singles The Spencer Davis Group songs Chicago ( band ) songs Songs written by Steve Winwood Song recordings produced by Jimmy Miller Song recordings produced by James William Guercio Fontana Records singles United Artists Records singles Columbia Records singles 1967 songs Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Articles needing additional references from October 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano 日本語 Norsk nynorsk Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 17 : 57 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sings i'm the man yes i am	[]	[]
-141701673862112916	REO Speedwagon	REO Speedwagon - Wikipedia REO Speedwagon For the vehicle , see REO Speed Wagon . `` Speedwagon '' redirects here . For Robert E.O. Speedwagon , the character from JoJo 's Bizarre Adventure , see List of JoJo 's Bizarre Adventure characters § Parts 1 - 2 . REO Speedwagon REO Speedwagon in June 2011 Background information Origin Champaign , Illinois , U.S. Genres Arena rock hard rock pop rock soft rock Years active 1967 ( 1967 ) -- present Labels Epic Speedwagon Sony / Legacy Associated acts Styx Website reospeedwagon.com Members Neal Doughty Kevin Cronin Bruce Hall Dave Amato Bryan Hitt Past members See Former members REO Speedwagon ( originally styled as R.E.O. Speedwagon ) is an American rock band from Champaign , Illinois . Formed in 1967 , the band cultivated a following during the 1970s and achieved significant commercial success throughout the 1980s . Hi Infidelity ( 1980 ) contained four US Top 40 hits and is the group 's best - selling album , with over ten million copies sold . Over the course of its career , the band has sold more than 40 million records and has charted thirteen Top 40 hits , including the number ones `` Keep On Loving You '' and `` Ca n't Fight This Feeling '' . REO Speedwagon 's mainstream popularity waned in the late 1980s , but the band remains a popular live act . Contents 1 History 1.1 Formation 1.2 Debut album 1.3 Mainstream success 1.4 Changes in the 1990s 1.5 Revival of the hits 1.6 2000 -- present 2 Band members 2.1 Timeline 3 Discography 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Formation ( edit ) Advertisement for an REO Speed Wagon In the fall of 1966 , Neal Doughty entered the electrical engineering program at the University of Illinois in Champaign , Illinois , as a junior . On his first night , he met fellow student Alan Gratzer . They held an impromptu jam session in the basement of their Illinois Street Residence Hall dormitory and soon started a rock band . Gratzer had been a drummer since high school , and was playing in a local group on the weekends , while Doughty had learned some Beatles songs on his parents ' piano . Doughty began to follow Gratzer 's band , eventually sitting in on a song or two . The keyboard player was the leader , but several other band members were unhappy with the situation . On the last day of the university 's spring semester , guitarist Joe Matt called the band 's leader and told him that he , drummer Gratzer , and bassist Mike Blair had decided to leave the band to start a new one with Doughty . They made a list of songs to learn over the summer break , and Doughty landed a summer job to buy his first keyboard . On his Farfisa organ , he learned `` Light My Fire '' by The Doors . The members returned to school in the fall of 1967 , and had their first rehearsal before classes started . They named the band REO Speedwagon , from the REO Speed Wagon , a flatbed truck Doughty had studied in transportation history , and the initials are those of its founder Ransom E. Olds . Rather than pronouncing REO as a single word as the motor company did , they chose to spell out the name with the individual letters each pronounced ( `` R-E-O '' ) . An ad in the school newspaper produced their first job , a fraternity party that turned into a food fight . They continued to perform cover songs in campus bars , fraternity parties , and university events . The first lineup consisted of Doughty on keyboards , Gratzer on drums and vocals , Joe Matt on guitar and vocals , Mike Blair on bass and vocals . In early 1968 , Terry Luttrell became lead singer , and Bob Crownover joined as the guitar player , replacing Matt . When Mike Blair left the band in the summer of 1968 , Gregg Philbin replaced Blair , Marty Shepard played trumpet and Joe McCabe played sax until McCabe moved to Southern Illinois University . Crownover played guitar for the group until the summer of 1969 when Bill Fiorio replaced him . Fiorio then departed in late 1969 , eventually assuming the name Duke Tumatoe , and went on to form the All Star Frogs . Steve Scorfina ( who would go on to found progressive rock / album - oriented rock band Pavlov 's Dog ) came aboard for over a year , composing with the band and performing live , before being replaced by Gary Richrath in late 1970 . Richrath was a Peoria , Illinois - based guitarist and prolific songwriter who brought fresh original material to the band . With Richrath on board , the regional popularity of the band grew tremendously . The Midwestern United States was the original REO Speedwagon fan stronghold and is pivotal in this period of the band 's history . The band signed to Epic Records in 1971 . Paul Leka , an East Coast record producer , brought the band to his recording studio in Bridgeport , Connecticut where it recorded original material for its first album . The lineup on the first album consisted of Richrath , Gratzer , Doughty , Philbin , and Luttrell . Debut album ( edit ) With their equipment being hauled to dates in a friend 's station wagon , REO played bars and clubs all over the Midwest . The band 's debut album , R.E.O. Speedwagon , was released on Epic Records in 1971 . The most popular track on this record was `` 157 Riverside Avenue '' . The title refers to the Westport , Connecticut address , where the band stayed while recording in Leka 's studio in Bridgeport and remains an in - concert favorite . Although the rest of the band 's lineup remained stable , REO Speedwagon switched lead vocalists three times for their first three albums . Luttrell left the band in early 1972 , eventually becoming the vocalist for Starcastle . He was replaced by Kevin Cronin . Cronin recorded one album with the band , 1972 's R.E.O. / T.W.O. but left the band during the recording sessions for 1973 's Ridin ' the Storm Out because of internal conflicts . Ridin ' the Storm Out was completed with Michael Bryan Murphy on lead vocal , and featured Neal Doughty 's memorable `` wailing storm siren '' entrance on the title track . Murphy stayed on for two more albums , Lost in a Dream and This Time We Mean It , before Cronin returned to the fold in January 1976 and recorded R.E.O. , which was released that same year . Cronin 's return came after Greg X . Volz turned down the position for lead vocalist after becoming a born - again Christian . In 1977 REO convinced Epic Records that their strength was in their live performances . Epic agreed to let them produce their first live album , Live : You Get What You Play For , which was eventually certified platinum . That same year , the band moved to Los Angeles , California . In 1977 bassist Gregg Philbin left the band . Depending upon which band member is expressing an opinion , it was either because Philbin was disenchanted with the new corporate - structure REO where Cronin and Richrath got bigger slices of the pie instead of the equal credit they once shared as a `` garage band '' , or he was asked to leave over his lifestyle issues affecting the music quality . Philbin was replaced with another Champaign , Illinois musician , Centennial High School alumnus , Bruce Hall , to record You Can Tune a Piano but You Ca n't Tuna Fish . The album was released in 1978 and has received FM radio airplay over the years , thanks to hits like `` Roll with the Changes '' and `` Time for Me to Fly '' . The album was REO 's first to make the Top 40 , peaking at # 29 . The album went on to sell over 2 million copies in the US , ultimately achieving double platinum status . In 1979 the band took a turn back to hard rock with the release of Nine Lives . Mainstream success ( edit ) The stage was now set for the height of the band 's popularity . On November 21 , 1980 , REO Speedwagon released Hi Infidelity , which represented a change in sound , going from hard rock to more pop - oriented material . Hi Infidelity spawned four hit singles written by Richrath and Cronin , including the chart - topping `` Keep On Loving You '' ( Cronin ) , plus `` Take It on the Run '' ( # 5 ) ( Richrath ) , `` In Your Letter '' ( # 20 ) ( Richrath ) , and `` Do n't Let Him Go '' ( # 24 ) ( Cronin ) , and remained on the charts for 65 weeks , 32 of which were spent in the top ten , including 15 weeks atop the Billboard 200 . Hi Infidelity sold over 10 million copies and set the bar for rock bands across the country . The band 's follow - up album , Good Trouble , was released in 1982 . Although it was not as successful as its predecessor , the album performed moderately well commercially , featuring the hit singles `` Keep the Fire Burnin ' '' ( U.S. # 7 ) , `` Sweet Time '' ( U.S. # 26 ) and the Album Rock chart hit `` The Key . '' The band came storming back two years later with Wheels Are Turnin ' , an album that included the # 1 hit single `` Ca n't Fight This Feeling '' plus three more hits : `` I Do ' Wanna Know '' ( U.S. # 29 ) , `` One Lonely Night '' ( U.S. # 19 ) , and `` Live Every Moment '' ( U.S. # 34 ) . REO Speedwagon toured the US in 1985 , including a sold - out concert in Madison , Wisconsin in May . On July 13 , on the way to a show in Milwaukee , the band made a stop in Philadelphia to play at the US leg of Live Aid , which broke a record for number of viewers . They performed `` Ca n't Fight This Feeling '' and `` Roll With the Changes , '' which featured members of the Beach Boys , the band members ' families , and Paul Shaffer on stage for backing vocals . 1987 's Life as We Know It saw a decline in sales , but still managed to provide the band with the top - 20 hits `` That Ai n't Love '' ( U.S. # 16 ) and `` In My Dreams '' ( U.S. # 19 ) . The Hits ( 1988 ) is a compilation album from REO Speedwagon . It contains new tracks `` Here With Me '' and `` I Do n't Want to Lose You . '' `` Here with Me '' cracked the top 20 on the Billboard Hot 100 and the top ten on the Adult Contemporary chart . They were the last songs recorded with Gary Richrath and Alan Gratzer Changes in the 1990s ( edit ) By the late 1980s , the band 's popularity was starting to decline . Alan Gratzer left in September 1988 after he decided to retire from music to open a restaurant . In early 1989 , Gary Richrath quit after tensions between him and Kevin Cronin boiled over . Cronin had been playing in The Strolling Dudes , a jazz ensemble that included jazz trumpet player Rick Braun ( who had co-written the abovementioned `` Here With Me '' with Cronin ) , Miles Joseph on lead guitar and Graham Lear on drums . Lear had already been invited to join REO in September 1988 as Gratzer 's successor and Joseph was brought in as a temporary stand - in for Richrath . Back up singers Carla Day and Melanie Jackson were also added . This lineup did only one show , on January 7 , 1989 in Viña del Mar , Chile , where it won the award for best group at the city 's annual International Song Festival . After that , Miles Joseph and the back up singers were dropped in favor of former Ted Nugent guitarist Dave Amato ( who was brought aboard in May 1989 ) and keyboardist / songwriter / producer Jesse Harms . The 1990 release The Earth , a Small Man , His Dog and a Chicken , with Bryan Hitt ( formerly of Wang Chung ) on drums , was a commercial disappointment . The album produced only one , and - to date - the band 's last Billboard Hot 100 single , `` Love Is a Rock , '' which peaked at # 65 . Harms , disenchanted by the album 's failure , left the group in early 1991 . Shortly after his departure , Richrath assembled former members of the Midwestern band Vancouver to form a namesake band , Richrath . After touring for several years , the Richrath band released Only the Strong Survive in 1992 on the GNP Crescendo label . Richrath ( the band ) continued to perform for several years before disbanding in the late 1990s . In September 1998 , Gary Richrath briefly joined REO onstage at the County Fair in Los Angeles to play on band 's encore song , `` 157 Riverside Avenue '' . He then joined REO once again in Los Angeles in May 2000 for the same encore but no serious plans for a reunion ever materialized . Having lost their recording contract with Epic , REO Speedwagon ended up releasing Building the Bridge ( 1996 ) on the Priority / Rhythm Safari label . When that label went bankrupt , the album was released on Castle Records , which also experienced financial troubles . REO Speedwagon ultimately self - financed this effort , which failed to chart . The title track did make R&R 's AC Top 30 chart . Revival of the hits ( edit ) The commercial failure of the band 's newer material with its revised lineup demanded a change in marketing strategy . As a consequence , Epic began re-releasing recordings from older albums with updated artwork and design . From 1995 to the present , the label released over a dozen compilation albums featuring greatest hits , including 1999 's The Ballads . In 2000 , REO teamed up with Styx for an appearance at Riverport Amphitheater in St. Louis , which was released as a live concert video Arch Allies : Live at Riverport . The REO portion of the show was released again under three separate titles : Live - Plus ( 2001 ) , Live Plus 3 ( 2001 ) and Extended Versions ( 2001 ) ( which was certified gold by the RIAA on April 26 , 2006 ) . REO once again teamed with Styx in 2003 for the Classic Rock 's Main Event tour which also included another band from their common rock era , Journey . 2000 -- present ( edit ) The band released a self - financed album entitled Find Your Own Way Home in April 2007 . Though it did not chart as an album , it produced two singles which appeared on Billboard 's Adult Contemporary radio chart . REO Speedwagon continues to tour regularly , performing mostly their classic hits . They teamed up with Styx to record a new single entitled `` Ca n't Stop Rockin ' '' , released in March 2009 , as well as for a full tour that included special guest . 38 Special . In November 2009 , REO Speedwagon released a Christmas album , Not So Silent Night ... Christmas with REO Speedwagon . In Summer 2010 , the band -- then touring with Pat Benatar -- announced that it would release a 30th anniversary deluxe edition reissue of Hi Infidelity . On December 2 , 2009 , REO Speedwagon released an online video game , Find Your Own Way Home , produced by digital design agency Curious Sense . The game was the first `` downloadable casual game '' produced with a rock band and was cited by numerous publications including The New York Times as an innovative marketing product for a music act . Main Street in Champaign , named REO Speedwagon Way in honor of the band REO Speedwagon headlined on the M&I Classic Rock Stage at the Milwaukee Summerfest on June 30 , 2011 . On March 11 , 2012 , Kevin Cronin appeared on the Canadian reality TV series Star Académie . He sang a sampling of REO 's hits with the show 's singing finalists . On November 22 , 2013 , they announced a benefit concert with Styx titled `` Rock to the Rescue '' to raise money for the affected families of the tornadoes in central Illinois . The concert was held on December 4 , 2013 in Bloomington , Illinois . Richard Marx joined REO on stage for a joint performance of two of his hit songs . Gary Richrath reunited with REO one final time for a performance of `` Ridin ' the Storm Out '' to end REO 's set at the sold - out concert . Richrath stayed on stage to help with the encore of `` With a Little Help From My Friends '' along with REO , Styx , Richard Marx , and others . Richrath was originally from the town of East Peoria which was damaged during the storm . Families impacted by the storm and first responders sat near the stage for this special REO concert . In early 2014 , it was announced that REO Speedwagon and Chicago would be teaming up for 15 dates throughout 2014 . Gary Richrath died on September 13 , 2015 , due to complications from surgery . In 2016 , the band went on tour with Def Leppard and Tesla . The band performed with Pitbull the song Messin ' Around live on the ABC TV show Greatest Hits in 2016 , that version of the song was also released as a single on iTunes . The band toured the UK arena circuit with Status Quo in December 2016 . The band toured the US with Styx and Don Felder on the `` United We Rock '' tour , debuting June 20 at the Sunlight Supply Amphitheater . In 2017 the Hi Infidelity album received the Diamond Award for official U.S. sales of over ten million copies . Band members ( edit ) Main article : List of REO Speedwagon members Current members Neal Doughty -- keyboards ( 1967 -- present ) Kevin Cronin -- lead vocals , rhythm guitar , keyboards ( 1972 -- 1973 , 1976 -- present ) Bruce Hall -- bass , backing and lead vocals ( 1977 -- present ) Dave Amato -- lead guitar , backing vocals ( 1989 -- present ) Bryan Hitt -- drums , percussion ( 1989 -- present ) Former members Alan Gratzer -- drums , percussion , backing vocals ( 1967 -- 1988 ) Joe Matt -- lead guitar , lead vocals ( 1967 -- 1968 ) Mike Blair -- bass , backing vocals ( 1967 -- 1968 ) Terry Luttrell -- lead vocals ( 1968 -- 1972 ) Bob Crownover -- lead guitar ( 1968 -- 1969 ) Gregg Philbin -- bass , backing vocals ( 1968 -- 1977 ) Joe McCabe -- saxophone ( 1968 ) Marty Shepard -- trumpet ( 1968 ) Bill Fiorio -- lead guitar ( 1969 ) Steve Scorfina -- lead guitar ( 1969 -- 1970 ) Gary Richrath -- lead guitar , occasional vocals ( 1970 -- 1989 ; died 2015 ) Mike Murphy -- lead vocals , occasional rhythm guitar ( 1973 -- 1976 ) Graham Lear -- drums ( 1988 -- 1989 ) Miles Joseph -- lead guitar ( 1989 ; died 2012 ) Carla Day -- backing vocals ( 1989 ) Melanie Jackson -- backing vocals ( 1989 ) Jesse Harms -- keyboards ( 1989 -- 1991 ) Timeline ( edit ) Discography ( edit ) Main article : REO Speedwagon discography Studio albums R.E.O. Speedwagon ( 1971 ) R.E.O. / T.W.O. ( 1972 ) Ridin ' the Storm Out ( 1973 ) Lost in a Dream ( 1974 ) This Time We Mean It ( 1975 ) R.E.O. ( 1976 ) You Can Tune a Piano , but You Ca n't Tuna Fish ( 1978 ) Nine Lives ( 1979 ) Hi Infidelity ( 1980 ) Good Trouble ( 1982 ) Wheels Are Turnin ' ( 1984 ) Life as We Know It ( 1987 ) The Earth , a Small Man , His Dog and a Chicken ( 1990 ) Building the Bridge ( 1996 ) Find Your Own Way Home ( 2007 ) Not So Silent Night ... Christmas with REO Speedwagon ( 2009 ) See also ( edit ) Book : REO Speedwagon List of artists who reached number one in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` REO Speedwagon New Music And Songs '' . MTV . Retrieved February 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Famous residents , former residents '' . Champaign News - Gazette . January 15 , 2017 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sheff , David ( March 23 , 1981 ) . `` Now It 's Cheat to the Beat , as Reo Speedwagon Finally Arrives with ' Hi Infidelity ' '' . People . 15 ( 11 ) . Retrieved August 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` REO Speedwagon '' . AllExperts . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Strong , Martin C. ( 2000 ) . The Great Rock Discography ( 5th ed . ) . Edinburgh : Mojo Books . pp. 810 -- 811 . ISBN 1 - 84195 - 017 - 3 . Jump up ^ Box Score Top Grossing Concerts . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 1 June 1985 . pp. 48 -- . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` Artist Chart History - REO Speedwagon '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/rock/6700404/reo-speedwagon-gary-richrath-kevin-cronin-interview Jump up ^ `` REO Speedwagon 's Kevin Cronin on Louisville , power ballads and if my wife 's a slut '' . Louisville.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Styx , REO Speedwagon Team Up For `` Rockin ' '' Tour , Single `` . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved April 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Myspace '' . Blogs.myspace.com . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2010 . Retrieved February 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` REO Speedwagon Plans ' Hi Infidelty ' 30th Anniversary Reissue , Tour '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Stuart ( December 2 , 2009 ) . `` REO Speedwagon Rocks On as a Game '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Live Nation Announces REO Speedwagon And Chicago Summer Tour '' . AllAccess.com . January 13 , 2014 . Retrieved February 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gary Richrath of REO Speedwagon dies '' . Music-News.com . September 14 , 2015 . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Def Leppard Announce Summer Tour With REO Speedwagon and Tesla '' . Ultimateclassicrock.com . February 29 , 2016 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Messin Around - Single ( United States ) '' . iTunes Store . Apple Inc . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UK TOUR WITH STATUS QUO & THE LOUNGE KITTENS ANNOUNCED '' . reospeedwagon.com . March 21 , 2016 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Styx , REO Speedwagon , Don Felder Ready For ' United We Rock ' U.S. Tour , Starting June 20th '' . AllAccess.com . February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.upi.com/News_Photos/view/upi/9189ddf5a3c738527b4f179c8db3414d/REO-Speedwagons-Hi-Infidelity-receives-10X-Diamond-Award/ External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to REO Speedwagon . Official website REO Speedwagon at AllMusic How REO Speedwagon Got Their Name REO Speedwagon Live Photo Gallery REO Speedwagon Neal Doughty Kevin Cronin Bruce Hall Dave Amato Bryan Hitt Alan Gratzer Mike Blair Joe Matt Gregg Philbin Terry Luttrell Bob Crownover Joe McCabe Marty Shepard Bill Fiorio Steve Scorfina Gary Richrath Mike Murphy Graham Lear Miles Joseph Carla Day Melanie Jackson Jesse Harms Studio albums R.E.O. Speedwagon R.E.O. / T.W.O. Ridin ' the Storm Out Lost in a Dream This Time We Mean It R.E.O. You Can Tune a Piano , but You Ca n't Tuna Fish Nine Lives Hi Infidelity Good Trouble Wheels Are Turnin ' Life as We Know It The Earth , a Small Man , His Dog and a Chicken Building the Bridge Find Your Own Way Home Not So Silent Night ... Christmas with REO Speedwagon Live albums Live : You Get What You Play For Arch Allies : Live at Riverport Live - Plus Extended Versions Hi Infidelity Then Again ... Live Setlist : The Very Best of REO Speedwagon Live Live in Germany 1982 Live Chicago 1979 Live At Moondance Jam Metro Center Rockford Illinois , 15th July 1983 Compilation albums A Decade of Rock and Roll 1970 to 1980 Best Foot Forward The Hits The Second Decade of Rock and Roll 1981 to 1991 Keep On Loving You -- Best Starbox Believe in Rock and Roll Only The Strong Survive Premium Best The Ballads Take It On The Run Simply The Best Keep On Rollin ' The Essential REO Speedwagon Rock Breakout Years : 1981 Collections Greatest Hits , Steel Box Collection Playlist : The Very Best of REO Speedwagon The Box Set Series Singles `` 157 Riverside Avenue '' `` Sophisticated Lady '' `` Ridin ' the Storm Out '' `` Reelin ' '' `` Keep Pushin ' '' `` Ridin ' the Storm Out '' ( live ) `` Roll with the Changes '' `` Time for Me to Fly '' `` Only the Strong Survive '' `` Keep On Loving You '' `` Take It on the Run '' `` Do n't Let Him Go '' `` In Your Letter '' `` Tough Guys '' `` Out of Season '' `` Keep the Fire Burnin ' '' `` Sweet Time '' `` The Key '' `` Stillness of the Night '' `` Good Trouble '' `` I Do ' Wanna Know '' `` Ca n't Fight This Feeling '' `` One Lonely Night '' `` Live Every Moment '' `` Wherever You 're Goin ' ( It 's Alright ) '' `` That Ai n't Love '' `` Variety Tonight '' `` In My Dreams '' `` Here with Me '' `` Live It Up '' `` Love Is a Rock '' `` I Needed to Fall '' `` Find Your Own Way Home '' `` Ca n't Stop Rockin '' ( W Styx ) Video albums FM Live Infidelity Wheels are Turnin ' A Video Anthology 1978 -- 1990 Arch Allies : Live at Riverport Live - Plus Real Artist Working Live Aid ( 1985 ) XM Artists Confidential PBS `` SoundStage '' Not So Silent Night ... Christmas with REO Speedwagon , The Yule Log DVD Out of Nowhere : Champaign Music Scene Documentary Live in Germany 1982 Live at Moondance Jam Related articles Discography Members Book : REO Speedwagon Billboard Year - End number one albums 1956 -- 1975 1956 : Calypso -- Harry Belafonte 1957 : Music from My Fair Lady -- Original Cast 1958 : Music from My Fair Lady -- Original Cast 1959 : The Music from Peter Gunn -- Henry Mancini 1960 : Music from The Sound of Music -- Original Cast 1961 : Camelot -- Original Cast 1962 : West Side Story -- Soundtrack 1963 : West Side Story -- Soundtrack 1964 : Music from Hello , Dolly ! -- Original Cast 1965 : Music from Mary Poppins -- Soundtrack 1966 : Whipped Cream & Other Delights -- Herb Alpert & the Tijuana Brass 1967 : More of the Monkees -- The Monkees 1968 : Are You Experienced -- The Jimi Hendrix Experience 1969 : In - A-Gadda - Da - Vida -- Iron Butterfly 1970 : Bridge over Troubled Water -- Simon & Garfunkel 1971 : Jesus Christ Superstar -- Soundtrack 1972 : Harvest -- Neil Young 1973 : The World Is a Ghetto -- War 1974 : Goodbye Yellow Brick Road -- Elton John 1975 : Greatest Hits -- Elton John 1976 -- 2000 1976 : Frampton Comes Alive ! -- Peter Frampton 1977 : Rumours -- Fleetwood Mac 1978 : Saturday Night Fever -- Soundtrack 1979 : 52nd Street -- Billy Joel 1980 : The Wall -- Pink Floyd 1981 : Hi Infidelity -- REO Speedwagon 1982 : Asia -- Asia 1983 : Thriller -- Michael Jackson 1984 : Thriller -- Michael Jackson 1985 : Born in the U.S.A. -- Bruce Springsteen 1986 : Whitney Houston -- Whitney Houston 1987 : Slippery When Wet -- Bon Jovi 1988 : Faith -- George Michael 1989 : Do n't Be Cruel -- Bobby Brown 1990 : Janet Jackson 's Rhythm Nation 1814 -- Janet Jackson 1991 : Mariah Carey -- Mariah Carey 1992 : Ropin ' the Wind -- Garth Brooks 1993 : The Bodyguard -- Soundtrack 1994 : The Sign -- Ace of Base 1995 : Cracked Rear View -- Hootie & the Blowfish 1996 : Jagged Little Pill -- Alanis Morissette 1997 : Spice -- Spice Girls 1998 : Titanic : Music from the Motion Picture -- James Horner 1999 : Millennium -- Backstreet Boys 2000 : No Strings Attached -- NSYNC 2001 -- present 2001 : 1 -- The Beatles 2002 : The Eminem Show -- Eminem 2003 : Get Rich or Die Tryin ' -- 50 Cent 2004 : Confessions -- Usher 2005 : The Massacre -- 50 Cent 2006 : Some Hearts -- Carrie Underwood 2007 : Daughtry -- Daughtry 2008 : As I Am -- Alicia Keys 2009 : Fearless -- Taylor Swift 2010 : I Dreamed a Dream -- Susan Boyle 2011 : 21 -- Adele 2012 : 21 -- Adele 2013 : The 20 / 20 Experience -- Justin Timberlake 2014 : Frozen -- Soundtrack 2015 : 1989 -- Taylor Swift 2016 : 25 -- Adele 2017 : Damn -- Kendrick Lamar BNF : cb139061287 ( data ) GND : 6062155 - 2 ISNI : 0000 0001 1956 0719 LCCN : n84088344 MusicBrainz : bdc70372 - 7e8a - 4cb9 - 8d33 - f036b3b7cdc1 VIAF : 132667469 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=REO_Speedwagon&oldid=853968375 '' Categories : 1967 establishments in Illinois American soft rock music groups Epic Records artists Hard rock musical groups from Illinois Musical groups established in 1967 Musical groups from Illinois Musical groups from Champaign , Illinois Musical quintets Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline Use mdy dates from July 2016 Use American English from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 02 : 50 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did the band reo speedwagon get its name	[ "They made a list of songs to learn over the summer break, and Doughty landed a summer job to buy his first keyboard. On his Farfisa organ, he learned \"Light My Fire\" by The Doors. The members returned to school in the fall of 1967, and had their first rehearsal before classes started. They named the band REO Speedwagon, from the REO Speed Wagon, a flatbed truck Doughty had studied in transportation history, and the initials are those of its founder Ransom E. Olds. Rather than pronouncing REO as a single word as the motor company did, they chose to spell out the name with the individual letters each pronounced (\"R-E-O\"). An ad in the school newspaper produced their first job, a fraternity party that turned into a food fight. They continued to perform cover songs in campus bars, fraternity parties, and university events. The first lineup consisted of Doughty on keyboards, Gratzer on drums and vocals, Joe Matt on guitar and vocals, Mike Blair on bass and vocals.\n" ]	[ "from the REO Speed Wagon, a flatbed truck Doughty had studied in transportation history" ]
-5009683784423145629	Khardung La	Khardung La - Wikipedia Khardung La This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Coordinates : 34 ° 16 ′ 42 '' N 77 ° 36 ′ 15 '' E / 34.27833 ° N 77.60417 ° E / 34.27833 ; 77.60417 Khardung La A memorial at Khardung La Khardung La ( Khardung Pass , la means pass in Tibetan ) is a mountain pass in the Ladakh region of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir . The local pronunciation is `` Khardong La '' or `` Khardzong La '' but , as with most names in Ladakh , the romanised spelling varies . The pass on the Ladakh Range lies north of Leh and is the gateway to the Shyok and Nubra valleys . The Siachen Glacier lies part way up the latter valley . Built in 1976 , it was opened to public motor vehicles in 1988 and has since seen many automobile , motorbike and mountain biking expeditions . Maintained by the Border Roads Organisation , the pass is strategically important to India as it is used to carry supplies to the Siachen Glacier . The elevation of Khardung La is 5,359 m ( 17,582 ft ) . Local summit signs and dozens of stores selling shirts in Leh incorrectly claim that its elevation is in the vicinity of 5,602 m ( 18,379 ft ) and that it is the world 's highest motorable pass . Khardong La is historically important as it lies on the major caravan route from Leh to Kashgar in Central Asia . About 10,000 horses and camels used to take the route annually , and a small population of Bactrian camels can still be seen at Hunder , in the area north of the pass . During World War II there was an attempt to transfer war material to China through this route . Contents ( hide ) 1 Location 2 Elevation 2.1 The world 's highest motorable claim 3 Access 4 Climate 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Location ( edit ) Basic map Khardung La office and shop Khardung La is 39 km by road from Leh . The first 24 km , as far as the South Pullu check point , are paved . From there to the North Pullu checkpoint about 15 km beyond the pass the roadway is primarily loose rock , dirt , and occasional rivulets of snow melt . From North Pullu into the Nubra Valley , the road is very well maintained ( except in a few places where washouts or falling rock occur ) . Hired vehicles ( two - and four - wheel - drive ) , heavy trucks , and motorcycles regularly travel into the Nubra Valley , though special permits may need to be arranged for travelers . Elevation ( edit ) The claimed 18,380 feet signboard on top . The actual elevation is about 800 feet lower . The 5,359 m ( 17,582 ft ) elevation measure from hundreds of GPS surveys matches SRTM data , ASTER GDEM data , and Russian topographic mapping . It is broadly consistent with numerous GPS reports . The world 's highest motorable claim ( edit ) Pinnacle region Khardung La is at times incorrectly cited as the highest vehicle - accessible pass in the world . A well - graded Indian military road ( visible on 2011 imagery on visual globe systems such as Google Earth ) reaches 5,610 metres ( 18,406 ft ) 250 meters west of the 5,545 metres ( 18,192 ft ) Mana Pass on the India - Tibet border . It connects with an equally well - constructed , slightly lower Chinese military road based on SRTM data at posting intervals of 30 meters . There are also higher motorable passes at Suge La , west of Lhasa , 5,430 m ( 17,815 feet ) , and Semo La 5,565 m ( 18,258 feet ) , between Raka and Coqen in Central Tibet . GPS and SRTM data confirms these elevations ; the latter was measured by an expedition supported by the Cartographic Institute of Catalonia , Spain . Vehicles have been driven over the 5,582 metres ( 18,314 ft ) Marsimik La , in the Indian Karakoram to the northeast of Khardung La , but it is debatable whether this pass should be considered to be motorable . In November 2017 , BRO ( Border Road Organisation ) claimed a new 19,300 foot World Highest Motorable Pass at Umlingla , 32 : 42 N 79 : 16 E , but examination of the course of this dirt track on Google Earth shows that its actual height of is closer to 5,800 metres ( 19,029 ft ) . Access ( edit ) Khardung La in winter with the Himank sign declaring the incorrect altitude and incorrect claim that the pass marks the top of the world 's highest motorable road Khardung village ( right ) , the namesake of the pass The nearest sizable town is Leh . Leh is connected by road from Manali and Srinagar , and daily flights are operated from Delhi . From Leh , a daily bus service to Nubra Valley passes over Khardungla which may also be reached by a hired car with an experienced driver or by bike . The two bases on either side of Khardong La are North Pullu and South Pullu . An Inner Line Permit ( ILP ) which can be acquired at the DC 's office in Leh is required for tourists ( not needed for Jammu and Kashmir citizens ) . Travelers are required to check in en route and must provide photocopies of the permits to be deposited at each checkpoint . Altitude sickness is a serious health concern for travelers not previously used to high altitudes . Prophylactic altitude - sickness medication like acetazolamide may be necessary for some travelers as there are no emergency medical facilities to treat altitude sickness along the route . The road is closed from approximately October to May due to snow and is often subject to long delays due to traffic congestion on narrow one - lane sections , washouts , landslides , and road accidents . Climate ( edit ) hide Climate data for Khardung La Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) − 19 ( − 2 ) − 18 ( 0 ) − 14 ( 7 ) − 11 ( 12 ) − 5 ( 23 ) ( 34 ) 7 ( 45 ) 7 ( 45 ) ( 34 ) − 8 ( 18 ) − 14 ( 7 ) − 18 ( 0 ) − 8 ( 19 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) − 36 ( − 33 ) − 34 ( − 29 ) − 31 ( − 24 ) − 25 ( − 13 ) − 15 ( 5 ) − 9 ( 16 ) − 6 ( 21 ) − 6 ( 21 ) − 10 ( 14 ) − 18 ( 0 ) − 25 ( − 13 ) − 31 ( − 24 ) − 20 ( − 5 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 29 ( 1.14 ) 41 ( 1.61 ) 53 ( 2.09 ) 38 ( 1.5 ) 28 ( 1.1 ) 9 ( 0.35 ) 9 ( 0.35 ) 8 ( 0.31 ) 8 ( 0.31 ) 8 ( 0.31 ) 13 ( 0.51 ) 22 ( 0.87 ) 266 ( 10.45 ) Source : See also ( edit ) Silk Road Extreme points of Earth References ( edit ) Jump up ^ DGPS Document supplied by the Cartographic Institute of Catalonia Jump up ^ https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/forecast/modelclimate/ khardūng - la_india_1266938 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Khardung La . Mountain Passes In Ladakh Riding the Himalayas Riding in Ladakh / Motorcycling FAQ Documentary on Marsimek - La , highest motorable pass A Firsthand Experience Photo gallery of Khardung La , 1280x960 Khardung La Pass , travelogue and pictures . hide Ladakh Passes Khardung La Sasser Pass Karakoram Pass Lachulung La Tanglang La Chang la Marsimik La Rezang La Zoji La Pensi La Shingo La Spangur Gap Kongka La Lanak La Dehra Compass Valleys Leh Rupshu Salt Valley Padum Shyok Suru Valley Nubra Zanskar Cities and Towns Leh Kargil Upshi Padum Rangdum Dras Hemis Hanle Nyoma Sankoo Likir Khalatse Thiksey Chemrey Shey Zangla Daulat Beg Oldi Thoise Turtuk Chalunka Fukche Ukdungle Demchok Diskit Chushul Nimu Rivers , glaciers and lakes Sutlej Beas Ravi Shyok Chenab Indus Zanskar Tsarap Doda Yapola Suru River Markha Galwan Chip Chap Siachen Glacier Drang - drung Rimo Tso Moriri Pangong Tso Spanggur Tso Monasteries Alchi Bardan Basgo Chemrey Diskit Hanle Hemis Hundur Korzok Karsha Lamayuru Likir Lingshed Mashro Matho Mulbekh Namgyal Tsemo Phugtal Phyang Rangdum Rizong Sani Sankar Saspul Shey Monastery Spituk Stakna Stok Stongdey Takthok Thikse Tserkarmo Tonde Wanla Zangla Zongkul See also History of Ladakh Shanti Stupa Baltistan Leh -- Manali Highway Bilaspur -- Mandi -- Leh railway Lahaul and Spiti Tourism in Ladakh Ladakhi language Wildlife of Ladakh Curious BRO roadsigns Geography of Ladakh Saltoro Kangri More plains Depsang Plains Khurnak Fort Sirijap Gurung Hill Ladakh Marathon Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khardung_La&oldid=838109482 '' Categories : Mountain passes of Jammu and Kashmir Mountain passes of the Himalayas Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2018 Use Indian English from April 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles needing additional references Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Español Français हिन्दी Italiano עברית മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 00 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the world's highest motorable road located	[]	[]
-5163850742592159127	Dunder Mifflin Infinity	Dunder Mifflin Infinity - wikipedia Dunder Mifflin Infinity Jump to : navigation , search `` Dunder Mifflin Infinity '' The Office episode Episode no . Season 4 Episode 3 / 4 Directed by Craig Zisk Written by Michael Schur Production code 403 / 404 Original air date October 4 , 2007 Running time 42 minutes Guest appearance ( s ) John Ingle as Robert Dunder Kevin Dorff as Aaron Grandy Edward James Gage as Larry Meyers Episode chronology ← Previous `` Fun Run '' Next → `` Launch Party '' The Office ( U.S. season 4 ) List of The Office ( U.S. TV series ) episodes `` Dunder Mifflin Infinity '' is the third and fourth episode of the fourth season of the American comedy television series The Office , and the show 's fifty - sixth and fifty - seventh episode overall . The episode was written by Michael Schur , who also acts in the show , and directed by Craig Zisk . It first aired in the United States on October 4 , 2007 on NBC . In this episode , Ryan returns to his old office and reveals his plan to bring technology to Dunder Mifflin . Michael and Dwight try to prove that the personal touch is better than technology . Meanwhile , Jim and Pam reveal their relationship to the rest of the office , Kelly attempts to reunite with Ryan , and Dwight and Angela 's relationship continues to plummet . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) Ryan Howard ( B.J. Novak ) returns to the Scranton , Pennsylvania branch of Dunder Mifflin for the first time since his promotion to the corporate headquarters . Although he sports a much more urbane look and attitude , he garners little respect from his former peers . Ryan introduces `` Dunder Mifflin Infinity , '' his initiative to revitalize the company with new technology . Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) is initially excited about the prospect of getting a BlackBerry , but is warned by Creed Bratton ( Creed Bratton ) that the program is a ploy to get rid of older workers . Creed dyes his hair black with printer ink in an attempt to convince everyone that he is much younger . Michael holds a conference room meeting on the subject of ageism . To show that personal interaction is more effective than new technology , Michael and Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) decide to go out and win back the clients they lost in the past year with gift baskets . Each manager they encounter refuses to consider returning to Dunder Mifflin unless the company improves its technology , such as Dunder Mifflin 's website . While driving back to the office , Michael misinterprets his rental car 's GPS map system 's directions and drives into Lake Scranton . He takes this as further proof that new technology is useless because it tried to kill him . After the lake incident , he and Dwight walk back to one of the former clients to awkwardly get back their gift basket , causing a scene . Meanwhile , Pam Beesly ( Jenna Fischer ) and Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) are exposed as a couple when Toby Flenderson ( Paul Lieberstein ) circulates a memo about public displays of affection . Jim secretly informs Pam that Dwight and Angela Martin ( Angela Kinsey ) are dating , only to discover that she already knew . Meanwhile , Dwight attempts to make amends for the death of Angela 's cat Sprinkles by giving her a stray cat he found in his barn , named Garbage . Angela rejects the gift . Kelly Kapoor ( Mindy Kaling ) tries to restart her relationship with Ryan , an effort he ignores until she tells him she is pregnant . After going out to dinner , Ryan learns that Kelly 's pregnancy claim was a lie that Kelly used in attempt to get them back together . Back at the office , Ryan asks Pam to create a logo for Dunder Mifflin Infinity . Pam is excited about the opportunity to use her art background , but Ryan uses the logo as an excuse to ask her out , which he does in front of Jim . Pam responds that she is dating Jim , which leaves the new boss thoroughly embarrassed . Production ( edit ) The episode was the first episode of the series directed by Craig Zisk . Zisk had previously directed episodes of Nip / Tuck , Weeds , Scrubs , Smallville , and The Single Guy . `` Dunder Mifflin Infinity '' was written by Michael Schur , who plays Dwight 's Amish cousin Mose . For Ryan 's new appearance this season , the writers originally had B.J. Novak grow a goatee . Show runner and executive producer Greg Daniels decided to have Novak lose the goatee , because according to Novak `` a goatee would make Ryan a flat - out chump . And we wanted it to be more subtle . '' In addition to his five o'clock shadow , Ryan was also seen wearing black clothes . Novak explained that `` We wanted him to dress as obnoxious as possible . As much black as possible . '' `` Dunder Mifflin Infinity '' went along with a website that had been created with the same name . The website was part of a game in which fans of The Office would sign up , and become `` employees '' of different `` branches '' . Members of the site would perform tasks such as design a logo for the company or make Creed look young again . Reception ( edit ) `` Dunder Mifflin Infinity '' received 4.5 / 11 in the ages 18 -- 49 demographic in the Nielsen ratings . This means that 4.5 percent of all households with an 18 - to 49 - year - old living in it watched the episode , and eleven percent had their televisions tuned to the channel at any point . The episode was watched by 8.49 million viewers . `` Dunder Mifflin Infinity '' received mixed reviews from critics , with Michael driving his car into the lake being particularly panned by critics and viewers . Entertainment Weekly 's Christine Fenno commented that she thought `` Michael seemed a bit more focused than usual , even competent at moments . And then he drove into a lake . '' Jack Rodgers , from TV Guide said that his `` favorite thing about this episode was the sly parallel that connects the three love stories '' and `` Michael 's obsession with sticking to his old methods rather than learning to change and embrace technology '' . Will Leitch of New York criticized the episode , saying that Michael driving into the lake felt more like the actions of a `` cartoon character '' , than `` based in reality '' . Leitch did say that if `` we can get Michael out of that lake and back in a conference room with Ryan , we 'll have something . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Dunder Mifflin Infinity Season 4 10 / 11 / 2007 '' . NBC. Oct 11 , 2007 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Dos Santos , Kristin ; Jennifer Godwin ( April 29 , 2008 ) . `` Office Scoop on Finale and Spinoff ( Yay , Mose ! ) '' . E ! Online -- Watch with Kristin . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Dansby , Andrew ( October 3 , 2007 ) . `` The temp label is permanent / Ryan is still Ryan to co-workers and viewers of The Office '' . The Houston Chronicle . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Tasks '' . NBC . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Thursday , October 4 , 2007 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` PDA Problems '' . Entertainment Weekly . October 5 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking Up is Hard to Do '' . TV Guide . October 5 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The Office : Too Much Monkey Business '' . New York . October 5 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 21 . External links ( edit ) `` Dunder Mifflin Infinity '' at NBC.com `` Dunder Mifflin Infinity '' on IMDb `` Dunder Mifflin Infinity '' at TV.com Dunder Mifflin Infinity website ( hide ) The Office ( U.S. ) episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Diversity Day '' `` Health Care '' `` The Alliance '' `` Basketball '' `` Hot Girl '' Season 2 `` The Dundies '' `` Sexual Harassment '' `` Office Olympics '' `` The Fire '' `` Halloween '' `` The Fight '' `` The Client '' `` Performance Review '' `` Email Surveillance '' `` Christmas Party '' `` Booze Cruise '' `` The Injury '' `` The Secret '' `` The Carpet '' `` Boys and Girls '' `` Valentine 's Day '' `` Dwight 's Speech '' `` Take Your Daughter to Work Day '' `` Michael 's Birthday '' `` Drug Testing '' `` Conflict Resolution '' `` Casino Night '' Season 3 `` Gay Witch Hunt '' `` The Convention '' `` The Coup '' `` Grief Counseling '' `` Initiation '' `` Diwali '' `` Branch Closing '' `` The Merger '' `` The Convict '' `` A Benihana Christmas '' `` Back from Vacation '' `` Traveling Salesmen '' `` The Return '' `` Ben Franklin '' `` Phyllis ' Wedding '' `` Business School '' `` Cocktails '' `` The Negotiation '' `` Safety Training '' `` Product Recall '' `` Women 's Appreciation '' `` Beach Games '' `` The Job '' Season 4 `` Fun Run '' `` Dunder Mifflin Infinity '' `` Launch Party '' `` Money '' `` Local Ad '' `` Branch Wars '' `` Survivor Man '' `` The Deposition '' `` Dinner Party '' `` Chair Model '' `` Night Out '' `` Did I Stutter ? '' `` Job Fair '' `` Goodbye , Toby '' Season 5 `` Weight Loss '' `` Business Ethics '' `` Baby Shower '' `` Crime Aid '' `` Employee Transfer '' `` Customer Survey '' `` Business Trip '' `` Frame Toby '' `` The Surplus '' `` Moroccan Christmas '' `` The Duel '' `` Prince Family Paper '' `` Stress Relief '' `` Lecture Circuit '' `` Blood Drive '' `` Golden Ticket '' `` New Boss '' `` Two Weeks '' `` Dream Team '' `` Michael Scott Paper Company '' `` Heavy Competition '' `` Broke '' `` Casual Friday '' `` Cafe Disco '' `` Company Picnic '' Season 6 `` Gossip '' `` The Meeting '' `` The Promotion '' `` Niagara '' `` Mafia '' `` The Lover '' `` Koi Pond '' `` Double Date '' `` Murder '' `` Shareholder Meeting '' `` Scott 's Tots '' `` Secret Santa '' `` The Banker '' `` Sabre '' `` The Manager and the Salesman '' `` The Delivery '' `` St. Patrick 's Day '' `` New Leads '' `` Happy Hour '' `` Secretary 's Day '' `` Body Language '' `` The Cover - Up '' `` The Chump '' `` Whistleblower '' Season 7 `` Nepotism '' `` Counseling '' `` Andy 's Play '' `` Sex Ed '' `` The Sting `` Costume Contest '' `` Christening '' `` Viewing Party '' `` WUPHF.com '' `` China '' `` Classy Christmas '' `` Ultimatum '' `` The Seminar '' `` The Search '' `` PDA '' `` Threat Level Midnight '' `` Todd Packer '' `` Garage Sale '' `` Training Day '' `` Michael 's Last Dundies '' `` Goodbye , Michael '' `` The Inner Circle '' `` Dwight K. Schrute , ( Acting ) Manager '' `` Search Committee '' Season 8 `` The List '' `` The Incentive '' `` Lotto '' `` Garden Party '' `` Spooked '' `` Doomsday '' `` Pam 's Replacement '' `` Gettysburg '' `` Mrs. California '' `` Christmas Wishes '' `` Trivia '' `` Pool Party '' `` Jury Duty '' `` Special Project '' `` Tallahassee '' `` After Hours '' `` Test the Store '' `` Last Day in Florida '' `` Get the Girl '' `` Welcome Party '' `` Angry Andy '' `` Fundraiser '' `` Turf War '' `` Free Family Portrait Studio '' Season 9 `` New Guys '' `` Roy 's Wedding '' `` Andy 's Ancestry '' `` Work Bus '' `` Here Comes Treble '' `` The Boat '' `` The Whale '' `` The Target '' `` Dwight Christmas '' `` Lice '' `` Suit Warehouse '' `` Customer Loyalty '' `` Junior Salesman '' `` Vandalism '' `` Couples Discount '' `` Moving On '' `` The Farm '' `` Promos '' `` Stairmageddon '' `` Paper Airplane '' `` Livin ' the Dream '' `` A.A.R.M. '' `` Finale '' Webisodes The Accountants Kevin 's Loan The Outburst Blackmail Subtle Sexuality The Mentor The 3rd Floor The Podcast The Girl Next Door Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dunder_Mifflin_Infinity&oldid=804350128 '' Categories : The Office ( U.S. season 4 ) episodes 2007 American television episodes The Office ( U.S. TV series ) episodes in multiple parts Hidden categories : Tv.com template using numeric id Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 12 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	episode of the office where michael drives into the lake	[ "\"Dunder Mifflin Infinity\" is the third and fourth episode of the fourth season of the American comedy television series The Office, and the show's fifty-sixth and fifty-seventh episode overall. The episode was written by Michael Schur, who also acts in the show, and directed by Craig Zisk. It first aired in the United States on October 4, 2007 on NBC.[1]" ]	[ "\"Dunder Mifflin Infinity\"" ]
-8623079931799374090	The Green Mile (film)	The Green Mile ( film ) - Wikipedia The Green Mile ( film ) The Green Mile Theatrical release poster by Drew Struzan Directed by Frank Darabont Produced by Frank Darabont David Valdes Screenplay by Frank Darabont Based on The Green Mile by Stephen King Starring Tom Hanks David Morse Bonnie Hunt Michael Clarke Duncan James Cromwell Michael Jeter Graham Greene Doug Hutchison Sam Rockwell Barry Pepper Jeffrey DeMunn Patricia Clarkson Harry Dean Stanton Music by Thomas Newman Cinematography David Tattersall Edited by Richard Francis - Bruce Production company Castle Rock Entertainment Distributed by Warner Bros . Release date December 10 , 1999 ( 1999 - 12 - 10 ) ( United States ) Running time 189 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $60 million Box office $290.7 million The Green Mile is a 1999 American fantasy crime drama film written and directed by Frank Darabont and adapted from the 1996 Stephen King novel of the same name . The film stars Tom Hanks as Paul Edgecomb and Michael Clarke Duncan as John Coffey , with supporting roles by David Morse , Bonnie Hunt , and James Cromwell . The film also features Dabbs Greer in his final film , as the older Paul Edgecomb . The film , told in a flashback format , tells the story of Paul 's life as a death row corrections officer during the U.S. Great Depression , and the supernatural events he witnessed . The film received positive reviews from critics , and was nominated for four Academy Awards : Best Picture , Best Supporting Actor for Michael Clarke Duncan , Best Sound Mixing , and Best Adapted Screenplay . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Casting 4 Soundtrack 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Awards and honors 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In a Louisiana assisted - living home in 1999 , Paul Edgecomb begins to cry while watching the film Top Hat . His companion Elaine becomes concerned , and Paul explains to her that the film reminded him of the events of 1935 , which took place when he was a prison officer , in charge of death row , what they refer to as the `` Green Mile '' . In 1935 , Paul supervises officers Brutus Howell , Dean Stanton , Harry Terwilliger , and Percy Wetmore at Cold Mountain Penitentiary . Paul is suffering from a severe bladder infection and receives John Coffey , a physically imposing but mentally challenged black man , into his custody . John had been sentenced to death after being convicted of raping and murdering two white girls . One of the other inmates is a Native - American named Arlen Bitterbuck , who is charged with murder and is the first to be executed . Percy demonstrates a severe sadistic streak , but , as the nephew of Louisiana 's First Lady , he can not be held to account . He is particularly abusive with inmate Eduard Delacroix ; he breaks Del 's fingers with his baton , steps on a pet mouse named Mr. Jingles , which Del had adopted , repeatedly calls him by a gay slur , and ultimately sabotages his execution by failing to soak the sponge used to conduct electricity to Del 's head ; Del dies screaming in pain . John begins to demonstrate supernatural powers ; he cures Paul 's bladder infection , resurrects Mr. Jingles , and heals Melinda Moores , wife of the prison 's chief warden , of a brain tumor . This last affliction he releases into Percy , who under its influence shoots another prisoner , mass murderer William Wharton , dead . Wharton had from the moment of his arrival been a troublemaker ; he assaulted the guards as he was being escorted into the block , made mischief on two occasions that later caused Paul to order him restrained in the block 's padded cell , groped Percy , racially insulted John , and revealed psychically to John that he is , in fact , responsible for the crime for which John was condemned . John then reveals the story psychically to Paul , and , when doing so , he also releases his supernatural energy into Paul . Meanwhile , Percy is committed to the insane asylum . Although distraught over the notion of being executed while innocent , John tells Paul that he does , in fact , wish to die , as he views the world as a cruel place . Mentioning that he had never seen a movie before , John watches Top Hat with the other guards as a last request . John is executed that night but refuses the customary hood , as he is afraid of the dark . Paul concludes his story by telling Elaine that John 's was the last execution that he and Brutus supervised ; following Coffey 's execution , they both took jobs in the juvenile system . Elaine realizes that , since he had a grown son in 1935 , Paul must be much older than he looks . Paul reveals that he is , in fact , 108 years of age . Not only is he still alive , so is Del 's mouse , Mr. Jingles . Paul then muses that if John 's power could make a mouse live for as long as Mr. Jingles has , how much longer does he himself have left ? Cast ( edit ) Tom Hanks as Paul Edgecomb Dabbs Greer as old Paul Edgecomb David Morse as Brutus `` Brutal '' Howell Bonnie Hunt as Jan Edgecomb Michael Clarke Duncan as John Coffey James Cromwell as Warden Hal Moores Michael Jeter as Eduard `` Del '' Delacroix Doug Hutchison as Percy Wetmore Sam Rockwell as William `` Wild Bill '' Wharton Jeffrey DeMunn as Harry Terwilliger Barry Pepper as Dean Stanton Patricia Clarkson as Melinda Moores Brent Briscoe as Bill Dodge Harry Dean Stanton as Toot - Toot Gary Sinise as Burt Hammersmith Graham Greene as Arlen Bitterbuck William Sadler as Klaus Detterick Bill McKinney as Jack Van Hay Jon Polito as `` D '' Block Prison Guard Eve Brent as Elaine Connelly Paula Malcomson as Marjorie Detterick Production ( edit ) Darabont adapted the novel into a screenplay in under eight weeks . The film was shot at Warner Hollywood Studios , West Hollywood , California , and on location in Shelbyville , Tennessee and Blowing Rock , North Carolina . Casting ( edit ) Hanks and Darabont met at an Academy Award luncheon in 1994 . Stephen King stated he envisioned Hanks in the role and was happy when Darabont mentioned his name . Morse had not heard about the script until he was offered the role . He stated he was in tears by the end of it . Darabont wanted Cromwell from the start , and after he read the script , Cromwell was moved and agreed . Duncan credited his casting to Bruce Willis , with whom he had worked on the film Armageddon one year earlier . According to Duncan , Willis introduced him to Darabont after hearing of the open call for John Coffey . Soundtrack ( edit ) The official film soundtrack , Music from the Motion Picture The Green Mile , was released on December 19 , 1999 by Warner Bros. It contains 37 tracks , primarily instrumental tracks from the film score by Thomas Newman . It also contains four vocal tracks : `` Cheek to Cheek '' by Fred Astaire , `` I Ca n't Give You Anything but Love , Baby '' by Billie Holiday , `` Did You Ever See a Dream Walking ? '' by Gene Austin , and `` Charmaine '' by Guy Lombardo and His Royal Canadians . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 80 % , based on 132 reviews . The critical consensus states `` Though The Green Mile is long , critics say it 's an absorbing , emotionally powerful experience . '' The film also has a score of 61 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 36 critics indicating `` generally favorable reviews ' . Roger Ebert gave the film 3 and a half stars out of 4 , writing `` The film is a shade over three hours long . I appreciated the extra time , which allows us to feel the passage of prison months and years . '' Forbes commentator Dawn Mendez referred to the character of John Coffey as a `` ' magic Negro ' figure '' -- a term describing a stereotypical fictional black person depicted in a fictional work as a `` saintly , nonthreatening '' person whose purpose in life is to solve a problem for or otherwise further the happiness of a white person . Awards and honors ( edit ) 1999 Academy Awards Nominated -- Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role -- Michael Clarke Duncan Nominated -- Best Picture -- David Valdes , Frank Darabont Nominated -- Best Sound Mixing -- Robert J. Litt , Elliot Tyson , Michael Herbick , Willie D. Burton Nominated -- Best Adapted Screenplay -- Frank Darabont 2000 Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films Won -- Best Supporting Actor -- Michael Clarke Duncan Won -- Best Supporting Actress -- Patricia Clarkson Won -- Best Action / Adventure / Thriller Film Nominated -- Best Director -- Frank Darabont Nominated -- Best Music -- Thomas Newman 2000 Broadcast Music Incorporated Film & TV Awards Won -- Film Music Award -- Thomas Newman 2000 Black Reel Awards Won -- Theatrical -- Best Supporting Actor -- Michael Clarke Duncan 2000 Blockbuster Entertainment Awards Won -- Favorite Actor -- Drama -- Tom Hanks Nominated -- Favorite Supporting Actor -- Drama -- Michael Clarke Duncan Nominated -- Favorite Supporting Actress -- Drama -- Bonnie Hunt 2000 Bram Stoker Awards Nominated -- Best Screenplay -- Frank Darabont 2000 Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards Won -- Best Screenplay , Adaptation -- Frank Darabont Won -- Best Supporting Actor -- Michael Clarke Duncan Nominated -- Best Film 2000 Chicago Film Critics Association Awards Nominated -- Best Supporting Actor -- Michael Clarke Duncan Nominated -- Most Promising Actor -- Michael Clarke Duncan 2000 Directors Guild of America Nominated -- Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures -- Frank Darabont 2000 Golden Globe Awards Nominated -- Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture -- Michael Clarke Duncan 2000 NAACP Image Awards Nominated -- Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture -- Michael Clarke Duncan 2000 MTV Movie Awards Nominated -- Best Breakthrough Male Performance -- Michael Clarke Duncan 2000 Motion Picture Sound Editors ( Golden Reel Awards ) Nominated -- Best Sound Editing -- Dialogue and ADR -- Mark A. Mangini , Julia Evershade Nominated -- Best Sound Editing -- Effects and Foley -- Mark A. Mangini , Aaron Glascock , Howell Gibbens , David E. Stone , Solange S. Schwalbe 2000 People 's Choice Awards Won -- Favorite All - Around Motion Picture Won -- Favorite Dramatic Motion Picture 2001 Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America ( Nebula Award ) Nominated -- Best Script -- Frank Darabont 2000 Screen Actors Guild Awards Nominated -- Outstanding Performance by a Cast Nominated -- Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role -- Michael Clarke Duncan References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Green Mile ( 1999 ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Box Office Information for The Green Mile . The Numbers . Retrieved September 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` About the Film '' . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2011 . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Darabont , Frank ( Director ) ( December 10 , 1999 ) . The Green Mile ( Motion picture ) . United States : Warner Bros . Jump up ^ Doty , Meriah ( September 4 , 2012 ) . `` Bruce Willis helped Michael Clarke Duncan get his Oscar caliber role '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Jump up ^ `` The Green Mile '' . December 10 , 1999 . Retrieved September 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Green Mile '' . metacritic . December 10 , 1999 . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Green Mile '' . Roger Ebert dot com . December 10 , 1999 . Jump up ^ Mendez , Dawn ( January 23 , 2009 ) . `` The ' Magic Negro ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved October 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The 72nd Academy Awards ( 2000 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Retrieved November 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lyman , Rick ( March 28 , 2000 ) . `` Oscar Victory Finally Lifts the Cloud for DreamWorks '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 4 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Film in the United States portal 1990s portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Green Mile ( film ) Official website The Green Mile on IMDb The Green Mile at the TCM Movie Database The Green Mile at AllMovie The Green Mile at Rotten Tomatoes The Green Mile at Box Office Mojo Frank Darabont Feature films Buried Alive ( 1990 ) The Shawshank Redemption ( 1994 ) The Green Mile ( 1999 ) The Majestic ( 2001 ) The Mist ( 2007 ) TV series developed or created The Walking Dead ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Mob City ( 2013 ) Stephen King Bibliography Short fiction Unpublished and uncollected Awards and nominations Novels Carrie ( 1974 ) ' Salem 's Lot ( 1975 ) The Shining ( 1977 ) The Stand ( 1978 ) The Dead Zone ( 1979 ) Firestarter ( 1980 ) Cujo ( 1981 ) Christine ( 1983 ) Pet Sematary ( 1983 ) Cycle of the Werewolf ( 1983 ) The Talisman ( 1984 ) It ( 1986 ) The Eyes of the Dragon ( 1987 ) Misery ( 1987 ) The Tommyknockers ( 1987 ) The Dark Half ( 1989 ) Needful Things ( 1991 ) Gerald 's Game ( 1992 ) Dolores Claiborne ( 1992 ) Insomnia ( 1994 ) Rose Madder ( 1995 ) The Green Mile ( 1996 ) Desperation ( 1996 ) Bag of Bones ( 1998 ) The Girl Who Loved Tom Gordon ( 1999 ) The Plant ( 2000 ; 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2139185097494655282	Mr. Monk and the End	Mr. Monk and the End - wikipedia Mr. Monk and the End Jump to : navigation , search `` Mr. Monk and the End '' Monk episode Trudy gives her last gift to Adrian , hours before she is murdered Episode no . Season 8 Episode 15 & 16 Directed by Randall Zisk Written by Andy Breckman Featured music Jeff Beal Randy Newman Original air date Part 1 - November 27 , 2009 Part 2 - December 4 , 2009 Guest appearance ( s ) Craig T. Nelson as Judge Ethan Rickover John Edward Lee as Joey Kazarinsky Emmy Clarke as Julie Teeger Héctor Elizondo as Dr. Neven Bell Melora Hardin as Trudy Monk Alona Tal as Molly Evans Casper Van Dien as Lt. Steven Albright Virginia Madsen as Trudy K. Stottlemeyer D.B. Woodside as Dr. Matthew Shuler Ed Begley , Jr. as Dr. Malcolm Nash Mary Beth Evans as Mrs. Rickover Shelly Cole as Edie Kazarinsky Sarah Rush as Nurse Judy Fitzgerald Flashbacks Bitty Schram as Sharona Fleming Stanley Kamel as Dr. Charles Kroger John Turturro as Ambrose Monk Dan Hedaya as Jack Monk , Sr . Tim Bagley as Harold Krenshaw Jarrad Paul as Kevin Dorfman Episode chronology ← Previous `` Mr. Monk and the Badge '' Next → -- Monk ( season 8 ) List of Monk episodes `` Mr. Monk and the End '' is the two - part series finale of the USA Network original criminal mystery dramedy television series , Monk . It is the fifteenth and sixteenth episodes of the eighth and final season , and is the 124th and 125th episodes in the series overall . Adrian Monk ( Tony Shalhoub ) finally discovers his wife Trudy 's ( Melora Hardin ) murderer after twelve years of searching , concluding a seven - year , eight - season long arc . When `` Part 2 '' aired , it set a series high and a new viewership record for the most watched episode of a regular drama series ever in basic cable with 9.4 million viewers . Both parts were written by series creator Andy Breckman and directed by Randall Zisk . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot synopsis 1.1 Part I 1.2 Part II 2 Reception 2.1 Critical reception 2.2 Ratings 2.3 Awards and nominations 3 References Plot synopsis ( edit ) Part I ( edit ) Early on the morning of December 14 , 1997 , Trudy Monk is discussing with her husband Adrian how hard it is to keep secrets from him , before asking him about the latest police investigation he is assisting on , surrounding the suspicious disappearance of a midwife named Wendy Stroud . As Monk prepares to head to the Palgrove Birthing Center , the birthing clinic that Stroud worked at , to question the clinic 's director , Dr. Malcolm Nash ( Ed Begley , Jr . ) , he notices a small present under their Christmas tree meant for him , but is instructed by Trudy not to open it until Christmas Day . Despite insisting she is fine , Monk notes she appears nervous about something . Later that day , Trudy heads for a meeting with someone at multi-story parking garage , but soon panics when a six fingered man , who had been watching her , emerges from the shadows and follows her . Seeking to escape , Trudy returns to her car , unaware that explosives have been planted in it , which detonate the moment she turns the key in the ignition . At the clinic , Monk and Captain Stottlemeyer learn from Dr. Nash that Strode was the first midwife he hired and had never been late for work . Before they can learn anymore , Stottlemeyer receives a phone call and informs Monk that his wife has been killed . Then Christopher Menendez came into the office . In the present day , 2009 , Monk awakes on his usual side of the bed to find himself seeing a vision of Trudy before him , telling him it is time for him to say goodbye to her and to sleep in the middle of the bed , and that `` it wo n't be much longer '' . When Monk discusses this later that day with his assistant Natalie Teeger , he finds that their latest case is taking them back to the same birthing clinic he had been to 12 years ago , when he first heard the news of Trudy 's death . Although Stottlemeyer offers Monk the chance to sit the case out , he insists he is okay . The pair learn that from the police 's initial investigation that Dr. Nash had been shot dead while he had been digitizing patient records , and that the killer 's gun had a silencer on it , as no - one heard the crime being committed . Monk concludes that the scene the police found had been set up to make it appear that the killer was a drug addict ; in reality , the murder was done by a professional hitman , and the police soon find a partial fingerprint that identifies the suspect as Joey Kazarinski ( John Edward Lee ) . Seeking a warrant for his arrest from Judge Ethan Rickover ( Craig T. Nelson ) , the group overhear Rickover discussing with his wife that he will never move out of his current house , learning that he has been nominated for the State Supreme Court , despite it having not been officially announced by the governor at present . That night , Kazarinski receives a phone call from his employer , who instructs him to kill Monk ; when he questions why he must do so , his employer declares that they had killed Trudy . When attending a dinner the following day at Natalie 's house , with her daughter Julie and Natalie 's boyfriend Steven Albright , Monk starts to see spots and soon runs a high fever . Taken to hospital for a blood test , haemotologist Dr. Matthew Shuler ( D.B. Woodside ) reveals that the results of the test found that Monk has been poisoned with a powerful synthetic toxin based on ricin . As no - one else got sick , the conclusion is that the poison was n't in the food at the dinner , and so the decision is made to test all of the food and other consumables in Natalie 's house , although Shule reveals that they can not create or administer an antidote , without knowing which form of the poison was used . When Stottlemeyer and Lieutenant Disher arrive to check up on Monk , they learn he will die within 2 - 3 days if not treated . After a search of items Monk had purchased fails to turn up anything poisoned , after Natalie identifies Kazarinski as having been at a supermarket that she and Monk had visited , Stottlemeyer gathers an unofficial task force within the SFPD - Disher leads one half to find out who hired the hitman to kill Dr. Nash , while Stottlemeyer leads the other half to find the hitman in order to find out what poison he used on Monk , ordering his group not to use their guns , as Kazarinski must be captured alive in order for them to save Monk . After interrogating a contact of the hitman , the group track down Kazarinski to a train station , only for him to spot an undercover police officer and make a run for it . After a lengthy chase , Kazarinski is hit by a freight train and dies , much to Stottlemeyer 's horror . Learning that the hitman had rented a motel room , the police search it and find the chemicals he used to make the poison , only for Stottlemeyer to learn that the police labs wo n't be able to find the necessary information for the antidote in time . Having learned that none of the food he had bought at the supermarket was found to be poisoned , Monk visits Dr. Neven Bell ( Héctor Elizondo ) to talk about all that has happened in the past few days , and then leaves him dejected when he sets off to cancel his remaining appointments and finalize his affairs before his death . Taking a moment to visit Trudy 's grave with Natalie , Monk returns home and finally decides to open his wife 's small present for him , finding it to be a video tape . Playing it , he finds it be a recording made by Trudy , who addresses him and reveals that she managed to keep a secret from him , a terrible one that occurred years before they had met . Part ii ( edit ) Two hours into the recording , Monk pauses it as he is unable to continue watching the rest . Natalie is forced to do so , despite the visible distraught on Monk 's face when he hears how Trudy had had an affair with Rickover when he had been a law professor at Berkeley . In her confession , she assures Monk that she never knew he was married , but that the affair left her being pregnant with a baby girl , whom she never got to see ; the baby died nine minutes after birth . She then reveals a posthumous conviction to Monk - ten years after the affair , Rickover called her out of the blue in order to arrange a meeting with her at a parking garage , but that she is nervous over this due to the sinister tone in his voice during the phone call , and the fact that Stroud , the woman who had disappeared at the time the call was made , had been involved in delivering the child created by the affair . Trudy suspects that Rickover is covering up the affair 's existence by silencing those involved , thus she has made a video in order to tell Monk the truth if she should meet an untimely end , adding that if he is watching it , her fears came true and she is dead , otherwise , she would have replaced the tape with the digital watch he had wanted that year . Furious and determined not to die yet until he exposes Rickover 's crimes , despite Natalie 's efforts to dissuade him , Monk confronts Rickover during his confirmation hearing for the office of State Supreme Justice , in order to question him . When he does n't confess and soon begins to insult both Monk 's and Trudy 's mental stability , Monk violently attacks him until he is escorted away by guards . Brought back to hospital , Monk is visited by Stottlemyer and Randy , who bring him several files on Rickover , and reveal that phone records had shown several calls between him and Dr. Nash . Before Stottlemyer leaves , Monk has him promise to kill Rickover when he dies , but knows he is lying when he agrees to Monk 's request . As Monk goes over the files , he realizes something is missing , and after hearing a nurse quip that no one bothers to cover up affairs any more , he remembers the conversation between Rickover and his wife over his house , and deduces that a crucial clue is connected to it . At Monk 's apartment , while putting his things into clear plastic bags with her boyfriend , Natalie starts to feel ill and begins seeing spots . She immediately realizes that the poison was planted into Monk 's handwipes that she had used on the bags , and has Albright telephone the hospital with this information so that the antidote can be made . However , after she is treated , Natalie , Stottlemyer and Disher soon learn from a nurse that Monk had sedated the guard protecting him , stolen his gun , and disappeared from the hospital , leading them to realize what he is planning to do . As they arrive at Rickover 's house with uniformed officers and the antidote , the group witness Monk forcing Rickover at gunpoint to dig at a spot before his front yard 's sundial , stating to the group that the remains of the missing midwife are there . As Disher continues digging , Monk reveals to the group that Rickover committed the murders , in order to ensure that nothing stopped him from securing the position of appellate judge that he had worked hard for . Twelve years ago , Wendy Stroud had found religion and told Rickover she intended to tell the press about his affair with Trudy and the child it caused , that she had helped to deliver , forcing him to kill her and bury her in his front yard ; his reason for not wanting to leave his home , even if it meant commuting to Sacramento , was because he did n't want to risk anyone digging up the remains . After killing the midwife , Rickover was forced to kill Trudy , as she was the only person who would be able to connect Stroud 's disappearance to him . Twelve years later , Dr. Nash came across references to the child when digitizing the birthing clinic 's patient records , and thus suspected what had happened to Stroud . Becoming greedy , he attempted to blackmail him , causing Rickover to panic and hire Kazarinski to kill him , before later having him poison Monk upon the detective becoming a serious issue ; he knew the handwipes had been poisoned , as when Monk dropped one when confronting him , Rickover had picked it up with his pen . Upon Disher finding the remains , Rickover steals Monk 's gun as he suffers a coughing fit , shouts `` You take care of her '' , and then commits suicide in order to avoid going to jail . A few days later , Monk , having recovered since being given the antidote , meets with Dr. Bell to discuss Rickover 's final words , and how he feels unhappy that his quest to find Trudy 's murderer had been such a part of his life in the past several years , that now he knows the truth he has begun wondering what he will now do with himself . While packing up Trudy 's things into boxes when he returns home , Monk finds an old newspaper article concerning how Stroud 's disappearance , and discovers that Trudy 's child did not die after birth ; Stroud had secretly taken the child away at Rickover 's request , and put her up for adoption , as the baby 's date of birth matches the date that Trudy gave birth on . Anxious to meet her , he is pleasantly surprised when Stottlemyer tracks her down . Attending the meeting , Monk finally meets with Trudy 's daughter , Molly Evans ( Alona Tal ) , whom he discovers to bear a striking resemblance to Trudy and that she , much like her mother , is a writer , working as a film critic for a local paper in Monterey County . The pair find themselve happy to meet each other and begin to spend time together . While showing off his many pictures of her to the others , Stottlemeyer finds Disher trying to hide away a letter and grabs it , finding that his lieutenant has been offered a position as Chief of Police in Summit , New Jersey , and that his secrecy over his vacation to the east coast had been due to him having been dating Monk 's former nurse and assistant Sharona Fleming . As Monk takes a walk along the beach with Molly , he finds himself asked by her on what he will do , now that he Trudy 's murder is solved , to which replies that he wants to retire and follow Molly around and document her life with scrapbooks of photographs . Molly tells him that he ca n't give up being a detective , advising him to use the gift he has to `` help all the Trudys in the world '' , to which Monk agrees to continue his work as a detective / consultant . As Monk prepares for another day , with his actions , speech and style of clothing implying that his various phobias and obsessions are now under control , he informs Natalie that he will be going to the movies with Molly , before the pair leave to take on another case , with Monk returning to check that the stove is off . In an epilogue made after a montage of clips from the course of the show 's eight seasons : Disher comfortably settles into his new job as Police Chief ; Stottlemeyer is now happily married to T.K. ( Virginia Madsen ) ; and Monk and Natalie arrive at a crime scene to tackle their next case for Stottlemeyer . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) `` Mr. Monk and the End '' has received generally positive reviews . Allison Waldman of TvSquad called the cliffhanger at the end of `` Part 1 '' great and said that she was `` dying to know how ( it would be ) resolved '' . She also praised Tony Shalhoub 's acting in the bed scene in which he talks to Trudy . Waldman called the drama `` tense '' in `` Part 2 '' , and praised Shalhoub and Craig T. Nelson 's acting . Jonah Krakow of IGN had mixed feelings about the finale , saying that Molly 's introduction was a nice way to send the show off , although he felt cheated that the show 's biggest mystery was literally handed to Monk in a box . Like Waldman , he praised Shalhoub 's and Nelson 's acting , and the tension of their scene in which Nelson digs up the midwife 's body . Overall he gave it an 8 out of 10 . The A.V. Club 's Todd VanDerWerff called it `` a surprisingly sweet ending to a show that I have n't watched regularly in a few years '' , and gave it a `` B + '' . Ratings ( edit ) `` Part 1 '' gained 5.8 million viewers . `` Part 2 '' set various records in television history , with 9.4 million viewers . It was the series high ( previously set by the prior season 's finale `` Mr. Monk Fights City Hall '' ) , USA Network 's most - watched scripted television show ( previously set by Burn Notice ) , and basic cable 's most - watched hour - long drama ( previously set by The Closer with 9.2 million viewers ) . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Tony Shalhoub was nominated for the 2010 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series for this episode . Additionally , Randy Newman won the 2010 Primetime Emmy Award for Original Outstanding Music and Lyrics for the song `` When I 'm Gone '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ' Monk ' exits on record - breaking high , Variety , December 7 , 2009 Jump up ^ Review - Mr. Monk and the End ( Part 1 ) by Allison Waldman Jump up ^ Review - Mr. Monk and the End ( Part 2 ) by Allison Waldman Jump up ^ IGN - `` Mr. Monk and the End '' Review by Jonah Krakow Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd ( December 5 , 2009 ) . `` '' Mr Monk and the End `` '' . The A.V. Club . The Onion . Retrieved September 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ First Half Of ' Monk ' Finale Draws Series ' Most Viewers Since Feb. 2008 ( hide ) Monk Seasons 6 7 8 Episodes `` Mr. Monk and the Candidate '' `` Mr. Monk and the Airplane '' `` Mr. Monk and the Three Pies '' `` Mr. Monk Takes Manhattan '' `` Mr. Monk Gets Jury Duty '' `` Mr. Monk and the Actor '' `` Mr. Monk Gets a New Shrink '' `` Mr. Monk and the Man Who Shot Santa Claus '' `` Mr. Monk and the End '' Characters Adrian Monk Sharona Fleming Natalie Teeger Leland Stottlemeyer Randy Disher Trudy Monk Novels Mr. Monk Goes to the Firehouse Mr. Monk Goes to Hawaii Mr. Monk and the Blue Flu Mr. Monk and the Two Assistants Mr. Monk in Outer Space Mr. Monk Goes to Germany Mr. Monk Is Miserable Mr. Monk and the Dirty Cop Mr. Monk in Trouble Mr. Monk Is Cleaned Out Mr. Monk on the Road Mr. Monk on the Couch Mr. Monk on Patrol Mr. Monk Is a Mess Mr. Monk Gets Even Mr. Monk Helps Himself Mr. Monk Gets on Board Mr. Monk Is Open for Business Other Awards and nominations Cast list Soundtrack `` It 's a Jungle Out There '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mr._Monk_and_the_End&oldid=836081027 '' Categories : Monk ( TV series ) episodes American television series finales 2009 American television episodes Television episodes in multiple parts Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 April 2018 , at 15 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does monk find out who killed trudy	[ "\"Mr. Monk and the End\" is the two-part series finale of the USA Network original criminal mystery dramedy television series, Monk. It is the fifteenth and sixteenth episodes of the eighth and final season, and is the 124th and 125th episodes in the series overall. Adrian Monk (Tony Shalhoub) finally discovers his wife Trudy's (Melora Hardin) murderer after twelve years of searching, concluding a seven-year, eight-season long arc. When \"Part 2\" aired, it set a series high and a new viewership record for the most watched episode of a regular drama series ever in basic cable with 9.4 million viewers.[1] Both parts were written by series creator Andy Breckman and directed by Randall Zisk." ]	[ "Mr. Monk and the End" ]
8623076617275519710	When Love Takes Over	When Love Takes Over - wikipedia When Love Takes Over `` When Love Takes Over '' Single by David Guetta featuring Kelly Rowland from the album One Love and Here I Am Released 21 April 2009 Format 12 '' CD digital download Recorded 2008 -- 09 at Gum Prod Studios ( Paris , France ) Genre EDM dance - pop Length 3 : 10 Label Virgin EMI Songwriter ( s ) David Guetta Miriam Nervo Olivia Nervo Kelly Rowland Frédéric Riesterer Producer ( s ) David Guetta Frédéric Riesterer David Guetta singles chronology `` Everytime We Touch '' ( 2009 ) Everytime We Touch 2009 `` When Love Takes Over '' ( 2009 ) When Love Takes Over2009 `` Sexy Bitch '' ( 2009 ) Sexy Bitch 2009 Kelly Rowland singles chronology `` Breathe Gentle '' ( 2009 ) Breathe Gentle 2009 `` When Love Takes Over '' ( 2009 ) When Love Takes Over2009 `` Commander '' ( 2010 ) Commander 2010 `` When Love Takes Over '' is a song by French DJ - music producer David Guetta with vocals by Kelly Rowland from his fourth studio album , One Love . It was released as the lead single from the album on 21 April 2009 by Virgin Records ( EMI France ) . The song was conceived when Guetta played the instrumental version during one of his DJ sets in summer 2008 ; American recording artist Kelly Rowland , who fell in love with the track , convinced Guetta to allow her to take it so that she could write and record vocals for it . It was co-written by Nervo . According to Rowland , the song inspired her to pursue a more dance - oriented sound for her album Here I Am ( 2011 ) , while Guetta noted `` When Love Takes Over '' for providing the framework for his future musical explorations and inspiring him to experiment with more urban sounds . Guetta and Frédéric Riesterer produced the song with piano riffs and a melodic backing track . Veronica Ferraro mixed the song , focussing primarily on giving Rowland 's vocals a magical and inspiring tone . Critics would later state that Rowland 's vocals on `` When Love Take Over '' helped to establish herself as a solo vocalist . The song 's lyrics carry a message of the euphoria one feels when in love with a significant other , while the production bears some similarities to Coldplay 's 2002 hit single `` Clocks . '' `` When Love Takes Over '' received universal acclaim . Most noted the addition of Rowland 's powerful and emotionally charged vocals which made the single the most memorable song from One Love . The production was praised for its lush production and euphoric sentiments . It achieved worldwide success by topping the charts in ten countries , including in the United Kingdom , Republic of Ireland , Italy and Switzerland . At the time of release , it became Guetta 's highest charting single on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and Rowland 's second number one single in the United Kingdom . `` When Love Takes Over '' ranked at number one on Billboard 's Best of 2009 Dance Club Songs chart . In 2013 , Billboard named `` When Love Takes Over '' its number one dance - pop collaboration of all time , in addition to noting the lasting cultural impact that the collaboration would have on dance music and its indication of the emerging electronic dance music trend in America at its time of release . In the song 's accompanying music video , Rowland and Guetta reminisce of how the song came together . It follows the duo as they prepare for a party before coming together for the final result . `` When Love Takes Over '' was promoted mainly at award shows , including the MTV Latin Music Video Awards , NRJ Music Awards and the World Music Awards . Guetta and Rowland reunited in late 2009 to perform `` When Love Takes Over '' for the annual Miss Universe competition . The single earned seven Platinum certifications as well as five Gold certificates , selling over 5.5 million copies worldwide . Additionally , it earned Guetta two Grammy Award nominations for `` Best Dance Recording '' and `` Best Non-Classical , Remixed Recording '' , the latter of which Guetta won for his `` Electro Extended Mix '' of `` When Love Takes Over '' . Contents 1 Background 2 Recording and production 3 Composition 4 Critical reception 5 Chart performance 6 Music video 6.1 Background and concept 6.2 Synopsis and reception 7 Performances and promotion 8 Cover versions 8.1 Airi L version 8.2 Other cover versions 9 Legacy 10 Track listing 11 Credits 12 Charts 12.1 Weekly charts 12.2 Year - end charts 12.3 Decade charts 13 Certifications 14 Release history 15 See also 16 References 17 External links Background ( edit ) Kelly Rowland performing in Sydney , Australia in 2012 . Rowland has acknowledged on several occasions that although she loved dance music , it was not really the type of music she would record . While in Europe in 2008 , she met Guetta at one of his DJ shows in Southern France and commented that `` Listening to him was just crazy . '' Guetta was playing the instrumental version of `` When Love Takes Over '' . Recalling that it brought tears to her eyes , Rowland remarked , `` I felt so much emotion from the track ; something happened the first time I heard it , and it was just beautiful . And I remember thinking ' Why is this touching me like this ? ' You know , it was like there was a kinda soul - tie to it ! '' Upon meeting Guetta , she asked him for the song so she could write its lyrics . `` So I met David and asked him for the track ... He gave it to me , and I brought it back here to London , UK and wrote the actual song '' . At a writing session in a London hotel room , Rowland and songwriting duo Nervo wrote the lyrics and melody over Guetta 's backing track . Rowland later joined Guetta and Julie Terry Lefèvre - Han in the recording studio to finish off the song . Later in a 2010 interview , The Nervo Twins revealed that Rowland 's record label were not keen on the song despite their and Rowland 's enthusiasm . Consequently , `` When Love Takes Over '' was shelved until Guetta rediscovered the song when compiling his fourth studio album , One Love . The finished song with Rowland 's vocals and Guetta 's production was premiered in March 2009 at the Ultra Music Festival in Miami . A month later on 21 April 2009 , the single was released in Europe , and the United States . In the UK , the single 's release had to be brought forward to 11 June 2009 to combat an `` inferior '' cover version released on 9 May 2009 . Additionally , beginning in July / August 2009 , American TV channel Bravo licensed the song for a two - month period , to use for in - house advertising . Recording and production ( edit ) The recording and mixing of `` When Love Takes Over '' took place in summer and autumn of 2008 . After Rowland heard the instrumental of `` When Love Takes Over '' -- a piano loop - based melody with throbbing percussion -- she asked Guetta if she could take the demo and several other tracks to work on . She wrote the lyrics and recorded the vocals in London , within a day . She was aided by Australian songwriters and producers Miriam and Olivia Nervo ( The Nervo Twins ) . However the song remained unfinished until Guetta rediscovered the track while compiling his One Love album . After getting selected for the album , `` When Love Takes Over '' was given to Frédéric Riesterer who , aside from producing the song with Guetta , was tasked the final audio mixing of the song . However Riesterer decided to give the track to French mixing engineer Veronica Ferraro , who would later go on to say that `` Reisterer was supposed to mix it , but he wanted me to do it and see how it turned out . The first time I heard the track I immediately knew it would be a huge hit . '' The track was mixed in September 2008 , at Ferraro 's Super Sonic Scale studio near Paris , the day after her birthday . Before working on the song 's individual elements , Ferraro converted the recording sessions from a generic digital audio workstation system to her programme of choice , Pro Tools . Following this , she decided that she would focus primarily on Rowland 's vocals . `` Frédéric had the right sounds on the drums and the keyboards , so I did not change very much . I just did some standard things , with EQ and compression and things like that . After that my obsession was to get the vocals to sound as good as possible . When I 'm mixing a track , I want something to happen , something that takes the listener somewhere . You want the right things in the right place , but it 's not a technical issue . It 's actually an artistic issue to have everything in the right place -- the mixing has to be magic . It was not difficult in this case , because I knew the song would be a hit , but I did my best to make the vocal sound magical , like an angel singing , so that the hit quality of the song was immediately obvious . I wanted to make sure that the voice takes you from the beginning to the end and does n't lose you . '' Ferraro told Sound On Sound that she did add a bass drum sample , as she felt that the kick was missing something . `` Rather than equalise it , I added a little bit of my sample to make the BD track sound bigger '' . However she did alter the two piano elements of the song , using the Flex Studio Tool to widen the sound of the piano element without the delay . Additionally , Ferraro used a number of French plug - in software to amplify many of the track 's instruments , including the violin , strings and guitar samples . She then moved on to Rowland 's vocals , which `` were extensively processed '' , including equalization and de-essing . Then upon completion of her work on the song , Ferraro sent `` When Love Takes Over '' to her husband , Bruno Gruel , and his Elektra Mastering Suite which is located in the same building as the Super Sonic Scale Studio . Gruel received the song in a standard Pro Tools format , 24 - bit / 44.1 kHz . He used several pieces of software to realign all of the elements of the song , particularly the bass drums and low synths . Composition ( edit ) David Guetta feat . Kelly Rowland -- `` When Love Takes Over '' ( 2009 ) A 19 - second sample of `` When Love Takes Over '' , where the `` lush piano loop '' and `` throbbing percussion '' lead into Rowland 's `` powerhouse diva vocals '' Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` When Love Takes Over '' is a synthpop and `` uplifting floor - filler '' produced by Guetta and his associate Frédéric Riesterer . Jason Lipshutz from Billboard magazine described it as a `` pop number built around a lush piano loop and throbbing percussion '' with trance elements . According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Sony / ATV Music Publishing , the song was written in the key of F ♯ major mixolydian with a time signature of common time and a tempo of 130 beats per minute . The final recording and mixing took place at Gum Prod Studios in Paris . Some elements of the song were compared to the riff and piano opener in the song `` Clocks '' by Coldplay . After gaining Guetta 's approval to write vocals for the song , Rowland took the instrumental version to London , where she wrote the bulk of the lyrics with The Nervo Twins ( Miriam and Olivia Nervo ) before sending the song back to Guetta , who added his own contributions with Frédéric Riesterer . Rowland uses a vocal range of F ♯ to D ♯ . Guetta said that `` Kelly ( 's vocals ) had this Whitney Houston vibe and nailed it . '' Critics agreed , noting that often her vocals were `` powerful '' and `` grand '' . Others called them `` a diva masterclass '' and `` emotionally charged '' . Fraser McAlpine from BBC Online compared Rowland 's vocals to those by Madonna in `` Ray of Light '' , for their `` hands - in - the - air pop song '' qualities . Critical reception ( edit ) Critics found the song similar to `` Clocks '' by Coldplay . The song received critical acclaim from music critics for both Guetta 's catchy production and Rowland 's strong vocals . It was called the strongest and most commercial single choice from Guetta 's album , One Love . Critics noted that the song 's opening piano riff was similar to that from Coldplay 's hit single `` Clocks '' ( 2002 ) . David Jefferes of Allmusic gave the song a thumbs up saying , calling `` When Love Takes Over '' one of the strongest songs from One Love and praising the `` ( addition of ) the powerful voice of Kelly Rowland for one grand , uplifting floor - filler . '' Simon Vozick - Levinson of Entertainment Weekly agreed calling the song the `` most memorable from the album '' and recalling `` Clocks '' by Coldplay to make `` a showstopper starring Kelly Rowland . '' Michael Hibbard of MusicOMH was impressed with both the production and vocal work on `` When Love Takes Over '' . He pointed out the rarity in the amount of promotion given to the song , referring to `` When Love Takes Over '' being given `` its own poster on the Tube . '' He also described the song as a `` euphoric masterpiece '' backed by `` at least eight remixes '' and the accompany vocals from `` Destiny 's Child songbird Kelly Rowland on hand for a diva masterclass . '' Also agreeing with these comments was Fraser McAlpine from BBC Online who awarded the song four out of five stars . `` The genius ingredients include a thinly reworked go at the piano riff to ' Clocks ' by Coldplay and handclaps ... And the fairy dust is ... well ... it 's your standard dance - pop production , actually . '' However he noted that the production was `` tastefully done to make sure that the good bits are not spoilt '' . Other elements of the song such as the `` bed of synthistrings , a skippy beat , a breakdown , some riffing glassy electronics and a dramatic , cinematic bottom end drone '' were praised . McAlpine also praised Rowland 's appearance on the track , commenting who she sounded `` entirely unlike herself , so that even SHE is all buffed up and shiny . '' He described the marriage of Rowland 's vocals and Guetta 's production by stating that `` ( Rowland 's ) got a spiralling , sky - scraping melody to sing too . '' Erin Martin of PopMatters said that `` When Love Takes Over '' had euphoric properties . Martin said the song was `` a classic , triumphant dance number , and Rowland 's powerhouse vocals ensure that this song has anthemic potential for years to come . This song just feels good to listen to '' . She also noted that the song was central to the concept and `` love - spreading message ( that ) Guetta delivers on the album as a whole . '' David Balls of Digital Spy agreed with the song 's anthem credentials . `` ( It ) is further evidence that Rowland may no longer be resigned to living in Beyoncé ( Knowles ' ) shadow . Fusing classic dance beats with a heady , emotionally charged vocal , it 's a world away from the mid-tempo R&B numbers with which she started her solo career . In fact , this packs a punch from the very first listen , meaning it could well become one of the summer anthems of 2009 . '' However , Mikael Wood of the Los Angeles Times was less impressed than the other critics , simply noting the song as `` a cheesy synthpop makeover of Coldplay 's ' Clocks ' . '' Wood did however state that it was among Guetta 's best work and was an example of when the DJ is `` most commercial '' . The song was nominated for the Best Dance Recording award at the 52nd Grammy Awards ceremony . It lost out to `` Poker Face '' by Lady Gaga . The song 's Electro Extended Remix was successful at the ceremony , winning Guetta his first Grammy Award for the Best Remixed Recording , Non-Classical . In 2013 , Billboard named `` When Love Takes Over '' their number one dance - pop collaboration of all time . Chart performance ( edit ) Guetta during a DJ set on his One Love World Tour In Guetta 's native France , `` When Love Takes Over '' debuted on the French Digital Chart at number 14 on 25 April 2009 before subsequently peaking at number three on 18 July 2009 . On the French Singles Chart , it debuted and peaked at number two . In August 2009 , Guetta had two simultaneous top 10 singles on the chart , the other being `` Sexy Bitch '' featuring Akon . Following is strong run on the charts the Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique ( SNEP ) awarded the single a Gold certification for selling 150,000 + copies . In Rowland 's native country of the United States the single was successful , topping both the Hot Dance Airplay and Hot Dance Club Songs charts , as well as reaching number 76 on the Billboard Hot 100 . This became Guetta 's highest Hot 100 chart position at the time . It was Rowland 's highest Hot 100 Chart entry since her feature of Trina 's 2005 single , `` Here We Go '' . `` When Love Takes Over '' ranked at number one on the Best of 2009 Dance Club Songs chart and number thirty - three on the End of Decade ( 2000 -- 2009 ) Dance Club Songs Chart . `` When Love Takes Over '' also achieved success in Europe , topping charts in Belgium ( Wallonia ) , Czech Republic , Hungary , Ireland , Italy , Slovakia , Switzerland and the United Kingdom . It also reached the top 10 in most other regions apart from Brasil Canada and the United States . By the end of 2009 it reached the top 30 on most year - end charts , most notably reaching number two in Switzlerand , number five in Belgium ( Wallonia ) , and six on the European Hot 100 . It was certified Platinum in nine countries . In the United Kingdom , Guetta and Rowland 's original version debuted at number seven on the UK Singles Chart , having sold 25,000 copies . The following week Guetta 's version peaked at number one , beating his previous best chart peak of number three with 2007 's `` Love Do n't Let Me Go ( Walking Away ) '' . It gave Rowland her second number one single in Britain , the first being `` Dilemma '' alongside Nelly in October 2002 . `` When Love Takes Over '' was awarded a Platinum certification by the British Phonographic Industry in July 2013 for shipping over 650,000 copies . On The Official Charts Company 's official countdown of the Top 100 British Downloads of all time , `` When Love Takes Over '' ranks at number 58 , marking Rowland 's only entry on the chart . However it is Guetta 's second entry on the chart , behind `` Sexy Bitch '' ( with Akon ) which charted at number 27 . In total , the single has sold over 5.5 million copies worldwide . Music video ( edit ) Background and concept ( edit ) Venice Beach and the Boardwalk , as seen in the music video for `` When Love Takes Over '' The music video was filmed on 19 May 2009 at Venice Beach , Los Angeles , directed by Jonas Åkerlund . Guetta revealed that the video 's story and concept were designed to mimic the story behind the song 's creation . He said , `` you see Kelly doing her thing and then me on the other side doing mine . Eventually we come together just like how we recorded the song . It 's all about sharing the love from this record and making a big party '' . These reflections and more behind the scenes footage were revealed in the video clip `` Making of When Love Takes Over '' which was uploaded to Guetta 's official YouTube channel on 1 June 2009 . The music video itself premiered on 8 June 2009 on Guetta 's YouTube channel . The video premiered after the European and United States digital release but just before the single 's UK digital release on 10 June 2009 . Synopsis and reception ( edit ) The video focuses on Rowland walking through the streets of Venice Beach while Guetta gathers his DJ equipment and pushes it towards the beach . Through the video a number of street performers join the gathering crowd , including a motocross bicycler , a skateboarder , and a BBoy Cloud . The last scene , sees Rowland and Guetta unite on the beach for a late night party which sees the duo performing together . Capital FM described the video as `` lots of shots of people having fun in the sun '' . Melinda Newman from Hitfix praised Rowland 's role in the clip saying that `` ( Rowland ) is fierce throughout and it clearly experiencing a bit of a career resurgence after a dip . ( She ) gives her best Beyoncé - type stares straight into the camera ( but we 're sure that 's just a coincidence ) ... Guetta , who is relegated to a supporting role in his own video , shows up pushing his gear on a cart , looking basically like any other homeless guy hanging out in Venice . '' Some criticism did follow the video . Capital FM radio station felt that Guetta 's appearance in the clip was slightly disappointing . `` Guetta looks a bit like a binman pushing his gear round the streets in some of the earlier shots in the video '' . Newman said that the video 's director , Jonas Åkerlund , had removed something from the song . `` The video could have built on the great beat that builds within the song and the feeling of abandon that falling in love can bring you , but , instead , we get a telegenic couple making out who seem to drop in from nowhere . '' Performances and promotion ( edit ) David Guetta and Kelly Rowland performing at Orange Rockcorps , London Guetta premiered the completed version of `` When Love Takes Over '' on 23 March 2009 at the Ultra Music Festival . Promotion of the single began in the UK with an acoustic performance of the single at the BBC Radio 1 Live Lounge on 10 May 2009 and then again on UK daytime show , This Morning , on 18 June 2009 . They also appeared at the Miss Universe 2009 contest in the Bahamas , where the duo performed the song live for the `` Evening Gown '' competition . Another major part of the promotion included appearances at the Loop Live 2009 music festival in Sofia , Bulgaria and Rowland 's appeared at the TAO Night Club in Las Vegas , where she hosted celebrations for `` When Love Takes Over '' reaching number one around the world . The duo returned to the UK to perform at Orange Rockcorps at London 's Royal Albert Hall in September 2009 , before performing at the 2009 MTV Latin America Music Video Awards on 15 October 2010 . It was used by US TV channel , Bravo , during an internal advertising campaign . `` When Love Takes Over '' was still being promoted in 2010 when the pair performed at the French NRJ Music Awards on 24 January 2010 and at the 2010 World Music Awards on 5 June , more than one year after the song 's release . Cover versions ( edit ) Airi L version ( edit ) British dance music artist Airi L released a bootleg version of the song 9 May 2009 , several days before the Guetta and Rowland version was due to be released . EMI Music called Airi L 's version `` inferior '' and decided to combat her cover by releasing Guetta 's version on 11 June 2009 in the UK , earlier than originally planned . The cover debuted and peaked at number 22 , selling 12,000 copies whilst Guetta and Rowland 's version debuted at number seven with 25,000 copies . According to Yahoo ! Music 's James Masterton , Rowland 's version would have debuted at a higher place had it not been for the `` bootleg cover '' . He said the single had to be rush released `` when not one but two spoiler ( and indeed near - identical ) cover versions started to race up the iTunes rankings and threatened to have a negatively impact on the ' official ' version . '' The following week Guetta and Rowland 's version would debut at number one . Other cover versions ( edit ) British singer - songwriter , Pixie Lott , covered the song for the re-issue of her debut album , Turn It Up . Then in the second week of October 2010 , the song was covered twice by contestants on The X Factor . Matt Cardle performed his version on the opening show of the seventh series of the UK version , while Hayley Teal sang a version on the second series of the Australian version . Following Cardle 's performance , `` When Love Takes Over '' jumped twelve places on UK Dance Chart , to number seventeen . Baraa Qadoura performed his version on the third live show of the eighth season of the Danish version of X Factor . In 2016 , American gospel singer Yolanda Adams covered the song for the US version of the musical The Passion . Legacy ( edit ) Rowland told MTV that `` working with David is amazing . We have a great relationship , it 's so effortless . He 's such a talented individual . But most importantly he 's such a down to earth , nice guy and I really enjoy working with him . We have good musical chemistry together . '' Guetta told Billboard that `` the track with Kelly has made him experiment with a more American urban influence . Musically , it 's pure pop with a lot of detail . '' Additionally British singer Cheryl Cole ( of Girls Aloud ) credited `` When Love Takes Over '' for inspiring her taste and preference in dance music , which in turn influenced her second solo single `` 3 Words '' ( featuring will.i.am ) . Later in 2010 when recording her third album , Here I Am ( 2011 ) , Rowland credited both Guetta and the song for inspiring her to pursue a new sound . Rowland relates : `` I spent about a year of my life in Europe really listening to a whole bunch of Europeans DJs and hearing dance music a lot on the radio and really loving it . ' When Love Takes Over ' it was my first introduction to dance music ( and ) it was a whole other monster . It 's really a culture and I love it . '' In 2010 , following the success of `` When Love Takes Over '' and the duo 's musical chemistry , Guetta was asked to work on Rowland 's third studio album . He co-produced a couple of the songs including the album 's first single , `` Commander '' . Later in 2013 , Kerri Mason and Zel McCarthy compiled a list of the top - ten dance - pop collaborations of all time for Billboard magazine . In their article , the critics named `` When Love Takes Over '' at the top of the list , saying that the song `` repositioned Kelly Rowland as a solo vocalist with chops on her own . '' The duo also commented that subsequent collaborations between Guetta and Rowland were not as good as `` When Love Takes Over '' , also adding that Rowland 's vocal was firmly part of `` dance music history '' and were an indication of the growing electronic dance music ( EDM ) trend emerging in America at the time . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download `` When Love Takes Over '' ( feat . Kelly Rowland ) -- 3 : 08 UK digital EP `` When Love Takes Over '' ( Original Extended Edit ) -- 6 : 46 `` When Love Takes Over '' ( Electro Extended Edit ) -- 6 : 56 `` When Love Takes Over '' ( Norman Doray & Arno Cost Remix ) -- 6 : 50 `` When Love Takes Over '' ( Laidback Luke Remix ) -- 5 : 35 `` When Love Takes Over '' ( Blame Remix ) -- 5 : 13 `` When Love Takes Over '' ( Albin Myers Remix ) -- 6 : 57 Digital download -- Abel Ramos Remix `` When Love Takes Over '' ( Abel Ramos Paris With Love Mix ) -- 8 : 14 Digital download -- Donaeo Remix `` When Love Takes Over '' ( Donaeo Remix ) -- 4 : 57 CD single ( 2 - track ) `` When Love Takes Over '' -- 3 : 09 `` When Love Takes Over '' ( Electro Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 02 CD single ( 3 - track ) `` When Love Takes Over '' -- 3 : 10 `` When Love Takes Over '' ( Electro Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 02 `` When Love Takes Over '' ( Laidback Luke Remix ) -- 6 : 09 US digital EP `` When Love Takes Over '' ( Electro Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 02 `` When Love Takes Over '' ( Electro Extended Mix ) -- 8 : 19 `` When Love Takes Over '' ( Abel Ramos Paris With Love Mix ) -- 8 : 14 UK radio edit ( exclusive to Now That 's What I Call Music ! 73 CD ) `` When Love Takes Over '' ( UK Radio edit ) -- 3 : 24 UK 12 '' Maxi single ( 1 ) `` When Love Takes Over '' ( Electro Extended Edit ) -- 6 : 56 `` When Love Takes Over '' ( Norman Doray & Arno Cost Remix ) -- 6 : 50 `` When Love Takes Over '' ( Laidback Luke Remix ) -- 5 : 35 UK 12 '' Maxi single ( 2 ) `` When Love Takes Over '' ( Original Extended Mix ) -- 7 : 46 `` When Love Takes Over '' ( Blame Remix ) -- 5 : 19 France 12 '' Maxi single ( 1 ) `` When Love Takes Over '' ( Electro Extended ) -- 8 : 20 `` When Love Takes Over '' ( Norman Doray & Arno Cost Remix ) -- 7 : 10 France 12 '' Maxi single ( 2 ) `` When Love Takes Over '' ( Laidback Luke Remix ) -- 6 : 05 `` When Love Takes Over '' ( Albin Myers Remix ) -- 8 : 27 `` When Love Takes Over '' ( Abel Ramos Paris With Love Mix ) -- 8 : 12 Maxi single ( CD / Download ) `` When Love Takes Over '' -- 3 : 09 `` When Love Takes Over '' ( Electro Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 02 `` When Love Takes Over '' ( Laidback Luke Remix ) -- 6 : 08 `` When Love Takes Over '' ( Norman Doray & Arno Cost Remix ) -- 7 : 13 `` When Love Takes Over '' ( Albin Myers Remix ) -- 8 : 29 `` When Love Takes Over '' ( Abel Ramos Paris With Love Mix ) -- 8 : 14 `` When Love Takes Over '' ( Electro Extended Mix ) -- 8 : 20 US remixes EP `` When Love Takes Over '' ( Albin Myers Remix ) -- 8 : 29 `` When Love Takes Over '' ( Laidback Luke Remix ) -- 6 : 08 `` When Love Takes Over '' ( Norman Doray & Arno Cost Remix ) -- 7 : 12 Credits ( edit ) Recording The instrumental for `` When Love Takes Over '' was recorded in 2008 at Gum Prod Studios , Paris . The vocals were added in 2009 in London and the final version was mixed as Super Sonic Scale Studios . Personnel David Guetta -- songwriting , producer Kelly Rowland -- songwriter , vocals Miriam Nervo -- songwriter Olivia Nervo -- songwriter Tom Fuller - Vocal Engineer Frédéric Riesterer -- songwriter , producer Véronica Ferraro -- audio mixing Bruno Gruel -- mastering Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2009 -- 10 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 6 Australia Dance ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Brasil Hot 100 Airplay ( Billboard ) 9 Brazil ( ABPD ) 24 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 22 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 7 France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) Hungary ( Dance Top 40 ) 8 Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) Luxembourg Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 7 Norway ( VG - lista ) Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) Romania ( Romania Radio Airplay ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK Dance ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 76 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Latin Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 25 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 29 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2009 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 28 Australia Dance ( ARIA ) 8 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) 12 Belgium ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 5 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 92 Denmark ( IFPI ) 8 European Hot 100 6 Hungarian Airplay Chart 15 Ireland ( IRMA ) 16 Italian Singles Chart 16 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 19 New Zealand Singles Chart 36 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 20 Switzerland ( Media Control AG ) UK Singles Chart 20 US Hot Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) Chart ( 2010 ) Peak position Hungarian Airplay Chart 9 US Dance / Electronic Digital Songs 36 Decade charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 -- 09 ) Peak position German Singles Chart 59 US Hot Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 33 Certifications ( edit ) Country Provider Certification Australia ARIA 2 × Platinum Austria IFPI 2 × Platinum Belgium IFPI Gold Canada CRIA Gold Denmark IFPI Platinum France SNEP Gold Germany BVMI Platinum Italy FIMI Platinum New Zealand RIANZ Platinum Spain PROMUSICAE Platinum Switzerland IFPI Platinum United Kingdom BPI Platinum Release history ( edit ) Format Date Label CD single ( 2 - track ) 11 May 2009 Virgin France EMI Music Digital download 10 June 2009 CD single ( 3 - track ) 12 June 2009 Maxi single France 12 '' maxi single ( 1 ) 15 June 2009 UK 12 '' maxi single ( 1 ) 22 June 2009 UK 12 '' maxi single ( 2 ) 26 June 2009 France 12 '' maxi single ( 2 ) 31 July 2009 UK CD maxi single 31 August 2009 See also ( edit ) List of best - selling singles List of European number - one hits of 2009 List of number - one dance singles of 2009 ( U.S. ) List of number - one hits of 2009 ( Switzerland ) List of number - one singles from the 2000s ( UK ) Number - one dance airplay hits of 2009 ( U.S. ) Number - one singles of 2009 ( Ireland ) List of Romanian Top 100 number ones of the 2000s Ultratop 40 number - one hits of 2009 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` David Guetta -- What I Did For Love ft Emeli Sandé '' . MUNDO URBANO TV Magazine . March 4 , 2015 . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ( 2 ) Sottraendo dal totale complessivo delle copie vendute con i singoli le vendite delle altre hits , si ottengono le copie vendute individualmente da When Love Takes Over ^ Jump up to : Catarinella , Alex ( July 2010 ) . `` Kelly Rowland Takes Control : The former Destiny 's Child member on her upcoming album , nude beaches and being a nerd '' . PAPERMAG . Archived from the original on 19 September 2010 . Retrieved 7 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kelly Rowland -- In control of her own destiny '' . The Independent . UK . 9 July 2010 . Retrieved 9 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Lipshutz , Jason ( 26 March 2009 ) . `` Kelly Rowland Finds ' Love ' On The Dancefloor '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media . Archived from the original on 5 January 2011 . Retrieved 20 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Pete ( 2010 ) . `` Kelly Rowland : Fulfilling destiny '' . Blues & Soul . Retrieved 30 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Fredrik Olsson '' . HitQuarters. 30 April 2013 . Retrieved 2 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Slomowicz , DJ Ron . `` David Guetta -- ' One Love ' Interview '' . about.com . Retrieved 5 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Browne , Sarah ( 25 December 2010 ) . `` Generating hit songs on the double '' . The Sunday Mail . News Corporation . Retrieved 27 December 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Amazon MP3 ( 21 April 2009 ) . `` David Guetta feat . Kelly Rowland -- When Love Takes Over ( Maxi single Digital Download ) '' . Amazon.fr . Retrieved 8 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Amazon MP3 . `` David Guetta feat . Kelly Rowland -- When Love Takes Over ( Digital Track ) '' . amazon.com . Retrieved 15 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Amazon MP3 ( 10 June 2009 ) . `` David Guetta feat . Kelly Rowland -- When Love Takes Over ( single ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 8 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Lindvall , Helienne ( 18 June 2009 ) . `` Behind the music : Can artists stop people from covering their songs ? '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 6 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Amazon MP3 . `` Airi L -- When Love Takes Over ( EP ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 17 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` When David Guetta Takes Over '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 121 ( 29 ) : 42 . 4 July 2009 . Retrieved 15 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Tingen , Paul ( January 2010 ) . `` Secrets Of The Mix Engineers : Veronica Ferraro '' . Sound on Sound . Cambridge , London : SOS Publications Group . Retrieved 31 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Wood , Mikael ( August 2009 ) . `` David Guetta -- One Love ( Album Review ) '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 15 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Jefferes , David . `` David Guetta -- One Love ( Album Review ) '' . AllMusic ( Macrovision ) . Retrieved 15 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : One Love ( Liner Notes ) . David Guetta . Positiva Records . 2009 . p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : Vozick - Levinson , Simon ( 26 August 2009 ) . `` David Guetta -- One Love ( Album Review ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 15 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Hubbard , Michael . `` David Guetta -- One Love ( Album Review ) '' . MusicOMH . Retrieved 15 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` David Guetta -- When Love Takes Over sheet music '' . Musicnotes.com ( Alfred Publishing ) . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Martin , Erin . `` David Guetta -- One Love ( Album Review ) '' . Pop Matters . Retrieved 15 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Balls , David . `` David Guetta feat . Kelly Rowland -- When Love Takes Over ( Single Review ) '' . Digital Spy ( Hachette Filipacchi Médias ) . Retrieved 15 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : McAlpine , Fraser ( 9 June 2009 ) . `` David Guetta feat . Kelly Rowland -- When Love Takes Over ( Single Review ) '' . BBC Music ( BBC ) . Retrieved 15 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Norman , Ben . `` David Guetta -- One Love ( Review ) '' . about.com . Retrieved 30 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The 52nd Annual Grammy Awards Winners List '' . grammy.com. 2010 . Archived from the original on 19 December 2010 . Retrieved 6 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees -- Production , Non-Classical '' . The Grammys ( The Recording Academy ) . Archived from the original on 6 September 2010 . Retrieved 6 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 52nd annual Grammy Awards winners list '' . USA Today . 31 January 2010 . Retrieved 6 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Mason , Kerry ; McCarthy , Zel ( 2013 - 10 - 01 ) . `` The Top 10 Dance - Pop Collaborations of All Time '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 French Download Singles 25 April 2009 '' . Hung Medien. 25 April 2009 . Retrieved 17 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 French Download Singles 18 July 2009 '' . Hung Medien. 18 July 2009 . Retrieved 17 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 French Singles 20 June 2009 '' . Hung Medien. 20 June 2009 . Retrieved 17 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 French Download Singles 1 August 2009 '' . Hung Medien. 1 August 2009 . Retrieved 17 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Les Disques d'Or 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Disqueenfrance ( in French ) . SNEP. 2009 . Retrieved 30 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Clements , Ginger ( 11 August 2009 ) . `` David Guetta -- One Love ( Album Review ) '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media . Retrieved 15 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kelly Rowland > > Charts & Awards > > Billboard Discography '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 4 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` United States Hot Dance Club Songs Best of 2009 '' . Billboard ( Nielsen Business Media ) . Retrieved 14 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` United States Hot Dance Club Songs Best of the Decade '' . Billboard ( Nielsen Business Media ) . Retrieved 14 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ultratop.be -- David Guetta feat . Kelly Rowland -- When Love Takes Over '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 24 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 200936 into search . ^ Jump up to : `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 24 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chart Track : Week 25 , 2009 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 14 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Italiancharts.com -- David Guetta feat . Kelly Rowland -- When Love Takes Over '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved 24 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 200929 into search . ^ Jump up to : `` Swisscharts.com -- David Guetta feat . Kelly Rowland -- When Love Takes Over '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 24 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` David Guetta / Kelly Rowland : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Brazil Hot 100 Airplay '' . Billboard Brasil ( in Portuguese ) . Brasil : bpp : 79 . November 2009 . , ^ Jump up to : `` David Guetta Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 5 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Swiss Year - End Chart 2009 '' . Media Control AG / Hung Medien . Retrieved 14 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rapports Annuels -- Singles 2009 '' ( in French ) . Ultratop / Hung Medien . Retrieved 14 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Europe Best of 2009 '' . Billboard ( Nielsen Business Media ) . Retrieved 14 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` ARIA Single Accreditations for 2011 '' . ARIA Accreditations . ARIA. 2009 . Retrieved 17 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gold & Platin '' . ifpi.at ( in German ) . I IFPI. 30 September 2009 . Search by title , enter `` When Love Takes Over '' . Archived from the original on 1 February 2010 . Retrieved 9 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guld og platin 2009 '' . ifpi.dk. 22 September 2009 . Archived from the original on 23 December 2014 . Retrieved 9 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Certifications '' ( PDF ) . FIMI . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 September 2010 . Retrieved 13 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Zealand Singles Chart Archive '' . RIANZ AUS Charts . Media Sauce. 10 May 2009 . Look - up Chart # 1689 5 October 2009 . Archived from the original on 9 March 2009 . Retrieved 17 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 50 Canciones Annual '' . promusicae.es ( in Spanish ) . PROMUSICAE. 2009 . Retrieved 9 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Swiss Certifications by Year '' . Swisscharts.com ( in Swiss ) . IFPI / Hung Medien. 2009 . Retrieved 17 July 2010 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Cardew , Ben ( 16 June 2009 ) . `` When Love Takes Over the singles chart '' . Music Week . Retrieved 17 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` First UK number one for DJ Guetta '' . BBC News . ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 21 June 2009 . Retrieved 21 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kelly Rowland UK Chart History '' . theofficialcharts.com . Retrieved 17 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Official Charts Flashback 2009 : Cascada -- Evacuate The Dancefloor '' . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Downloads of All Time '' . BBC Radio 1 / The Official Charts Company . Retrieved 4 January 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) ( 4 ) Sottraendo dal totale complessivo delle copie vendute con i singoli le vendite delle altre hits , si ottengono le copie vendute individualmente da When Love Takes Over ^ Jump up to : `` David Guetta feat . Kelly Rowland -- When Love Takes Over ( Making Of ) '' . YouTube . 1 June 2009 . Retrieved 15 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` David Guetta feat . Kelly Rowland -- When Love Takes This Over '' . MTV ( MTV Networks ) . Retrieved 17 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` David Guetta feat . Kelly Rowland -- When Love Takes Over ( Video ) '' . YouTube . 8 June 2009 . Retrieved 15 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Amazon MP3 ( 21 April 2009 ) . `` David Guetta feat . Kelly Rowland -- When Love Takes Over ( Maxi single Digital Download ) '' . Amazon.de . Retrieved 8 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` David Guetta feat . Kelly Rowland -- When Love Takes Over '' . Capital FM ( Global Radio UK ) . Retrieved 5 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Newman , Melinda ( 5 June 2010 ) . `` REVIEW : David Guetta / Kelly Rowland 's video for `` When Love Takes Over '' `` . hitfix.com . Retrieved 20 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` David Guetta at Ultra 2009 World Debut of `` When Love Takes Over '' `` . Miami , Florida : Ultra Music Festival . 23 March 2009 . Retrieved 1 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Cotton , Fearne , ( 10 May 2012 ) . Radio 1 's Live Lounge BBC ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Aired 10 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kelly Rowland Performs `` When Love Takes Over '' on ' This Morning ' `` . elbo.ws. 18 June 2009 . Retrieved 1 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Artists Flo Rida , Heidi Montag , David Guetta and Kelly Rowland to Perform During the Live Telecast of the 2009 Miss Universe ( R ) Competition '' . PR Newswire ( UBM ) . 23 July 2009 . Retrieved 25 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kelly Rowland When Love Takes Over Live in Sofia , Bulgaria '' . wn.com. 2009 . Retrieved 1 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kelly Rowland Celebrating Her # 1 World Hit @ TAO Nightclub , Las Vegas '' . AE Vegas . 23 July 2009 . Retrieved 25 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` London 2009 Highlights from the Royal Albert Hall 28 September 2009 '' . orangerockcorps.com. 28 September 2009 . Retrieved 1 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Residente , Nelly Furtado ( 15 October 2009 ) . Los Premios MTV Latinoamérica 2009 . MTV . Retrieved 1 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna dazzles the crowds at France 's top music awards in glittering two - tier dress '' . Daily Star . Associated Newspapers. 24 January 2010 . Retrieved 1 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kelly Rowland Performs When Love Takes Over on WMA '' . mosuniverse.com . June 2010 . Retrieved 1 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Watch UK '' . Yahoo !. 20 June 2009 . Retrieved 7 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pixie Lott -- Turn It Up Louder '' . HMV. 18 October 2010 . Retrieved 10 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tonight 's X Factor song choices revealed '' . heatworld.com. 9 October 2010 . Retrieved 9 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Season 2 , Episode 4 : Party Anthems '' . The X Factor . Australia . 10 October 2010 . Seven Network . Jump up ^ `` TOP 40 DANCE SINGLES ARCHIVE '' . The Official Charts Company . 16 October 2010 . Retrieved 27 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Patterson , Joseph ( 25 May 2010 ) . `` Kelly Rowland : The Interview '' . MTV UK . MTV Networks . Retrieved 30 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Track by track interview : 3 Words '' . Cherylcole.com ( through Brightcove ) . 15 October 2009 . Retrieved 6 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Amazon MP3 ( 14 June 2009 ) . `` David Guetta feat . Kelly Rowland -- When Love Takes Over ( MP3 album ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 8 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Amazon MP3 ( 15 June 2009 ) . `` David Guetta feat . Kelly Rowland -- When Love Takes Over ( Abel Ramos Paris with Love Mix ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 8 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Amazon MP3 ( 28 June 2009 ) . `` David Guetta feat . Kelly Rowland -- When Love Takes Over ( Donaeo Remix ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 8 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` David Guetta feat . Kelly Rowland -- When Love Takes Over ( 2 -- track CD single ) '' . Amazon.de. 12 June 2009 . Retrieved 8 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` David Guetta feat . Kelly Rowland -- When Love Takes Over ( EP ) '' . iTunes Store US . Apple Inc. 5 May 2009 . Retrieved 8 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Amazon MP3 . `` Now That 's What I Call Music ! 73 ( Digital download ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 19 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` David Guetta feat . Kelly Rowland -- When Love Takes Over ( 12 '' vinyl ) `` . hmv.co.uk . HMV Group . 15 June 2009 . Retrieved 8 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` David Guetta feat . Kelly Rowland -- When Love Takes Over ( Maxi single CD ) '' . Amazon.fr. 22 June 2009 . Retrieved 8 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` David Guetta feat . Kelly Rowland -- When Love Takes Over ( Maxi single CD ) '' . Amazon.de. 12 June 2010 . Retrieved 8 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` David Guetta feat . Kelly Rowland -- When Love Takes Over ( Remixes ) '' . iTunes Store US . Apple Inc. 5 May 2009 . Retrieved 8 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- David Guetta feat . Kelly Rowland -- When Love Takes Over '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 14 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 20 Dance Singles '' ( PDF ) . ARIA Charts. 6 July 2009 . Retrieved 14 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- David Guetta feat . Kelly Rowland -- When Love Takes Over '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 14 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- David Guetta feat . Kelly Rowland -- When Love Takes Over '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 14 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' ( PDF ) . ABPD . October 6 , 2001 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- David Guetta feat . Kelly Rowland -- When Love Takes Over '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved 24 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` David Guetta -- Chart history '' European Hot 100 for David Guetta . Jump up ^ `` David Guetta feat . Kelly Rowland : When Love Takes Over '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 24 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- David Guetta feat . Kelly Rowland -- When Love Takes Over '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 24 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Guetta , David Feat. Rowland , Kelly Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved 24 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Dance Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 24 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` David Guetta feat . Kelly Rowland -- When Love Takes Over Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Jump up ^ `` Luxembourg Digital Songs -- September 19 , 2009 '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 28 , 2009 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 24 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- David Guetta feat . Kelly Rowland -- When Love Takes Over '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 24 July 20094 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- David Guetta feat . Kelly Rowland -- When Love Takes Over '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 24 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Romanian peak Jump up ^ `` Media Forest -- Weekly Charts . Media Forest . 31 August 2009 . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Note : Romanian and international positions are rendered together by the number of plays before resulting an overall chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- David Guetta feat . Kelly Rowland -- When Love Takes Over '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved 24 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- David Guetta feat . Kelly Rowland -- When Love Takes Over '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 24 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Official Dance Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 27 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` David Guetta Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` David Guetta Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` David Guetta Chart History ( Latin Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` David Guetta Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Australian Top 100 Singles of 2009 '' . ARIA Charts ( ARIA ) . Retrieved 14 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Top 50 Dance Singles of 2009 '' . ARIA Charts ( ARIA ) . Retrieved 14 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Singles 2009 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop / Hung Medien . Retrieved 14 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Canada Best of 2009 '' . Billboard ( Nielsen Business Media ) . Retrieved 14 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 's best selling tracks '' ( in Danish ) . Pladebranchen / IFPI . Retrieved 14 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Éves összesített listák -- MAHASZ Rádiós TOP 100 ( súlyozott ) '' . Mahasz . Mahasz . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2009 '' . IRME . Retrieved 14 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` FIMI -- Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana -- Ricerche e dati di mercato '' . Fimi.it. 19 January 2010 . Archived from the original on 23 January 2010 . Retrieved 18 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Singles 2009 '' ( in Dutch ) . MegaCharts / Hung Medien . Retrieved 14 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ANNUAL TOP 50 SINGLES CHART 2009 '' . RIANZ. 2009 . Archived from the original on 22 July 2010 . Retrieved 31 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Canciones ( Annual ) '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . PROMUSICAE . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 June 2010 . Retrieved 14 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` MAHASZ Rádiós TOP 100 2010 '' . Mahasz ( in Hungarian ) . Retrieved 10 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Year - end charts : Dance / Electronic Digital Songs '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media . 2010 . Retrieved 29 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hits des neuen Jahrtausends '' ( in German ) . RTL. 2009 . Retrieved 10 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Goud en Platina -- Singles '' . ultratop.be ( in Dutch ) . IFPI. 2009 . Retrieved 9 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum Certification '' . cria.ca . CRIA. 2009 . Archived from the original on 19 October 2010 . Retrieved 9 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( ' When Love Takes Over ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` BPI Platinum & Gold Certified Awards Search '' . bpi.co.uk . BPI. 18 September 2009 . Search by title , enter `` When Love Takes Over '' . Retrieved 17 July 2010 . External links ( edit ) Making of `` When Love Takes Over '' on YouTube `` When Love Takes Over '' ( Official Music Video ) on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics David Guetta singles Discography Production discography Just a Little More Love `` Just a Little More Love '' `` Love Do n't Let Me Go '' `` People Come People Go '' `` Give Me Something '' Guetta Blaster `` Money '' `` Stay '' `` The World Is Mine '' `` In Love with Myself '' Pop Life `` Love Is Gone '' `` Baby When the Light '' `` Delirious '' `` Tomorrow Can Wait '' `` Everytime We Touch '' One Love `` When Love Takes Over '' `` Sexy Bitch '' `` One Love '' `` Memories '' One More Love `` Gettin ' Over You '' `` Who 's That Chick ? '' Nothing but the Beat `` Sweat '' `` Where Them Girls At '' `` Little Bad Girl '' `` Without You '' `` Titanium '' `` Turn Me On '' `` The Alphabeat '' `` I Can Only Imagine '' 2.0 `` Wild One Two '' `` She Wolf ( Falling to Pieces ) '' `` Just One Last Time '' `` Play Hard '' Listen `` Shot Me Down '' `` Bad '' `` Blast Off '' `` Lovers on the Sun '' `` Dangerous '' `` What I Did for Love '' `` Hey Mama '' `` Sun Goes Down '' Listen Again `` Clap Your Hands '' `` Bang My Head '' 7 `` 2U '' `` Like I Do '' `` Flames '' `` Do n't Leave Me Alone '' Fuck Me I 'm Famous series `` Just for One Day ( Heroes ) '' `` Love Do n't Let Me Go ( Walking Away ) '' `` Grrrr '' `` Ai n't a Party '' Non-album singles `` No Worries '' `` This One 's for You '' `` Would I Lie to You '' `` Shed a Light '' `` Light My Body Up '' `` Another Life '' `` Versace on the Floor '' `` Complicated '' `` Dirty Sexy Money '' `` So Far Away '' `` Helium '' `` Mad Love '' `` Your Love '' Featured singles `` Wavin ' Flag ( Celebration Mix ) '' `` Commander '' `` Club Ca n't Handle Me '' `` Laserlight '' `` Rest of My Life '' `` Right Now '' Promotional singles `` I Wanna Go Crazy '' `` Louder than Words '' `` Lunar '' `` Night of Your Life '' Other songs `` Crank It Up '' `` Repeat '' `` Sunshine '' `` Lift Me Up '' `` Listen '' `` I 'll Keep Loving You '' `` The Whisperer '' Kelly Rowland Discography Videography Tours Songs Awards and nominations Studio albums Simply Deep Ms. Kelly Here I Am Talk a Good Game Extended plays Ms. Kelly : Diva Deluxe Singles `` Dilemma '' `` Stole '' `` Ca n't Nobody '' `` Train on a Track '' `` Like This '' `` Ghetto '' `` Work '' `` Daylight '' `` Everywhere You Go '' `` Commander '' `` Rose Colored Glasses '' `` Grown Woman '' `` Forever and a Day '' `` Motivation '' `` Lay It on Me '' `` Down for Whatever '' `` Ice '' `` Kisses Down Low '' `` Dirty Laundry '' Featured singles `` Separated '' `` Une femme en prison '' `` Here We Go '' `` No Future in the Past '' `` Breathe Gentle '' `` When Love Takes Over '' `` Invincible '' `` Gone '' `` What a Feeling '' `` Favor '' `` Boo Thang '' `` Summer Dreaming 2012 '' `` How Deep Is Your Love '' `` Representin '' `` Mama Told Me '' `` Neva End '' `` Without Me '' `` One Life '' `` Love & Sex , Pt. 2 '' `` Say Yes '' Video albums BET Presents Kelly Rowland Concert tours Simply Deeper Tour Ms. Kelly Tour Lights Out Tour Related articles Destiny 's Child Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=When_Love_Takes_Over&oldid=854509869 '' Categories : 2009 singles David Guetta songs Kelly Rowland songs Songs written by David Guetta Songs written by Kelly Rowland Synthpop songs Music videos directed by Jonas Åkerlund Ultratop 50 Singles ( Wallonia ) number - one singles European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Israel Number - one singles in Italy Number - one singles in Switzerland Number - one singles in Turkey Number - one singles in Romania UK Singles Chart number - one singles UK Dance Singles Chart number - one singles Billboard Dance / Mix Show Airplay number - one singles Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Grammy Award for Best Remixed Recording , Non-Classical Songs written by Frédéric Riesterer Songs written by Olivia Nervo Songs written by Miriam Nervo 2009 songs Virgin Records EMI Records singles Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 maint : Unrecognized language CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 Hungarian - language sources ( hu ) Use dmy dates from May 2011 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Billboardeuropeanhot100 Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Hungarydance Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Romaniaradioairplay Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKchartstats Singlechart usages for UKdance Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardlatinpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Português Русский Shqip Tagalog Türkçe 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 21 : 53 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	french dj whose hits include when love takes over	[ "\"When Love Takes Over\" is a song by French DJ-music producer David Guetta with vocals by Kelly Rowland from his fourth studio album, One Love. It was released as the lead single from the album on 21 April 2009 by Virgin Records (EMI France). The song was conceived when Guetta played the instrumental version during one of his DJ sets in summer 2008; American recording artist Kelly Rowland, who fell in love with the track, convinced Guetta to allow her to take it so that she could write and record vocals for it. It was co-written by Nervo.\n" ]	[ "David Guetta" ]
1253972611867817782	How the Grinch Stole Christmas! (TV special)	How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( TV special ) - wikipedia How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( TV special ) Jump to : navigation , search How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! Print advertisement Based on How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! by Dr. Seuss Screenplay by Dr. Seuss Directed by Chuck Jones Starring Boris Karloff Uncredited : June Foray Thurl Ravenscroft Narrated by Boris Karloff Theme music composer Albert Hague Eugene Poddany Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English Production Producer ( s ) Chuck Jones Ted Geisel Running time 26 min . Production company ( s ) Cat in the Hat Productions MGM Animation / Visual Arts Distributor MGM Television Budget $315,000 Release Original network CBS Original release December 18 , 1966 ( 1966 - 12 - 18 ) Chronology Followed by Halloween Is Grinch Night How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( also known as Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ) is a 1966 Christmas animated television special directed and co-produced by Chuck Jones . It is based on the eponymous children 's book by Dr. Seuss , the story of the Grinch trying to take away Christmas from the townsfolk of Whoville below his mountain hideaway . Originally telecast in the United States on CBS on December 18 , 1966 , it went on to become a perennial holiday special . The special also features the voice of Boris Karloff as the Grinch and the narrator . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Reception 4 Home video releases 5 Soundtrack 6 Sequels 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) The Grinch ( voiced by Boris Karloff ) is the film 's main character . He lives in a cave atop Mt . Crumpit , located above the village of Whoville . The Grinch is a surly character with a heart `` two sizes too small '' who has especially hated Christmas for 53 years . On Christmas Eve , he finally becomes fed up with seeing the decorations and hearing all the music and caroling in the village and wishes he could stop Christmas Day from coming to Whoville . When he sees his dog , Max , with snow all over his face in the shape of a beard , he decides to disguise himself as Santa Claus and steal Christmas . The Grinch makes himself a Santa coat and hat and disguises the innocent Max as a reindeer . He loads empty bags onto a sleigh and travels to Whoville with some difficulty . In the first house he is almost caught by Cindy Lou Who ( voiced by an uncredited June Foray ) , a small Who girl who wakes up and sees him taking the Christmas tree . Pretending to be Santa , the Grinch tells Cindy Lou that he is merely taking the tree to his workshop for repairs , and then gets her a drink before sending her back to bed . He empties the first house of all the food and Christmas - related items , namely presents , trees , mistletoes , and even the stockings on the chimney , then repeats the process at the other houses in Whoville , while also taking the village decorations . With the Whos ' stolen Christmas goods , the Grinch and Max travel back up Mt . Crumpit . Before dropping the loaded sleigh off the mountain , the Grinch waits to hear a sad cry from the Whos . However , down in the village , the Whos joyously begin to sing Christmas carols , proving that the spirit of Christmas does not depend on material things . The Grinch begins to understand the true meaning of Christmas , though he barely does so in time to prevent the stolen treats from going over the cliff and while he tries to stop the sleigh from falling off , his heart grows three sizes -- granting him `` the strength of ten Grinches , plus two ! '' , which he needs to lift up the sleigh . He brings everything back to the Whos and participates in the holiday feast . He is given the honor of carving the roast beast , while Max gets the first slice for himself for all his troubles . Production ( edit ) Director Chuck Jones and children 's - book author Ted Geisel ( Dr. Seuss ) had worked together on the Private Snafu training cartoons at Warner Bros. Cartoons during World War II . How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! was produced by The Cat in the Hat Productions in association with the television and animation divisions of Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Studios . The half - hour ( with commercials ) short was originally telecast in the United States on CBS on December 18 , 1966 . CBS repeated it annually during the Christmas season until 1988 . It was then aired on various other networks multiple times a season . In the 1990s and 2000s , it was primarily seen on Turner - owned properties ( TBS , TNT , and Cartoon Network ) , and later ABC and ABC Family . On August 13 , 2015 , NBC announced that the special would move to that network , which would air it twice during the Christmas season under a three - year licensing deal with Warner Bros. Domestic Television Distribution . Reception ( edit ) The special was released in the midst of a wave of animated holiday specials , many of which ( such as 1964 's Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer and 1965 's A Charlie Brown Christmas ) went on to become regarded as classics . It received modestly positive reviews at the time it was released . Critic Rick Du Brow said it was `` probably as good as most of the other holiday cartoons . '' It has since been recognized as a classic , with Rotten Tomatoes giving it a 100 % `` fresh '' rating on its website ; the critical consensus reads , `` How the Grinch Stole Christmas brings an impressive array of talent to bear on an adaptation that honors a classic holiday story -- and has rightfully become a yuletide tradition of its own . '' The special continues to be popular in Nielsen Ratings , with its 2010 airing ( the last of many times it had aired that year ) winning its time slot among persons 18 to 49 and finishing second in overall viewers . TV Guide ranked the special No. 1 on its 10 Best Family Holiday Specials list . Home Video releases ( edit ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! was released to VHS and Betamax by MGM / UA Home Video in 1986 , and was reissued several times . The special was first released to the VHS and DVD formats in 1999 and 2000 by Warner Home Video , which acquired the rights to the MGM library in the late 1990s . The DVD release featured another Seuss - based special , Horton Hears a Who ! , and contained an audio commentary by Phil Roman and June Foray , interviews with Albert Hague and Thurl Ravenscroft , and the `` Special Edition '' documentary which aired alongside the special on TNT in 1994 . The DVD was well - received for these bonus features , but also criticized for its sub-par picture quality ; many critics pointed out that the Grinch looked yellow , not green , in this release . The special was re-released on DVD in 2006 and labeled as a `` 50th Birthday Deluxe Edition '' . That labeling refers to the 1957 date of the book 's publication rather than to the date of the 1966 TV special . This DVD release featured a new retrospective featurette and contained all the bonus features from the previous release , except for the audio commentary , and the Grinch was restored to his original green color . This edition is also available as part of the four - disc Classic Christmas Favorites box set . The special was again re-released on DVD with Phil Roman 's and June Foray 's audio commentary replacing the Horton Hears a Who ! bonus special . The special was released on high definition Blu - ray Disc in 2009 with the title changed to Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! It contained all the bonus features from the 2000 DVD , except for Horton Hears a Who ! , and also included a DVD of the special and a Digital Copy . Soundtrack ( edit ) The special includes , nearly verbatim , the entire text of the original book , with a few embellishments . To pad the special to a full time slot , several animated sequences and musical numbers were added . As all the major networks had flipped to full color schedules by 1966 , the special was likewise produced in color , establishing the Grinch 's color ( white in the two - tone illustrations of the original book ) as green , a convention used in later television specials as well as the 2000 live - action film The Grinch . Three songs with lyrics were among the additions : `` Welcome Christmas , '' `` Trim up the Tree '' and `` You 're a Mean One , Mr. Grinch . '' The last of these was performed by Thurl Ravenscroft ; the other two were performed by a chorus representing the voices of the Whos . None of the vocalists were credited at the time . On December 18 , 1966 , MGM released a soundtrack LP in conjunction with the television special . CD releases include albums produced by Island ( 1995 ) and Mercury Records . In the recorded version , Boris Karloff does all voices including Cindy Lou Who . The song `` You 're a Mean One , Mr. Grinch '' , which comically describes the level of the Grinch 's despicable nature , includes all verses with their original rhyming lyrics and the isolated song tracks have different durations due to being re-recorded . On October 5 , 1999 , Rhino Entertainment released a new CD soundtrack ( which included the soundtrack for another Dr. Seuss cartoon , Horton Hears a Who ) . Both story collections contain selected dialogue and music numbers . The `` isolated music tracks '' in this edition are taken directly from the television soundtrack and are not the re-recorded tracks from earlier versions . The dialogues are the originals , being voiced by Boris Karloff for `` Grinch '' and Hans Conried for `` Horton . '' Because Thurl Ravenscroft was not credited in the closing credits of the 1966 television special as singing the song `` You 're a Mean One , Mr. Grinch '' , it is sometimes attributed to Boris Karloff . After becoming aware of this oversight , Seuss himself called Ravenscroft and apologized profusely and later wrote letters to columnists nationwide telling them that it was Ravenscroft who provided vocals for the musical number . Karloff received a Grammy Award in the Spoken Word category -- the only major performing award of his career -- for the album . Sequels ( edit ) A television special called Halloween Is Grinch Night , created by DePatie - Freleng Enterprises , aired on ABC in 1977 , eleven years after the Christmas special . This special involved a tale of the Grinch coming down to scare the Whos every Halloween . Though less successful than the original , it was awarded an Emmy . A later cartoon , The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat ( alternately titled The Cat in the Hat Gets Grinched ) , aired on ABC in 1982 . Though credited to DePatie - Freleng , it was produced by Marvel Productions , which had taken over DePatie - Freleng in 1981 . See also ( edit ) Grammy Award for Best Album for Children List of films with a 100 % rating on Rotten Tomatoes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stephen Jacobs , Boris Karloff : More Than a Monster , Tomohawk Press 2011 p. 478 ^ Jump up to : McCracken , Elizabeth ( December 25 , 2005 ) . `` Our Cereal Hero '' . New York Times . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Grinch at Don Markstein 's Toonopedia . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATE / Lee Margulies '' . latimes.com . November 27 , 2016 . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' How The Grinch Stole Christmas ' Animated Special Moves To NBC -- TCA '' . Deadline.com . August 13 , 2015 . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rick Du Brow ( December 19 , 1966 ) . `` Christmas ' Theft ' A Charming Hour '' . Beaver County Times . Retrieved December 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` How the Grinch Stole Christmas '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ TV ratings : CBS reruns dominate , ABC 's double - ' Grinch ' wins demo . Zap2It . Retrieved December 26 , 2010 Jump up ^ TV Guide Guide to TV . Barnes and Noble. 2004 . p. 574 . ISBN 0 - 7607 - 5634 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` DVD Movie Guide : Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas / Horton Hears A Who ! : Special Edition ( 1966 ) review '' . Dvdmg.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` DVD Movie Guide : Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas / Horton Hears A Who ! : 50th Birthday Deluxe Edition ( 1966 ) review '' . Dvdmg.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` WHV Press Release : Seasonal Family Classics Combo Packs ( Blu - ray ) '' . Hometheaterforum.com . July 14 , 2009 . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Boris Karloff ( British actor ) -- Encyclopædia Britannica '' . Britannica.com . March 18 , 2014 . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Primetime Emmy ® Award Database Emmys.com '' . Cdn.emmys.tv . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( TV special ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! on IMDb How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! at The Big Cartoon DataBase How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! at Rotten Tomatoes Dr. Seuss Characters The Cat in the Hat The Grinch Horton the Elephant Bartholomew Cubbins Bibliography And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins The King 's Stilts The Seven Lady Godivas Horton Hatches the Egg McElligot 's Pool Thidwick the Big - Hearted Moose Bartholomew and the Oobleck If I Ran the Zoo Scrambled Eggs Super ! Horton Hears a Who ! On Beyond Zebra ! If I Ran the Circus How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Cat in the Hat The Cat in the Hat Comes Back Yertle the Turtle and Other Stories Happy Birthday to You ! Green Eggs and Ham One Fish , Two Fish , Red Fish , Blue Fish The Sneetches and Other Stories Dr. Seuss 's Sleep Book Dr. Seuss 's ABC Fox in Socks Hop on Pop I Had Trouble in Getting to Solla Sollew Come over to My House The Cat in the Hat Songbook The Foot Book I Can Lick 30 Tigers Today ! and Other Stories My Book about ME Mr. Brown Can Moo ! Can You ? : Dr. Seuss 's Book of Wonderful Noises ! The Lorax Marvin K. Mooney Will You Please Go Now ! Did I Ever Tell You How Lucky You Are ? The Shape of Me and Other Stuff Wacky Wednesday Great Day for Up ! Oh , the Thinks You Can Think ! The Cat 's Quizzer I Can Read with My Eyes Shut ! Oh Say Can You Say ? Hunches in Bunches The Butter Battle Book You 're Only Old Once ! I Am Not Going to Get Up Today ! Oh , the Places You 'll Go ! There 's a Wocket in My Pocket I Wish That I Had Duck Feet Daisy - Head Mayzie My Many Colored Days Hooray for Diffendoofer Day ! The Bippolo Seed and Other Lost Stories Horton and the Kwuggerbug and More Lost Stories What Pet Should I Get ? Adaptations Television The Gerald McBoing - Boing Show ( 1956 -- 57 ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1966 ) Horton Hears a Who ! ( 1970 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 1971 ) The Lorax ( 1972 ) Dr. Seuss on the Loose ( 1973 ) The Hoober - Bloob Highway ( 1975 ) Halloween Is Grinch Night ( 1977 ) Pontoffel Pock , Where Are You ? ( 1980 ) The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat ( 1982 ) The Butter Battle Book ( 1989 ) In Search of Dr. Seuss ( 1994 ) Daisy - Head Mayzie ( 1995 ) The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss ( 1996 -- 98 ) ( episodes ) Gerald McBoing - Boing ( 2005 -- 07 ) The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That ! ( 2010 -- present ) ( episodes ) Green Eggs and Ham ( 2018 ) Film Horton Hatches the Egg ( short ; 1942 ) Gerald McBoing - Boing ( short ; 1950 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 2003 ) Horton Hears a Who ! ( 2008 ) The Lorax ( 2012 ) The Grinch ( 2018 ) The Cat in the Hat ( TBA ) Other media Welcome ( Russian short film ) Seussical ( musical ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Musical The Grinch ( video game ) Dr. Seuss : How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( video game ) `` You 're a Mean One , Mr. Grinch '' ( song ) The Lorax ( play ) Other works Private Snafu The Pocket Book of Boners Your Job in Germany Our Job in Japan Design for Death The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T . Hejji Society of Red Tape Cutters Flit Related A Fish out of Water Amazing World of Dr. Seuss Museum Beginner Books Dr. Seuss Goes to War The Secret Art of Dr. Seuss Dr. Seuss National Memorial Geisel Award Geisel Library Geisel School of Medicine Helen Palmer PM Political messages of Dr. Seuss Read Across America Seuss Landing as `` Theo . LeSieg '' . Posthumous . Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! Characters Grinch Book How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1957 ) Music `` You 're a Mean One , Mr. Grinch '' ( 1966 ) Adaptations Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1966 , TV special ) Halloween Is Grinch Night ( 1977 , TV special ) The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat ( 1982 , TV special ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Musical ( 1994 ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 live action film ) Dr. Seuss ' The Grinch ( 2018 animated film ) Related Dr. Seuss Memorial Chuck Jones Short subjects The Night Watchman ( 1938 ) Dog Gone Modern ( 1939 ) Robin Hood Makes Good ( 1939 ) Prest - O Change - O ( 1939 ) Daffy Duck and the Dinosaur ( 1939 ) Naughty but Mice ( 1939 ) Old Glory ( 1939 ) Snowman 's Land ( 1939 ) Little Brother Rat ( 1939 ) The Little Lion Hunter ( 1939 ) The Good Egg ( 1939 ) Sniffles and the Bookworm ( 1939 ) The Curious Puppy ( 1939 ) Mighty Hunters ( 1940 ) Elmer 's Candid Camera ( 1940 ) Sniffles Takes a Trip ( 1940 ) Tom Thumb in Trouble ( 1940 ) The Egg Collector ( 1940 ) Ghost Wanted ( 1940 ) Stage Fright ( 1940 ) Good Night , Elmer ( 1940 ) Bedtime for Sniffles ( 1940 ) Elmer 's Pet Rabbit ( 1941 ) Sniffles Bells the Cat ( 1941 ) Joe Glow , the Firefly ( 1941 ) Porky 's Ant ( 1941 ) Toy Trouble ( 1941 ) Porky 's Prize Pony ( 1941 ) Inki and the Lion ( 1941 ) Snow Time for Comedy ( 1941 ) The Brave Little Bat ( 1941 ) Saddle Silly ( 1941 ) Porky 's Midnight Matinee ( 1941 ) The Bird Came C.O.D. ( 1942 ) Porky 's Cafe ( 1942 ) Conrad the Sailor ( 1942 ) Dog Tired ( 1942 ) The Draft Horse ( 1942 ) Hold the Lion , Please ( 1942 ) The Squawkin ' Hawk ( 1942 ) Fox Pop ( 1942 ) The Dover Boys ( 1942 ) My Favorite Duck ( 1942 ) Case of the Missing Hare ( 1942 ) Point Rationing of Foods ( 1943 ) To Duck or Not to Duck ( 1943 ) Flop Goes the Weasel ( 1943 ) Super-Rabbit ( 1943 ) The Unbearable Bear ( 1943 ) The Aristo - Cat ( 1943 ) Coming Snafu ( 1943 ) Wackiki Wabbit ( 1943 ) Spies ( 1943 ) The Infantry Blues ( 1943 ) Fin'n Catty ( 1943 ) Inki and the Minah Bird ( 1943 ) Tom Turk and Daffy ( 1944 ) Bugs Bunny and the 3 Bears ( 1944 ) Private Snafu vs. Malaria Mike ( 1944 ) The Weakly Reporter ( 1944 ) A Lecture on Camouflage ( 1944 ) Going Home ( 1944 , unreleased ) Gas ( 1944 ) Angel Puss ( 1944 ) Outpost ( 1944 ) From Hand to Mouse ( 1944 ) Lost and Foundling ( 1944 ) Hell - Bent for Election ( 1944 ) Odor - able Kitty ( 1945 ) In the Aleutians - Isles of Enchantment ( 1945 ) Trap Happy Porky ( 1945 ) It 's Murder She Says ( 1945 ) Hare Conditioned ( 1945 ) Fresh Airedale ( 1945 ) No Buddy Atoll ( 1945 ) Hare Tonic ( 1945 ) Secrets of the Caribbean ( 1945 ) Quentin Quail ( 1946 ) Hush My Mouse ( 1946 ) Hair - Raising Hare ( 1946 ) Fair and Worm - er ( 1946 ) Roughly Squeaking ( 1946 ) Scent - imental Over You ( 1947 ) Inki at the Circus ( 1947 ) A Pest in the House ( 1947 ) Little Orphan Airedale ( 1947 ) House Hunting Mice ( 1948 ) A Feather in His Hare ( 1948 ) What 's Brewin ' , Bruin ? ( 1948 ) Rabbit Punch ( 1948 ) Haredevil Hare ( 1948 ) You Were Never Duckier ( 1948 ) Daffy Dilly ( 1948 ) My Bunny Lies over the Sea ( 1948 ) Scaredy Cat ( 1948 ) So Much for So Little ( 1949 ) Awful Orphan ( 1949 ) Mississippi Hare ( 1949 ) Mouse Wreckers ( 1949 ) The Bee - Deviled Bruin ( 1949 ) Long - Haired Hare ( 1949 ) Often an Orphan ( 1949 ) Fast and Furry - ous ( 1949 ) Frigid Hare ( 1949 ) For Scent - imental Reasons ( 1949 ) Bear Feat ( 1949 ) Rabbit Hood ( 1949 ) The Scarlet Pumpernickel ( 1950 ) The Ducksters ( 1950 ) Dog Gone South ( 1950 ) 8 Ball Bunny ( 1950 ) The Hypo - Chondri - Cat ( 1950 ) Homeless Hare ( 1950 ) Caveman Inki ( 1950 ) Rabbit of Seville ( 1950 ) Two 's A Crowd ( 1950 ) Bunny Hugged ( 1951 ) Scentimental Romeo ( 1951 ) A Hound for Trouble ( 1951 ) Rabbit Fire ( 1951 ) Chow Hound ( 1951 ) The Wearing of the Grin ( 1951 ) Cheese Chasers ( 1951 ) A Bear for Punishment ( 1951 ) Drip - Along Daffy ( 1951 ) Operation : Rabbit ( 1952 ) Feed the Kitty ( 1952 ) Little Beau Pepé ( 1952 ) Water , Water Every Hare ( 1952 ) Orange Blossoms for Violet ( 1952 ) Beep , Beep ( 1952 ) The Hasty Hare ( 1952 ) Going ! Going ! Gosh ! ( 1952 ) Mouse Warming ( 1952 ) Rabbit Seasoning ( 1952 ) Terrier Stricken ( 1952 ) Do n't Give Up the Sheep ( 1953 ) Forward March Hare ( 1953 ) Kiss Me Cat ( 1953 ) Duck Amuck ( 1953 ) Much Ado About Nutting ( 1953 ) Wild Over You ( 1953 ) Duck Dodgers in the 241⁄2th Century ( 1953 ) Bully for Bugs ( 1953 ) Zipping Along ( 1953 ) Lumber Jack - Rabbit ( 1953 ) Duck ! Rabbit , Duck ! ( 1953 ) Punch Trunk ( 1953 ) Feline Frame - Up ( 1954 ) No Barking ( 1954 ) The Cat 's Bah ( 1954 ) Claws for Alarm ( 1954 ) Bewitched Bunny ( 1954 ) Stop ! Look ! And Hasten ! ( 1954 ) From A to Z-Z-Z-Z ( 1954 ) My Little Duckaroo ( 1954 ) Sheep Ahoy ( 1954 ) Baby Buggy Bunny ( 1954 ) Beanstalk Bunny ( 1955 ) Ready , Set , Zoom ! ( 1955 ) Past Perfumance ( 1955 ) Rabbit Rampage ( 1955 ) Double or Mutton ( 1955 ) Jumpin ' Jupiter ( 1955 ) Knight - mare Hare ( 1955 ) Two Scent 's Worth ( 1955 ) Guided Muscle ( 1955 ) One Froggy Evening ( 1955 ) A Hitch in Time ( 1955 ) 90 Days Wondering ( 1956 ) Bugs ' Bonnets ( 1956 ) Broom - Stick Bunny ( 1956 ) Rocket Squad ( 1956 ) Heaven Scent ( 1956 ) Gee Whiz - z-z-z-z-z-z ( 1956 ) Barbary Coast Bunny ( 1956 ) Rocket - bye Baby ( 1956 ) Deduce , You Say ! ( 1956 ) There They Go - Go - Go ! ( 1956 ) To Hare Is Human ( 1956 ) Scrambled Aches ( 1957 ) Ali Baba Bunny ( 1957 ) Go Fly a Kit ( 1957 ) Boyhood Daze ( 1957 ) Steal Wool ( 1957 ) What 's Opera , Doc ? ( 1957 ) Zoom and Bored ( 1957 ) Touché and Go ( 1957 ) Drafty , Is n't It ? ( 1957 ) Robin Hood Daffy ( 1958 ) Hare - Way to the Stars ( 1958 ) Whoa , Be-Gone ! ( 1958 ) To Itch His Own ( 1958 ) Hook , Line and Stinker ( 1958 ) Hip Hip - Hurry ! ( 1958 ) Cat Feud ( 1958 ) Baton Bunny ( 1959 ) Hot - Rod and Reel ! ( 1959 ) Wild About Hurry ( 1959 ) Fastest with the Mostest ( 1960 ) Hopalong Casualty ( 1960 ) Who Scent You ? ( 1960 ) Rabbit 's Feat ( 1960 ) Ready , Woolen and Able ( 1960 ) High Note ( 1960 ) Zip ' N Snort ( 1961 ) The Mouse on 57th Street ( 1961 ) The Abominable Snow Rabbit ( 1961 ) Lickety - Splat ( 1961 ) A Scent of the Matterhorn ( 1961 ) Compressed Hare ( 1961 ) Beep Prepared ( 1961 ) Nelly 's Folly ( 1961 ) A Sheep in the Deep ( 1962 ) Zoom at the Top ( 1962 ) Louvre Come Back to Me ! ( 1962 ) Martian Through Georgia ( 1962 ) I Was a Teenage Thumb ( 1963 ) Now Hear This ( 1963 ) Hare - Breadth Hurry ( 1963 ) Mad as a Mars Hare ( 1963 ) Transylvania 6 - 5000 ( 1963 ) To Beep or Not to Beep ( 1963 ) Tom and Jerry ( cartoon shorts , 1963 -- 1967 ) War and Pieces ( 1964 ) The Dot and the Line ( 1965 ) The Bear That Was n't ( 1967 ) Man : The Polluter ( 1973 ) Chariots of Fur ( 1994 ) Another Froggy Evening ( 1995 ) Superior Duck ( 1996 ) From Hare to Eternity ( 1997 ) Television specials How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1966 ) The Pogo Special Birthday Special ( 1969 ) Horton Hears a Who ! ( 1970 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 1971 , producer ) The Cricket in Times Square ( 1973 ) A Very Merry Cricket ( 1973 ) Yankee Doodle Cricket ( 1975 ) The White Seal ( 1975 ) Rikki - Tikki - Tavi ( 1975 ) Mowgli 's Brothers ( 1976 ) Bugs and Daffy 's Carnival of the Animals ( 1976 ) A Connecticut Rabbit in King Arthur 's Court ( 1978 ) Raggedy Ann and Andy in The Great Santa Claus Caper ( 1978 ) Raggedy Ann and Andy in The Pumpkin Who Could n't Smile ( 1979 ) Bugs Bunny 's Looney Christmas Tales ( 1979 ) Daffy Duck 's Thanks - for - Giving Special ( 1980 ) Bugs Bunny 's Bustin ' Out All Over ( 1980 ) A Chipmunk Christmas ( 1981 ) Peter and the Wolf ( 1995 ) Feature films Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 , layout artist ) Gay Purr - ee ( 1962 , screenplay ) The Phantom Tollbooth ( 1970 ) The Bugs Bunny / Road Runner Movie ( 1979 ) Bugs Bunny 's 3rd Movie : 1001 Rabbit Tales ( 1982 ) Daffy Duck 's Fantastic Island ( 1983 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 , animation consultant ) Gremlins 2 : The New Batch ( 1990 , animation sequences ) Stay Tuned ( 1992 , animation sequence ) Mrs. Doubtfire ( 1993 , animation supervisor ) Four Rooms ( 1995 , animation sequences ) Books Daffy Duck for President ( 1997 ) Comics Crawford ( 1977 -- 1978 ) Characters Bugs Bunny Charlie Dog Claude Cat Daffy Duck Elmer Fudd Gossamer Hubie and Bertie Marc Antony and Pussyfoot Marvin the Martian Michigan J. Frog Penelope Pussycat Pepé Le Pew Porky Pig Ralph Wolf and Sam Sheepdog Sniffles The Three Bears Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner Witch Hazel Other works Chuck Amuck : The Movie Chuck Jones : Extremes & Inbetweens -- A Life in Animation Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_the_Grinch_Stole_Christmas!_(TV_special)&oldid=824287239 '' Categories : 1966 television films CBS television specials 1966 television specials Animated television specials Christmas television specials Musical television specials Screenplays by Dr. Seuss Television programs based on works by Dr. Seuss American television specials Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Español فارسی Français Hrvatski Italiano Nederlands Polski Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 6 February 2018 , at 13 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when is how the grinch stole christmas on tv 2014	[]	[]
-7297365284555875272	Data codes for Switzerland	Data codes for Switzerland - wikipedia Data codes for Switzerland These are data codes for Switzerland . Contents 1 Country 2 NUTS - 2 Regions 3 Cantons 4 Districts 5 Municipalities 6 Localities 7 Airports 8 See also Country ( edit ) These are codes for the country itself . See country code for a fuller explanation . CH ISO country code ( ISO 3166 - 1 alpha - 2 , two letter ) Internet Country code top - level domain ( ccTLD ) ( see . ch ) Distinguishing sign of vehicles in international traffic International Union of Railways alphabetical UIC Country Code WIPO ST. 3 CHE ISO country code ( ISO 3166 - 1 alpha - 3 , three letter code ) EO39 Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics ( NUTS ) HB ICAO aircraft registration prefix ( since 1935 , before : CH ) HBA - HBZ , HEA - HEZ : ITU callsign prefix LS ICAO airport code or nationality letters for location indicator ( see also : List of airport codes : LS ) SUI IOC country code FIFA country code ITU letter codes for member - countries SW WMO message header country code SZ FIPS country code Library of Congress machine - readable cataloguing country code 41 Country calling code 85 International Union of Railways numeric UIC Country Code 228 E. 212 Mobile country code 269 ITU maritime identification digits 756 ISO country code ( ISO 3166 - 1 numeric , numeric code ) 760 - 769 GS1 prefix of GTIN ( barcodes ) by GS1 Switzerland ШВА Cyrillic three - letter country codes per GOST 7.67 or ISO 3166 - 88 standard See also : Country codes : S # Switzerland NUTS - 2 Regions ( edit ) Main article : NUTS of Switzerland As a member of the EFTA , Switzerland is included in the Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics ( NUTS ) . The three NUTS levels are : NUTS - 1 : Switzerland ( CH0 ) NUTS - 2 : 7 Regions NUTS - 3 : 26 Cantons The seven NUTS - 2 Regions are the following : Code Region Region ( local name ) Cantons CH01 Lake Geneva region Région lémanique Vaud , Valais , Geneva CH02 Espace Mittelland Espace Mittelland Berne , Fribourg , Solothurn , Neuchâtel , Jura CH03 Northwestern Switzerland Nordwestschweiz Basel - City , Basel - Country , Aargau CH04 Zurich Zürich Zurich CH05 Eastern Switzerland Ostschweiz Glarus , Schaffhausen , Appenzell Ausserrhoden , Appenzell Innerrhoden , St. Gallen , Grisons , Thurgau CH06 Central Switzerland Zentralschweiz Lucerne , Uri , Schwyz , Obwalden , Nidwalden , Zug CH07 Ticino Ticino Ticino Below the NUTS levels , there are two LAU levels ( LAU - 1 : districts ; LAU - 2 : municipalities ) . Cantons ( edit ) Valais Ticino Graubünden ( Grisons ) Geneva Vaud Neuchâtel Jura Bern Thurgau Zürich Aargau Lucerne Solothurn Basel - Land Schaffhausen Uri Schwyz Glarus St. Gallen AI AR Obwalden Nidwalden Zug Fribourg Basel - Stadt France Italy Liecht . Austria Germany The two - letter abbreviations are widely used , e.g. on car license plates and as disambiguator for localities on postal addresses if two localities in different cantons have the same name . They are also used with the prefix `` CH - '' as ISO 3166 - 2 codes of Switzerland , e.g. CH - SZ for the canton of Schwyz . SFSO also uses a numerical code ordering the cantons by their constitutional order ( 1 to 26 ) . The FIPS 10 - 4 region codes of Switzerland were used by the United States government . This standard was withdrawn in 2008 . The NUTS - 3 codes are used by the European Union . Data codes for Cantons of Switzerland Canton Two - letter Abbr . Numeric FIPS 10 - 4 NUTS - 3 Aargau AG 19 SZ01 CH033 Appenzell Innerrhoden AI 15 SZ10 CH054 Appenzell Ausserrhoden AR 16 SZ02 CH053 Berne BE SZ05 CH021 Basel - Landschaft BL 13 SZ03 CH032 Basel - Stadt BS 12 SZ04 CH031 Fribourg FR 10 SZ06 CH022 Geneva GE 25 SZ07 CH013 Glarus GL 8 SZ08 CH051 Grisons GR 18 SZ09 CH056 Jura JU 26 SZ26 CH025 Lucerne LU SZ11 CH061 Neuchâtel NE 24 SZ12 CH024 Nidwalden NW 7 SZ13 CH065 Obwalden OW 6 SZ14 CH064 St. Gallen SG 17 SZ15 CH055 Schaffhausen SH 14 SZ16 CH052 Solothurn SO 11 SZ18 CH023 Schwyz SZ 5 SZ17 CH063 Thurgau TG 20 SZ19 CH057 Ticino TI 21 SZ20 CH070 Uri UR SZ21 CH062 Vaud VD 22 SZ23 CH011 Valais VS 23 SZ22 CH012 Zug ZG 9 SZ24 CH066 Zürich ZH SZ25 CH040 Districts ( edit ) Districts are assigned three - digit numerical codes by SFSO . Districts are used as LAU - 1 level . Municipalities ( edit ) See Community Identification Number # Switzerland Municipalities are used as LAU - 2 level . Localities ( edit ) See Postal codes in Switzerland and Liechtenstein Airports ( edit ) See List of airports by ICAO code : L # LS -- Switzerland List of airports in Switzerland See also ( edit ) Switzerland portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Data_codes_for_Switzerland&oldid=795938006 '' Categories : Switzerland - related lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 August 2017 , at 13 : 11 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	what is the 2 letter abbreviation for switzerland	[]	[]
-2147978953043809815	2018–19 Premier League	2018 -- 19 Premier League - wikipedia 2018 -- 19 Premier League Premier League Season 2018 -- 19 Dates 11 August 2018 -- 19 May 2019 ← 2017 -- 18 2019 -- 20 → The 2018 -- 19 Premier League will be the 27th season of the Premier League , the top English professional league for association football clubs , since its establishment in 1992 . The season will start on 11 August 2018 and is scheduled to finish on 19 May 2019 . Fixtures for the 2018 -- 19 season were announced on 14 June 2018 . Manchester City are the defending champions . Wolverhampton Wanderers , Cardiff City and Fulham join as the promoted clubs from the 2017 -- 18 EFL Championship . They will replace West Bromwich Albion , Swansea City and Stoke City who were relegated to the 2018 -- 19 EFL Championship . Contents ( hide ) 1 Teams 1.1 Venues 1.2 Personnel and kits 1.3 Managerial changes 2 League table 3 Results 4 Season statistics 5 References 6 External links Teams London Bournemouth Brighton & Hove Albion Burnley Cardiff City Everton Huddersfield Town Leicester City Liverpool Manchester City Manchester United Newcastle United Southampton Watford Wolverhampton Wanderers London teams Arsenal Chelsea Crystal Palace Fulham Tottenham Hotspur West Ham United Locations of the 2018 -- 19 Premier League teams Arsenal Chelsea Crystal Palace Fulham Tottenham Hotspur West Ham United Greater London 2018 -- 19 Premier League football clubs Twenty teams will compete in the league -- the top seventeen teams from the previous season , and three teams promoted from the EFL Championship . Teams promoted to the Premier League The first club to be promoted was Wolverhampton Wanderers , following Fulham 's 1 -- 1 draw against Brentford on 14 April 2018 . Wolves will play in the Premier League for the first time since the 2011 -- 12 season . They were also promoted as 2017 -- 18 EFL Championship winners , after clinching the title on 21 April 2018 following a 4 -- 0 victory against Bolton Wanderers . The second club to be promoted was Cardiff City after drawing 0 -- 0 against Reading on 5 May 2018 , the last day of the regular season , with promotion rivals Fulham losing 3 -- 1 against Birmingham City . Cardiff will enter their second spell in the league , their only previous appearance being in the 2013 -- 14 season . The third and final club to be promoted was Fulham , following their 1 -- 0 victory against Aston Villa on 26 May 2018 in the 2018 EFL Championship play - off Final at Wembley Stadium . Fulham return to the Premier League for the first time since the 2013 -- 14 season . Teams relegated to the EFL Championship The first club to be relegated was Stoke City , who were relegated on 5 May 2018 following a 2 -- 1 defeat against Crystal Palace , ending their 10 - year stay in the top flight . This was also the club 's first relegation from the Premier League . The second club to be relegated was West Bromwich Albion , who were relegated on 8 May 2018 following Southampton 's 1 -- 0 victory against Swansea City , ending their 8 - year stay in the top flight . The third and final club to be relegated was Swansea City , who were relegated on 13 May 2018 following a 2 -- 1 defeat against already relegated Stoke City , ending their 7 - year stay in the top flight . This was also the club 's first relegation from the Premier League . Venues Note : Table lists in alphabetical order . Team Location Stadium Capacity Arsenal London ( Holloway ) Emirates Stadium 7004598670000000000 ♠ 59,867 Bournemouth Bournemouth Vitality Stadium 7004113600000000000 ♠ 11,360 Brighton & Hove Albion Brighton AMEX Stadium 7004306660000000000 ♠ 30,666 Burnley Burnley Turf Moor 7004219440000000000 ♠ 21,944 Cardiff City Cardiff Cardiff City Stadium 7004333000000000000 ♠ 33,300 Chelsea London ( Fulham ) Stamford Bridge 7004416310000000000 ♠ 41,631 Crystal Palace London ( Selhurst ) Selhurst Park 7004254560000000000 ♠ 25,456 Everton Liverpool Goodison Park 7004395720000000000 ♠ 39,572 Fulham London ( Fulham ) Craven Cottage 7004257000000000000 ♠ 25,700 Huddersfield Town Huddersfield John Smith 's Stadium 7004241690000000000 ♠ 24,169 Leicester City Leicester King Power Stadium 7004323120000000000 ♠ 32,312 Liverpool Liverpool Anfield 7004533940000000000 ♠ 53,394 Manchester City Manchester , Greater Manchester Etihad Stadium 7004550170000000000 ♠ 55,017 Manchester United Trafford , Greater Manchester Old Trafford 7004749940000000000 ♠ 74,994 Newcastle United Newcastle upon Tyne St James ' Park 7004523540000000000 ♠ 52,354 Southampton Southampton St Mary 's Stadium 7004323840000000000 ♠ 32,384 Tottenham Hotspur London ( Wembley ) Wembley Stadium 7004900000000000000 ♠ 90,000 London ( Tottenham ) Tottenham Hotspur Stadium 7004620620000000000 ♠ 62,062 Watford Watford Vicarage Road 7004237000000000000 ♠ 23,700 West Ham United London ( Stratford ) London Stadium 7004600000000000000 ♠ 60,000 Wolverhampton Wanderers Wolverhampton Molineux 7004317000000000000 ♠ 31,700 Jump up ^ Tottenham Hotspur will play their first game at Wembley due to the rebuilding of their own stadium . Personnel and kits Team Manager Captain Kit manufacturer Shirt sponsor ( chest ) Shirt sponsor ( left sleeve ) Arsenal Unai Emery Koscielny , Laurent Laurent Koscielny Puma Fly Emirates Visit Rwanda Bournemouth Howe , Eddie Eddie Howe Francis , Simon Simon Francis Umbro M88 M88 Brighton & Hove Albion Hughton , Chris Chris Hughton Bruno Nike American Express JD Burnley Dyche , Sean Sean Dyche Heaton , Tom Tom Heaton Puma Dafabet Golf Clash Cardiff City Warnock , Neil Neil Warnock Sean Morrison Adidas Tourism Malaysia TBD Chelsea Conte , Antonio Antonio Conte Cahill , Gary Gary Cahill Nike Yokohama Tyres Hyundai Motor Company Crystal Palace Hodgson , Roy Roy Hodgson Puncheon , Jason Jason Puncheon Puma ManBetX Dongqiudi Everton Silva , Marco Marco Silva Jagielka , Phil Phil Jagielka Umbro SportPesa Angry Birds Fulham Slaviša Jokanović Tom Cairney Adidas Grosvenor Casinos TBD Huddersfield Town Wagner , David David Wagner Smith , Tommy Tommy Smith Umbro OPE Sports Leisu Sports Leicester City Puel , Claude Claude Puel Morgan , Wes Wes Morgan Adidas King Power Siam Commercial Bank Liverpool Klopp , Jurgen Jürgen Klopp Henderson , Jordan Jordan Henderson New Balance Standard Chartered Western Union Manchester City Guardiola , Pep Pep Guardiola Kompany , Vincent Vincent Kompany Nike Etihad Airways Nexen Tire Manchester United Mourinho , Jose José Mourinho TBD Adidas Chevrolet TBD Newcastle United Benitez , Rafael Rafael Benítez Lascelles , Jamaal Jamaal Lascelles Puma Fun88 MRF Tyres Southampton Hughes , Mark Mark Hughes Davis , Steven Steven Davis Under Armour Virgin Media Virgin Media Tottenham Hotspur Pochettino , Mauricio Mauricio Pochettino Lloris , Hugo Hugo Lloris Nike AIA TBD Watford Gracia , Javi Javi Gracia Deeney , Troy Troy Deeney Adidas FxPro 138.com West Ham United Manuel Pellegrini Noble , Mark Mark Noble Umbro Betway MRF Tyres Wolverhampton Wanderers Nuno Espírito Santo Danny Batth Adidas W88 TBD According to current revision of List of current Premier League and English Football League managers . Current Manchester United captain , Michael Carrick , has announced his retirement at the end of the 2017 -- 18 season and his replacement is yet to be announced . Nike has a new match ball , the Merlin . Managerial changes Team Outgoing manager Manner of departure Date of vacancy Position in table Incoming manager Date of appointment Arsenal Arsène Wenger Resigned 13 May 2018 Pre-season Unai Emery 23 May 2018 Everton Sam Allardyce Sacked 16 May 2018 Silva , Marco Marco Silva 31 May 2018 West Ham United David Moyes End of contract 16 May 2018 Manuel Pellegrini 22 May 2018 League table Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification or relegation Arsenal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Qualification for the Champions League group stage Bournemouth 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Brighton & Hove Albion 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Burnley 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 Cardiff City 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Qualification for the Europa League group stage 6 Chelsea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 Crystal Palace 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 Everton 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 Fulham 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 Huddersfield Town 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 Leicester City 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 Liverpool 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 Manchester City 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 Manchester United 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 Newcastle United 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 Southampton 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 Tottenham Hotspur 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 Watford 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Relegation to the EFL Championship 19 West Ham United 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 Wolverhampton Wanderers 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 First match ( es ) will be played on 11 August 2018 . Source : Premier League Rules for classification : 1 ) Points ; 2 ) Goal difference ; 3 ) Goals scored . 4 ) Play - offs ( only if needed to decide champion , teams for relegation or teams for UEFA competitions ) . Results Home \ Away ARS BOU BHA BUR CAR CHE CRY EVE FUL HUD LEI LIV MCI MUN NEW SOU TOT WAT WHU WOL Arsenal -- Bournemouth -- Brighton & Hove Albion -- Burnley -- Cardiff City -- Chelsea -- Crystal Palace -- Everton -- Fulham -- Huddersfield Town -- Leicester City -- Liverpool -- Manchester City -- Manchester United -- Newcastle United -- Southampton -- Tottenham Hotspur -- Watford -- West Ham United -- Wolverhampton Wanderers -- First match ( es ) will be played on 11 August 2018 . Source : Premier League Colours : Blue = home team win ; Yellow = draw ; Red = away team win . For coming matches , an a indicates there is an article about the match . Season statistics References Jump up ^ `` Start date for 2018 -- 19 Premier League season announced '' . Jump up ^ `` Premier League fixtures 2018 - 19 : Man City visit Arsenal on opening weekend '' . BBC Sport. 14 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fulham 1 -- 1 Brentford '' . BBC Sport. 14 April 2018 . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bolton Wanderers 0 -- 4 Wolverhampton Wanderers '' . BBC Sport. 21 April 2018 . Retrieved 21 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cardiff City 0 -- 0 Reading '' . BBC Sport. 6 May 2018 . Retrieved 6 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Birmingham City 3 -- 1 Fulham '' . BBC Sport. 6 May 2018 . Retrieved 6 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Aston Villa 0 -- 1 Fulham '' . 26 May 2018 -- via www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Stoke City 1 -- 2 Crystal Palace '' . BBC Sport. 5 May 2018 . Retrieved 5 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` West Brom relegated from Premier League '' . BBC Sport. 8 May 2018 . Retrieved 8 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swansea City 0 -- 1 Southampton '' . BBC Sport. 8 May 2018 . Retrieved 8 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swansea City 1 -- 2 Stoke City '' . BBC Sport. 13 May 2018 . Retrieved 13 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Premier League Handbook Season 2016 / 17 '' ( PDF ) . Premier League . Retrieved 18 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tottenham : Liverpool the visitors for first game at new stadium '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PUMA and Arsenal announce partnership '' . Arsenal FC . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal football club in £ 150m Emirates deal '' . BBC News . 23 November 2012 . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal partner with ' Visit Rwanda ' '' . Arsenal FC . Retrieved 23 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Simon Francis named as AFC Bournemouth club captain for 2016 / 17 season '' . afcb.co.uk . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` # NextChapter : AFC Bournemouth and Umbro '' . Jump up ^ `` AFC Bournemouth unveil Mansion Group as Premier League shirt sponsor '' . insideworldfootball.com . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mansion go all - in with Bournemouth adding sleeve to shirt front sponsorship '' . insideworldfootball.com. 30 August 2017 . Retrieved 1 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brighton captain Bruno willing to give Manchester City pal David Silva a pasting in season opener '' . Mirror . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Kit Partnership with Nike '' . seagulls.co.uk . Retrieved 3 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ALBION AGREE SLEEVE SPONSORSHIP DEAL WITH JD '' . seagulls.co.uk . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Heaton -- player profile '' . burnleyfootballclub.com . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Burnley sign new Puma kit deal '' . Lancashire Telegraph . Retrieved 17 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Clarets Announce Dafabet Partnership '' . burnleyfootballclub.com . Retrieved 15 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Clarets Sport Hit Mobile Game ' Golf Clash ' As New Sleeve Sponsor '' . burnleyfootballclub.com . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Captain Cahill : Delighted , proud and excited '' . chelseafc.com . Chelsea FC . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea and Nike announce long - term partnership '' . chelseafc.com . Chelsea FC . Retrieved 13 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea seal £ 200m shirt sponsorship deal with Yokohama Rubber '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea and Hyundai Begin New Partnership '' . chelseafc.com. 11 June 2018 . Retrieved 11 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Crystal Palace chief : Why Sam Allardyce made Jason Puncheon our captain '' . Daily Express . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Revealed : Crystal Palace and Puma 2018 / 19 Kits '' . Crystal Palace F.C. 9 May 2018 . Retrieved 10 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Palace Announce New Shirt Sponsor , ManBetX '' . Crystal Palace FC . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dongqiudi Announced As Official Sleeve Partner '' . Crystal Palace FC . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Everton agree five - year deal with Umbro to supply club kits from start of next season '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Everton confirm SportPesa as new shirt sponsor '' . Liverpool Echo . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Everton Sign Sleeve Deal With Games Giant Rovio Entertainment '' . Everton FC . Retrieved 17 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fulham Football Club announces grosvenorcasinos. coml '' . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tommy Smith becomes Huddersfield Town club captain for Premier League season '' . Examiner. 9 August 2017 . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Town Teams Up with Umbro for 2018 / 19 ! '' . Huddersfield Town A.F.C. 9 May 2018 . Retrieved 10 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` OPE SPORTS -- New Shirt Sponsor '' . Huddersfield Town AFC . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 / 19 Umbro Home Kit Revealed ! '' . Huddersfield Town AFC . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Leicester City captain Wes Morgan ' fit and ready ' for Premier League season after hectic summer '' . Leicester Mercury . Archived from the original on 2015 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Leak Confirmed -- Leicester City Announce Adidas Kit Deal '' . Footy Headlines. 17 May 2018 . Retrieved 18 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 / 15 PUMA Home Kit Now On Sale ! '' . lcfc.com . Leicester City FC . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Siam Commercial Bank To Be Leicester City Sleeve Sponsor '' . lcfc.com . Leicester City FC . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Henderson appointed Liverpool captain '' . liverpoolfc.com . Liverpool FC . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool announce record - breaking £ 300m kit deal with New Balance from next season '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool stick with shirt sponsor Standard Chartered after penning two - year extension '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Western Union signs sponsorship deal with Liverpool football club '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester City captain Vincent Kompany finally concedes a goal '' . Mail Online . Jump up ^ Ogden , Mark ( 4 May 2012 ) . `` Manchester City 's six - year kit deal with Nike could earn the Premier League leaders up to £ 12million a year '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 8 July 2011 ) . `` Manchester City bank record £ 400m sponsorship deal with Etihad Airways '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Edwards , John ( 17 March 2017 ) . `` Man City and Nexen Tire announce Premier League first partnership '' . London . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United and Adidas in £ 750m deal over 10 years '' . BBC News . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United 's £ 53m shirt deal with Chevrolet unaffected despite likely absence of Champions League '' . telegraph.co.uk . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` REVEALED : Newcastle United Officially Announce 125th Anniversary Kit Featuring New Sponsor Fun88 '' . 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FUN88 becomes Newcastle United shirt sponsor '' . nufc.co.uk . Newcastle United FC . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MRF named shirt sleeve sponsor '' . nufc.co.uk . Newcastle United FC . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Saints announce multi-year partnership with Under Armour '' . saintsfc.co.uk . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Media become Southampton 's main club sponsor '' . saintsfc.co.uk . Retrieved 2 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tottenham news : Spurs ' set to name Harry Kane vice-captain ' -- Metro News '' . Metro . Jump up ^ `` TOTTENHAM HOTSPUR ANNOUNCES MULTI-YEAR PARTNERSHIP WITH NIKE '' . tottenhamhotspur.com . Tottenham Hotspur FC . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AIA TO BECOME TOTTENHAM HOTSPUR 'S NEW PRINCIPAL PARTNER '' . tottenhamhotspur.com . Tottenham Hotspur FC . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Simon Burnton . `` Premier League 2015 -- 16 preview No18 : Watford '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Watford Announce Adidas Deal '' . footyheadlines.com . Retrieved 6 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Slaven Bilic thanks Kevin Nolan as West Ham captain leaves club -- video '' . The Guardian . 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` West Ham re-united with Umbro '' . whufc.com . Archived from the original on 2 May 2015 . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hammers announce Betway sponsorship '' . whufc.com . West Ham United FC . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MRF announced as West Ham United 's first ever shirt sleeve sponsor '' . whufc.com . West Ham United FC . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wolves Unveil Partnership With Adidas '' . Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. 8 May 2018 . Retrieved 8 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wolves Announce W88 As Shirt Sponsor '' . wolves.co.uk . Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. 13 June 2018 . Retrieved 13 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Arsene Wenger : Arsenal boss to leave club at end of season '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 20 April 2018 . Jump up ^ sport , Guardian ( 23 May 2018 ) . `` Arsenal confirm appointment of Unai Emery as club 's new manager '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ O'Hara , Aidan ( 14 May 2018 ) . `` Bye , bye to Big Sam Allardyce , the year the title race died '' . Irish Independent . Retrieved 16 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Marco Silva : Everton appoint former Watford and Hull boss as new manager '' . BBC.com. 31 May 2018 . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` David Moyes : West Ham manager departs after just six months in charge '' . BBC.com. 16 May 2018 . Retrieved 16 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Jacob ( 2018 - 05 - 22 ) . `` West Ham appoint Manuel Pellegrini as manager on three - year deal '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 23 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Premier League Handbook 2017 / 18 '' ( pdf ) . Premier League . 11 August 2017 . pp. 103 -- 104 . Retrieved 5 September 2017 . 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-5202531931962609526	The One with All the Thanksgivings	The One with All the Thanksgivings - wikipedia The One with All the Thanksgivings Jump to : navigation , search `` The One with the All the Thanksgivings '' Friends episode Episode no . Season 5 Episode 8 Directed by Kevin S. Bright Written by Gregory S. Malins Production code 467659 Original air date November 19 , 1998 Guest appearance ( s ) Elliott Gould as Jack Geller Christina Pickles as Judy Geller Morgan Fairchild as Nora Tyler Bing Douglas Looper as The Paramedic Joshua Preston as Young Chandler Alec Mapa as The Housekeeper Michael Winters as the Doctor Episode chronology ← Previous `` The One Where Ross Moves In '' Next → `` The One with Ross 's Sandwich '' Friends ( season 5 ) List of Friends episodes `` The One with All the Thanksgivings '' ( also known as `` The One with the Thanksgiving Flashbacks '' ) is the eighth episode of the fifth season of Friends . It first aired on the NBC network in the United States on November 19 , 1998 . In the episode , the main characters spend Thanksgiving at Monica 's ( Courteney Cox ) apartment and begin telling stories about their worst Thanksgivings : Chandler ( Matthew Perry ) learning of his parents ' divorce , Phoebe ( Lisa Kudrow ) losing arms in past lives and Joey ( Matt LeBlanc ) having his head stuck in a turkey . Rachel ( Jennifer Aniston ) reveals Monica 's worst Thanksgiving -- accidentally cutting off Chandler 's toe after he called her `` fat '' in their first encounter . When Monica begs Chandler to forgive her , he accidentally reveals that he loves her . The episode was directed by Kevin S. Bright and written by Gregory S. Malins . It guest - stars Elliott Gould and Christina Pickles as Jack and Judy Geller , with a cameo appearance by Morgan Fairchild as Nora Tyler Bing . The idea was conceived by the writers , who suggested short stories about the `` worst Thanksgivings ever '' . A flashback approach was incorporated as the producers realized the audience responded well to it , despite concern the episode might be confused for a clip show . In its original broadcast the episode reached a 16.0 Nielsen rating and finished the week ranked second . The episode earned Debra McGuire a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Costume Design for a Series . Since airing , it frequently ranks high in polls about the series ' best episode . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Production 3 Cultural references 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Ross 's ( David Schwimmer ) complaint that his divorce and eviction means he is having the worst Thanksgiving ever prompts the others to tell their stories . Chandler ( Matthew Perry ) reminds everyone of when his parents told him they were divorcing . Phoebe ( Lisa Kudrow ) then tells of story from a past life when she was a nurse and lost an arm , though Ross objects , with the demand of only tales of present lives . Rachel ( Jennifer Aniston ) says she knows Monica 's ( Courteney Cox ) story , but Phoebe interrupts with a story about the time Joey ( Matt LeBlanc ) had a turkey stuck on his head . Monica tells of Thanksgiving 1987 . Monica and Rachel are eighteen years old and seniors in high school , and an overweight Monica spends time comforting Rachel , after Chip ended their relationship . When Ross learns of Rachel 's breakup , he asks Chandler to stay overnight in the hope of getting a date , but Chandler refuses , claiming that he does n't want to be stuck with `` your fat sister '' Monica . Overhearing the conversation from behind the door , Monica breaks down in tears and storms out . Back in the present , Chandler apologizes to Monica . Rachel reveals that 's not the story she was referring to . The flashbacks continue to 1988 ; Ross and Chandler arrive for dinner to find that Monica has slimmed down , and Chandler now finds her attractive . Monica tells Rachel that she wants to humiliate Chandler for calling her fat , so Rachel suggests tricking him into taking off his clothes . Monica tries to seduce Chandler by rubbing various objects , including a knife , against her skin . She drops the knife and severs his toe . He is rushed to hospital to have it reattached but , in the commotion , Monica mixes up the digit with a carrot . In the present , Chandler becomes upset after learning that he had lost his toe because he called Monica fat , and angrily leaves . When Monica comes by his apartment seeking his forgiveness by putting a turkey on her head , he inadvertently tells her he loves her for the first time in their relationship . A tag scene shows another of Phoebe 's past life memories as she serves in a World War I field hospital and again lost an arm . Production ( edit ) In the episode , Matthew Perry 's character Chandler tells Monica for the first time that he loves her . `` The One with All the Thanksgivings '' was written by Gregory S. Malins and directed by Kevin S. Bright . It is the fifth Thanksgiving special in the Friends series . The producers knew from past recordings that the audience responded well to seeing `` the Friends as they were '' and decided to incorporate a flashback episode into a Thanksgiving special . Show creator David Crane considered the Thanksgiving - themed episode as the `` hallmark show '' in each season . Marta Kauffman added dialogue centering on six characters being together in a room made the holiday special work . When discussing story ideas , the writers decided to create `` a bunch of little pieces '' , until someone suggested `` what if it 's the worst Thanksgivings ? '' , later used as the hook . Working on a flashback meant the episode needed `` to have meaning '' as the story continues in the present . It was difficult to keep the characters , particularly Chandler , spontaneously mad for something that happened `` years ago '' . The comedic content was bigger than usual , because Phoebe 's arm was blown off and Joey 's head stuck in a turkey . Many scenes were shot in advance . The producers disliked filming beforehand as they preferred `` the audience to tell us what 's good and what 's bad . '' They also were concerned that a flashback episode would be mistaken for a clip show , but felt it would be believable because they were `` flashing so far back into the past . '' According to Kauffman , certain scenes filmed in the apartment were shot in advance because `` it was all over the place '' ; the cast were tired and full and their energy levels were low . Special effects and costume changes meant `` three or four scenes '' were also pre-shot to ensure the dialogue was happening in front of the audience . This was completed in two days . Elliott Gould and Christina Pickles reprised their roles as Jack and Judy Geller . The set for the Geller house was used previously in `` The One Where Joey Moves Out '' , for Jack 's birthday party and in the season seven episode `` The One Where Rosita Dies '' , when Ross and Monica visit their parent 's garage . The flashback in Thanksgiving 1987 was Monica and Chandler 's first meeting along with Rachel and Chandler . Bright commented that the show tries not to contradict itself ; `` once we establish something , we try not to undo it . '' In `` The Pilot '' it appears Rachel meets Chandler for the first time . She also meets him in a later flashback episode , `` The One Where The Stripper Cries '' . To excuse the continuity error , Bright adds they do not remember each other meeting because they look different . A special rubber and foam turkey was created for Joey and Monica to place on their heads for sanitary and insurance reasons . A weaving , invisible to the audience , was placed in the middle of the turkey to allow the character to see . Chandler 's `` flock of seagulls '' hairstyle , mentioned in a previous episode , was based on the 1980s time period . For safety , the scene where Monica severed Chandler 's toe was pre-shot . Originally the sound of a knife slashing through Chandler 's shoe was placed , but according to Crane it `` got a little too graphic '' . Dramatic music was dubbed over instead . Cultural references ( edit ) The inspiration for Phoebe 's character spurting blood was Dan Aykroyd 's Bass - O - Matic commercial on Saturday Night Live . In the sketch , Aykroyd plays a pitchman who sells a blender specifically designed to liquefy fish . He accidentally gets his hand stuck in the funnel , which causes it to be chopped off while blood sprays everywhere . The turkey stuck on Joey 's head is a reference to Act 4 in `` Merry Christmas Mr. Bean '' from Mr. Bean . Ross and Chandler 's costumes in 1988 were inspired by Miami Vice , which was popular at the time . The music used in Chandler 's accident was `` The Murder '' from Alfred Hitchcock 's Psycho . Reception ( edit ) `` It brought together the past of Monica being rejected by Chandler , then Chandler in a way being rejected by Monica and then coming back to their relationship in the future that we are all rooting for . '' -- Kevin S. Bright , The One With All The Thanksgivings , DVD commentary In its original airing , the show finished second in ratings for the week of November 16 -- 22 , 1998 , with a Nielsen rating of 16.0 , equivalent to approximately 15.5 million households . It was the network 's second highest - rated show that week , after ER , which aired on the same night . The episode premiered in the United Kingdom on Sky1 on February 25 , 1999 and reached 1.88 million viewers which made it the most watched show that week . It aired on Channel 4 on August 27 , 1999 and was watched by 4.40 million viewers making Friends the channel 's third - highest rated program for the week ending August 29 , 1999 . Entertainment Weekly rated the episode `` B + '' and called the `` pre-nose job '' Rachel and `` Fat Monica '' great sight gags . It cited Joey 's line `` It 's not so much an underpant as it is a feat of engineering '' ( in reference to a thong ) as the best of the episode . The authors of Friends Like Us : The Unofficial Guide to Friends wrote `` This unusual episode is one of the series ' best ever , with the non-stop comedy roller - coaster suddenly throwing a brilliant surprise ending at you '' . Debra McGuire was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Costume Design for a Series , while the mixers were nominated for Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy Series or a Special . The popularity of this episode placed it on one of the first Region 1 `` best of '' DVD releases . It was also released as part of Friends : The Complete Fifth Season in Regions 1 , 2 , and 4 . In 2004 , `` The One with All the Thanksgivings '' was ranked fifth in a list of the top 10 Friends episodes by the Daily Herald and in 2010 , was identified as one of the five best Thanksgiving - themed episodes by Contra Costa Times . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Sangster , Jim ; David Bailey ( 2000 ) . Friends Like Us : The Unofficial Guide to Friends ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Virgin Publishing Ltd . pp. 285 -- 288 . ISBN 0 - 7535 - 0439 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Friends Episode : `` The One with the Thanksgiving Flashbacks '' `` . TV Guide . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Friends -- The One With All The Thanksgivings '' . Yahoo ! TV . Retrieved 16 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Crane , David ( 15 July 2003 ) . Commentary for `` The One With All The Thanksgivings '' ( Friends : The Complete Fifth Season ) ( DVD ) . Warner Home Video . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Kauffman , Marta ( 15 July 2003 ) . Commentary for `` The One With All The Thanksgivings '' ( Friends : The Complete Fifth Season ) ( DVD ) . Warner Home Video . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Bright , Kevin S. ( 15 July 2003 ) . Commentary for `` The One With All The Thanksgivings '' ( Friends : The Complete Fifth Season ) ( DVD ) . Warner Home Video . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Week 's TV ratings '' . San Francisco Chronicle. 25 November 1998 . Retrieved 8 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` BARB 's multichannel top 30 programmes '' . barb.co.uk . Retrieved 9 April 2012 . Note : Information is in the section titled `` w / e 28 Feb 1999 '' , listed under Sky 1 and `` w / e 29 Aug 1999 '' , listed under Channel 4 Jump up ^ `` Review : Season 5 ( 1998 -- 1999 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . 15 September 2001 . Retrieved 19 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Friends '' . Emmys.com . Retrieved 12 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Warner Home Video Brings the Emmy - Winning TV Show FRIENDS To DVD and VHS for the First Time on December 19 '' ( Press release ) . Time Warner . 14 November 2000 . Retrieved 19 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Friends : The Complete Fifth Season '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 12 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Cox , Ted ( 6 May 2004 ) . `` The end . 10 for 10 : the best of ' Friends ' '' . Daily Herald . Chicago . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Barney , Chuck ( 19 November 2011 ) . `` Top 5 : Funny Thanksgiving TV shows for which we 're grateful '' . Contra Costa Times . Retrieved 25 July 2012 . ( subscription required ) External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The One with All the Thanksgivings `` The One with All the Thanksgivings '' on IMDb `` The One with All the Thanksgivings '' at TV.com ( hide ) Friends Characters Chandler Bing Phoebe Buffay Monica Geller Ross Geller Rachel Green Joey Tribbiani Episodes Season 1 `` The Pilot '' ( 1.01 ) `` The One with the Sonogram at the End '' ( 1.02 ) `` The One with George Stephanopoulos '' ( 1.04 ) Season 2 `` The One with the Lesbian Wedding '' ( 2.11 ) `` The One After the Superbowl '' ( 2.12 -- 2.13 ) `` The One with the Prom Video '' ( 2.14 ) `` The One Where Dr. Ramoray Dies '' ( 2.18 ) Season 3 `` The One Where No One 's Ready '' ( 3.02 ) Season 4 `` The One with the Embryos '' ( 4.12 ) `` The One with Ross 's Wedding '' ( 4.23 -- 4.24 ) Season 5 `` The One After Ross Says Rachel '' ( 5.01 ) `` The One Hundredth '' ( 5.03 ) `` The One with All the Thanksgivings '' ( 5.08 ) `` The One with the Girl Who Hits Joey '' ( 5.15 ) `` The One Where Rachel Smokes '' ( 5.18 ) `` The One Where Ross Ca n't Flirt '' ( 5.19 ) `` The One with the Ride - Along '' ( 5.20 ) Season 6 `` The One After Vegas '' ( 6.01 ) `` The One with the Apothecary Table '' ( 6.11 ) `` The One with the Proposal '' ( 6.24 -- 6.25 ) Season 7 `` The One with Monica and Chandler 's Wedding '' ( 7.23 -- 7.24 ) Season 8 `` The One with Rachel 's Date '' ( 8.05 ) `` The One with the Rumor '' ( 8.09 ) Season 9 -- Season 10 `` The Last One '' ( 10.17 -- 10.18 ) Related articles Music `` I 'll Be There for You '' Joey Mad About You Awards and nominations Friends ... ' Til the End Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_One_with_All_the_Thanksgivings&oldid=810411009 '' Categories : 1998 American television episodes Friends ( season 5 ) episodes Thanksgiving television episodes Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages containing links to subscription - only content Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Edit links This page was last edited on 15 November 2017 , at 02 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what episode does monica put a turkey on her head	[]	[]
7874974661002500345	Baseball	Baseball - Wikipedia Baseball Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the sport . For the ball used in the sport , see Baseball ( ball ) . For other uses , see Baseball ( disambiguation ) . `` Base ball '' redirects here . For old time baseball , see vintage base ball . Baseball A baseball game at Angel Stadium in Anaheim , California , United States Highest governing body World Baseball Softball Confederation First played 18th - century England Characteristics Contact Limited Team members 9 Mixed gender Yes , separate competitions Type Team sport , bat - and - ball Equipment Baseball Baseball bat Baseball glove Bases Venue Baseball field Presence Country or region Worldwide ( most prominent in the Americas and East Asia ) Olympic Demonstration sport : 1912 , 1936 , 1952 , 1956 , 1964 , 1984 and 1988 Medal Sport : 1992 , 2008 , 2020 -- Baseball is a bat - and - ball game played between two teams of nine players each , who take turns batting and fielding . The batting team attempts to score runs by hitting a ball ( that is thrown by the opposing team 's pitcher ) with a bat swung by the batter , and then running counter-clockwise around a series of four bases : first , second , third , and home plate . A run is scored when a player advances around the bases and returns to home plate . Players on the batting team take turns hitting against the pitcher of the fielding team , which tries to prevent runs by getting hitters out in any of several ways . A player on the batting team who reaches a base safely can later attempt to advance to subsequent bases during teammates ' turns batting , such as on a hit or by other means . The teams switch between batting and fielding whenever the fielding team records three outs . One turn batting for both teams , beginning with the visiting team , constitutes an inning . A game is composed of nine innings , and the team with the greater number of runs at the end of the game wins . If scores are tied at the end of nine innings , extra innings are usually played . Baseball has no game clock , although most games end in the ninth inning . Baseball evolved from older bat - and - ball games already being played in England by the mid-18th century . This game was brought by immigrants to North America , where the modern version developed . By the late 19th century , baseball was widely recognized as the national sport of the United States . Baseball is currently popular in North America and parts of Central and South America , the Caribbean , and East Asia , particularly in Japan , South Korea , and Taiwan . In the United States and Canada , professional Major League Baseball ( MLB ) teams are divided into the National League ( NL ) and American League ( AL ) , each with three divisions : East , West , and Central . The major league champion is determined by playoffs that culminate in the World Series . The top level of play is similarly split in Japan between the Central and Pacific Leagues and in Cuba between the West League and East League . The World Baseball Classic , organised by WBSB , is the major international competition of the sport and attracts the top national teams from around the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origins 1.2 History of baseball in the United States 1.2. 1 The game turns professional 1.2. 2 Rise of Ruth and racial integration 1.2. 3 Attendance records and the age of steroids 1.3 Baseball around the world 2 Rules and gameplay 3 Personnel 3.1 Player rosters 3.2 Other personnel 4 Strategy and tactics 4.1 Pitching and fielding tactics 4.2 Batting and baserunning tactics 5 Distinctive elements 5.1 No clock to kill 5.2 Individual focus 5.3 Uniqueness of each baseball park 6 Statistics 6.1 Sabermetrics 7 Popularity and cultural impact 7.1 Baseball in popular culture 8 See also 9 References 10 Sources 11 Further reading 12 External links History Origins Main article : Origins of baseball Part of a series on the History of baseball Origins Early years First league Knickerbocker Rules Massachusetts rules Philadelphia town ball Alexander Cartwright Doc Adams Doubleday myth First pro team First pro league Team nicknames By country United States Outside the United States Australia Canada Cuba Greece India Ireland Israel Japan South Korea Netherlands Nicaragua Palau Philippines Puerto Rico Spain United Kingdom Venezuela Other topics Negro league baseball Cuban League Women in baseball Minor League Baseball Comparison with cricket Baseball ( TV documentary series ) Baseball Hall of Fame Society for American Baseball Research Years in baseball Major League Baseball seasons Related games Stoolball Rounders Old cat Softball Pesäpallo Baseball portal A game from the Cantigas de Santa Maria , c. 1280 , involving tossing a ball , hitting it with a stick and competing with others to catch it The evolution of baseball from older bat - and - ball games is difficult to trace with precision . A French manuscript from 1344 contains an illustration of clerics playing a game , possibly la soule , with similarities to baseball . Other old French games such as thèque , la balle au bâton , and la balle empoisonnée also appear to be related . Consensus once held that today 's baseball is a North American development from the older game rounders , popular in Great Britain and Ireland . Baseball Before We Knew It : A Search for the Roots of the Game ( 2005 ) , by David Block , suggests that the game originated in England ; recently uncovered historical evidence supports this position . Block argues that rounders and early baseball were actually regional variants of each other , and that the game 's most direct antecedents are the English games of stoolball and `` tut - ball '' . It has long been believed that cricket also descended from such games , though evidence uncovered in early 2009 suggests that cricket may have been imported to England from Flanders . The earliest known reference to baseball is in a 1744 British publication , A Little Pretty Pocket - Book , by John Newbery . It contains a rhymed description of `` base - ball '' and a woodcut that shows a field set - up somewhat similar to the modern game -- though in a triangular rather than diamond configuration , and with posts instead of ground - level bases . David Block discovered that the first recorded game of `` Bass - Ball '' took place in 1749 in Surrey , and featured the Prince of Wales as a player . William Bray , an English lawyer , recorded a game of baseball on Easter Monday 1755 in Guildford , Surrey . This early form of the game was apparently brought to Canada by English immigrants . Rounders was also brought to the United States by Canadians of both British and Irish ancestry . The first known American reference to baseball appears in a 1791 Pittsfield , Massachusetts town bylaw prohibiting the playing of the game near the town 's new meeting house . By 1796 , a version of the game was well - known enough to earn a mention in a German scholar 's book on popular pastimes . As described by Johann Gutsmuths , `` englische Base - ball '' involved a contest between two teams , in which `` the batter has three attempts to hit the ball while at the home plate . '' Only one out was required to retire a side . Alexander Cartwright , father of modern baseball By the early 1830s , there were reports of a variety of uncodified bat - and - ball games recognizable as early forms of baseball being played around North America . These games were often referred to locally as `` town ball '' , though other names such as `` round - ball '' and `` base - ball '' were also used . Among the earliest examples to receive a detailed description -- albeit five decades after the fact , in a letter from an attendee to Sporting Life magazine -- took place in Beachville , Ontario , in 1838 . There were many similarities to modern baseball , and some crucial differences : five bases ( or byes ) ; first bye just 18 feet ( 5.5 m ) from the home bye ; batter out if a hit ball was caught after the first bounce . The once widely accepted story that Abner Doubleday invented baseball in Cooperstown , New York , in 1839 has been conclusively debunked by sports historians . In 1845 , Alexander Cartwright , a member of New York City 's Knickerbocker Club , led the codification of the so - called Knickerbocker Rules . The practice , common to bat - and - ball games of the day , of `` soaking '' or `` plugging '' -- effecting a putout by hitting a runner with a thrown ball -- was barred . The rules thus facilitated the use of a smaller , harder ball than had been common . Several other rules also brought the Knickerbockers ' game close to the modern one , though a ball caught on the first bounce was , again , an out and only underhand pitching was allowed . While there are reports that the New York Knickerbockers played games in 1845 , the contest long recognized as the first officially recorded baseball game in U.S. history took place on June 19 , 1846 , in Hoboken , New Jersey : the `` New York Nine '' defeated the Knickerbockers , 23 -- 1 , in four innings . With the Knickerbocker code as the basis , the rules of modern baseball continued to evolve over the next half - century . History of Baseball in the United States Main articles : Baseball in the United States and History of baseball in the United States The game turns professional In the mid-1850s , a baseball craze hit the New York metropolitan area . By 1856 , local journals were referring to baseball as the `` national pastime '' or `` national game . '' A year later , sixteen area clubs formed the sport 's first governing body , the National Association of Base Ball Players . In 1858 in Corona , Queens , New York , at the Fashion Race Course , the first games of baseball to charge admission took place . The games , which took place between the all - stars of Brooklyn , including players from the Brooklyn Atlantics , Excelsior of Brooklyn , Putnams and Eckford of Brooklyn , and the All - Stars of New York ( Manhattan ) , including players from the New York Knickerbockers , Gothams ( predecessors of the San Francisco Giants ) , Eagles and Empire , are commonly believed to be the first all - star baseball games . In 1863 , the organization disallowed putouts made by catching a fair ball on the first bounce . Four years later , it barred participation by African Americans . The game 's commercial potential was developing : in 1869 the first fully professional baseball club , the Cincinnati Red Stockings , was formed and went undefeated against a schedule of semipro and amateur teams . The first professional league , the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players , lasted from 1871 to 1875 ; scholars dispute its status as a major league . The more formally structured National League was founded in 1876 . As the oldest surviving major league , the National League is sometimes referred to as the `` senior circuit . '' Several other major leagues formed and failed . In 1884 , African American Moses Walker ( and , briefly , his brother Welday ) played in one of these , the American Association . An injury ended Walker 's major league career , and by the early 1890s , a gentlemen 's agreement in the form of the baseball color line effectively barred black players from the white - owned professional leagues , major and minor . Professional Negro leagues formed , but quickly folded . Several independent African American teams succeeded as barnstormers . Also in 1884 , overhand pitching was legalized . In 1887 , softball , under the name of indoor baseball or indoor - outdoor , was invented as a winter version of the parent game . Virtually all of the modern baseball rules were in place by 1893 ; the last major change -- counting foul balls as strikes -- was instituted in 1901 . The National League 's first successful counterpart , the American League , which evolved from the minor Western League , was established that year . The two leagues , each with eight teams , were rivals that fought for the best players , often disregarding each other 's contracts and engaging in bitter legal disputes . The NL champion New York Giants baseball team , 1913 . Fred Merkle , sixth in line , had committed a baserunning gaffe in a crucial 1908 game that became famous as Merkle 's Boner . A modicum of peace was eventually established , leading to the National Agreement of 1903 . The pact formalized relations both between the two major leagues and between them and the National Association of Professional Base Ball Leagues , representing most of the country 's minor professional leagues . The World Series , pitting the two major league champions against each other , was inaugurated that fall , albeit without express major league sanction : The Boston Americans of the American League defeated the Pittsburgh Pirates of the National League . The next year , the series was not held , as the National League champion New York Giants , under manager John McGraw , refused to recognize the major league status of the American League and its champion . In 1905 , the Giants were National League champions again and team management relented , leading to the establishment of the World Series as the major leagues ' annual championship event . As professional baseball became increasingly profitable , players frequently raised grievances against owners over issues of control and equitable income distribution . During the major leagues ' early decades , players on various teams occasionally attempted strikes , which routinely failed when their jobs were sufficiently threatened . In general , the strict rules of baseball contracts and the reserve clause , which bound players to their teams even when their contracts had ended , tended to keep the players in check . Motivated by dislike for particularly stingy owner Charles Comiskey and gamblers ' payoffs , real and promised , members of the Chicago White Sox conspired to throw the 1919 World Series . The Black Sox Scandal led to the formation of a new National Commission of baseball that drew the two major leagues closer together . The first major league baseball commissioner , Kenesaw Mountain Landis , was elected in 1920 . That year also saw the founding of the Negro National League ; the first significant Negro league , it would operate until 1931 . For part of the 1920s , it was joined by the Eastern Colored League . Professional baseball was played in northeastern cities with a large immigrant - ethnic population ; they gave strong support to the new sport . The Irish Catholics dominated in the late 19th century , comprising a third or more of the players and many of the top stars and managers . Historian Jerrold Casway argues that : Baseball for Irish kids was a shortcut to the American dream and to self - indulgent glory and fortune . By the mid-1880s these young Irish men dominated the sport and popularized a style of play that was termed heady , daring , and spontaneous ... Ed Delahanty personified the flamboyant , exciting spectator - favorite , the Casey - at - the - bat , Irish slugger . The handsome masculine athlete who is expected to live as large as he played . Rise of Ruth and racial integration Babe Ruth in 1920 , the year he joined the New York Yankees Compared with the present , professional baseball in the early 20th century was lower - scoring , and pitchers , including stars Walter Johnson and Christy Mathewson , were more dominant . The `` inside game '' , which demanded that players `` scratch for runs '' , was played much more aggressively than it is today : the brilliant and often violent Ty Cobb epitomized this style . The so - called dead - ball era ended in the early 1920s with several changes in rule and circumstance that were advantageous to hitters . Strict new regulations governing the ball 's size , shape and composition , along with a new rule officially banning the spitball and other pitches that depended on the ball being treated or roughed - up with foreign substances , followed the death of Ray Chapman after a pitch struck him in the head in August 1920 . Coupled with superior materials available after World War I , this resulted in a ball that traveled farther when hit . The construction of additional seating to accommodate the rising popularity of the game often had the effect of reducing the distance to the outfield fences , making home runs more common . The rise of the legendary player Babe Ruth , the first great power hitter of the new era , helped permanently alter the nature of the game . The club with which Ruth set most of his slugging records , the New York Yankees , built a reputation as the majors ' premier team . In the late 1920s and early 1930s , St. Louis Cardinals general manager Branch Rickey invested in several minor league clubs and developed the first modern `` farm system '' . A new Negro National League was organized in 1933 ; four years later , it was joined by the Negro American League . The first elections to the National Baseball Hall of Fame took place in 1936 . In 1939 Little League Baseball was founded in Pennsylvania . By the late 1940s , it was the organizing body for children 's baseball leagues across the United States . Jackie Robinson in 1945 , with the era 's Kansas City Royals , a barnstorming squad associated with the Negro American League 's Kansas City Monarchs With America 's entry into World War II , many professional players had left to serve in the armed forces . A large number of minor league teams disbanded as a result and the major league game seemed under threat as well . Chicago Cubs owner Philip K. Wrigley led the formation of a new professional league with women players to help keep the game in the public eye -- the All - American Girls Professional Baseball League existed from 1943 to 1954 . The inaugural College World Series was held in 1947 , and the Babe Ruth League youth program was founded . This program soon became another important organizing body for children 's baseball . The first crack in the unwritten agreement barring blacks from white - controlled professional ball occurred the previous year : Jackie Robinson was signed by the National League 's Brooklyn Dodgers -- where Branch Rickey had become general manager -- and began playing for their minor league team in Montreal . In 1947 , Robinson broke the major leagues ' color barrier when he debuted with the Dodgers ; Larry Doby debuted with the American League 's Cleveland Indians later the same year . Latin American players , largely overlooked before , also started entering the majors in greater numbers . In 1951 , two Chicago White Sox , Venezuelan - born Chico Carrasquel and black Cuban - born Minnie Miñoso , became the first Hispanic All - Stars . Facing competition as varied as television and football , baseball attendance at all levels declined . While the majors rebounded by the mid-1950s , the minor leagues were gutted and hundreds of semipro and amateur teams dissolved . Integration proceeded slowly : by 1953 , only six of the 16 major league teams had a black player on the roster . That year , the Major League Baseball Players Association was founded . It was the first professional baseball union to survive more than briefly , but it remained largely ineffective for years . No major league team had been located west of St. Louis until 1958 , when the Brooklyn Dodgers and New York Giants relocated to Los Angeles and San Francisco , respectively . The majors ' final all - white bastion , the Boston Red Sox , added a black player in 1959 . With the integration of the majors drying up the available pool of players , the last Negro league folded the following year . In 1961 , the American League reached the West Coast with the Los Angeles Angels expansion team , and the major league season was extended from 154 games to 162 . This coincidentally helped Roger Maris break Babe Ruth 's long - standing single - season home run record , one of the most celebrated marks in baseball . Along with the Angels , three other new franchises were launched during 1961 -- 62 . With this , the first major league expansion in 60 years , each league now had ten teams . Attendance records and the age of steroids In May 2010 , the Philadelphia Phillies ' Roy Halladay pitched the 20th major league perfect game . That October , he pitched only the second no - hitter in MLB postseason history . The players ' union became bolder under the leadership of former United Steelworkers chief economist and negotiator Marvin Miller , who was elected executive director in 1966 . On the playing field , major league pitchers were becoming increasingly dominant again . After the 1968 season , in an effort to restore balance , the strike zone was reduced and the height of the pitcher 's mound was lowered from 15 to 10 inches ( 38.1 - 25.4 cm ) . In 1969 , both the National and American Leagues added two more expansion teams , the leagues were reorganized into two divisions each , and a post-season playoff system leading to the World Series was instituted . Also that same year , Curt Flood of the St. Louis Cardinals made the first serious legal challenge to the reserve clause . The major leagues ' first general players ' strike took place in 1972 , delaying the season 's start for two weeks . In another effort to add more offense to the game , the American League adopted the designated hitter rule the following year . In 1975 , the union 's power -- and players ' salaries -- began to increase greatly when the reserve clause was effectively struck down , leading to the free agency system . In 1977 , two more expansion teams joined the American League . Significant work stoppages occurred again in 1981 and 1994 , the latter forcing the cancellation of the World Series for the first time in 90 years . Attendance had been growing steadily since the mid-1970s and in 1994 , before the stoppage , the majors were setting their all - time record for per - game attendance . The addition of two more expansion teams after the 1993 season had facilitated another restructuring of the major leagues , this time into three divisions each . Offensive production -- the number of home runs in particular -- had surged that year , and again in the abbreviated 1994 season . After play resumed in 1995 , this trend continued and non-division - winning wild card teams became a permanent fixture of the post-season . Regular - season interleague play was introduced in 1997 and the second - highest attendance mark for a full season was set . The next year , Mark McGwire and Sammy Sosa both surpassed Maris 's decades - old single - season home run record , and two more expansion franchises were added . In 2000 , the National and American Leagues were dissolved as legal entities . While their identities were maintained for scheduling purposes ( and the designated hitter distinction ) , the regulations and other functions -- such as player discipline and umpire supervision -- they had administered separately were consolidated under the rubric of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . In 2001 , Barry Bonds established the current record of 73 home runs in a single season . There had long been suspicions that the dramatic increase in power hitting was fueled in large part by the abuse of illegal steroids ( as well as by the dilution of pitching talent due to expansion ) , but the issue only began attracting significant media attention in 2002 and there was no penalty for the use of performance - enhancing drugs before 2004 . In 2007 , Bonds became MLB 's all - time home run leader , surpassing Hank Aaron , as total major league and minor league attendance both reached all - time highs . Even though McGwire , Sosa , and Bonds -- as well as many other players , including storied pitcher Roger Clemens -- have been implicated in the steroid abuse scandal , their feats and those of other sluggers had become the major leagues ' defining attraction . In contrast to the professional game 's resurgence in popularity after the 1994 interruption , Little League enrollment was in decline : after peaking in 1996 , it dropped 1 percent a year over the following decade . With more rigorous testing and penalties for performance - enhancing drug use a possible factor , the balance between bat and ball swung markedly in 2010 , which became known as the `` Year of the Pitcher '' . Runs per game fell to their lowest level in 18 years , and the strikeout rate was higher than it had been in half a century . Before the start of the 2012 season , MLB altered its rules to double the number of wild card teams admitted into the playoffs to two per league . The playoff expansion resulted in the addition of annual one - game playoffs between the wild card teams in each league . Baseball around the World Main article : History of baseball outside the United States See also : Category : Baseball by country . Baseball , widely known as America 's pastime , is well established in several other countries as well . The history of baseball in Canada has remained closely linked with that of the sport in the United States . As early as 1877 , a professional league , the International Association , featured teams from both countries . While baseball is widely played in Canada and many minor league teams have been based in the country , the American major leagues did not include a Canadian club until 1969 , when the Montreal Expos joined the National League as an expansion team . In 1977 , the expansion Toronto Blue Jays joined the American League . The Blue Jays won the World Series in 1992 and 1993 , the first and still the only club from outside the United States to do so . After the 2004 season , Major League Baseball relocated the Expos to Washington , D.C. , where the team is now known as the Nationals . Sadaharu Oh managing the Japan national team in the 2006 World Baseball Classic . Playing for the Central League 's Yomiuri Giants ( 1959 -- 80 ) , Oh set the professional world record for home runs . In 1847 , American soldiers played what may have been the first baseball game in Mexico at Parque Los Berros in Xalapa , Veracruz . A few days after the Battle of Cerro Gordo , they used the `` wooden leg captured ( by the Fourth Illinois regiment ) from General Santa Anna '' . The first formal baseball league outside of the United States and Canada was founded in 1878 in Cuba , which maintains a rich baseball tradition and whose national team has been one of the world 's strongest since international play began in the late 1930s ( all organized baseball in the country has officially been amateur since the Cuban Revolution ) . The Dominican Republic held its first islandwide championship tournament in 1912 . Professional baseball tournaments and leagues began to form in other countries between the world wars , including the Netherlands ( formed in 1922 ) , Australia ( 1934 ) , Japan ( 1936 ) , Mexico ( 1937 ) , and Puerto Rico ( 1938 ) . The Japanese major leagues -- the Central League and Pacific League -- have long been considered the highest quality professional circuits outside of the United States . Japan has a professional minor league system as well , though it is much smaller than the American version -- each team has only one farm club in contrast to MLB teams ' four or five . After World War II , professional leagues were founded in many Latin American countries , most prominently Venezuela ( 1946 ) and the Dominican Republic ( 1955 ) . Since the early 1970s , the annual Caribbean Series has matched the championship clubs from the four leading Latin American winter leagues : the Dominican Professional Baseball League , Mexican Pacific League , Puerto Rican Professional Baseball League , and Venezuelan Professional Baseball League . In Asia , South Korea ( 1982 ) , Taiwan , Province of China ( 1990 ) and China ( 2003 ) all have professional leagues . Many European countries have professional leagues as well , the most successful , other than the Dutch league , being the Italian league founded in 1948 . Compared to those in Asia and Latin America , the various European leagues and the one in Australia historically have had no more than niche appeal . In 2004 , Australia won a surprise silver medal at the Olympic Games . The Israel Baseball League , launched in 2007 , folded after one season . The Confédération Européene de Baseball ( European Baseball Confederation ) , founded in 1953 , organizes a number of competitions between clubs from different countries , as well as national squads . Other competitions between national teams , such as the Baseball World Cup and the Olympic baseball tournament , were administered by the International Baseball Federation ( IBAF ) from its formation in 1938 until its 2013 merger with the International Softball Federation to create the current joint governing body for both sports , the World Baseball Softball Confederation ( WBSC ) . By 2009 , the IBAF had 117 member countries . Women 's baseball is played on an organized amateur basis in many of the countries where it is a leading men 's sport . Since 2004 , the IBAF and now WBSC have sanctioned the Women 's Baseball World Cup , featuring national teams . After being admitted to the Olympics as a medal sport beginning with the 1992 Games , baseball was dropped from the 2012 Summer Olympic Games at the 2005 International Olympic Committee meeting . It remained part of the 2008 Games . The elimination of baseball , along with softball , from the 2012 Olympic program enabled the IOC to consider adding two different sports , but none received the votes required for inclusion . While the sport 's lack of a following in much of the world was a factor , more important was Major League Baseball 's reluctance to have a break during the Games to allow its players to participate , as the National Hockey League now does during the Winter Olympic Games . Such a break is more difficult for MLB to accommodate because it would force the playoffs deeper into cold weather . Seeking reinstatement for the 2016 Summer Olympics , the IBAF proposed an abbreviated competition designed to facilitate the participation of top players , but the effort failed . Major League Baseball initiated the World Baseball Classic , scheduled to precede the major league season , partly as a replacement , high - profile international tournament . The inaugural Classic , held in March 2006 , was the first tournament involving national teams to feature a significant number of MLB participants . The Baseball World Cup was discontinued after its 2011 edition in favor of an expanded World Baseball Classic . Rules and gameplay Main article : Baseball rules A game is played between two teams , each composed of nine players , that take turns playing offense ( batting and baserunning ) and defense ( pitching and fielding ) . A pair of turns , one at bat and one in the field , by each team constitutes an inning . A game consists of nine innings ( seven innings at the high school level and in doubleheaders in college and minor leagues ) . One team -- customarily the visiting team -- bats in the top , or first half , of every inning . The other team -- customarily the home team -- bats in the bottom , or second half , of every inning . The goal of the game is to score more points ( runs ) than the other team . The players on the team at bat attempt to score runs by circling or completing a tour of the four bases set at the corners of the square - shaped baseball diamond . A player bats at home plate and must proceed counterclockwise to first base , second base , third base , and back home in order to score a run . The team in the field attempts both to prevent runs from scoring and to record outs , which remove opposing players from offensive action until their turn in their team 's batting order comes up again . When three outs are recorded , the teams switch roles for the next half - inning . If the score of the game is tied after nine innings , extra innings are played to resolve the contest . Many amateur games , particularly unorganized ones , involve different numbers of players and innings . Diagram of a baseball field ( the term diamond may be used to refer to the square area defined by the four bases or to the entire playing field ) . The dimensions given are for professional and professional - style games . Children often play on smaller fields . The game is played on a field whose primary boundaries , the foul lines , extend forward from home plate at 45 - degree angles . The 90 - degree area within the foul lines is referred to as fair territory ; the 270 - degree area outside them is foul territory . The part of the field enclosed by the bases and several yards beyond them is the infield ; the area farther beyond the infield is the outfield . In the middle of the infield is a raised pitcher 's mound , with a rectangular rubber plate ( the rubber ) at its center . The outer boundary of the outfield is typically demarcated by a raised fence , which may be of any material and height ( many amateur games are played on unfenced fields ) . The fair territory between home plate and the outfield boundary is baseball 's field of play , though significant events can take place in foul territory , as well . There are three basic tools of baseball : the ball , the bat , and the glove or mitt : The baseball is about the size of an adult 's fist , around 9 inches ( 23 centimeters ) in circumference . It has a rubber or cork center , wound in yarn and covered in white cowhide , with red stitching . The bat is a hitting tool , traditionally made of a single , solid piece of wood . Other materials are now commonly used for nonprofessional games . It is a hard round stick , about 2.5 inches ( 6.4 centimeters ) in diameter at the hitting end , tapering to a narrower handle and culminating in a knob . Bats used by adults are typically around 34 inches ( 86 centimeters ) long , and not longer than 42 inches ( 106 centimeters ) . The glove or mitt is a fielding tool , made of padded leather with webbing between the fingers . As an aid in catching and holding onto the ball , it takes various shapes to meet the specific needs of different fielding positions . Protective helmets are also standard equipment for all batters . At the beginning of each half - inning , the nine players on the fielding team arrange themselves around the field . One of them , the pitcher , stands on the pitcher 's mound . The pitcher begins the pitching delivery with one foot on the rubber , pushing off it to gain velocity when throwing toward home plate . Another player , the catcher , squats on the far side of home plate , facing the pitcher . The rest of the team faces home plate , typically arranged as four infielders -- who set up along or within a few yards outside the imaginary lines ( basepaths ) between first , second , and third base -- and three outfielders . In the standard arrangement , there is a first baseman positioned several steps to the left of first base , a second baseman to the right of second base , a shortstop to the left of second base , and a third baseman to the right of third base . The basic outfield positions are left fielder , center fielder , and right fielder . With the exception of the catcher , all fielders are required to be in fair territory when the pitch is delivered . A neutral umpire sets up behind the catcher . Other umpires will be distributed around the field as well , though the number will vary depending on the level of play ; amateur or children 's games may only have an umpire behind the plate , while as many as six umpires can be used for important major league games . David Ortiz , the batter , awaiting a pitch , with the catcher and umpire Play starts with a batter standing at home plate , holding a bat . The batter waits for the pitcher to throw a pitch ( the ball ) toward home plate , and attempts to hit the ball with the bat . The catcher catches pitches that the batter does not hit -- as a result of either electing not to swing or failing to connect -- and returns them to the pitcher . A batter who hits the ball into the field of play must drop the bat and begin running toward first base , at which point the player is referred to as a runner ( or , until the play is over , a batter - runner ) . A batter - runner who reaches first base without being put out ( see below ) is said to be safe and is now on base . A batter - runner may choose to remain at first base or attempt to advance to second base or even beyond -- however far the player believes can be reached safely . A player who reaches base despite proper play by the fielders has recorded a hit . A player who reaches first base safely on a hit is credited with a single . If a player makes it to second base safely as a direct result of a hit , it is a double ; third base , a triple . If the ball is hit in the air within the foul lines over the entire outfield ( and outfield fence , if there is one ) , or otherwise safely circles all the bases , it is a home run : the batter and any runners on base may all freely circle the bases , each scoring a run . This is the most desirable result for the batter . A player who reaches base due to a fielding mistake is not credited with a hit -- instead , the responsible fielder is charged with an error . Any runners already on base may attempt to advance on batted balls that land , or contact the ground , in fair territory , before or after the ball lands . A runner on first base must attempt to advance if a ball lands in play . If a ball hit into play rolls foul before passing through the infield , it becomes dead and any runners must return to the base they were at when the play began . If the ball is hit in the air and caught before it lands , the batter has flied out and any runners on base may attempt to advance only if they tag up or touch the base they were at when the play began , as or after the ball is caught . Runners may also attempt to advance to the next base while the pitcher is in the process of delivering the ball to home plate -- a successful effort is a stolen base . A pitch that is not hit into the field of play is called either a strike or a ball . A batter against whom three strikes are recorded strikes out . A batter against whom four balls are recorded is awarded a base on balls or walk , a free advance to first base . ( A batter may also freely advance to first base if the batter 's body or uniform is struck by a pitch outside the strike zone , provided the batter does not swing and attempts to avoid being hit . ) Crucial to determining balls and strikes is the umpire 's judgment as to whether a pitch has passed through the strike zone , a conceptual area above home plate extending from the midpoint between the batter 's shoulders and belt down to the hollow of the knee . A strike is called when one of the following happens : The batter lets a well - pitched ball ( one within the strike zone ) go through to the catcher . The batter swings at any ball ( even one outside the strike zone ) and misses , or foul tips it directly into the catcher 's hands . The batter hits a foul ball -- one that either initially lands in foul territory or initially lands within the diamond but moves into foul territory before passing first or third base . If there are already two strikes on the batter , a foul ball is not counted as a third strike ; thus , a foul ball can not result in the immediate strikeout of the batter . ( There is an exception to this exception : a two - strike foul bunt is recorded as a third strike . ) A ball is called when the pitcher throws a pitch that is outside the strike zone , provided the batter has not swung at it . A shortstop tries to tag out a runner who is sliding headfirst , attempting to reach second base . While the team at bat is trying to score runs , the team in the field is attempting to record outs . Among the various ways a member of the batting team may be put out , five are most common : The strikeout : as described above , recorded against a batter who makes three strikes before putting the ball into play or being awarded a free advance to first base ( see also uncaught third strike ) . The flyout : as described above , recorded against a batter who hits a ball in the air that is caught by a fielder , whether in fair territory or foul territory , before it lands , whether or not the batter has run . The ground out : recorded against a batter ( in this case , batter - runner ) who hits a ball that lands in fair territory which , before the batter - runner can reach first base , is retrieved by a fielder who touches first base while holding the ball or relays it to another fielder who touches first base while holding the ball . The force out : recorded against a runner who is required to attempt to advance -- either because the runner is on first base and a batted ball lands in fair territory , or because the runner immediately behind on the basepath is thus required to attempt to advance -- but fails to reach the next base before a fielder touches the base while holding the ball . The ground out is technically a special case of the force out . The tag out : recorded against a runner who is touched by a fielder with the ball or a glove holding the ball , while the runner is not touching a base . It is possible to record two outs in the course of the same play . This is called a double play . Even three outs in one play , a triple play , is possible , though this is very rare . Players put out or retired must leave the field , returning to their team 's dugout or bench . A runner may be stranded on base when a third out is recorded against another player on the team . Stranded runners do not benefit the team in its next turn at bat as every half - inning begins with the bases empty of runners . An individual player 's turn batting or plate appearance is complete when the player reaches base , hits a home run , makes an out , or hits a ball that results in the team 's third out , even if it is recorded against a teammate . On rare occasions , a batter may be at the plate when , without the batter 's hitting the ball , a third out is recorded against a teammate -- for instance , a runner getting caught stealing ( tagged out attempting to steal a base ) . A batter with this sort of incomplete plate appearance starts off the team 's next turn batting ; any balls or strikes recorded against the batter the previous inning are erased . A runner may circle the bases only once per plate appearance and thus can score at most a single run per batting turn . Once a player has completed a plate appearance , that player may not bat again until the eight other members of the player 's team have all taken their turn at bat . The batting order is set before the game begins , and may not be altered except for substitutions . Once a player has been removed for a substitute , that player may not reenter the game . Children 's games often have more liberal substitution rules . If the designated hitter ( DH ) rule is in effect , each team has a tenth player whose sole responsibility is to bat ( and run ) . The DH takes the place of another player -- almost invariably the pitcher -- in the batting order , but does not field . Thus , even with the DH , each team still has a batting order of nine players and a fielding arrangement of nine players . Personnel See also : Baseball positions Player rosters Defensive positions on a baseball field , with abbreviations and scorekeeper 's position numbers ( not uniform numbers ) Roster , or squad , sizes differ between different leagues and different levels of organized play . Major League Baseball teams maintain 25 - player active rosters . A typical 25 - man roster in a league without the DH rule , such as MLB 's National League , features : eight position players -- catcher , four infielders , three outfielders -- who play on a regular basis five starting pitchers who constitute the team 's pitching rotation or starting rotation six relief pitchers , including one specialist closer , who constitute the team 's bullpen ( named for the off - field area where pitchers warm up ) one backup , or substitute , catcher two backup infielders two backup outfielders one specialist pinch hitter , or a second backup catcher , or a seventh reliever In the American League and others with the DH rule , there will usually be nine offensive regulars ( including the DH ) , five starting pitchers , seven or eight relievers , a backup catcher and two or three other reserves ; the need for late - inning pinch - hitters is reduced by the DH . Other personnel Relief pitchers warming up , overseen by a bullpen coach . A manager will often have both a right - handed and a left - handed reliever warm up to maximize strategic options . The manager , or head coach of a team , oversees the team 's major strategic decisions , such as establishing the starting rotation , setting the lineup , or batting order , before each game , and making substitutions during games -- in particular , bringing in relief pitchers . Managers are typically assisted by two or more coaches ; they may have specialized responsibilities , such as working with players on hitting , fielding , pitching , or strength and conditioning . At most levels of organized play , two coaches are stationed on the field when the team is at bat : the first base coach and third base coach , occupying designated coaches ' boxes just outside the foul lines , assist in the direction of baserunners when the ball is in play , and relay tactical signals from the manager to batters and runners during pauses in play . In contrast to many other team sports , baseball managers and coaches generally wear their team 's uniforms ; coaches must be in uniform in order to be allowed on the field to confer with players during a game . Any baseball game involves one or more umpires , who make rulings on the outcome of each play . At a minimum , one umpire will stand behind the catcher , to have a good view of the strike zone , and call balls and strikes . Additional umpires may be stationed near the other bases , thus making it easier to judge plays such as attempted force outs and tag outs . In Major League Baseball , four umpires are used for each game , one near each base . In the playoffs , six umpires are used : one at each base and two in the outfield along the foul lines . Strategy and tactics Play media Matthew Dipasupil Summer 2014 Baseball Video See also : Baseball positioning Many of the pre-game and in - game strategic decisions in baseball revolve around a fundamental fact : in general , right - handed batters tend to be more successful against left - handed pitchers and , to an even greater degree , left - handed batters tend to be more successful against right - handed pitchers . A manager with several left - handed batters in the regular lineup who knows the team will be facing a left - handed starting pitcher may respond by starting one or more of the right - handed backups on the team 's roster . During the late innings of a game , as relief pitchers and pinch hitters are brought in , the opposing managers will often go back and forth trying to create favorable matchups with their substitutions : the manager of the fielding team trying to arrange same - handed pitcher - batter matchups , the manager of the batting team trying to arrange opposite - handed matchups . With a team that has the lead in the late innings , a manager may remove a starting position player -- especially one whose turn at bat is not likely to come up again -- for a more skillful fielder . Furthermore , unlike players in most team sports , baseball players can not return to a game after being replaced ; this creates a greater risk when making lineup changes , especially as a team 's pitching staff may be increasingly depleted in the late innings of a game , particularly one which goes into multiple extra innings . Pitching and fielding tactics A first baseman receives a pickoff throw , as the runner dives back to first base . The tactical decision that precedes almost every play in a baseball game involves pitch selection . By gripping and then releasing the baseball in a certain manner , and by throwing it at a certain speed , pitchers can cause the baseball to break to either side , or downward , as it approaches the batter . Among the resulting wide variety of pitches that may be thrown , the four basic types are the fastball , the changeup ( or off - speed pitch ) , and two breaking balls -- the curveball and the slider . Pitchers have different repertoires of pitches they are skillful at throwing . Conventionally , before each pitch , the catcher signals the pitcher what type of pitch to throw , as well as its general vertical and / or horizontal location . If there is disagreement on the selection , the pitcher may shake off the sign and the catcher will call for a different pitch . With a runner on base and taking a lead , the pitcher may attempt a pickoff , a quick throw to a fielder covering the base to keep the runner 's lead in check or , optimally , effect a tag out . Pickoff attempts , however , are subject to rules that severely restrict the pitcher 's movements before and during the pickoff attempt . Violation of any one of these rules could result in the umpire calling a balk against the pitcher , with the result being runners on base , if any , advance one base with impunity . If an attempted stolen base is anticipated , the catcher may call for a pitchout , a ball thrown deliberately off the plate , allowing the catcher to catch it while standing and throw quickly to a base . Facing a batter with a strong tendency to hit to one side of the field , the fielding team may employ a shift , with most or all of the fielders moving to the left or right of their usual positions . With a runner on third base , the infielders may play in , moving closer to home plate to improve the odds of throwing out the runner on a ground ball , though a sharply hit grounder is more likely to carry through a drawn - in infield . Batting and baserunning tactics A batter squares to bunt , moving his hands up the barrel of the bat to increase his control and deaden the ball on impact . Several basic offensive tactics come into play with a runner on first base , including the fundamental choice of whether to attempt a steal of second base . The hit and run is sometimes employed with a skillful contact hitter : the runner takes off with the pitch drawing the shortstop or second baseman over to second base , creating a gap in the infield for the batter to poke the ball through . The sacrifice bunt calls for the batter to focus on making contact with the ball so that it rolls a short distance into the infield , allowing the runner to advance into scoring position even at the expense of the batter being thrown out at first -- a batter who succeeds is credited with a sacrifice . ( A batter , particularly one who is a fast runner , may also attempt to bunt for a hit . ) A sacrifice bunt employed with a runner on third base , aimed at bringing that runner home , is known as a squeeze play . With a runner on third and fewer than two outs , a batter may instead concentrate on hitting a fly ball that , even if it is caught , will be deep enough to allow the runner to tag up and score -- a successful batter , in this case , gets credit for a sacrifice fly . The manager will sometimes signal a batter who is ahead in the count ( i.e. , has more balls than strikes ) to take , or not swing at , the next pitch . Distinctive elements Baseball has certain attributes that set it apart from the other popular team sports in the countries where it has a following . All of these sports use a clock ; in all of them , play is less individual and more collective ; and in none of them is the variation between playing fields nearly as substantial or important . The comparison between cricket and baseball demonstrates that many of baseball 's distinctive elements are shared in various ways with its cousin sports . No clock to kill A well - worn baseball In clock - limited sports , games often end with a team that holds the lead killing the clock rather than competing aggressively against the opposing team . In contrast , baseball has no clock ; a team can not win without getting the last batter out and rallies are not constrained by time . At almost any turn in any baseball game , the most advantageous strategy is some form of aggressive strategy . In contrast , again , the clock comes into play even in the case of multi-day Test and first - class cricket : the possibility of a draw often encourages a team that is batting last and well behind to bat defensively , giving up any faint chance at a win to avoid a loss . Baseball offers no such reward for conservative batting . While nine innings has been the standard since the beginning of professional baseball , the duration of the average major league game has increased steadily through the years . At the turn of the 20th century , games typically took an hour and a half to play . In the 1920s , they averaged just less than two hours , which eventually ballooned to 2 : 38 in 1960 . By 1997 , the average American League game lasted 2 : 57 ( National League games were about 10 minutes shorter -- pitchers at the plate making for quicker outs than designated hitters ) . In 2004 , Major League Baseball declared that its goal was an average game of 2 : 45 . By 2014 , though , the average MLB game took over three hours to complete . The lengthening of games is attributed to longer breaks between half - innings for television commercials , increased offense , more pitching changes , and a slower pace of play with pitchers taking more time between each delivery , and batters stepping out of the box more frequently . Other leagues have experienced similar issues . In 2008 , Nippon Professional Baseball took steps aimed at shortening games by 12 minutes from the preceding decade 's average of 3 : 18 . In 2016 , the average nine - inning playoff game in Major League baseball was 3 hours and 35 minutes . This up 10 minutes from 2015 and up 21 minutes from 2014 . Individual focus Although baseball is a team sport , individual players are often placed under scrutiny and pressure . In 1915 , a baseball instructional manual pointed out that every single pitch , of which there are often more than two hundred in a game , involves an individual , one - on - one contest : `` the pitcher and the batter in a battle of wits '' . Contrasting the game with both football and basketball , scholar Michael Mandelbaum argues that `` baseball is the one closest in evolutionary descent to the older individual sports '' . Pitcher , batter , and fielder all act essentially independent of each other . While coaching staffs can signal pitcher or batter to pursue certain tactics , the execution of the play itself is a series of solitary acts . If the batter hits a line drive , the outfielder is solely responsible for deciding to try to catch it or play it on the bounce and for succeeding or failing . The statistical precision of baseball is both facilitated by this isolation and reinforces it . As described by Mandelbaum , It is impossible to isolate and objectively assess the contribution each ( football ) team member makes to the outcome of the play ... ( E ) very basketball player is interacting with all of his teammates all the time . In baseball , by contrast , every player is more or less on his own ... Baseball is therefore a realm of complete transparency and total responsibility . A baseball player lives in a glass house , and in a stark moral universe ... Everything that every player does is accounted for and everything accounted for is either good or bad , right or wrong . Cricket is more similar to baseball than many other team sports in this regard : while the individual focus in cricket is mitigated by the importance of the batting partnership and the practicalities of tandem running , it is enhanced by the fact that a batsman may occupy the wicket for an hour or much more . There is no statistical equivalent in cricket for the fielding error and thus less emphasis on personal responsibility in this area of play . Uniqueness of each Baseball park Main article : Baseball park Fenway Park , home of the Boston Red Sox . The Green Monster is visible beyond the playing field on the left . A New York Yankees batter and a Boston Red Sox catcher at Fenway Park . Unlike those of most sports , baseball playing fields can vary significantly in size and shape . While the dimensions of the infield are specifically regulated , the only constraint on outfield size and shape for professional teams following the rules of Major League and Minor League Baseball is that fields built or remodeled since June 1 , 1958 , must have a minimum distance of 325 feet ( 99 m ) from home plate to the fences in left and right field and 400 feet ( 122 m ) to center . Major league teams often skirt even this rule . For example , at Minute Maid Park , which became the home of the Houston Astros in 2000 , the Crawford Boxes in left field are only 315 feet ( 96 m ) from home plate . There are no rules at all that address the height of fences or other structures at the edge of the outfield . The most famously idiosyncratic outfield boundary is the left - field wall at Boston 's Fenway Park , in use since 1912 : the Green Monster is 310 feet ( 94 m ) from home plate down the line and 37 feet ( 11 m ) tall . Similarly , there are no regulations at all concerning the dimensions of foul territory . Thus a foul fly ball may be entirely out of play in a park with little space between the foul lines and the stands , but a foulout in a park with more expansive foul ground . A fence in foul territory that is close to the outfield line will tend to direct balls that strike it back toward the fielders , while one that is farther away may actually prompt more collisions , as outfielders run full speed to field balls deep in the corner . These variations can make the difference between a double and a triple or inside - the - park home run . The surface of the field is also unregulated . While the adjacent image shows a traditional field surfacing arrangement ( and the one used by virtually all MLB teams with naturally surfaced fields ) , teams are free to decide what areas will be grassed or bare . Some fields -- including several in MLB -- use an artificial surface , such as AstroTurf . Surface variations can have a significant effect on how ground balls behave and are fielded as well as on baserunning . Similarly , the presence of a roof ( seven major league teams play in stadiums with permanent or retractable roofs ) can greatly affect how fly balls are played . While football and soccer players deal with similar variations of field surface and stadium covering , the size and shape of their fields are much more standardized . The area out - of - bounds on a football or soccer field does not affect play the way foul territory in baseball does , so variations in that regard are largely insignificant . These physical variations create a distinctive set of playing conditions at each ballpark . Other local factors , such as altitude and climate , can also significantly affect play . A given stadium may acquire a reputation as a pitcher 's park or a hitter 's park , if one or the other discipline notably benefits from its unique mix of elements . The most exceptional park in this regard is Coors Field , home of the Colorado Rockies . Its high altitude -- 5,282 feet ( 1,610 m ) above sea level -- is responsible for giving it the strongest hitter 's park effect in the major leagues . Wrigley Field , home of the Chicago Cubs , is known for its fickle disposition : a hitter 's park when the strong winds off Lake Michigan are blowing out , it becomes more of a pitcher 's park when they are blowing in . The absence of a standardized field affects not only how particular games play out , but the nature of team rosters and players ' statistical records . For example , hitting a fly ball 330 feet ( 100 m ) into right field might result in an easy catch on the warning track at one park , and a home run at another . A team that plays in a park with a relatively short right field , such as the New York Yankees , will tend to stock its roster with left - handed pull hitters , who can best exploit it . On the individual level , a player who spends most of his career with a team that plays in a hitter 's park will gain an advantage in batting statistics over time -- even more so if his talents are especially suited to the park . Statistics Main article : Baseball statistics Organized baseball lends itself to statistics to a greater degree than many other sports . Each play is discrete and has a relatively small number of possible outcomes . In the late 19th century , a former cricket player , English - born Henry Chadwick of Brooklyn , was responsible for the `` development of the box score , tabular standings , the annual baseball guide , the batting average , and most of the common statistics and tables used to describe baseball . '' The statistical record is so central to the game 's `` historical essence '' that Chadwick came to be known as Father Baseball . In the 1920s , American newspapers began devoting more and more attention to baseball statistics , initiating what journalist and historian Alan Schwarz describes as a `` tectonic shift in sports , as intrigue that once focused mostly on teams began to go to individual players and their statistics lines . '' The Official Baseball Rules administered by Major League Baseball require the official scorer to categorize each baseball play unambiguously . The rules provide detailed criteria to promote consistency . The score report is the official basis for both the box score of the game and the relevant statistical records . General managers , managers , and baseball scouts use statistics to evaluate players and make strategic decisions . Rickey Henderson -- the major leagues ' all - time leader in runs and stolen bases -- stealing third base in a 1988 game Certain traditional statistics are familiar to most baseball fans . The basic batting statistics include : At bats : plate appearances , excluding walks and hit by pitches -- where the batter 's ability is not fully tested -- and sacrifices and sacrifice flies -- where the batter intentionally makes an out in order to advance one or more baserunners Hits : times reached base because of a batted , fair ball without fielding error or fielder 's choice Runs : times circling the bases and reaching home safely Runs batted in ( RBIs ) : number of runners who scored due to a batter 's action ( including the batter , in the case of a home run ) , except when batter grounded into double play or reached on an error Home runs : hits on which the batter successfully touched all four bases , without the contribution of a fielding error Batting average : hits divided by at bats -- the traditional measure of batting ability The basic baserunning statistics include : Stolen bases : times advancing to the next base entirely due to the runner 's own efforts , generally while the pitcher is preparing to deliver or delivering the ball Caught stealing : times tagged out while attempting to steal a base Cy Young -- the holder of many major league career marks , including wins and innings pitched , as well as losses -- in 1908 . MLB 's annual awards for the best pitcher in each league are named for Young . The basic pitching statistics include : Wins : credited to pitcher on winning team who last pitched before the team took a lead that it never relinquished ( a starting pitcher must pitch at least five innings to qualify for a win ) Losses : charged to pitcher on losing team who was pitching when the opposing team took a lead that it never relinquished Saves : games where the pitcher enters a game led by the pitcher 's team , finishes the game without surrendering the lead , is not the winning pitcher , and either ( a ) the lead was three runs or less when the pitcher entered the game ; ( b ) the potential tying run was on base , at bat , or on deck ; or ( c ) the pitcher pitched three or more innings Innings pitched : outs recorded while pitching divided by three ( partial innings are conventionally recorded as , e.g. , `` 5.2 '' or `` 7.1 '' , the last digit actually representing thirds , not tenths , of an inning ) Strikeouts : times pitching three strikes to a batter Winning percentage : wins divided by decisions ( wins plus losses ) Earned run average ( ERA ) : runs allowed , excluding those resulting from fielding errors , per nine innings pitched The basic fielding statistics include : Putouts : times the fielder catches a fly ball , tags or forces out a runner , or otherwise directly effects an out Assists : times a putout by another fielder was recorded following the fielder touching the ball Errors : times the fielder fails to make a play that should have been made with common effort , and the batting team benefits as a result Total chances : putouts plus assists plus errors Fielding average : successful chances ( putouts plus assists ) divided by total chances Among the many other statistics that are kept are those collectively known as situational statistics . For example , statistics can indicate which specific pitchers a certain batter performs best against . If a given situation statistically favors a certain batter , the manager of the fielding team may be more likely to change pitchers or have the pitcher intentionally walk the batter in order to face one who is less likely to succeed . Sabermetrics Sabermetrics refers to the field of baseball statistical study and the development of new statistics and analytical tools . The term is also used to refer directly to new statistics themselves . The term was coined around 1980 by one of the field 's leading proponents , Bill James , and derives from the Society for American Baseball Research ( SABR ) . The growing popularity of sabermetrics since the early 1980s has brought more attention to two batting statistics that sabermetricians argue are much better gauges of a batter 's skill than batting average : On - base percentage measures a batter 's ability to get on base . It is calculated by taking the sum of the batter 's successes in getting on base ( hits plus walks plus hit by pitches ) and dividing that by the batter 's total plate appearances ( at bats plus walks plus hit by pitches plus sacrifice flies ) , except for sacrifice bunts . Slugging percentage measures a batter 's ability to hit for power . It is calculated by taking the batter 's total bases ( one per each single , two per double , three per triple , and four per home run ) and dividing that by the batter 's at bats . Some of the new statistics devised by sabermetricians have gained wide use : On - base plus slugging ( OPS ) measures a batter 's overall ability . It is calculated by adding the batter 's on - base percentage and slugging percentage . Walks plus hits per inning pitched ( WHIP ) measures a pitcher 's ability at preventing hitters from reaching base . It is calculated exactly as its name suggests . Popularity and cultural impact Two players on the baseball team of Tokyo , Japan 's Waseda University in 1921 An Afghan girl playing baseball in August 2002 Writing in 1919 , philosopher Morris Raphael Cohen described baseball as America 's national religion . In the words of sports columnist Jayson Stark , baseball has long been `` a unique paragon of American culture '' -- a status he sees as devastated by the steroid abuse scandal . Baseball has an important place in other national cultures as well : Scholar Peter Bjarkman describes `` how deeply the sport is ingrained in the history and culture of a nation such as Cuba , ( and ) how thoroughly it was radically reshaped and nativized in Japan . '' Since the early 1980s , the Dominican Republic , in particular the city of San Pedro de Macorís , has been the major leagues ' primary source of foreign talent . Hall - of - Famer Roberto Clemente remains one of the greatest national heroes in Puerto Rico 's history . While baseball has long been the island 's primary athletic pastime , its once well - attended professional winter league has declined in popularity since 1990 , when young Puerto Rican players began to be included in the major leagues ' annual first - year player draft . In the Western Hemisphere , baseball is also one of the leading sports in Canada , Colombia , Mexico , the Netherlands Antilles , Nicaragua , Panama , and Venezuela . In Asia , it is among the most popular sports in Japan , South Korea and Taiwan Area . The major league game in the United States was originally targeted toward a middle - class , white - collar audience : relative to other spectator pastimes , the National League 's set ticket price of 50 cents in 1876 was high , while the location of playing fields outside the inner city and the workweek daytime scheduling of games were also obstacles to a blue - collar audience . A century later , the situation was very different . With the rise in popularity of other team sports with much higher average ticket prices -- football , basketball , and hockey -- professional baseball had become among the most blue - collar - oriented of leading American spectator sports . In the late 1900s and early 2000s , baseball 's position compared to football in the United States moved in contradictory directions . In 2008 , Major League Baseball set a revenue record of $6.5 billion , matching the NFL 's revenue for the first time in decades . A new MLB revenue record of $6.6 billion was set in 2009 . On the other hand , the percentage of American sports fans polled who named baseball as their favorite sport was 16 % , compared to pro football at 31 % . In 1985 , the respective figures were pro football 24 % , baseball 23 % . Because there are so many more major league games played , there is no comparison in overall attendance . In 2008 , total attendance at major league games was the second - highest in history : 78.6 million , 0.7 % off the record set the previous year . The following year , amid the U.S. recession , attendance fell by 6.6 % to 73.4 million . Attendance at games held under the Minor League Baseball umbrella also set a record in 2007 , with 42.8 million ; this figure does not include attendance at games of the several independent minor leagues . On Opening Day of the 1961 season , President John F. Kennedy throws out the first ball . In Japan , where baseball is inarguably the leading spectator team sport , combined revenue for the twelve teams in Nippon Professional Baseball ( NPB ) , the body that oversees both the Central and Pacific Leagues , was estimated at $1 billion in 2007 . Total NPB attendance for the year was approximately 20 million . While in the preceding two decades , MLB attendance grew by 50 percent and revenue nearly tripled , the comparable NPB figures were stagnant . There are concerns that MLB 's growing interest in acquiring star Japanese players will hurt the game in their home country . In Cuba , where baseball is by every reckoning the national sport , the national team overshadows the city and provincial teams that play in the top - level domestic leagues . Revenue figures are not released for the country 's amateur system . Similarly , according to one official pronouncement , the sport 's governing authority `` has never taken into account attendance ... because its greatest interest has always been the development of athletes '' . As of 2007 , Little League Baseball oversees more than 7,000 children 's baseball leagues with more than 2.2 million participants -- 2.1 million in the United States and 123,000 in other countries . Babe Ruth League teams have over 1 million participants . According to the president of the International Baseball Federation , between 300,000 and 500,000 women and girls play baseball around the world , including Little League and the introductory game of Tee Ball . A varsity baseball team is an established part of physical education departments at most high schools and colleges in the United States . In 2008 , nearly half a million high schoolers and over 35,000 collegians played on their schools ' baseball teams . The number of Americans participating in baseball has declined since the late 1980s , falling well behind the number of soccer participants . By early in the 20th century , intercollegiate baseball was Japan 's leading sport . Today , high school baseball in particular is immensely popular there . The final rounds of the two annual tournaments -- the National High School Baseball Invitational Tournament in the spring , and the even more important National High School Baseball Championship in the summer -- are broadcast around the country . The tournaments are known , respectively , as Spring Koshien and Summer Koshien after the 55,000 - capacity stadium where they are played . In Cuba , baseball is a mandatory part of the state system of physical education , which begins at age six . Talented children as young as seven are sent to special district schools for more intensive training -- the first step on a ladder whose acme is the national baseball team . Baseball in popular culture The American Tobacco Company 's line of baseball cards featured shortstop Honus Wagner of the Pittsburgh Pirates from 1909 to 1911 . In 2007 , the card shown here sold for $2.8 million . Baseball has had a broad impact on popular culture , both in the United States and elsewhere . Dozens of English - language idioms have been derived from baseball ; in particular , the game is the source of a number of widely used sexual euphemisms . The first networked radio broadcasts in North America were of the 1922 World Series : famed sportswriter Grantland Rice announced play - by - play from New York City 's Polo Grounds on WJZ -- Newark , New Jersey , which was connected by wire to WGY -- Schenectady , New York , and WBZ -- Springfield , Massachusetts . The baseball cap has become a ubiquitous fashion item not only in the United States and Japan , but also in countries where the sport itself is not particularly popular , such as the United Kingdom . Baseball has inspired many works of art and entertainment . One of the first major examples , Ernest Thayer 's poem `` Casey at the Bat '' , appeared in 1888 . A wry description of the failure of a star player in what would now be called a `` clutch situation '' , the poem became the source of vaudeville and other staged performances , audio recordings , film adaptations , and an opera , as well as a host of sequels and parodies in various media . There have been many baseball movies , including the Academy Award -- winning The Pride of the Yankees ( 1942 ) and the Oscar nominees The Natural ( 1984 ) and Field of Dreams ( 1989 ) . The American Film Institute 's selection of the ten best sports movies includes The Pride of the Yankees at number 3 and Bull Durham ( 1988 ) at number 5 . Baseball has provided thematic material for hits on both stage -- the Adler -- Ross musical Damn Yankees -- and record -- George J. Gaskin 's `` Slide , Kelly , Slide '' , Simon and Garfunkel 's `` Mrs. Robinson '' , and John Fogerty 's `` Centerfield '' . The baseball - inspired comedic sketch `` Who 's on First '' , popularized by Abbott and Costello in 1938 , quickly became famous . Six decades later , Time named it the best comedy routine of the 20th century . Baseball is also featured in various video games including MLB : The Show , Wii Sports , Kinect Sports : Season 2 and Mario Baseball . Literary works connected to the game include the short fiction of Ring Lardner and novels such as Bernard Malamud 's The Natural ( the source for the movie ) , Robert Coover 's The Universal Baseball Association , Inc. , J. Henry Waugh , Prop. , and W.P. Kinsella 's Shoeless Joe ( the source for Field of Dreams ) . Baseball 's literary canon also includes the beat reportage of Damon Runyon ; the columns of Grantland Rice , Red Smith , Dick Young , and Peter Gammons ; and the essays of Roger Angell . Among the celebrated nonfiction books in the field are Lawrence S. Ritter 's The Glory of Their Times , Roger Kahn 's The Boys of Summer , and Michael Lewis 's Moneyball . The 1970 publication of major league pitcher Jim Bouton 's tell - all chronicle Ball Four is considered a turning point in the reporting of professional sports . Baseball has also inspired the creation of new cultural forms . Baseball cards were introduced in the late 19th century as trade cards . A typical example would feature an image of a baseball player on one side and advertising for a business on the other . In the early 1900s they were produced widely as promotional items by tobacco and confectionery companies . The 1930s saw the popularization of the modern style of baseball card , with a player photograph accompanied on the rear by statistics and biographical data . Baseball cards -- many of which are now prized collectibles -- are the source of the much broader trading card industry , involving similar products for different sports and non-sports - related fields . Modern fantasy sports began in 1980 with the invention of Rotisserie League Baseball by New York writer Daniel Okrent and several friends . Participants in a Rotisserie league draft notional teams from the list of active Major League Baseball players and play out an entire imaginary season with game outcomes based on the players ' latest real - world statistics . Rotisserie - style play quickly became a phenomenon . Now known more generically as fantasy baseball , it has inspired similar games based on an array of different sports . The field boomed with increasing Internet access and new fantasy sports -- related websites . By 2008 , 29.9 million people in the United States and Canada were playing fantasy sports , spending $800 million on the hobby . The burgeoning popularity of fantasy baseball is also credited with the increasing attention paid to sabermetrics -- first among fans , only later among baseball professionals . See also Baseball portal Baseball awards Baseball clothing and equipment List of organized baseball leagues List of Major League Baseball single - game records Outline of baseball Related sports Brännboll ( Scandinavian bat - and - ball game ) British baseball Cricket Lapta ( game ) ( Russian bat - and - ball game ) Oină ( Romanian bat - and - ball game ) Pesäpallo ( `` Finnish baseball '' ) Softball Stickball Stoop ball Wiffleball References Jump up ^ Block ( 2005 ) , pp. 106 -- 108 . Jump up ^ Block ( 2005 ) , pp. 71 -- 72 , 75 , 89 , 147 -- 149 , 150 , 160 , et seq . Jump up ^ Block ( 2005 ) , pp. 86 , 87 , 111 -- 113 , 118 -- 121 , 135 -- 138 , 144 , 160 ; Rader ( 2008 ) , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Mason , Chris ( 2009 - 03 - 02 ) . `` Cricket ' Was Invented in Belgium ' '' . BBC News . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 03 . 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Jump up ^ Drellich , Evan ( October 6 , 2010 ) . `` Year of the Pitcher Extends to Postseason '' . Major League Baseball . Archived from the original on 31 October 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 10 . Gregory , Sean ( November 2 , 2010 ) . `` Giants Win World Series : Year of the Pitcher Ends with a Fitting Duel '' . Time . Archived from the original on 7 November 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Speier , Alex ( October 8 , 2010 ) . `` Year of the Pitcher , or Year of the Umpire ? '' . WEEI . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , Joe ( March 2 , 2012 ) . `` Additional Wild Cards Wo n't Solve Problems ; They 'll Compound Them '' . SI.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Officially Expands Playoff Format '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . March 2 , 2012 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Bjarkman ( 2004 ) , p. 73 ; Burk ( 2001 ) , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Terry ( 1909 ) , p. 506 . 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July 8 , 2005 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ McCauley , Janie ( August 23 , 2008 ) . `` MLB Wants Baseball Back in Olympics '' . The Washington Times . Associated Press . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2011 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Stephen ( August 13 , 2009 ) . `` Softball Again Misses the Cut for Olympic Games '' . Associated Press ( USA Today ) . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ Isidore , Chris ( March 11 , 2006 ) . `` The Spring Classic ? '' . CNNMoney.com . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ McNeal , Stan ( March 3 , 2006 ) . `` Your Guide to the ' 06 World Baseball Classic '' . Sporting News . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 03 -- via HighBeam . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` IBAF Congress Approves New Format of International Tournaments '' ( Press release ) . International Baseball Federation . December 3 , 2011 . Retrieved January 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Thurston ( 2000 ) , p. 15 ; `` Official Rules / Foreword '' . Major League Baseball . Archived from the original on 24 January 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 02 . `` Official Rules / 1.00 -- Objectives of the Game ( Rules 1.01 -- 1.03 ) '' ( PDF ) . Major League Baseball . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 5 February 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 02 . `` Official Rules / 2.00 -- Definitions of Terms '' ( PDF ) . Major League Baseball . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 5 February 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 02 . `` Official Rules / 4.00 -- Starting and Ending a Game ( Rule 4.10 ) '' ( PDF ) . Major League Baseball . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 5 February 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Official Rules / 1.00 -- Objectives of the Game ( Rules 1.04 -- 1.07 ) '' ( PDF ) . Major League Baseball . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 5 February 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 02 . `` Official Rules / 2.00 -- Definitions of Terms '' ( PDF ) . Major League Baseball . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 5 February 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ Porterfield ( 2007 ) , p. 23 ; `` Official Rules / 1.00 -- Objectives of the Game ( Rule 1.09 ) '' ( PDF ) . Major League Baseball . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on February 5 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Official Rules / 1.00 -- Objectives of the Game ( Rule 1.10 a ) '' ( PDF ) . Major League Baseball . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on February 5 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 02 . Fitzgerald , Stephen ; et al. ( November 8 , 2005 ) . `` Polymer Composite Baseball Bat Endcap ( U.S. Patent Application 20050176531 ) '' . FreePatentsOnline.com . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Official Rules / 1.00 -- Objectives of the Game ( Rules 1.12 -- 1.15 ) '' ( PDF ) . Major League Baseball . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on February 5 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ Thurston ( 2000 ) , pp. 21 , 30 , 31 ; `` Official Rules / 1.00 -- Objectives of the Game ( Rule 1.16 ) '' ( PDF ) . Major League Baseball . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on February 5 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Porterfield ( 2007 ) , pp. 16 -- 18 , 25 , 34 , 35 ; `` Official Rules / 9.00 -- The Umpire ( Rule 9.03 a ) '' ( PDF ) . Major League Baseball . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on February 5 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Rules / 5.00 -- Putting the Ball in Play . Live Ball '' ( PDF ) . Major League Baseball . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 5 February 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 03 . `` Official Rules / 6.00 -- The Batter ( Rule 6.09 ) '' ( PDF ) . Major League Baseball . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 5 February 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 03 . `` Official Rules / 10.00 -- The Official Scorer ( Rules 10.06 , 10.12 ) '' ( PDF ) . Major League Baseball . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 5 February 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Epstein , David ( August 8 , 2011 ) . `` It 's All About Anticipation : Ryan Howard and Rafael Nadal do n't have quicker reflexes than you do . They hit the fastest pitches and return the hardest serves because they can see the future '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Official Rules / 2.00 -- Definitions of Terms '' ( PDF ) . Major League Baseball . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 5 February 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 02 . `` Official Rules / 5.00 -- Putting the Ball in Play . Live Ball ( Rule 5.09 e ) '' ( PDF ) . Major League Baseball . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 5 February 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 03 . `` Official Rules / 6.00 -- The Batter ( Rule 6.05 a ) '' ( PDF ) . Major League Baseball . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 5 February 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 03 . `` Official Rules / 7.00 -- The Runner ( Rules 7.08 d , 7.10 a ) '' ( PDF ) . Major League Baseball . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 5 February 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 03 . `` Official Rules / 10.00 -- The Official Scorer ( Rule 10.07 ) '' ( PDF ) . Major League Baseball . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 5 February 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Official Rules / 6.00 -- The Batter ( Rule 6.08 b ) '' ( PDF ) . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Rules / 2.00 -- Definitions of Terms '' ( PDF ) . Major League Baseball . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 5 February 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Official Rules / 6.00 -- The Batter ( Rule 6.08 ) '' ( PDF ) . Major League Baseball . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 5 February 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 03 . `` Official Rules / 9.00 -- The Umpire ( Rules 9.02 a , 9.04 a ) '' ( PDF ) . Major League Baseball . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 5 February 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Official Rules / 6.00 -- The Batter ( Rule 6.05 ) '' ( PDF ) . Major League Baseball . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 5 February 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 03 . `` Official Rules / 7.00 -- The Runner ( Rules 7.08 , 7.10 ) '' ( PDF ) . Major League Baseball . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 5 February 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Thurston ( 2000 ) , p. 100 ; `` Official Rules / 3.00 -- Game Preliminaries ( Rule 3.03 ) '' ( PDF ) . Major League Baseball . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 5 February 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 02 . `` Official Rules / 6.00 -- The Batter ( Rules 6.01 , 6.04 ) '' ( PDF ) . Major League Baseball . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 5 February 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Porterfield ( 2007 ) , p. 19 ; Thurston ( 2000 ) , p. 153 ; `` Official Rules / 6.00 -- The Batter ( Rule 6.10 ) '' ( PDF ) . Major League Baseball . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on February 5 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , `` Nationals Finalize 25 - Man Roster '' . Washington Nationals / Major League Baseball . 2009 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Dan ( July 12 , 2011 ) . `` Designated Hitters and the Economics of Baseball '' . Grantland . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Dunn , Jay ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Jay Dunn : It 's Time For MLB Teams to Consider Grooming Two - Way Players '' . The Trentonian . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Steven ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` It Is Time for Baseball to Fight Back Against Big Bullpen '' . VICE Media . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Votano ( 2013 ) , pp. 172 -- 173 . Jump up ^ Walfoort , Cleon , `` Most ' Signs ' Given by Coaches Are Merely Camouflage '' , Baseball Digest , December 1960 -- January 1961 , pp. 47 -- 49 . Jump up ^ `` The Fans Speak Out '' ( Baseball Digest staff ) , Baseball Digest , August 1999 , pp. 9 -- 10 ; `` Official Rules / 3.00 -- Game Preliminaries ( Rule 3.15 ) '' ( PDF ) . Major League Baseball . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on May 20 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Zoss ( 2004 ) , p. 293 ; `` Official Rules / 9.00 -- The Umpire '' ( PDF ) . Major League Baseball . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on February 24 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Bast , Andrew ( July 18 , 2008 ) . `` Southpaw 's Revenge '' . Newsweek . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Davis , Hank , Small - town Heroes : Images of Minor League Baseball ( Univ. of Iowa Press , 1997 ) , p. 186 . ^ Jump up to : Baseball Explained , by Phillip Mahony . McFarland Books , 2014 . See www.baseballexplained.com Archived August 13 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Walsh , John ( December 20 , 2007 ) . `` Fastball , Slider , Change - up , Curveball -- An Analysis '' . The Hardball Times . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ Stallings and Bennett ( 2003 ) , p. 192 . Jump up ^ Stallings and Bennett ( 2003 ) , pp. 126 -- 132 . ^ Jump up to : Stallings and Bennett ( 2003 ) , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Stallings and Bennett ( 2003 ) , pp. 5 , 46 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Stallings and Bennett ( 2003 ) , pp. 42 -- 43 , 47 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Stallings and Bennett ( 2003 ) , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Guttmann ( 2007 ) , p. 140 . ^ Jump up to : Mandelbaum ( 2005 ) , pp. 55 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Morris ( 2007 ) , p. xi . Jump up ^ Brancazio , Peter J. ( December 22 -- 29 , 1983 ) . `` The Hardest Blow of All '' . New Scientist . pp. 880 -- 883 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Mount , Nicholas James , `` Team Sports '' , in Encyclopedia of Time , ed . Samuel L. Macey ( Taylor & Francis , 1994 ) , pp. 588 -- 590 : p. 590 . Jump up ^ Eastaway , Rob , What Is a Googly ? : The Mysteries of Cricket Explained ( Anova , 2005 ) , p. 134 . ^ Jump up to : Bodley , Hal ( February 26 , 2004 ) . `` Baseball Wants Just a Few More Minutes '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Greenfield , Jeff ( July 13 , 1998 ) . `` Midnight Baseball '' . Time . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Berg , Ted ( September 30 , 2014 ) . `` Why Are Baseball Games Getting So Much Longer ? '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Pro Baseball Teams Start Eco-Project to Cut Energy Use by 6 % '' . Japan for Sustainability . July 13 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Crasnick , Jerry ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) . `` Major league teams playing marathon - length games in October '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Clarke and Dawson ( 1915 ) , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Mandelbaum ( 2005 ) , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Morton , Richard , `` Baseball in England '' , Badminton Magazine , August 1896 , pp. 157 -- 158 : `` The scoring is one of the most interesting features in this new importation from America ( baseball ) . Every detail of play is recorded , and a man 's mistakes are tabulated as well as his successes ... A line in a cricket score may read , ' Lockwood , caught Stoddart , bowled J.T. Hearne ; 30 . ' ... ( T ) here is so much that is left out ! There is no mention of the fact that O'Brien missed Lockwood before he had scored , and that somebody else failed to take a chance when his score was ten . These are items that go to make cricket history ; but there is no record of them in the analysis ... The man who catches a ball is thought worthy of mention , but the man who muffs one does not suffer by publicity . '' Jump up ^ `` Official Rules / 1.00 -- Objectives of the Game . ( Rule 1.04 a ) '' ( PDF ) . Major League Baseball . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on February 5 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ Nightengale , Bob ( August 20 , 2008 ) . `` No. 8 : Out in Left Field in Houston 's Crawford Boxes '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Powers ( 2003 ) , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Powers ( 2003 ) , p. 219 . Jump up ^ Puhalla , Krans , and Goatley ( 2003 ) , p. 198 ; Shaikin , Bill ( May 27 , 2006 ) . `` Guerrero Becomes Mr. Inside '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Official Rules / 1.00 -- Objectives of the Game . ( Rule 1.04 ) '' ( PDF ) . Major League Baseball . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on February 5 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ Shaikin , Bill ( October 8 , 2002 ) . `` No Fly Ball Routine in Dome '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Puhalla , Krans , and Goatley ( 2003 ) , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Keri ( 2007 ) , pp. 295 -- 301 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Steve ( September 30 , 2008 ) . `` Wrigley 's Winds Do n't Rattle Lowe '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Sheinin , Dave ( March 26 , 2008 ) . `` After Move , a Breaking In Process '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 17 . See also Powers ( 2003 ) , p. 85 . ^ Jump up to : Tygiel ( 2000 ) , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Schwarz ( 2004 ) , p. 50 . Jump up ^ `` Official Rules / 10.00 -- The Official Scorer '' ( PDF ) . Major League Baseball . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on February 24 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Official Rules / 10.00 -- The Official Scorer ( Rules 10.02 a , 10.04 , 10.21 b ) '' ( PDF ) . Major League Baseball . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on February 24 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Official Rules / 10.00 -- The Official Scorer ( Rule 10.07 ) '' ( PDF ) . Major League Baseball . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on February 24 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Official Rules / 10.00 -- The Official Scorer ( Rules 10.15 , 10.17 , 10.19 , 10.21 a , 10.21 e ) '' ( PDF ) . Major League Baseball . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on February 24 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Official Rules / 10.00 -- The Official Scorer ( Rules 10.09 , 10.10 , 10.12 , 10.21 d ) '' ( PDF ) . Major League Baseball . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on February 24 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Albert , Jim , and Jay Bennett , `` Situational Effects '' , ch. 4 in Curve Ball : Baseball , Statistics , and the Role of Chance in the Game , 2d ed . ( Springer , 2003 ) , pp. 71 -- 110 . Jump up ^ Gray , Scott , The Mind of Bill James : How a Complete Outsider Changed Baseball ( Doubleday , 2006 ) , p. ix . Jump up ^ Guzzo ( 2007 ) , pp. 20 -- 21 , 67 ; Schwarz ( 2004 ) , p. 233 ; Lewis ( 2003 ) , p. 127 . Jump up ^ `` Official Rules / 10.00 -- The Official Scorer ( Rule 10.21 f ) '' ( PDF ) . Major League Baseball . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on February 24 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Official Rules / 10.00 -- The Official Scorer ( Rule 10.21 c ) '' ( PDF ) . Major League Baseball . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on February 24 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Guzzo ( 2007 ) , pp. 22 , 67 , 140 ; Schwarz ( 2004 ) , p. 233 . Jump up ^ Guzzo ( 2007 ) , pp. 140 -- 141 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Morris Raphael , `` Baseball as a National Religion '' ( 1919 ) , in Cohen , The Faith of a Liberal ( Transaction , 1993 ( 1946 ) ) , pp. 334 -- 336 : p. 334 . Jump up ^ Stark , Jayson ( February 8 , 2009 ) . `` A-Rod Has Destroyed Game 's History '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Bjarkman ( 2004 ) , p. xix . Jump up ^ Bjarkman ( 2004 ) , pp. 159 -- 165 . Jump up ^ Bjarkman ( 2004 ) , p. 487 . Jump up ^ Castillo , Jorge ( January 16 , 2012 ) . `` Puerto Rico Traces Baseball 's Slide to the Draft '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ Riess ( 1991 ) , pp. 69 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Riess ( 1991 ) , pp. 247 -- 248 . Jump up ^ Kercheval , Nancy ( October 1 , 2008 ) . `` Major League Baseball Revenue Reaches Record , Attendance Falls '' . Bloomberg.com . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . Battista , Judy ( December 9 , 2008 ) . `` Feeling Pinch , N.F.L. Will Cut About 150 Jobs '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 08 . Haudricourt , Tom ( October 20 , 2007 ) . `` Bases Loaded '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Maury ( February 25 , 2010 ) . `` MLB Sees a Record $6.6 Billion in Revenues for 2009 '' . Biz of Baseball . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2010 . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Professional Football Continues Dominance over Baseball as America 's Favorite Sport '' . Business Wire . AllBusiness . January 27 , 2009 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 10 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ González Echevarría ( 2001 ) , pp. 76 , 133 , 278 -- 279 , 352 . ^ Jump up to : Weissert , Will ( March 5 , 2009 ) . `` Cubans ' Baseball Dreams Take Root on Rocky Fields '' . USA Today . Associated Press . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ González Echevarría ( 2001 ) , p. 366 . ^ Jump up to : Bradford , Marcia ( 2008 ) . `` Expanding Opportunities on the Ball Fields '' . SportsEvents Magazine . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Babe Ruth League '' . Babe Ruth League Online . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2009 . Retrieved January 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Frommer , Frederic J ( April 6 , 2009 ) . `` Baseball to Add Women to Olympic Bid '' . USA Today . Associated Press . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt ( April 13 , 2004 ) . `` Soccer Vs. Baseball '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Bjarkman ( 2004 ) , p. xxiv ; Gmelch ( 2006 ) , pp. 23 , 53 . Jump up ^ Ellsesser , Stephen ( August 11 , 2006 ) . `` Summer Tournament Is Big in Japan '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Honus Wagner Card Sells for Record $2.8 Million '' . ESPN . Associated Press . September 6 , 2007 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Kte'pi ( 2009 ) , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Rudel ( 2008 ) , pp. 145 -- 146 . Jump up ^ Lam , Andrew ( July 6 , 2007 ) . `` Too Much Self Esteem Spoils Your Child '' . New America Media . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 02 . `` Happy 50th , Baseball Caps '' . BBC News . April 27 , 2004 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 10 Top 10 -- Top 10 Sports '' . American Film Institute . June 17 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Zoss ( 2004 ) , pp. 373 -- 374 . Jump up ^ `` The Best of the Century '' . Time . December 26 , 1999 . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2009 . Retrieved May 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Neyer , Rob ( June 15 , 2000 ) . `` ' Ball Four ' Changed Sports and Books '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Zoss ( 2004 ) , pp. 16 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Zoss ( 2004 ) , pp. 27 -- 31 . Jump up ^ `` Fantasy Sports Industry Grows to a $800 Million Industry with 29.9 Million Players '' . PRWeb . July 10 , 2008 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Lewis ( 2003 ) , pp. 86 -- 88 . Sources Bjarkman , Peter C. ( 2004 ) . Diamonds Around the Globe : The Encyclopedia of International Baseball . Greenwood . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32268 - 6 . OCLC 58806121 . Blair , Roger D. ( 2012 ) . Sports Economics . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 87661 - 2 . OCLC 898662502 . Block , David ( 2005 ) . Baseball Before We Knew It : A Search for the Roots of the Game . University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 6255 - 8 . OCLC 70261798 . Burgos , Adrian ( 2007 ) . Playing America 's Game : Baseball , Latinos , and the Color Line . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 25143 - 1 . OCLC 81150202 . Burk , Robert F. ( 2001 ) . Never Just a Game : Players , Owners , and American Baseball to 1920 . University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 4961 - 8 . OCLC 28183874 . Charlton , James ( ed . ) ( 1991 ) . The Baseball Chronology : The Complete History of the Most Important Events in the Game of Baseball . Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 02 - 523971 - 6 . OCLC 22704314 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Clarke , William Jones & Fredrick Thomas Dawson ( 1915 ) . Baseball : Individual Play and Team Play in Detail . Charles Scribner 's Sons . OCLC 2781766 . Gmelch , George ( 2006 ) . Baseball Without Borders : The International Pastime . University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 7125 - 5 . OCLC 64594333 . González Echevarría , Roberto ( 2001 ) . The Pride of Havana : A History of Cuban Baseball . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 514605 - 0 . OCLC 46601626 . Guttmann , Allen ( 2007 ) . Sports : The First Five Millennia . University of Massachusetts Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55849 - 610 - 1 . OCLC 5912442808 . Guzzo , Glenn ( 2007 ) . The New Ballgame : Baseball Statistics for the Casual Fan . ACTA . ISBN 0 - 87946 - 318 - X . OCLC 123083947 . Heaphy , Leslie A. ( 2003 ) . The Negro Leagues , 1869 -- 1960 . McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1380 - 8 . OCLC 50285143 . Keri , Jonah ( ed . ) ( 2007 ) . Baseball Between the Numbers : Why Everything You Know About the Game Is Wrong . Basic . ISBN 0 - 465 - 00547 - 0 . OCLC 77795904 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Koppett , Leonard ( 2004 ) . Koppett 's Concise History of Major League Baseball . Carroll & Graf . ISBN 0 - 7867 - 1286 - 4 . OCLC 54674804 . Kte'pi , Bill ( 2009 ) . `` Baseball ( Amateur ) '' . In Rodney Carlisle . Encyclopedia of Play in Today 's Society , Volume 1 . SAGE . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 6670 - 2 . OCLC 251215353 . Lewis , Michael M. ( 2003 ) . Moneyball : The Art of Winning an Unfair Game . W.W. Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 32481 - 8 . OCLC 54896532 . Mahony , Phillip ( 2014 ) . Baseball Explained . McFarland Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 7964 - 1 . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2014 . Mandelbaum , Michael ( 2005 ) . The Meaning of Sports : Why Americans Watch Baseball , Football , and Basketball and What They See When They Do . PublicAffairs . ISBN 1 - 58648 - 330 - 7 . OCLC 55539339 . McNeil , William ( 2000 ) . Baseball 's Other All - Stars : The Greatest Players from the Negro Leagues , the Japanese Leagues , the Mexican League , and the Pre-1960 Winter Leagues in Cuba , Puerto Rico , and the Dominican Republic . McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0784 - 0 . OCLC 42976826 . Morris , Peter ( 2007 ) . Level Playing Fields : How the Groundskeeping Murphy Brothers Shaped Baseball . University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 1110 - 0 . OCLC 70884952 . Porterfield , Jason ( 2007 ) . Baseball : Rules , Tips , Strategy , and Safety . Rosen . ISBN 1 - 4042 - 0991 - 3 . OCLC 67773742 . Powers , Albert Theodore ( 2003 ) . The Business of Baseball . McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1426 - X . OCLC 50866929 . Puhalla , Jim , Jeff Krans , and Mike Goatley ( 2003 ) . Baseball and Softball Fields : Design , Construction , Renovation , and Maintenance . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 0 - 471 - 44793 - 5 . OCLC 50959054 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Rader , Benjamin G. ( 2008 ) . Baseball : A History of America 's Game ( 3rd ed . ) . University of Illinois Press . ISBN 0 - 252 - 07550 - 1 . OCLC 176980876 . Riess , Steven A. ( 1991 ) . City Games : The Evolution of American Urban Society and the Rise of Sports . University of Illinois Press . ISBN 0 - 252 - 06216 - 7 . OCLC 23739530 . Rudel , Anthony J. ( 2008 ) . Hello , Everybody ! : The Dawn of American Radio . Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 15 - 101275 - X . OCLC 192042215 . Schwarz , Alan ( 2004 ) . The Numbers Game : Baseball 's Lifelong Fascination with Statistics . Thomas Dunne . ISBN 0 - 312 - 32222 - 4 . OCLC 54692908 . Stallings , Jack ; Bob Bennett , eds. ( 2003 ) . Baseball Strategies : Your Guide to the Game Within the Game . American Baseball Coaches Association / Human Kinetics . ISBN 0 - 7360 - 4218 - 0 . OCLC 50203866 . Sullivan , Dean ( ed . ) ( 1997 ) . Early Innings : A Documentary History of Baseball , 1825 -- 1908 . University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 9244 - 9 . OCLC 36258074 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Sullivan , Dean ( ed . ) ( 1998 ) . Middle Innings : A Documentary History of Baseball , 1900 -- 1948 . University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 4258 - 1 . OCLC 37533976 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Sullivan , Dean ( ed . ) ( 2002 ) . Late Innings : A Documentary History of Baseball , 1945 -- 1972 . University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 9285 - 6 . OCLC 47643746 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Terry , Thomas Philip ( 1911 ) . Terry 's Mexico : Handbook for Travellers ( 2nd rev . ed . ) . Gay and Hancock , Houghton Mifflin , and Sonora News . OCLC 7587420 . Thurston , Bill ( 2000 ) . Coaching Youth Baseball : A Baffled Parents Guide . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 135822 - 6 . OCLC 43031493 . Tygiel , Jules ( 2000 ) . Past Time : Baseball as History . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 508958 - 8 . OCLC 42290019 . Votano , Paul ( 2013 ) . Stand and Deliver : A History of Pinch - Hitting . McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1588 - 6 . OCLC 52047315 . Zimbalist , Andrew ( 2007 ) . In the Best Interests of Baseball ? : The Revolutionary Reign of Bud Selig . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 0 - 470 - 12824 - 0 . OCLC 62796332 . Zoss , Joel ( 2004 ) . Diamonds in the Rough : The Untold History of Baseball . University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 9920 - 6 . OCLC 54611393 . Further reading Bradbury , J.C. The Baseball Economist : The Real Game Exposed ( Dutton , 2007 ) . ISBN 0 - 525 - 94993 - 3 Dickson , Paul . The Dickson Baseball Dictionary , 3d ed . ( W.W. Norton , 2009 ) . ISBN 0 - 393 - 06681 - 9 Elias , Robert ( 2010 ) The Empire Strikes Out : How Baseball Sold U.S. Foreign Policy and Promoted the American Way Abroad ( New York : The New Press ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59558 - 195 - 2 Elliott , Bob . The Northern Game : Baseball the Canadian Way ( Sport Classic , 2005 ) . ISBN 1 - 894963 - 40 - 7 Euchner , Charles . The Last Nine Innings : Inside the Real Game Fans Never See ( Sourcebooks , 2007 ) . ISBN 1 - 4022 - 0579 - 1 Fitts , Robert K. Remembering Japanese Baseball : An Oral History of the Game ( Southern Illinois University Press , 2005 ) . ISBN 0 - 8093 - 2629 - 9 Gutkind , Lee . The Best Seat in Baseball , But You Have to Stand : The Game as Umpires See It ( Southern Illinois University Press , 1999 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8093 - 2195 - 7 Gillette , Gary , and Pete Palmer ( eds . ) . The ESPN Baseball Encyclopedia , 5th ed . ( Sterling , 2008 ) . ISBN 1 - 4027 - 6051 - 5 James , Bill . The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract , rev . ed . ( Simon and Schuster , 2003 ) . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 2722 - 0 James , Bill . The Bill James Handbook 2009 ( ACTA , 2008 ) . ISBN 0 - 87946 - 367 - 8 Mahony , Phillip , Baseball Explained ( McFarland Books , 2014 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 7964 - 1 . Pepe , Phil . ( 2005 ) . Catfish , Yaz , and Hammerin ' Hank : The Unforgettable Era That Transformed Baseball ( Triumph Books ; Chicago ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57243 - 839 - 2 Peterson , Robert . Only the Ball was White : A History of Legendary Black Players and All - Black Professional Teams ( Oxford University Press , 1992 ( 1970 ) ) . ISBN 0 - 19 - 507637 - 0 Posnanski , Joe ( 2007 ) The Soul of Baseball ( New York : Harper Collins ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 085403 - 4 Reaves , Joseph A. Taking in a Game : A History of Baseball in Asia ( Bison , 2004 ) . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 3943 - 2 Ritter , Lawrence S . The Glory of Their Times : The Story of the Early Days of Baseball Told by the Men Who Played It , enlarged ed. ( Harper , 1992 ) . ISBN 0 - 688 - 11273 - 0 Tango , Tom , Mitchel G. Lichtman , and Andrew E. Dolphin , The Book : Playing the Percentages in Baseball ( Potomac , 2007 ) . ISBN 1 - 59797 - 129 - 4 Sexton , John ( 2013 ) Baseball as a Road to God : Seeing Beyond the Game ( New York : Gotham Books ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59240 - 754 - 5 . Ward , Geoffrey C. , and Ken Burns . Baseball : An Illustrated History ( Alfred A. Knopf , 1996 ) . ISBN 0 - 679 - 40459 - 7 Online Boswell , Thomas ( January 18 , 1987 ) . `` Why Is Baseball So Much Better Than Football ? '' . The Washington Post . Baseball Almanac . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 06 . Carlin , George . `` Baseball and Football '' . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 06 . Gmelch , George ( September 2000 ) . `` Baseball Magic '' . McGraw Hill -- Dushkin . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2007 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 25 . Lamster , Mark ( April 10 , 2005 ) . `` Baseball Before We Knew It : What 's the French for ' Juiced ' ? ( book review ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 27 . External links Find more aboutBaseballat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Leagues and organizations Major League Baseball International Baseball Federation Minor League Baseball British Baseball Federation Statistics and game records Baseball Almanac Baseball-Reference.com Retrosheet News and other resources `` Baseball '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . 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7400705299036828618	The Phantom of the Opera (1986 musical)	The Phantom of the Opera ( 1986 musical ) - wikipedia The Phantom of the Opera ( 1986 musical ) Jump to : navigation , search `` The Phantom of the Opera ( musical ) '' redirects here . For other musicals based on the Gaston Leroux novel , see The Phantom of the Opera ( disambiguation ) . The Phantom of the Opera Poster Music Andrew Lloyd Webber Lyrics Charles Hart Richard Stilgoe ( additional ) Book Andrew Lloyd Webber Richard Stilgoe Basis Le Fantôme de l'Opéra by Gaston Leroux Premiere 9 October 1986 : Her Majesty 's Theatre , London Productions See list 1986 West End 1988 Broadway 1988 Vienna 1988 Tokyo 1989 Toronto 1989 Stockholm 1989 Los Angeles 1990 Hamburg 1990 Melbourne 1991 First US Tour 1992 Second US Tour 1993 San Francisco 1993 Scheveningen 1996 Basel 1997 Auckland 1999 Mexico City 2000 Copenhagen 2001 South Korea 2002 Madrid 2003 Budapest 2004 Film 2005 São Paulo 2006 Las Vegas Spectacular 2007 Melbourne 2008 Third US Tour 2008 Warsaw 2009 Buenos Aires 2009 South Korea 2011 25th Anniversary 2012 UK Tour 2013 North American Tour 2013 Hamburg 2014 Moscow 2014 Tartu 2014 Prague 2015 Helsinki 2015 New Zealand Tour 2015 Puerto Rico 2016 Stockholm 2017 Belgrade 2018 São Paulo Various international and amateur productions Awards Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Musical Tony Award for Best Musical The Phantom of the Opera is a musical with music by Andrew Lloyd Webber and lyrics by Charles Hart and Richard Stilgoe . Lloyd Webber and Stilgoe also wrote the musical 's book together . Based on the French novel Le Fantôme de l'Opéra by Gaston Leroux , its central plot revolves around a beautiful soprano , Christine Daaé , who becomes the obsession of a mysterious , disfigured musical genius living in the subterranean labyrinth beneath the Opera Populaire . The musical opened in London 's West End in 1986 , and on Broadway in 1988 . It won the 1986 Olivier Award and the 1988 Tony Award for Best Musical , and Michael Crawford ( in the title role ) won the Olivier and Tony Awards for Best Actor in a Musical . It is the longest running show in Broadway history by a wide margin , and celebrated its 10,000 th Broadway performance on 11 February 2012 , the first production ever to do so . It is the second longest - running West End musical , after Les Misérables , and the third longest - running West End show overall , after The Mousetrap . With total estimated worldwide gross receipts of over $ 5.6 billion and total Broadway gross of $845 million , Phantom was the most financially successful entertainment event until The Lion King surpassed it in 2014 . By 2011 , it had been seen by over 130 million people in 145 cities across 27 countries , and continues to play in London and New York . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 1.1 Idea 1.2 Lyricists 1.3 Score 1.4 Design , direction , and choreography 1.5 First preview at Sydmonton 1.6 West End 1.7 Broadway 1.8 Amateur productions 2 Synopsis 2.1 Prologue 2.2 Act I 2.3 Act II 3 Casting 3.1 Original casts 3.2 West End replacements 3.3 Broadway replacements 4 Musical numbers 5 Orchestra 6 Recordings 6.1 Sales and certifications 6.1. 1 Original 1986 London production 6.1. 2 Local productions 6.1. 3 Highlights From The Phantom of the Opera 7 Allegations of plagiarism 8 Other productions 8.1 Film version 8.2 Phantom : The Las Vegas Spectacular 9 Copyright release 10 Awards and nominations 10.1 Original London production 10.2 Original Broadway production 11 Sequel 12 See also 13 Notes 14 External links Development ( edit ) Idea ( edit ) In 1984 , Lloyd Webber contacted Cameron Mackintosh , the co-producer of Cats and Song and Dance , to propose a new musical . He was aiming for a romantic piece , and suggested Gaston Leroux 's book The Phantom of the Opera as a basis . They screened both the 1925 Lon Chaney and the 1943 Claude Rains motion picture versions , but neither saw an effective way to make the leap from film to stage . Later , in New York , Lloyd Webber found a second - hand copy of the original , long - out - of - print Leroux novel , which supplied the necessary inspiration to develop a musical : `` I was actually writing something else at the time , and I realised that the reason I was hung up was because I was trying to write a major romantic story , and I had been trying to do that ever since I started my career . Then with the Phantom , it was there ! '' Lyricists ( edit ) Lloyd Webber first approached Jim Steinman to write the lyrics because of his `` dark obsessive side '' , but he declined in order to fulfill his commitments on a Bonnie Tyler album . Alan Jay Lerner was then recruited , but he became seriously ill after joining the project and was forced to withdraw ; none of his contributions ( mostly involving the song `` Masquerade '' ) are credited in the show . Richard Stilgoe , the lyricist for Starlight Express , wrote most of the original lyrics for the production . Charles Hart , a young and then - relatively unknown lyricist , later rewrote many of the lyrics , along with original lyrics for `` Think of Me '' . Some of Stilgoe 's original contributions are still present in the final version , however . Score ( edit ) Inspired in part by an earlier musical version of the same story by Ken Hill , Lloyd Webber 's score is sometimes operatic in style but maintains the form and structure of a musical throughout . The full - fledged operatic passages are reserved principally for subsidiary characters such as Andre and Firmin , Carlotta , and Piangi . They are also used to provide the content of the fictional `` operas '' that are taking place within the show itself , viz. , Hannibal , Il Muto , and the Phantom 's masterwork , Don Juan Triumphant . `` Here , Lloyd Webber pastiched various styles from the grand operas of Meyerbeer through to Mozart and even Gilbert and Sullivan . '' These pieces are often presented as musical fragments , interrupted by dialogue or action sequences in order to clearly define the musical 's `` show within a show '' format . The musical extracts from the Phantom 's opera , `` Don Juan Triumphant '' , during the latter stages of the show , are dissonant and modern -- `` suggesting , perhaps , that the Phantom is ahead of his time artistically '' . Design , direction , and choreography ( edit ) Maria Björnson designed the sets and over 200 costumes , including the elaborate gowns in the `` Masquerade '' sequence . Her set designs , including the chandelier , subterranean gondola , and sweeping staircase , earned her multiple awards . Hal Prince , director of Cabaret , Candide , Follies , and Lloyd Webber 's Evita , directed the production , while Gillian Lynne , associate director and choreographer of Cats , provided the integral musical staging and choreography . First preview at Sydmonton ( edit ) A preview of the first act was staged at Sydmonton ( Lloyd Webber 's home ) in 1985 , starring Colm Wilkinson ( later the star of the Toronto production ) as the Phantom , Sarah Brightman as Kristin ( later Christine ) , and Clive Carter ( later a member of the London cast ) as Raoul . This very preliminary production used Richard Stilgoe 's original unaltered lyrics , and many songs sported names that were later changed , such as `` What Has Time Done to Me '' ( `` Think of Me '' ) , and `` Papers '' ( `` Notes '' ) . The Phantom 's original mask covered the entire face and remained in place throughout the performance , obscuring the actor 's vision and muffling his voice . Björnson designed the now - iconic half - mask to replace it , and the unmasking sequence was added . Clips of this preview performance were included on the DVD of the 2004 film production . West End ( edit ) Phantom began previews at Her Majesty 's Theatre in London 's West End on 27 September 1986 under the direction of Hal Prince , then opened on 9 October . It was choreographed by Gillian Lynne and the sets were designed by Maria Björnson , with lighting by Andrew Bridge . Michael Crawford starred in the title role with Sarah Brightman as Christine and Steve Barton as Raoul . The production , still playing at Her Majesty 's , celebrated its 10,000 th performance on 23 October 2010 , with Lloyd Webber and the original Phantom , Michael Crawford , in attendance . It is the second longest - running musical in West End ( and world ) history behind Les Misérables , and third overall behind The Mousetrap . A 25th - anniversary stage performance was held in London on 1 and 2 October 2011 at the Royal Albert Hall and was screened live in cinemas worldwide . The production was produced by Cameron Mackintosh , directed by Laurence Connor , musical staging & choreography by Gillian Lynne , set design by Matt Kinley , costume design by Maria Björnson , lighting design by Patrick Woodroffe , and sound design by Mick Potter . The cast included Ramin Karimloo as the Phantom , Sierra Boggess as Christine , Hadley Fraser as Raoul , Wynne Evans as Piangi , Wendy Ferguson as Carlotta , Barry James as Monsieur Firmin , Gareth Snook as Monsieur Andre , Liz Robertson as Madame Giry , and Daisy Maywood as Meg Giry . Lloyd Webber and several original cast members , including Crawford and Brightman , were in attendance . A DVD and Blu - ray of the performance was released in February 2012 , and it began airing in March 2012 on PBS 's `` Great Performances '' television series . In March 2012 , a new production directed by Laurence Connor began a UK and Ireland tour to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the show , beginning at the Theatre Royal Plymouth and travelled to Manchester , Bristol , Dublin , Leeds , Edinburgh , Milton Keynes , Cardiff , and Southampton . John Owen - Jones and Earl Carpenter alternated as the Phantom with Katie Hall and Olivia Brereton as Christine and Simon Bailey as Raoul . Broadway ( edit ) Phantom began Broadway previews at the Majestic Theatre on 9 January 1988 and opened on 26 January . Crawford , Brightman , and Barton reprised their respective roles from the West End . The production continues to play at the Majestic , where it became the first Broadway musical in history to surpass 10,001 performances on 11 February 2012 . On 26 January 2013 , the production celebrated its 25th anniversary with its 10,400 th performance . It is , by over 3,500 performances , the longest - running show in Broadway history . By November 2016 , Phantom had been staged over 12,000 times over 28 years . The 30th anniversary was on January 26 , 2018 with an extra matinee and the regularly scheduled Friday evening performance . The celebration performance was performed on the 24th , with members of the original cast and alumni in attendance along with an invite - only audience . Amateur productions ( edit ) In 2013 , the rights to perform `` Phantom '' were released to non-professional groups . CLOC musical theatre staged the world amateur premiere in May 2013 at the National Theatre in Melbourne , Australia . In June 2013 , Windmill Theatre Company staged the production at the Drum Theatre in Dandenong . Also in June 2013 , Wellington Musical Theatre debuted the New Zealand premiere starring Chris Crowe and Barbara Graham . Synopsis ( edit ) Prologue ( edit ) In 1919 Paris , the Opéra Populaire hosts an auction of old theatrical props . Among the attendees is the Vicomte Raoul de Chagny , who purchases a papier - mâché music box and eyes it sadly , remarking how the details are `` exactly as she said . '' The auctioneer presents `` a chandelier in pieces '' as the next item up for bid , alluding to a connection with `` the Phantom of the Opera '' . As the porters remove the drop cloth covering the fixture , it flickers to life and ascends to the ceiling as the auditorium 's former grandeur is restored ( `` Overture '' ) . Act I ( edit ) It is now 1881 and the cast of a new production , Hannibal , are rehearsing onstage when they learn that new owners , Firmin and André , are taking over the Opéra Populaire . Carlotta , the Opéra 's resident soprano prima donna , begins to perform an aria for the new managers when a backdrop inexplicably falls from the flies , barely missing her and prompting anxious chorus girls to whisper , `` He 's here ! The Phantom of the Opera ! '' . The managers try to downplay the incident , but Carlotta angrily insists that such things happen all the time and she storms out . Madame Giry , the Opéra 's ballet mistress , informs Firmin and André that Christine Daaé , a chorus girl and orphaned daughter of a prominent violinist , has been `` well taught '' and can sing Carlotta 's role . With cancellation of the sold out show being their only other alternative , the managers reluctantly audition Christine and are surprised to discover that she is indeed up to the challenge . As Christine sings the aria during the evening performance , the Opéra 's new patron , Raoul , the Vicomte de Chagny , recognizes her as his childhood friend and playmate ( `` Think of Me '' ) . Michael Crawford and Sarah Brightman performing the title song Backstage after her triumphant début , Christine confesses to her best friend Meg ( Madame Giry 's daughter ) that she knows her mysterious teacher only as an invisible `` Angel of Music '' ( `` Angel of Music '' ) . Raoul pays a visit to Christine 's dressing room . The two reminisce about the `` Angel of Music '' stories that her late father used to tell them and Christine confides that the Angel has visited her and taught her to sing ( `` Little Lotte '' ) . Raoul indulges what he assumes are fantasies and insists on taking Christine to dinner . When Raoul leaves to fetch his hat , Christine hears the jealous Phantom 's voice and she entreats him to reveal himself . The Phantom obliges by appearing as a ghostly , partially masked face in her mirror ( `` The Mirror / Angel of Music ( Reprise ) '' ) . Believing him to be the Angel of Music sent by her deceased father , Christine is irresistibly drawn through the mirror to the Phantom , who leads her down into the cellars of the Opéra house . The two then board a small boat and cross a subterranean lake to his secret lair ( `` The Phantom of the Opera '' ) . The Phantom explains that he has chosen Christine to sing his music and serenades her . When he reveals a mirror that reflects an image of her in a wedding dress , the figure in the mirror gestures to Christine and she faints . The Phantom then covers her tenderly with his cloak ( `` The Music of the Night '' ) . As the Phantom is composing music at his organ , Christine awakens to the sound of the monkey music box ( `` I Remember '' ) . Overcome with curiosity , she slips behind the Phantom , lifts his mask , and beholds his grotesquely disfigured face . The Phantom rails at her prying gesture , as Christine hides in fear . He then ruefully expresses his longing to look normal , and to be loved by her ( `` Stranger Than You Dreamt It '' ) . Moved by pity , Christine returns the Phantom 's mask to him and the Phantom shepherds her back above ground . Meanwhile , Joseph Buquet , the Opéra 's chief stagehand , regales the chorus girls with tales of the `` Opéra Ghost '' and his terrible Punjab lasso ( `` Magical Lasso '' ) . Madame Giry arrives and warns Buquet to exercise restraint or face the Phantom 's wrath . In the managers ' office , André and Firman read notes from the Phantom aloud and are interrupted by Raoul , who accuses them of sending him a note saying that he should make no attempt to see Christine again . Carlotta and Piangi then burst into the office , demanding to know who sent Carlotta a note saying that her days at the Opera Populaire are numbered . As André and Firmin try to calm the distressed Carlotta , Madame Giry delivers another note from the Phantom : he demands that Christine replace Carlotta in the new opera , Il Muto , lest they face a `` disaster beyond imagination '' ( `` Notes ... '' ) . Firmin and André dismiss the threat and assure an enraged Carlotta that she will remain their star ( `` Prima Donna '' ) . The première of Il Muto initially goes well , until the voice of the Phantom suddenly cuts through the performance , enraged that Box 5 was not kept empty for him . As Christine whispers that she knows the Phantom is near , Carlotta reminds her that her role is silent , calling her a `` little toad '' . The Phantom states that it is Carlotta who is the toad and reduces Carlotta 's voice to a frog - like croak . Firmin quickly tries to calm the situation by telling the audience that Christine will take over the starring role , moving forward the ballet to keep the audience entertained . Suddenly , the corpse of Joseph Buquet drops from the rafters , hanging from the Punjab lasso . Firmin and André plead for calm as mayhem erupts and the Phantom 's diabolical laughter is heard throughout the auditorium ( `` Poor Fool , He Makes Me Laugh '' ) . In the ensuing chaos , Christine escapes with Raoul to the roof and tells him about her subterranean encounter with the Phantom ( `` Why Have You Brought Me Here ? / Raoul , I 've Been There '' ) . Raoul is skeptical but promises to love and protect her , and Christine reciprocates his vow ( `` All I Ask of You '' ) . The heartbroken Phantom , having overheard their entire conversation , angrily vows revenge before returning to the auditorium and bringing down the chandelier . ( `` All I Ask of You ( Reprise ) '' ) . Act II ( edit ) Steve Barton and Sarah Brightman in the final scene Six months later , in the midst of a masquerade ball , the Phantom makes his first appearance since the chandelier disaster , in costume as the Red Death . He announces that he has written an opera entitled Don Juan Triumphant and demands that it be produced immediately , with Christine ( who is now secretly engaged to Raoul ) in the lead role , and he warns of dire consequences if his demands are not met ( `` Masquerade / Why So Silent ? '' ) . Noticing an engagement ring on a chain around Christine 's neck , the Phantom angrily pulls it from her and vanishes in a blinding flash of light . As the masquerade attendees scatter in fear , Raoul accosts Madame Giry and demands that she reveal what she knows about the Phantom . Giry reluctantly explains that the Phantom is actually a brilliant scholar , magician , architect , inventor , and composer who was born with a terrifyingly deformed face . Feared and reviled by society , he was cruelly exhibited in a cage as part of a travelling fair until he eventually escaped and disappeared . He has since taken refuge beneath the opera house , which has now become his home . During rehearsals , Raoul -- tired of the tyranny with which the Phantom rules the Opera -- thinks to use the première of Don Juan Triumphant as a trap to capture the Phantom and put an end to his reign of terror once and for all . Carlotta falsely accuses Christine of being the mastermind and that it is her plan so she can be the star . Christine angrily defends herself , saying she is not the Phantom 's accomplice , but his victim . Raoul , knowing of the Phantom 's obsession with his fiancée , asserts that the Phantom will be sure to attend the opera 's première , and begs Christine to help him lure the Phantom into the trap ( `` Notes / Twisted Every Way '' ) . Torn between her love for Raoul and her fear of the Phantom , Christine visits her father 's grave , longing for his guidance but understanding that she must move on ( `` Wishing You Were Somehow Here Again '' ) . The Phantom appears atop the mausoleum , again under the guise of the Angel of Music ( `` Wandering Child '' ) , and sings to Christine . Christine , tired and heartbroken , once again accepts her `` Angel '' as a friend , nearly succumbing to the Phantom 's influence , but Raoul arrives to both rescue her and confront The Phantom . The Phantom taunts Raoul , hurling fire balls at him until Christine begs Raoul to leave with her ( `` Bravo Monsieur '' ) . Furious , the Phantom declares war upon them both and causes flames to spring up around the mausoleum . With armed policemen having secured the auditorium and watching for the Phantom , Don Juan Triumphant premieres with Christine and Piangi singing the lead roles . During Don Juan 's and Aminta 's duet , Christine comes to the sudden realization that she is singing not with Piangi , but with the Phantom himself ( `` The Point of No Return '' ) . Mimicking Raoul 's vow of devotion on the rooftop , the Phantom once again expresses love for Christine and forces his ring onto her finger ; Christine rips off his mask , exposing his horrifically deformed face to the shocked audience . The opera house is plunged into chaos . Piangi 's garroted body is revealed backstage , the cast and audience fly into a state of panic , and the Phantom seizes Christine and flees the theatre . An angry mob , vowing vengeance for the murders of Buquet and Piangi , searches the theatre for the Phantom , while Madame Giry tells Raoul how to find the Phantom 's subterranean lair , and warns him to beware his magical lasso . ( `` Down Once More / Track Down This Murderer '' ) . In the lair , Christine is forced to don a wedding dress . Raoul finds the lair and attempts to persuade the Phantom to spare Christine , begging him to show compassion . The Phantom refuses , and captures Raoul with the Punjab lasso . The Phantom tells Christine that he will free Raoul if she agrees to stay with him forever , but if she refuses , Raoul will die . Christine , heartbroken , tells the Phantom that it is his soul that is deformed , not his face . As the Phantom and Raoul both plead to her , Christine mournfully wonders what kind of life the Phantom has known . She tells the Phantom that he is not alone and kisses him , showing him compassion for the first time in his life . The Phantom , having experienced kindness at last , understands that he can not compel Christine to love him , and sets them both free . Raoul hurries Christine out of the lair , but she returns alone to give the Phantom back his ring . The Phantom tells Christine he loves her , before she tearfully exits with Raoul . The weeping Phantom huddles on his throne and covers himself with his cloak . The mob , led by Meg , enters the lair . Meg pulls the Phantom 's cloak from the throne , finding only his mask on the seat . She lifts the mask up into the light and gazes at it in wonder as the curtain falls . Casting ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Original casts ( edit ) The original casts of the major productions of The Phantom of the Opera : Character Original West End Cast Original Broadway Cast Original Las Vegas Cast Royal Albert Hall 25th Anniversary Cast The Phantom of the Opera Michael Crawford Brent Barrett Anthony Crivello ‡ Ramin Karimloo Christine Daaé Sarah Brightman Claire Moore † Sarah Brightman Patti Cohenour † Sierra Boggess Elizabeth Loyacano ‡ Sierra Boggess Raoul , Vicomte de Chagny Steve Barton Tim Martin Gleason Hadley Fraser Carlotta Giudicelli Rosemary Ashe Judy Kaye Elena Jeanne Batman Geena Jeffries Mattox ‡ Wendy Ferguson Madame Giry Mary Millar Leila Martin Rebecca Spencer Liz Robertson Meg Giry Janet Devenish Elisa Heinsohn Brianne Kelly Morgan Daisy Maywood Monsieur Richard Firmin John Savident Nick Wyman Lawson Skala Barry James Monsieur Gilles André David Firth Cris Groenendaal John Leslie Wolfe Gareth Snook Ubaldo Piangi John Aron David Romano Larry Wayne Morbitt Wynne Evans † The role of Christine Daaé is double - cast in most professional productions . The secondary actress performs the role twice a week ( on Broadway , Thursday evening and Saturday matinée ) . ‡ Three roles ( The Phantom , Christine , and Carlotta ) were double - cast in the original Las Vegas production , with the two actors in each pair singing alternate performances . Later , Las Vegas casting became identical to that in the Broadway production , with single casting for all characters except Christine . West End replacements ( edit ) The Phantom : Martin Smith , Peter Karrie , Dave Willetts , John Owen - Jones , Ramin Karimloo , Peter Jöback , Simon Bowman , Earl Carpenter , Marcus Lovett , Peter Cousens , Peter Polycarpou , Ben Forster , Ben Lewis , Christine Daaé : Claire Moore , Rebecca Caine , Celia Graham , Myrra Malmberg , Gina Beck , Rachel Barrell , Sofia Escobar , Leila Benn Harris , Robyn North , Katie Hall , Anna O'Byrne , Meredith Braun , Celinde Schoenmaker Raoul , Vicomte de Chagny : Michael Ball , John Barrowman , Simon Bowman , Simon Burke , Clive Carter , Killian Donnelly , Ramin Karimloo , Robert Meadmore , Oliver Thornton , Sean Palmer , Gardar Thor Cortes , Carlotta Giuducelli : Morag McLaren , Julia Goss , Margaret Preece , Shan Cothi Monsieur Richard Firmin : Andy Hockley Monsieur Gilles Andre : Martin Ball Broadway replacements ( edit ) The Phantom : Timothy Nolen , Steve Barton , Mark Jacoby , Marcus Lovett , Davis Gaines , Thomas James O'Leary , Marcus Lovett , Hugh Panaro , Howard McGillin , Gary Mauer , Brad Little , John Cudia , Peter Jöback , Norm Lewis , James Barbour , Amick Byram , Laird Mackintosh , Christine Daaé : Lisa Vroman , Patti Cohenour , Rebecca Luker , Rebecca Pitcher , Jennifer Hope Wills , Kimilee Bryant , Sierra Boggess , Samantha Hill , Mary Michael Patterson , Julia Udine , Ali Ewoldt Raoul , Vicomte de Chagny : Davis Gaines , Gary Mauer , Hugh Panaro , Brad Little , John Cudia , Tim Martin Gleason , Jay Armstrong Johnson Carlotta Giuducelli : Kimilee Bryant Monsieur Gilles Andre : George Lee Andrews , Laird Mackintosh Meg Giry : Tener Brown Musical numbers ( edit ) Prologue Prologue : The stage of the Paris Opéra House , 1911 -- Old Raoul Overture -- Orchestra Act I `` Hannibal Rehearsal '' - Carlotta , Piangi , Ensemble `` Think of Me '' -- Carlotta , Christine , Raoul `` Angel of Music / Little Lotte '' -- Christine , Meg , Raoul , The Phantom `` The Phantom of the Opera '' -- Phantom and Christine `` The Music of the Night '' -- Phantom `` I Remember / Stranger Than You Dreamt It -- Christine and Phantom `` Magical Lasso '' -- Buquet and Madame Giry `` Notes / Prima Donna '' -- Firmin , André , Raoul , Carlotta , Piangi , Giry , Meg , and Phantom `` Poor Fool , He Makes Me Laugh '' -- Carlotta , Confidante , Jeweler , Hairdresser , Christine , Phantom , Ensemble `` Why Have You Brought Me Here / Raoul , I 've Been There '' -- Raoul and Christine `` All I Ask of You '' -- Raoul and Christine `` All I Ask of You / Act 1 Finale '' ( Reprise ) -- Phantom Act II Entr'acte -- Orchestra `` Masquerade '' - Full Company `` Why So Silent '' - Phantom `` Notes / Twisted Every Way '' -- André , Firmin , Carlotta , Piangi , Raoul , Christine , Giry , and Phantom `` Don Juan Triumphant Rehearsal '' - Christine , Carlotta , Piangi , Reyer , Ensemble `` Wishing You Were Somehow Here Again '' -- Christine `` Wandering Child / Bravo , Bravo '' -- Phantom , Christine and Raoul `` The Point of No Return '' -- Phantom and Christine `` Down Once More / Track Down This Murderer '' -- Full Company `` Finale '' - Phantom , Christine , Raoul , Company Orchestra ( edit ) There are several orchestrations : 29 piece orchestra ( original score , used in London ) , 27 piece orchestra ( current Broadway score ) 13 piece orchestra ( Reduced score for tour ) , 45 piece orchestra ( 25th Anniversary score ) . The current Broadway orchestration is what is licensed by R&H Theatricals for amateur and professional productions . The only difference between the 29 - and 27 - piece orchestras is the lack of Violins VII & VIII in the 27 - piece orchestra . The Broadway production originally used a 29 - piece pit orchestra : Reed I : Flute / Piccolo Reed II : Flute / Clarinet Reed III : Oboe / English Horn Reed IV : B - flat Clarinet / Bass Clarinet / E-flat Clarinet Reed V : Bassoon French Horns I -- III Trumpets I -- II Trombone Percussion I - II ( see below ) Keyboards I -- II : Piano , Synthesizer Violins I - VIII ( currently only six violins ) Violas I -- II Cellos I -- II String Bass Harp Percussion is split between two books -- regular percussion and mallets 2 Timpani , Suspended cymbals , Crash Cymbals , Snare drum , Triangle , Tambourine , Bass Drum Glockenspiel , Xylophone , Vibes , Marimba , Tubular Bells , Bell Tree , Woodblock , Gong , Guiro , Finger Cymbals Recordings ( edit ) Cast recordings have been made of the London , Austrian , Dutch , German , Japanese , Swedish , Korean , Hungarian , Mexican , Polish , Russian and Canadian productions . The recording of the 1986 original London cast , released by Polydor Records in 1987 , was released in both a single CD Highlights From The Phantom of the Opera and a two CD Phantom of the Opera , both of which have been certified 4 × Platinum in the US and sold 4.97 million copies as of January 2017 . `` The Complete Recordings '' edition has sold 507,000 copies since 1991 . Phantom was also certified 3 × Platinum in the UK . The Canadian cast recording went 2 × Platinum in Canada . In Switzerland , Phantom was certified 3 × Platinum and Highlights was certified 2 × Platinum . Recordings of the Vienna cast and the Hamburg cast produced by Jimmy Bowien were certified Gold and triple Platinum , respectively , in Germany . The original album recording has sold an alleged 24 million copies worldwide . A live recording of The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall was released in the UK on 15 November 2011 and subsequently in the US and Canada on 7 February 2012 , along with Blu - ray and DVD videos , and a collectors ' box set of the Royal Albert concert , the original cast recording , and the sequel , Love Never Dies . Sales and certifications ( edit ) Original 1986 London production ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) 2 × Platinum 200,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 12 × Platinum 180,000 Poland ( ZPAV ) Gold 50,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Gold 50,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 3 × Platinum 900,000 United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 4,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Local productions ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Platinum 50,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 8 × Platinum 800,000 Germany ( BVMI ) 3 × Platinum 1,500,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 250,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Gold 50,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) 3 × Platinum 150,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Highlights From The Phantom of the Opera ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) 8 × Platinum 800,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) 2 × Platinum 100,000 United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 4,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Allegations of plagiarism ( edit ) In 1987 the heirs of Giacomo Puccini charged in a lawsuit that the climactic phrase in `` Music of the Night '' closely resembled a similar phrase in the sequence `` Quello che tacete '' from Puccini 's opera Girl of the Golden West . The litigation was settled out of court for an undisclosed amount . In 1990 a Baltimore songwriter named Ray Repp filed a lawsuit alleging that the title song from Phantom was based on a song that he wrote in 1978 called `` Till You '' . After eight years of litigation -- including an unsuccessful countersuit by Lloyd Webber claiming that `` Till You '' was itself a plagiarism of `` Close Every Door '' from Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat -- the jury found in Lloyd Webber 's favour . Former Pink Floyd vocalist and bassist Roger Waters has repeatedly claimed in interviews that the signature descending / ascending half - tone chord progression from Phantom 's title song was plagiarised from the bass line of a track on the 1971 Pink Floyd album Meddle called `` Echoes '' . He has never taken any legal action . `` Life 's too long to bother with suing Andrew fucking Lloyd Webber , '' he said . `` I think that might make me really gloomy . '' Other productions ( edit ) Phantom has been translated into several languages and produced in over 28 countries on 6 continents . With only the exception of Czech Republic , Estonia , Finland , Hungary , New Zealand , Panama , Poland , Romania , and the 25th Anniversary UK and US Tours , these productions have all been `` clones '' , using the original staging , direction , sets , and costume concepts . Notable international productions include the following : Australia : 1990 -- 1998 : Melbourne , Sydney , Brisbane , Adelaide , and Perth ; 2007 -- 2009 : Melbourne , Brisbane , Sydney , Auckland , Perth and Adelaide , both starring Anthony Warlow . Brian Stacey was the original conductor of the first Australian production . Marina Prior starred as Christine in the original production . In the original Australian production , Rob Guest later took over the title role . The final leg of the recent tour was staged in Adelaide in an arena format featuring giant screens on either side of the stage that presented footage shot simultaneously with the performance . 2013 : Canberra starring Michael Cormick as The Phantom and with Julie Lea Goodwin starring as Christine from 9 to 23 August 2013 . Goodwin had previously played the role , as the `` Alternate Christine '' , in the 2007 to 2009 national tour . Austria : The German language production premiered at the Theater an der Wien in December 1988 . Canada : The Canadian production of Phantom ran from 20 September 1989 to 31 October 1999 in Toronto at the Pantages Theatre , with Colm Wilkinson originating the role of Phantom . The Canadian International Touring Company toured the musical in Canada , Hawaii , Alaska , Hong Kong , and Singapore from 11 March 1991 to October 1995 . The Music Box Tour ( Third US National Tour ) played dates across Canada in 2006 -- 2007 including Calgary , Vancouver , Edmonton , Winnipeg , Toronto , Saskatoon and Ottawa . China : The Shanghai production played 97 performances at the Shanghai Grand Theatre . The World Tour had their sixth season at the Culture Plaza Theatre at Shanghai Culture Square from 3 December 2013 to 26 January 2014 . The World Tour returned to China at the Guangzhou Opera House in Guangzhou from 26 September to 10 October 2015 and performed its final season at the Tianqiao Performing Arts Center in Beijing from 17 November 2015 to 10 January 2016 . Estonia : Production in Estonian language ( but with English and Finnish subtitles ) featuring original sets , costumes , and direction premiered on 4 October 2014 at Theatre Vanemuine in Tartu . In first season 2014 / 2015 there were 24 performances in total , eight of which took place in capital Tallinn at Nordea Concert Hall ( premiered there on 30 October 2014 ) . In spring 2017 there will be further 12 performances ( two of which in Tallinn ) . Finland : A Finnish production premiered in Helsinki in 2015 at the Finnish National Opera in English . Germany : `` Das Phantom der Oper '' opened at the Stage Neue Flora Theatre , Hamburg from 1990 to 2001 , the Palladium Theatre in Stuttgart from 2002 to 2004 , and at the Colosseum Theatre in Essen from 2005 to 2007 . A second Hamburg production ran from December 2013 until September 2015 at the Stage Theatre Neue Flora . A production in Oberhausen is currently running at the Metronom Theater from 17 November 2015 . Hungary : Madách Theatre , Budapest . This production , which began in 2003 , was the first to modify the original staging with new sets , costumes and direction . The five hundredth performance on 20 September 2007 featured four successive sets of casts . New Zealand : Opened at the Aotea Centre in Auckland in 1997 and at The Civic , The Edge - Auckland in 2008 . A local production ( with new designs ) opened on 13 June at the St. James Theatre in Wellington and closed on 16 July 2013 . Panama : For the first time in Central America , `` El Fantasma de la Opera '' played in Spanish at the Teatro Anayansi of the Atlapa Convention Center from 23 to 25 September 2016 , directed by Aaron Zebede . Randy Dominguez starred in the role of The Phantom , with Maria Fernanda Achurra as Christine and Leo Almengor as Raoul . Romania : The Romanian premiere was in January 2015 produced by the Romanian National Opereta . This new non-replica production was performed in Romanian with a local cast led by a British creative team . Russia : Moscow production cooproduced by Stage Entertainment and Really Useful Group premiered on 4 October 2014 in the MDM theatre starring Ivan Ozhogin and Dmitry Yermak as The Phantom . The stalls and the stage were modernised specially for the production . The premiere was attended by Richard Stilgoe and Charles Hart . Serbia : The Serbian premiere was in October 2017 produced by Belgrade - based Terazije Theatre. Production is performed in Serbian with a local cast . Singapore : First tour at the Kallang Theatre from 26 February 1995 to 20 May 1995 , second tour at the Esplanade - Theatres on the Bay from 23 March 2007 to 20 May 2007 . Turkey : The World Tour played in Istanbul at the Zorlu Center PSM from 7 April to 17 May 2015 . United States : Los Angeles ( 1989 -- 1993 ) , San Francisco ( 1993 -- 1999 ) . A US National tour commenced in 1991 in Los Angeles , and closed on 31 October 2010 at the Pantages Theatre in Hollywood , California , after nearly two decades . The closing night performance was attended by many former cast and crew members , including Andrew Lloyd Webber and Sarah Brightman . Film version ( edit ) A film version , directed by Joel Schumacher and starring Gerard Butler as the Phantom , Emmy Rossum as Christine , Patrick Wilson as Raoul , Minnie Driver as Carlotta , and Miranda Richardson as Madame Giry , opened on 22 December 2004 in the US . Phantom : the Las Vegas Spectacular ( edit ) An edited production renamed Phantom : The Las Vegas Spectacular opened 24 June 2006 at The Venetian in Las Vegas , Nevada , in a theatre built specifically for the show to resemble the Opéra Garnier in Paris . The production ran 95 minutes with no intermission , and was directed and choreographed by Harold Prince and Gillian Lynne , with scenic designs by David Rockwell . The show featured updated technology and effects , including a re-engineered chandelier capable of reassembling in midair during the overture while the entire interior of the venue ( not merely the stage ) returned to its 1880s halcyon days . Almost 45 minutes ' worth of material was eliminated , such as the Don Juan Triumphant rehearsal . `` Poor Fool , He Makes Me Laugh '' and `` The Point of No Return '' were significantly shortened . Other changes resembled those in the 2004 film , such as staging the chandelier crash at the plot 's climax ( during performance of `` The Point of No Return '' ) rather than mid-story . The Las Vegas production closed on 2 September 2012 . Copyright release ( edit ) In 2011 The Really Useful Group ( copyright owners of Phantom ) released certain rights to the play in celebration of its 25th anniversary . In March 2011 Reed - Custer High School in Braidwood , Illinois , became the first school to perform Phantom under the new rights . Later in 2011 , Stanwell School in Penarth became the first school in the UK to perform the show . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Original London production ( edit ) Year Award Ceremony Category Nominee Result 1986 Laurence Olivier Award Best New Musical Won Best Actor in a Musical Michael Crawford Won Designer of the Year Maria Björnson Nominated 2002 Most Popular Show Won Original Broadway production ( edit ) Year Award Ceremony Category Nominee Result 1988 Drama Desk Award Outstanding Musical Nominated Outstanding Actor in a Musical Michael Crawford Won Outstanding Actress in a Musical Sarah Brightman Nominated Outstanding Director of a Musical Harold Prince Won Outstanding Music Andrew Lloyd Webber Won Outstanding Orchestrations David Cullen and Andrew Lloyd Webber Won Outstanding Set Design Maria Björnson Won Outstanding Costume Design Won Outstanding Lighting Design Andrew Bridge Won Tony Award Best Musical Won Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical Michael Crawford Won Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical Judy Kaye Won Best Direction of a Musical Harold Prince Won Best Book of a Musical Richard Stilgoe and Andrew Lloyd Webber Nominated Best Original Score Andrew Lloyd Webber , Charles Hart and Richard Stilgoe Nominated Best Scenic Design Maria Björnson Won Best Costume Design Won Best Lighting Design Andrew Bridge Won Best Choreography Gillian Lynne Nominated Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Love Never Dies ( musical ) The sequel to Phantom , written by Lloyd Webber , Ben Elton , Frederick Forsyth and Glenn Slater , is called Love Never Dies . It was loosely adapted from the 1999 novel The Phantom of Manhattan , by Forsyth . Set in 1907 ( a decade after the conclusion of Phantom according to the production 's announcement , but actually 26 years later , as the original show was set in 1881 ) , Christine is invited to perform at Phantasma , a new attraction at Coney Island , by an anonymous impresario . With her husband , Raoul , and son , Gustave , in tow she journeys to Brooklyn , unaware that it is the Phantom who has arranged her appearance at the popular beach resort . The original production was directed by Jack O'Brien and choreographed by Jerry Mitchell with set and costume designs by Bob Crowley , and opened at the Adelphi Theatre in the West End on 9 March 2010 . Though it ran for over 17 months and closed on 27 August 2011 , the production received mixed reviews . A scheduled Broadway opening in November 2010 was postponed until Spring 2011 and later cancelled . A revamped Australian production , starring Ben Lewis and Anna O'Byrne , opened 21 May 2011 at the Regent Theatre in Melbourne to more favourable notices . After the Melbourne run ended on 12 December 2011 the production moved to the Capitol Theatre in Sydney where it played from January to April 2012 . See also ( edit ) Phantom List of best - selling albums in New Zealand List of best - selling albums Love Never Dies Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera : The most commercially successful stage musical ever '' . Really Useful Licensing . Retrieved 26 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Rich , Frank ( 27 January 1988 ) . `` Stage : ' Phantom of the Opera ' '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera -- The Show -- Awards '' . Archived from the original on 30 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Gerald Martin Bordman ( 2004 ) . The Oxford companion to American theatre p. 496 . Oxford University Press . `` A British musical based on Leroux 's famous novel '' . Jump up ^ Top 10 Longest - Running London Theatre Shows Londonist.com . Retrieved 11 February 2012 Jump up ^ The A to Z of the Broadway Musical p. 266 . Scarecrow Press , 2009 Jump up ^ Smith , Tim ( 11 April 2010 ) ' Phantom of the Opera ' at the Hippodrome The Baltimore Sun Jump up ^ Trueman , Matt ( 10 April 2012 ) . `` Lion King rules Broadway as highest grossing show of all time '' . The Guardian . London . ^ Jump up to : `` Phantom of the Opera Screening Earns Over £ 500,000 in the UK '' , BroadwayWorld.com , 5 October 2011 ^ Jump up to : Jones , Kenneth ( 25 January 2006 ) . `` Phantom turns 18 '' . Playbill . Retrieved 23 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew . `` The Lion King Is Now Top - Earner in Box - Office History '' , Playbill , 22 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Andrew Lloyd Webber , Martin Knowlden The Phantom of the Opera Companion Pavilion , 2007 Jump up ^ Bright , Spencer ( 8 December 1996 ) . `` Jim 'll Fix It '' . Sunday Times . Retrieved 9 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Citron , Stephen . Sondheim and Lloyd - Webber ( 2001 ) , Oxford University Press US , ISBN 0 - 19 - 509601 - 0 , p. 330 Jump up ^ Behr , Edward . The Complete Book of Les Misérables ( 1993 ) , Arcade Publishing , ISBN 1 - 55970 - 156 - 0 , p. 62 ^ Jump up to : Behind the Mask documentary , on the 2004 film DVD Jump up ^ Evans , Everett ( 2 December 1990 ) . `` You need program to keep ' Phantom ' productions straight '' . Houston Chronicle . Jump up ^ Coveney , M. Cats on a Chandelier : The Andrew Lloyd Webber Story . New York , Hutchinson ( 1999 ) . pp. 200 -- 206 . ISBN 978 - 0091801700 Jump up ^ Snelson , J. Andrew Lloyd Webber ( Yale Broadway Masters Series ) . New Haven , Yale University Press ( 2009 ) , p. 88 . ISBN 978 - 0300151138 Jump up ^ Maria Bjornson Dies ; Theatre Production Designer was 53 ( 16 December 2002 ) . LiveDesign archive Archived 22 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 3 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Maria Bjornson obituary . London times archive Retrieved 3 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Phantom of the Opera DVD ( 2004 film ) . Amazon.com Retrieved 3 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Propst , Andy . Broadway 's Phantom of the Opera to Reach Historic 9,000 th Performance on 17 September TheaterMania.com. 14 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera : Show awards '' . Andrew Lloyd Webber 's Really Useful Group . Archived from the original on 11 April 2008 . Retrieved 23 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Glendinning , Lee ( 3 May 2008 ) . `` Musical to return louder than ever '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 5 May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Phantom live in cinemas for 25th anniversary '' . The Phantom of the Opera . Archived from the original on 1 January 2015 . Retrieved 27 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall : Ramin Karimloo , Sierra Boggess , Hadley Fraser , Wendy Ferguson , Barry James , Gareth Snook , Liz Robertson , Wynne Evans , Sergei Polunin , Andrew Lloyd Webber : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.thephantomoftheoperatour.com Archived 17 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Lloyd Webber had hoped to open in Toronto prior to Broadway but political pressure forced the change. Phantom of the Opera , at the Internet Broadway Database . Retrieved 31 January 2008 Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth `` Broadway 's Phantom Hits 10,000 th Performance on Feb. 11 ; Milestone Benefits The Actors Fund '' Archived 16 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine. , Playbill.com , 11 February 2012 Jump up ^ `` '' Phantom '' Celebrates Its Silver Anniversary on Broadway `` . NY1 . Archived from the original on 8 February 2013 . Retrieved 27 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera hits a majestic new milestone '' playbill.com , 28 November 2016 Jump up ^ `` THE PHANTOM OF THE OPERA CELEBRATES ITS 30TH YEAR ON BROADWAY - The Phantom of the Opera - Broadway '' . The Phantom of the Opera - Broadway . 2018 - 01 - 23 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Theatre : The Phantom of the Opera '' . Newcastle Herald . Retrieved 20 February 2014 Jump up ^ BWW New Desk ( 5 September 2011 ) . `` Details Revealed for THE PHANTOM OF THE OPERA 25th Anniversary Box Set '' . Retrieved 19 April 2012 . Track Listing , Disc 1 ... Original London Cast -- Prologue ( The Stage of Paris Opera House , 1905 ) Jump up ^ `` Andrew Lloyd Webber -- The Phantom of the Opera '' . DiscOgs. 5 April 2012 . Retrieved 19 April 2012 . Tracklist ... Prologue : The Stage of the Paris Opéra , 1905 ^ Jump up to : Phantom Las Vegas : Musical Numbers Jump up ^ Perry , George . `` The Complete Phantom of the Opera '' . Owl Books , 1991 , ISBN 0 - 8050 - 1722 - 4 . Jump up ^ POTO Onstage Archived 8 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine. , phantom-media.info -- accessed 10 May 2009 Jump up ^ Phantom of the Opera Toronto Cast Jump up ^ Royal Albert Hall performance IMDb page Jump up ^ The Phantom of the Opera : opening night production credits . IBDB.com . Retrieved 16 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Westley , Christine : `` Phantom -- The Las Vegas Spectacular . TheatreMania.com . Retrieved 16 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Casting : PhantomLasVegas.com Retrieved 8 September 2011 Jump up ^ Discogs.com entry `` The Phantom Of The Opera '' Original London Cast Jump up ^ Discogs.com entry `` Das Phantom Der Oper '' Jump up ^ Discogs.com entry `` The Phantom Of The Opera '' Original Canadian Cast Jump up ^ `` American certifications -- Phantom of the Opera '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Jump up ^ Keith Caulfield. `` Hamilton passes 1 million sales plus chart highlights from James Arthur , Maren Morris and Taylor Swift '' . Billboard . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- Phantom of the Opera '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Phantom of the Opera in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` Canadian certifications -- Andrew Lloyd Webber -- Phantom of the Opera '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( ' Phantom of the Opera ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( ' Das Phantom der Oper ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ Murray , Rebecca . `` Phantom of the Opera Soundtrack List '' . Sony Classical Records . About.com . Retrieved 3 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Phantom live in cinemas for 25th anniversary '' . The Phantom of the Opera . 7 September 2011 . Archived from the original on 1 January 2015 . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ BWW News Desk . `` Details Revealed for THE PHANTOM OF THE OPERA 25th Anniversary Box Set '' . Broadwayworld.com . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian album certifications -- Andrew Lloyd Webber -- Phantom of the Opera '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Scapolo , Dean ( 2007 ) . The Complete New Zealand Music Charts : 1966 -- 2006 . Wellington : Dean Scapolo and Maurienne House . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 1877443 - 00 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Polish album certifications -- Andrew Lloyd Webber -- Phantom of the Opera '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat − År 1987 − 1998 '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- Stage Cast Recordings -- Phantom of the Opera '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Enter Phantom of the Opera in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Andrew Lloyd Webber -- Phantom of the Opera '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Austrian album certifications -- Diverse -- Phantom der Oper '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Enter Diverse in the field Interpret . Enter Phantom der Oper in the field Titel . Select album in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Canadian album certifications -- Various Artists -- The Phantom of the Opera '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Musical Hamburg ; ' Musical Hamburg -- Das Phantom der Oper ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 8 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Musical ; ' Musical Wien -- Das Phantom der Oper ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 8 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat − År 1987 − 1998 '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved 1 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Musical ; ' Phantom of the Opera ( Andrew Lloyd Webber ) ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian album certifications -- Various Artists -- The Phantom of the Opera ( Highlights ) '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Musical ; ' Phantom of the Opera ( Highlights ) ( Andrew Lloyd Webber ) ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Andrew Lloyd Webber -- Highlights from Phantom of the Opera _Loncon Cast_ '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Hear the Opera Andrew Lloyd Webber Allegedly Plagiarized . SFist . Archived 11 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 10 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Who 's Listening to Lloyd Webber ? Theatre Communications Group archive Archived 5 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 7 November 2011 Jump up ^ HOW THE WEST WON THE MET ( 13 June 2010 ) . San Jose Mercury News ( CA ) . Article ID : 1408078 Jump up ^ LET 'S HEAR ' GIRL OF THE GOLDEN WEST ' SING ( 12 June 2010 ) San Jose Mercury News ( CA ) . Article ID : 1408152 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 28 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Andrew Lloyd Webber Loses Round in Battle Over Allegedly Stolen Song ( 5 December 1996 ) . Seattle Post-Intelligencer Retrieved 10 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Lloyd Webber Wins Phantom Battle . BBC News Retrieved 10 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Who the hell does Roger Waters think he is ? '' . Q magazine . November 1992 . Archived from the original on 22 October 2015 . Retrieved 20 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official website of the Hungarian production '' . Theater Madách . Retrieved 23 April 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official homepage of the Theatre Vanemuine '' . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.limelightmagazine.com.au/features/guy-noble-remembers-the-late-great-brian-stacey/ Jump up ^ `` Australian Broadcasting Corporation The world Today '' . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera -- Canberra Theatre Centre '' . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official website of the German production '' . Retrieved 23 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Toronto Phantom Disappears Oct. 31 After 10 Years & 4,226 Perfs ; Auction Follows . Playbill ( 29 October 1999 ) , retrieved 26 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 上海文化广场演出信息演出详细 '' . Shculturesquare.com. 26 January 2014 . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Guangzhou Premiere of The Phantom of the Opera Electrifies Opera House Stage_Life of Guangzhou '' . www.lifeofguangzhou.com . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Phantom of the Opera ' to Hold 64 Shows in Beijing '' . english.cri.cn . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official press release for production in Finland '' . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` DAS PHANTOM DER OPER Musical in Oberhausen Metronom Theater Tickets , Karten und Gutscheine '' . www.stage-entertainment.de . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Positively Wellington Venues : Single show '' . Pwv.co.nz . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera live in Wellington Scoop News '' . Scoop.co.nz. 4 December 2012 . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` El sombrío ángel de la música '' . Retrieved 26 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fantoma de la Operă -- Opereta '' . www.opereta.ro . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Phantom of the Opera premieres in Moscow '' . Stage-entertainment.com. 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` п ° я ▌ п ╥ п ╦ п ╨ п ╩ б ╚ п ÷ я ─ п ╦ п ╥ я ─ п ╟ п ╨ п пп ╣ я ─ я ▀ б ╩ . п я └ п ╦ я ├ п ╦ п ╟ п ╩ я ▄ п ╫ я ▀ п ╧ я │ п ╟ п ╧ я ┌ п2п ╬ п ╡ п ╬ я │ я ┌ п ╦ '' . Phantom-musical.ru . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera -- Terazije Theatre '' . www.pozoristeterazije.com . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Yong , Yvonne ( 3 October 2006 ) . `` Phantom of the Opera set to return to Singapore '' . Channel NewsAsia . Retrieved 23 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera -- ZORLU CENTER PSM '' . www.zorlucenterpsm.com . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Phantom '' To Close at Pantages . neontommy.com Retrieved 27 January 2011 . Jump up ^ The Phantom of the Opera ( 2004 ) on IMDb . Retrieved 31 January 2008 Jump up ^ `` Phantom : The Las Vegas Spectacular official site '' . Really Useful Group / Mackintosh Ltd . Retrieved 23 April 2008 . Jump up ^ McKenzie , Kristine ( 3 October 2006 ) . `` Phantom : The Las Vegas Spectacular show review -- Beloved show lives up to new name '' . LasVegas.com . Retrieved 23 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Jessica Boyd ( 20 March 2011 ) . `` RCHS Spring Musical '' . braidwoodparkdistrict.com . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Penarth school first to stage Lloyd Webber smash hit '' . Penarth Times . 15 December 2011 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` OLIVIER AWARDS 1986 '' . westendtheatre.com . Retrieved 19 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Laurence Olivier Awards : full list of winners 1976 -- 2008 '' ( PDF ) . officiallondontheatre.co.uk . Retrieved 19 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera Tony Award Info '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved 19 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Love Never Dies : The Show -- The Creative Team '' . LoveNeverDies.com Official Site . Archived from the original on 12 July 2010 . Retrieved 19 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Phantom Sequel , Love Never Dies , Now Due in London and on Broadway in March 2010 '' . Playbill. 18 May 2009 . Archived from the original on 18 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Love Never Dies : The Show -- Background '' . Love Never Dies ( official site ) . Archived from the original on 14 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Bamigboye , Baz . Ramin Karimloo originated the Phantom , and Sierra Boggess played Christine . Joseph Millson , Summer Strallen , and Charlie Manton were all in the original cast of Love Never Dies as well. Watch out for ... Daily Mail . 3 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Love Never Dies sees mixed reviews '' . CBC News . 10 March 2010 . Archived from the original on 23 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Broadway debut of Love Never Dies is postponed '' . BBC News . 7 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Healy , Patrick ( 7 April 2010 ) . `` Broadway Opening for ' Love Never Dies ' Is Delayed Until 2011 '' . NY Times . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( 6 April 2010 ) . `` Love Never Dies Postpones Broadway Opening to Spring 2011 '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 9 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Love Never Dies Scraps Plans for Spring Broadway Run '' . Broadway.com . Retrieved 27 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Bedford , Angie . `` Love Never Dies Review '' . The Theatre Channel at Webwombat . Retrieved 27 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Solomon , Les ( 30 May 2011 ) : `` Australia 's Creative Pride . '' AussieTheatre.com Retrieved 22 August 2001 Jump up ^ Herbert , Kate ( 30 May 2011 ) : `` Australia Never Dies '' review . Melbourne Herald Sun archive Retrieved 22 August 2011 Jump up ^ Boyd , Chris ( 30 May 2011 ) : Phantom sequel spectacularly unmasked . The Australian archive Retrieved 22 August 2011 Jump up ^ BWW News Desk . `` LOVE NEVER DIES Arrives at Sydney 's Capitol Theatre '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved 27 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Lloyd Webber 's Love Never Dies Ends Australian Run April 1 '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 4 January 2014 . Retrieved 27 March 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Phantom of the Opera Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Phantom of the Opera ( Webber musical ) . Official website The Phantom of the Opera at Playbill Vault The Phantom of the Opera at the Internet Broadway Database The Phantom of the Opera ( The Guide to Musical Theatre ) An interview with the makeup designer on the American Theatre Wing 's `` Working in the Theatre '' series . Preceded by Cats Longest - running Broadway show 2006 -- present Succeeded by -- The Phantom of the Opera by Gaston Leroux Books The Phantom of the Opera ( 1909 -- 1910 ) Phantom ( 1990 ) The Canary Trainer ( 1993 ) The Phantom of Manhattan ( 1999 ) Stage adaptations Phantom of the Opera ( 1976 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1986 ) Phantom ( 1991 ) Love Never Dies ( 2010 ) Film and television The Phantom of the Opera ( 1925 ) Song at Midnight ( 1937 ) Phantom of the Opera ( 1943 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1962 ) The Phantom of Hollywood ( 1974 ) Phantom of the Paradise ( 1974 ) Opera ( 1987 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1989 ) Phantom of the Mall : Eric 's Revenge ( 1989 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1990 ) The Phantom Lover ( 1995 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1998 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 2004 ) The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall ( 2011 ) Characters Erik Christine Daaé Viscount Raoul de Chagny The Persian Carlotta Madame Giry Meg Giry Joseph Buquet Songs `` The Phantom of the Opera '' `` The Music of the Night '' `` All I Ask of You '' `` Learn to Be Lonely '' `` ' Til I Hear You Sing '' Other Don Juan Triumphant Punjab lasso Adaptations Return of the Phantom Palais Garnier Andrew Lloyd Webber Musicals The Likes of Us Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat Jesus Christ Superstar Evita Tell Me on a Sunday Cats Song and Dance Starlight Express Cricket The Phantom of the Opera Aspects of Love Sunset Boulevard By Jeeves aka Jeeves Whistle Down the Wind The Beautiful Game ( aka The Boys in the Photograph ) The Woman in White Love Never Dies The Wizard of Oz Stephen Ward School of Rock Songs `` Any Dream Will Do '' `` Close Every Door '' `` Everything 's Alright '' `` This Jesus Must Die '' `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' `` Superstar '' `` Oh What a Circus '' `` Another Suitcase in Another Hall '' `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' `` You Must Love Me '' `` Take That Look Off Your Face '' `` Unexpected Song '' `` Memory '' `` Pie Jesu '' `` The Phantom of the Opera '' `` The Music of the Night '' `` All I Ask of You '' `` Anything But Lonely '' `` As If We Never Said Goodbye '' `` No Matter What '' `` ' Til I Hear You Sing '' Other compositions Variations Requiem Watership Down Film adaptations Cats Jesus Christ Superstar Evita Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat The Phantom of the Opera The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall Family William Lloyd Webber ( father ) Julian Lloyd Webber ( brother ) Imogen Lloyd Webber ( daughter ) Sarah Brightman ( second wife ) Madeleine Gurdon ( third wife ) Jiaxin Cheng ( sister - in - law ) Company Really Useful Group Awards for The Phantom of the Opera Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Musical 1976 - 2000 A Chorus Line ( 1976 ) The Comedy of Errors ( 1977 ) Evita ( 1978 ) Songbook ( 1979 ) Sweeney Todd ( 1980 ) Cats ( 1981 ) Poppy ( 1982 ) Blood Brothers ( 1983 ) 42nd Street ( 1984 ) Me and My Girl ( 1985 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1986 ) Follies ( 1987 ) Candide ( 1988 ) Return to the Forbidden Planet ( 1989 / 1990 ) Sunday in the Park with George ( 1991 ) Carmen Jones ( 1992 ) Crazy for You ( 1993 ) City of Angels ( 1994 ) Once on This Island ( 1995 ) Jolson ( 1996 ) Martin Guerre ( 1997 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1998 ) Kat and the Kings ( 1999 ) Honk ! ( 2000 ) 2001 - present Merrily We Roll Along ( 2001 ) Our House ( 2003 ) Jerry Springer : The Opera ( 2004 ) The Producers ( 2005 ) Billy Elliot ( 2006 ) Caroline , or Change ( 2007 ) Hairspray ( 2008 ) Jersey Boys ( 2009 ) Spring Awakening ( 2010 ) Legally Blonde ( 2011 ) Matilda the Musical ( 2012 ) Top Hat ( 2013 ) The Book of Mormon ( 2014 ) Sunny Afternoon ( 2015 ) Kinky Boots ( 2016 ) Groundhog Day ( 2017 ) Hamilton ( 2018 ) Laurence Olivier Audience Award for Most Popular Show The Phantom of the Opera ( 2002 ) Wicked ( 2010 ) We Will Rock You ( 2011 ) Les Misérables ( 2012 ) Billy Elliot the Musical ( 2013 ) Les Misérables ( 2014 ) Wicked ( 2015 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 2016 ) Tony Award for Best Musical 1949 - 1975 Kiss Me , Kate ( 1949 ) South Pacific ( 1950 ) Guys and Dolls ( 1951 ) The King and I ( 1952 ) Wonderful Town ( 1953 ) Kismet ( 1954 ) The Pajama Game ( 1955 ) Damn Yankees ( 1956 ) My Fair Lady ( 1957 ) The Music Man ( 1958 ) Redhead ( 1959 ) The Sound of Music / Fiorello ! ( 1960 ) Bye Bye Birdie ( 1961 ) How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying ( 1962 ) A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum ( 1963 ) Hello , Dolly ! ( 1964 ) Fiddler on the Roof ( 1965 ) Man of La Mancha ( 1966 ) Cabaret ( 1967 ) Hallelujah , Baby ! ( 1968 ) 1776 ( 1969 ) Applause ( 1970 ) Company ( 1971 ) Two Gentlemen of Verona ( 1972 ) A Little Night Music ( 1973 ) Raisin ( 1974 ) The Wiz ( 1975 ) 1976 - 2000 A Chorus Line ( 1976 ) Annie ( 1977 ) Ai n't Misbehavin ' ( 1978 ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 1979 ) Evita ( 1980 ) 42nd Street ( 1981 ) Nine ( 1982 ) Cats ( 1983 ) La Cage aux Folles ( 1984 ) Big River ( 1985 ) Drood ( 1986 ) Les Misérables ( 1987 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1988 ) Jerome Robbins ' Broadway ( 1989 ) City of Angels ( 1990 ) The Will Rogers Follies ( 1991 ) Crazy for You ( 1992 ) Kiss of the Spider Woman ( 1993 ) Passion ( 1994 ) Sunset Boulevard ( 1995 ) Rent ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) The Lion King ( 1998 ) Fosse ( 1999 ) Contact ( 2000 ) 2001 - present The Producers ( 2001 ) Thoroughly Modern Millie ( 2002 ) Hairspray ( 2003 ) Avenue Q ( 2004 ) Monty Python 's Spamalot ( 2005 ) Jersey Boys ( 2006 ) Spring Awakening ( 2007 ) In the Heights ( 2008 ) Billy Elliot the Musical ( 2009 ) Memphis ( 2010 ) The Book of Mormon ( 2011 ) Once ( 2012 ) Kinky Boots ( 2013 ) A Gentleman 's Guide to Love and Murder ( 2014 ) Fun Home ( 2015 ) Hamilton ( 2016 ) Dear Evan Hansen ( 2017 ) BNF : cb13939772q ( data ) GND : 300095643 LCCN : no2008177093 VIAF : 177290176 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Phantom_of_the_Opera_(1986_musical)&oldid=843583460 '' Categories : 1986 musicals 1986 operas The Phantom of the Opera The Phantom of the Opera ( 1986 musical ) Broadway musicals Compositions by Andrew Lloyd Webber Laurence Olivier Award - winning musicals Musicals based on novels Plays set in the 19th century West End musicals Tony Award for Best Musical British musicals Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) EngvarB from November 2016 Use dmy dates from December 2017 Pages with timeline metadata Articles needing additional references from May 2018 All articles needing additional references Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Poland Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Íslenska Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 03 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played the phantom of the opera in 1986	[ "The musical opened in London's West End in 1986, and on Broadway in 1988. It won the 1986 Olivier Award and the 1988 Tony Award for Best Musical, and Michael Crawford (in the title role) won the Olivier and Tony Awards for Best Actor in a Musical.[3] It is the longest running show in Broadway history by a wide margin, and celebrated its 10,000th Broadway performance on 11 February 2012, the first production ever to do so.[4] It is the second longest-running West End musical, after Les Misérables, and the third longest-running West End show overall, after The Mousetrap.[5][6][7]" ]	[ "Michael Crawford" ]
-936788726517981820	Supreme Court of the United States	Supreme Court of the United States - wikipedia Supreme Court of the United States `` SCOTUS '' redirects here . For other uses , see SCOTUS ( disambiguation ) . Supreme Court of the United States Established March 4 , 1789 ; 229 years ago ( 1789 - 03 - 04 ) Country United States Location Washington , D.C. , U.S. Coordinates 38 ° 53 ′ 26 '' N 77 ° 00 ′ 16 '' W / 38.89056 ° N 77.00444 ° W / 38.89056 ; - 77.00444 Coordinates : 38 ° 53 ′ 26 '' N 77 ° 00 ′ 16 '' W / 38.89056 ° N 77.00444 ° W / 38.89056 ; - 77.00444 Composition method Presidential nomination with Senate confirmation Authorized by United States Constitution Judge term length Life tenure No. of positions 9 by statute Website www.supremecourt.gov Chief Justice of the United States Currently John Roberts Since September 29 , 2005 ; 12 years ago ( 2005 - 09 - 29 ) This article is part of the series on the United States Supreme Court The Court Decisions Procedure History Court Building Current membership Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch 1 seat vacant Retired Associate Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor Anthony Kennedy David Souter All members List of all justices by court by seat by time in office by education List of Chief Justices List of Associate Justices Specialty lists All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations late in presidency Court demographics Justices who served in Congress Ideological leanings of justices Court functionaries Clerks Reporter of Decisions Marshal of the Court Supreme Court Police Other countries Law Portal The Supreme Court of the United States ( sometimes colloquially referred to by the acronym SCOTUS ) is the highest federal court of the United States . Established pursuant to Article Three of the United States Constitution in 1789 , it has ultimate ( and largely discretionary ) appellate jurisdiction over all federal courts and state court cases , involving issues of federal law plus original jurisdiction over a small range of cases . In the legal system of the United States , the Supreme Court is generally the final interpreter of federal law including the United States Constitution , but it may act only within the context of a case in which it has jurisdiction . The Court may decide cases having political overtones , but does not have power to decide nonjusticiable political questions , and its enforcement arm is in the executive rather than judicial branch of government . According to federal statute , the Court normally consists of the Chief Justice of the United States and eight associate justices who are nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate . Once appointed , justices have lifetime tenure unless they resign , retire , or are removed after impeachment . In modern discourse , the justices are often categorized as having conservative , moderate , or liberal philosophies of law and of judicial interpretation . Each justice has one vote , and while a far greater number of cases in recent history have been decided unanimously , decisions in cases of the highest profile have often come down to just one single vote , thereby exposing the justices ' ideological beliefs that track with those philosophical or political categories . The Court meets in the Supreme Court Building in Washington , D.C. Contents 1 History 1.1 Earliest beginnings to Marshall 1.2 From Taney to Taft 1.3 The New Deal era 1.4 Warren and Burger 1.5 Rehnquist and Roberts 2 Composition 2.1 Size of the Court 2.2 Appointment and confirmation 2.2. 1 Recess appointments 2.3 Tenure 3 Membership 3.1 Current justices 3.1. 1 Vacancy and pending nomination 3.2 Court demographics 3.3 Retired justices 3.4 Seniority and seating 3.5 Salary 3.6 Judicial leanings 4 Facilities 5 Jurisdiction 5.1 Justices as circuit justices 6 Process 6.1 Case selection 6.2 Oral argument 6.3 Supreme Court bar 6.4 Decision 6.5 Published opinions 6.5. 1 Citations to published opinions 7 Institutional powers and constraints 8 Law clerks 8.1 Politicization of the Court 9 Criticism 9.1 Judicial activism 9.2 Failing to protect individual rights 9.3 Supreme Court has too much power 9.4 Courts are poor check on executive power 9.5 Federal versus state power 9.6 Secretive proceedings 9.7 Judicial interference in political disputes 9.8 Not choosing enough cases to review 9.9 Lifetime tenure 9.10 Accepting gifts 10 See also 11 References 11.1 Bibliography 12 Further reading 13 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the Supreme Court of the United States Supreme Court of the United States The ratification of the United States Constitution established the Supreme Court in 1789 . Its powers are detailed in Article Three of the Constitution . The Supreme Court was the only court specifically established by the Constitution while all other federal courts were created by Congress . Congress is also responsible for conferring the title of `` justice '' to its members , who are known to scold lawyers for inaccurately referring to them as `` judge '' , even though it is the term used in the Constitution . The Court first convened on February 2 , 1790 , with six judges where only five of its six initial positions were filled . According to historian Fergus Bordewich , in its first session : `` ( T ) he Supreme Court convened for the first time at the Royal Exchange Building on Broad Street , a few steps from Federal Hall . Symbolically , the moment was pregnant with promise for the republic , this birth of a new national institution whose future power , admittedly , still existed only in the eyes and minds of just a few visionary Americans . Impressively bewigged and swathed in their robes of office , Chief Justice John Jay and three associate justices -- William Cushing of Massachusetts , James Wilson of Pennsylvania , and John Blair of Virginia -- sat augustly before a throng of spectators and waited for something to happen . Nothing did . They had no cases to consider . After a week of inactivity , they adjourned until September , and everyone went home . '' The sixth member , James Iredell , was not confirmed until May 12 , 1790 . Because the full Court had only six members , every decision that it made by a majority was also made by two - thirds ( voting four to two ) . However , Congress has always allowed less than the Court 's full membership to make decisions , starting with a quorum of four justices in 1789 . Earliest beginnings to Marshall ( edit ) Main articles : Jay Court , Rutledge Court , Ellsworth Court , and Marshall Court Chief Justice Marshall Under Chief Justices Jay , Rutledge and Ellsworth ( 1789 -- 1801 ) , the Court heard few cases ; its first decision was West v. Barnes ( 1791 ) , a case involving procedure . The Court lacked a home of its own and had little prestige , a situation not helped by the era 's highest - profile case , Chisholm v. Georgia ( 1793 ) , which was reversed within two years by the Eleventh Amendment 's adoption . The Court 's power and prestige grew substantially during the Marshall Court ( 1801 -- 35 ) . Under Marshall , the Court established the power of judicial review over acts of Congress , including specifying itself as the supreme expositor of the Constitution ( Marbury v. Madison ) and making several important constitutional rulings that gave shape and substance to the balance of power between the federal government and states ( notably , Martin v. Hunter 's Lessee , McCulloch v. Maryland and Gibbons v. Ogden ) . The Marshall Court also ended the practice of each justice issuing his opinion seriatim , a remnant of British tradition , and instead issuing a single majority opinion . Also during Marshall 's tenure , although beyond the Court 's control , the impeachment and acquittal of Justice Samuel Chase in 1804 -- 05 helped cement the principle of judicial independence . From Taney to Taft ( edit ) Main articles : Taney Court , Chase Court , Waite Court , Fuller Court , White Court , and Taft Court The Taney Court ( 1836 -- 64 ) made several important rulings , such as Sheldon v. Sill , which held that while Congress may not limit the subjects the Supreme Court may hear , it may limit the jurisdiction of the lower federal courts to prevent them from hearing cases dealing with certain subjects . Nevertheless , it is primarily remembered for its ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford , which helped precipitate the Civil War . In the Reconstruction era , the Chase , Waite , and Fuller Courts ( 1864 -- 1910 ) interpreted the new Civil War amendments to the Constitution and developed the doctrine of substantive due process ( Lochner v. New York ; Adair v. United States ) . Under the White and Taft Courts ( 1910 -- 30 ) , the Court held that the Fourteenth Amendment had incorporated some guarantees of the Bill of Rights against the states ( Gitlow v. New York ) , grappled with the new antitrust statutes ( Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States ) , upheld the constitutionality of military conscription ( Selective Draft Law Cases ) and brought the substantive due process doctrine to its first apogee ( Adkins v. Children 's Hospital ) . The New Deal era ( edit ) Main articles : Hughes Court , Stone Court , and Vinson Court During the Hughes , Stone , and Vinson Courts ( 1930 -- 53 ) , the Court gained its own accommodation in 1935 and changed its interpretation of the Constitution , giving a broader reading to the powers of the federal government to facilitate President Franklin Roosevelt 's New Deal ( most prominently West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish , Wickard v. Filburn , United States v. Darby and United States v. Butler ) . During World War II , the Court continued to favor government power , upholding the internment of Japanese citizens ( Korematsu v. United States ) and the mandatory pledge of allegiance ( Minersville School District v. Gobitis ) . Nevertheless , Gobitis was soon repudiated ( West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette ) , and the Steel Seizure Case restricted the pro-government trend . Warren and Burger ( edit ) Main articles : Warren Court and Burger Court The Warren Court ( 1953 -- 69 ) dramatically expanded the force of Constitutional civil liberties . It held that segregation in public schools violates equal protection ( Brown v. Board of Education , Bolling v. Sharpe and Green v. County School Bd . ) and that traditional legislative district boundaries violated the right to vote ( Reynolds v. Sims ) . It created a general right to privacy ( Griswold v. Connecticut ) , limited the role of religion in public school ( most prominently Engel v. Vitale and Abington School District v. Schempp ) , incorporated most guarantees of the Bill of Rights against the States -- prominently Mapp v. Ohio ( the exclusionary rule ) and Gideon v. Wainwright ( right to appointed counsel ) , -- and required that criminal suspects be apprised of all these rights by police ( Miranda v. Arizona ) . At the same time , however , the Court limited defamation suits by public figures ( New York Times v. Sullivan ) and supplied the government with an unbroken run of antitrust victories . The Burger Court ( 1969 -- 86 ) marked a conservative shift . It also expanded Griswold 's right to privacy to strike down abortion laws ( Roe v. Wade ) , but divided deeply on affirmative action ( Regents of the University of California v. Bakke ) and campaign finance regulation ( Buckley v. Valeo ) . It also dithered on the death penalty , ruling first that most applications were defective ( Furman v. Georgia ) , then the death penalty itself was not unconstitutional ( Gregg v. Georgia ) . Rehnquist and Roberts ( edit ) Main articles : Rehnquist Court and Roberts Court Justices of the U.S. Supreme Court in October 2005 The Rehnquist Court ( 1986 -- 2005 ) was noted for its revival of judicial enforcement of federalism , emphasizing the limits of the Constitution 's affirmative grants of power ( United States v. Lopez ) and the force of its restrictions on those powers ( Seminole Tribe v. Florida , City of Boerne v. Flores ) . It struck down single - sex state schools as a violation of equal protection ( United States v. Virginia ) , laws against sodomy as violations of substantive due process ( Lawrence v. Texas ) , and the line item veto ( Clinton v. New York ) , but upheld school vouchers ( Zelman v. Simmons - Harris ) and reaffirmed Roe 's restrictions on abortion laws ( Planned Parenthood v. Casey ) . The Court 's decision in Bush v. Gore , which ended the electoral recount during the presidential election of 2000 , was especially controversial . The Roberts Court ( 2005 -- present ) is regarded by some as more conservative than the Rehnquist Court . Some of its major rulings have concerned federal preemption ( Wyeth v. Levine ) , civil procedure ( Twombly - Iqbal ) , abortion ( Gonzales v. Carhart ) , climate change ( Massachusetts v. EPA ) , same - sex marriage ( United States v. Windsor and Obergefell v. Hodges ) and the Bill of Rights , notably in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission ( First Amendment ) , Heller - McDonald ( Second Amendment ) and Baze v. Rees ( Eighth Amendment ) . Composition ( edit ) Size of the Court ( edit ) Article III of the United States Constitution does not specify the number of justices . The Judiciary Act of 1789 called for the appointment of six `` judges '' . Although an 1801 act would have reduced the size of the court to five members upon its next vacancy , an 1802 act promptly negated the 1801 act , legally restoring the court 's size to six members before any such vacancy occurred . As the nation 's boundaries grew , Congress added justices to correspond with the growing number of judicial circuits : seven in 1807 , nine in 1837 , and ten in 1863 . In 1866 , at the behest of Chief Justice Chase , Congress passed an act providing that the next three justices to retire would not be replaced , which would thin the bench to seven justices by attrition . Consequently , one seat was removed in 1866 and a second in 1867 . In 1869 , however , the Circuit Judges Act returned the number of justices to nine , where it has since remained . President Franklin D. Roosevelt attempted to expand the Court in 1937 . His proposal envisioned appointment of one additional justice for each incumbent justice who reached the age of 70 years 6 months and refused retirement , up to a maximum bench of 15 justices . The proposal was ostensibly to ease the burden of the docket on elderly judges , but the actual purpose was widely understood as an effort to `` pack '' the Court with justices who would support Roosevelt 's New Deal . The plan , usually called the `` court - packing plan '' , failed in Congress . Nevertheless , the Court 's balance began to shift within months when Justice Willis Van Devanter retired and was replaced by Senator Hugo Black . By the end of 1941 , Roosevelt had appointed seven justices and elevated Harlan Fiske Stone to Chief Justice . Appointment and confirmation ( edit ) Main article : Appointment and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States The Roberts Court ( April 2017 -- July 2018 ) . Front row ( left to right ) : Ruth Bader Ginsburg , Anthony Kennedy ( Retired July 31 , 2018 ) , John Roberts ( Chief Justice ) , Clarence Thomas , and Stephen Breyer . Back row ( left to right ) : Elena Kagan , Samuel A. Alito , Sonia Sotomayor , and Neil Gorsuch . The U.S. Constitution states that the President `` shall nominate , and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate , shall appoint Judges of the Supreme Court . '' Most presidents nominate candidates who broadly share their ideological views , although a justice 's decisions may end up being contrary to a president 's expectations . Because the Constitution sets no qualifications for service as a justice , a president may nominate anyone to serve , subject to Senate confirmation . In modern times , the confirmation process has attracted considerable attention from the press and advocacy groups , which lobby senators to confirm or to reject a nominee depending on whether their track record aligns with the group 's views . The Senate Judiciary Committee conducts hearings and votes on whether the nomination should go to the full Senate with a positive , negative or neutral report . The committee 's practice of personally interviewing nominees is relatively recent . The first nominee to appear before the committee was Harlan Fiske Stone in 1925 , who sought to quell concerns about his links to Wall Street , and the modern practice of questioning began with John Marshall Harlan II in 1955 . Once the committee reports out the nomination , the full Senate considers it . Rejections are relatively uncommon ; the Senate has explicitly rejected twelve Supreme Court nominees , most recently Robert Bork , nominated by President Ronald Reagan in 1987 . Although Senate rules do not necessarily allow a negative vote in committee to block a nomination , prior to 2017 a nomination could be blocked by filibuster once debate had begun in the full Senate . President Lyndon Johnson 's nomination of sitting Associate Justice Abe Fortas to succeed Earl Warren as Chief Justice in 1968 was the first successful filibuster of a Supreme Court nominee . It included both Republican and Democratic senators concerned with Fortas 's ethics . President Donald Trump 's nomination of Neil Gorsuch to the seat left vacant by Antonin Scalia 's death was the second . Unlike the Fortas filibuster , however , only Democratic Senators voted against cloture on the Gorsuch nomination , citing his perceived conservative judicial philosophy , and the Republican majority 's prior refusal to take up President Barack Obama 's nomination of Merrick Garland to fill the vacancy . This led the Republican majority to change the rules and eliminate the filibuster for Supreme Court nominations . Not every Supreme Court nominee has received a floor vote in the Senate . A president may withdraw a nomination before an actual confirmation vote occurs , typically because it is clear that the Senate will reject the nominee ; this occurred most recently with the nomination of Harriet Miers in 2006 . The Senate may also fail to act on a nomination , which expires at the end of the session . For example , President Dwight Eisenhower 's first nomination of John Marshall Harlan II in November 1954 was not acted on by the Senate ; Eisenhower re-nominated Harlan in January 1955 , and Harlan was confirmed two months later . Most recently , as previously noted , the Senate failed to act on the March 2016 nomination of Merrick Garland ; the nomination expired in January 2017 , and the vacancy was later filled by President Trump 's appointment of Neil Gorsuch . Once the Senate confirms a nomination , the president must prepare and sign a commission , to which the Seal of the Department of Justice must be affixed , before the new justice can take office . The seniority of an associate justice is based on the commissioning date , not the confirmation or swearing - in date . The importance of commissioning is underscored by the case of Edwin M. Stanton . Although appointed to the court on December 19 , 1869 by President Ulysses S. Grant and confirmed by the Senate a few days later , Stanton died on Dec 24 , prior to receiving his commission . He is not , therefore , considered to have been an actual member of the court . Before 1981 , the approval process of justices was usually rapid . From the Truman through Nixon administrations , justices were typically approved within one month . From the Reagan administration to the present , however , the process has taken much longer . Some believe this is because Congress sees justices as playing a more political role than in the past . According to the Congressional Research Service , the average number of days from nomination to final Senate vote since 1975 is 67 days ( 2.2 months ) , while the median is 71 days ( or 2.3 months ) . Recess appointments ( edit ) When the Senate is in recess , a president may make temporary appointments to fill vacancies . Recess appointees hold office only until the end of the next Senate session ( less than two years ) . The Senate must confirm the nominee for them to continue serving ; of the two chief justices and eleven associate justices who have received recess appointments , only Chief Justice John Rutledge was not subsequently confirmed . No president since Dwight D. Eisenhower has made a recess appointment to the Court , and the practice has become rare and controversial even in lower federal courts . In 1960 , after Eisenhower had made three such appointments , the Senate passed a `` sense of the Senate '' resolution that recess appointments to the Court should only be made in `` unusual circumstances . '' Such resolutions are not legally binding but are an expression of Congress 's views in the hope of guiding executive action . The Supreme Court 's 2014 decision in National Labor Relations Board v. Noel Canning limited the ability of the President to make recess appointments ( including appointments to the Supreme Court ) , ruling that the Senate decides when the Senate is in session ( or in recess ) . Writing for the Court , Justice Breyer stated , `` We hold that , for purposes of the Recess Appointments Clause , the Senate is in session when it says it is , provided that , under its own rules , it retains the capacity to transact Senate business . '' This ruling allows the Senate to prevent recess appointments through the use of pro-forma sessions . Tenure ( edit ) The Constitution provides that justices `` shall hold their offices during good behavior '' ( unless appointed during a Senate recess ) . The term `` good behavior '' is understood to mean justices may serve for the remainder of their lives , unless they are impeached and convicted by Congress , resign , or retire . Only one justice has been impeached by the House of Representatives ( Samuel Chase , March 1804 ) , but he was acquitted in the Senate ( March 1805 ) . Moves to impeach sitting justices have occurred more recently ( for example , William O. Douglas was the subject of hearings twice , in 1953 and again in 1970 ; and Abe Fortas resigned while hearings were being organized in 1969 ) , but they did not reach a vote in the House . No mechanism exists for removing a justice who is permanently incapacitated by illness or injury , but unable ( or unwilling ) to resign . Because justices have indefinite tenure , timing of vacancies can be unpredictable . Sometimes vacancies arise in quick succession , as in the early 1970s when Lewis Franklin Powell , Jr. and William Rehnquist were nominated to replace Hugo Black and John Marshall Harlan II , who retired within a week of each other . Sometimes a great length of time passes between nominations , such as the eleven years between Stephen Breyer 's nomination in 1994 to succeed Harry Blackmun and the nomination of John Roberts in 2005 to fill the seat of Sandra Day O'Connor ( though Roberts ' nomination was withdrawn and resubmitted for the role of Chief Justice after Rehnquist died ) . Despite the variability , all but four presidents have been able to appoint at least one justice . William Henry Harrison died a month after taking office , though his successor ( John Tyler ) made an appointment during that presidential term . Likewise , Zachary Taylor died 16 months after taking office , but his successor ( Millard Fillmore ) also made a Supreme Court nomination before the end of that term . Andrew Johnson , who became president after the assassination of Abraham Lincoln , was denied the opportunity to appoint a justice by a reduction in the size of the Court . Jimmy Carter is the only person elected president to have left office after at least one full term without having the opportunity to appoint a justice . Somewhat similarly , presidents James Monroe , Franklin D. Roosevelt , and George W. Bush each served a full term without an opportunity to appoint a justice , but made appointments during their subsequent terms in office . No president who has served more than one full term has gone without at least one opportunity to make an appointment . Three presidents have appointed justices who together served more than a century . Andrew Jackson , Abraham Lincoln , and Franklin D. Roosevelt . Membership ( edit ) See also : List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States Current justices ( edit ) The court currently has eight justices . The most recent justice to join the court was Neil Gorsuch , who was nominated by President Donald Trump on January 31 , 2017 , and confirmed on April 7 , 2017 , by the U.S. Senate . Justice Anthony Kennedy retired effective July 31 , 2018 , as announced on the last day of the October 2017 term . On July 9 , 2018 , President Trump nominated Brett Kavanaugh , who currently serves as a United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit , to replace Justice Kennedy . Name Birth Appointed by Senate confirmation vote Age at appointment Current age First day / Length of service Previous positions Succeeded John Roberts ( Chief Justice ) January 27 , 1955 Buffalo , New York George W. Bush 78 -- 22 50 7004232080000000000 ♠ 63 September 29 , 2005 12 years , 10 months Circuit Judge , Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit ( 2003 -- 2005 ) ; Principal Deputy Solicitor General ( 1989 -- 1993 ) ; Associate Counsel to the President ( 1982 -- 1986 ) William Rehnquist Clarence Thomas June 23 , 1948 Pin Point , Georgia George H.W. Bush 52 -- 48 43 7004256170000000000 ♠ 70 October 23 , 1991 26 years , 9 months Circuit Judge , Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit ( 1990 -- 1991 ) ; Chairman , Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ( 1982 -- 1990 ) ; Assistant Attorney General in Missouri under State Attorney General John Danforth ( 1974 -- 1977 ) Thurgood Marshall Ruth Bader Ginsburg March 15 , 1933 Brooklyn , New York Bill Clinton 96 -- 3 60 7004311960000000000 ♠ 85 August 10 , 1993 25 years Circuit Judge , Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit ( 1980 -- 1993 ) ; General Counsel , American Civil Liberties Union ( 1973 -- 1980 ) Byron White Stephen Breyer August 15 , 1938 San Francisco , California 87 -- 9 55 7004292170000000000 ♠ 79 August 3 , 1994 24 years Chief Judge , Court of Appeals for the First Circuit ( 1990 -- 1994 ) ; Circuit Judge , Court of Appeals for the First Circuit ( 1980 -- 1990 ) Harry Blackmun Samuel Alito April 1 , 1950 Trenton , New Jersey George W. Bush 58 -- 42 55 7004249700000000000 ♠ 68 January 31 , 2006 12 years , 6 months Circuit Judge , Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit ( 1990 -- 2006 ) ; U.S. Attorney for the District of New Jersey ( 1987 -- 1990 ) ; Deputy Assistant Attorney General ( 1985 -- 1987 ) ; Assistant to the Solicitor General ( 1981 -- 1985 ) Sandra Day O'Connor Sonia Sotomayor June 25 , 1954 The Bronx , New York Barack Obama 68 -- 31 55 7004234240000000000 ♠ 64 August 8 , 2009 9 years Circuit Judge , Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit ( 1998 -- 2009 ) ; District Judge , District Court for the Southern District of New York ( 1992 -- 1998 ) David Souter Elena Kagan April 28 , 1960 Manhattan , New York 63 -- 37 50 7004212900000000000 ♠ 58 August 7 , 2010 8 years Solicitor General of the United States ( 2009 -- 2010 ) ; Dean of Harvard Law School ( 2003 -- 2009 ) ; Associate White House Counsel ( 1995 -- 1999 ) ; Deputy Director of the Domestic Policy Council ( 1995 -- 1999 ) John Paul Stevens Neil Gorsuch August 29 , 1967 Denver , Colorado Donald Trump 54 -- 45 49 7004186110000000000 ♠ 50 April 10 , 2017 1 year , 4 months Circuit Judge , Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit ( 2006 -- 2017 ) ; Principal Deputy Associate Attorney General and Acting Associate Attorney General ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Antonin Scalia Vacant Anthony Kennedy Vacancy and pending nomination ( edit ) On June 27 , 2018 , Anthony Kennedy formally notified President Donald Trump that he would retire as Associate Justice effective July 31 , 2018 , and assume senior status . On July 10 , 2018 , President Trump formally nominated Brett Kavanaugh to the vacancy . Seat Seat last held by Vacancy reason Date of vacancy Nominee Date of nomination Anthony Kennedy Retirement July 31 , 2018 Brett Kavanaugh July 10 , 2018 Court demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States The Court currently has five male and three female justices . Among the eight justices , there is one African - American ( Justice Thomas ) and one Hispanic ( Justice Sotomayor ) . Two of the justices were born to at least one immigrant parent : Justice Alito 's parents were born in Italy , and Justice Ginsburg 's father was born in Russia . At least four justices are Roman Catholics and three are Jewish . It is unclear whether Neil Gorsuch considers himself a Catholic or an Episcopalian . The average age is 67 years and 4 months . Every current justice has an Ivy League background . Four justices are from the state of New York , two from California , one from New Jersey , one from Georgia , and one from Colorado . In the 19th century , every justice was a man of European descent ( usually Northern European ) , and almost always Protestant . Diversity concerns focused on geography , to represent all regions of the country , rather than religious , ethnic , or gender diversity . Historically , most justices have been Protestants , including 36 Episcopalians , 19 Presbyterians , 10 Unitarians , 5 Methodists , and 3 Baptists . The first Catholic justice was Roger Taney in 1836 , and 1916 saw the appointment of the first Jewish justice , Louis Brandeis . Several Catholic and Jewish justices have since been appointed , and in recent years the situation has reversed . Racial , ethnic , and gender diversity in the Court began to increase in the late 20th century . Thurgood Marshall became the first African American justice in 1967 . Sandra Day O'Connor became the first female justice in 1981 . Marshall was succeeded by African - American Clarence Thomas in 1991 . O'Connor was joined by Ruth Bader Ginsburg in 1993 . After O'Connor's retirement Ginsburg was joined in 2009 by Sonia Sotomayor , the first Hispanic and Latina justice , and in 2010 by Elena Kagan , for a total of four female justices in the Court 's history . There have been six foreign - born justices in the Court 's history : James Wilson ( 1789 -- 1798 ) , born in Caskardy , Scotland ; James Iredell ( 1790 -- 1799 ) , born in Lewes , England ; William Paterson ( 1793 -- 1806 ) , born in County Antrim , Ireland ; David Brewer ( 1889 -- 1910 ) , born in Smyrna , Turkey ; George Sutherland ( 1922 -- 1939 ) , born in Buckinghamshire , England ; and Felix Frankfurter ( 1939 -- 1962 ) , born in Vienna , Austria . Retired justices ( edit ) There are currently four living retired justices of the Supreme Court of the United States : John Paul Stevens , Sandra Day O'Connor , Anthony Kennedy , and David Souter . As retired justices , they no longer participate in the work of the Supreme Court , but may be designated for temporary assignments to sit on lower federal courts , usually the United States Courts of Appeals . Such assignments are formally made by the Chief Justice , on request of the chief judge of the lower court and with the consent of the retired justice . In recent years , Justice O'Connor has sat with several Courts of Appeals around the country , and Justice Souter has frequently sat on the First Circuit , the court of which he was briefly a member before joining the Supreme Court . The status of a retired justice is analogous to that of a circuit or district court judge who has taken senior status , and eligibility of a supreme court justice to assume retired status ( rather than simply resign from the bench ) is governed by the same age and service criteria . In recent times , justices tend to strategically plan their decisions to leave the bench with personal , institutional , ideological , partisan and sometimes even political factors playing a role . The fear of mental decline and death often motivates justices to step down . The desire to maximize the Court 's strength and legitimacy through one retirement at a time , when the Court is in recess , and during non-presidential election years suggests a concern for institutional health . Finally , especially in recent decades , many justices have timed their departure to coincide with a philosophically compatible president holding office , to ensure that a like - minded successor would be appointed . Name Date of birth Appointed by Retired under Confirmation vote Age at appointment Current age First day Date of retirement Length of tenure John Paul Stevens April 20 , 1920 Chicago , Illinois Gerald Ford Barack Obama 98 -- 0 55 7004359080000000000 ♠ 98 December 19 , 1975 June 29 , 2010 ( age 90 ) 34 years , 6 months and 10 days Sandra Day O'Connor March 26 , 1930 El Paso , Texas Ronald Reagan George W. Bush 99 -- 0 51 7004322810000000000 ♠ 88 September 25 , 1981 January 31 , 2006 ( age 75 ) 24 years , 4 months and 6 days Anthony Kennedy July 23 , 1936 Sacramento , California Ronald Reagan Donald Trump 97 -- 0 51 7004299700000000000 ♠ 82 February 18 , 1988 July 31 , 2018 ( age 82 ) 30 years , 5 months and 13 days David Souter September 17 , 1939 Melrose , Massachusetts George H.W. Bush Barack Obama 90 -- 9 51 7004288190000000000 ♠ 78 October 9 , 1990 June 29 , 2009 ( age 69 ) 18 years , 8 months and 20 days Seniority and seating ( edit ) Many of the internal operations of the Court are organized by seniority of justices ; the chief justice is considered the most senior member of the court , regardless of the length of his or her service . The associate justices are then ranked by the length of their service . The interior of the United States Supreme Court During Court sessions , justices sit according to seniority , with the Chief Justice in the center and Associate Justices on alternating sides , with the most senior Associate Justice on the Chief Justice 's immediate right , and the most junior Associate Justice seated on the left farthest away from the Chief Justice . Therefore , the current court sits as follows from left to right , from the perspective of those facing the Court : Gorsuch , Sotomayor , Breyer , Thomas ( most senior Associate Justice ) , Roberts ( Chief Justice ) , Ginsburg , Alito , and Kagan , with the final seat vacant until Anthony Kennedy 's replacement joins the Court . In the official yearly Court photograph , justices are arranged similarly , with the five most senior members seated in the front row in the same order as they would sit during Court sessions ( most recent photograph includes Ginsburg , Kennedy , Roberts , Thomas , Breyer ) , and the four most junior justices standing behind them , again in the same order as they would sit during Court sessions ( Kagan , Alito , Sotomayor , Gorsuch ) . In the justices ' private conferences , current practice is for them to speak and vote in order of seniority to begin with the chief justice first and end with the most junior associate justice . The most junior associate justice in these conferences is charged with any menial tasks the justices may require as they convene alone , such as answering the door of their conference room , serving beverages and transmitting orders of the court to the clerk . Justice Joseph Story served the longest as junior justice , from February 3 , 1812 , to September 1 , 1823 , for a total of 4,228 days . Justice Stephen Breyer follows very closely behind serving from August 3 , 1994 , to January 31 , 2006 , for a total of 4,199 days . Justice Elena Kagan comes in at a distant third serving from August 6 , 2010 , to April 10 , 2017 , for a total of 2,439 days . Salary ( edit ) Main article : Federal judge salaries in the United States As of 2018 , associate justices are paid $255,300 and the chief justice $267,000 . Article III , Section 1 of the U.S. Constitution prohibits Congress from reducing the pay for incumbent justices . Once a justice meets age and service requirements , the justice may retire . Judicial pensions are based on the same formula used for federal employees , but a justice 's pension , as with other federal courts judges , can never be less than their salary at the time of retirement . Judicial leanings ( edit ) See also : Ideological leanings of United States Supreme Court justices and Segal -- Cover score Although justices are nominated by the president in power , justices do not represent or receive official endorsements from political parties , as is accepted practice in the legislative and executive branches . Jurists are , however , informally categorized in legal and political circles as being judicial conservatives , moderates , or liberals . Such leanings , however , generally refer to legal outlook rather than a political or legislative one . The nominations of justices are endorsed by individual politicians in the legislative branch who vote their approval or disapproval of the nominated justice . Following the confirmation of Neil Gorsuch in 2017 , the Court consisted of five justices appointed by Republican presidents and four appointed by Democratic presidents . It is popularly accepted that Chief Justice Roberts and associate justices Thomas , Alito , and Gorsuch , appointed by Republican presidents , comprise the Court 's conservative wing . Justices Ginsburg , Breyer , Sotomayor and Kagan , appointed by Democratic presidents , comprise the Court 's liberal wing . Justice Kennedy , appointed by Republican president Reagan , was generally considered `` a conservative who has occasionally voted with liberals '' , and up until Justice Scalia 's death , he was often the swing vote that determined the outcome of cases divided between the conservative and liberal wings . Gorsuch had a track record as a reliably conservative judge in the 10th circuit . Tom Goldstein argued in an article in SCOTUSblog in 2010 , that the popular view of the Supreme Court as sharply divided along ideological lines and each side pushing an agenda at every turn is `` in significant part a caricature designed to fit certain preconceptions . '' He pointed out that in the 2009 term , almost half the cases were decided unanimously , and only about 20 % were decided by a 5 - to - 4 vote . Barely one in ten cases involved the narrow liberal / conservative divide ( fewer if the cases where Sotomayor recused herself are not included ) . He also pointed to several cases that defied the popular conception of the ideological lines of the Court . Goldstein further argued that the large number of pro-criminal - defendant summary dismissals ( usually cases where the justices decide that the lower courts significantly misapplied precedent and reverse the case without briefing or argument ) were an illustration that the conservative justices had not been aggressively ideological . Likewise , Goldstein stated that the critique that the liberal justices are more likely to invalidate acts of Congress , show inadequate deference to the political process , and be disrespectful of precedent , also lacked merit : Thomas has most often called for overruling prior precedent ( even if long standing ) that he views as having been wrongly decided , and during the 2009 term Scalia and Thomas voted most often to invalidate legislation . According to statistics compiled by SCOTUSblog , in the twelve terms from 2000 to 2011 , an average of 19 of the opinions on major issues ( 22 % ) were decided by a 5 -- 4 vote , with an average of 70 % of those split opinions decided by a Court divided along the traditionally perceived ideological lines ( about 15 % of all opinions issued ) . Over that period , the conservative bloc has been in the majority about 62 % of the time that the Court has divided along ideological lines , which represents about 44 % of all the 5 -- 4 decisions . In the October 2010 term , the Court decided 86 cases , including 75 signed opinions and 5 summary reversals ( where the Court reverses a lower court without arguments and without issuing an opinion on the case ) . Four were decided with unsigned opinions , two cases affirmed by an equally divided Court , and two cases were dismissed as improvidently granted . Justice Kagan recused herself from 26 of the cases due to her prior role as United States Solicitor General . Of the 80 cases , 38 ( about 48 % , the highest percentage since the October 2005 term ) were decided unanimously ( 9 -- 0 or 8 -- 0 ) , and 16 decisions were made by a 5 -- 4 vote ( about 20 % , compared to 18 % in the October 2009 term , and 29 % in the October 2008 term ) . However , in fourteen of the sixteen 5 -- 4 decisions , the Court divided along the traditional ideological lines ( with Ginsburg , Breyer , Sotomayor , and Kagan on the liberal side , and Roberts , Scalia , Thomas , and Alito on the conservative , and Kennedy providing the `` swing vote '' ) . This represents 87 % of those 16 cases , the highest rate in the past 10 years . The conservative bloc , joined by Kennedy , formed the majority in 63 % of the 5 -- 4 decisions , the highest cohesion rate of that bloc in the Roberts Court . In the October 2011 term , the Court decided 75 cases . Of these , 33 ( 44 % ) were decided unanimously , and 15 ( 20 % , the same percentage as in the previous term ) were decided by a vote of 5 -- 4 . Of the latter 15 , the Court divided along the perceived ideological lines 10 times with Justice Kennedy joining the conservative justices ( Roberts , Scalia , Thomas and Alito ) five times and with the liberal justices ( Ginsburg , Breyer , Sotomayor and Kagan ) five times . In the October 2012 term , the Court decided 78 cases . Five of them were decided in unsigned opinions . 38 out of the 78 decisions ( representing 49 % of the decisions ) were unanimous in judgement , with 24 decisions being completely unanimous ( a single opinion with every justice that participated joining it ) . This was the largest percentage of unanimous decisions that the Court had in ten years , since the October 2002 term ( when 51 % of the decisions handed down were unanimous ) . The Court split 5 -- 4 in 23 cases ( 29 % of the total ) ; of these , 16 broke down along the traditionally perceived ideological lines , with Chief Justice Roberts and Justices Scalia , Thomas , and Alito on one side , Justices Ginsburg , Breyer , Sotomayor and Kagan on the other , and Justice Kennedy holding the balance . Of these 16 cases , Justice Kennedy sided with the conservatives on 10 cases , and with the liberals on 6 . Three cases were decided by an interesting alignment of justices , with Chief Justice Roberts joined by Justices Kennedy , Thomas , Breyer and Alito in the majority , with Justices Scalia , Ginsburg , Sotomayor , and Kagan in the minority . The greatest agreement between justices was between Ginsburg and Kagan , who agreed on 72 of the 75 ( 96 % ) cases , in which both voted ; the lowest agreement between justices was between Ginsburg and Alito , who agreed only on 45 out of 77 ( 54 % ) cases , in which they both participated . Justice Kennedy was in the majority of 5 -- 4 decisions on 20 out of 24 ( 83 % ) cases , and in 71 of 78 ( 91 % ) cases during the term , in line with his position as the `` swing vote '' of the Court . The October 2017 term had a low rate of unanimous rulings , with only 39 % of the cases decided by unanimous rulings , the lowest percentage since the October 2008 term when 30 % of rulings were unanimous . Chief Justice Roberts was in the majority most often ( 68 out of 73 cases , or 93.2 % ) , with retiring Justice Anthony Kennedy in second ( 67 out of 73 cases , or 91.8 % ) ; this was typical of the Roberts Court , in which Roberts and Kennedy have been in the majority most frequently in all terms except for the 2013 and 2014 terms ( though Kennedy was in the top on both those terms ) . Justice Sotomayor was the justice least likely to be in the majority ( in 50 out of 73 cases , or 68.5 % ) . The highest agreement between justices was between Ginsburg and Sotomayor , who agreed on 95.8 % of the cases , followed by Thomas and Alito agreeing on 93 % of cases . There were 19 cases that were decided by a 5 - 4 vote ( 26 % of the total cases ) ; 74 % of those cases ( 14 out of 19 ) broke along ideological lines , and for the first time in the Roberts Court , all of those resulted in a conservative majority , with Roberts , Kennedy , Thomas , Alito , and Gorsuch on the majority . Facilities ( edit ) Main article : United States Supreme Court Building The present U.S. Supreme Court building as viewed from the front From the 1860s until the 1930s , the court sat in the Old Senate Chamber of the U.S. Capitol . The Supreme Court first met on February 1 , 1790 , at the Merchants ' Exchange Building in New York City . When Philadelphia became the capital , the Court met briefly in Independence Hall before settling in Old City Hall from 1791 until 1800 . After the government moved to Washington , D.C. , the Court occupied various spaces in the United States Capitol building until 1935 , when it moved into its own purpose - built home . The four - story building was designed by Cass Gilbert in a classical style sympathetic to the surrounding buildings of the Capitol and Library of Congress , and is clad in marble . The building includes the courtroom , justices ' chambers , an extensive law library , various meeting spaces , and auxiliary services including a gymnasium . The Supreme Court building is within the ambit of the Architect of the Capitol , but maintains its own police force separate from the Capitol Police . Located across First Street from the United States Capitol at One First Street NE and Maryland Avenue , the building is open to the public from 9 am to 4 : 30 pm weekdays but closed on weekends and holidays . Visitors may not tour the actual courtroom unaccompanied . There is a cafeteria , a gift shop , exhibits , and a half - hour informational film . When the Court is not in session , lectures about the courtroom are held hourly from 9 : 30 am to 3 : 30 pm and reservations are not necessary . When the Court is in session the public may attend oral arguments , which are held twice each morning ( and sometimes afternoons ) on Mondays , Tuesdays , and Wednesdays in two - week intervals from October through late April , with breaks during December and February . Visitors are seated on a first - come first - served basis . One estimate is there are about 250 seats available . The number of open seats varies from case to case ; for important cases , some visitors arrive the day before and wait through the night . From mid-May until the end of June , the court releases orders and opinions beginning at 10 am , and these 15 to 30 - minute sessions are open to the public on a similar basis . Supreme Court Police are available to answer questions . Jurisdiction ( edit ) Main article : Procedures of the Supreme Court of the United States Inscription on the wall of the Supreme Court Building from Marbury v. Madison , in which Chief Justice John Marshall outlined the concept of judicial review Congress is authorized by Article III of the federal Constitution to regulate the Supreme Court 's appellate jurisdiction . The Supreme Court has original and exclusive jurisdiction over cases between two or more states but may decline to hear such cases . It also possesses original but not exclusive jurisdiction to hear `` all actions or proceedings to which ambassadors , other public ministers , consuls , or vice consuls of foreign states are parties ; all controversies between the United States and a State ; and all actions or proceedings by a State against the citizens of another State or against aliens . '' In 1906 , the Court asserted its original jurisdiction to prosecute individuals for contempt of court in United States v. Shipp . The resulting proceeding remains the only contempt proceeding and only criminal trial in the Court 's history . The contempt proceeding arose from the lynching of Ed Johnson in Chattanooga , Tennessee the evening after Justice John Marshall Harlan granted Johnson a stay of execution to allow his lawyers to file an appeal . Johnson was removed from his jail cell by a lynch mob -- aided by the local sheriff who left the prison virtually unguarded -- and hung from a bridge , after which a deputy sheriff pinned a note on Johnson 's body reading : `` To Justice Harlan . Come get your nigger now . '' The local sheriff , John Shipp , cited the Supreme Court 's intervention as the rationale for the lynching . The Court appointed its deputy clerk as special master to preside over the trial in Chattanooga with closing arguments made in Washington before the Supreme Court justices , who found nine individuals guilty of contempt , sentencing three to 90 days in jail and the rest to 60 days in jail . In all other cases , however , the Court has only appellate jurisdiction , including the ability to issue writs of mandamus and writs of prohibition to lower courts . It considers cases based on its original jurisdiction very rarely ; almost all cases are brought to the Supreme Court on appeal . In practice , the only original jurisdiction cases heard by the Court are disputes between two or more states . The Court 's appellate jurisdiction consists of appeals from federal courts of appeal ( through certiorari , certiorari before judgment , and certified questions ) , the United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces ( through certiorari ) , the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico ( through certiorari ) , the Supreme Court of the Virgin Islands ( through certiorari ) , the District of Columbia Court of Appeals ( through certiorari ) , and `` final judgments or decrees rendered by the highest court of a State in which a decision could be had '' ( through certiorari ) . In the last case , an appeal may be made to the Supreme Court from a lower state court if the state 's highest court declined to hear an appeal or lacks jurisdiction to hear an appeal . For example , a decision rendered by one of the Florida District Courts of Appeal can be appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court if ( a ) the Supreme Court of Florida declined to grant certiorari , e.g. Florida Star v. B.J.F. , or ( b ) the district court of appeal issued a per curiam decision simply affirming the lower court 's decision without discussing the merits of the case , since the Supreme Court of Florida lacks jurisdiction to hear appeals of such decisions . The power of the Supreme Court to consider appeals from state courts , rather than just federal courts , was created by the Judiciary Act of 1789 and upheld early in the Court 's history , by its rulings in Martin v. Hunter 's Lessee ( 1816 ) and Cohens v. Virginia ( 1821 ) . The Supreme Court is the only federal court that has jurisdiction over direct appeals from state court decisions , although there are several devices that permit so - called `` collateral review '' of state cases . It has to be noted that this `` collateral review '' often only applies to individuals on death row and not through the regular judicial system . Since Article Three of the United States Constitution stipulates that federal courts may only entertain `` cases '' or `` controversies '' , the Supreme Court can not decide cases that are moot and it does not render advisory opinions , as the supreme courts of some states may do . For example , in DeFunis v. Odegaard , 416 U.S. 312 ( 1974 ) , the Court dismissed a lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of a law school affirmative action policy because the plaintiff student had graduated since he began the lawsuit , and a decision from the Court on his claim would not be able to redress any injury he had suffered . However , the Court recognizes some circumstances where it is appropriate to hear a case that is seemingly moot . If an issue is `` capable of repetition yet evading review '' , the Court will address it even though the party before the Court would not himself be made whole by a favorable result . In Roe v. Wade , 410 U.S. 113 ( 1973 ) , and other abortion cases , the Court addresses the merits of claims pressed by pregnant women seeking abortions even if they are no longer pregnant because it takes longer than the typical human gestation period to appeal a case through the lower courts to the Supreme Court . Another mootness exception is voluntary cessation of unlawful conduct , in which the Court considers the probability of recurrence and plaintiff 's need for relief . Justices as circuit justices ( edit ) The United States is divided into thirteen circuit courts of appeals , each of which is assigned a `` circuit justice '' from the Supreme Court . Although this concept has been in continuous existence throughout the history of the republic , its meaning has changed through time . Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 , each justice was required to `` ride circuit '' , or to travel within the assigned circuit and consider cases alongside local judges . This practice encountered opposition from many justices , who cited the difficulty of travel . Moreover , there was a potential for a conflict of interest on the Court if a justice had previously decided the same case while riding circuit . Circuit riding was abolished in 1891 . Today , the circuit justice for each circuit is responsible for dealing with certain types of applications that , under the Court 's rules , may be addressed by a single justice . These include applications for emergency stays ( including stays of execution in death - penalty cases ) and injunctions pursuant to the All Writs Act arising from cases within that circuit , as well as routine requests such as requests for extensions of time . In the past , circuit justices also sometimes ruled on motions for bail in criminal cases , writs of habeas corpus , and applications for writs of error granting permission to appeal . Ordinarily , a justice will resolve such an application by simply endorsing it `` granted '' or `` denied '' or entering a standard form of order . However , the justice may elect to write an opinion -- referred to as an in - chambers opinion -- in such matters if he or she wishes . A circuit justice may sit as a judge on the Court of Appeals of that circuit , but over the past hundred years , this has rarely occurred . A circuit justice sitting with the Court of Appeals has seniority over the chief judge of the circuit . The chief justice has traditionally been assigned to the District of Columbia Circuit , the Fourth Circuit ( which includes Maryland and Virginia , the states surrounding the District of Columbia ) , and since it was established , the Federal Circuit . Each associate justice is assigned to one or two judicial circuits . As of August 1 , 2018 , the allotment of the justices among the circuits is : Circuit Justice District of Columbia Circuit Chief Justice Roberts First Circuit Justice Breyer Second Circuit Justice Ginsburg Third Circuit Justice Alito Fourth Circuit Chief Justice Roberts Fifth Circuit Justice Alito Sixth Circuit Justice Kagan Seventh Circuit Justice Kagan Eighth Circuit Justice Gorsuch Ninth Circuit Chief Justice Roberts Tenth Circuit Justice Sotomayor Eleventh Circuit Justice Thomas Federal Circuit Chief Justice Roberts Three of the current justices are assigned to circuits on which they previously sat as circuit judges : Chief Justice Roberts ( D.C. Circuit ) , Justice Breyer ( First Circuit ) , and Justice Alito ( Third Circuit ) . Process ( edit ) Main article : Procedures of the Supreme Court of the United States A term of the Supreme Court commences on the first Monday of each October , and continues until June or early July of the following year . Each term consists of alternating periods of around two weeks known as `` sittings '' and `` recesses . '' Justices hear cases and deliver rulings during sittings ; they discuss cases and write opinions during recesses . Case selection ( edit ) Nearly all cases come before the court by way of petitions for writs of certiorari , commonly referred to as `` cert '' . The Court may review any case in the federal courts of appeals `` by writ of certiorari granted upon the petition of any party to any civil or criminal case . '' Court may only review `` final judgments rendered by the highest court of a state in which a decision could be had '' if those judgments involve a question of federal statutory or constitutional law . The party that appealed to the Court is the petitioner and the non-mover is the respondent . All case names before the Court are styled petitioner v. respondent , regardless of which party initiated the lawsuit in the trial court . For example , criminal prosecutions are brought in the name of the state and against an individual , as in State of Arizona v. Ernesto Miranda . If the defendant is convicted , and his conviction then is affirmed on appeal in the state supreme court , when he petitions for cert the name of the case becomes Miranda v. Arizona . There are situations where the Court has original jurisdiction , such as when two states have a dispute against each other , or when there is a dispute between the United States and a state . In such instances , a case is filed with the Supreme Court directly . Examples of such cases include United States v. Texas , a case to determine whether a parcel of land belonged to the United States or to Texas , and Virginia v. Tennessee , a case turning on whether an incorrectly drawn boundary between two states can be changed by a state court , and whether the setting of the correct boundary requires Congressional approval . Although it has not happened since 1794 in the case of Georgia v. Brailsford , parties in an action at law in which the Supreme Court has original jurisdiction may request that a jury determine issues of fact . Two other original jurisdiction cases involve colonial era borders and rights under navigable waters in New Jersey v. Delaware , and water rights between riparian states upstream of navigable waters in Kansas v. Colorado . A cert petition is voted on at a session of the court called a conference . A conference is a private meeting of the nine Justices by themselves ; the public and the Justices ' clerks are excluded . The rule of four permits four of the nine justices to grant a writ of certiorari . If it is granted , the case proceeds to the briefing stage ; otherwise , the case ends . Except in death penalty cases and other cases in which the Court orders briefing from the respondent , the respondent may , but is not required to , file a response to the cert petition . The court grants a petition for cert only for `` compelling reasons '' , spelled out in the court 's Rule 10 . Such reasons include : Resolving a conflict in the interpretation of a federal law or a provision of the federal Constitution Correcting an egregious departure from the accepted and usual course of judicial proceedings Resolving an important question of federal law , or to expressly review a decision of a lower court that conflicts directly with a previous decision of the Court . When a conflict of interpretations arises from differing interpretations of the same law or constitutional provision issued by different federal circuit courts of appeals , lawyers call this situation a `` circuit split . '' If the court votes to deny a cert petition , as it does in the vast majority of such petitions that come before it , it does so typically without comment . A denial of a cert petition is not a judgment on the merits of a case , and the decision of the lower court stands as the case 's final ruling . To manage the high volume of cert petitions received by the Court each year ( of the more than 7,000 petitions the Court receives each year , it will usually request briefing and hear oral argument in 100 or fewer ) , the Court employs an internal case management tool known as the `` cert pool . '' Currently , all justices except for Justices Alito and Gorsuch participate in the cert pool . Oral argument ( edit ) When the Court grants a cert petition , the case is set for oral argument . Both parties will file briefs on the merits of the case , as distinct from the reasons they may have argued for granting or denying the cert petition . With the consent of the parties or approval of the Court , amici curiae , or `` friends of the court '' , may also file briefs . The Court holds two - week oral argument sessions each month from October through April . Each side has thirty minutes to present its argument ( the Court may choose to give more time , though this is rare ) , and during that time , the Justices may interrupt the advocate and ask questions . The petitioner gives the first presentation , and may reserve some time to rebut the respondent 's arguments after the respondent has concluded . Amici curiae may also present oral argument on behalf of one party if that party agrees . The Court advises counsel to assume that the Justices are familiar with and have read the briefs filed in a case . Supreme Court Bar ( edit ) In order to plead before the court , an attorney must first be admitted to the court 's bar . Approximately 4,000 lawyers join the bar each year . The bar contains an estimated 230,000 members . In reality , pleading is limited to several hundred attorneys . The rest join for a one - time fee of $200 , earning the court about $750,000 annually . Attorneys can be admitted as either individuals or as groups . The group admission is held before the current justices of the Supreme Court , wherein the Chief Justice approves a motion to admit the new attorneys . Lawyers commonly apply for the cosmetic value of a certificate to display in their office or on their resume . They also receive access to better seating if they wish to attend an oral argument . Members of the Supreme Court Bar are also granted access to the collections of the Supreme Court Library . Decision ( edit ) At the conclusion of oral argument , the case is submitted for decision . Cases are decided by majority vote of the Justices . It is the Court 's practice to issue decisions in all cases argued in a particular Term by the end of that Term . Within that Term , however , the Court is under no obligation to release a decision within any set time after oral argument . At the conclusion of oral argument , the Justices retire to another conference at which the preliminary votes are tallied , and the most senior Justice in the majority assigns the initial draft of the Court 's opinion to a Justice on his or her side . Drafts of the Court 's opinion , as well as any concurring or dissenting opinions , circulate among the Justices until the Court is prepared to announce the judgment in a particular case . Since recording devices are banned inside the courtroom of the United States Supreme Court Building , the delivery of the decision to the media is done via paper copies and is known as the Running of the Interns . It is possible that , through recusals or vacancies , the Court divides evenly on a case . If that occurs , then the decision of the court below is affirmed , but does not establish binding precedent . In effect , it results in a return to the status quo ante . For a case to be heard , there must be a quorum of at least six justices . If a quorum is not available to hear a case and a majority of qualified justices believes that the case can not be heard and determined in the next term , then the judgment of the court below is affirmed as if the Court had been evenly divided . For cases brought to the Supreme Court by direct appeal from a United States District Court , the Chief Justice may order the case remanded to the appropriate U.S. Court of Appeals for a final decision there . This has only occurred once in U.S. history , in the case of United States v. Alcoa ( 1945 ) . Published opinions ( edit ) The Court 's opinions are published in three stages . First , a slip opinion is made available on the Court 's web site and through other outlets . Next , several opinions and lists of the court 's orders are bound together in paperback form , called a preliminary print of United States Reports , the official series of books in which the final version of the Court 's opinions appears . About a year after the preliminary prints are issued , a final bound volume of U.S. Reports is issued . The individual volumes of U.S. Reports are numbered so that users may cite this set of reports -- or a competing version published by another commercial legal publisher but containing parallel citations -- to allow those who read their pleadings and other briefs to find the cases quickly and easily . As of the beginning of October 2016 term , there are : 564 final bound volumes of U.S. Reports , covering cases through the end of October 2010 term , which ended on September 28 , 2011 . 16 volumes ' worth of opinions available in slip opinion form ( volumes 565 -- 580 ) As of March 2012 , the U.S. Reports have published a total of 30,161 Supreme Court opinions , covering the decisions handed down from February 1790 to March 2012 . This figure does not reflect the number of cases the Court has taken up , as several cases can be addressed by a single opinion ( see , for example , Parents v. Seattle , where Meredith v. Jefferson County Board of Education was also decided in the same opinion ; by a similar logic , Miranda v. Arizona actually decided not only Miranda but also three other cases : Vignera v. New York , Westover v. United States , and California v. Stewart ) . A more unusual example is The Telephone Cases , which comprise a single set of interlinked opinions that take up the entire 126th volume of the U.S. Reports . Opinions are also collected and published in two unofficial , parallel reporters : Supreme Court Reporter , published by West ( now a part of Thomson Reuters ) , and United States Supreme Court Reports , Lawyers ' Edition ( simply known as Lawyers ' Edition ) , published by LexisNexis . In court documents , legal periodicals and other legal media , case citations generally contain cites from each of the three reporters ; for example , citation to Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission is presented as Citizens United v. Federal Election Com'n , 585 U.S. 50 , 130 S. Ct. 876 , 175 L. Ed . 2d 753 ( 2010 ) , with `` S. Ct . '' representing the Supreme Court Reporter , and `` L. Ed . '' representing the Lawyers ' Edition . Citations to published opinions ( edit ) Main article : Case citation § Supreme Court of the United States Lawyers use an abbreviated format to cite cases , in the form `` vol U.S. page , pin ( year ) '' , where vol is the volume number , page is the page number on which the opinion begins , and year is the year in which the case was decided . Optionally , pin is used to `` pinpoint '' to a specific page number within the opinion . For instance , the citation for Roe v. Wade is 410 U.S. 113 ( 1973 ) , which means the case was decided in 1973 and appears on page 113 of volume 410 of U.S. Reports . For opinions or orders that have not yet been published in the preliminary print , the volume and page numbers may be replaced with `` ___ '' . Institutional powers and constraints ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Federal court system and the judicial authority to interpret the Constitution received little attention in the debates over the drafting and ratification of the Constitution . The power of judicial review , in fact , is nowhere mentioned in it . Over the ensuing years , the question of whether the power of judicial review was even intended by the drafters of the Constitution was quickly frustrated by the lack of evidence bearing on the question either way . Nevertheless , the power of judiciary to overturn laws and executive actions it determines are unlawful or unconstitutional is a well - established precedent . Many of the Founding Fathers accepted the notion of judicial review ; in Federalist No. 78 , Alexander Hamilton wrote : `` A Constitution is , in fact , and must be regarded by the judges , as a fundamental law . It therefore belongs to them to ascertain its meaning , as well as the meaning of any particular act proceeding from the legislative body . If there should happen to be an irreconcilable variance between the two , that which has the superior obligation and validity ought , of course , to be preferred ; or , in other words , the Constitution ought to be preferred to the statute . '' The Supreme Court firmly established its power to declare laws unconstitutional in Marbury v. Madison ( 1803 ) , consummating the American system of checks and balances . In explaining the power of judicial review , Chief Justice John Marshall stated that the authority to interpret the law was the particular province of the courts , part of the duty of the judicial department to say what the law is . His contention was not that the Court had privileged insight into constitutional requirements , but that it was the constitutional duty of the judiciary , as well as the other branches of government , to read and obey the dictates of the Constitution . Since the founding of the republic , there has been a tension between the practice of judicial review and the democratic ideals of egalitarianism , self - government , self - determination and freedom of conscience . At one pole are those who view the Federal Judiciary and especially the Supreme Court as being `` the most separated and least checked of all branches of government . '' Indeed , federal judges and justices on the Supreme Court are not required to stand for election by virtue of their tenure `` during good behavior '' , and their pay may `` not be diminished '' while they hold their position ( Section 1 of Article Three ) . Though subject to the process of impeachment , only one Justice has ever been impeached and no Supreme Court Justice has been removed from office . At the other pole are those who view the judiciary as the least dangerous branch , with little ability to resist the exhortations of the other branches of government . The Supreme Court , it is noted , can not directly enforce its rulings ; instead , it relies on respect for the Constitution and for the law for adherence to its judgments . One notable instance of nonacquiescence came in 1832 , when the state of Georgia ignored the Supreme Court 's decision in Worcester v. Georgia . President Andrew Jackson , who sided with the Georgia courts , is supposed to have remarked , `` John Marshall has made his decision ; now let him enforce it ! '' ; however , this alleged quotation has been disputed . Some state governments in the South also resisted the desegregation of public schools after the 1954 judgment Brown v. Board of Education . More recently , many feared that President Nixon would refuse to comply with the Court 's order in United States v. Nixon ( 1974 ) to surrender the Watergate tapes . Nixon , however , ultimately complied with the Supreme Court 's ruling . Supreme Court decisions can be ( and have been ) purposefully overturned by constitutional amendment , which has happened on five occasions : Chisholm v. Georgia ( 1793 ) -- overturned by the Eleventh Amendment ( 1795 ) Dred Scott v. Sandford ( 1857 ) -- overturned by the Thirteenth Amendment ( 1865 ) and the Fourteenth Amendment ( 1868 ) Pollock v. Farmers ' Loan & Trust Co. ( 1895 ) -- overturned by the Sixteenth Amendment ( 1913 ) Minor v. Happersett ( 1875 ) -- overturned by the Nineteenth Amendment ( 1920 ) Oregon v. Mitchell ( 1970 ) -- overturned by the Twenty - sixth Amendment ( 1971 ) When the Court rules on matters involving the interpretation of laws rather than of the Constitution , simple legislative action can reverse the decisions ( for example , in 2009 Congress passed the Lilly Ledbetter act , superseding the limitations given in Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. in 2007 ) . Also , the Supreme Court is not immune from political and institutional consideration : lower federal courts and state courts sometimes resist doctrinal innovations , as do law enforcement officials . In addition , the other two branches can restrain the Court through other mechanisms . Congress can increase the number of justices , giving the President power to influence future decisions by appointments ( as in Roosevelt 's Court Packing Plan discussed above ) . Congress can pass legislation that restricts the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and other federal courts over certain topics and cases : this is suggested by language in Section 2 of Article Three , where the appellate jurisdiction is granted `` with such Exceptions , and under such Regulations as the Congress shall make . '' The Court sanctioned such congressional action in the Reconstruction case ex parte McCardle ( 1869 ) , though it rejected Congress ' power to dictate how particular cases must be decided in United States v. Klein ( 1871 ) . On the other hand , through its power of judicial review , the Supreme Court has defined the scope and nature of the powers and separation between the legislative and executive branches of the federal government ; for example , in United States v. Curtiss - Wright Export Corp. ( 1936 ) , Dames & Moore v. Regan ( 1981 ) , and notably in Goldwater v. Carter ( 1979 ) , ( where it effectively gave the Presidency the power to terminate ratified treaties without the consent of Congress or the Senate ) . The Court 's decisions can also impose limitations on the scope of Executive authority , as in Humphrey 's Executor v. United States ( 1935 ) , the Steel Seizure Case ( 1952 ) , and United States v. Nixon ( 1974 ) . Law clerks ( edit ) See also : Law clerk and List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States Each Supreme Court justice hires several law Clerks to review petitions for writ of certiorari , research them , prepare bench memorandums , and draft opinions . Associate justices are allowed four clerks . The chief justice is allowed five clerks , but Chief Justice Rehnquist hired only three per year , and Chief Justice Roberts usually hires only four . Generally , law clerks serve a term of one to two years . The first law clerk was hired by Associate Justice Horace Gray in 1882 . Oliver Wendell Holmes , Jr. and Louis Brandeis were the first Supreme Court justices to use recent law school graduates as clerks , rather than hiring a `` stenographer - secretary '' . Most law clerks are recent law school graduates . The first female clerk was Lucile Lomen , hired in 1944 by Justice William O. Douglas . The first African - American , William T. Coleman , Jr. , was hired in 1948 by Justice Felix Frankfurter . A disproportionately large number of law clerks have obtained law degrees from elite law schools , especially Harvard , Yale , the University of Chicago , Columbia , and Stanford . From 1882 to 1940 , 62 % of law clerks were graduates of Harvard Law School . Those chosen to be Supreme Court law clerks usually have graduated in the top of their law school class and were often an editor of the law review or a member of the moot court board . By the mid-1970s , clerking previously for a judge in a federal court of appeals had also become a prerequisite to clerking for a Supreme Court justice . Seven Supreme Court justices previously clerked for other justices : Byron White for Frederick M. Vinson , John Paul Stevens for Wiley Rutledge , William Rehnquist for Robert H. Jackson , Stephen Breyer for Arthur Goldberg , John Roberts for William Rehnquist , Elena Kagan for Thurgood Marshall and Neil Gorsuch for both Byron White and Anthony Kennedy . Gorsuch is the first justice to serve alongside a justice for whom he or she clerked . Several current Supreme Court justices have also clerked in the federal courts of appeals : John Roberts for Judge Henry Friendly of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit , Justice Samuel Alito for Judge Leonard I. Garth of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit , Elena Kagan for Judge Abner J. Mikva of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit , and Neil Gorsuch for Judge David B. Sentelle of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia . Politicization of the Court ( edit ) Clerks hired by each of the justices of the Supreme Court are often given considerable leeway in the opinions they draft . `` Supreme Court clerkship appeared to be a nonpartisan institution from the 1940s into the 1980s '' , according to a study published in 2009 by the law review of Vanderbilt University Law School . `` As law has moved closer to mere politics , political affiliations have naturally and predictably become proxies for the different political agendas that have been pressed in and through the courts '' , former federal court of appeals judge J. Michael Luttig said . David J. Garrow , professor of history at the University of Cambridge , stated that the Court had thus begun to mirror the political branches of government . `` We are getting a composition of the clerk workforce that is getting to be like the House of Representatives '' , Professor Garrow said . `` Each side is putting forward only ideological purists . '' According to the Vanderbilt Law Review study , this politicized hiring trend reinforces the impression that the Supreme Court is `` a superlegislature responding to ideological arguments rather than a legal institution responding to concerns grounded in the rule of law . '' A poll conducted in June 2012 by The New York Times and CBS News showed just 44 % of Americans approve of the job the Supreme Court is doing . Three - quarters said justices ' decisions are sometimes influenced by their political or personal views . Criticism ( edit ) The court has been the object of criticisms on a range of issues . Among them : Judicial activism ( edit ) The Supreme Court has been criticized for not keeping within Constitutional bounds by engaging in judicial activism , rather than merely interpreting law and exercising judicial restraint . Claims of judicial activism are not confined to any particular ideology . An often cited example of conservative judicial activism is the 1905 decision in Lochner v. New York , which has been criticized by many prominent thinkers , including Robert Bork , Justice Antonin Scalia , and Chief Justice John Roberts , and which was reversed in the 1930s . An often cited example of liberal judicial activism is Roe v. Wade ( 1973 ) , which legalized abortion in part on the basis of the `` right to privacy '' inferred from the Fourteenth Amendment , a reasoning that some critics argued was circuitous . Legal scholars , justices , and presidential candidates have criticized the Roe decision . The progressive Brown v. Board of Education decision has been criticized by conservatives such as Patrick Buchanan and former presidential contender Barry Goldwater . More recently , Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission was criticized for expanding upon the precedent in First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti ( 1978 ) that the First Amendment applies to corporations . Lincoln warned , referring to the Dred Scott decision , that if government policy became `` irrevocably fixed by decisions of the Supreme Court ... the people will have ceased to be their own rulers . '' Former justice Thurgood Marshall justified judicial activism with these words : `` You do what you think is right and let the law catch up . '' During different historical periods , the Court has leaned in different directions . Critics from both sides complain that activist - judges abandon the Constitution and substitute their own views instead . Critics include writers such as Andrew Napolitano , Phyllis Schlafly , Mark R. Levin , Mark I. Sutherland , and James MacGregor Burns . Past presidents from both parties have attacked judicial activism , including Franklin D. Roosevelt , Richard Nixon , and Ronald Reagan . Failed Supreme Court nominee Robert Bork wrote : `` What judges have wrought is a coup d'état , -- slow - moving and genteel , but a coup d'état nonetheless . '' Senator Al Franken quipped that when politicians talk about judicial activism , `` their definition of an activist judge is one who votes differently than they would like . '' Brian Leiter wrote that `` Given the complexity of the law and the complexity involved in saying what really happened in a given dispute , all judges , and especially those on the Supreme Court , often have to exercise a quasi-legislative power , '' and `` Supreme Court nominations are controversial because the court is a super-legislature , and because its moral and political judgments are controversial . '' Failing to protect individual rights ( edit ) Court decisions have been criticized for failing to protect individual rights : the Dred Scott ( 1857 ) decision upheld slavery ; Plessy v Ferguson ( 1896 ) upheld segregation under the doctrine of separate but equal ; Kelo v. City of New London ( 2005 ) was criticized by prominent politicians , including New Jersey governor Jon Corzine , as undermining property rights . Some critics suggest the 2009 bench with a conservative majority has `` become increasingly hostile to voters '' by siding with Indiana 's voter identification laws which tend to `` disenfranchise large numbers of people without driver 's licenses , especially poor and minority voters '' , according to one report . Senator Al Franken criticized the Court for `` eroding individual rights . '' However , others argue that the Court is too protective of some individual rights , particularly those of people accused of crimes or in detention . For example , Chief Justice Warren Burger was an outspoken critic of the exclusionary rule , and Justice Scalia criticized the Court 's decision in Boumediene v. Bush for being too protective of the rights of Guantanamo detainees , on the grounds that habeas corpus was `` limited '' to sovereign territory . Supreme Court has too much power ( edit ) This criticism is related to complaints about judicial activism . George Will wrote that the Court has an `` increasingly central role in American governance . '' It was criticized for intervening in bankruptcy proceedings regarding ailing carmaker Chrysler Corporation in 2009 . A reporter wrote that `` Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg 's intervention in the Chrysler bankruptcy '' left open the `` possibility of further judicial review '' but argued overall that the intervention was a proper use of Supreme Court power to check the executive branch . Warren E. Burger , before becoming Chief Justice , argued that since the Supreme Court has such `` unreviewable power '' it is likely to `` self - indulge itself '' and unlikely to `` engage in dispassionate analysis '' . Larry Sabato wrote `` excessive authority has accrued to the federal courts , especially the Supreme Court . '' Courts are poor check on executive power ( edit ) British constitutional scholar Adam Tomkins sees flaws in the American system of having courts ( and specifically the Supreme Court ) act as checks on the Executive and Legislative branches ; he argues that because the courts must wait , sometimes for years , for cases to navigate their way through the system , their ability to restrain other branches is severely weakened . In contrast , the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany for example , can directly declare a law unconstitutional upon request . Federal versus state power ( edit ) There has been debate throughout American history about the boundary between federal and state power . While Framers such as James Madison and Alexander Hamilton argued in The Federalist Papers that their then - proposed Constitution would not infringe on the power of state governments , others argue that expansive federal power is good and consistent with the Framers ' wishes . The Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution explicitly grants `` powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution , nor prohibited by it to the States , are reserved to the States respectively , or to the people . '' The Supreme Court has been criticized for giving the federal government too much power to interfere with state authority . One criticism is that it has allowed the federal government to misuse the Commerce Clause by upholding regulations and legislation which have little to do with interstate commerce , but that were enacted under the guise of regulating interstate commerce ; and by voiding state legislation for allegedly interfering with interstate commerce . For example , the Commerce Clause was used by the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals to uphold the Endangered Species Act , thus protecting six endemic species of insect near Austin , Texas , despite the fact that the insects had no commercial value and did not travel across state lines ; the Supreme Court let that ruling stand without comment in 2005 . Chief Justice John Marshall asserted Congress 's power over interstate commerce was `` complete in itself , may be exercised to its utmost extent , and acknowledges no limitations , other than are prescribed in the Constitution . '' Justice Alito said congressional authority under the Commerce Clause is `` quite broad . '' Modern day theorist Robert B. Reich suggests debate over the Commerce Clause continues today . Advocates of states ' rights such as constitutional scholar Kevin Gutzman have also criticized the Court , saying it has misused the Fourteenth Amendment to undermine state authority . Justice Brandeis , in arguing for allowing the states to operate without federal interference , suggested that states should be laboratories of democracy . One critic wrote `` the great majority of Supreme Court rulings of unconstitutionality involve state , not federal , law . '' However , others see the Fourteenth Amendment as a positive force that extends `` protection of those rights and guarantees to the state level . '' Secretive proceedings ( edit ) The Court has been criticized for keeping its deliberations hidden from public view . According to a review of Jeffrey Toobin 's expose The Nine : Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court ; `` Its inner workings are difficult for reporters to cover , like a closed ' cartel ' , only revealing itself through ' public events and printed releases , with nothing about its inner workings . ' The reviewer writes : `` few ( reporters ) dig deeply into court affairs . It all works very neatly ; the only ones hurt are the American people , who know little about nine individuals with enormous power over their lives . '' Larry Sabato complains about the Court 's `` insularity . '' A Fairleigh Dickinson University poll conducted in 2010 found that 61 % of American voters agreed that televising Court hearings would `` be good for democracy '' , and 50 % of voters stated they would watch Court proceedings if they were televised . In recent years , many justices have appeared on television , written books and made public statements to journalists . In a 2009 interview on C - SPAN , journalists Joan Biskupic ( of USA Today ) and Lyle Denniston ( of SCOTUSblog ) argued that the Court is a `` very open '' institution with only the justices ' private conferences inaccessible to others . In October 2010 , the Court began the practice of posting on its website recordings and transcripts of oral arguments on the Friday after they occur . Judicial interference in political disputes ( edit ) Some Court decisions have been criticized for injecting the Court into the political arena , and deciding questions that are the purview of the other two branches of government . The Bush v. Gore decision , in which the Supreme Court intervened in the 2000 presidential election and effectively chose George W. Bush over Al Gore , has been criticized extensively , particularly by liberals . Another example are Court decisions on apportionment and re-districting : in Baker v. Carr , the court decided it could rule on apportionment questions ; Justice Frankfurter in a `` scathing dissent '' argued against the court wading into so - called political questions . Not choosing enough cases to review ( edit ) Senator Arlen Specter said the Court should `` decide more cases '' . On the other hand , although Justice Scalia acknowledged in a 2009 interview that the number of cases that the Court hears now is smaller today than when he first joined the Supreme Court , he also stated that he has not changed his standards for deciding whether to review a case , nor does he believe his colleagues have changed their standards . He attributed the high volume of cases in the late 1980s , at least in part , to an earlier flurry of new federal legislation that was making its way through the courts . Lifetime tenure ( edit ) Critic Larry Sabato wrote : `` The insularity of lifetime tenure , combined with the appointments of relatively young attorneys who give long service on the bench , produces senior judges representing the views of past generations better than views of the current day . '' Sanford Levinson has been critical of justices who stayed in office despite medical deterioration based on longevity . James MacGregor Burns stated lifelong tenure has `` produced a critical time lag , with the Supreme Court institutionally almost always behind the times . '' Proposals to solve these problems include term limits for justices , as proposed by Levinson and Sabato as well as a mandatory retirement age proposed by Richard Epstein , among others . However , others suggest lifetime tenure brings substantial benefits , such as impartiality and freedom from political pressure . Alexander Hamilton in Federalist 78 wrote `` nothing can contribute so much to its firmness and independence as permanency in office . '' Accepting gifts ( edit ) The 21st century has seen increased scrutiny of justices accepting expensive gifts and travel . All of the members of the Roberts Court have accepted travel or gifts . Justice Scalia and others took dozens of expensive trips to exotic locations paid for by private donors . Private events sponsored by partisan groups that are attended by both the justices and those who have an interest in their decisions have raised concerns about access and inappropriate communications . See also ( edit ) Supreme Court of the United States portal Government of the United States portal Law portal Donald Trump Supreme Court candidates Federal judicial appointment history List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States by court composition by seat by time in office List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States List of law schools attended by United States Supreme Court Justices List of United States Chief Justices by time in office Lists of United States Supreme Court cases Oyez Project Reporter of Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States Segal -- Cover score Unsuccessful nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States Landmark Supreme Court decisions ( selection ) : Marbury v. Madison ( 1803 , judicial review ) McCulloch v. Maryland ( 1819 , implied powers ) Gibbons v. Ogden ( 1824 , interstate commerce ) Dred Scott v. Sandford ( 1857 , slavery ) Plessy v. Ferguson ( 1896 , separate but equal treatment of races ) Wickard v. Filburn ( 1942 , federal regulation of economic activity ) Brown v. Board of Education ( 1954 , school segregation of races ) Engel v. Vitale ( 1962 , state - sponsored prayers in public schools ) Abington School District v. Schempp ( 1963 , Bible readings and recitation of the Lord 's prayer in U.S. public schools ) Gideon v. Wainwright ( 1963 , right to an attorney ) Griswold v. Connecticut ( 1965 , privacy in marriage ) Miranda v. Arizona ( 1966 , rights of those detained by police ) In re Gault ( 1967 , rights of juvenile suspects ) Loving v. Virginia ( 1967 , interracial marriage ) Lemon v. Kurtzman ( 1971 , religious activities in public schools ) New York Times Co. v. United States ( 1971 , freedom of the press ) Eisenstadt v. Baird ( 1972 , privacy for unmarried people ) Roe v. Wade ( 1973 , abortion ) Miller v. California ( 1973 , obscenity ) United States v. Nixon ( 1974 , executive privilege ) Buckley v. Valeo ( 1976 , campaign finance ) Bowers v. Hardwick ( 1986 , sodomy ) Bush v. Gore ( 2000 , presidential election ) Lawrence v. Texas ( 2003 , sodomy , privacy ) District of Columbia v. Heller ( 2008 , gun rights ) Citizens United v. FEC ( 2010 , campaign finance ) United States v. Windsor ( 2013 , same - sex marriage ) Shelby County v. Holder ( 2013 , voting rights ) Obergefell v. Hodges ( 2015 , same - sex marriage ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lawson , Gary ; Seidman , Guy ( 2001 ) . `` When Did the Constitution Become Law ? '' . Notre Dame Law Review . 77 : 1 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Safire , William ( October 12 , 1997 ) . `` On language : POTUS and FLOTUS '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Court as an Institution -- Supreme Court of the United States '' . www.supremecourt.gov . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Barnabas . Almanac of the Federal Judiciary , p. 25 ( Aspen Law & Business , 1988 ) . Jump up ^ `` A Brief Overview of the Supreme Court '' ( PDF ) . United States Supreme Court . Retrieved December 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bordewich , Fergus ( 2016 ) . The First Congress : How James Madison , George Washington , and a Group of Extraordinary Men Invented the Government . Simon & Schuster . p. 195 . ISBN 1451691939 . Jump up ^ Shugerman , Jed . `` A Six - Three Rule : Reviving Consensus and Deference on the Supreme Court '' , Georgia Law Review , Vol. 37 , p. 893 ( 2002 -- 03 ) . Jump up ^ Irons , Peter . A People 's History of the Supreme Court , p. 101 ( Penguin 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Ashmore , Anne ( August 2006 ) . `` Dates of Supreme Court decisions and arguments , United States Reports volumes 2 -- 107 ( 1791 -- 82 ) '' ( PDF ) . Library , Supreme Court of the United States . Retrieved April 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Scott Douglas Gerber ( editor ) ( 1998 ) . `` Seriatim : The Supreme Court Before John Marshall '' . New York University Press . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 3114 - 7 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . ( page 3 ) Finally many scholars cite the absence of a separate Supreme Court building as evidence that the early Court lacked prestige . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Manning , John F. ( 2004 ) . `` The Eleventh Amendment and the Reading of Precise Constitutional Texts '' . Yale Law Journal . 113 ( 8 ) : 1663 -- 1750 . doi : 10.2307 / 4135780 . Jump up ^ Epps , Garrett ( October 24 , 2004 ) . `` Do n't Do It , Justices '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The court 's prestige has been hard - won . In the early 1800s , Chief Justice John Marshall made the court respected Jump up ^ The Supreme Court had first used the power of judicial review in the case Ware v. Hylton , ( 1796 ) , wherein it overturned a state law that conflicted with a treaty between the United States and Great Britain . Jump up ^ Rosen , Jeffrey ( July 5 , 2009 ) . `` Black Robe Politics '' ( book review of Packing the Court by James MacGregor Burns ) . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . From the beginning , Burns continues , the Court has established its `` supremacy '' over the president and Congress because of Chief Justice John Marshall 's `` brilliant political coup '' in Marbury v. Madison ( 1803 ) : asserting a power to strike down unconstitutional laws . Jump up ^ `` The People 's Vote : 100 Documents that Shaped America -- Marbury v. Madison ( 1803 ) '' . U.S. News & World Report . 2003 . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2003 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . With his decision in Marbury v. Madison , Chief Justice John Marshall established the principle of judicial review , an important addition to the system of `` checks and balances '' created to prevent any one branch of the Federal Government from becoming too powerful ... A Law repugnant to the Constitution is void . Jump up ^ Sloan , Cliff ; McKean , David ( February 21 , 2009 ) . `` Why Marbury V. Madison Still Matters '' . Newsweek . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . More than 200 years after the high court ruled , the decision in that landmark case continues to resonate . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution In Law : Its Phases Construed by the Federal Supreme Court '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . February 27 , 1893 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The decision ... in Martin vs. Hunter 's Lessee is the authority on which lawyers and Judges have rested the doctrine that where there is in question , in the highest court of a State , and decided adversely to the validity of a State statute ... such claim is reviewable by the Supreme Court ... Jump up ^ Justices Ginsburg , Stevens , Souter , Breyer ( December 13 , 2000 ) . `` Dissenting opinions in Bush v. Gore '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Rarely has this Court rejected outright an interpretation of state law by a state high court ... The Virginia court refused to obey this Court 's Fairfax 's Devisee mandate to enter judgment for the British subject 's successor in interest . That refusal led to the Court 's pathmarking decision in Martin v. Hunter 's Lessee , 1 Wheat . 304 ( 1816 ) . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Decisions of the Supreme Court -- Historic Decrees Issued in One Hundred an Eleven Years '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . February 3 , 1901 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Very important also was the decision in Martin vs. Hunter 's lessee , in which the court asserted its authority to overrule , within certain limits , the decisions of the highest State courts . ^ Jump up to : `` The Supreme Quiz '' . The Washington Post . October 2 , 2000 . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2012 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . According to the Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States , Marshall 's most important innovation was to persuade the other justices to stop seriatim opinions -- each issuing one -- so that the court could speak in a single voice . Since the mid-1940s , however , there 's been a significant increase in individual `` concurring '' and `` dissenting '' opinions . Jump up ^ Slater , Dan ( April 18 , 2008 ) . `` Justice Stevens on the Death Penalty : A Promise of Fairness Unfulfilled '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The first Chief Justice , John Marshall set out to do away with seriatim opinions -- a practice originating in England in which each appellate judge writes an opinion in ruling on a single case . ( You may have read old tort cases in law school with such opinions ) . Marshall sought to do away with this practice to help build the Court into a coequal branch . Jump up ^ Suddath , Claire ( December 19 , 2008 ) . `` A Brief History Of Impeachment '' . Time . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Congress tried the process again in 1804 , when it voted to impeach Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase on charges of bad conduct . As a judge , Chase was overzealous and notoriously unfair ... But Chase never committed a crime -- he was just incredibly bad at his job . The Senate acquitted him on every count . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( April 10 , 1996 ) . `` Rehnquist Joins Fray on Rulings , Defending Judicial Independence '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . the 1805 Senate trial of Justice Samuel Chase , who had been impeached by the House of Representatives ... This decision by the Senate was enormously important in securing the kind of judicial independence contemplated by Article III '' of the Constitution , Chief Justice Rehnquist said Jump up ^ Edward Keynes ; with Randall K. Miller ( 1989 ) . `` The Court vs. Congress : Prayer , Busing , and Abortion '' . Duke University Press . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . ( page 115 ) ... Grier maintained that Congress has plenary power to limit the federal courts ' jurisdiction . Jump up ^ Ifill , Sherrilyn A. ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` Sotomayor 's Great Legal Mind Long Ago Defeated Race , Gender Nonsense '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . But his decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford doomed thousands of black slaves and freedmen to a stateless existence within the United States until the passage of the 14th Amendment . Justice Taney 's coldly self - fulfilling statement in Dred Scott , that blacks had `` no rights which the white man ( was ) bound to respect '' , has ensured his place in history -- not as a brilliant jurist , but as among the most insensitive Jump up ^ Irons , Peter ( 2006 ) . A People 's History of the Supreme Court : The Men and Women Whose Cases and Decisions Have Shaped Our Constitution . United States : Penguin Books . pp. 176 -- 177 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 303738 - 2 . The rhetorical battle that followed the Dred Scott decision , as we know , later erupted into the gunfire and bloodshed of the Civil War ( p. 176 ) ... his opinion ( Taney 's ) touched off an explosive reaction on both sides of the slavery issue ... ( p. 177 ) Jump up ^ `` Liberty of Contract ? '' . Exploring Constitutional Conflicts . October 31 , 2009 . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2009 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The term `` substantive due process '' is often used to describe the approach first used in Lochner -- the finding of liberties not explicitly protected by the text of the Constitution to be impliedly protected by the liberty clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . In the 1960s , long after the Court repudiated its Lochner line of cases , substantive due process became the basis for protecting personal rights such as the right of privacy , the right to maintain intimate family relationships . Jump up ^ `` Adair v. United States 208 U.S. 161 '' . Cornell University Law School . 1908 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . No. 293 Argued : October 29 , 30 , 1907 -- - Decided : January 27 , 1908 Jump up ^ Bodenhamer , David J. ; James W. Ely ( 1993 ) . The Bill of Rights in modern America . Bloomington , Indiana : Indiana University Press . p. 245 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 35159 - 3. ... of what eventually became the ' incorporation doctrine , ' by which various federal Bill of Rights guarantees were held to be implicit in the Fourteenth Amendment due process or equal protection . Jump up ^ White , Edward Douglass . `` Opinion for the Court , Arver v. U.S. 245 U.S. 366 '' . Finally , as we are unable to conceive upon what theory the exaction by government from the citizen of the performance of his supreme and noble duty of contributing to the defense of the rights and honor of the nation , as the result of a war declared by the great representative body of the people , can be said to be the imposition of involuntary servitude in violation of the prohibitions of the Thirteenth Amendment , we are constrained to the conclusion that the contention to that effect is refuted by its mere statement . Jump up ^ Siegan , Bernard H. ( 1987 ) . The Supreme Court 's Constitution . Transaction Publishers . p. 146 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88738 - 671 - 8 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . In the 1923 case of Adkins v. Children 's Hospital , the court invalidated a classification based on gender as inconsistent with the substantive due process requirements of the fifth amendment . At issue was congressional legislation providing for the fixing of minimum wages for women and minors in the District of Columbia . ( p. 146 ) Jump up ^ Biskupic , Joan ( March 29 , 2005 ) . `` Supreme Court gets makeover '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The building is getting its first renovation since its completion in 1935 . Jump up ^ Justice Roberts ( September 21 , 2005 ) . `` Responses of Judge John G. Roberts , Jr. to the Written Questions of Senator Joseph R. Biden '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . I agree that West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish correctly overruled Adkins . Lochner era cases -- Adkins in particular -- evince an expansive view of the judicial role inconsistent with what I believe to be the appropriately more limited vision of the Framers . Jump up ^ Lipsky , Seth ( October 22 , 2009 ) . `` All the News That 's Fit to Subsidize '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . He was a farmer in Ohio ... during the 1930s , when subsidies were brought in for farmers . With subsidies came restrictions on how much wheat one could grow -- even , Filburn learned in a landmark Supreme Court case , Wickard v. Filburn ( 1942 ) , wheat grown on his modest farm . Jump up ^ Cohen , Adam ( December 14 , 2004 ) . `` What 's New in the Legal World ? A Growing Campaign to Undo the New Deal '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Some prominent states ' rights conservatives were asking the court to overturn Wickard v. Filburn , a landmark ruling that laid out an expansive view of Congress 's power to legislate in the public interest . Supporters of states ' rights have always blamed Wickard ... for paving the way for strong federal action ... Jump up ^ United Press International ( September 25 , 1971 ) . `` Justice Black Dies at 85 ; Served on Court 34 Years '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Justice Black developed his controversial theory , first stated in a lengthy , scholarly dissent in 1947 , that the due process clause applied the first eight amendments of the Bill of Rights to the states . Jump up ^ `` 100 Documents that Shaped America Brown v. Board of Education ( 1954 ) '' . U.S. News & World Report . May 17 , 1954 . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2009 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . On May 17 , 1954 , U.S. Supreme Court Justice Earl Warren delivered the unanimous ruling in the landmark civil rights case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka , Kansas . State - sanctioned segregation of public schools was a violation of the 14th amendment and was therefore unconstitutional . This historic decision marked the end of the `` separate but equal '' ... and served as a catalyst for the expanding civil rights movement ... Jump up ^ `` Essay : In defense of privacy '' . Time . July 15 , 1966 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The biggest legal milestone in this field was last year 's Supreme Court decision in Griswold v. Connecticut , which overthrew the state 's law against the use of contraceptives as an invasion of marital privacy , and for the first time declared the `` right of privacy '' to be derived from the Constitution itself . Jump up ^ Gibbs , Nancy ( December 9 , 1991 ) . `` America 's Holy War '' . Time . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . In the landmark 1962 case Engel v. Vitale , the high court threw out a brief nondenominational prayer composed by state officials that was recommended for use in New York State schools . `` It is no part of the business of government '' , ruled the court , `` to compose official prayers for any group of the American people to recite . '' Jump up ^ Mattox , William R. , Jr ; Trinko , Katrina ( August 17 , 2009 ) . `` Teach the Bible ? Of course '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2009 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Public schools need not proselytize -- indeed , must not -- in teaching students about the Good Book ... In Abington School District v. Schempp , decided in 1963 , the Supreme Court stated that `` study of the Bible or of religion , when presented objectively as part of a secular program of education '' , was permissible under the First Amendment . Jump up ^ `` The Law : The Retroactivity Riddle '' . Time Magazine . June 18 , 1965 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Last week , in a 7 to 2 decision , the court refused for the first time to give retroactive effect to a great Bill of Rights decision -- Mapp v. Ohio ( 1961 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Supreme Court : Now Comes the Sixth Amendment '' . Time . April 16 , 1965 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Sixth Amendment 's right to counsel ( Gideon v. Wainwright in 1963 ). ... the court said flatly in 1904 : ' The Sixth Amendment does not apply to proceedings in state criminal courts . '' But in the light of Gideon ... ruled Black , statements ' generally declaring that the Sixth Amendment does not apply to states can no longer be regarded as law . ' Jump up ^ `` Guilt and Mr. Meese '' . The New York Times . January 31 , 1987 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . 1966 Miranda v. Arizona decision . That 's the famous decision that made confessions inadmissible as evidence unless an accused person has been warned by police of the right to silence and to a lawyer , and waived it . Jump up ^ Graglia , Lino A. ( October 2008 ) . `` The Antitrust Revolution '' ( PDF ) . Engage. 9 ( 3 ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 15 , 2011 . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Earl M. Maltz , The Coming of the Nixon Court : The 1972 Term and the Transformation of Constitutional Law ( University Press of Kansas ; 2016 ) Jump up ^ O'Connor , Karen ( January 22 , 2009 ) . `` Roe v. Wade : On Anniversary , Abortion Is out of the Spotlight '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The shocker , however , came in 1973 , when the Court , by a vote of 7 to 2 , relied on Griswold 's basic underpinnings to rule that a Texas law prohibiting abortions in most situations was unconstitutional , invalidating the laws of most states . Relying on a woman 's right to privacy ... Jump up ^ `` Bakke Wins , Quotas Lose '' . Time . July 10 , 1978 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Split almost exactly down the middle , the Supreme Court last week offered a Solomonic compromise . It said that rigid quotas based solely on race were forbidden , but it also said that race might legitimately be an element in judging students for admission to universities . It thus approved the principle of ' affirmative action ' ... Jump up ^ `` Time to Rethink Buckley v. Valeo '' . The New York Times . November 12 , 1998 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 ... Buckley v. Valeo . The nation 's political system has suffered ever since from that decision , which held that mandatory limits on campaign spending unconstitutionally limit free speech . The decision did much to promote the explosive growth of campaign contributions from special interests and to enhance the advantage incumbents enjoy over underfunded challengers . ^ Jump up to : Staff writer ( June 29 , 1972 ) . `` Supreme Court Justice Rehnquist 's Key Decisions '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Furman v. Georgia ... Rehnquist dissents from the Supreme Court conclusion that many state laws on capital punishment are capricious and arbitrary and therefore unconstitutional . Jump up ^ History of the Court , in Hall , Ely Jr. , Grossman , and Wiecek ( eds ) The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . Oxford University Press , 1992 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6 Jump up ^ `` A Supreme Revelation '' . The Wall Street Journal . April 19 , 2008 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Thirty - two years ago , Justice John Paul Stevens sided with the majority in a famous `` never mind '' ruling by the Supreme Court . Gregg v. Georgia , in 1976 , overturned Furman v. Georgia , which had declared the death penalty unconstitutional only four years earlier . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( January 8 , 2009 ) . `` The Chief Justice on the Spot '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The federalism issue at the core of the new case grows out of a series of cases from 1997 to 2003 in which the Rehnquist court applied a new level of scrutiny to Congressional action enforcing the guarantees of the Reconstruction amendments . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( September 4 , 2005 ) . `` William H. Rehnquist , Chief Justice of Supreme Court , Is Dead at 80 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . United States v. Lopez in 1995 raised the stakes in the debate over federal authority even higher . The decision declared unconstitutional a Federal law , the Gun Free School Zones Act of 1990 , that made it a federal crime to carry a gun within 1,000 feet of a school . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( June 12 , 2005 ) . `` The Rehnquist Court and Its Imperiled States ' Rights Legacy '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Intrastate activity that was not essentially economic was beyond Congress 's reach under the Commerce Clause , Chief Justice Rehnquist wrote for the 5 - to - 4 majority in United States v. Morrison . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( March 22 , 2005 ) . `` Inmates Who Follow Satanism and Wicca Find Unlikely Ally '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . His ( Rehnquist 's ) reference was to a landmark 1997 decision , City of Boerne v. Flores , in which the court ruled that the predecessor to the current law , the Religious Freedom Restoration Act , exceeded Congress 's authority and was unconstitutional as applied to the states . Jump up ^ Amar , Vikram David ( July 27 , 2005 ) . `` Casing John Roberts '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . SEMINOLE TRIBE v. FLORIDA ( 1996 ) In this seemingly technical 11th Amendment dispute about whether states can be sued in federal courts , Justice O'Connor joined four others to override Congress 's will and protect state prerogatives , even though the text of the Constitution contradicts this result . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( April 1 , 1999 ) . `` Justices Seem Ready to Tilt More Toward States in Federalism '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The argument in this case , Alden v. Maine , No. 98 - 436 , proceeded on several levels simultaneously . On the surface ... On a deeper level , the argument was a continuation of the Court 's struggle over an even more basic issue : the Government 's substantive authority over the states . Jump up ^ Lindenberger , Michael A . `` The Court 's Gay Rights Legacy '' . Time . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The decision in the Lawrence v. Texas case overturned convictions against two Houston men , whom police had arrested after busting into their home and finding them engaged in sex . And for the first time in their lives , thousands of gay men and women who lived in states where sodomy had been illegal were free to be gay without being criminals . Jump up ^ Justice Sotomayor ( July 16 , 2009 ) . `` Retire the ' Ginsburg rule ' -- The ' Roe ' recital '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2009 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The court 's decision in Planned Parenthood v. Casey reaffirmed the court holding of Roe . That is the precedent of the court and settled , in terms of the holding of the court . Jump up ^ Kamiya , Gary ( July 4 , 2001 ) . `` Against the Law '' . Salon . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 ... the remedy was far more harmful than the problem . By stopping the recount , the high court clearly denied many thousands of voters who cast legal votes , as defined by established Florida law , their constitutional right to have their votes counted. ... It can not be a legitimate use of law to disenfranchise legal voters when recourse is available. ... Jump up ^ Krauthammer , Charles ( December 18 , 2000 ) . `` The Winner in Bush v. Gore ? '' . Time . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Re-enter the Rehnquist court . Amid the chaos , somebody had to play Daddy. ... the Supreme Court eschewed subtlety this time and bluntly stopped the Florida Supreme Court in its tracks -- and stayed its willfulness . By , mind you , ... Jump up ^ Babington , Charles ; Baker , Peter ( September 30 , 2005 ) . `` Roberts Confirmed as 17th Chief Justice '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 1 , 2009 . John Glover Roberts Jr. was sworn in yesterday as the 17th chief justice of the United States , enabling President Bush to put his stamp on the Supreme Court for decades to come , even as he prepares to name a second nominee to the nine - member court . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( July 1 , 2007 ) . `` In Steps Big and Small , Supreme Court Moved Right '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 1 , 2009 . It was the Supreme Court that conservatives had long yearned for and that liberals feared ... This was a more conservative court , sometimes muscularly so , sometimes more tentatively , its majority sometimes differing on methodology but agreeing on the outcome in cases big and small . Jump up ^ Savage , Charlie ( July 14 , 2009 ) . `` Respecting Precedent , or Settled Law , Unless It 's Not Settled '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 1 , 2009 . Gonzales v. Carhart -- in which the Supreme Court narrowly upheld a federal ban on the late - term abortion procedure opponents call `` partial birth abortion '' -- to be settled law . Jump up ^ `` A Bad Day for Democracy '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Robert ( October 1 , 2009 ) . `` Justices to Decide if State Gun Laws Violate Rights '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 1 , 2009 . The landmark 2008 decision to strike down the District of Columbia 's ban on handgun possession was the first time the court had said the amendment grants an individual right to own a gun for self - defense . But the 5 to 4 opinion in District of Columbia v. Heller ... Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( April 18 , 2008 ) . `` Justice Stevens Renounces Capital Punishment '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 1 , 2009 . His renunciation of capital punishment in the lethal injection case , Baze v. Rees , was likewise low key and undramatic . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( June 26 , 2008 ) . `` Supreme Court Rejects Death Penalty for Child Rape '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 1 , 2009 . The death penalty is unconstitutional as a punishment for the rape of a child , a sharply divided Supreme Court ruled Wednesday ... The 5 - to - 4 decision overturned death penalty laws in Louisiana and five other states . Jump up ^ Federal Judiciary Act ( 1789 ) , National Archives and Records Administration , retrieved September 12 , 2017 Jump up ^ 16 Stat. 44 Jump up ^ Mintz , S. ( 2007 ) . `` The New Deal in Decline '' . Digital History . University of Houston . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2008 . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hodak , George ( 2007 ) . `` February 5 , 1937 : FDR Unveils Court Packing Plan '' . ABAjournal.com . American Bar Association . Retrieved January 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Justices , Number of '' , in Hall , Ely Jr. , Grossman , and Wiecek ( editors ) , The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . Oxford University Press 1992 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6 Jump up ^ See Article Two of the United States Constitution . Jump up ^ `` United States Senate . `` Nominations '' `` . Jump up ^ Jim Brunner ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` Sen. Patty Murray will oppose Neil Gorsuch for Supreme Court '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . In a statement Friday morning , Murray cited Republicans ' refusal to confirm or even seriously consider President Obama 's nomination of Judge Merrick Garland , a similarly well - qualified jurist -- and went on to lambaste President Trump 's conduct in his first few months in office . ( ... ) And Murray added she 's `` deeply troubled '' by Gorsuch 's `` extreme conservative perspective on women 's health , '' citing his `` inability '' to state a clear position on Roe v. Wade , the landmark abortion - legalization decision , and his comments about the `` Hobby Lobby '' decision allowing employers to refuse to provide birth - control coverage . Jump up ^ McCaskill , Claire ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` Gorsuch : Good for corporations , bad for working people '' . Medium . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . I can not support Judge Gorsuch because a study of his opinions reveal a rigid ideology that always puts the little guy under the boot of corporations . He is evasive , but his body of work is n't . Whether it is a freezing truck driver or an autistic child , he has shown a stunning lack of humanity . And he has been an activist -- for example , writing a dissent on a case that had been settled , in what appears to be an attempt to audition for his current nomination . Jump up ^ Matt Flegenheimer ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` Senate Republicans Deploy ' Nuclear Option ' to Clear Path for Gorsuch '' . The New York Times . After Democrats held together Thursday morning and filibustered President Trump 's nominee , Republicans voted to lower the threshold for advancing Supreme Court nominations from 60 votes to a simple majority . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Supreme Court Nominations , Present - 1789 '' . United States Senate . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ See 5 U.S.C. § 2902 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 4 . If two justices are commissioned on the same date , then the oldest one has precedence . Jump up ^ Balkin , Jack M. `` The passionate intensity of the confirmation process '' . Jurist . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2007 . Retrieved February 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Stakes Of The 2016 Election Just Got Much , Much Higher '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McMillion , Barry J. ( October 19 , 2015 ) . `` Supreme Court Appointment Process : Senate Debate and Confirmation Vote '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hall , Kermit L. , ed. ( 1992 ) . `` Appendix Two '' . Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . Oxford University Press . pp. 965 -- 971 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Evans v. Stephens , 387 F. 3d 1220 ( 11th Cir. 2004 ) , which concerned the recess appointment of William Pryor . Concurring in denial of certiorari , Justice Stevens observed that the case involved `` the first such appointment of an Article III judge in nearly a half century '' 544 U.S. 942 ( 2005 ) ( Stevens , J. , concurring in denial of cert ) ( internal quotation marks deleted ) . ^ Jump up to : Fisher , Louis ( September 5 , 2001 ) . `` Recess Appointments of Federal Judges '' ( PDF ) . CRSN Report for Congress . Congressional Research Service . The Library of Congress . RL31112 : 16 . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . Resolved , That it is the sense of the Senate that the making of recess appointments to the Supreme Court of the United States may not be wholly consistent with the best interests of the Supreme Court , the nominee who may be involved , the litigants before the Court , nor indeed the people of the United States , and that such appointments , therefore , should not be made except under unusual circumstances and for the purpose of preventing or ending a demonstrable breakdown in the administration of the Court 's business . Jump up ^ The resolution passed by a vote of 48 to 37 , mainly along party lines ; Democrats supported the resolution 48 -- 4 , and Republicans opposed it 33 -- 0 . Jump up ^ `` National Relations Board v. Noel Canning et al '' ( PDF ) . pp. 34 , 35 . The Court continued , `` In our view , however , the pro forma sessions count as sessions , not as periods of recess . We hold that , for purposes of the Recess Appointments Clause , the Senate is in session when it says it is , provided that , under its own rules , it retains the capacity to transact Senate business . The Senate met that standard here . '' Later , the opinion states : `` For these reasons , we conclude that we must give great weight to the Senate 's own determination of when it is and when it is not in session . But our deference to the Senate can not be absolute . When the Senate is without the capacity to act , under its own rules , it is not in session even if it so declares . '' Jump up ^ `` Obama Wo n't Appoint Scalia Replacement While Senate Is Out This Week '' . NPR . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How the Federal Courts Are Organized : Can a federal judge be fired ? '' . Federal Judicial Center . fjc.gov . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2012 . Retrieved March 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Federal Judiciary : Impeachments of Federal Judges '' . Federal Judicial Center fjc.gov . Retrieved March 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Appel , Jacob M. ( August 22 , 2009 ) . `` Anticipating the Incapacitated Justice '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved August 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ali , Ambreen ( June 16 , 2010 ) . `` How Presidents Influence the Court '' . Congress.org . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2010 . Retrieved June 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Kennedy , the pivotal swing vote on the Supreme Court , announces retirement '' . The Washington Post . 2018 - 06 - 27 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ CNN , Eric Bradner , Joan Biskupic and Jeremy Diamond , . `` Trump picks Brett Kavanaugh for Supreme Court '' . Jump up ^ Anthony Kennedy ( 27 June 2018 ) . `` Letter to the President '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` One Nomination Sent to the Senate Today '' . White House . 10 July 2018 . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Walthr , Matthew ( April 21 , 2014 ) . `` Sam Alito : A Civil Man '' . The American Spectator . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 -- via The ANNOTICO Reports . Jump up ^ DeMarco , Megan ( February 14 , 2008 ) . `` Growing up Italian in Jersey : Alito reflects on ethnic heritage '' . The Times . Trenton , New Jersey . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Halberstam , Malvina ( March 1 , 2009 ) . `` Ruth Bader Ginsburg '' . Jewish Women : A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia . Jewish Women 's Archive . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Neil Gorsuch was raised Catholic , but attends an Episcopalian church . It is unclear if he considers himself a Catholic or a Protestant . Burke , Daniel ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` What is Neil Gorsuch 's religion ? It 's complicated '' . CNN . Springer said she does n't know whether Gorsuch considers himself a Catholic or an Episcopalian . `` I have no evidence that Judge Gorsuch considers himself an Episcopalian , and likewise no evidence that he does not . '' Gorsuch 's younger brother , J.J. , said he too has `` no idea how he would fill out a form . He was raised in the Catholic Church and confirmed in the Catholic Church as an adolescent , but he has been attending Episcopal services for the past 15 or so years . '' Jump up ^ Baker , Peter ( August 7 , 2010 ) . `` Kagan Is Sworn in as the Fourth Woman , and 112th Justice , on the Supreme Court '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mark Sherman , Is Supreme Court in need of regional diversity ? ( May 1 , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ O'Brien , David M. ( 2003 ) . Storm Center : The Supreme Court in American Politics ( 6th ed . ) . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 46 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 93218 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Religion of the Supreme Court '' . adherents.com . January 31 , 2006 . Retrieved July 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Segal , Jeffrey A. ; Spaeth , Harold J. ( 2002 ) . The Supreme Court and the Attitudinal Model Revisited . Cambridge Univ . Press . p. 183 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 78971 - 0 . Jump up ^ Schumacher , Alvin . `` Roger B. Taney '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . He was the first Roman Catholic to serve on the Supreme Court . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions ( FAQ ) '' . Supreme Court of the United States . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Vogue , Ariane ( October 22 , 2016 ) . `` Clarence Thomas ' Supreme Court legacy '' . CNN . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Four Justices '' . Smithsonian Institution . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2016 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ David N. Atkinson , Leaving the Bench ( University Press of Kansas 1999 ) ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0946 - 6 Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( September 9 , 2010 ) . `` An Invisible Chief Justice '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 9 , 2010 . Had ( O'Connor ) anticipated that the chief justice would not serve out the next Supreme Court term , she told me after his death , she would have delayed her own retirement for a year rather than burden the court with two simultaneous vacancies . ( ... ) Her reason for leaving was that her husband , suffering from Alzheimer 's disease , needed her care at home . Jump up ^ Ward , Artemus ( 2003 ) . Deciding to Leave : The Politics of Retirement from the United States Supreme Court . SUNY Press . p. 358 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 5651 - 4 . One byproduct of the increased ( retirement benefit ) provisions ( in 1954 ) , however has been a dramatic rise in the number of justices engaging in succession politics by trying to time their departures to coincide with a compatible president . The most recent departures have been partisan , some more blatantly than others , and have bolstered arguments to reform the process . A second byproduct has been an increase in justices staying on the Court past their ability to adequately contribute. ( 1 ) p. 9 Jump up ^ Stolzenberg , Ross M. ; Lindgren , James ( May 2010 ) . `` Retirement and Death in Office of U.S. Supreme Court Justices '' . Demography. 47 ( 2 ) : 269 -- 298 . doi : 10.1353 / dem. 0.0100 . PMC 3000028 . PMID 20608097 . If the incumbent president is of the same party as the president who nominated the justice to the Court , and if the incumbent president is in the first two years of a four - year presidential term , then the justice has odds of resignation that are about 2.6 times higher than when these two conditions are not met . Jump up ^ See for example Sandra Day O'Connor : How the first woman on the Supreme Court became its most influential justice , by Joan Biskupic , Harper Collins , 2005 , p. 105 . Also Rookie on the Bench : The Role of the Junior Justice by Clare Cushman , Journal of Supreme Court History 32 no . 3 ( 2008 ) , pp. 282 -- 296 . Jump up ^ `` Breyer Just Missed Record as Junior Justice '' . Retrieved January 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Judicial Compensation '' . United States Courts . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lane , Charles ( January 31 , 2006 ) . `` Kennedy Seen as The Next Justice In Court 's Middle '' . The Washington Post . If , as many expect , Alito forms a four - vote conservative bloc with Chief Justice John G. Roberts Jr. and Justices Antonin Scalia and Clarence Thomas , that would leave Justice Anthony M. Kennedy -- a conservative who has occasionally voted with liberals on gay rights , the death penalty and abortion -- as the court 's least predictable member . Jump up ^ Toobin , Jeffrey ( 2007 ) . The Nine : Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court . Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 385 - 51640 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` End - of - Term Statistical Analysis -- October Term 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Supreme Court of the United States Blog ( SCOTUSblog ) . June 30 , 2012 . Justice Kennedy is , for the fourth consecutive Term , the Justice most likely to appear in the majority . Jump up ^ See also SCOTUSblog 's Stat Pack : Bhatia , Kedar ( June 30 , 2012 ) . `` Final October Term 2011 Stat Pack and Summary Memo '' . Jump up ^ Mears , Bill ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Take a look through Neil Gorsuch 's judicial record '' . Fox News . A Fox News analysis of that record -- including some 3,000 rulings he has been involved with -- reveals a solid , predictable conservative philosophy , something President Trump surely was attuned to when he nominated him to fill the open ninth seat . The record in many ways mirrors the late Justice Antonin Scalia 's approach to constitutional and statutory interpretation . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Tom ( June 30 , 2010 ) . `` Everything you read about the Supreme Court is wrong ( except here , maybe ) '' . SCOTUSblog . Retrieved July 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Among the examples mentioned by Goldstein for the 2009 term were : Dolan v. United States , which interpreted judges ' prerogatives broadly , typically a `` conservative '' result . The majority consisted of the five junior Justices : Thomas , Ginsburg , Breyer , Alito , and Sotomayor . Magwood v. Patterson , which expanded habeas corpus petitions , a `` liberal '' result , in an opinion by Thomas , joined by Stevens , Scalia , Breyer , and Sotomayor . Shady Grove Orthopedic Associates v. Allstate Insurance Co. , which yielded a pro-plaintiff result in an opinion by Scalia joined by Roberts , Stevens , Thomas , and Sotomayor . Goldstein notes that in the 2009 term , the justice most consistently pro-government was Alito , and not the commonly perceived `` arch - conservatives '' Scalia and Thomas . ^ Jump up to : `` October 2011 Term , Five to Four Decisions '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 30 , 2012 . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Final October 2010 Stat Pack available '' . SCOTUSblog . June 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` End of Term statistical analysis -- October 2010 '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . July 1 , 2011 . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cases by Vote Split '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Justice agreement -- Highs and Lows '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Justice agreement '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Frequency in the majority '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Five - to - Four cases '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` October 2011 term , Cases by votes split '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 30 , 2012 . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` October 22011 term , Strength of the Majority '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 30 , 2012 . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bhatia , Kedar S. ( June 29 , 2013 ) . `` October Term 2012 summary memo '' . SCOTUSblog . Retrieved June 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Final October Term 2012 Stat Pack '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 27 , 2013 . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bhatia , Kedar ( June 29 , 2018 ) . `` Final October Term 2017 Stat Pack and key takeaways '' . SCOTUSBlog . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bhatia , Kedar S. ( June 29 , 2018 ) . `` Stat Pack for October Term 2017 '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSBlog . pp. 17 -- 18 . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Plan Your Trip ( quote :) `` In mid-May , after the oral argument portion of the Term has concluded , the Court takes the Bench Mondays at 10AM for the release of orders and opinions . '' `` . US Senator John McCain . October 24 , 2009 . Retrieved October 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Visiting the Court '' . Supreme Court of the United States . March 18 , 2010 . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Visiting - Capitol - Hill '' . docstoc . October 24 , 2009 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved October 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` How The Court Works '' . The Supreme Court Historical Society . October 24 , 2009 . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1251 ( a ) Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Supreme Court Declines to Hear Challenge to Colorado 's Marijuana Laws '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1251 ( b ) Jump up ^ United States v. Shipp , 203 U.S. 563 ( Supreme Court of the United States 1906 ) . ^ Jump up to : Curriden , Mark ( June 2 , 2009 ) . `` A Supreme Case of Contempt '' . ABA Journal . American Bar Association . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . On May 28 , ( U.S. Attorney General William ) Moody did something unprecedented , then and now . He filed a petition charging Sheriff Shipp , six deputies and 19 leaders of the lynch mob with contempt of the Supreme Court . The justices unanimously approved the petition and agreed to retain original jurisdiction in the matter ... May 24 , 1909 , stands out in the annals of the U.S. Supreme Court . On that day , the court announced a verdict after holding the first and only criminal trial in its history . ^ Jump up to : Hindley , Meredith ( November 2014 ) . `` Chattanooga versus the Supreme Court : The Strange Case of Ed Johnson '' . Humanities . National Endowment for the Humanities. 35 ( 6 ) . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . United States v. Shipp stands out in the history of the Supreme Court as an anomaly . It remains the only time the Court has conducted a criminal trial . Jump up ^ Linder , Douglas . `` United States v. Shipp ( U.S. Supreme Court , 1909 ) '' . Famous Trials . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1254 Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1259 Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1258 Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1260 ^ Jump up to : 28 U.S.C. § 1257 Jump up ^ Brannock , Steven ; Weinzierl , Sarah ( 2003 ) . `` Confronting a PCA : Finding a Path Around a Brick Wall '' ( PDF ) . Stetson Law Review . XXXII : 368 -- 369 , 387 -- 390 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Teague v. Lane 489 U.S. 288 ( 1989 ) '' . Jump up ^ Gutman , Jeffrey . `` Federal Practice Manual for Legal Aid Attorneys : 3.3 Mootness '' . Federal Practice Manual for Legal Aid Attorneys . Sargent Shriver National Center on Poverty Law . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Allotment Order dated August 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1254 Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1257 ; see also Adequate and independent state grounds Jump up ^ James , Robert A. ( 1998 ) . `` Instructions in Supreme Court Jury Trials '' ( PDF ) . The Green Bag . 2d. 1 ( 4 ) : 378 . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1872 See Georgia v. Brailsford , 3 U.S. 1 ( 1794 ) , in which the Court conducted a jury trial . Jump up ^ Mauro , Tony ( October 21 , 2005 ) . `` Roberts Dips Toe Into Cert Pool '' . Legal Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mauro , Tony ( July 4 , 2006 ) . `` Justice Alito Joins Cert Pool Party '' . Legal Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( September 25 , 2008 ) . `` A Second Justice Opts Out of a Longtime Custom : The ' Cert . Pool ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Gorsuch , in sign of independence , is out of Supreme Court 's clerical pool '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ For example , the arguments on the constitutionality of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act took place over three days and lasted over six hours , covering several issues ; the arguments for Bush v. Gore were 90 minutes long ; oral arguments in United States v. Nixon lasted three hours ; and the Pentagon papers case was given a two - hour argument . Christy , Andrew ( November 15 , 2011 ) . `` ' Obamacare ' will rank among the longest Supreme Court arguments ever '' . NPR . Retrieved March 31 , 2011 . The longest modern - day oral arguments were in the case of California v. Arizona , in which oral arguments lasted over sixteen hours over four days in 1962 . Bobic , Igor ( March 26 , 2012 ) . `` Oral arguments on health reform longest in 45 years '' . Talking Points Memo . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Glazer , Eric M. ; Zachary , Michael ( February 1997 ) . `` Joining the Bar of the U.S. Supreme Court '' . Volume LXXI , No. 2 . Florida Bar Journal . p. 63 . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gresko , Jessica ( March 24 , 2013 ) . `` For lawyers , the Supreme Court bar is vanity trip '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . pp. 2A . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How The Court Works ; Library Support '' . The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ See generally , Tushnet , Mark , ed. ( 2008 ) I Dissent : Great Opposing Opinions in Landmark Supreme Court Cases , Malaysia : Beacon Press , pp. 256 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8070 - 0036 - 6 Jump up ^ Kessler , Robert . `` Why Are n't Cameras Allowed at the Supreme Court Again ? '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Benny . `` The 2016 Running of the Interns '' . Independent Journal Review . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1 Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 2109 Jump up ^ Pepall , Lynne ; Richards , Daniel L. ; Norman , George ( 1999 ) . Industrial Organization : Contemporary Theory and Practice . Cincinnati : South - Western College Publishing . pp. 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ `` Cases adjudged in the Supreme Court at October Term , 2010 '' ( PDF ) . United States Reports . Washington D.C. : Reporter of Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States . 564 . October 2016 . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sliplists '' . Supreme Court of the United States . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court Research Guide '' . law.georgetown.edu . Georgetown Law Library . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` How to Cite Cases : U.S. Supreme Court Decisions '' . lib.guides.umd.edu . University of Maryland University Libraries . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hall , Kermit L. ; McGuire , Kevin T. , eds. ( 2005 ) . Institutions of American Democracy : The Judicial Branch . New York City : Oxford University Press . pp. 117 -- 118 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 530917 - 1 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Wallace ( 1992 ) . `` Separation of Powers '' . In Hall , Kermit L. The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . Oxford University Press . p. 775 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6 . Jump up ^ The American Conflict by Horace Greeley ( 1873 ) , p. 106 ; also in The Life of Andrew Jackson ( 2001 ) by Robert Vincent Remini Jump up ^ Vile , John R. ( 1992 ) . `` Court curbing '' . In Hall , Kermit L. The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . Oxford University Press . p. 202 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Peppers , Todd C. ( 2006 ) . Courtiers of the Marble Palace : The Rise and Influence of the Supreme Court Law Clerk . Stanford University Press . pp. 195 , 1 , 20 , 22 , and 22 -- 24 respectively . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 5382 - 1 . Jump up ^ Weiden , David ; Ward , Artemus ( 2006 ) . Sorcerers ' Apprentices : 100 Years of Law Clerks at the United States Supreme Court . NYU Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 9404 - 3 . Jump up ^ Chace , James ( 2007 ) . Acheson : The Secretary of State Who Created the American World . New York City : Simon & Schuster ( published 1998 ) . p. 44 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 80843 - 7 . Jump up ^ List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States ^ Jump up to : Liptak , Adam ( September 7 , 2010 ) . `` Polarization of Supreme Court Is Reflected in Justices ' Clerks '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ William E. Nelson ; Harvey Rishikof ; I. Scott Messinger ; Michael Jo ( November 2009 ) . `` The Liberal Tradition of the Supreme Court Clerkship : Its Rise , Fall , and Reincarnation ? '' ( PDF ) . Vanderbilt Law Review . p. 1749 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 27 , 2010 . Retrieved September 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Liptak and Kopicki , The New York Times , June 7 , 2012 Approval Rating for Justices Hits Just 44 % in New Poll ^ Jump up to : See for example `` Judicial activism '' in The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States , edited by Kermit Hall ; article written by Gary McDowell Jump up ^ Root , Damon W. ( September 21 , 2009 ) . `` Lochner and Liberty '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , David . Only One Place of Redress : African Americans , Labor Regulations , and the Courts from Reconstruction to the New Deal , p. 100 ( Duke University Press , 2001 ) : `` The Court also directly overturned Lochner by adding that it is no ' longer open to question that it is within the legislative power to fix maximum hours . ' '' Jump up ^ Dorf , Michael and Morrison , Trevor . Constitutional Law , p. 18 ( Oxford University Press , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Patrick , John . The Supreme Court of the United States : A Student Companion , p. 362 ( Oxford University Press , 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Steinfels , Peter ( May 22 , 2005 ) . `` ' A Church That Can and Cannot Change ' : Dogma '' . The New York Times : Books . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Savage , David G. ( October 23 , 2008 ) . `` Roe vs. Wade ? Bush vs. Gore ? What are the worst Supreme Court decisions ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2008 . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . a lack of judicial authority to enter an inherently political question that had previously been left to the states Jump up ^ Lewis , Neil A. ( September 19 , 2002 ) . `` Judicial Nominee Says His Views Will Not Sway Him on the Bench '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . he has written scathingly of Roe v. Wade Jump up ^ `` Election Guide 2008 : The Issues : Abortion '' . The New York Times . 2008 . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Pat ( July 6 , 2005 ) . `` The judges war : an issue of power '' . Townhall.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . The Brown decision of 1954 , desegregating the schools of 17 states and the District of Columbia , awakened the nation to the court 's new claim to power . Jump up ^ Clymer , Adam ( May 29 , 1998 ) . `` Barry Goldwater , Conservative and Individualist , Dies at 89 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Stone , Geoffrey R. ( March 26 , 2012 ) . `` Citizens United and conservative judicial activism '' ( PDF ) . University of Illinois Law Review . University of Illinois . 2012 ( 2 ) : 485 -- 500 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Abraham ( March 4 , 1861 ) . `` First Inaugural Address '' . National Center . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2009 . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . At the same time , the candid citizen must confess that if the policy of the Government upon vital questions affecting the whole people is to be irrevocably fixed by decisions of the Supreme Court , the instant they are made in ordinary litigation between parties in personal actions the people will have ceased to be their own rulers , having to that extent practically resigned their Government into the hands of that eminent tribunal . Jump up ^ Will , George F. ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` Identity Justice : Obama 's Conventional Choice '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Thurgood Marshall quote taken from the Stanford Law Review , summer 1992 Jump up ^ Irons , Peter . A People 's History of the Supreme Court . London : Penguin , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 670 - 87006 - 4 Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( January 31 , 2009 ) . `` To Nudge , Shift or Shove the Supreme Court Left '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Every judge who 's been appointed to the court since Lewis Powell ... in 1971 ... has been more conservative than his or her predecessor Jump up ^ Babington , Charles ( April 5 , 2005 ) . `` Senator Links Violence to ' Political ' Decisions '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( February 2 , 2006 ) . `` A Court Remade in the Reagan Era 's Image '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Savage , David G. ( July 13 , 2008 ) . `` Supreme Court finds history is a matter of opinions '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Andrew P. Napolitano ( February 17 , 2005 ) . `` No Defense '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Edsall , Thomas B. ; Fletcher , Michael A. ( September 5 , 2005 ) . `` Again , Right Voices Concern About Gonzales '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lane , Charles ( March 20 , 2005 ) . `` Conservative 's Book on Supreme Court Is a Bestseller '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mark I. Sutherland ; Dave Meyer ; William J. Federer ; Alan Keyes ; Ed Meese ; Phyllis Schlafly ; Howard Phillips ; Alan E. Sears ; Ben DuPre ; Rev. Rick Scarborough ; David C. Gibbs III ; Mathew D. Staver ; Don Feder ; Herbert W. Titus ( 2005 ) . Judicial Tyranny : The New Kings of America . St. Louis , Missouri : Amerisearch Inc. p. 242 . ISBN 0 - 9753455 - 6 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Kakutani , Michiko ( July 6 , 2009 ) . `` Appointees Who Really Govern America '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Emily Bazelon ( July 6 , 2009 ) . `` The Supreme Court on Trial : James MacGregor Burns takes aim at the bench '' . Slate . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Special keynote address by President Ronald Reagan , November 1988 , at the second annual lawyers convention of the Federalist Society , Washington , D.C. Jump up ^ Stuart Taylor Jr . ( October 15 , 1987 ) . `` Reagan Points to a Critic , Who Points Out It Is n't So '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kelley Beaucar Vlahos ( September 11 , 2003 ) . `` Judge Bork : Judicial Activism Is Going Global '' . Fox News . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . What judges have wrought is a coup d'état -- slow moving and genteel , but a coup d'état nonetheless . ^ Jump up to : Naftali Bendavid ( July 13 , 2009 ) . `` Franken : ' An Incredible Honor to Be Here ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Leiter , Brian ( 19 March 2017 ) . `` Let 's start telling the truth about what the Supreme Court does '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 13 June 2018 . Jump up ^ William Safire ( April 24 , 2005 ) . `` Dog Whistle '' . New York Times Magazine . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ David G. Savage ( October 23 , 2008 ) . `` Roe vs. Wade ? Bush vs. Gore ? What are the worst Supreme Court decisions ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2008 . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Laura Mansnerus ( October 16 , 2005 ) . `` Diminished Eminence In a Changed Domain '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ronald Smothers ( October 16 , 2005 ) . `` In Long Branch , No Olive Branches '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Adam Cohen ( January 15 , 2008 ) . `` Editorial Observer -- A Supreme Court Reversal : Abandoning the Rights of Voters '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ David G. Savage ( July 13 , 2008 ) . `` Supreme Court finds history is a matter of opinions '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 30 , 2009 . This suggests that the right of habeas corpus was not limited to English subjects ... protects people who are captured ... at Guantanamo ... Wrong , Justice Antonin Scalia wrote in dissent . He said English history showed that the writ of habeas corpus was limited to sovereign English territory Jump up ^ George F. Will ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` Identity Justice : Obama 's Conventional Choice '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : James Taranto ( June 9 , 2009 ) . `` Speaking Ruth to Power '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Woodward , Bob ; Scott Armstrong ( 1979 ) . The Brethren : Inside the Supreme Court . United States of America : Simon & Schuster . p. 541 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 7402 - 9 . A court which is final and unreviewable needs more careful scrutiny than any other ^ Jump up to : Larry Sabato ( September 26 , 2007 ) . `` It 's Time to Reshape the Constitution and Make America a Fairer Country '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Christopher Moore ( November 1 , 2008 ) . `` Our Canadian Republic -- Do we display too much deference to authority ... or not enough ? '' . Literary Review of Canada . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Tomkins , Adam ( 2002 ) . `` In Defence of the Political Constitution '' . United Kingdom : 22 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 157 . Bush v. Gore Jump up ^ Madison , James ( 1789 ) . `` The Federalist Papers / No. 45 The Alleged Danger From the Powers of the Union to the State Governments Considered '' . Wikisource . Retrieved October 24 , 2009 . the States will retain , under the proposed Constitution , a very extensive portion of active sovereignty Jump up ^ Alexander Hamilton ( aka Publius ) ( 1789 ) . `` Federalist No. 28 '' . Independent Journal . Retrieved October 24 , 2009 . Power being almost always the rival of power ; the General Government will at all times stand ready to check the usurpations of the state government ; and these will have the same disposition toward the General Government . Jump up ^ Madison , James ( January 25 , 1788 ) . `` The Federalist '' . Independent Journal ( 44 ( quote : 8th para ) ) . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . seems well calculated at once to secure to the States a reasonable discretion in providing for the conveniency of their imports and exports , and to the United States a reasonable check against the abuse of this discretion . Jump up ^ Madison , James ( February 16 , 1788 ) . `` The Federalist No. 56 ( quote : 6th para ) '' . Independent Journal . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . In every State there have been made , and must continue to be made , regulations on this subject which will , in many cases , leave little more to be done by the federal legislature , than to review the different laws , and reduce them in one general act . Jump up ^ Alexander Hamilton ( December 14 , 1787 ) . `` The Federalist No. 22 ( quote : 4th para ) '' . New York Packet . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . The interfering and unneighborly regulations of some States , contrary to the true spirit of the Union , have , in different instances , given just cause of umbrage and complaint to others , and it is to be feared that examples of this nature , if not restrained by a national control , would be multiplied and extended till they became not less serious sources of animosity and discord than injurious impediments to the intercourse between the different parts of the Confederacy . Jump up ^ Madison , James ( January 22 , 1788 ) . `` The Federalist Papers '' . New York Packet . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . The regulation of commerce with the Indian tribes is very properly unfettered from two limitations in the articles of Confederation , which render the provision obscure and contradictory . The power is there restrained to Indians , not members of any of the States , and is not to violate or infringe the legislative right of any State within its own limits . Jump up ^ Akhil Reed Amar ( 1998 ) . `` The Bill of Rights -- Creation and Reconstruction '' . The New York Times : Books . Retrieved October 24 , 2009 . many lawyers embrace a tradition that views state governments as the quintessential threat to individual and minority rights , and federal officials -- especially federal courts -- as the special guardians of those rights . Jump up ^ Scott Gold ( June 14 , 2005 ) . `` Justices Swat Down Texans ' Effort to Weaken Species Protection Law '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 24 , 2012 . Purcell filed a $60 - million lawsuit against the U.S. government in 1999 , arguing that cave bugs could not be regulated through the commerce clause because they had no commercial value and did not cross state lines . ' I 'm disappointed , ' Purcell said . ^ Jump up to : Robert B. Reich ( September 13 , 1987 ) . `` The Commerce Clause ; The Expanding Economic Vista '' . New York Times Magazine . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ FDCH e-Media ( January 10 , 2006 ) . `` U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee Hearing on Judge Samuel Alito 's Nomination to the Supreme Court '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 30 , 2009 . I do n't think there 's any question at this point in our history that Congress ' power under the commerce clause is quite broad , and I think that reflects a number of things , including the way in which our economy and our society has developed and all of the foreign and interstate activity that takes place -- Samuel Alito Jump up ^ Cohen , Adam ( December 7 , 2003 ) . `` Editorial Observer ; Brandeis 's Views on States ' Rights , and Ice - Making , Have New Relevance '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 30 , 2009 . But Brandeis 's dissent contains one of the most famous formulations in American law : that the states should be free to serve as laboratories of democracy Jump up ^ Graglia , Lino ( July 19 , 2005 ) . `` Altering 14th Amendment would curb court 's activist tendencies '' . University of Texas School of Law . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2010 . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hornberger , Jacob C. ( October 30 , 2009 ) . `` Freedom and the Fourteenth Amendment '' . The Future of Freedom Foundation . Retrieved October 30 , 2009 . Fourteenth Amendment . Some argue that it is detrimental to the cause of freedom because it expands the power of the federal government . Others contend that the amendment expands the ambit of individual liberty . I fall among those who believe that the Fourteenth Amendment has been a positive force for freedom . Jump up ^ James Vicini ( April 24 , 2008 ) . `` Justice Scalia defends Bush v. Gore ruling '' . Reuters . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . The nine - member Supreme Court conducts its deliberations in secret and the justices traditionally wo n't discuss pending cases in public ^ Jump up to : Margolick , David ( September 23 , 2007 ) . `` Meet the Supremes '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Beat reporters and academics initially denounced the court 's involvement in that case , its hastiness to enter the political thicket and the half - baked and strained decision that resulted . Jump up ^ `` Public Says Televising Court Is Good for Democracy '' . PublicMind.fdu.edu . March 9 , 2010 . Retrieved December 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mauro , Tony ( March 9 , 2010 ) . `` Poll Shows Public Support for Cameras at the High Court '' . The National Law Journal . Retrieved December 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` C - SPAN Supreme Court Week '' . CSPAN . October 4 , 2009 . Retrieved October 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ James Vicini ( April 24 , 2008 ) . `` Justice Scalia defends Bush v. Gore ruling '' . Reuters . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Scalia was interviewed for the CBS News show `` 60 Minutes Jump up ^ David G. Savage ( October 23 , 2008 ) . `` Roe vs. Wade ? Bush vs. Gore ? What are the worst Supreme Court decisions ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2008 . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . UC Berkeley law professor Goodwin Liu described the decision as ' utterly lacking in any legal principle '' and added that the court was `` remarkably unashamed to say so explicitly . ' Jump up ^ McConnell , Michael W. ( June 1 , 2001 ) . `` Two - and - a-Half Cheers for Bush v Gore '' . University of Chicago Law Review . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ CQ Transcriptions ( Senator Kohl ) ( July 14 , 2009 ) . `` Key Excerpt : Sotomayor on Bush v. Gore '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Many critics saw the Bush v. Gore decision as an example of the judiciary improperly injecting itself into a political dispute '' Jump up ^ Adam Cohen ( Opinion section ) ( March 21 , 2004 ) . `` Justice Rehnquist Writes on Hayes vs. Tilden , With His Mind on Bush v. Gore '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2011 . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . The Bush v. Gore majority , made up of Mr. Rehnquist and his fellow conservatives , interpreted the equal protection clause in a sweeping way they had not before , and have not since . And they stated that the interpretation was ' limited to the present circumstances , ' words that suggest a raw exercise of power , not legal analysis . Jump up ^ Kevin McNamara ( letter to the editor ) ( June 3 , 2009 ) . `` Letters -- Supreme Court Activism ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ CQ Transcriptions ( January 13 , 2006 ) . `` U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee Hearing on Judge Samuel Alito 's Nomination to the Supreme Court '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 28 , 2009 ... Baker v. Carr , the reapportionment case . We heard Justice Frankfurter who delivered a scathing dissent in that ... Jump up ^ Linda Greenhouse ( September 10 , 2007 ) . `` New Focus on the Effects of Life Tenure '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Levinson , Sanford ( February 9 , 2009 ) . `` Supreme court prognosis -- Ruth Bader Ginsburg 's surgery for pancreatic cancer highlights why US supreme court justices should n't serve life terms '' . The Guardian . Manchester . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ See also Arthur D. Hellman , `` Reining in the Supreme Court : Are Term Limits the Answer ? '' , in Roger C. Cramton and Paul D. Carrington , eds. , Reforming the Court : Term Limits for Supreme Court Justices ( Carolina Academic Press , 2006 ) , p. 291 . Jump up ^ Richard Epstein , `` Mandatory Retirement for Supreme Court Justices '' , in Roger C. Cramton and Paul D. Carrington , eds. , Reforming the Court : Term Limits for Supreme Court Justices ( Carolina Academic Press , 2006 ) , p. 415 . Jump up ^ Brian Opeskin , Models of Judicial Tenure : Reconsidering Life Limits , Age Limits and Term Limits for Judges , Oxford J Legal Studies 2015 35 : 627 -- 663 . Jump up ^ Alexander Hamilton ( June 14 , 1788 ) . `` The Federalist No. 78 '' . Independent Journal . Retrieved October 28 , 2009 . and that as nothing can contribute so much to its firmness and independence as permanency in office , this quality may therefore be justly regarded as an indispensable ingredient in its constitution , and , in a great measure , as the citadel of the public justice and the public security . Jump up ^ Lipton , Eric ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` Scalia Took Dozens of Trips Funded by Private Sponsors '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Berman , Mark ; Markon , Jerry ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Why Justice Scalia was staying for free at a Texas resort '' . The Washington Post . Bibliography ( edit ) Encyclopedia of the Supreme Court of the United States , 5 vols. , Detroit ( etc . ) : Macmillan Reference USA , 2008 The Rules of the Supreme Court of the United States ( 2013 ed . ) ( PDF ) . Biskupic , Joan and Elder Witt. ( 1997 ) . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to the U.S. Supreme Court . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly . ISBN 1 - 56802 - 130 - 5 Hall , Kermit L. , ed. ( 1992 ) . The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6 . Hall , Kermit L. ; McGuire , Kevin T. , eds. ( 2005 ) . Institutions of American Democracy : The Judicial Branch . New York , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 530917 - 1 . Harvard Law Review Assn. , ( 2000 ) . The Bluebook : A Uniform System of Citation , 17th ed. ( 18th ed. , 2005 . ISBN 978 - 600 - 01 - 4329 - 9 ) Irons , Peter . ( 1999 ) . A People 's History of the Supreme Court . New York : Viking Press . ISBN 0 - 670 - 87006 - 4 . Rehnquist , William . ( 1987 ) . The Supreme Court . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 0 - 375 - 40943 - 2 . Skifos , Catherine Hetos. ( 1976 ). `` The Supreme Court Gets a Home '' , Supreme Court Historical Society 1976 Yearbook. ( in 1990 , renamed The Journal of Supreme Court History ( ISSN 1059 - 4329 ) ) Warren , Charles . ( 1924 ) . The Supreme Court in United States History . ( 3 volumes ) . Boston : Little , Brown and Co . Woodward , Bob and Armstrong , Scott . The Brethren : Inside the Supreme Court ( 1979 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 7402 - 9 . Supreme Court Historical Society . `` The Court Building '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved February 13 , 2008 . Further reading ( edit ) Abraham , Henry J. ( 1992 ) . Justices and Presidents : A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 506557 - 3 . Beard , Charles A. ( 1912 ) . The Supreme Court and the Constitution . New York : Macmillan Company . Reprinted Dover Publications , 2006 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 44779 - 0 . Corley , Pamela C. ; Steigerwalt , Amy ; Ward , Artemus. ( 2013 ) . The Puzzle of Unanimity : Consensus on the United States Supreme Court . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 8472 - 6 . Cushman , Barry . ( 1998 ) . Rethinking the New Deal Court . Oxford University Press . Cushman , Clare ( 2001 ) . The Supreme Court Justices : Illustrated Biographies , 1789 -- 1995 ( 2nd ed . ) . ( Supreme Court Historical Society , Congressional Quarterly Books ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56802 - 126 - 3 . Frank , John P. ( 1995 ) . Friedman , Leon ; Israel , Fred L. , eds . The Justices of the United States Supreme Court : Their Lives and Major Opinions . Chelsea House Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56802 - 126 - 3 . Garner , Bryan A. ( 2004 ) . Black 's Law Dictionary . Deluxe 8th ed . Thomson West . ISBN 0 - 314 - 15199 - 0 . Greenburg , Jan Crawford , Jan. ( 2007 ) . Supreme Conflict : The Inside Story of the Struggle for Control for the United States Supreme Court . New York : Penguin Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59420 - 101 - 1 . Martin , Fenton S. ; Goehlert , Robert U. ( 1990 ) . The U.S. Supreme Court : A Bibliography . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly Books . ISBN 0 - 87187 - 554 - 3 . McCloskey , Robert G. ( 2005 ) . The American Supreme Court . 4th ed . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 55682 - 4 . O'Brien , David M. ( 2008 ) . Storm Center : The Supreme Court in American Politics ( 8th ed . ) . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 93218 - 4 . Spaeth , Harold J. ( 1979 ) . Supreme Court Policy Making : Explanation and Prediction ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : W.H. Freeman & Co Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7167 - 1012 - 7 . Toobin , Jeffrey . The Nine : Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court . Doubleday , 2007 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 51640 - 1 . Urofsky , Melvin and Finkelman , Paul . ( 2001 ) . A March of Liberty : A Constitutional History of the United States . 2 vols . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 512637 - 8 & ISBN 0 - 19 - 512635 - 1 . Urofsky , Melvin I. ( 1994 ) . The Supreme Court Justices : A Biographical Dictionary . New York : Garland Publishing . p. 590 . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 1176 - 1 . Supreme Court Historical Society . `` The Court Building '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved February 13 , 2008 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Supreme Court of the United States . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Supreme Court of the United States Wikisource has original text related to this article : Supreme Court of the United States Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Supreme Court of the United States '' dated 2006 - 08 - 05 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . 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-7872935818476565896	Black Widow (Natasha Romanova)	Black Widow ( Natasha Romanova ) - Wikipedia Black Widow ( Natasha Romanova ) Jump to : navigation , search For other Marvel Comics characters of the same name , see Black Widow ( Marvel Comics ) . Black Widow Black Widow # 1 ( April 2010 ) . Cover art by Daniel Acuña . Publication information Publisher Marvel Comics First appearance Tales of Suspense # 52 ( April 1964 ) Created by Stan Lee Don Rico Don Heck In - story information Alter ego Natalia Alianovna `` Natasha '' Romanova Team affiliations S.H.I.E.L.D. Avengers Champions KGB Marvel Knights Mighty Avengers Lady Liberators Thunderbolts Secret Avengers Heroes for Hire Partnerships Daredevil Hawkeye Boris Turgenov Winter Soldier Captain America Notable aliases Natalie Rushman , Laura Matthers , Mary Farrell , Natasha Romanova , Oktober , Yelena Belova Abilities Expert tactician , martial artist and secret agent Slowed aging , and enhanced immune system Expert marksman and mastery of various other weapons via gauntlets : grappling hook knock out gas taser explosives tear gas pellets radio transmitter Natalia Alianovna Romanova , ( Russian : Наталья Альяновна `` Наташа '' Романова ; alias : Natasha Romanoff ; Russian : Наташа Романофф ; colloquial : Black Widow ( Russian : Чёрная Вдова ; transliterated Chyornaya Vdova ) is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . Created by editor and plotter Stan Lee , scripter Don Rico , and artist Don Heck , the character debuted in Tales of Suspense # 52 ( April 1964 ) . The character was introduced as a Russian spy , an antagonist of the superhero Iron Man . She later defected to the United States , becoming an agent of the fictional spy agency S.H.I.E.L.D. , and a member of the superhero team the Avengers . Scarlett Johansson portrayed the character in the films Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) , The Avengers ( 2012 ) , Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) , Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) , Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) , Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) and the Untitled Avengers film ( 2019 ) as a part of the Marvel Cinematic Universe franchise . Contents ( hide ) 1 Publication history 1.1 Limited series and specials 2 Fictional character biography 2.1 Early life 2.2 The Avengers 2.3 S.H.I.E.L.D. and Daredevil 2.4 The Champions 2.5 21st century 2.6 Civil War / Initiative 2.7 Thunderbolts 2.8 Heroic Age 2.9 Fear Itself 2.10 Ends of the Earth 2.11 Secret Wars 2.12 Secret Empire 2.13 Clone of Natasha Romanova 3 Powers and abilities 3.1 Equipment 4 Supporting characters 5 Other versions 6 In other media 6.1 Television 6.2 Film 6.3 Video games 6.4 Motion comics 6.5 Live performances 6.6 Novels 7 Reception 8 Collected editions 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Publication history ( edit ) Tales of Suspense # 52 ( April 1964 ) , the debut of Black Widow . Cover art by Jack Kirby and Paul Reinman The Black Widow 's first appearances were as a recurring , non-costumed , Russian - spy antagonist in the feature `` Iron Man '' , beginning in Tales of Suspense # 52 ( April 1964 ) . Five issues later , she recruits the besotted costumed archer and later superhero Hawkeye to her cause . Her government later supplies her with her first Black Widow costume and high - tech weaponry , but she eventually defects to the United States after appearing , temporarily brainwashed against the U.S. , in the superhero - team series The Avengers # 29 ( July 1966 ) . The Widow later becomes a recurring ally of the team before officially becoming its sixteenth member many years later . The Black Widow was visually updated in 1970 : The Amazing Spider - Man # 86 ( July 1970 ) reintroduced her with shoulder - length red hair ( instead of her former short black hair ) , a skintight black costume , and wristbands which fired spider threads . This would become the appearance most commonly associated with the character . In short order , The Black Widow starred in her own series in Amazing Adventures # 1 -- 8 ( Aug. 1970 -- Sept. 1971 ) , sharing that split book with the feature Inhumans . The Black Widow feature was dropped after only eight issues ( the Inhumans feature followed soon , ending with issue 10 ) . Immediately after her initial solo feature ended , the Black Widow co-starred in Daredevil # 81 -- 124 ( Nov. 1971 -- Aug. 1975 ) , of which # 93 - 108 were cover titled Daredevil and the Black Widow . Daredevil writer Gerry Conway recounted , `` It was my idea to team up Daredevil and the Black Widow , mainly because I was a fan of Natasha , and thought she and Daredevil would have interesting chemistry . '' Succeeding writers , however , felt that Daredevil worked better as a solo hero , and gradually wrote the Black Widow out of the series . She was immediately recast into the super-team series The Champions as the leader of the titular superhero group , which ran for 17 issues ( Oct. 1975 -- Jan. 1978 ) . Throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the Black Widow appeared frequently as both an Avengers member and a freelance agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. She starred in a serialized feature within the omnibus comic - book series Marvel Fanfare # 10 -- 13 ( Aug. 1983 -- March 1984 ) , written by George Pérez and Ralph Macchio , with art by penciller Perez . These stories were later collected in the oversized one - shot Black Widow : Web of Intrigue # 1 ( June 1999 ) . The Widow guest - starred in issues of Solo Avengers , Force Works , Iron Man , Marvel Team - Up , and other comics . She had made frequent guest appearances in Daredevil since the late 1970s . She starred in a three - issue arc , `` The Fire Next Time '' , by writer Scott Lobdell and penciller Randy Green , in Journey into Mystery # 517 -- 519 ( Feb. -- April 1998 ) . A new ongoing Black Widow comic title debuted in April 2010 . The first story arc was written by Marjorie Liu with art by Daniel Acuna . Beginning with issue # 6 ( Sept. 2010 ) , the title was written by Duane Swierczynski , with artwork by Manuel Garcia and Lorenzo Ruggiero . Black Widow appeared as a regular character throughout the 2010 -- 2013 Secret Avengers series , from issue # 1 ( July 2010 ) through its final issue # 37 ( March 2013 ) . Black Widow appears in the 2013 Secret Avengers series by Nick Spencer and Luke Ross . Black Widow appears in a relaunched ongoing series by writer Nathan Edmondson and artist Phil Noto . The first issue debuted in January 2014 . In October 2015 , it was announced that Mark Waid and Chris Samnee would be launching a new Black Widow series for 2016 as part of Marvel 's post-Secret Wars relaunch . The first issue was released in March 2016 . Limited series and specials ( edit ) Aside from the arcs in Marvel Fanfare and Journey into Mystery , the Black Widow has starred in four limited series and four graphic novels . The three - issue Black Widow ( June - Aug. 1999 ) , under the Marvel Knights imprint , starred Romanova and fully introduced her appointed successor , Captain Yelena Belova , who had briefly appeared in an issue of the 1999 series Inhumans . The writer for the story arc , `` The Itsy - Bitsy Spider '' was Devin K. Grayson while J.G. Jones was the artist . The next three - issue , Marvel Knights mini-series , also titled Black Widow ( Jan . - March 2001 ) featured both Black Widows in the story arc `` Breakdown '' , by writers Devin Grayson and Greg Rucka with painted art by Scott Hampton . Romanova next starred in another solo miniseries titled Black Widow : Homecoming ( Nov. 2004 - April 2005 ) , also under the Marvel Knights imprint and written by science fiction novelist Richard K. Morgan , with art initially by Bill Sienkiewicz and later by Sienkiewicz over Goran Parlov layouts . A six - issue sequel , Black Widow : The Things They Say About Her ( Nov. 2005 -- April 2006 ; officially Black Widow 2 : The Things They Say About Her in the series ' postal indicia ) , by writer Morgan , penciller Sean Phillips , and inker Sienkiewicz , picks up immediately where the previous miniseries left off , continuing the story using many of the same characters . She starred in the solo graphic novel Black Widow : The Coldest War ( April 1990 ) , and co-starred in three more : Punisher / Black Widow : Spinning Doomsday 's Web ( Dec. 1992 ) ; Daredevil / Black Widow : Abattoir ( July 1993 ) ; and Fury / Black Widow : Death Duty ( June 1995 ) , also co-starring Marvel UK 's Night Raven . Black Widow is also featured in the short story Love Is Blindness in I Heart Marvel : Marvel Ai ( 2006 ) # 1 ( April 2006 ) , where she instigates a humorous fight with Elektra over Daredevil 's affections . The comic is stylized to look like Japanese animation and uses images , not words , inside the speech and thought bubbles to convey what the characters are saying / thinking . In 2010 , the year in which the character , called only Natasha Romanoff , made her film debut in Iron Man 2 , the Black Widow received two separate miniseries . Black Widow and the Marvel Girls was an all - ages , four - issue series that chronicled her adventures with various women of the Marvel Universe , including Storm , She - Hulk , the Enchantress , and Spider - Woman . It was written by Paul Tobin , with art by Salvador Espin and Takeshi Miyazawa . The second four - issue miniseries , Black Widow : Deadly Origin , was written by Paul Cornell , and featured art by Tom Raney and John Paul Leon . Fictional character biography ( edit ) Early life ( edit ) First costume ( and bouffant hairdo ) . From The Avengers # 36 ( Jan. 1967 ) , art by Don Heck . Natasha was born in Stalingrad ( now Volgograd ) , Russia . The first and best - known Black Widow is a Russian agent trained as a spy , martial artist , and sniper , and outfitted with an arsenal of high - tech weaponry , including a pair of wrist - mounted energy weapons dubbed her `` Widow 's Bite '' . She wears no costume during her first few appearances but simply evening wear and a veil . Romanova eventually defects to the U.S. for reasons that include her love for the reluctant - criminal turned superhero archer , Hawkeye . First hints to Natasha Romanova 's childhood come by Ivan Petrovich , who is introduced as her middle - aged chauffeur and confidant in the Black Widow 's 1970s Amazing Adventures . The man tells Matt Murdock how he had been given custody of little Natasha by a woman just before her death during the Battle of Stalingrad in autumn 1942 . He had consequently felt committed to raise the orphan as a surrogate father and she had eventually trained as a Soviet spy , being eager to help her homeland . In another flashback , set in the fictional island of Madripoor in 1941 , Petrovich helps Captain America and the mutant Logan , who would later become the Canadian super-agent and costumed hero Wolverine , to rescue Natasha from Nazis . A revised , retconned origin establishes her as being raised from very early childhood by the U.S.S.R. 's `` Black Widow Ops '' program , rather than solely by Ivan Petrovitch . Petrovitch had taken her to Department X , with other young female orphans , where she was brainwashed , and trained in combat and espionage at the covert `` Red Room '' facility . There , she is biotechnologically and psycho - technologically enhanced -- an accounting that provides a rationale for her unusually long and youthful lifespan . During that time she had some training under Winter Soldier , and the pair even had a short romance . Each Black Widow is deployed with false memories to help ensure her loyalty . Romanova eventually discovers this , including the fact that she had never , as she had believed , been a ballerina . She further discovers that the Red Room is still active as `` 2R '' . Natasha was arranged by the KGB to marry the renowned Soviet test pilot Alexei Shostakov . However , when the Soviet government decided to make Alexei into their new operative , the Red Guardian , he is told that he can have no further contact with his wife . Natasha is told that he had died and is trained as a secret agent separately . The Avengers ( edit ) Romanova grew up to serve as a femme fatale . She was assigned to assist Boris Turgenov in the assassination of Professor Anton Vanko for defecting from the Soviet Union , which served as her first mission in the United States . Natasha and Turgenov infiltrated Stark Industries as part of the plan . She attempted to manipulate information from American defense contractor Tony Stark , and inevitably confronted his superhero alter ego , Iron Man . The pair then battled Iron Man , and Turgenov steals and wears the Crimson Dynamo suit . Vanko sacrificed himself to save Iron Man , killing Turgenov in the process , using an unstable experimental laser light pistol . Romanova later meets the criminal archer Hawkeye and sets him against Iron Man , and later helped Hawkeye battle Iron Man . Natasha once more attempted to get Hawkeye to help her destroy Iron Man . The pair almost succeeded , but when Black Widow was injured , Hawkeye retreated to get her to safety . During this period , Romanova was attempting to defect from the Soviet Union and began falling in love with Hawkeye , weakening her loyalty to her country . When her employers learned the truth , the KGB had her gunned down , sending her to a hospital , convincing Hawkeye to go straight and seek membership in the Avengers . The Red Room kidnaps and brainwashes her again , and with the Swordsman and the first Power Man , she battles the Avengers . She eventually breaks free from her psychological conditioning ( with the help of Hawkeye ) , and does successfully defect , having further adventures with Spider - Man , with Hawkeye and with Daredevil . She ultimately joins the Avengers as a costumed heroine herself . S.H.I.E.L.D. and Daredevil ( edit ) Promotional art for Black Widow : The Things They Say About Her # 1 ( Nov. 2005 ) , by Bill Sienkiewicz . Later still , she begins freelancing as an agent of the international espionage group S.H.I.E.L.D. She is sent on a secret S.H.I.E.L.D. mission to China by Nick Fury . There , with the Avengers , she battles Col. Ling , Gen. Brushov , and her ex-husband the Red Guardian . For a time , as writer Les Daniels noted in a contemporaneous study in 1971 , ... her left - wing upbringing was put to better use , and she has lately taken to fighting realistic oppressor - of - the - people types . She helps young Puerto Ricans clean up police corruption and saves young hippies from organized crime ... ( The splash page of Amazing Adventures # 3 ( Nov. 1970 ) ) reflects the recent trend toward involving fantastic characters in contemporary social problems , a move which has gained widespread publicity for Marvel and its competitor , DC . During her romantic involvement with Matt Murdock in San Francisco , she operates as an independent superhero alongside Murdock 's alter ego , Daredevil . There she tries unsuccessfully to find a new career for herself as a fashion designer . Eventually , her relationship with Murdock stagnates , and after briefly working with Avengers finally breaks up with Murdock , fearing that playing `` sidekick '' is sublimating her identity . During a HYDRA attempt to take over S.H.I.E.L.D. , she is tortured to such an extent that she regresses back to an old cover identity of schoolteacher Nancy Rushman , but she is recovered by Spider - Man in time to help Nick Fury and Shang - Chi work out what had happened and restore her memory , with `` Nancy '' developing an attraction to Spider - Man before her memory is restored during the final fight against Madam Viper , Boomerang and the Silver Samurai . She later returns to Matt Murdock 's life to find he is romantically involved with another woman , Heather Glenn , prompting her to leave New York . Natasha ultimately realizes that Matt still only thinks of her in platonic terms , and elects to restrain herself from any advances . The Champions ( edit ) After their breakup , the Widow moves to Los Angeles and becomes leader of the newly created and short - lived super team known as The Champions , consisting of her , Ghost Rider ( Johnny Blaze ) , Hercules ( with whom she has a brief romance ) , and former X-Men Angel and Iceman . Her friends often call her `` Natasha '' , the informal version of `` Natalia '' . She has sometimes chosen the last - name alias `` Romanoff '' -- evidently as a private joke on those who are not aware that Russian family names use different endings for males and females . She has been hinted to be a descendant of the deposed House of Romanov and a relation to Nicholas II of Russia . 21st century ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Natasha crosses Daredevil 's ( Matt Murdock ) path again when he attempts to slay an infant he believes to be the Anti-Christ while under the influence of mind - altering drugs . After Daredevil 's one - time love , Karen Page , dies protecting the child , Natasha reconciles with Murdock , revealing she still loves him , but noting that he is too full of anger to commit to a relationship with her . Natasha is challenged by Yelena Belova , a graduate from the training program through which Natasha herself was taught the espionage trade , who is the first to ever surpass Natasha 's marks and considers herself the rightful successor to the `` Black Widow '' mantle . Natasha refers to her as `` little one '' and `` rooskaya ( meaning `` Russian '' ) , and encourages her to discover her individuality rather than live in blind service , asking her `` why be Black Widow , when you can be Yelena Belova ? '' After several confrontations , Natasha subjects Yelena to intense psychological manipulation and suffering in order to teach her the reality of the espionage business , and an angry but disillusioned Yelena eventually returns home and temporarily quits being a spy . Although Matt Murdock is appalled by the cruelty of Natasha 's treatment of Yelena , Nick Fury describes the action as Natasha 's attempt at saving Yelena 's life . After bringing the Avengers and the Thunderbolts together to overcome Count Nefaria , Natasha supported Daredevil 's short - lived efforts to form a new super-team to capture the Punisher , originally believed to be Nick Fury 's murderer . Despite recruitment endeavors , however , this vigilante group folded shortly after she and her teammate Dagger fought an army of renegade S.H.I.E.L.D. androids ; ironically , she soon afterward worked with both Daredevil and Punisher against the European crime syndicate managed by the Brothers Grace . Months later , her pursuit of war criminal Anatoly Krylenko led to a clash with Hawkeye , whose pessimism regarding heroic activities now rivaled her own . Shortly after the Scarlet Witch 's insanity seemingly killed Hawkeye , and again disbanded the Avengers , Natasha , weary of espionage and adventure , travelled to Arizona but was targeted . Natasha discovers that other women had been trained in the Black Widow Program , and all are now being hunted down and killed by the North Institute on behalf of the corporation Gynacon . Natasha 's investigations led her back to Russia , where she was appalled to learn the previously unimagined extent of her past manipulation , and she discovered the Widows were being hunted because Gynacon , having purchased Russian biotechnology from Red Room 's successor agency 2R , wanted all prior users of the technology dead . Natasha finds and kills the mastermind of the Black Widow murders : Ian McMasters , Gynacon 's aging CEO , who intended to use part of their genetic structure to create a new chemical weapon . After killing McMasters , she clashed with operatives of multiple governments to help Sally Anne Carter , a girl Natasha had befriended in her investigations , whom she rescued with help from Daredevil and Yelena Belova . She soon returned the favor for Daredevil by reluctantly working with Elektra Natchios to protect his new wife , Milla Donovan , from the FBI and others , although Yelena proved beyond help when she agreed to be transformed into the new Super-Adaptoid by A.I.M. and HYDRA . Civil War / initiative ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) During the Superhero Civil War , Natasha becomes a supporter of the Superhuman Registration Act and a member of the taskforce led by Iron Man . Afterward , the registered Natasha joins the reconstituted Avengers . S.H.I.E.L.D. director Nick Fury is presumed killed , and deputy director Maria Hill incapacitated , so Natasha assumes temporary command of S.H.I.E.L.D. as the highest - ranking agent present . Later , Tony Stark assigns Natasha to convey the late Captain America 's shield to a secure location , but is intercepted by her former lover , Bucky Barnes , the Winter Soldier , who steals the shield . Natasha and the Falcon then rescue Barnes from the Red Skull 's minions , and bring him to the S.H.I.E.L.D. Helicarrier , where Stark convinces Bucky to become the new Captain America . Afterward , Natasha accompanies Bucky as his partner for a brief time until she is called back by S.H.I.E.L.D. She later rejoins him and Falcon for the final confrontation with the Red Skull , helping to rescue Sharon Carter . She and Bucky have restarted their relationship . She later plays an important role in the capture of Hercules . However , due to her respect of the Greek god , she let him go . Soon Natasha , along with the rest of the Avengers , gets involved in the current Skrull invasion . Afterwards , she stayed as Bucky 's partner . She also assists former director Maria Hill in delivering a special form of data to Bucky . Thunderbolts ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Norman Osborn discovered Yelena Belova breaking into an abandoned S.H.I.E.L.D. facility , and offered her the position of field leader of the new Thunderbolts . On her first mission , she and Ant - Man take control of Air Force One with the Goblin , Doc Samson , and the new President aboard . It was suggested she faked her apparent death ( as the Adaptoid ) but it is never explained how . A conversation with the Ghost implies that Yelena is working as a mole for someone else and that she may even be someone else disguised as Yelena . She is later seen talking privately through a comm - link to Nick Fury . Osborn orders Yelena to lead the current Thunderbolts to kill former Thunderbolt , Songbird . Fury orders `` Yelena '' to rescue and retrieve Songbird , for the information she might possess about Osborn and his operations . Yelena finds Songbird , and reveals to her that she was really Natasha Romanova in disguise . She tries delivering Songbird to Fury , but the Thunderbolts have also followed them . The trio are captured as Osborn reveals he had been impersonating Fury in messages all along to set Natasha up in order to strengthen the Thunderbolts and lead him to Fury . She and Songbird are brought to be executed but manage to escape when Ant - Man , Headsmen and Paladin turn on the rest of the Thunderbolts and let them go . Heroic Age ( edit ) At the start of the Heroic Age , Natasha is recruited by Steve Rogers into a new black - ops wing of the Avengers , dubbed the Secret Avengers . She travels to Dubai with her new teammate , Valkyrie , where they steal a dangerous artifact which the Beast then studies , noting that it seems like a distant cousin of the Serpent Crown . In the story `` Coppelia '' , she encounters a teenage clone of herself , code named `` Tiny Dancer '' , whom she rescues from an arms dealer . Fear Itself ( edit ) During the Fear Itself storyline , Black Widow and Peregrine are sent on a mission to free hostages being held in a Marseille cathedral by Rapido . He and a group of mercenaries are trying to exploit the panic over the events in Paris to steal France 's nuclear arsenal . Ends of the Earth ( edit ) During the Ends of the Earth storyline , involving one of Doctor Octopus ' schemes , Natasha is one of only three heroes left standing after the Sinister Six defeat the Avengers , joining Silver Sable and Spider - Man to track the Six ( albeit because she was closest to Sable 's cloaked ship after the Avengers were defeated rather than for her prowess ) . She is later contacted by the Titanium Man to warn her and her allies about Doctor Octopus ' attempt to rally other villains against Spider - Man . She is knocked out along with Hawkeye by Iron Man during a battle against the Avengers when they were temporarily under Octavius ' remote control . Secret Wars ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) During the incursion event between Earth - 616 and Earth - 1610 , Natasha is involved in the final battle between the Marvel Universe 's superheroes and the Ultimate Universe 's Children of Tomorrow . She pilots a ship holding a handpicked few to restart humanity after the universe ends , copiloted by Jessica Drew . Her ship is shot down during the battle though , and she is killed in the ensuing explosion . As the evacuation of Earth - 616 begins in light of the fact that Earth - 1610 is about to come crashing down as part of the `` Last Days '' storyline , Black Widow is seen standing atop a building with Captain America who gives her a list of people to save and bring aboard the lifeboat . As she tells Sam she ca n't save them all , Sam explains it 's Natasha 's job to assist in the effort to save as many people as possible before Earth as they know it is destroyed . As she leaves , her mind transitions to Cold War Russia , where a young Natasha ( here called Natalia ) speaks with two Russian functionaries in the infamous `` Red Room '' . She is given her first mission : travel to Cuba and locate a family called the Comienzas , who are at risk from Raúl Castro 's regime and who may have information of vital importance to Russia . She is told to rendezvous with another agent , her classmate Marina , and befriend the family under the guise of a Russian businesswoman . Natasha assures them of her competency and leaves . When one of the officers questions her youth , the other assures him , `` she 's a killer . She will not disappoint . '' Natasha meets Marina in Cuba and the two friends catch up before meeting with the Comienzas that night at a local bar . Using her talent for deception , she casually and politely convinces the husband and wife that she 's seeking inside information to help her import various goods into the country . The Comienzas explain they ca n't reveal said information , prompting Natasha to later explain to Marina that the family might need `` a little push '' . Not too soon she effectively began terrorizing the family into desperation . First , she plants an American flag on their doorstep to mimic someone accusing them of defecting to the United States . Later after meeting with one of the Russian officers from the Red Room to report her progress , she detonated a car bomb outside their home when the first attempt did n't make them `` nearly desperate enough '' . Following the car bomb explosion , Natasha declares the family is indeed desperate enough to reproach for information . Before letting Natasha go , the officer announces she has one additional task before her mission is over : Marina has become too much enamored with her civilian guise , and is now a security risk . Natasha will have to eliminate her . Flipping to the present , Black Widow is saving as many people as she can , but she quickly flashback to Havana . Natasha and her then Red Room partner Marina are trying to help a family defect . Natasha 's orders are simple : Kill the parents and make it public . When Natasha asks if she should kill the child too , her boss looks horrified that she would be so OK with that and tells her no . Having no problem following orders she sets up a meet and using a sniper rifle she takes out the pair without blinking . Next she shoots Marina 's boyfriend then Marina herself . Next she shoots Marina 's cat . Flipping back to the present , Black Widow is back saving people from the incursion as the reason that triggered Natasha 's flashback is revealed ... a man she saved is holding his cat . This dark , heartless side of the Black Widow shows why she is trying so hard to do good today . Secret Empire ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) During the Secret Empire storyline , Black Widow appears as a member of the underground resistance at the time when most of the United States has been taken over by Hydra and Captain America who was brainwashed by Red Skull 's clone using the powers of the sentient Cosmic Cube Kobik into believing that he was a Hydra sleeper agent . While Hawkeye assembles a strike force of Hercules and Quicksilver to find the Cosmic Cube fragments , Black Widow sets off to kill Rogers herself reasoning that even if Rick 's theory is true , the man Rogers was would prefer to die than be used in this manner . She finds herself followed by the Champions as she establishes her version of the Red Room . While preparing to shoot Captain America with a sniper rifle , she rushes to prevent Miles Morales from killing him as predicted by Ulysses , and is struck by his shield , breaking her neck and killing her . Despite the return of the real Steve Rogers and the downfall of Hydra , Natasha 's death along with other casualties remains . Clone of Natasha Romanova ( edit ) However , while observing a dictator who recently rose to power due to his support of Hydra , Bucky witnesses the man being assassinated in such a manner that he believes only Natasha could have pulled off the kill , and believes he sees the Black Widow depart from her chosen vantage point . It was later discovered that Black Widow was actually cloned by the Black Widow Ops Program following her death . It 's member Ursa Major bribed Epsilon Red to let him add her current memories while secretly disposing of the bad programming . The Black Widow Ops Program tasked the clone into taking out the remnants of Hydra and S.H.I.E.L.D. She revealed herself to Winter Soldier and Hawkeye while also killing Orphan Maker . To keep them from interfering , the Black Widow clone locked Winter Soldier and Hawkeye in a safe room within the Red Room . The Black Widow clone rose to the ranks of the Red Room while secretly persuading the recruits to turn against their masters . When Winter Soldier and Hawkeye arrived at the Red Room , the Black Widow clone dropped her cover where she began to kill her superiors , liberate the recruits , and destroy all the clones and Epsilon Red . When the authorities arrived , Black Widow left the Red Room where she left a note for Hawkeye to stop following her and for Winter Soldier to join her in ending the Red Room . During the `` Infinity Countdown '' storyline , the Black Widow clone had traced a dead drop signal left by a somehow - revived Wolverine in Madripoor . She found that Wolverine secretly left the Space Infinity Gem in her care . Powers and abilities ( edit ) The Black Widow is a world class athlete , gymnast , acrobat , aerialist capable of numerous complex maneuvers and feats , expert martial artist ( including Jujutsu , Aikido , Boxing , Judo , Karate , Savate , Ninjutsu , various styles of Kung Fu and Kenpo ) , marksman and weapons specialist as well as having extensive espionage training . She is also an accomplished ballerina . The Black Widow has been enhanced by biotechnology that makes her body resistant to aging and disease and heals at an above human rate ; as well as psychological conditioning that suppresses her memory of true events as opposed to implanted ones of the past without the aid of specially designed system suppressant drugs . The white blood cells in her body are efficient enough to fight off any microbe , foreign body and others from her body , keeping her healthy and immune to most , if not all infections , diseases and disorders . Her agility is greater than that of an Olympic gold medalist . She can coordinate her body with balance , flexibility , and dexterity easily . Romanova has a gifted intellect . She displays an uncanny affinity for psychological manipulation and can mask her real emotions perfectly . Like Steve Rogers , she possesses the ability to quickly process multiple information streams ( such as threat assessment ) and rapidly respond to changing tactical situations . Romanova is an expert tactician . She is a very effective strategist , tactician , and field commander . She has led the Avengers and even S.H.I.E.L.D. on one occasion . Equipment ( edit ) The Black Widow uses a variety of equipment invented by Soviet scientists and technicians , with later improvements by S.H.I.E.L.D. scientists and technicians . She usually wears distinctively shaped bracelets which fire the Widow 's Bite electro - static energy blasts that can deliver charges up to 30,000 volts , as well as `` Widow 's Line '' grappling hooks , tear gas pellets , and a new element introduced during her ongoing series during the `` Kiss or Kill '' arc called the `` Widow 's Kiss '' -- an aerosol instant knock - out gas she has modified . She wears a belt of metallic discs ; some are disc - charges containing plastic explosives , while others have been shown to be compartments for housing other equipment . Her costume consists of synthetic stretch fabric equipped with micro-suction cups on fingers and feet , enabling her to adhere to walls and ceilings . In the 2006 `` Homecoming '' mini-series , she was seen using knives , unarmed combat , and various firearms , but she has since begun using her bracelets again . While in disguise as Yelena Belova , when infiltrating the then Osborn - sanctioned Thunderbolts during `` Dark Reign '' , she used a specialized multi-lens goggle / head - carapace that demonstrated various technical abilities enhancing vision and communication . Later , she has used a modified gun based on her Widow 's Bite wrist cartridge , during her adventures alongside the new Captain America . Supporting characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Black Widow characters Other versions ( edit ) Main article : Alternative versions of Black Widow In other media ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Black Widow was to be paired with Daredevil in a proposed live - action 1975 series created by and starring Angie Bowie as Black Widow with Ben Carruthers as Daredevil . However , the series never got past the development stage as no studio would take on the project . Black Widow appeared in the Iron Man portion of The Marvel Super Heroes , voiced by Peg Dixon . Black Widow appears in The Super Hero Squad Show episode `` Deadly is the Black Widow 's Bite '' , voiced by Lena Headey . Black Widow appeared in The Avengers : Earth 's Mightiest Heroes , voiced by Vanessa Marshall . Black Widow appears in Iron Man : Armored Adventures , voiced by Ashleigh Ball . Black Widow appears in Avengers Assemble , voiced by Laura Bailey . Black Widow appears in Lego Marvel Super Heroes : Maximum Overload , voiced by Laura Bailey . Black Widow appears in Ultimate Spider - Man : Web Warriors , with Laura Bailey reprising the role . She appears in the episodes `` Avenging Spider - Man , Part 1 and 2 '' and `` Contest of Champions , Part 2 '' . Black Widow appears in the anime series , Marvel Disk Wars : The Avengers . Agent Carter features Dottie Underwood ( Bridget Regan ) , a 1946 precursor to Black Widow who is an operative of Leviathan . Black Widow appears in the television special Lego Marvel Super Heroes : Avengers Reassembled , voiced again by Laura Bailey . Black Widow appears in the Spider - Man episode `` Spider - Island '' Part 2 , voiced again by Laura Bailey . Film ( edit ) Scarlett Johansson as Natasha Romanoff in Iron Man 2 The Ultimate version of Black Widow appears in the Ultimate Avengers animated direct - to - video movie and its sequel , Ultimate Avengers 2 , voiced by Olivia d'Abo . Scarlett Johansson portrays Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow in the Marvel Cinematic Universe , beginning in 2010 . Iron Man 2 . Johansson was cast after a scheduling conflict forced Emily Blunt to drop out of the part . On July 16 , 2009 , Entertainment Weekly released the first publicity images of Johansson as the character . Johansson reprised the role in 2012 's The Avengers , 2014 's Captain America : The Winter Soldier , 2015 's Avengers : Age of Ultron , 2016 's Captain America : Civil War , 2018 's Avengers : Infinity War , and will do so again in its untitled 2019 sequel . Feige indicated interest in doing a solo Black Widow film in September 2010 , and in February 2014 , development work had begun on it , with Jac Schaeffer hired in January 2018 to write the script . By the end of April , Marvel had met with directors Deniz Gamze Ergüven , Chloé Zhao , and Amma Asante for the project . The very next month , it was announced that the studio are looking at more than 65 directors for the project . Black Widow appears in the 2013 direct - to - video anime film Iron Man : Rise of Technovore , voiced by Clare Grant . Black Widow teams up with The Punisher in the anime film Avengers Confidential : Black Widow & Punisher , voiced by Jennifer Carpenter . In 2004 , Lionsgate Entertainment announced that a Black Widow motion picture , featuring the Natasha Romanova version , was in the script stage by screenwriter - director David Hayter . Lionsgate subsequently dropped the project . Video games ( edit ) Black Widow appears in the 2005 Punisher video game . She appears in one level as a non-playable character ( NPC ) who fights alongside the Punisher . Black Widow was voiced by Saffron Henderson . Black Widow appears in the video game Marvel : Ultimate Alliance , voiced by Nika Futterman . She is an exclusive character in the PlayStation Portable ( PSP ) version , and in all other versions of the game as a non-playable character ; a sub-plot in the game has various heroes investigating the possibility that she is a traitor , although Fury later confirms that she was just conducting a discreet investigation into Doctor Doom 's plans . A mod available for the PC version of the game unlocks her as a playable character . Black Widow appears in Spider - Man : Web of Shadows , voiced by Salli Saffioti . Nika Futterman reprises her role in Marvel : Ultimate Alliance 2 , appearing as a boss if the player chooses to fight for the anti-Registration side . Black Widow appears in the Iron Man 2 video game , voiced by Catherine Campion . Black Widow appears as a playable character in the Marvel Super Hero Squad : The Infinity Gauntlet video game , voiced by Grey DeLisle . Black Widow is a playable character in Marvel Super Hero Squad Online , voiced by Laura Bailey . Black Widow is a playable character in the Facebook game Marvel : Avengers Alliance . Black Widow appears as a Heroes vs Heralds card in Ultimate Marvel vs Capcom 3 . If Hawkeye defeats Street Fighter 's Crimson Viper , he 'll say , `` Black Widow you ai n't . '' Black Widow is a playable character in Marvel Contest of Champions , and was granted to every player for participation in the Ultron tie - in quests . Black Widow appears as a playable character in the 2012 fighting game Marvel Avengers : Battle for Earth . Black Widow is available as downloadable content for the game LittleBigPlanet as part of `` Marvel Costume Kit 5 '' . Black Widow is a playable character in the MMORPG Marvel Heroes , voiced by Julianne Buescher . Black Widow is a playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes voiced by Laura Bailey . She serves as one of the main story characters . Black Widow is a playable character in Marvel Avengers Alliance Tactics . Black Widow appears as a playable character in Disney Infinity : Marvel Super Heroes and Disney Infinity 3.0 , again voiced by Laura Bailey . Four variants of Black Widow appear in the mobile game Marvel Puzzle Quest , the most recent of which being added to the game in September 2016 . Black Widow appears as a playable character in the mobile game Marvel : Future Fight . Black Widow is a playable character in Lego Marvel 's Avengers , voiced by Scarlett Johansson . A teenage version of Black Widow appears as a playable character in Marvel Avengers Academy , voiced by Alison Brie . Black Widow appears as a downloadable character in Marvel vs. Capcom : Infinite . Motion Comics ( edit ) Black Widow appears in the Spider - Woman motion comics voiced by JoEllen Anklam . During this appearance she is masquerading as Yelena Belova . Live performances ( edit ) Black Widow appears in Marvel Universe : LIVE ! as a member of the Avengers . Novels ( edit ) There are two Black Widow books in the Black Widow YA series , by Margaret Stohl . Black Widow : Forever Red ( 2015 ) Black Widow : Red Vengeance ( 2016 ) Black Widow appears in the prose novel adaptation of the event comic The Death of Captain America . Black Widow appears in the prose novel adaptation of the event comic Civil War . Black Widow appears in Avengers : Everybody Wants To Rule The World which is a tie - in to Avengers : Age of Ultron . Reception ( edit ) The Black Widow was ranked as the 176th greatest comic book character in Wizard magazine . IGN also ranked her as the 74th greatest comic book character stating that wherever conspiracy and treachery are afoot , you can expect the Black Widow to appear to save the day , and as # 42 on their list of the `` Top 50 Avengers '' . She was ranked 31st in Comics Buyer 's Guide 's `` 100 Sexiest Women in Comics '' list . Collected editions ( edit ) Title Material Collected ISBN Publication Date Black Widow vol. 1 : Homecoming Black Widow vol. 2 , # 1 -- 6 0 - 7851 - 1493 - 9 May 11 , 2005 Black Widow vol. 2 : The Things They Say About Her Black Widow vol. 3 , # 1 -- 6 0 - 7851 - 1768 - 7 June 7 , 2006 Black Widow : The Sting of the Widow Tales of Suspense # 52 , The Amazing Spider - Man # 86 , Amazing Adventures vol. 2 # 1 -- 8 , and Daredevil # 81 0 - 7851 - 3794 - 7 September 2 , 2009 Black Widow : Deadly Origin Black Widow : Deadly Origin # 1 -- 4 0 - 7851 - 4301 - 7 March 17 , 2010 Black Widow : Web of Intrigue Marvel Fanfare # 10 -- 13 , Bizarre Adventures # 25 , and Black Widow : The Coldest War 0 - 7851 - 4474 - 9 April 7 , 2010 Black Widow & The Marvel Girls Black Widow & The Marvel Girls # 1 - 4 978 - 0785146995 April 21 , 2010 Black Widow : The Name of the Rose Black Widow vol. 4 # 1 -- 5 and material from Enter the Heroic Age one - shot 0 - 7851 - 4354 - 8 January 5 , 2011 Black Widow : Kiss or Kill Black Widow vol. 4 # 6 -- 8 and material from Iron Man : Kiss and Kill one - shot 0 - 7851 - 4701 - 2 August 10 , 2011 Hawkeye & Mockingbird / Black Widow : Widowmaker Solo Avengers # 16 -- 18 , Widowmaker # 1 -- 4 0 - 7851 - 5205 - 9 April 20 , 2011 Black Widow : The Itsy - Bitsy Spider Black Widow vol. 1 , # 1 -- 3 ; Black Widow vol. 2 , # 1 -- 3 0 - 7851 - 5827 - 8 November 16 , 2011 Marvel 's the Avengers : Black Widow Strikes Marvel 's the Avengers : Black Widow Strikes # 1 - 3 978 - 0785165682 September 19 , 2012 Captain America and Black Widow Captain America and Black Widow 636 - 640 978 - 0785165286 February 26 , 2013 Black Widow Volume 1 : The Finely Woven Thread Black Widow Vol. 5 # 1 - 6 , All - New Marvel Now ! Point One 978 - 0785188193 July 29 , 2014 Black Widow Volume 2 : The Tightly Tangled Web Black Widow Vol. 5 # 7 - 12 , The Punisher ( 2014 ) # 9 978 - 0785188209 February 3 , 2015 Black Widow Volume 3 : Last Days Black Widow Vol. 5 # 13 - 20 0785192530 October 13 , 2015 Black Widow : SHIELD 's Most Wanted Black Widow Vol. 6 # 1 - 6 978 - 0 - 7851 - 9975 - 5 September 2 , 2016 Black Widow : No More Secrets Black Widow Vol. 6 # 7 - 12 978 - 0 - 7851 - 9976 - 2 March 3 , 2017 See also ( edit ) List of Russian superheroes List of Marvel Comics superhero debuts References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wolverine : Origins # 16 ( Sept. 2007 ) ^ Jump up to : Carson , Lex ( December 2010 ) . `` Daredevil and the Black Widow : A Swinging Couple of Crimefighters '' . Back Issue ! . TwoMorrows Publishing ( 45 ) : 31 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Walker , Karen ( July 2013 ) . `` ' We 'll Keep on Fighting ' Til the End ' : The Story of the Champions '' . Back Issue ! . Raleigh , North Carolina : TwoMorrows Publishing ( 65 ) : 17 -- 23 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel Comics Solicitations for April 2010 '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved January 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Richards , Dave ( October 14 , 2012 ) . `` NYCC : Spencer 's `` Secret Avengers '' are the Newest Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2013 . Retrieved October 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Grey , Melissa . `` Writer Nathan Edmondson Talks Black Widow # 1 '' . IGN . Jump up ^ Moore , Trent . `` New look at Eisner - winning team 's reboot of Marvel Comics ' Black Widow '' . Syfy . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Black Widow ( 2016 ) # 1 Review '' . AiPT ! . 2016 - 03 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ Daredevil issue # 88 ( June 1972 ) Jump up ^ The Uncanny X-Men issue # 268 ( Sept. 1990 ) Jump up ^ Black Widow # 1 -- 6 ( Nov. 2004 -- April 2005 ) Jump up ^ Captain America vol. 5 , # 27 ( Aug. 2007 ) Jump up ^ Tales of Suspense Vol 1 # 52 Jump up ^ Tales of Suspense # 52 -- 53 ( Apr. 1964 -- May 1964 ) Jump up ^ Tales of Suspense # 57 ( Sept. 1964 ) Jump up ^ Tales of Suspense # 60 ( Dec. 1964 ) Jump up ^ Tales of Suspense # 64 Jump up ^ Avengers # 12 Jump up ^ Avengers # 16 ( May 1965 ) Jump up ^ The Avengers # 29 -- 30 ( June 1966 -- July 1966 ) Jump up ^ The Avengers # 111 ( May 1973 ) Jump up ^ The Avengers # 38 -- 44 ( Mar. 1967 -- Sept. 1967 ) Jump up ^ Daniels , Les . Comix : A History of Comic Books in America ( Fusion , 1971 ) , pp. 142 -- 143 . ISBN 0 - 87690 - 034 - 1 Jump up ^ Daredevil # 81 ( Nov. 1971 ) Jump up ^ Daredevil # 124 ( Aug. 1975 ) Jump up ^ Marvel Team - Up # 82 -- 85 ( June 1979 -- Sept. 1979 ) Jump up ^ Daredevil # 157 ( March 1979 ) Jump up ^ Daredevil # 165 ( July 1980 ) Jump up ^ Daredevil # 190 ( Jan. 1983 ) Jump up ^ Champions # 1 -- 3 ( Oct. 1975 -- Feb. 1976 ) Jump up ^ Daredevil vol. 2 , # 1 -- 7 ( Nov. 1998 -- May 1999 ) Jump up ^ Black Widow vol. 1 , # 1 Jump up ^ Black Widow vol. 1 , # 2 Jump up ^ Black Widow Vol. 2 # 3 Jump up ^ Civil War # 3 ( Sept. 2006 ) Jump up ^ Captain America vol. 5 , # 27 -- 34 ( Aug. 2007 -- March 2008 ) Jump up ^ Captain America vol. 5 , # 41 -- 43 ( Oct. 2008 -- Dec. 2008 ) Jump up ^ Incredible Hercules # 114 ( Mar. 2008 ) Jump up ^ Secret Invasion # 1 -- 8 ( June 2008 -- Jan. 2009 ) Jump up ^ Captain America vol. 5 , # 42 ( Nov. 2008 ) Jump up ^ Invincible Iron Man # 14 -- 15 ( Aug. 2009 -- Sept. 2009 ) Jump up ^ Thunderbolts # 128 ( Mar. 2009 ) Jump up ^ Thunderbolts # 133 ( Aug. 2009 ) Jump up ^ Thunderbolts # 134 ( Sept. 2009 ) Jump up ^ Secret Warriors # 7 ( Oct. 2009 ) Jump up ^ Thunderbolts # 135 -- 136 ( Oct. 2009 -- Nov. 2009 ) Jump up ^ Secret Avengers # 1 Jump up ^ Enter the Heroic Age # 3 Jump up ^ Bunn , Cullen ( w ) , Nguyen , Peter ( a ) . `` Fear Itself : Black Widow '' Fear Itself : Black Widow 1 ( August 2011 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 683 Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 684 Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 685 Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 687 Jump up ^ Secret Wars # 1 Jump up ^ Black Widow Vol. 5 # 19 Jump up ^ Black Widow Vol. 5 # 20 Jump up ^ Secret Empire # 1 Jump up ^ Secret Empire # 2 Jump up ^ Civil War II # 5 Jump up ^ Secret Empire # 7 Jump up ^ Secret Empire # 10 Jump up ^ Secret Empire : Omega # 1 Jump up ^ Tales of Suspense # 103 . 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Archived from the original on June 8 , 2011 . Retrieved May 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Black Widow is number 74 '' . IGN . Retrieved May 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Top 50 Avengers '' . IGN. April 30 , 2012 . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Frankenhoff , Brent ( 2011 ) . Comics Buyer 's Guide Presents : 100 Sexiest Women in Comics . Krause Publications . p. 27 . ISBN 1 - 4402 - 2988 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Black Widow at Marvel.com Richard Morgan on Black Widow in an interview by Francesco Troccoli , August 2008 `` Richard K. 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2170639163690552835	1960s in music	1960s in music - wikipedia 1960s in music For music from a year in the 1960s , go to 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 Main article : Timeline of musical events Popular music Timeline of musical events 2010s 2000s 1990s 1980s 1970s 1960s 1950s 1940s 1930s 1920s 1910s 1900s 1890s 1880s 1870s 1860s 1850s 1840s 1830s 1820s 1810s 1800s 1790s 1780s 1770s 1760s 1750s 1740s 1730s 1720s 1710s 1700s 1690s 1680s 1670s 1660s 1650s 1640s 1630s 1620s 1610s 1600s 1590s 1580s 1570s 1560s 1550s 1540s 1530s 1520s 1510s 1500s 1490s Early history List of popular music genres This article includes an overview of the events and trends in popular music in the 1960s . In North America and Europe the decade was particularly revolutionary in terms of popular music , as it saw the evolution of rock . At the beginning of the 1960s , pop and rock and roll trends of the 1950s continued ; nevertheless , the rock and roll of the decade before started to merge into a more international , eclectic variant known as rock . In the early - 1960s , rock and roll in its purest form was gradually overtaken by pop rock , beat , psychedelic rock , blues rock , and folk rock , which had grown in popularity . The country - and folk - influenced style associated with the latter half of 1960s rock music spawned a generation of popular singer - songwriters who wrote and performed their own work . Towards the decade 's end , genres such as Baroque pop , sunshine pop , bubblegum pop , and progressive rock started to grow popular , with the latter two finding greater success in the following decade . Furthermore , the 1960s saw funk and soul music rising in popularity ; rhythm and blues in general remained popular , and this style was commonly associated with Girl groups of the time , whose fusion of R&B and Gospel with rock and roll enjoyed success until the mid-part of the decade . Aside from the popularity of rock and R&B music in the 1960s , Latin American as well as Jamaican and Cuban music achieved a degree of popularity throughout the decade , with genres such as Bossa nova , the cha - cha - cha , ska , and calypso being popular . From a classical point of view , the 1960s were also an important decade as they saw the development of experimental , jazz and contemporary classical music , notably minimalism and free improvisation . In Asia , various trends marked the popular music of the 1960s . In Japan , the decade saw the rise in popularity of several Western popular music groups such as The Beatles . The success of rock music and bands in the Japan started a new generation , known as Group Sounds , which was popular in the latter half of the decade . In South America , genres such as bossa nova , Nueva canción and Nueva ola started to rise . Rock music began leaving its mark , and achieved success in the 1960s . Additionally , salsa grew popular towards the end of the decade . In the 1960s cumbia entered Chile and left a long - lasting impact on tropical music in that country . Contents 1 The U.K. 1.1 Beat music 1.2 The British Invasion 1.3 British blues boom 1.4 British psychedelia 2 North America 2.1 Folk music 2.2 Rock 2.3 Psychedelic rock 2.4 Surf rock 2.5 Garage rock 2.6 Blues - rock 2.7 Roots rock 2.8 Progressive rock 2.9 Pop 2.10 R&B and soul music 2.11 Country music 2.12 Other trends and musical events 3 Latin America , Spain and Brazil 3.1 Bossa Nova 3.2 Nueva ola 3.3 Nueva canción 3.4 Salsa 3.5 Tango 4 Australia and New Zealand 5 Legacy 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Sources The UK ( edit ) See also : Music of the United Kingdom ( 1960s ) Beat music ( edit ) Main article : Beat music The arrival of the Beatles in the U.S. , and subsequent appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show , marked the start of the British Invasion in which a large number of rock and roll , beat and pop performers from Britain gained massive popularity in the U.S. In the late 1950s , a flourishing culture of groups began to emerge , often out of the declining skiffle scene , in major urban centres in the UK like Liverpool , Manchester , Birmingham and London . This was particularly true in Liverpool , where it has been estimated that there were around 350 different bands active , often playing ballrooms , concert halls and clubs . Beat bands were heavily influenced by American bands of the era , such as Buddy Holly and the Crickets ( from which group the Beatles derived their name ) , as well as earlier British groups such as the Shadows . After the national success of the Beatles in Britain from 1962 , a number of Liverpool performers were able to follow them into the charts , including Cilla Black , Gerry and the Pacemakers and the Searchers . Among the most successful beat acts from Birmingham were the Spencer Davis Group and the Moody Blues . From London , the term Tottenham Sound was largely based around the Dave Clark Five , but other London bands that benefited from the beat boom of this era included the Rolling Stones , the Yardbirds and the Kinks . The first non-Liverpool , non-Brian Epstein - managed band to break through in the UK were Freddie and the Dreamers , who were based in Manchester , as were Herman 's Hermits . The beat movement provided most of the groups responsible for the British Invasion of the American pop charts in the period after 1964 , and furnished the model for many important developments in pop and rock music . The British Invasion ( edit ) Main article : British Invasion By the end of 1962 , the British rock scene had started with beat groups like the Beatles drawing on a wide range of American influences including soul music , rhythm and blues and surf music . Initially , they reinterpreted standard American tunes , playing for dancers doing the twist , for example . These groups eventually infused their original rock compositions with increasingly complex musical ideas and a distinctive sound . In mid-1962 the Rolling Stones started as one of a number of groups increasingly showing blues influence , along with bands like the Animals and the Yardbirds . During 1963 , the Beatles and other beat groups , such as the Searchers and the Hollies , achieved great popularity and commercial success in Britain itself . British rock broke through to mainstream popularity in the United States in January 1964 with the success of the Beatles . `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' was the band 's first No. 1 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , starting the British Invasion of the American music charts . The song entered the chart on January 18 , 1964 , at No. 45 before it became the No. 1 single for 7 weeks and went on to last a total of 15 weeks in the chart . Their first appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show February 9 is considered a milestone in American pop culture . The broadcast drew an estimated 73 million viewers , at the time a record for an American television program . The Beatles went on to become the biggest selling rock band of all time and they were followed by numerous British bands . During the next two years , Chad & Jeremy , Peter and Gordon , the Animals , Manfred Mann , Petula Clark , Freddie and the Dreamers , Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders , Herman 's Hermits , the Rolling Stones , the Troggs , and Donovan would have one or more No. 1 singles . Other acts that were part of the invasion included the Kinks and the Dave Clark Five . British Invasion acts also dominated the music charts at home in the United Kingdom . The British Invasion helped internationalize the production of rock and roll , opening the door for subsequent British ( and Irish ) performers to achieve international success . In America it arguably spelled the end of instrumental surf music , vocal girl groups and ( for a time ) the teen idols , that had dominated the American charts in the late 1950s and ' 60s . It dented the careers of established R&B acts like Fats Domino and Chubby Checker and even temporarily derailed the chart success of surviving rock and roll acts , including Elvis Presley . The British Invasion also played a major part in the rise of a distinct genre of rock music , and cemented the primacy of the rock group , based on guitars and drums and producing their own material as singer - songwriters . British blues boom ( edit ) Main article : British blues boom In parallel with Beat music , in the late 1950s and early 1960s a British blues scene was developing recreating the sounds of American R&B and later particularly the sounds of bluesmen Robert Johnson , Howlin ' Wolf and Muddy Waters . It reached its height of mainstream popularity in the 1960s , when it developed a distinctive and influential style dominated by electric guitar and made international stars of several proponents of the genre including the Rolling Stones , Eric Clapton , the Yardbirds , Fleetwood Mac and Led Zeppelin . A number of these moved through blues rock to different forms of rock music and as a result British blues helped to form many of the subgenres of rock , including psychedelic rock and heavy metal music . Since then direct interest in the blues in Britain has declined , but many of the key performers have returned to it in recent years , new acts have emerged and there have been a renewed interest in the genre . British psychedelia ( edit ) The British band Cream in 1966 Main article : Psychedelic rock § Development in the UK British psychedelia emerged during the mid-1960s , was influenced by psychedelic culture and attempted to replicate and enhance the mind - altering experiences of hallucinogenic drugs . The movement drew on non-Western sources such as Indian music 's ragas and sitars as well as studio effects and long instrumental passages and surreal lyrics . Established British artists such as Eric Burdon , the Who , Cream , Pink Floyd and the Beatles produced a number of highly psychedelic tunes during the decade . Many British psychedelia bands of the 1960s never published their music and only appeared in live concerts during that time . North America ( edit ) See also : Music history of the United States in the 1960s Folk music ( edit ) Main article : American folk music revival The Kingston Trio , the Weavers , Pete Seeger , Woody Guthrie , Odetta , Peter , Paul and Mary , Joan Baez , Bob Dylan , The Byrds , Judy Collins , Leonard Cohen , Joni Mitchell , Carolyn Hester , Phil Ochs , Tom Paxton , Buffy Sainte - Marie , Dave Van Ronk , Tom Rush , Fred Neil , Gordon Lightfoot , Ian and Sylvia , Arlo Guthrie and several other performers were instrumental in launching the folk music revival of the 1950s and 1960s . Rock ( edit ) Roy Orbison was one of rock 's famous artists who wrote ballads of lost love . In the early part of the decade , Elvis Presley continued to score hits . For most of the 60s , Presley mostly released films . Presley decided to get away from films by 1969 , his last # 1 song on the charts was Suspicious Minds which was released in 1969 . The Mamas & the Papas were one of the most prominent American Folk - rock artists of the decade Joan Baez and Bob Dylan during the civil rights `` March on Washington '' , 28 August 1963 By the 1960s , the scene that had developed out of the American folk music revival had grown to a major movement , utilizing traditional music and new compositions in a traditional style , usually on acoustic instruments . In America the genre was pioneered by figures such as Woody Guthrie and Pete Seeger and often identified with progressive or labour politics . In the early sixties figures such as Bob Dylan and Joan Baez had come to the fore in this movement as singer - songwriters . Dylan had begun to reach a mainstream audience with hits including `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' ( 1963 ) and `` Masters of War '' ( 1963 ) , which brought `` protest songs '' to a wider public , but , although beginning to influence each other , rock and folk music had remained largely separate genres , often with mutually exclusive audiences . Early attempts to combine elements of folk and rock included the Animals `` House of the Rising Sun '' ( 1964 ) , which was the first commercially successful folk song to be recorded with rock and roll instrumentation . The folk rock movement is usually thought to have taken off with the Byrds ' recording of Dylan 's `` Mr. Tambourine Man '' which topped the charts in 1965 . With members who had been part of the cafe - based folk scene in Los Angeles , the Byrds adopted rock instrumentation , including drums and 12 - string Rickenbacker guitars , which became a major element in the sound of the genre . By the mid - ' 60s Bob Dylan took the lead in merging folk and rock , and in July ' 65 , released Like a Rolling Stone , with a revolutionary rock sound , steeped in tawdry urban imagery , followed by an electric performance later that month at the Newport Folk Festival . Dylan plugged an entire generation into the milieu of the singer - songwriter , often writing from an urban point of view , with poetry punctuated by rock rhythms and electric power . By the mid to late ' 60s , bands and singer - songwriters began to proliferate the underground New York art / music scene . The release of The Velvet Underground & Nico in 1967 , featuring singer - songerwriter Lou Reed and German singer and collaborator Nico was described as `` most prophetic rock album ever made '' by Rolling Stone in 2003 . Other New York City based singer songerwriters began to emerge , using the urban landscape as their canvass for lyrics in the confessional style of poets like Anne Sexton and Sylvia Plath . In July , 1969 , Newsweek magazine ran a feature story , `` The Girls - Letting Go , '' describing the groundbreaking music of Joni Mitchell , Laura Nyro , Lotti Golden and Melanie , as a new breed of female troubadour : `` What is common to them are the personalized songs they write , like voyages of self discovery , brimming with keen observation and startling in the impact of their poetry . '' The work of these early New York based singer - songwriters , from Laura Nyro 's New York Tendaberry ( 1969 ) , to Lotti Golden 's East Village diaries on Motor - Cycle her 1969 debut on Atlantic Records , has served as inspiration to generations of female singer - songwriters in the rock , folk and jazz traditions . Dylan 's adoptation of electric instruments , much to the outrage of many folk purists , with his `` Like a Rolling Stone '' succeeded in creating a new genre . Folk rock particularly took off in California , where it led acts like the Mamas & the Papas and Crosby , Stills and Nash to move to electric instrumentation , and in New York , where it spawned singer - songwriters and performers including the Lovin ' Spoonful and Simon and Garfunkel , with the latter 's acoustic `` The Sounds of Silence '' being remixed with rock instruments to be the first of many hits . Folk rock reached its peak of commercial popularity in the period 1967 - 68 , before many acts moved off in a variety of directions , including Dylan and the Byrds , who began to develop country rock . However , the hybridization of folk and rock has been seen as having a major influence on the development of rock music , bringing in elements of psychedelia , and in particular , helping to develop the ideas of the singer - songwriter , the protest song and concepts of `` authenticity '' . Psychedelic rock ( edit ) Jimi Hendrix , 1967 The Doors , 1966 Main article : Psychedelic rock Psychedelic music 's LSD - inspired vibe began in the folk scene , with the New York - based Holy Modal Rounders using the term in their 1964 recording of `` Hesitation Blues '' . The first group to advertise themselves as psychedelic rock were the 13th Floor Elevators from Texas , at the end of 1965 ; producing an album that made their direction clear , with The Psychedelic Sounds of the 13th Floor Elevators the following year . Psychedelic rock particularly took off in California 's emerging music scene as groups followed the Byrds from folk to folk rock from 1965 . The Los Angeles - based group the Doors formed in 1965 after a chance meeting on Venice Beach . Although its charismatic lead singer Jim Morrison died in 1971 , the band 's popularity has endured to this day . The psychedelic life style had already developed in San Francisco since about 1964 , and particularly prominent products of the scene were the Grateful Dead , Country Joe and the Fish , the Great Society and Jefferson Airplane . The Byrds rapidly progressed from purely folk rock in 1966 with their single `` Eight Miles High '' , widely taken to be a reference to drug use . Psychedelic rock reached its apogee in the last years of the decade . In America the Summer of Love was prefaced by the Human Be-In event and reached its peak at the Monterey Pop Festival , the latter helping to make major American stars of Jimi Hendrix and the Who , whose single `` I Can See for Miles '' delved into psychedelic territory . Key recordings included Jefferson Airplane 's Surrealistic Pillow and the Doors ' Strange Days . These trends climaxed in the 1969 Woodstock Festival , which saw performances by most of the major psychedelic acts , but by the end of the decade psychedelic rock was in retreat . The Jimi Hendrix Experience broke up before the end of the decade and many surviving acts , moved away from psychedelia into more back - to - basics `` roots rock '' , the wider experimentation of progressive rock , or riff laden heavy rock . Surf rock ( edit ) The Beach Boys , 1964 Main article : Surf rock In the early 1960s , one of the most popular forms of rock and roll was Surf Rock , which was characterized by being nearly entirely instrumental and by heavy use of reverb on the guitars . The spring reverb featured in Fender amplifiers of the day , cranked to its maximum volume , produced a guitar tone shimmering with sustain and evoking surf and ocean imagery . Duane Eddy 's `` Movin ' and Groovin '' is thought by many to be the main contender for laying the groundwork as the first surf rock record , while others claim the genre was invented by Dick Dale on `` Let 's Go Trippin ' '' , which became a hit throughout California . Most early surf bands were formed in during this decade in the Southern California area . By the mid-1960s the Beach Boys , who used complex pop harmonies over a basic surf rock rhythm , had emerged as the dominant surf group and helped popularize the genre . In addition , bands such as the Ventures , the Shadows , the Atlantics , the Surfaris and the Champs were also among the most popular Surf Rock bands of the decade . Garage rock ( edit ) Main article : Garage rock Garage rock was a raw form of rock music , particularly prevalent in North America in the mid-1960s and is called such because of the perception that many of the bands rehearsed in a suburban family garage . Garage rock songs often revolved around the traumas of high school life , with songs about `` lying girls '' being particularly common . The lyrics and delivery were notably more aggressive than was common at the time , often with growled or shouted vocals that dissolved into incoherent screaming such as the influential Washington based band , The Sonics . They ranged from crude one - chord music ( like the Seeds ) to near - studio musician quality ( including the Knickerbockers , the Remains , and the Fifth Estate ) . There were also regional variations in many parts of the country with flourishing scenes particularly in California and Texas . The Pacific Northwest states of Washington and Oregon had perhaps the most defined regional sound . The style had been evolving from regional scenes as early as 1958 . `` Louie Louie '' by the Kingsmen ( 1963 ) is a mainstream example of the genre in its formative stages . By 1963 , garage band singles were creeping into the national charts in greater numbers , including Paul Revere and the Raiders ( Boise ) , the Trashmen ( Minneapolis ) and the Rivieras ( South Bend , Indiana ) . In this early period many bands were heavily influenced by surf rock and there was a cross-pollination between garage rock and frat rock , sometimes viewed as merely a subgenre of garage rock . The British Invasion of 1964 - 66 greatly influenced garage bands , providing them with a national audience , leading many ( often surf or hot rod groups ) to adopt a British Invasion lilt , and encouraging many more groups to form . Thousands of garage bands were extant in the USA and Canada during the era and hundreds produced regional hits . Despite scores of bands being signed to major or large regional labels , most were commercial failures . It is generally agreed that garage rock peaked both commercially and artistically around 1966 . By 1968 the style largely disappeared from the national charts and at the local level as amateur musicians faced college , work or the draft . New styles had evolved to replace garage rock ( including blues - rock , progressive rock and country rock ) . In Detroit garage rock stayed alive until the early ' 70s , with bands like the MC5 and the Stooges , who employed a much more aggressive style . These bands began to be labelled punk rock and are now often seen as proto - punk or proto - hard rock . Blues - rock ( edit ) Main article : Blues rock Janis Joplin was one of the most prominent American Blues - rock artists of the decade . The American blues - rock had been pioneered in the early 1960s by guitarist Lonnie Mack , but the genre began to take off in the mid - ' 60s as acts followed developed a sound similar to British blues musicians . Key acts included Paul Butterfield ( whose band acted like Mayall 's Bluesbreakers in Britain as a starting point for many successful musicians ) , Canned Heat , the early Jefferson Airplane , Janis Joplin , Johnny Winter , the J. Geils Band and Jimi Hendrix with his power trios , the Jimi Hendrix Experience and Band of Gypsys , whose guitar virtuosity and showmanship would be among the most emulated of the decade . Blues - rock bands like Allman Brothers Band , Lynyrd Skynyrd and eventually ZZ Top from the southern states , incorporated country elements into their style to produce distinctive Southern rock . Roots rock ( edit ) Canadian group , the Band , live in Hamburg Main article : Roots rock Roots rock is the term now used to describe a move away from the excesses of the psychedelic scene , to a more basic form of rock and roll that incorporated its original influences , particularly country and folk music , leading to the creation of country rock and Southern rock . In 1966 Bob Dylan spearheaded the movement when he went to Nashville to record the album Blonde on Blonde . This , and subsequent more clearly country - influenced albums , have been seen as creating the genre of country folk , a route pursued by a number of , largely acoustic , folk musicians . Other acts that followed the back - to - basics trend were the group the Band and the Californian - based Creedence Clearwater Revival , both of which mixed basic rock and roll with folk , country and blues , to be among the most successful and influential bands of the late 1960s . The same movement saw the beginning of the recording careers of Californian solo artists like Ry Cooder , Bonnie Raitt and Lowell George , and influenced the work of established performers such as the Rolling Stones ' Beggar 's Banquet ( 1968 ) and the Beatles ' Let It Be ( 1970 ) . In 1968 Gram Parsons recorded Safe at Home with the International Submarine Band , arguably the first true country rock album . Later that year he joined the Byrds for Sweetheart of the Rodeo ( 1968 ) , generally considered one of the most influential recordings in the genre . The Byrds continued in the same vein , but Parsons left to be joined by another ex-Byrds member Chris Hillman in forming the Flying Burrito Brothers who helped establish the respectability and parameters of the genre , before Parsons departed to pursue a solo career . Country rock was particularly popular in the Californian music scene , where it was adopted by bands including Hearts & Flowers , Poco and Riders of the Purple Sage , the Beau Brummels and the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band . A number of performers also enjoyed a renaissance by adopting country sounds , including : the Everly Brothers ; one - time teen idol Ricky Nelson who became the frontman for the Stone Canyon Band ; former Monkee Mike Nesmith who formed the First National Band ; and Neil Young . The Dillards were , unusually , a country act , who moved towards rock music . The greatest commercial success for country rock came in the 1970s , with artist including the Doobie Brothers , Emmylou Harris , Linda Ronstadt and the Eagles ( made up of members of the Burritos , Poco and Stone Canyon Band ) , who emerged as one of the most successful rock acts of all time , producing albums that included Hotel California ( 1976 ) . The founders of Southern rock are usually thought to be the Allman Brothers Band , who developed a distinctive sound , largely derived from blues rock , but incorporating elements of boogie , soul and country in the early 1970s . The most successful act to follow them were Lynyrd Skynyrd , who helped establish the `` good ol ' boy '' image of the subgenre and the general shape of 1970s guitar rock . Their successors included the fusion / progressive instrumentalists Dixie Dregs , the more country - influenced Outlaws , jazz - leaning Wet Willie and ( incorporating elements of R&B and gospel ) the Ozark Mountain Daredevils . After the loss of original members of the Allmans and Lynyrd Skynyrd , the genre began to fade in popularity in the late 1970s , but was sustained the 1980s with acts like . 38 Special , Molly Hatchet and the Marshall Tucker Band . Progressive rock ( edit ) Main article : Progressive rock Progressive rock , sometimes used interchangeably with art rock , was an attempt to move beyond established musical formulas by experimenting with different instruments , song types and forms . From the mid-1960s the Left Banke , the Beatles , the Rolling Stones and the Beach Boys , had pioneered the inclusion of harpsichords , wind and string sections on their recordings to produce a form of Baroque rock and can be heard in singles like Procol Harum 's `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' ( 1967 ) , with its Bach inspired introduction . The Moody Blues used a full orchestra on their album Days of Future Passed ( 1967 ) and subsequently created orchestral sounds with synthesisers . Classical orchestration , keyboards and synthesisers were a frequent edition to the established rock format of guitars , bass and drums in subsequent progressive rock . Instrumentals were common , while songs with lyrics were sometimes conceptual , abstract or based in fantasy and science fiction . The Pretty Things ' SF Sorrow ( 1968 ) and the Who 's Tommy ( 1969 ) introduced the format of rock operas and opened the door to `` concept albums , usually telling an epic story or tackling a grand overarching theme . '' King Crimson 's 1969 début album , In the Court of the Crimson King , which mixed powerful guitar riffs and mellotron , with jazz and symphonic music , is often taken as the key recording in progressive rock , helping the widespread adoption of the genre in the early 1970s among existing blues - rock and psychedelic bands , as well as newly formed acts . Pop ( edit ) The made for TV band The Monkees , inspired by the Beatles , became a popular band in the 60s . Chubby Checker performing in 2005 Chubby Checker during the early 1960s popularizes the enduring dance craze the Twist with his hit cover of Hank Ballard & the Midnighters ' R&B hit `` The Twist '' . Gerry Goffin and Carole King become a very influential duo in pop music , writing numerous number one hits including the first song to ever reach number one by a girl group , the Shirelles `` Will You Love Me Tomorrow '' and the 1962 number one hit , `` The Loco - Motion '' which was performed by Little Eva . `` Sugar Sugar '' becomes a big hit for The Archies , defining the bubblegum pop genre . The Monkees were a made for TV band , inspired by the antics of the Beatles in A Hard Day 's Night . Under contractual reasons , the group were not allowed to play their own instruments , which led to many feuds between the bandmates and music supervisor , Don Kirshner . R&B and soul music ( edit ) Motown 's the Four Tops performing in New Rochelle , New York , 1967 Main articles : Rhythm and blues and soul music The Detroit - based Motown label develops as a pop - influenced answer to soul music . The label begins a long run of No. 1 U.S. hit singles in 1961 with `` Please Mr. Postman '' by the Marvelettes . The label would have numerous No. 1 Billboard hits throughout the decade and into the 1990s . Notable Motown acts included the Supremes , the Miracles , the Temptations , the Four Tops , Martha and the Vandellas , Marvin Gaye and the Jackson Five , who debuted in 1969 . Soul music develops popularity throughout the decade , led by Sam Cooke , James Brown and Otis Redding , among many others . Funk begins later in the decade with James Brown and Sly & the Family Stone having early hits . `` You Keep Me Hanging On '' uses a fast tempo which would prove innovative in the development of disco music . Aretha Franklin 's 1967 recordings , such as `` I Never Loved a Man ( The Way I Love You ) '' , `` Respect '' ( originally sung by Otis Redding ) , and `` Do Right Woman - Do Right Man '' , are considered the apogee of the soul genre , and were among its most commercially successful productions . Country music ( edit ) Johnny Cash was one of the most popular country music artists during the 1960s . Main article : Country music Triumph and great tragedy marked the 1960s in country music . The genre continued to gain national exposure through network television , with weekly series and awards programs gaining popularity . Sales of records continued to rise as new artists and trends came to the forefront . However , several top stars died under tragic circumstances , including several who were killed in plane crashes . The predominant musical style during the decade was the Nashville Sound , a style that emphasized string sections , background vocals , crooning lead vocals and production styles seen in country music . The style had first become popular in the late 1950s , in response to the growing encroachment of rock and roll on the country genre , but saw its greatest success in the 1960s . Artists like Jim Reeves , Eddy Arnold , Ray Price , Patsy Cline , Floyd Cramer , Roger Miller and many others achieved great success through songs such as `` He 'll Have to Go , '' `` Danny Boy , '' `` Make the World Go Away '' , `` King of the Road '' and `` I Fall to Pieces . '' The country - pop style was also evident on the 1962 album Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music , recorded by rhythm and blues and soul singer Ray Charles . Charles recorded covers of traditional country , folk and classical music standards in pop , R&B and jazz styles . The album was hailed as a critical and commercial success , and would be vastly influential in later country music styles . Songs from the album that were released for commercial airplay and record sales included `` I Ca n't Stop Loving You , '' `` Born to Lose '' and `` You Do n't Know Me . '' By the end of the decade , the Nashville Sound became more polished and streamlined , and became known as `` countrypolitan . '' Tammy Wynette , Glen Campbell , Dottie West and Charley Pride were among the top artists adopting this style . While George Jones -- by the early 1960s one of country music 's most consistent hitmakers -- also recorded countrypolitan - styled music , his background remained pure honky tonk , singing of heartbreak and lonlieness in many of his songs . Also , Marty Robbins proved to be one of the genre 's most diverse singers , singing everything from straight - ahead country to western to pop to blues ... and even Hawaiian . Johnny Cash -- who became known as `` The Man in Black '' -- became one of the most influential musicians of the 1960s ( and eventually , 20th century ) . Although primarily recording country , his songs and sound spanned many other genres including rockabilly , blues , folk and gospel . His music showed great compassion for minorities and others who were shunned by society , including prison inmates . Two of Cash 's most successful albums were recorded live in prison : At Folsom Prison and At San Quentin . During the latter half of the 1960s , Pride -- a native of Sledge , Mississippi -- became the first African - American superstar in country music , a genre virtually dominated by white artists . Some of his early hits , sang with a smooth baritone voice and in a style meshing honky - tonk and countrypolitan , included `` Just Between You and Me , '' `` The Easy Part 's Over , '' `` All I Have to Offer You ( Is Me ) '' and a cover version of Hank Williams ' `` Kaw - Liga . '' Pride continued to be successful for more than 20 years , amassing an eventual 29 No. 1 hits on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart . A newly emerging style , which had its roots in the 1950s but exploded in the mainstream during the 1960s , was the `` Bakersfield sound . '' Instead of creating a sound similar to mainstream pop music , the Bakersfield sound used honky tonk as its base and added electric instruments and a backbeat , plus stylistic elements borrowed from rock and roll . Buck Owens , Merle Haggard and Wynn Stewart were some of the top artists adopting this sound , and by the late 1960s they were among country music 's top selling artists . Among female acts , the most successful of the lot were Loretta Lynn , Tammy Wynette and Dolly Parton . Lynn , a native of Butcher Hollow , Kentucky , and indeed , the daughter of a coal miner , would -- with the help of her husband , Oliver `` Doolittle '' Lynn -- gain a recording contract with Zero Records in 1960 , and while only her first single ( `` Honky Tonk Girl '' ) of her early 1960s releases charted , her early recordings were the springboard for much bigger and better things to come . By the latter half of the decade and continuing into the 1970s , she was recording songs that defied the stereotype of the woman who had to put up with men , their hard drinking , philandering and other negative traits -- for instance , `` Do n't Come Home A-Drinkin ' ( With Lovin ' on Your Mind ) '' -- as well as songs that pushed the genre 's conservative boundaries ( `` Dear Uncle Sam , '' a song about the Vietnam War ) and her willingness to stand up to other women ( `` You Ai n't Woman Enough ( To Take My Man ) '' ) . Parton , a native of the Smoky Mountains town of Locust Ridge , Tennessee , gained national exposure on the nationally syndicated program The Porter Wagoner Show . Her mountain - influenced , biographical brand of country and her down - home personality won many fans , and her star power would only begin to rise . Her first major hits were mainly duets with Wagoner , although she had several solo hits -- including her breakthrough , `` Dumb Blonde '' -- as well . Wynette gained acclaim with unique perspectives on the classic themes of loneliness , divorce , and the difficulties of life and relationships , illustrated by songs such as `` I Do n't Wanna Play House '' and `` D-I-V-O-R-C-E . '' However , it was `` Stand By Your Man , '' a song pledging of unyielding faithfulness and standing by men despite their shortcomings , that gave Wynette her career hit . By the late 1960s , she was married to fellow country music singer George Jones . Among other female newcomers , Connie Smith was among the most successful , as her breakthrough hit , `` Once a Day '' spent eight weeks at No. 1 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in late 1964 and early 1965 , the longest - running chart - topper for nearly 50 years . During a career that has spanned 50 - plus years , Smith 's songs often explored themes of loneliness and vulnerability . In addition to the syndicated The Porter Wagoner Show , several other television programs were produced to allow country music to reach a wider audience , such as The Jimmy Dean Show in mid-decade . At the end of the decade , Hee Haw began a 23 - year run , first on CBS and later in syndication ; Hee Haw , hosted by Owens and Roy Clark was loosely based on the comedy series Rowan & Martin 's Laugh In , and incorporated comedy along with performances by the show 's cast or guest performers from the country music field . The Academy of Country Music and Country Music Association awards programs were telecast for the first time in the late 1960s . The 1960s were marred with tragedy . Johnny Horton , who sang in the saga - song style , was killed in a car accident in 1960 . A March 5 , 1963 , plane crash claimed the lives of Patsy Cline , Cowboy Copas and Hawkshaw Hawkins . Days later , Jack Anglin was killed in a car accident , while Texas Ruby died in a trailer fire in Texas . In July 1964 , Jim Reeves lost his life while piloting a plane near Brentwood , Tennessee . Ira Louvin ( one half of the Louvin Brothers ) was killed in a car accident in 1965 . Success overcame several of those tragic deaths , as both Cline and Reeves had many posthumous hits ( with previously recorded songs issued after their deaths ) and enjoyed strong followings for many years , while Louvin 's brother , Charlie , continued as a successful solo performer for more than 40 years . Other pioneering stars who died during the 1960s included A.P. Carter , Gid Tanner , Moon Mullican , Ernest `` Pop '' Stoneman , Red Foley , Leon Payne and Spade Cooley . The 1960s began a trend toward a proliferation of No. 1 hits on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart , thanks to ever - changing data collecting methods . When the 1960s decade opened , there were but four No. 1 songs topping the chart ( five , if one counts Marty Robbins ' `` El Paso '' ) , but by the mid-1960s , there were always at least a dozen songs topping the chart annually . In 1967 , there were more than 20 songs reaching the top spot for the first time ever in a single calendar year ... and that number would only continue to rise during the next 20 years . Other trends and musical events ( edit ) Woodstock Festival , August 1969 Late in the decade , the Monterey Pop Festival and Woodstock Music Festival would epitomize the American counterculture . Current events become a major influence on popular music . Many songs are written in protest to the Vietnam War . The song `` Ohio '' was written about the Kent State Massacre , and became a hit for Crosby , Stills , Nash and Young . World music sees a huge rise in popularity as many seek interest in other cultures . Ravi Shankar performs at the Monterey and Woodstock festivals . Latin Rock artist Carlos Santana sees popularity throughout the decade . George Harrison develops an interest in the Hare Krishna culture , adding Indian influence to the Beatles ' music including the use of a sitar . Reggae begins to popularize at this time . In 1969 , the Rolling Stones organised the ill - fated Altamont Free Concert . Songs like `` Summertime Blues '' and `` Eve of Destruction '' address the issue of the voting age , which at the time was 21 . The issue was that soldiers were drafted at 18 , but could not vote . The voting age was eventually lowered to eighteen . A few songs such as Bob Dylan 's `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' address the Civil Rights Movement . Latin America , Spain and brazil ( edit ) Bossa nova ( edit ) Main article : Bossa Nova This Brazilian musical style , which means `` New Trend '' , had its origins in the upscale neighbourhoods of Rio de Janeiro . Immensely popular in the early 1960s , it was a fusion of samba and cool jazz . Antonio Carlos Jobim , João Gilberto , Astrud Gilberto , and Vinicius de Moraes became some of the best known artists of the Bossa Nova movement . The latter 's The Girl From Ipanema , released in 1964 , became the first Bossa Nova song to achieve international acclaim . In 1965 , it won a Grammy Award for Best Record of the Year . Nueva ola ( edit ) Main articles : Nueva ola and Uruguayan Invasion It was during the 60s that rock music began to gain acclaim in Latin America . In Spanish speaking South America musicians who adopted US and British inspired rock , mainly rock and roll , twist and British Invasion music , were collectively labelled as Nueva ola ( Spanish for `` New Wave '' ) . Argentina , having his own Rock and Roll and British Invasion inspired bands and artist , Sandro de América , Sandro y Los de Fuego , Johnny Allon , Los Gatos Salvajes , Los Beatniks , Los Buhos , among others . suffered the Uruguayan Invasion , a series of British Invasion inspired rock bands from Montevideo that moved to Buenos Aires and soon became popular in Argentina Los Shakers , Los Mockers , Los Iracundos . Rock music was during the 60s still largely sung in English , but some bands like Los Mac 's and others mentioned above used Spanish for their songs as well . Nueva Canción ( edit ) During the 1960s Nueva Canción emerges and starts to expand its influence . This development is pioneered by the Chileans Violeta Parra and Victor Jara who base many of their songs in folklore , specially cueca . Nueva Canción spreads quickly all over Latin America and becomes closely related to the New Left and the Liberation theology movements . In Francisco Franco 's Spain Joan Manuel Serrat reaches widespread notability as an exponent of Nueva Canción and of the political opposition . Salsa ( edit ) Even though salsa music began to take form In a New York scene dominated by Cubans and other Latin American communities , Salsa would not become popular all across Latin America until the late 1980s and is now here today . Tango ( edit ) Astor Piazzola won the First Ibero American Music Festival in 1966 with the song `` Balada para un loco '' , that launched him worldwide introducing his New Tango style Nuevo Tango Australia and New zealand ( edit ) The 1960s saw increasing interest in how electronic music could solve both compositional and more practical problems . Composers were also absorbing ideas from overseas , such as indeterminacy and electro - acoustic music , and interpreting them in an Australian context to mixed responses from local audiences . Early in the decade , Bruce Clarke began toying with the new Moog synthesizer . A musicians ' strike led him to create a completely electronic soundtrack for a cigarette commercial in 1963 . Innovative film makers , like Arthur Cantrill and Dušan Marek , employed tape manipulation , turntables and extended instrument techniques to create soundtracks for their short films . Avowed amateur and Melbourne physician , Val Stephen , became the first Australian to have electronic music released internationally . After working amongst the musical avant - garde in Paris , Keith Humble 's return to Australia helped to encourage educational institutions to take electronic music seriously . Humble 's most notably experimental work was his Nunique series . These vast multimedia events featured simultaneous performances by rock bands , string quartets and theatre ensembles , all according to precise flowcharts . Humble initiated the Melbourne - based Society for the Private Performance of New Music in 1966 , providing a supportive performance space for young innovators both in and outside the academy . Among these were the McKimm / Rooney / Clayton trio , who , since the 1964 , had been incorporating graphic scores and aspects of serialism into jazz improvization . Jazz was radicalizing at the fringes : John Sangster explored free jazz concepts and Charlie Munro incorporated Eastern musical elements . Syd Clayton would leave jazz behind in pursuit of a new form of experimental music theatre that incorporated chance operations along with sports and games as musical structures . Young composers , like David Ahern , emerged , initially inspired by ideas of the European avant - garde , and applying them to Australian icons , such as Captain Cook and Ned Kelly . Ahern would travel to Europe later in the 1960s , where he encountered Stockhausen and Cardew , before returning home with further more radical ideas that questioned the very premises of composer and music itself . Legacy ( edit ) It 's difficult to gauge the lasting impact of 1960s music in popular culture . A 2010 European survey conducted by the digital broadcaster Music Choice , interviewing over 11,000 participants , rated the decade rather low , with only 19 % declaring it the best tune decade in the last 50 years , while participants of an American land line survey rated the 1960s a bit higher , with 26 % declaring it as best decade in music . See also ( edit ) 1960s portal Rock music portal Music portal List of 1960s musical artists 1970s in music 1950s in music References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Singer / Songwriter - Significant Albums , Artists and Songs - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 27 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Baroque Pop - Significant Albums , Artists and Songs - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 27 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sunshine Pop - Significant Albums , Artists and Songs - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 27 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bubblegum - Significant Albums , Artists and Songs - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 27 September 2014 . 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Wade , ed. , Gladsongs and Gatherings : Poetry and its Social Context in Liverpool Since the 1960s ( Liverpool : Liverpool University Press , 2001 ) , ISBN 0 - 85323 - 727 - 1 , pp. 157 - 66 . ^ Jump up to : `` British Invasion '' , Allmusic , retrieved 29 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` British Invasion '' Encyclopædia Britannica , retrieved 29 January 2010 . Jump up ^ H. Bill , The Book of Beatle Lists , ( Poole , Dorset : Javelin , 1985 ) , ISBN 0 - 7137 - 1521 - 9 , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Bogdanov , Woodstra & Erlewine 2002 , pp. 1316 -- 7 Jump up ^ T. Leopold , `` When the Beatles hit America CNN February 10 , 2004 '' , CNN.com , retrieved 1 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Britpop '' , Allmusic , retrieved 11 October 2006 . Jump up ^ K. Keightley , `` Reconsidering rock '' in , S. Frith , W. Straw and J. Street , eds , The Cambridge Companion to Pop and Rock ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2001 ) , ISBN 0 - 521 - 55660 - 0 , p. 117 . Jump up ^ F.W. Hoffmann and H. Ferstler , Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound , Volume 1 ( New York , NY : CRC Press , 2nd edn. , 2004 ) , ISBN 0 - 415 - 93835 - X , p. 132 . Jump up ^ R. Shuker , Popular Music : the Key Concepts ( Abingdon : Routledge , 2nd edn. , 2005 ) , ISBN 0 - 415 - 34770 - X , p. 35 . Jump up ^ V. Bogdanov , C. Woodstra , S.T. Erlewine , eds , All Music Guide to the Blues : The Definitive Guide to the Blues ( Backbeat , 3rd edn. , 2003 ) , p. 700 . Jump up ^ Gilliland 1969 , shows 18 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : G. Mitchell , The North American Folk Music Revival : Nation and Identity in the United States and Canada , 1945 - 1980 ( Aldershot : Ashgate , 2007 ) , ISBN 0 - 7546 - 5756 - 6 , p. 95 . Jump up ^ G. Mitchell , The North American Folk Music Revival : Nation and Identity in the United States and Canada , 1945 - 1980 ( Aldershot : Ashgate , 2007 ) , ISBN 0 - 7546 - 5756 - 6 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ J.E. Perone , Music of the Counterculture Era American History Through Music ( Westwood , CT : Greenwood , 2004 ) , ISBN 0 - 313 - 32689 - 4 , p. 37 . ^ Jump up to : Bogdanov , Woodstra & Erlewine 2002 , pp. 1308 -- 9 Jump up ^ Dave Marsh , The Heart of Rock & Soul : The 1001 Greatest Singles Ever Made , NAL , 1989 . Entry # 91 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) 13 - The Velvet Underground and Nico Rolling Stone , November 1 , 2003 Jump up ^ Saal , Hubert ( July 14 , 1969 ) . `` The Girl 's - Letting Go '' . Newsweek , pp. 68 , 71 . Jump up ^ JoniMitchell.com Library : THE GIRLS -- LETTING GO : Newsweek , July 14 , 1969 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ JoniMitchell.com Library : THE GIRLS -- LETTING GO : Newsweek , July 14 , 1969 , Original Article pdf ( 3 ) Jump up ^ G.W. Haslam , A.H. Russell and R. Chon , Workin ' Man Blues : Country Music in California ( Berkeley CA : Heyday Books , 2005 ) , ISBN 0 - 520 - 21800 - 0 , p. 201 . Jump up ^ K. Keightley , `` Reconsidering rock '' in , S. Frith , W. Straw and J. Street , eds , The Cambridge Companion to Pop and Rock ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2001 ) , ISBN 0 - 521 - 55660 - 0 , p. 121 . ^ Jump up to : M. Hicks , Sixties Rock : Garage , Psychedelic , and Other Satisfactions ( University of Illinois Press , 2000 ) , ISBN 0 - 252 - 06915 - 3 , pp. 59 - 60 . ^ Jump up to : Bogdanov , Woodstra & Erlewine 2002 , pp. 1322 -- 3 Jump up ^ Gilliland 1969 , shows 41 - 42 . Jump up ^ Gilliland 1969 , show 35 . ^ Jump up to : Gilliland 1969 , show 47 . Jump up ^ W.E. Studwell and D.F. Lonergan , The Classic Rock and Roll Reader : Rock Music from its Beginnings to the mid-1970s ( Abingdon : Routledge , 1999 ) , ISBN 0 - 7890 - 0151 - 9 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ J.E. Perone , Music of the Counterculture Era American History Through Music ( Westwood , CT : Greenwood , 2004 ) , ISBN 0 - 313 - 32689 - 4 , p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Gilliland 1969 , show 55 . ^ Jump up to : Gilliland 1969 , show 20 Jump up ^ Gilliland 1969 , show 37 . ^ Jump up to : R. Shuker , Popular Music : the Key Concepts ( Abingdon : Routledge , 2nd edn. , 2005 ) , ISBN 0 - 415 - 34770 - X , p. 140 . Jump up ^ E.J. Abbey , Garage Rock and its Roots : Musical Rebels and the Drive for Individuality ( Jefferson , NC : McFarland , 2006 ) , ISBN 0 - 7864 - 2564 - 4 , pp. 74 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Bogdanov , Woodstra & Erlewine 2002 , pp. 1320 -- 1 Jump up ^ N. Campbell , American Youth Cultures ( Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press , 2nd edn. , 2004 ) , ISBN 0 - 7486 - 1933 - X , p. 213 . Jump up ^ W.E. Studwell and D.F. Lonergan , The Classic Rock and Roll Reader : Rock Music from its Beginnings to the mid-1970s ( Abingdon : Routledge , 1999 ) , ISBN 0 - 7890 - 0151 - 9 , p. 213 . Jump up ^ J. Austen , TV - a-Go - Go : Rock on TV from American Bandstand to American Idol ( Chicago IL : Chicago Review Press , 2005 ) , ISBN 1 - 55652 - 572 - 9 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ S. Waksman , This Ai n't the Summer of Love : Conflict and Crossover in Heavy Metal and Punk ( Berkeley CA : University of California Press , 2009 ) , ISBN 0 - 520 - 25310 - 8 , p. 116 . Jump up ^ W. Osgerby , `` ' Chewing out a rhythm on my bubble gum ' : the teenage astheic and genealogies of American punk '' `` , in Sabin , 1999 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ G. Thompson , American Culture in the 1980s ( Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press , 2007 ) , ISBN 0 - 7486 - 1910 - 0 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ P. Prown , H.P. Newquist and J.F. Eiche , Legends of Rock Guitar : the Essential Reference of Rock 's Greatest Guitarists ( Milwaukee , WI : Hal Leonard Corporation , 1997 ) , ISBN 0 - 7935 - 4042 - 9 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ V. Bogdanov , C. Woodstra , S.T. Erlewine , eds , All Music Guide to the Blues : The Definitive Guide to the Blues ( Backbeat , 3rd edn. , 2003 ) , ISBN 0 - 87930 - 736 - 6 , pp. 700 - 2 . Jump up ^ Bogdanov , Woodstra & Erlewine 2002 , p. 1333 Jump up ^ P. Auslander , Liveness : Performance in a Mediatized Culture ( Abingdon : Routledge , 2008 ) , ISBN 0 - 415 - 77353 - 9 , p. 83 . ^ Jump up to : K. Wolff , O. Duane , Country Music : The Rough Guide ( London : Rough Guides , 2000 ) , ISBN 1 - 85828 - 534 - 8 , p. 392 . Jump up ^ Bogdanov , Woodstra & Erlewine 2002 , pp. 61 and 265 Jump up ^ B. Hoskyns , Hotel California : The True - Life Adventures of Crosby , Stills , Nash , Young , Mitchell , Taylor , Browne , Ronstadt , Geffen , the Eagles and their Many Friends ( John Wiley and Sons , 2007 ) , ISBN 0 - 470 - 12777 - 5 , pp. 87 - 90 . ^ Jump up to : Bogdanov , Woodstra & Erlewine 2002 , p. 1327 Jump up ^ P. Buckley , The Rough Guide to Rock ( London : Rough Guides , 3rd edn. , 2003 ) , ISBN 1 - 84353 - 105 - 4 , p. 730 . Jump up ^ N.E. Tawa , Supremely American : Popular Song in the 20th Century : Styles and Singers and What They Said About America ( Lanham , MA : Scarecrow Press , 2005 ) , ISBN 0 - 8108 - 5295 - 0 , pp. 227 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Bogdanov , Woodstra & Erlewine 2002 , pp. 1332 -- 3 ^ Jump up to : Bogdanov , Woodstra & Erlewine 2002 , pp. 1330 -- 1 Jump up ^ J.S. Harrington , Sonic Cool : the Life & Death of Rock ' n ' Roll ( Milwaukee , WI : Hal Leonard Corporation , 2003 ) , ISBN 0 - 634 - 02861 - 8 , p. 191 . Jump up ^ E. Macan , Rocking the Classics : English Progressive Rock and the Counterculture ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1997 ) , ISBN 0 - 19 - 509887 - 0 , pp. 34 - 5 . Jump up ^ E. Macan , Rocking the Classics : English Progressive Rock and the Counterculture ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1997 ) , ISBN 0 - 19 - 509887 - 0 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ `` Progressive rock '' , Allmusic , retrieved 29 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Gilliland 1969 , shows 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Gilliland 1969 , show 16 . Jump up ^ Gilliland 1969 , shows 8 , 10 . Jump up ^ HLT . `` El Rock Progresivo de Todo el Mundo en los ' 70s '' . Progresiva ' 70s . Retrieved 16 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Cheers , Hazel ( 2010 ) . `` 80 's Music is Top of the Pops '' . Daily Star ( UK ) . Jump up ^ Register , Larry ( 2011 ) . `` Best decade for music ? '' . Poll Position . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 13 . Sources ( edit ) Bogdanov , V. ; Woodstra , C. ; Erlewine , S.T. ( 2002 ) . All Music Guide to Rock : the Definitive Guide to Rock , Pop , and Soul ( 3rd ed . ) . Milwaukee , WI : Backbeat Books . ISBN 0 - 87930 - 653 - X . Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` Forty Miles of Bad Road : Some of the best from rock ' n ' roll 's dark ages '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . University of North Texas Libraries . Sabin , R. ( 1999 ) . Punk Rock : So What ? : the Cultural Legacy of Punk . Abingdon : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 17029 - X . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1960s_in_music&oldid=854727374 '' Categories : 1960s in music 20th century in music Hidden categories : Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from October 2014 Interlanguage link template link number Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Português Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 11 : 04 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	5 bands that were popular during the early to mid 1960�s	[]	[]
-396191296254839367	Ek Veer Ki Ardaas...Veera	Ek Veer Ki Ardaas ... Veera - Wikipedia Ek Veer Ki Ardaas ... Veera Jump to : navigation , search This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article includes a list of references , related reading or external links , but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Ek Veer Ki Ardaas ... Veera Created by Mamta Patnaik Purnendu Shekhar Written by Raghubir , Durjoy Dutta , Soumyava Directed by Waseem Sabir Creative director ( s ) Amit Bhargava Presented by STAR Plus Starring See Below Opening theme Veera By Aashish Rego Lyrics : Sharad Tripathi Country of origin India Original language ( s ) Hindi , Tamil , Malayalam No. of episodes 805 Production Executive producer ( s ) Soumia Samadhiya Karnika Saxena Producer ( s ) Yash Patnaik Mamta Patnaik Location ( s ) Pitampura Amritsar Delhi Mumbai Poland Cinematography Deepak Malvankar Editor ( s ) Kshitija Khandagale Running time 21 minutes approx Production company ( s ) Beyond Dreams Entertainment Private Limited Distributor Star India Release Original network Star Plus Picture format 576i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release 29 October 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 29 ) -- 8 August 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 08 ) External links Website Ek Veer Ki Ardaas ... Veera ( English : A Brother 's Prayer ... Veera ) is an Indian television soap opera , that aired from Star Plus . The entire series is available on hotstar . The series premiered on 29 October 2012 to 8 August 2015 , A dubbed version of the serial was telecast in Tamil Language as En Anbu Thangaikku on Vijay TV and discontinued shockingly even though more than 400 episodes were aired on TV . Moreover , a dubbed Malayalam Language version has launched in Asianet Plus as Manasaveera also now on streaming Hotstar and Starred Digangana Suryavanshi , Shivin Narang , Vishal Vashishtha , and Farnaz Shetty , replacing child actors Harshita Ojha , Bhavesh Balchandani , Devish Ahuja , and Arishfa Khan respectively after a 15 year leap . The show got replaced by the show Mohi . The series has been re - aired on Star Utsav . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 3 External links Plot summary ( edit ) Ek Veer Ki Ardaas ... Veera revolves around Rannvijay ( Ranvi ) and his half - sister , Veera . Their father , Sampooran Singh , is the sarpanch of the village of Pritampura and lives there with his wife Ratan , their son Rannvijay and Sampooran 's aunt , Chai Ji . Ratan learns that Sampooran has a daughter with another woman , Amrita . Ashamed and guilty for cheating on his beloved wife , Sampooran sadly leaves . Amrita also leaves after Ratan insults her , leaving her infant daughter on Ratan 's doorstep . Rannvijay accepts and cares for the baby , naming her Veera . Although he accepts Veera as his sister , while the heartbroken Ratan despises her . Then the story continues . Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Digangana Suryavanshi as Veera Sampooran Singh ( 2013 - 2015 ) Shivin Narang as Ranvijay Sampooran Singh ( 2013 - 2015 ) Farnaz Shetty as Gunjan Balwant Singh ( 2013 - 2015 ) Vishal Vashishtha as Baldev Balwant Singh ( 2013 - 2015 ) Recurring cast ( edit ) Sneha Wagh as Ratan Sampooran Singh ( 2012 - 2015 ) Kapil Nirmal as Nihal Singh ( 2013 - 2014 ) Sudhanshu Pandey as Sampooran Singh ( 2012 - 2013 ) Shagufta Ali as Moti Chaiji ( 2012 - 2015 ) Keerti Nagpure as Geet Singh ( 2015 ) Vrudhi Jakra as Deepu Singh ( 2015 ) Vivek Dahiya as Inspector Rajveer Thakur ( 2014 ) Mayank Gandhi as Dilawar Singh ( 2015 ) Chaitanya Choudhury as Professor Rahul ( 2015 ) Usha Bachani as Manjeet Singh ( 2015 ) Neelam Panchal as Amrit Kaur ( 2014 ) Priyamvada Kant as Simran Kaur ( 2014 ) Harsh Vashisht as Kartar Singh ( 2012 - 2013 ) Samiksha Bhatnagar as Gurpreet Kartar Singh ( 2012 - 2013 ) Daya Shankar Pandey as Surjeet Singh ( 2013 - 2014 ) Aastha Chaudhary as Amrita Kaur / Amrita Sampooran Singh ( 2012 - 2013 ) Ankit Bathla as Karan Khanna ( 2013 - 2014 ) Rumi Khan as Bakhtawar Singh ( 2014 ) Raanveer Chahal as Music Engineer ( 2014 ) Kanika Kotnala as Chanchali Singh ( 2014 ) Yajuvendra Singh as Balwant Singh ( 2012 - 2015 ) Vishavpreet Kaur as Bansuri Balwant Singh ( 2012 - 2015 ) Gagan Anand as Billa Singh ( 2014 - 2015 ) Shaizal as Jaggi Singh ( 2014 - 2015 ) Ankit Shah as Dalbeer Singh ( 2013 - 2014 ) Kulbir Baderson as Veera 's Nani ( 2012 ) Rohit Bakshi as Reality Show Host ( 2014 ) Nishika as Baby Veera ( 2012 ) Shazil Khan as Child Dalbir ( 2012 ) Jalina Thakur as Pooja Sharma ( 2012 - 2013 ) Harshita Ojha as Young Veera Kaur Sampooran Singh ( 2012 - 2013 ) Bhavesh Balchandani as Young Ranvi Kaur Sampooran Singh ( 2012 - 2013 ) kalyani badeka as Young Gunjan Balwant Singh ( 2012 - 2013 ) Spandan Chaturvedi as Child Gunjan ( 2012 ) Devish Ahuja as Young Baldev Balwant Singh ( 2012 - 2013 ) Special appearance Kratika Sengar as dancer at a party ( 2014 ) Shibani Kashyap as Megha Kapoor ( 0214 ) Raj Singh as Anmol ( 2014 ) External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) Current broadcasts on Star Plus Currently broadcast Primetime soap opera Har Shaakh Pe Ullu Baithaa Hai Ikyawann Ishqbaaaz Krishna Chali London Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala Mariam Khan - Reporting Live Tu Sooraj , Main Saanjh Piyaji Ye Hai Mohabbatein Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai Weekend Khichdi Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ek_Veer_Ki_Ardaas...Veera&oldid=841335997 '' Categories : Star Plus television series 2012 Indian television series debuts 2015 Indian television series endings Indian drama television series Television shows set in Punjab , India Hidden categories : Articles lacking reliable references from January 2014 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking in - text citations from March 2016 All articles lacking in - text citations Use dmy dates from January 2014 Use Indian English from January 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Edit links This page was last edited on 15 May 2018 , at 06 : 45 . About Wikipedia	ek veer ki ardaas veera meaning in english	[ "Ek Veer Ki Ardaas... Veera (English: A Brother's Prayer... Veera) is an Indian television soap opera, that aired from Star Plus. The entire series is available on hotstar. The series premiered on 29 October 2012 to 8 August 2015 , A dubbed version of the serial was telecast in Tamil Language as En Anbu Thangaikku on Vijay TV and discontinued shockingly even though more than 400 episodes were aired on TV. Moreover, a dubbed Malayalam Language version has launched in Asianet Plus as Manasaveera also now on streaming Hotstar and Starred Digangana Suryavanshi, Shivin Narang, Vishal Vashishtha, and Farnaz Shetty, replacing child actors Harshita Ojha, Bhavesh Balchandani, Devish Ahuja, and Arishfa Khan respectively after a 15 year leap. The show got replaced by the show Mohi. The series has been re- aired on Star Utsav ." ]	[ "A Brother's Prayer... Veera" ]
-1225976126733222974	Italian Renaissance painting	Italian Renaissance painting - wikipedia Italian Renaissance painting Jump to : navigation , search Raphael , The Betrothal of the Virgin Giovanni Bellini , The San Zaccaria Altarpiece Italian Renaissance painting is the painting of the period beginning in the late 13th century and flourishing from the early 15th to late 16th centuries , occurring in the Italian peninsula , which was at that time divided into many political areas . The painters of Renaissance Italy , although often attached to particular courts and with loyalties to particular towns , nonetheless wandered the length and breadth of Italy , often occupying a diplomatic status and disseminating artistic and philosophical ideas . The city of Florence in Tuscany is renowned as the birthplace of the Renaissance , and in particular of Renaissance painting . A detailed background is given in the companion articles Renaissance and Renaissance architecture . Italian Renaissance painting can be divided into four periods : the Proto - Renaissance ( 1300 -- 1400 ) , the Early Renaissance ( 1400 -- 1475 ) , the High Renaissance ( 1475 -- 1525 ) , and Mannerism ( 1525 -- 1600 ) . These dates are approximations rather than specific points because the lives of individual artists and their personal styles overlapped the different periods . The Proto - Renaissance begins with the professional life of the painter Giotto and includes Taddeo Gaddi , Orcagna and Altichiero . The Early Renaissance was marked by the work of Masaccio , Fra Angelico , Paolo Uccello , Piero della Francesca and Verrocchio . The High Renaissance period was that of Leonardo da Vinci , Michelangelo , Raphael and Titian . The Mannerist period included Andrea del Sarto , Pontormo and Tintoretto . Mannerism is dealt with in a separate article . Contents ( hide ) 1 Influences 1.1 Philosophy 1.2 Science and technology 1.3 Society 2 Themes 3 Proto - Renaissance painting 3.1 Traditions of 13th - century Tuscan painting 3.2 Giotto 3.3 Giotto 's contemporaries 3.4 Mortality and redemption 3.5 International Gothic 4 Early Renaissance painting 4.1 Florence , 1401 4.2 Brancacci Chapel 4.3 Development of linear perspective 4.4 Understanding of light 4.5 The Madonna 5 Early Renaissance painting in other parts of Italy 5.1 Andrea Mantegna in Padua and Mantua 5.2 Cosmè Tura in Ferrara 5.3 Antonello da Messina 6 High Renaissance 6.1 Patronage and Humanism 6.2 Flemish influence 6.3 Papal commission 6.4 Leonardo da Vinci 6.5 Michelangelo 6.6 Raphael 7 High Renaissance painting in Venice 7.1 Giovanni Bellini 7.2 Giorgione and Titian 8 Influence of Italian Renaissance painting 9 See also 10 Notes and references 11 Bibliography 11.1 General 11.2 Painters Influences ( edit ) Masaccio , The Tribute Money for the Brancacci , a fresco cycle that had great influence upon subsequent artists Domenico Ghirlandaio , The Birth of the Virgin Mary , shows the introduction of patron 's families into religious cycles . Main article : Renaissance Main article : Renaissance architecture The influences upon the development of Renaissance painting in Italy are those that also affected Philosophy , Literature , Architecture , Theology , Science , Government and other aspects of society . The following is a summary of points dealt with more fully in the main articles that are cited above . Philosophy ( edit ) A number of Classical texts , that had been lost to Western European scholars for centuries , became available . These included Philosophy , Poetry , Drama , Science , a thesis on the Arts and Early Christian Theology . The resulting interest in Humanist philosophy meant that man 's relationship with humanity , the universe and with God was no longer the exclusive province of the Church . A revived interest in the Classics brought about the first archaeological study of Roman remains by the architect Brunelleschi and sculptor Donatello . The revival of a style of architecture based on classical precedents inspired a corresponding classicism in painting , which manifested itself as early as the 1420s in the paintings of Masaccio and Paolo Uccello . Science and technology ( edit ) Simultaneous with gaining access to the Classical texts , Europe gained access to advanced mathematics which had its provenance in the works of Byzantine and Islamic scholars . The advent of movable type printing in the 15th century meant that ideas could be disseminated easily , and an increasing number of books were written for a broad public . The development of oil paint and its introduction to Italy had lasting effects on the art of painting . Society ( edit ) The establishment of the Medici Bank and the subsequent trade it generated brought unprecedented wealth to a single Italian city , Florence . Cosimo de ' Medici set a new standard for patronage of the arts , not associated with the church or monarchy . The serendipitous presence within the region of Florence of certain individuals of artistic genius , most notably Giotto , Masaccio , Brunelleschi , Piero della Francesca , Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo , formed an ethos that supported and encouraged many lesser artists to achieve work of extraordinary quality . A similar heritage of artistic achievement occurred in Venice through the talented Bellini family , their influential inlaw Mantegna , Giorgione , Titian and Tintoretto . Themes ( edit ) See also : Themes in Italian Renaissance painting Paolo Uccello , The Battle of San Romano , demonstrates the preoccupation with the development of linear perspective , in a secular subject Sandro Botticelli , Primavera , showing a Classical allegory for a private patron Much painting of the Renaissance period was commissioned by or for the Catholic Church . These works were often of large scale and were frequently cycles painted in fresco of the Life of Christ , the Life of the Virgin or the life of a saint , particularly St. Francis of Assisi . There were also many allegorical paintings on the theme of Salvation and the role of the Church in attaining it . Churches also commissioned altarpieces , which were painted in tempera on panel and later in oil on canvas . Apart from large altarpieces , small devotional pictures were produced in very large numbers , both for churches and for private individuals , the most common theme being the Madonna and Child . Throughout the period , civic commissions were also important . Local government buildings were decorated with frescoes and other works both secular , such as Ambrogio Lorenzetti 's The Allegory of Good and Bad Government , and religious , such as Simone Martini 's fresco of the Maestà , in the Palazzo Pubblico , Siena . Portraiture was uncommon in the 14th and early 15th centuries , mostly limited to civic commemorative pictures such as the equestrian portraits of Guidoriccio da Fogliano by Simone Martini , 1327 , in Siena and , of the early 15th century , John Hawkwood by Uccello in Florence Cathedral and its companion portraying Niccolò da Tolentino by Andrea del Castagno . During the 15th century portraiture became common , initially often formalised profile portraits but increasingly three - quarter face , bust - length portraits . Patrons of art works such as altarpieces and fresco cycles often were included in the scenes , a notable example being the inclusion of the Sassetti and Medici families in Domenico Ghirlandaio 's cycle in the Sassetti Chapel . Portraiture was to become a major subject for High Renaissance painters such as Raphael and Titian and continue into the Mannerist period in works of artists such as Bronzino . With the growth of Humanism , artists turned to Classical themes , particularly to fulfill commissions for the decoration of the homes of wealthy patrons , the best known being Botticelli 's Birth of Venus for the Medici . Increasingly , Classical themes were also seen as providing suitable allegorical material for civic commissions . Humanism also influenced the manner in which religious themes were depicted , notably on Michelangelo 's Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel . Other motifs were drawn from contemporary life , sometimes with allegorical meaning , some sometimes purely decorative . Incidents important to a particular family might be recorded like those in the Camera degli Sposi that Mantegna painted for the Gonzaga family at Mantua . Increasingly , still lifes and decorative scenes from life were painted , such as the Concert by Lorenzo Costa of about 1490 . Important events were often recorded or commemorated in paintings such as Uccello 's Battle of San Romano , as were important local religious festivals . History and historic characters were often depicted in a way that reflected on current events or on the lives of current people . Portraits were often painted of contemporaries in the guise of characters from history or literature . The writings of Dante , Voragine 's Golden Legend and Boccaccio 's Decameron were important sources of themes . In all these subjects , increasingly , and in the works of almost all painters , certain underlying painterly practices were being developed : the observation of nature , the study of anatomy , of light , and perspective . Proto - Renaissance painting ( edit ) Duccio di Buoninsegna : Madonna and Child c. 1280 National Gallery , London , is Byzantine in style . Traditions of 13th - century Tuscan painting ( edit ) The art of the region of Tuscany in the late 13th century was dominated by two masters of the Byzantine style , Cimabue of Florence and Duccio of Siena . Their commissions were mostly religious paintings , several of them being very large altarpieces showing the Madonna and Child . These two painters , with their contemporaries , Guido of Siena , Coppo di Marcovaldo and the mysterious painter upon whose style the school may have been based , the so - called Master of St Bernardino , all worked in a manner that was highly formalised and dependent upon the ancient tradition of icon painting . In these tempera paintings many of the details were rigidly fixed by the subject matter , the precise position of the hands of the Madonna and Christ Child , for example , being dictated by the nature of the blessing that the painting invoked upon the viewer . The angle of the Virgin 's head and shoulders , the folds in her veil , and the lines with which her features were defined had all been repeated in countless such paintings . Cimabue and Duccio took steps in the direction of greater naturalism , as did their contemporary , Pietro Cavallini of Rome . Giotto ( edit ) Giotto : The Lamentation , c. 1305 , Scrovegni Chapel , foreshadows the Renaissance . Giotto , ( 1266 -- 1337 ) , by tradition a shepherd boy from the hills north of Florence , became Cimabue 's apprentice and emerged as the most outstanding painter of his time . Giotto , possibly influenced by Pietro Cavallini and other Roman painters , did not base the figures he painted upon any painterly tradition , but upon the observation of life . Unlike those of his Byzantine contemporaries , Giotto 's figures are solidly three - dimensional ; they stand squarely on the ground , have discernible anatomy and are clothed in garments with weight and structure . But more than anything , what set Giotto 's figures apart from those of his contemporaries are their emotions . In the faces of Giotto 's figures are joy , rage , despair , shame , spite and love . The cycle of frescoes of the Life of Christ and the Life of the Virgin that he painted in the Scrovegni Chapel in Padua set a new standard for narrative pictures . His Ognissanti Madonna hangs in the Uffizi Gallery , Florence , in the same room as Cimabue 's Santa Trinita Madonna and Duccio 's Ruccellai Madonna where the stylistic comparisons between the three can easily be made . One of the features apparent in Giotto 's work is his observation of naturalistic perspective . He is regarded as the herald of the Renaissance . Taddeo Gaddi : Annunciation to the Shepherds ( detail ) , Santa Croce Giotto 's contemporaries ( edit ) Giotto had a number of contemporaries who were either trained and influenced by him , or whose observation of nature had led them in a similar direction . Although several of Giotto 's pupils assimilated the direction that his work had taken , none was to become as successful as he . Taddeo Gaddi achieved the first large painting of a night scene in an Annunciation to the Shepherds in the Baroncelli Chapel of the Church of Santa Croce , Florence . The paintings in the Upper Church of the Basilica of St. Francis , Assisi , are examples of naturalistic painting of the period , often ascribed to Giotto himself , but more probably the work of artists surrounding Pietro Cavallini . A late painting by Cimabue in the Lower Church at Assisi , of the Madonna and St. Francis , also clearly shows greater naturalism than his panel paintings and the remains of his earlier frescoes in the upper church . Mortality and redemption ( edit ) Orcagna : The Triumph of Death ( detail ) , c. 1350 , Museum of Santa Croce A common theme in the decoration of Medieval churches was the Last Judgement , which in northern European churches frequently occupies a sculptural space above the west door , but in Italian churches such as Giotto 's Scrovegni Chapel , is painted on the inner west wall . The Black Death of 1348 caused its survivors to focus on the need to approach death in a state of penitence and absolution . The inevitability of death , the rewards for the penitent and the penalties of sin were emphasised in a number of frescoes , remarkable for their grim depictions of suffering and their surreal images of the torments of Hell . These include the Triumph of Death by Giotto 's pupil Orcagna , now in a fragmentary state at the Museum of Santa Croce , and the Triumph of Death in the Camposanto Monumentale at Pisa by an unknown painter , perhaps Francesco Traini or Buonamico Buffalmacco who worked on the other three of a series of frescoes on the subject of Salvation . It is unknown exactly when these frescoes were begun but it is generally presumed they post-date 1348 . Two important fresco painters were active in Padua in the late 14th century , Altichiero and Giusto de ' Menabuoi . Giusto 's masterpiece , the decoration of the Cathedral 's Baptistery , follows the theme of humanity 's Creation , Downfall and Salvation , also having a rare Apocalypse cycle in the small chancel . While the whole work is exceptional for its breadth , quality and intact state , the treatment of human emotion is conservative by comparison with that of Altichiero 's Crucifixion at the Basilica of Sant'Antonio , also in Padua . Giusto 's work relies on formalised gestures , where Altichiero relates the incidents surrounding Christ 's death with great human drama and intensity . Simone Martini : The Annunciation , 1333 , Uffizi , is International Gothic in style . In Florence , at the Spanish Chapel of Santa Maria Novella , Andrea Bonaiuti was commissioned to emphasise the role of the Church in the redemptive process , and that of the Dominican Order in particular . His fresco Allegory of the Active and Triumphant Church is remarkable for its depiction of Florence Cathedral , complete with the dome which was not built until the following century . International Gothic ( edit ) During the later 14th century , International Gothic was the style that dominated Tuscan painting . It can be seen to an extent in the work of Pietro and Ambrogio Lorenzetti , which is marked by a formalized sweetness and grace in the figures , and Late Gothic gracefulness in the draperies . The style is fully developed in the works of Simone Martini and Gentile da Fabriano , which have an elegance and a richness of detail , and an idealised quality not compatible with the starker realities of Giotto 's paintings . In the early 15th century , bridging the gap between International Gothic and the Renaissance are the paintings of Fra Angelico , many of which , being altarpieces in tempera , show the Gothic love of elaboration , gold leaf and brilliant colour . It is in his frescoes at his convent of Sant ' Marco that Fra Angelico shows himself the artistic disciple of Giotto . These devotional paintings , which adorn the cells and corridors inhabited by the friars , represent episodes from the life of Jesus , many of them being scenes of the Crucifixion . They are starkly simple , restrained in colour and intense in mood as the artist sought to make spiritual revelations a visual reality . Early Renaissance painting ( edit ) Ghiberti : competition entry for the Baptistry Doors Ghiberti : The Gates of Paradise Florence , 1401 ( edit ) The earliest truly Renaissance images in Florence date from the first year of the century known in Italian as Quattrocento , synonymous with the Early Renaissance . At that date a competition was held to find an artist to create a pair of bronze doors for the Baptistry of St. John , the oldest remaining church in the city . The Baptistry is a large octagonal building in the Romanesque style , whose origins had been forgotten and which was popularly believed to date from Roman times . The interior of its dome is decorated with an enormous mosaic figure of Christ in Majesty thought to have been designed by Coppo di Marcovaldo . It has three large portals , the central one being filled at that time by a set of doors created by Andrea Pisano eighty years earlier . Pisano 's doors were divided into 28 quatrefoil compartments , containing narratives scenes from the Life of John the Baptist . The competitors , of which there were seven young artists , were each to design a bronze panel of similar shape and size , representing the Sacrifice of Isaac . Two of the panels have survived , that by Lorenzo Ghiberti and that by Brunelleschi . Each panel shows some strongly classicising motifs indicating the direction that art and philosophy were moving , at that time . Ghiberti has used the naked figure of Isaac to create a small sculpture in the Classical style . He kneels on a tomb decorated with acanthus scrolls that are also a reference to the art of Ancient Rome . In Brunelleschi 's panel , one of the additional figures included in the scene is reminiscent of a well - known Roman bronze figure of a boy pulling a thorn from his foot . Brunelleschi 's creation is challenging in its dynamic intensity . Less elegant than Ghiberti 's , it is more about human drama and impending tragedy . Ghiberti won the competition . His first set of Baptistry doors took 27 years to complete , after which he was commissioned to make another . In the total of 50 years that Ghiberti worked on them , the doors provided a training ground for many of the artists of Florence . Being narrative in subject and employing not only skill in arranging figurative compositions but also the burgeoning skill of linear perspective , the doors were to have an enormous influence on the development of Florentine pictorial art . They were a unifying factor , a source of pride and camaraderie for both the city and its artists . Michelangelo was to call them the Gates of Paradise . Masolino : Adam and Eve Masaccio : Adam and Eve Brancacci Chapel ( edit ) Main article : Brancacci Chapel In 1426 two artists commenced painting a fresco cycle of the Life of St. Peter in the chapel of the Brancacci family , at the Carmelite Church in Florence . They both were called by the name of Tommaso and were nicknamed Masaccio and Masolino , Slovenly Tom and Little Tom . More than any other artist , Masaccio recognized the implications in the work of Giotto . He carried forward the practice of painting from nature . His paintings demonstrate an understanding of anatomy , of foreshortening , of linear perspective , of light and the study of drapery . Among his works , the figures of Adam and Eve being expelled from Eden , painted on the side of the arch into the chapel , are renowned for their realistic depiction of the human form and of human emotion . They contrast with the gentle and pretty figures painted by Masolino on the opposite side of Adam and Eve receiving the forbidden fruit . The painting of the Brancacci Chapel was left incomplete when Masaccio died at 26 . The work was later finished by Filippino Lippi . Masaccio 's work became a source of inspiration to many later painters , including Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo . Development of linear perspective ( edit ) Paolo Uccello : The Presentation of the Virgin shows his experiments with perspective and light . During the first half of the 15th century , the achieving of the effect of realistic space in a painting by the employment of linear perspective was a major preoccupation of many painters , as well as the architects Brunelleschi and Alberti who both theorised about the subject . Brunelleschi is known to have done a number of careful studies of the piazza and octagonal baptistery outside Florence Cathedral and it is thought he aided Masaccio in the creation of his famous trompe l'oeil niche around the Holy Trinity he painted at Santa Maria Novella . According to Vasari , Paolo Uccello was so obsessed with perspective that he thought of little else and experimented with it in many paintings , the best known being the three Battle of San Romano pictures which use broken weapons on the ground , and fields on the distant hills to give an impression of perspective . In the 1450s Piero della Francesca , in paintings such as The Flagellation of Christ , demonstrated his mastery over linear perspective and also over the science of light . Another painting exists , a cityscape , by an unknown artist , perhaps Piero della Francesca , that demonstrates the sort of experiment that Brunelleschi had been making . From this time linear perspective was understood and regularly employed , such as by Perugino in his Christ Giving the Keys to St. Peter in the Sistine Chapel . Piero della Francesca : The Flagellation demonstrates the artist 's control over both perspective and light . Understanding of light ( edit ) Giotto used tonality to create form . Taddeo Gaddi in his nocturnal scene in the Baroncelli Chapel demonstrated how light could be used to create drama . Paolo Uccello , a hundred years later , experimented with the dramatic effect of light in some of his almost monochrome frescoes . He did a number of these in terra verde or `` green earth '' , enlivening his compositions with touches of vermilion . The best known is his equestrian portrait of John Hawkwood on the wall of Florence Cathedral . Both here and on the four heads of prophets that he painted around the inner clockface in the cathedral , he used strongly contrasting tones , suggesting that each figure was being lit by a natural light source , as if the source was an actual window in the cathedral . Piero della Francesca carried his study of light further . In the Flagellation he demonstrates a knowledge of how light is proportionally disseminated from its point of origin . There are two sources of light in this painting , one internal to a building and the other external . Of the internal source , though the light itself is invisible , its position can be calculated with mathematical certainty . Leonardo da Vinci was to carry forward Piero 's work on light . The Madonna ( edit ) Andrea and Giovanni della Robbia : Madonna and Child Filippo Lippi : Madonna and Child , 1459 The Blessed Virgin Mary , revered by the Catholic Church worldwide , was particularly evoked in Florence , where there was a miraculous image of her on a column in the corn market and where both the Cathedral of `` Our Lady of the Flowers '' and the large Dominican church of Santa Maria Novella were named in her honour . The miraculous image in the corn market was destroyed by fire , but replaced with a new image in the 1330s by Bernardo Daddi , set in an elaborately designed and lavishly wrought canopy by Orcagna . The open lower storey of the building was enclosed and dedicated as Orsanmichele . Depictions of the Madonna and Child were a very popular art form in Florence . They took every shape from small mass - produced terracotta plaques to magnificent altarpieces such as those by Cimabue , Giotto and Masaccio . In the 15th and first half of the 16th centuries , one workshop more than any other dominated the production of Madonnas . They were the della Robbia family , and they were not painters but modellers in clay . Luca della Robbia , famous for his cantoria gallery at the cathedral , was the first sculptor to use glazed terracotta for large sculptures . Many of the durable works of this family have survived . The skill of the della Robbias , particularly Andrea della Robbia , was to give great naturalism to the babies that they modelled as Jesus , and expressions of great piety and sweetness to the Madonna . They were to set a standard to be emulated by other artists of Florence . Among those who painted devotional Madonnas during the Early Renaissance are Fra Angelico , Fra Filippo Lippi , Verrocchio and Davide Ghirlandaio . The custom was continued by Botticelli who produced a series of Madonnas over a period of twenty years for the Medici ; Perugino , whose Madonnas and saints are known for their sweetness and Leonardo da Vinci , for whom a number of small attributed Madonnas such as the Benois Madonna have survived . Even Michelangelo who was primarily a sculptor , was persuaded to paint the Doni Tondo , while for Raphael , they are among his most popular and numerous works . Early Renaissance painting in other parts of Italy ( edit ) Mantegna : The Gonzaga family ( detail ) Andrea Mantegna in Padua and Mantua ( edit ) One of the most influential painters of northern Italy was Andrea Mantegna of Padua , who had the good fortune to be in his teen years at the time in which the great Florentine sculptor Donatello was working there . Donatello created the enormous equestrian bronze , the first since the Roman Empire , of the condotiero Gattemelata , still visible on its plinth in the square outside the Basilica of Sant'Antonio . He also worked on the high altar and created a series of bronze panels in which he achieved a remarkable illusion of depth , with perspective in the architectural settings and apparent roundness of the human form all in very shallow relief . At only 17 years old , Mantegna accepted his first commission , fresco cycles of the Lives of Saints James and Christopher for the Eremitani Chapel , near the Scrovegni Chapel in Padua . Unfortunately the building was mostly destroyed during World War II , and they are only known from photographs which reveal an already highly developed sense of perspective and a knowledge of antiquity , for which the ancient University of Padua had become well known , early in the 15th century . Mantegna 's last work in Padua was a monumental San Zeno altarpiece , created for the abbot of the Basilica of San Zeno , Verona from 1457 to 1459 . This polyptych of which the predella panels are particularly notable for the handling of landscape elements , was to influence the further development of Renaissance art in Northern Italy including artists of the school of Verona , Francesco Morone , Liberale da Verona and Girolamo dai Libri . Mantegna 's most famous work is the interior decoration of the Camera degli Sposi for the Gonzaga family in Mantua , dated about 1470 . The walls are frescoed with scenes of the life of the Gonzaga family , talking , greeting a younger son and his tutor on their return from Rome , preparing for a hunt and other such scenes that make no obvious reference to matters historic , literary , philosophic or religious . They are remarkable for simply being about family life . The one concession is the scattering of jolly winged cherubs who hold up plaques and garlands and clamber on the illusionistic pierced balustrade that surrounds a trompe l'oeil view of the sky that decks the ceiling of the chamber . Cosmè Tura in Ferrara ( edit ) While Mantegna was working for the Gonzagas in Mantua , a very different painter was being employed to design an even more ambitious scheme for the Este family of Ferrara . Cosmè Tura 's painting is highly distinctive , both strangely Gothic yet Classicising at the same time . Tura poses Classical figures as if they were saints , surrounds them with luminous symbolic motifs of surreal perfection and clothes them in garments that appear to be crafted out of intricately folded and enamelled copper . Francesco del Cossa : The Triumph of Venus for the d'Este family Borso d'Este 's family had constructed a large banquetting hall and suite known as the Palazzo Schifanoia . Borso , according to Tura 's personal records , employed him in 1470 to design the decorative scheme for the banquetting hall , to be executed by Francesco del Cossa and Ercole de ' Roberti . The scheme is both symbolically complex and elaborate in execution . The overriding theme is the Cycle of the Year as represented by the signs of the zodiac accompanied by the mysterious Deans each ruling ten days of the month . Above them , seated in a spectacular array of chariots drawn by lions , eagles , unicorns and other such beasts , are twelve Roman deities with their various attributes . In the lower tiers , as in the Camera degli Sposi , are shown the life of the family . For the month of March , for example , the figure of Minerva , Goddess of Wisdom , is represented and in the panel beneath Borso d'Este is administering justice , while in the distance workers are pruning vines . Although areas of the frescoes are very badly damaged to the extent that the subject can no longer be identified , and although there are several different hands apparent in the works , there appears to be a consistency in the design of every remaining scene that shows the overriding eccentric style of Cosmè Tura . Antonello da Messina : St Jerome in his study Gentile Bellini : Madonna and Child Enthroned Antonello da Messina ( edit ) In 1442 Alfonso V of Aragon became ruler of Naples , bringing with him a collection of Flemish paintings and setting up a Humanist Academy . The painter Antonello da Messina seems to have had access to the King 's collection , which may have included the works of Jan van Eyck . He seems to have been exposed to Flemish painting at a date earlier than the Florentines , to have quickly seen the potential of oils as a medium and then painted in nothing else . He carried the technique north to Venice with him , where it was soon adopted by Giovanni Bellini and became the favoured medium of the maritime republic where the art of fresco had never been a great success . Antonello da Messina painted mostly small meticulous portraits in glowing colours . But one of his most famous works also demonstrates his superior ability at handling linear perspective and light . This is the small painting of St. Jerome in His Study , in which the composition is framed by a late Gothic arch , through which is viewed an interior , domestic on one side and ecclesiastic on the other , in the centre of which the saint sits in a wooden corral surrounded by his possessions while his lion prowls in the shadows on the tiled floor . The way the light streams in through every door and window casting both natural light and reflected light across the architecture and all the objects would have excited Piero della Francesca . Antonello 's work influenced both Gentile Bellini , who did a series of paintings of Miracles of Venice for the Scuola di Santa Croce , and his more famous brother , Giovanni , one of the most significant painters of the High Renaissance in Northern Italy . High Renaissance ( edit ) Patronage and Humanism ( edit ) Botticelli : The Birth of Venus for the Medici In Florence , in the later 15th century , most works of art , even those that were done as decoration for churches , were generally commissioned and paid for by private patrons . Much of the patronage came from the Medici family , or those who were closely associated with or related to them , such as the Sassetti , the Ruccellai and the Tornabuoni . In the 1460s Cosimo de ' Medici the Elder had established Marsilio Ficino as his resident Humanist philosopher , and facilitated his translation of Plato and his teaching of Platonic philosophy , which focused on humanity as the centre of the natural universe , on each person 's personal relationship with God , and on fraternal or `` platonic '' love as being the closest that a person could get to emulating or understanding the love of God . In the Medieval period , everything related to the Classical period was perceived as associated with paganism . In the Renaissance it came increasingly to be associated with enlightenment . The figures of Classical mythology began to take on a new symbolic role in Christian art and in particular , the Goddess Venus took on a new discretion . Born fully formed , by a sort of miracle , she was the new Eve , symbol of innocent love , or even , by extension , a symbol of the Virgin Mary herself . We see Venus in both these roles in the two famous tempera paintings that Botticelli did in the 1480s for Cosimo 's nephew , Pierfrancesco Medici , the Primavera and the Birth of Venus . Meanwhile , Domenico Ghirlandaio , a meticulous and accurate draughtsman and one of the finest portrait painters of his age , executed two cycles of frescoes for Medici associates in two of Florence 's larger churches , the Sassetti Chapel at Santa Trinita and the Tornabuoni Chapel at Santa Maria Novella . In these cycles of the Life of St Francis and the Life of the Virgin Mary and Life of John the Baptist there was room for portraits of patrons and of the patrons ' patrons . Thanks to Sassetti 's patronage , there is a portrait of the man himself , with his employer , Lorenzo il Magnifico , and Lorenzo 's three sons with their tutor , the Humanist poet and philosopher , Agnolo Poliziano . In the Tornabuoni Chapel is another portrait of Poliziano , accompanied by the other influential members of the Platonic Academy including Marsilio Ficino . Hugo van der Goes : The Portinari Altarpiece Ghirlandaio : The Sassetti Altarpiece Flemish influence ( edit ) From about 1450 , with the arrival in Italy of the Flemish painter Rogier van der Weyden and possibly earlier , artists were introduced to the medium of oil paint . Whereas both tempera and fresco lent themselves to the depiction of pattern , neither presented a successful way to represent natural textures realistically . The highly flexibly medium of oils , which could be made opaque or transparent , and allowed alteration and additions for days after it had been laid down , opened a new world of possibility to Italian artists . In 1475 a huge altarpiece of the Adoration of the Shepherds arrived in Florence . Painted by Hugo van der Goes at the behest of the Portinari family , it was shipped out from Bruges and installed in the Chapel of Sant ' Egidio at the hospital of Santa Maria Nuova . The altarpiece glows with intense reds and greens , contrasting with the glossy black velvet robes of the Portinari donors . In the foreground is a still life of flowers in contrasting containers , one of glazed pottery and the other of glass . The glass vase alone was enough to excite attention . But the most influential aspect of the triptych was the extremely natural and lifelike quality of the three shepherds with stubbly beards , workworn hands and expressions ranging from adoration to wonder to incomprehension . Domenico Ghirlandaio promptly painted his own version , with a beautiful Italian Madonna in place of the long - faced Flemish one , and himself , gesturing theatrically , as one of the shepherds . Papal commission ( edit ) In 1477 Pope Sixtus IV replaced the derelict old chapel at the Vatican in which many of the papal services were held . The interior of the new chapel , named the Sistine Chapel in his honour , appears to have been planned from the start to have a series of 16 large frescoes between its pilasters on the middle level , with a series of painted portraits of popes above them . In 1480 , a group of artists from Florence was commissioned with the work : Botticelli , Pietro Perugino , Domenico Ghirlandaio and Cosimo Rosselli . This fresco cycle was to depict Stories of the Life of Moses on one side of the chapel , and Stories of the Life of Christ on the other with the frescoes complementing each other in theme . The Nativity of Jesus and the Finding of Moses were adjacent on the wall behind the altar , with an altarpiece of the Assumption of the Virgin between them . These paintings , all by Perugino , were later destroyed to paint Michelangelo 's Last Judgement . Perugino : Christ Giving the Keys to Peter The remaining 12 pictures indicate the virtuosity that these artists had attained , and the obvious cooperation between individuals who normally employed very different styles and skills . The paintings gave full range to their capabilities as they included a great number of figures of men , women and children and characters ranging from guiding angels to enraged Pharaohs and the devil himself . Each painting required a landscape . Because of the scale of the figures that the artists agreed upon , in each picture , the landscape and sky take up the whole upper half of the scene . Sometimes , as in Botticelli 's scene of The Purification of the Leper , there are additional small narratives taking place in the landscape , in this case The Temptations of Christ . Perugino 's scene of Christ Giving the Keys to St. Peter is remarkable for the clarity and simplicity of its composition , the beauty of the figurative painting , which includes a self - portrait among the onlookers , and especially the perspective cityscape which includes reference to Peter 's ministry to Rome by the presence of two triumphal arches , and centrally placed an octagonal building that might be a Christian baptistry or a Roman Mausoleum . Leonardo da Vinci ( edit ) Leonardo , because of the scope of his interests and the extraordinary degree of talent that he demonstrated in so many diverse areas , is regarded as the archetypal `` Renaissance man '' . But it was first and foremost as a painter that he was admired within his own time , and as a painter , he drew on the knowledge that he gained from all his other interests . Leonardo da Vinci : The Last Supper Leonardo was a scientific observer . He learned by looking at things . He studied and drew the flowers of the fields , the eddies of the river , the form of the rocks and mountains , the way light reflected from foliage and sparkled in a jewel . In particular , he studied the human form , dissecting thirty or more unclaimed cadavers from a hospital in order to understand muscles and sinews . More than any other artist , he advanced the study of `` atmosphere '' . In his paintings such as the Mona Lisa and Virgin of the Rocks , he used light and shade with such subtlety that , for want of a better word , it became known as Leonardo 's `` sfumato '' or `` smoke '' . Simultaneous to inviting the viewer into a mysterious world of shifting shadows , chaotic mountains and whirling torrents , Leonardo achieved a degree of realism in the expression of human emotion , prefigured by Giotto but unknown since Masaccio 's Adam and Eve . Leonardo 's Last Supper , painted in the refectory of a monastery in Milan , became the benchmark for religious narrative painting for the next half millennium . Many other Renaissance artists painted versions of the Last Supper , but only Leonardo 's was destined to be reproduced countless times in wood , alabaster , plaster , lithograph , tapestry , crochet and table - carpets . Apart from the direct impact of the works themselves , Leonardo 's studies of light , anatomy , landscape , and human expression were disseminated in part through his generosity to a retinue of students . Michelangelo ( edit ) Michelangelo : The Creation of Adam In 1508 Pope Julius II succeeded in getting the sculptor Michelangelo to agree to continue the decorative scheme of the Sistine Chapel . The Sistine Chapel ceiling was constructed in such a way that there were twelve sloping pendentives supporting the vault that formed ideal surfaces on which to paint the Twelve Apostles . Michelangelo , who had yielded to the Pope 's demands with little grace , soon devised an entirely different scheme , far more complex both in design and in iconography . The scale of the work , which he executed single handed except for manual assistance , was titanic and took nearly five years to complete . The Pope 's plan for the Apostles would thematically have formed a pictorial link between the Old Testament and New Testament narratives on the walls , and the popes in the gallery of portraits . It is the twelve apostles , and their leader Peter as first Bishop of Rome , that make that bridge . But Michelangelo 's scheme went the opposite direction . The theme of Michelangelo 's ceiling is not God 's grand plan for humanity 's salvation . The theme is about humanity 's disgrace . It is about why humanity and the faith needed Jesus . Superficially , the ceiling is a Humanist construction . The figures are of superhuman dimension and , in the case of Adam , of such beauty that according to the biographer Vasari , it really looks as if God himself had designed the figure , rather than Michelangelo . But despite the beauty of the individual figures , Michelangelo has not glorified the human state , and he certainly has not presented the Humanist ideal of platonic love . In fact , the ancestors of Christ , which he painted around the upper section of the wall , demonstrate all the worst aspects of family relationships , displaying dysfunction in as many different forms as there are families . Vasari praised Michelangelo 's seemingly infinite powers of invention in creating postures for the figures . Raphael , who was given a preview by Bramante after Michelangelo had downed his brush and stormed off to Bologna in a temper , painted at least two figures in imitation of Michelangelo 's prophets , one at the church of Sant ' Agostino and the other in the Vatican , his portrait of Michelangelo himself in The School of Athens . Raphael ( edit ) With Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo , Raphael 's name is synonymous with the High Renaissance , although he was younger than Michelangelo by 18 years and Leonardo by almost 30 . It can not be said of him that he greatly advanced the state of painting as his two famous contemporaries did . Rather , his work was the culmination of all the developments of the High Renaissance . Raphael : The School of Athens , commissioned by Pope Julius II to decorate a suite now known as the Raphael Rooms in the Vatican Raphael had the good luck to be born the son of a painter , so his career path , unlike that of Michelangelo who was the son of minor nobility , was decided without a quarrel . Some years after his father 's death he worked in the Umbrian workshop of Perugino , an excellent painter and a superb technician . His first signed and dated painting , executed at the age of 21 , is the Betrothal of the Virgin , which immediately reveals its origins in Perugino 's Christ giving the Keys to Peter . Raphael was a carefree character who unashamedly drew on the skills of the renowned painters whose lifespans encompassed his . In his works the individual qualities of numerous different painters are drawn together . The rounded forms and luminous colours of Perugino , the lifelike portraiture of Ghirlandaio , the realism and lighting of Leonardo and the powerful draughtsmanship of Michelangelo became unified in the paintings of Raphael . In his short life he executed a number of large altarpieces , an impressive Classical fresco of the sea nymph , Galatea , outstanding portraits with two popes and a famous writer among them , and , while Michelangelo was painting the Sistine Chapel ceiling , a series of wall frescoes in the Vatican chambers nearby , of which the School of Athens is uniquely significant . This fresco depicts a meeting of all the most learned ancient Athenians , gathered in a grand classical setting around the central figure of Plato , whom Raphael has famously modelled upon Leonardo da Vinci . The brooding figure of Heraclitus who sits by a large block of stone , is a portrait of Michelangelo , and is a reference to the latter 's painting of the Prophet Jeremiah in the Sistine Chapel . His own portrait is to the right , beside his teacher , Perugino . But the main source of Raphael 's popularity was not his major works , but his small Florentine pictures of the Madonna and Christ Child . Over and over he painted the same plump calm - faced blonde woman and her succession of chubby babies , the most famous probably being La Belle Jardinière ( `` The Madonna of the Beautiful Garden '' ) , now in the Louvre . His larger work , the Sistine Madonna , used as a design for countless stained glass windows , has come , in the 21st century , to provide the iconic image of two small cherubs which has been reproduced on everything from paper table napkins to umbrellas . High Renaissance painting in Venice ( edit ) Giovanni Bellini ( edit ) Giovanni Bellini : The Brera Madonna Giovanni Bellini was the exact contemporary of his brother Gentile , his brother - in - law Mantegna and Antonello da Messina . Working most of his life in the studio of his brother , and strongly influenced by the crisp style of Mantegna , he does not appear to have produced an independently signed painting until he was in his late 50s . During the last 30 years of his life he was both extraordinarily productive and influential , having the guidance of both Giorgione and Titian . Bellini , like his much younger contemporary , Raphael , produced numerous small Madonnas in rich glowing colour , usually of more intense tonality than his Florentine counterpart . These Madonnas multiplied prolifically as they were reproduced by other members of the large Bellini studio , one tiny picture , The Circumcision of Christ existing in four or five almost identical versions . Traditionally , in the painting of altarpieces of the Madonna and Child , the enthroned figure of the Virgin is accompanied by saints , who stand in defined spaces , separated physically in the form of a polytych or defined by painted architectural boundaries . Piero della Francesca used the Classical niche as a setting for his enthroned Madonnas , as Masaccio had used it as the setting for his Holy Trinity at Santa Maria Novella . Piero grouped saints around the throne , in the architectural space . Bellini used this same form , known as Sacred conversations , in several of his later altarpieces such as that for the Venetian church of San Zaccaria . It is a masterful composition which extends the real architecture of the building into the illusionistic architecture of the painting , making the niche a sort of loggia opened up to the landscape and to daylight which streams across the figures of the Virgin and Child , the two female saints and the little angel who plays a viola making them brighter than the two elderly male saints who stand to the fore in the picture , Peter deep in thought and Jerome immersed in a book . Giorgione and Titian ( edit ) Giorgione : The Tempest Titian : Europa and the Bull Whilst the style of Giorgione 's painting clearly relates to that of his presumed master , Giovanni Bellini , his subject matter makes him one of the most original and abstruse artists of the Renaissance . One of his paintings , of a landscape known as The Tempest , with a semi-naked woman feeding a baby , a clothed man , some classical columns and a flash of lightning , perhaps represents Adam and Eve in their post-Eden days , or perhaps it does not . Another painting attributed to him and traditionally known as The Three Philosophers , may represent the Magi planning their journey in search of the infant Christ , but this is not certain either . One thing that appears to be certain is that Giorgione painted a female nude , the very first female nude that stands , or rather , lies , as a subject to be portrayed and admired for beauty alone . There are no need for Classical references in this painting , although in later nudes Titian , Velázquez , Veronese , Rembrandt , Rubens and even Manet saw fit to add some . They are the artistic heirs of Giorgione 's nude . On Giorgione 's premature death , Titian completed the painting and went on to paint a great many more naked women , most frequently , as Botticelli did , disguising them as goddesses and surrounding them with sylvan woods and starry skies to make perfect decoration for the walls of rich clientele . But it was as a painter of portraits that Titian excelled , his longevity allowing him to achieve far more , both in the way of production and in stylistic development than either Giorgione or his Florentine contemporary Raphael were able to . Titian gave the world images of Pietro Aretino and Pope Paul III and many other people of his day , perhaps his most powerful portrait being that of Doge Andrea Gritti , ruler of Venice , who looms large in the picture space , one huge hand clasping his heavily buttoned robe in a dynamic Expressionistic gesture . Titian is also renowned for his religious painting , his last work being a turbulent and abstracted Pietà . Influence of Italian Renaissance painting ( edit ) The lives of both Michelangelo and Titian extended well into the second half of the 16th century . Both saw their styles and those of Leonardo , Mantegna , Giovanni Bellini , Antonello da Messina and Raphael adapted by later painters to form a disparate style known as Mannerism , and move steadily towards the great outpouring of imagination and painterly virtuosity of the Baroque period . The artist who most extended the trends in Titian 's large figurative compositions is Tintoretto , although his personal manner was such that he only lasted nine days as Titian 's apprentice . Rembrandt 's knowledge of the works of both Titian and Raphael is apparent in his portraits . The direct influences of Leonardo and Raphael upon their own pupils was to effect generations of artists including Poussin and schools of Classical painters of the 18th and 19th centuries . Antonello da Messina 's work had a direct influence on Albrecht Dürer and Martin Schongauer and through the latter 's engravings , countless artists including the German , Dutch and English schools of stained glass makers extending into the early 20th century . Michelangelo 's Sistine Chapel ceiling and later The Last Judgment had direct influence on the figurative compositions firstly of Raphael and his pupils and then almost every subsequent 16th - century painter who looked for new and interesting ways to depict the human form . It is possible to trace his style of figurative composition through Andrea del Sarto , Pontormo , Bronzino , Parmigianino , Veronese , to el Greco , Carracci , Caravaggio , Rubens , Poussin and Tiepolo to both the Classical and the Romantic painters of the 19th century such as Jacques - Louis David and Delacroix . Under the influence of the Italian Renaissance painting , many modern academies of art , such as the Royal Academy , were founded , and it was specifically to collect the works of the Italian Renaissance that some of the world 's best known art collections , such as the National Gallery , London , were formed . The continuing influence of Italian Renaissance painting Titian : Portrait of Doge Andrea Gritti , Venetian , 16th century Diego Velázquez , Phillip IV of Spain , 17th century Joshua Reynolds , Baron Heathfield , Lord Warden of Gibraltar , 18th century William Orpen , Chef de l'Hôtel Chatham , 20th century See also ( edit ) Themes in Italian Renaissance painting Renaissance architecture Mannerism Lives of the Most Excellent Painters , Sculptors , and Architects Timeline of Italian artists to 1800 Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ e.g. Antonello da Messina who travelled from Sicily to Venice via Naples . ^ Jump up to : Frederick Hartt , A History of Italian Renaissance Art , ( 1970 ) ^ Jump up to : Michael Baxandall , Painting and Experience in Fifteenth Century Italy , ( 1974 ) Jump up ^ Margaret Aston , The Fifteenth Century , the Prospect of Europe , ( 1979 ) Jump up ^ Keith Christiansen , Italian Painting , ( 1992 ) Jump up ^ John White , Duccio , ( 1979 ) ^ Jump up to : Giorgio Vasari , Lives of the Artists , ( 1568 ) Jump up ^ All three are reproduced and compared at Italian Renaissance painting , development of themes ^ Jump up to : Sarel Eimerl , The World of Giotto , ( 1967 ) Jump up ^ Mgr . Giovanni Foffani , Frescoes by Giusto de ' Menabuoi , ( 1988 ) Jump up ^ Helen Gardner , Art through the Ages , ( 1970 ) ^ Jump up to : R.E. Wolf and R. Millen , Renaissance and Mannerist Art , ( 1968 ) ^ Jump up to : Ornella Casazza , Masaccio and the Brancacci Chapel , ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ Annarita Paolieri , Paolo Uccello , Domenico Veneziano , Andrea del Castagno , ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ Peter Murray and Pier Luigi Vecchi , Piero della Francesca , ( 1967 ) ^ Jump up to : Diana Davies , Harrap 's Illustrated Dictionary of Art and Artists , ( 1990 ) ^ Jump up to : Elena Lanzanova , trans . Giorgina Arcuri , Restoration Of Mantegna 'S San Zeno Altarpiece In Florence , Arcadja , ( 2008 - 06 - 23 ) , ( accessed : 2012 - 07 - 13 ) Jump up ^ metmuseum Madonna and Child with Saints Girolamo dai Libri ( Italian , Verona 1474 -- 1555 Verona ) , edit : 2000 -- 2012 Jump up ^ Schifanoia means `` disgust of annoyances '' , or `` Sans Souci '' , and indeed it lacks anything so commonplace as a kitchen so that all the food had to be transported . Jump up ^ Ranieri Varese , Il Palazzo di Schifanoia , ( 1980 ) Jump up ^ Ilan Rachum , The Renaissance , an Illustrated Encyclopedia , ( 1979 ) ^ Jump up to : Hugh Ross Williamson , Lorenzo the Magnificent , ( 1974 ) Jump up ^ Umberto Baldini , Primavera , ( 1984 ) ^ Jump up to : Giacometti , Massimo ( 1986 ) . The Sistine Chapel . ^ Jump up to : T.L. Taylor , The Vision of Michelangelo , Sydney University , ( 1982 ) Jump up ^ Gabriel Bartz and Eberhard König , Michelangelo , ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ Ludwig Goldschieder , Michelangelo , ( 1962 ) Jump up ^ Some sources identify this figure as Il Sodoma , but it is an older , grey - haired man , while Sodoma was in his 30s . Moreover , it strongly resembles several self - portraits of Perugino , who would have been about 60 at the time . Jump up ^ David Thompson , Raphael , the Life and Legacy , ( 1983 ) Jump up ^ Jean - Pierre Cuzin , Raphael , his Life and Works , ( 1985 ) Jump up ^ Olivari , Mariolina ( 1990 ) . Giovanni Bellini . Jump up ^ Cecil Gould , Titian , ( 1969 ) Bibliography ( edit ) General ( edit ) Giorgio Vasari , Lives of the Artists , ( 1568 ) , 1965 edition , trans George Bull , Penguin , ISBN 0 - 14 - 044164 - 6 Frederick Hartt , A History of Italian Renaissance Art , ( 1970 ) Thames and Hudson , ISBN 0 - 500 - 23136 - 2 R.E. Wolf and R. Millen , Renaissance and Mannerist Art , ( 1968 ) Abrams , ISBN unknown Keith Christiansen , Italian Painting , ( 1992 ) Hugh Lauter Levin / Macmillan , ISBN 0883639718 Helen Gardner , Art through the Ages , ( 1970 ) Harcourt , Brace and World , ISBN 0 - 15 - 503752 - 8 Michael Baxandall , Painting and Experience in Fifteenth Century Italy , ( 1974 ) Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 881329 - 5 Margaret Aston , The Fifteenth Century , the Prospect of Europe , ( 1979 ) Thames and Hudson , ISBN 0 - 500 - 33009 - 3 Ilan Rachum , The Renaissance , an Illustrated Encyclopedia , ( 1979 ) Octopus , ISBN 0 - 7064 - 0857 - 8 Diana Davies , Harrap 's Illustrated Dictionary of Art and Artists , ( 1990 ) Harrap Books , ISBN 0 - 245 - 54692 - 8 Luciano Berti , Florence : the city and its art , ( 1971 ) Scala , ISBN unknown Rona Goffen , Renaissance Rivals : Michelangelo , Leonardo , Raphael , Titian , ( 2004 ) Yale University Press , ISBN 0300105894 Arnold Hauser , The Social History of Art , Vol. 2 : Renaissance , Mannerism , Baroque , ( 1999 ) Routledge , ISBN 0415199468 Luciano Berti , The Ufizzi , ( 1971 ) Scala , Florence . ISBN unknown Michael Wilson , The National Gallery , London , ( 1977 ) Scala , ISBN 0 - 85097 - 257 - 4 Hugh Ross Williamson , Lorenzo the Magnificent , ( 1974 ) Michael Joseph , ISBN 0 - 7181 - 1204 - 0 Sciacca , Christine ( 2012 ) . Florence at the Dawn of the Renaissance : Painting and Illumination , 1300 - 1500 . Getty Publications . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60606 - 126 - 8 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 20 . Painters ( edit ) John White , Duccio , ( 1979 ) Thames and Hudson , ISBN 0 - 500 - 09135 - 8 Cecilia Jannella , Duccio di Buoninsegna , ( 1991 ) Scala / Riverside , ISBN 1 - 878351 - 18 - 4 Sarel Eimerl , The World of Giotto , ( 1967 ) Time / Life , ISBN 0 - 900658 - 15 - 0 Mgr . Giovanni Foffani , Frescoes by Giusto de ' Menabuoi , ( 1988 ) G. Deganello , ISBN unknown Ornella Casazza , Masaccio and the Brancacci Chapel , ( 1990 ) Scala / Riverside , ISBN 1 - 878351 - 11 - 7 Annarita Paolieri , Paolo Uccello , Domenico Veneziano , Andrea del Castagno , ( 1991 ) Scala / Riverside , ISBN 1 - 878351 - 20 - 6 Alessandro Angelini , Piero della Francesca , ( 1985 ) Scala / Riverside , ISBN 1 - 878351 - 04 - 4 Peter Murray and Pier Luigi Vecchi , Piero della Francesca , ( 1967 ) Penguin , ISBN 0 - 14 - 008647 - 1 Umberto Baldini , Primavera , ( 1984 ) Abrams , ISBN 0 - 8109 - 2314 - 9 Ranieri Varese , Il Palazzo di Schifanoia , ( 1980 ) Specimen / Scala , ISBN unknown Angela Ottino della Chiesa , Leonardo da Vinci , ( 1967 ) Penguin , ISBN 0 - 14 - 008649 - 8 Jack Wasserman , Leonardo da Vinci , ( 1975 ) Abrams , ISBN 0 - 8109 - 0262 - 1 Massimo Giacometti , The Sistine Chapel , ( 1986 ) Harmony Books , ISBN 0 - 517 - 56274 - X Ludwig Goldschieder , Michelangelo , ( 1962 ) Phaidon , ISBN unknown Gabriel Bartz and Eberhard König , Michelangelo , ( 1998 ) Könemann , ISBN 3 - 8290 - 0253 - X David Thompson , Raphael , the Life and Legacy , ( 1983 ) BBC , ISBN 0 - 563 - 20149 - 5 Jean - Pierre Cuzin , Raphael , his Life and Works , ( 1985 ) Chartwell , ISBN 0 - 89009 - 841 - 7 Mariolina Olivari , Giovanni Bellini , ( 1990 ) Scala . ISBN unknown Cecil Gould , Titian , ( 1969 ) Hamlyn , ISBN unknown Timeline of Italian artists Art movements Medieval Early Christian Migration Period Anglo - Saxon Visigothic Pre-Romanesque Insular Viking Byzantine Merovingian Carolingian Ottonian Romanesque Norman - Sicilian Gothic ( International Gothic ) Renaissance Italian Renaissance Early Netherlandish German Renaissance Antwerp Mannerists Danube school High Renaissance Romanism Mannerism Fontainebleau Northern Mannerism Flemish Baroque 17th century Baroque Caravaggisti Classicism Dutch Golden Age 18th century Rococo Neoclassicism Romanticism 19th century Naïve Nazarene Realism / Realism Historicism Biedermeier Gründerzeit Barbizon school Pre-Raphaelites Academic Aestheticism Decadent Macchiaioli Art Nouveau Peredvizhniki Impressionism Post-Impressionism Neo-impressionism Divisionism Pointillism Cloisonnism Les Nabis Synthetism Kalighat painting Symbolism Hudson River School 20th century Arts and Crafts Fauvism Die Brücke Cubism Expressionism Neue Künstlervereinigung München Futurism Metaphysical art Rayonism Der Blaue Reiter Orphism Synchromism Vorticism Suprematism Ashcan Dada De Stijl Purism Bauhaus Kinetic art New Objectivity Neues Sehen Surrealism Neo-Fauvism Precisionism Scuola Romana Art Deco International Typographic Style Social realism Abstract expressionism Vienna School of Fantastic Realism Color Field Lyrical abstraction Tachisme COBRA Action painting New media art Letterist International Pop art Situationist International Lettrism Neo-Dada Op art Nouveau réalisme Art & Language Conceptual art Land art Systems art Video art Minimalism Fluxus Photorealism Performance art Installation art Endurance art Outsider art Neo-expressionism Lowbrow Young British Artists Amazonian pop art 21st century Art intervention Hyperrealism Neo-futurism Stuckism Sound art Superstroke Superflat Relational art Related articles List of art movements Feminist art movement ( in the US ) Modern art Modernism Late modernism Postmodern art Avant - garde Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italian_Renaissance_painting&oldid=831349294 '' Categories : Italian Renaissance painters Italian Renaissance Italian paintings Renaissance paintings Art history Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Español Bahasa Indonesia עברית 日本語 Português Русский Simple English ไทย Tiếng Việt 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 March 2018 , at 03 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is regarded as the first important artist of the italian renaissance	[ "The Proto-Renaissance begins with the professional life of the painter Giotto and includes Taddeo Gaddi, Orcagna and Altichiero. The Early Renaissance was marked by the work of Masaccio, Fra Angelico, Paolo Uccello, Piero della Francesca and Verrocchio. The High Renaissance period was that of Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael and Titian. The Mannerist period included Andrea del Sarto, Pontormo and Tintoretto. Mannerism is dealt with in a separate article." ]	[ "Giotto" ]
-6272186468350041985	Elisha Cuthbert	Elisha Cuthbert - wikipedia Elisha Cuthbert Jump to : navigation , search Elisha Cuthbert Cuthbert promoting 24 in 2009 Elisha Ann Cuthbert ( 1982 - 11 - 30 ) November 30 , 1982 ( age 34 ) Calgary , Alberta , Canada Residence Ottawa , Ontario , Canada Nationality Canadian Occupation Actress model Years active 1996 -- present Spouse ( s ) Dion Phaneuf ( m . 2013 ) Website Instagram Elisha Ann Cuthbert ( born November 30 , 1982 ) is a Canadian actress and model . She became known for playing Kim Bauer in the series 24 , Darcie Goldberg in the college comedy Old School , Danielle in the teen comedy film The Girl Next Door , and Carly Jones in the 2005 remake of House of Wax . In 2013 , Maxim magazine named her `` TV 's most beautiful woman '' . At the age of 14 , Cuthbert made her feature film debut in the 1997 family - drama Dancing on the Moon . Her first major lead role came in the 1998 drama film Airspeed ( No Control ) alongside Joe Mantegna . In 2001 , she starred in the movie Lucky Girl , in which she received her first award , the Gemini Awards , but her career began in earnest in the 2000s when she played Kim Bauer , daughter of Jack Bauer in the action series 24 . Subsequently , Cuthbert appeared in the lead role in the films The Quiet ( 2005 ) and Captivity ( 2007 ) . From 2011 to 2013 , Cuthbert starred as Alex Kerkovich in the three seasons of the ABC comedy Happy Endings . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 1994 -- 2000 2.2 2001 -- 07 2.3 2008 -- present 3 Public image 4 Personal life 4.1 Marriage 5 Filmography 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 5.3 Web 5.4 Music videos 5.5 Video games 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Elisha Ann Cuthbert was born November 30 , 1982 , in Calgary , Alberta , Canada , the daughter of Patricia , a housewife , and Kevin , an automotive design engineer . She grew up in Greenfield Park , Quebec . She also lived in Toronto , Ontario , before moving onto acting . In 2000 , she graduated from Centennial Regional High School and moved to Los Angeles at the age of 17 . Career ( edit ) 1994 -- 2000 ( edit ) When she was nine , Cuthbert started modelling children 's clothing and also became a foot model . She made her first televised appearance as an extra in the horror - themed series for children , Are You Afraid of the Dark ? ; she later became a regular on the show . Cuthbert co-hosted Popular Mechanics for Kids with Jay Baruchel , filmed in Montreal . Her reporting captured the attention of Hillary Clinton , who invited her to the White House . Cuthbert landed a role in a feature film in the family drama Dancing on the Moon ( 1997 ) . She appeared in other Canadian family films and in an airplane thriller , Airspeed . In 2000 , Cuthbert co-starred in Believe , a Canadian film with Ricky Mabe . The following year , she starred in the Canadian television movie , Lucky Girl , and was awarded a Gemini Award for her performance . 2001 -- 07 ( edit ) Cuthbert along with cast of 24 Soon after her move to Hollywood , she was cast as Kim Bauer , daughter of federal agent Jack Bauer , in the television series 24 . She appeared in the show 's first three seasons , but not in its fourth ; she guest - starred in two episodes in the fifth season . She also reprised her role as Kim Bauer in 24 : The Game and again guest - starred in five episodes of the seventh season and in two episodes of the eighth season . She began her Hollywood film career with small roles in Old School , which grossed $87 million . Her next film , Love Actually , earned $246.4 million worldwide . Her first break in a major film role was in 2004 , The Girl Next Door . She played an ex -- porn star , Danielle , opposite Emile Hirsch . She had reservations about the part , but was persuaded by director Luke Greenfield . She researched the role , speaking to adult actresses from Wicked Pictures and Vivid Entertainment . The film was compared to Risky Business , although Cuthbert said her character was not directly based on Rebecca De Mornay 's . Critics were divided ; some praised the film for boldness , others , notably Roger Ebert , called it gimmicky and exploitative . Ebert wrote that he saw Cuthbert 's character as `` quite the most unpleasant character I have seen in some time . '' The View London said : Cuthbert is surprisingly good , too -- aside from being drop dead gorgeous , she also proves herself a capable comic actress in the Cameron Diaz mould . ( Though , sadly , for those of you who like to know these things , her kit remains resolutely on throughout ) . Cuthbert won two nominations for the MTV Movie Awards for Best Kiss and Best Breakthrough Performance . Cuthbert and Joel Silver in promoting House of Wax at WonderCon in 2005 In her next film , Cuthbert starred with Paris Hilton and Chad Michael Murray in the 2005 remake of the horror film House of Wax . In one scene , her character attempted to open her mouth while her lips were sealed with glue . For realism , she used Superglue over prosthetics . House of Wax was largely panned , critics citing a range of flaws . It was called `` notable for having some of the most moronic protagonists ever to populate a horror film , '' though of those characters , critics tended to think Cuthbert `` fares the best . '' Though it received negative reviews the film was a box office success , which grossed $70 million worldwide . The Houston Chronicle cited Cuthbert as an exception . Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle said of the film , `` Elisha Cuthbert 's matter - of - fact , likable quality helps . Seeing her turn into wax would be as bad as seeing that happen to Glenda Farrell ( the star of the 1933 version ) . '' The Movie said : `` The performances are always professional and understated in their believable cogency , particularly Cuthbert , a talented , beautiful young actress who has proven time and again just what a multilayered and promising future she has ahead of her . Cuthbert digs into the role of Carly with strength , determination , and horrified realism ; you believe as you watch her that she is going through these things and forget all about the actor playing the part , which is the biggest compliment of all . Sergio Leone of Filmjerk.com said : `` Paris Hilton and only plays her known personality in the film . She 's overshadowed by the strong work from the rest of the cast , notably Chad Michael Murray and especially Elisha Cuthbert , who gives the film a strong dose of enthusiasm with her Jamie Lee Curtis esque performance . '' Cuthbert was nominated at Teen Choice Awards in two categories Choice Movie : Actress -- Action / Adventure / Thriller and Choice Movie : Rumble . Cuthbert at 24 Cuthbert 's next film was the indie film The Quiet . She was co-star and co-producer . She played Nina , a temperamental 17 - year - old cheerleader who suffers sexual abuse by her father . Cuthbert looked to her younger cousin as inspiration for how to play a teenager . The Quiet , distributed by Sony Pictures Classics , premiered at the 2005 Toronto International Film Festival and received a limited release in Los Angeles and New York City on August 25 , 2006 , before expanding regionally in the US on September 1 . Cuthbert initially wanted to play role of the silent Dot , but director Jamie Babbit instead cast Belle in that part after Thora Birch pulled out . Babbit reasoned that `` To me , Dot has to be someone you could believe would be invisible in high school . You look at Elisha , this beautiful woman with the most perfect body you 've ever seen , and you think , there 's no high school in America where this girl could be invisible . No matter how much hair and makeup I do , it 's not going to happen . '' The Daily Californian conceded that `` Despite the plot 's failings , Cuthbert does a convincing job in her role , exuding an outer shell so tough that when her inner , softer layers emerge , it 's a natural change of character . Empire Movies agreed , commenting that `` this is Elisha Cuthbert 's best film performance to date . Cuthbert 's Nina has the majority of the most graphic and disturbing dialogue in the film , especially during one particular lunchroom scene where the camera is close up on Cuthbert and Belle 's faces . '' Cuthbert appeared in the music video for Weezer 's `` Perfect Situation '' in early 2006 , playing the group 's fictional original singer who threw a tantrum that led to Rivers Cuomo , the roadie , becoming frontman of the band . She also had a small role in Paris Hilton 's music video for the song `` Nothing in This World '' . In 2007 , Cuthbert appeared in Captivity , a thriller centered on a fashion model taunted by a psychopath who has imprisoned her in a cellar , a role for which she was nominated for a Razzie award as Worst Actress and Teen Choice Awards for Choice Movie Actress : Horror / Thriller . The film grossed $10.9 million at the box office . The critic Stephen Whitty of the Newark Star - Ledger said , `` When , in the last few minutes , Cuthbert finally slipped her bonds and began looking for her tormentors , I knew exactly how she felt . '' The View London published : `` The Worst Cuthbert struggles to make her character sympathetic because the script does n't give her anything to work with , while Daniel Gillies is too creepy - looking to convince as a potential love interest . '' 2008 -- present ( edit ) In He Was a Quiet Man , Cuthbert played Vanessa , a quadriplegic , starring with Christian Slater . The film was in limited release in 2007 , and it was released on DVD in early 2008 . In 2008 , Cuthbert appeared in My Sassy Girl , a remake of a Korean film , starring with Jesse Bradford . Her next film was the family comedy , The Six Wives of Henry Lefay , with Tim Allen , in which she played his daughter . She starred in the Canadian miniseries Guns . She was a judge in season two , episode two of Project Runway Canada , in which designers were challenged to create a `` party dress '' for her . Cuthbert reprised her character Kim Bauer in the seventh season of 24 for five episodes . She was also to star in the CBS drama pilot Ny - Lon , playing a New York literacy teacher / record - store clerk who embarks on a transatlantic romance with a London stockbroker . The project , based on a British series starring Rashida Jones and Stephen Moyer , was canceled . In December 2009 , ABC said Cuthbert had joined the cast of The Forgotten in a recurring role as Maxine Denver , a Chicago professional . It was expected for Cuthbert to play the role of Trixie in sports action - comedy film Speed Racer ( 2008 ) , but Christina Ricci was eventually chosen . From April 2011 to May 2013 , Cuthbert starred as Alex Kerkovich for three seasons on the ABC ensemble comedy Happy Endings alongside Eliza Coupe , Zachary Knighton , Adam Pally , Damon Wayans Jr. and Casey Wilson . Despite critical acclaim and having a cult following , the show was cancelled by ABC after the conclusion of its third season on May 3 , 2013 . Cuthbert was nominated for the Online Film & Television Association Award in 2012 and 2013 in the category of `` Best Cast in a Comedy Series '' and TV Guide Awards for Favorite Cast , the series was also nominated for 28 other awards including the Satellite Awards for Best Series comedy television or music . Cuthbert 's performance also received positive reviews from critics . In 2013 , she was regarded as a promising contender for an Emmy Award in the Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series category , though she did not receive a nomination . Cuthbert at the 2015 Television Critics Association 's Press Tour In 2012 , Cuthbert was host of the American Music Awards . In October 2012 , she appeared in The Gaslight Anthem 's music video `` Here Comes My Man '' , playing the girlfriend of a man who mistreats her , until she imagines a romantic relationship with a character in a film and chooses to end her real relationship . In 2013 , she made the cover of Maxim , who named her TV 's Most Beautiful Woman . In February 2014 , Cuthbert signed to play the female lead role in Liz Feldman and Ellen DeGeneres ' new NBC sitcom pilot One Big Happy . Cuthbert stars as Lizzy , a lesbian who gets pregnant just as her straight male best friend Luke ( played by Nick Zano ) meets and marries the love of his life , Prudence . Six episodes of the show were ordered on May 9 , 2014 , and it debuted mid-season in early 2015 . The series was canceled after one season . In 2015 , Cuthbert joined Seann William Scott in a sequel to the 2011 comedy Goon . The new film , titled Goon : Last of the Enforcers , went into production in June in Toronto . Liev Schreiber and Alison Pill will also reprise their roles from the first film . In September 2015 , Netflix announced Cuthbert would join the cast of The Ranch , a comedy series . Public image ( edit ) Cuthbert at 97th Grey Cup in 2009 Since she began playing Kim Bauer , she has frequently made the magazines FHM and Maxim 's annual `` hottest women '' lists . Her highest ranking was No. 4 in the 2008 UK Edition of FHM 's 100 Sexiest Women in the World list . She was ranked No. 14 in 2003 , No. 10 in 2004 , No. 5 in 2005 , No. 22 in 2006 , No. 10 in 2007 and No. 7 in 2009 . The U.S. Edition ranked her No. 53 in 2003 , No. 63 in 2004 , and No. 54 in 2006 . She was not listed in the U.S. 2005 list . Cuthbert was ranked No. 10 by AskMen.com readers in the list `` Top 99 Women of 2007 . '' In Maxim 's Hot 100 list , she was ranked No. 84 in 2002 , No. 9 in 2003 , No. 21 in 2004 , No. 92 in 2006 , No. 25 in 2007 , No. 6 in 2008 , No. 43 in 2009 , No. 65 in 2011 , No. 34 in 2012 , and No. 10 in 2013 . The magazine also featured her in its Girls of Maxim Gallery . In 2013 , the magazine named her the Most Beautiful Woman in Television . BuddyTV ranked her No. 33 on its TV 's 100 Sexiest Women of 2011 list , No. 13 in 2012 and No. 30 in 2015 . Also includes she among The 15 Best Comedy Supporting Actresses of the 2011 -- 2012 TV Season and 2012 -- 2013 TV Season . The Canadian Business named her one of the most powerful Canadian in Hollywood , The New York Daily News listed her as one of the Sexiest Canadian celebrities of 2016 . Complex has ranked her in The 25 Hottest Canadian Women , The 100 Hottest Women of the 2000s , The 25 Hottest Blonde Bombshell Actresses and The 50 Hottest Celebrity Sports Fans . In 2013 , GQ magazine listed her among The 100 Hottest Women of the 21st Century and The 100 Sexiest Women of Millennium . Personal life ( edit ) Cuthbert has two younger siblings , Jonathan and Lee - Ann , and enjoys painting , is an ice hockey fan and Los Angeles Kings season - ticket holder . In 2005 , she maintained a blog on the NHL website , though she did not post for most of the season . Marriage ( edit ) Cuthbert and hockey star Dion Phaneuf announced their engagement in September 2012 , and they married on July 6 , 2013 at St. James Catholic Church in Summerfield , Prince Edward Island . Living in Ottawa during the hockey season , Cuthbert and Phaneuf spend their summers at Phaneuf 's waterfront estate outside New London , Prince Edward Island , in his parents ' home province . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role 1997 Dancing on the Moon Sarah 1997 Nico the Unicorn Carolyn Price 1998 Airspeed Nicole Stone 1999 Believe Katherine Winslowe 1999 Time at the Top Susan Shawson 2000 Who Gets the House ? Emily Reece 2003 Love Actually American Goddess Carol 2003 Old School Darcie Goldberg Girl Next Door , The The Girl Next Door Danielle 2005 House of Wax Carly Jones 2005 Quiet , The The Quiet Nina Deer 2007 Captivity Jennifer Tree 2007 He Was a Quiet Man Vanessa 2008 My Sassy Girl Jordan Roark 2008 Tim and Eric Awesome Show , Great Job ! Herself 2008 Guns Frances Dett 2009 Six Wives of Henry Lefay , The The Six Wives of Henry Lefay Barbara `` Barby '' Lefay 2014 Just Before I Go Penny Morgan 2017 Goon : Last of the Enforcers Mary Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1997 -- 2000 Popular Mechanics for Kids Herself Host 1999 -- 2000 Are You Afraid of the Dark ? Megan Main role , 24 episodes 2000 Mail to the Chief Madison Osgood Television movie 2001 Largo Winch Abby Episode : `` Dear Abby '' 2001 Lucky Girl Katlin Palmerson Television movie ; also known as My Daughter 's Secret Life 2001 -- 10 24 Kim Bauer Main role , 79 episodes MADtv Herself / Kim Bauer 1 episode : 24 parody 2008 NY - LON Edie Failed television pilot 2008 Family Guy New Bedford Season 7 , episode 6 Forgotten , The The Forgotten Maxine Denver Recurring role , 6 episodes 2011 -- 13 Happy Endings Alex Kerkovich Main role , 57 episodes 2013 24 / 7 Winter Classic : Toronto Maple Leafs vs. Detroit Red Wings Herself 2015 One Big Happy Lizzy Main role , 6 episodes 2016 -- present The Ranch Abby Recurring role Main role 2017 -- present Web ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2012 Happy Endings : Happy Rides Alex Kerkovich Directed 1 episode Music videos ( edit ) Year Title Artist Role 2005 `` Perfect Situation '' Weezer Lead Singer of `` Weeze '' 2006 `` Nothing in This World '' Paris Hilton Popular Girl 2012 `` Here Comes My Man '' The Gaslight Anthem Girlfriend 2015 `` Make Our Own Way '' Little Brutes This is used as the theme song to Elisha 's now cancelled show `` One Big Happy '' , the music video is basically about her , but the song is about something else . Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role 2006 24 : The Game Kim Bauer Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Work Result Ref 2001 Gemini Awards Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in a Dramatic Program or Mini-Series Lucky Girl Won 2002 Online Film Critics Society Best Cast in a Drama Series 24 Nominated 2003 Online Film Critics Society Best Cast in a Drama Series 24 Won 2003 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV : Female Breakout Star 24 Nominated 2003 Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award Best Ensemble Love Actually Won 2003 Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series 24 Nominated 2003 Online Film & Television Association Award Best Ensemble Love Actually Nominated 2005 MTV Movie Awards Best Kiss The Girl Next Door Nominated 2005 MTV Movie Awards Best Breakthrough Performance , Female Girl Next Door , The The Girl Next Door Nominated 2005 Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series 24 Nominated 2005 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Actress : Action / Thriller House of Wax Nominated 2005 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Rumble House of Wax Nominated 2006 Spike Video Game Awards Best Female Interpretation of a Supporting Character 24 : The Game Nominated 2006 Online Film & Television Association Award Best Cast in a Drama Series 24 Nominated 2007 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Actress : Horror / Thriller Captivity Nominated 2008 Golden Raspberry Awards Worst Actress Captivity Nominated 2009 Online Film & Television Association Award Best cast in drama series 24 Nominated 2012 Online Film & Television Association Award Best Ensemble in Comedy series Happy Endings Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Elisha Cuthbert Interpreta uma Lésbica Grávida na Série `` One Big Happy '' -- Mais Mulheres `` . 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Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : DiManno , Rosie ( July 6 , 2013 ) . `` Dion Phaneuf and Elisha Cuthbert tie knot in P.E.I. : DiManno '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved August 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ravitz , Justin ( July 8 , 2013 ) . `` Elisha Cuthbert Marries Dion Phaneuf : Her Wedding Dress Revealed ! '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved August 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Graeme ( July 5 , 2013 ) . `` Sleepy P.E.I. town braces for celebrity storm as Toronto Maple Leafs Captain Dion Phaneuf prepares to wed Canadian actress Elisha Cuthbert '' . National Post . Retrieved August 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rosser , Michael ( May 14 , 2008 ) . `` No go for US versions of Spaced and NY - LON '' . Broadcast . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.afterellen.com/tv/421113-rachael-cantu-on-little-brutes-and-writing-the-one-big-happy-theme-song Jump up ^ `` Online Film & Television Association '' . Retrieved June 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Online Film & Television Association '' . 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Jump up ^ Surette , Tim ( December 9 , 2006 ) . `` Oblivion nabs Spike TV top honors '' . GameSpot . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Online Film & Television Association '' . Retrieved June 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Joal ( January 21 , 2008 ) . `` News / Razzies Light in Lohan '' . E ! Online . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Online Film & Television Association '' . OFTA . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Elisha Cuthbert . Elisha Cuthbert on Twitter Elisha Cuthbert on IMDb VIAF : 15024380 LCCN : nr2003005430 ISNI : 0000 0001 0855 5017 GND : 137191340 SUDOC : 121122697 BNF : cb146127816 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elisha_Cuthbert&oldid=801397528 '' Categories : 1982 births Living people Actresses from Calgary Actresses from Quebec Anglophone Quebec people Canadian child actresses Canadian expatriate actresses in the United States Canadian female models Canadian film actresses Canadian television actresses People from Longueuil Canadian bloggers 20th - century Canadian actresses 21st - century Canadian actresses Women bloggers Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2017 Articles with hCards Twitter username same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Acèh Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Basa Banyumasan Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bikol Central Български Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig 한국어 Ido Igbo Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай - малкъар Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Malagasy Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Novial Occitan Piemontèis Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Русский Sardu Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 12 : 26 . 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-1442548177271130992	Greek Dark Ages	Greek Dark Ages - wikipedia Greek Dark Ages Jump to : navigation , search Greek Dark Ages Period Ancient Greece Dates c. 1100 -- c. 800 BC Preceded by Mycenaean Greece Followed by Archaic Greece Sparta Part of a series on the History of Greece Neolithic Greece ( show ) Neolithic Greece Greek Bronze Age ( show ) Helladic Cycladic Minoan Mycenaean Ancient Greece ( show ) Greek Dark Ages Archaic Greece Classical Greece Hellenistic Greece Roman Greece Medieval Greece ( show ) Byzantine Greece Frankish and Latin states Early modern Greece ( show ) Stato da Màr Ottoman Greece Modern Greece ( show ) Septinsular Republic War of Independence First Hellenic Republic Kingdom of Greece National Schism Second Hellenic Republic 4th of August Regime Axis occupation ( collaborationist regime ) Civil War Military Junta Third Hellenic Republic History by topic ( show ) Art Constitution Economy Military Names Greece portal The Greek Dark Age , also called Greek Dark Ages , Homeric Age ( named for the fabled poet , Homer ) or Geometric period ( so called after the characteristic Geometric art of the time ) , is the period of Greek history from the end of the Mycenaean palatial civilization around 1100 BC to the first signs of the Greek poleis , city states , in the 9th century BC . The archaeological evidence shows a widespread collapse of Bronze Age civilization in the Eastern Mediterranean world at the outset of the period , as the great palaces and cities of the Mycenaeans were destroyed or abandoned . Around then , the Hittite civilization suffered serious disruption and cities from Troy to Gaza were destroyed . Following the collapse , fewer and smaller settlements suggest famine and depopulation . In Greece , the Linear B writing of the Greek language used by Mycenaean bureaucrats ceased . The decoration on Greek pottery after about 1100 BC lacks the figurative decoration of Mycenaean ware and is restricted to simpler , generally geometric styles ( 1000 -- 700 BC ) . It was previously thought that all contact was lost between mainland Hellenes and foreign powers during this period , yielding little cultural progress or growth , but artifacts from excavations at Lefkandi on the Lelantine Plain in Euboea show that significant cultural and trade links with the east , particularly the Levant coast , developed from c. 900 BC onwards . Additionally , evidence has emerged of the new presence of Hellenes in sub-Mycenaean Cyprus and on the Syrian coast at Al Mina . Contents ( hide ) 1 Fall of Mycenaeans 2 Mediterranean warfare and Sea Peoples 3 Culture 4 Post-Mycenaean Cyprus 5 Society 6 Lefkandi burial 7 End 8 New writing system 9 Continuity thesis 10 See also 11 References 12 Bibliography Fall of Mycenaeans ( edit ) The Mycenaean civilization started to collapse from 1200 BC . Archaeology suggests that , around 1100 BC , the palace centres and outlying settlements of the Mycenaeans ' highly organized culture began to be abandoned or destroyed , and by 1050 BC , the recognizable features of Mycenaean culture had disappeared , and the population had decreased significantly . Many explanations attribute the fall of the Mycenaean civilization and the Bronze Age collapse to climatic or environmental catastrophe , combined with an invasion by Dorians or by the Sea Peoples , or to the widespread availability of edged weapons of iron , but no single explanation fits the available archaeological evidence . Mediterranean warfare and Sea Peoples ( edit ) Around this time large - scale revolts took place in several parts of the eastern Mediterranean , and attempts to overthrow existing kingdoms were made as a result of economic and political instability by surrounding people , who were already plagued with famine and hardship . Part of the Hittite kingdom was invaded and conquered by the so - called Sea Peoples , whose origins , perhaps from different parts of the Mediterranean such as the Black Sea , the Aegean and Anatolian regions , remain obscured . The 13th - and 12th - century inscriptions and carvings at Karnak and Luxor are the only sources for `` Sea Peoples '' , a term invented by the Egyptians themselves and recorded in boastful accounts of Egyptian military successes . For these so - called `` Sea Peoples '' , there is little more evidence than these inscriptions . The foreign countries ... made a conspiracy in their islands . All at once the lands were on the move , scattered in war . No country could stand before their arms ... . Their league was Peleset , Tjeker , Shekelesh , Denyen and Weshesh . A similar assemblage of peoples may have attempted to invade Egypt twice , once during the reign of Merneptah , about 1208 BC , and again during the reign of Ramesses III , about 1178 BC . Culture ( edit ) Geometric - style box in the shape of a barn . On display in the Ancient Agora Museum in Athens , housed in the Stoa of Attalus . From early geometric cremation burial of a pregnant wealthy woman , 850 BC . With the collapse of the palatial centres , no more monumental stone buildings were built and the practice of wall painting may have ceased ; writing in the Linear B script ceased , vital trade links were lost , and towns and villages were abandoned . Writing in the Linear B script ceased particularly because the redistributive economy had crashed , and there was no longer a need to keep records in Linear B script . The population of Greece was reduced , and the world of organized state armies , kings , officials , and redistributive systems disappeared . Most of the information about the period comes from burial sites and the grave goods contained within them . The fragmented , localized and autonomous cultures of reduced complexity are noted for such diversity of their material cultures in pottery styles ( conservative in Athens , eclectic at Knossos ) , burial practices and settlement structures . The pottery style , Proto - Geometric signaled the loss of previous designs that were more complex . These newer designs were simpler , including only lines and curves , signaling a simplified society . Generalizations about the `` Dark Age Society '' are generally considered false , because the various cultures throughout Greece can not be grouped into a large `` Dark Age Society '' category . Tholos tombs are found in early Iron Age Thessaly and in Crete but not in general elsewhere , and cremation is the dominant rite in Attica but nearby in the Argolid , it was inhumation . Some former sites of Mycenaean palaces , such as Argos or Knossos , continued to be occupied ; the fact that other sites experienced an expansive `` boom time '' of a generation or two before they were abandoned has been associated by James Whitley with the `` big - man social organization '' , which is based on personal charisma and is inherently unstable : he interprets Lefkandi in this light . Some regions in Greece , such as Attica , Euboea and central Crete , recovered economically from these events faster than others , but life for the poorest Greeks would have remained relatively unchanged as it had done for centuries . There was still farming , weaving , metalworking and pottery but at a lower level of output and for local use in local styles . Some technical innovations were introduced around 1050 BC with the start of the Proto - geometric style ( 1050 -- 900 BC ) , such as the superior pottery technology that included a faster potter 's wheel for superior vase shapes and the use of a compass to draw perfect circles and semicircles for decoration . Better glazes were achieved by higher temperature firing of clay . However , the overall trend was toward simpler , less intricate pieces and fewer resources being devoted to the creation of beautiful art . The smelting of iron was learned from Cyprus and the Levant and was exploited and improved upon by using local deposits of iron ore previously ignored by the Mycenaeans : edged weapons were now within reach of less elite warriors . Though the universal use of iron was one shared feature among Dark Age settlements , it is still uncertain when the forged iron weapons and armour achieved superior strength to those that had been previously cast and hammered from bronze . From 1050 , many small local iron industries appeared , and by 900 , almost all weapons in grave goods were made of iron . The distribution of the Ionic Greek dialect in historic times indicates early movement from the mainland of Greece to the Anatolian coast to such sites as Miletus , Ephesus , and Colophon , perhaps as early as 1000 , but the contemporaneous evidence is scant . In Cyprus , some archaeological sites begin to show identifiably Greek ceramics , a colony of Euboean Greeks was established at Al Mina on the Syrian coast , and a reviving Aegean Greek network of exchange can be detected from 10th - century Attic Proto - geometric pottery found in Crete and at Samos , off the coast of Asia Minor . Post-mycenaean Cyprus ( edit ) Finds form an early geometric Cremation Burial of a pregnant wealthy woman , from the N.W. of the Areopagus , about 850 BC , Ancient Agora Museum ( Athens ) ; exhibit 14 - 16 : broad gold finger rings ; exhibit 17 - 19 : gold finger rings ; 20 : pair of gold earrings with trapezoid endings Cyprus was inhabited by a mix of `` Pelasgians '' and Phoenicians , joined during this period by the first Greek settlements . Potters in Cyprus initiated the most elegant new pottery style of the 10th and 9th centuries , the `` Cypro - Phoenician '' `` black on red '' style of small flasks and jugs that held precious contents , probably scented oil . Together with distinctively Greek Euboean ceramic wares , it was widely exported and is found in Levantine sites , including Tyre and far inland in the late 11th and 10th centuries . Cypriot metalwork was exchanged in Crete . Society ( edit ) It is likely that Greece during this period was divided into independent regions organized by kinship groups and the oikoi or households , the origins of the later poleis . Excavations of Dark Age communities such as Nichoria in the Peloponnese have shown how a Bronze Age town was abandoned in 1150 BC but then reemerged as a small village cluster by 1075 BC . At this time there were only around forty families living there with plenty of good farming land and grazing for cattle . The remains of a 10th century building , including a megaron , on the top of the ridge have led to speculation that this was the chieftain 's house . This was a larger structure than those surrounding it but it was still made from the same materials ( mud brick and thatched roof ) . It was perhaps also a place of religious significance and of communal storage of food . High status individuals did in fact exist in the Dark Age , but their standard of living was not significantly higher than others of their village . Most Greeks did not live in isolated farmsteads but in small settlements . It is likely that , as at the dawn of the historical period two or three hundred years later , the main economic resource for each family was the ancestral plot of land of the oikos , the kleros or allotment ; without this a man could not marry . Lefkandi burial ( edit ) The Protogeometric building and the cemetery at Toumba Lefkandi Lefkandi on the island of Euboea was a prosperous settlement in the Late Bronze Age , possibly to be identified with old Eretria . It recovered quickly from the collapse of Mycenaean culture , and in 1981 excavators of a burial ground found the largest 10th - century building yet known from Greece . Sometimes called `` the heroon '' , this long narrow building , 50 metres by 10 metres , or about 150 feet by 30 feet , contained two burial shafts . In one were placed four horses and the other contained a cremated male buried with his iron weapons and an inhumed woman , heavily adorned with gold jewellery . The man 's bones were placed in a bronze jar from Cyprus , with hunting scenes on the cast rim . The woman was clad with gold coils in her hair , rings , gold breast plates , an heirloom necklace ( an elaborate Cypriot or Near Eastern necklace made some 200 -- 300 years before her burial ) and an ivory - handled dagger at her head . The horses appeared to have been sacrificed , some appearing to have iron bits in their mouths . No evidence survives to show whether the building was erected to house the burial , or whether the `` hero '' or local chieftain in the grave was cremated and then buried in his grand house ; whichever is true , the house was soon demolished and the debris used to form a roughly circular mound over the wall stumps . Within the next few years and down to about 820 BC , rich members of the community were cremated and buried close to the eastern end of the building , in much the same way as Christians might seek to be buried close to a saint 's grave ; the presence of imported objects , notable throughout more than eighty further burials , contrast with other nearby cemeteries at Lefkandi and attest to a lasting elite tradition . End ( edit ) Ancient Greek pair of terracotta boots . Early geometric period cremation burial of a woman , 900 BC . Ancient Agora Museum in Athens . The archaeological record of many sites demonstrates that the economic recovery of Greece was well advanced by the beginning of the 8th century BC . Both cemeteries such as the Kerameikos in Athens or Lefkandi and sanctuaries such as Olympia , recently founded Delphi or the Heraion of Samos , first of the colossal free - standing temples , are richly provided with offerings , including items from the Near East , from Egypt and from Italy made of exotic materials such as amber or ivory . Also , exports of Greek pottery demonstrate contact with the Levant coast at such sites as Al Mina and with the region of the Villanovan culture to the north of Rome . The decoration of pottery becomes more and more elaborate and includes figured scenes that parallel the stories of Homeric Epic . Iron tools and weapons become better in quality , while renewed Mediterranean trade must have brought new supplies of copper and tin to make a wide range of elaborate bronze objects , such as tripod stands like those offered as prizes in the funeral games celebrated by Achilles for Patroclus . Other coastal regions of Greece besides Euboea were once again full participants in the commercial and cultural exchanges of the eastern and central Mediterranean , while communities developed which were governed by an elite group of aristocrats rather than by the single basileus or chieftain of earlier periods . New writing system ( edit ) By the mid - to late - 8th century BC , a new alphabet system was adopted from the Phoenicians by a Greek with first - hand experience of it . The Greeks adapted the Phoenician writing system , notably introducing characters for vowel sounds and thereby creating the first truly alphabetic ( as opposed to abjad ) writing system . The new alphabet quickly spread throughout the Mediterranean and was used to write not only the Greek language , but also Phrygian and other languages in the eastern Mediterranean . As Greece sent out colonies west towards Sicily and Italy ( Pithekoussae , Cumae ) , the influence of their new alphabet extended further . The ceramic Euboean artifact inscribed with a few lines written in the Greek alphabet referring to `` Nestor 's cup '' , discovered in a grave at Pithekoussae ( Ischia ) dates from c. 730 BC ; it seems to be the oldest written reference to the Iliad . The Etruscans benefited from the innovation : Old Italic variants spread throughout Italy from the 8th century . Other variants of the alphabet appear on the Lemnos Stele and in the alphabets of Asia Minor . The previous Linear scripts were not completely abandoned : the Cypriot syllabary , descended from Linear A , remained in use on Cyprus in Arcadocypriot Greek and Eteocypriot inscriptions until the Hellenistic era . Continuity thesis ( edit ) Some scholars have argued against the concept of a Greek Dark Age , on grounds that the former lack of archaeological evidence in a period that was mute in its lack of inscriptions ( thus `` dark '' ) has been shown to be an accident of discovery rather than a fact of history . See also ( edit ) Dark Ages in history References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The History of Greece '' . Hellenicfoundation.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Greek Dark Age '' . Ancient History Encyclopedia . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ Sandars ( 1978 ) . Jump up ^ Edgerton and Wilson ( 1936 ) , pl 46 , p. 53 ; and J. Wilson , `` Egyptian Historical Texts '' in Pritchard , Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament ( 3rd ed. , 1969 ) . Jump up ^ The Early Greek Dark Age and Revival in the Near East . http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D3 Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 4 Jump up ^ Snodgrass 1971 : 360 - 68 . Jump up ^ `` The most striking feature of the Dark Ages is its regionalism , its material diversity '' ( James Whitley , `` Social Diversity in Dark Age Greece '' , The Annual of the British School at Athens 86 ( 1991 : 341 -- 365 ) ) p. 342 , 344ff . Jump up ^ Snodgrass 1971 : 140 -- 212 . Jump up ^ Whitley 1991 . Jump up ^ Whitley 1991 : 343 , notes regional differences in iron - working in A.N. Snodgrass , The Dark Age of Greece ( 1971 : 213 -- 95 ) , and I.M. Morris , `` Circulation , deposition and the formation of the Greek Iron Age , '' Man , n.s. 23 ( 1989 : 502 -- 19 ) Jump up ^ V. Karageorghis , Early Cyprus , 2002 . Jump up ^ R.W.V. Catling , `` Exports of Attic protogeometric pottery and their identification by non-analytical means '' , Annual of the British School at Athens 93 ( 1998 : 365 - 78 ) , noted in Robin Lane Fox , Travelling Heroes in the Epic Age of Homer , 2008 : 48 ; Fox provides the cultural background to his study of Euboean cultural contacts in the Mediterranean in the 8th century . Jump up ^ N. Schreiber , The Cypro - Phoenician Pottery of the iron Age , 2003 Jump up ^ Snodgrass ( 1971 ) . Jump up ^ Hurwitt ( 1985 ) . Jump up ^ `` Excavations at Lefkandi : Publications '' . Lefkandi.classics.ox.ac.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ The candidates and their opponents are noted in Fox 2008 : 51 note 23 . Jump up ^ M.R. Popham , P.G. Calligas , and L.H. Sackett , ( eds . ) , Lefkandi II : the Protogeometric Building at Toumba , Part 2 . The Excavation , Architecture and Finds , BSA Suppl. vol. 23 , Oxford 1993 . Jump up ^ Edward Bispham , Thomas Harrisom , Brian A. Sparkes , Ancient Greece and Rome , page 89 , The Edinburgh Companion , Ed 2006 . Jump up ^ Homer , Iliad XXIII Jump up ^ J.N. Coldstream , Geometric Greece : 900 -- 700 BCE 1979 Jump up ^ O.T.P.K. Dickinson : The Aegean from Bronze Age to Iron Age : continuity and change between the twelfth and eighth centuries B.C. ( 2006 ) Bibliography ( edit ) Chew , Sing C. , World Ecological Degradation : Accumulation , Urbanization and Deforestation 3000 BC ‒ AD 2000 , 2001 , ISBN 0 - 7591 - 0031 - 4 Chapter 3 , The second - millennium Bronze Age : Crete and Mycenaean Greece 1700 BC -- 1200 BC . Desborough , V.R.d'A. ( 1972 ) . The Greek Dark Ages . Faucounau , Jean , Les Peuples de la Mer et leur histoire , Paris : L'Harmattan , 2003 . Hurwitt , Jeffrey M. , The Art and Culture of Early Greece 1100 -- 480 BC , Cornell University Press , 1985 , Chapters 1 -- 3 . Langdon , Susan , Art and Identity in Dark Age Greece , 1100 -- 700 BC , Cambridge University Press , 2010 . Latacz , J. ' `` Between Troy and Homer : The so - called Dark Ages in Greece '' , in : Storia , Poesia e Pensiero nel Mondo antico . Studi in Onore di M. Gigante , Rome , 1994 . Rohl , David `` The Lords Of Avaris '' , Arrow Books , 2008 Snodgrass , Anthony M. ( c. 2000 ) . The dark age of Greece : an archaeological survey of the eleventh to the eighth centuries BC . New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 93635 - 7 . Sandars , N.K. ( c. 1978 ) . The Sea Peoples : Warriors of the ancient Mediterranean 1250 -- 1150 BC . London : Thames and Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 02085 - X . Whitley , James , Style and Society in Dark Age Greece : The Changing Face of a Pre-literate Society , 1100 -- 700 BC , Cambridge University Press , 2003 , Series : New Studies in Archaeology . 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2493275831321342615	List of pharaohs	List of pharaohs - wikipedia List of pharaohs Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Pharaoh of Egyptian The Pschent combined the Red Crown of Lower Egypt and the White Crown of Upper Egypt . A typical depiction of a pharaoh . Details Style Five - name titulary First monarch Narmer ( a.k.a. Menes ) Last monarch Nectanebo II ( last native ) Cleopatra & Caesarion ( last actual ) Formation c. 3100 BC Abolition 343 BC ( last native pharaoh ) 30 BC ( last Greek pharaohs ) Residence Varies by era Appointer Divine right This article contains a list of the pharaohs of Ancient Egypt , from the Early Dynastic Period before 3100 BC through to the end of the Ptolemaic Dynasty , when Egypt became a province of Rome under Augustus Caesar in 30 BC . Note that the dates given are approximate . The list of pharaohs presented below is based on the conventional chronology of Ancient Egypt , mostly based on the Digital Egypt for Universities database developed by the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology , but alternative dates taken from other authorities may be indicated separately . Contents 1 Ancient Egyptian King Lists 2 Predynastic period 2.1 Lower Egypt 2.2 Upper Egypt 3 Early Dynastic Period 3.1 Predynastic Rulers : Dynasty 0 3.2 First Dynasty 3.3 Second Dynasty 4 Old Kingdom 4.1 Third Dynasty 4.2 Fourth Dynasty 4.3 Fifth Dynasty 4.4 Sixth Dynasty 5 First Intermediate Period 5.1 Seventh and Eighth Dynasties ( combined ) 5.2 Ninth Dynasty 5.3 Tenth Dynasty 5.4 Eleventh Dynasty 6 Middle Kingdom 6.1 Eleventh Dynasty continued 6.2 Enigmatic kings , only attested in Lower Nubia 6.3 Twelfth Dynasty 7 Second Intermediate Period 7.1 Thirteenth Dynasty 7.2 Fourteenth Dynasty 7.3 Fifteenth Dynasty 7.4 Abydos Dynasty 7.5 Sixteenth Dynasty 7.6 Seventeenth Dynasty 8 New Kingdom 8.1 Eighteenth Dynasty 8.2 Nineteenth Dynasty 8.3 Twentieth Dynasty 9 Third Intermediate Period 9.1 Twenty - first Dynasty 9.2 Theban High Priests of Amun 9.3 Twenty - second Dynasty 9.4 Twenty - third Dynasty 9.5 Twenty - fourth Dynasty 9.6 Twenty - fifth Dynasty 10 Late Period 10.1 Twenty - sixth Dynasty 10.2 Twenty - seventh Dynasty ( First Persian period ) 10.3 Twenty - eighth Dynasty 10.4 Twenty - ninth Dynasty 10.5 Thirtieth Dynasty 10.6 Thirty - first Dynasty ( Second Persian period ) 11 Hellenistic Period 11.1 Argead Dynasty 11.2 Ptolemaic Dynasty 12 Rome 13 See also 14 Bibliography 15 References 16 External links Ancient Egyptian king lists ( edit ) Modern lists of pharaohs are based on historical records : Ancient Egyptian king lists and later histories , such as Manetho 's Aegyptiaca , as well as archaeological evidence . Concerning ancient sources , Egyptologists and Historians alike call for caution about the credibility , exactitude and completeness of these sources , many of which were written long after the reigns they report . An additional problem is that ancient king lists are often damaged , inconsistent with one another and / or selective . The following ancient king lists are known ( along with the dynasty under which they were created ) ) : Den seal impressions ( 1st dynasty ) ; found on a cylinder seal in Den 's tomb . It lists all 1st dynasty kings from Narmer to Den by their Horus names . Palermo stone ( 5th dynasty ) ; carved on an olivin - basalt slab . Broken into pieces and thus today incomplete . Giza King List ( 6th dynasty ) ; painted with red , green and black ink on gypsum and cedar wood . Very selective . South Saqqara Stone ( 6th dynasty ) ; carved on a black basalt slab . Very selective . Karnak King List ( 18th dynasty ) ; carved on limestone . Very selective . Abydos King List of Seti I ( 19th dynasty ) ; carved on limestone . Very detailed , but omitting the First Intermediate Period . Abydos King List of Ramses II ( 19th dynasty ) ; carved on limestone . Very selective . Saqqara King List ( 19th dynasty ) , carved on limestone . Very detailed , but omitting most kings of the 1st dynasty for unknown reasons . Turin King List ( 19th dynasty ) ; written with red and black ink on papyrus . Most possibly the most complete king list in history , today damaged . Manetho 's Aegyptiaca ( Greek Period ) ; possibly written on papyrus . The original writings are lost today and many anecdotes assigned to certain kings seem fictitious . Predynastic Period ( edit ) Lower Egypt ( edit ) Lower Egypt geographically consisted of the northern Nile and the Nile delta . The following list may not be complete : Name Image Comments Reign Hsekiu / Seka - Only known from the Palermo stone Khayu - Only known from the Palermo stone Tiu / Teyew - Only known from the Palermo stone Thesh / Tjesh - Only known from the Palermo stone Neheb - Only known from the Palermo stone Wazner - Only known from the Palermo stone Ruled around or earlier than 3100 B.C. Mekh - Only known from the Palermo stone ( destroyed ) - Only known from the Palermo stone Double Falcon May also have ruled in Upper Egypt Naqada III Upper Egypt ( edit ) Regrouped here are predynastic rulers of Upper Egypt belonging to the late Naqada III period , sometimes informally described as Dynasty 00 . Name Image Comments Reign Elephant - Naqada III Bull - - Naqada III Scorpion I - - Naqada III Early Dynastic Period ( edit ) Main article : Early Dynastic Period of Egypt Predynastic rulers : Dynasty 0 ( edit ) The following list of predynastic rulers may be incomplete . Since these kings precede the First Dynasty , they have been informally grouped as `` Dynasty 0 '' . Name Image Comments Dates Iry - Hor Correct chronological position unclear . c. 3150 BC Crocodile Potentially read Shendjw ; identity and existence are disputed . c. 3150 BC Ka Maybe read Sekhen rather than Ka . Correct chronological position unclear . c. 3150 BC Scorpion II Potentially read Serqet ; possibly the same person as Narmer . c. 3150 BC First Dynasty ( edit ) Main article : First Dynasty of Egypt Name Image Comments Dates Narmer Believed to be the same person as Menes and to have unified Upper and Lower Egypt . c. 3100 BC Hor - Aha Greek form : Athotís . c. 3050 BC Djer Greek form : Uenéphes ( after his Gold name In - nebw ) ; His name and titulary appear on the Palermo Stone . His tomb was later thought to be the legendary tomb of Osiris . 54 years Djet Greek form : Usapháis . 10 years Den Greek form : Kénkenes ( after the ramesside diction of his birthname : Qenqen ) . First pharaoh depicted wearing the double crown of Egypt , first pharaoh with a full niswt bity - name . 42 years Anedjib Greek form : Miebidós . Known for his ominous nebwy - title . 10 years Semerkhet Greek form : Semempsés . First Egyptian ruler with a fully developed Nebty name . His complete reign is preserved on the Cairo stone . 81⁄2 years Qa'a Greek form : Bienéches . Ruled very long , his tomb is the last one with subsidiary tombs . 34 years Sneferka Very short reign , correct chronological position unknown . c. 2900 BC Horus Bird Very short reign , correct chronological position unknown . c. 2900 BC Second Dynasty ( edit ) Main article : Second Dynasty of Egypt Name Image Comments Dates Hotepsekhemwy Manetho names him Boëthos and claims that under this ruler an earthquake killed many people . 15 years Nebra Greek form : Kaíechós ( after the ramesside cartouche name Kakaw ) . First ruler who uses the sun - symbol in his royal name , could be identical to king Weneg . 14 years Nynetjer Greek form : Binóthris . May have divided Egypt between his successors , allegedly allowed women to rule like pharaohs . 43 -- 45 years Weneg - Nebty Greek form : Ougotlas / Tlás . Could be an independent ruler or the same as Peribsen , Sekhemib - Perenmaat or Raneb . Around 2740 B.C. Senedj Greek form : Sethenes . Possibly the same person as Peribsen . This , however , is highly disputed . 47 years ( Supposedly ) Seth - Peribsen Used a Seth - animal above his serekh rather than an Horus falcon . He promoted the sun - cult in Egypt and reduced the powers of officials , nomarchs and palatines . Some scholars believe that he ruled over a divided Egypt . c. 2890 - 2686 B.C. Sekhemib - Perenmaat Could be the same person as Seth - Peribsen . Neferkara I Greek form : Néphercherés . Known only from ramesside king lists , not archaeologically attested . Neferkasokar Greek form : Sesóchris . Known only from ramesside king lists , not archaeologically attested. Old Kingdom legends claim that this ruler saved Egypt from a long lasting drought . Hudjefa I Known only from ramesside king lists , his `` name '' is actually a paraphrase pointing out that the original name of the king was already lost in ramesside times . Khasekhem ( wy ) Greek form : Chenerés . May have reunified Egypt after a period of trouble , his serekh name is unique for presenting both Horus and Set . Old Kingdom ( edit ) Main article : Old Kingdom of Egypt Third Dynasty ( edit ) Main article : Third Dynasty of Egypt Name Image Comments Dates Djoser Greek form : Tosórthros . Commissioned the first Pyramid in Egypt , created by chief architect and scribe Imhotep . 19 or 28 years c. 2670 BC . Sekhemkhet Greek form : Tyréis ( after the ramesside cartouche name for Sekhemkhet , Teti ) . In the necropolis of his unfinished step pyramid , the remains of a 2 - year old infant were found . 2649 -- 2643 Sanakht Greek form : Necheróphes . Could be the same as Nebka , this is disputed amongst scholars . c. 2650 Khaba Possibly built an unfinished step pyramid , could be identical with Huni . 2643 -- 2637 Huni Greek form : Áches . Could be the same as Qahedjet or Khaba . Possibly built an unfinished step pyramid and several cultic pyramids throughout Egypt . Huni was for a long time credited with the building of the pyramid of Meidum . This , however , is disproved by New Kingdom graffitos which praise king Snofru , not Huni . 2637 -- 2613 Fourth Dynasty ( edit ) Main article : Fourth Dynasty of Egypt Name Image Comments Dates Sneferu Greek form : Sóris . Reigned 48 years , giving him enough time to build the Meidum Pyramid , the Bent Pyramid and the Red Pyramid . Some scholars believe that he was buried in the Red Pyramid . Long time it was thought that the Meidum Pyramid was not Snofru 's work , but that of king Huni . Ancient Egyptian documents describe Snofru as a pious , generous and even accostable ruler . 2613 -- 2589 BC Khufu Greek form : Cheops and Suphis . Built the Great pyramid of Giza . Khufu is depicted as a cruel tyrant by ancient Greek authors , Ancient Egyptian sources however describe him as a generous and pious ruler . He is the main protagonist of the famous Westcar Papyrus . The first imprinted papyri originate from Khufu 's reign , which may have made ancient Greek authors believe that Khufu wrote books in attempt to praise the gods . 2589 -- 2566 BC Djedefre Greek form : Rátoises . Some scholars believe he created the Great Sphinx of Giza as a monument for his deceased father . He also created a pyramid at Abu Rawash . However , this pyramid is no longer intact as it is believed the Romans recycled the materials it was made from . 2566 -- 2558 BC Khafre Greek form : Chéphren and Suphis II . His pyramid is the second largest in Giza . Some scholars prefer him as the creator of the Great Sphinx before Djedefra . Ancient Greek authors describe Khafra as likewise cruel as Khufu . 2558 -- 2532 BC Baka / Bauefrê Greek form : Bikheris . Could be the owner of the Unfinished Northern Pyramid of Zawyet el'Aryan . Menkaure Greek form : Menchéres . His pyramid is the third and smallest in Giza . A legend claims that his only daughter died due an illness and Menkaura buried her in a golden coffin in shape of a cow . 2532 -- 2503 BC Shepseskaf Greek form : Seberchéres . Owner of the Mastabat el - Fara'un . 2503 -- 2498 BC Thamphthis -- According to Manetho the last king of the 4th dynasty . He is not archaeologically attested and thus possibly fictional . -- Fifth Dynasty ( edit ) The Fifth Dynasty ruled from 2498 to 2345 BC . Name Image Comments Dates Userkaf Buried in a pyramid in Saqqara . Built the first solar temple at Abusir . 2498 -- 2491 BC Sahure Moved the royal necropolis to Abusir , where he built his pyramid . 2490 -- 2477 BC Neferirkare Kakai Son of Sahure , born with the name Ranefer 2477 -- 2467 BC Neferefre Son of Neferirkare 2460 -- 2458 BC Shepseskare Reigned most likely after Neferefre and for only a few months , possibly a son of Sahure . Few months Nyuserre Ini Brother to Neferefre , built extensively in the Abusir necropolis . 2445 -- 2422 BC Menkauhor Kaiu Last pharaoh to build a sun temple 2422 -- 2414 BC Djedkare Isesi Effected comprehensive reforms of the Egyptian administration . Enjoyed the longest reign of his dynasty , with likely more than 35 years on the throne . 2414 -- 2375 BC Unas The Pyramid of Unas is inscribed with the earliest instance of the pyramid texts 2375 -- 2345 BC Sixth Dynasty ( edit ) The Sixth Dynasty ruled from 2345 to 2181 BC . Name Image Comments Dates Teti According to Manetho , he was murdered . 2345 -- 2333 BC Userkare Reigned 1 to 5 years , may have usurped the throne at the expense of Teti 2333 -- 2332 BC Meryre Pepi I -- 2332 -- 2283 BC Merenre Nemtyemsaf I -- 2283 -- 2278 BC Neferkare Pepi II Possibly the longest reigning monarch of human history with 94 years on the throne . Alternatively , may have reigned `` only '' 64 years . 2278 -- 2184 BC Neferka Only mentioned in the Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt . Reigned during Pepi II ; was possibly his son or co-ruler . 2200 -- 2199 BC Merenre Nemtyemsaf II Short lived pharaoh , possibly an aged son of Pepi II . 1 year and 1 month c. 2184 BC Neitiqerty Siptah Identical with Netjerkare . This male king gave rise to the legendary queen Nitocris of Herodotus and Manetho . Sometimes classified as the first king of the combined 7th / 8th Dynasties . Short reign : c. 2184 -- 2181 BC First Intermediate Period ( edit ) The First Intermediate Period ( 2181 -- 2060 BC ) is a period of disarray and chaos between the end of the Old Kingdom and the advent of the Middle Kingdom . The Old Kingdom rapidly collapsed after the death of Pepi II . He had reigned for more than 64 and likely up to 94 years , longer than any monarch in history . The latter years of his reign were marked by inefficiency because of his advanced age . The union of the Two Kingdoms fell apart and regional leaders had to cope with the resulting famine . The kings of the 7th and 8th Dynasties , who represented the successors of the 6th Dynasty , tried to hold onto some power in Memphis but owed much of it to powerful nomarchs . After 20 to 45 years , they were overthrown by a new line of pharaohs based in Herakleopolis Magna . Some time after these events , a rival line based at Thebes revolted against their nomial Northern overlords and united Upper Egypt . Around 2055 BC , Mentuhotep II , the son and successor of pharaoh Intef III defeated the Herakleopolitan pharaohs and reunited the Two Lands , thereby starting the Middle Kingdom . Seventh and Eighth Dynasties ( combined ) ( edit ) The Seventh and Eighth Dynasties ruled for approximately 20 -- 45 years . They comprise numerous ephemeral kings reigning from Memphis over a possibly divided Egypt and , in any case , holding only limited power owing to the effectively feudal system into which the administration had evolved . The list below is based on the Abydos King List dating to the reign of Seti I and taken from Jürgen von Beckerath 's Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen as well as from Kim Ryholt 's latest reconstruction of the Turin canon , another king list dating to the Ramesside Era . Name Image Comments Dates Menkare Likely attested by a relief fragment from the tomb of queen Neit . Neferkare II Neferkare ( III ) Neby Attested by inscriptions in the tomb of his mother Ankhesenpepi , started the construction of a pyramid in Saqqara . Djedkare Shemai Neferkare ( IV ) Khendu Merenhor Neferkamin Nikare Possibly attested by a cylinder - seal . Neferkare ( V ) Tereru Neferkahor Attested by a cylinder seal . Neferkare ( VI ) Pepiseneb Neferkamin Anu Qakare Ibi Built a pyramid at Saqqara inscribed with the last known instance of the Pyramid Texts 2169 -- 2167 BC Neferkaure Attested by one to three decrees from the temple of Min at Coptos . 2167 -- 2163 BC Neferkauhor Khuwihapi Attested by eight decrees from the temple of Min and an inscription in the tomb of Shemay . 2163 -- 2161 BC Neferirkare Possibly to be identified with horus Demedjibtawy , in which case he is attested by a decree from the temple of Min . 2161 -- 2160 BC Ninth Dynasty ( edit ) The Ninth Dynasty ruled from 2160 to 2130 BC . The Turin King List has 18 kings reigning in the Ninth and Tenth Dynasties . Of these , twelve names are missing and four are partial . Name Image Comments Dates Meryibre Khety I ( Acthoes I ) Manetho states that Achthoes founded this dynasty . 2160 -- ? -- - ? Neferkare VII - ? Nebkaure Khety II ( Acthoes II ) - ? Senenh -- or Setut - ? -- - ? Mery -- - ? Shed -- - ? H -- - ? Tenth Dynasty ( edit ) The Tenth Dynasty was a local group that held sway over Lower Egypt that ruled from 2130 to 2040 BC . Name Image Comments Dates Meryhathor -- 2130 -- ? Neferkare VIII -- ? Wahkare Khety ( Acthoes III ) -- ? Merykare -- ? -- 2040 Eleventh Dynasty ( edit ) The Eleventh Dynasty was a local group with roots in Upper Egypt that ruled from 2134 to 1991 BC . The 11th dynasty originated from a dynasty of Theban nomarchs serving kings of the 8th , 9th or 10th dynasty . Name Image Comments Dates Intef the Elder Iry - pat Theban nomarch serving an unnamed king , later considered a founding figure of the 11th Dynasty . -- The successors of Intef the Elder , starting with Mentuhotep I , became independent from their northern overlords and eventually conquered Egypt under Mentuhotep II . Name Image Comments Dates Mentuhotep I Tepy - a Nominally a Theban nomarch but may have ruled independently . ? -- 2134 BC Sehertawy Intef I First member of the dynasty to claim a Horus name . 2134 -- 2117 BC Wahankh Intef II Conquered Abydos and its nome . 2117 -- 2069 BC Nakhtnebtepnefer Intef III Conquered Asyut and possibly moved further North up to the 17th nome . 2069 -- 2060 BC Middle Kingdom ( edit ) The Middle Kingdom ( 2060 -- 1802 BC ) is the period from the end of the First Intermediate Period to the beginning of the Second Intermediate Period . In addition to the Twelfth Dynasty , some scholars include the Eleventh , Thirteenth and Fourteenth Dynasties in the Middle Kingdom . The Middle Kingdom can be noted for the expansion of trade outside of the kingdom that occurred during this time . This opening of trade eventually led to the downfall of the Middle Kingdom , induced by an invasion from the Hyksos . Eleventh Dynasty continued ( edit ) The second part of the Eleventh Dynasty is considered to be part of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt . Name Image Comments Dates Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II Gained all Egypt c. 2015 BC , Middle Kingdom begins . 2060 -- 2010 BC Sankhkare Mentuhotep III Commanded the first expedition to Punt of the Middle Kingdom 2010 -- 1998 BC Nebtawyre Mentuhotep IV Obscure pharaoh absent from later king lists ; tomb unknown . May have been overthrown by his vizier and successor Amenemhat I . 1997 -- 1991 BC Enigmatic kings , only attested in Lower Nubia ( edit ) Name Image Comments Dates Segerseni Obscure pharaoh absent from later king lists ; tomb unknown . Only attested in Lower Nubia , most likely an usurper at the end of the Eleventh Dynasty or early Twelfth Dynasty . Qakare Ini Obscure pharaoh absent from later king lists ; tomb unknown . Only attested in Lower Nubia , most likely an usurper at the end of the Eleventh Dynasty or early Twelfth Dynasty . Iyibkhentre Obscure pharaoh absent from later king lists ; tomb unknown . Only attested in Lower Nubia , most likely an usurper at the end of the Eleventh Dynasty or early Twelfth Dynasty . Twelfth Dynasty ( edit ) The Twelfth Dynasty ruled from 1991 to 1802 BC . Name Image Comments Dates Sehetepibre Amenemhat I Seized power after overthrowing Mentuhotep IV . Died assassinated . 1991 -- 1962 BC Kheperkare Senusret I ( Sesostris I ) Built the White Chapel 1971 -- 1926 BC Nubkaure Amenemhat II -- 1929 -- 1895 BC Khakheperre Senusret II ( Sesostris II ) -- 1897 -- 1878 BC Khakaure Senusret III ( Sesostris III ) Most powerful of the Middle Kingdom pharaohs . 1878 -- 1860 BC Nimaatre Amenemhat III -- 1860 -- 1815 BC Maakherure Amenemhat IV Had a co-regency lasting at least 1 year based on an inscription at Konosso . 1815 -- 1807 BC Sobekkare Sobekneferu A rare female ruler . 1807 -- 1802 BC Seankhibtawy Seankhibra Enigmatic king of the Twelfth Dynasty . He was either a usurper or identical with one of the first three kings of the Dynasty . Second Intermediate Period ( edit ) The Second Intermediate Period ( 1802 -- 1550 BC ) is a period of disarray between the end of the Middle Kingdom , and the start of the New Kingdom . It is best known as when the Hyksos , whose reign comprised the Fifteenth , made their appearance in Egypt . The Thirteenth Dynasty was much weaker than the Twelfth Dynasty , and was unable to hold onto the two lands of Egypt . Either at the start of the dynasty , c. 1805 BC or toward the middle of it in c. 1710 BC , the provincial ruling family in Xois , located in the marshes of the eastern Delta , broke away from the central authority to form the Canaanite Fourteenth Dynasty . The Hyksos made their first appearance during the reign of Sobekhotep IV , and around 1720 BC took control of the town of Avaris ( the modern Tell el - Dab'a / Khata'na ) , conquering the kingdom of the 14th dynasty . Then , some time around 1650 BC the Hyksos , perhaps led by Salitis the founder of the Fifteenth Dynasty , conquered Memphis , thereby terminating the 13th dynasty . The power vacuum in Upper Egypt resulting from the collapse of the 13th dynasty allowed the 16th dynasty to declare its independence in Thebes , only to be overrun by the Hyksos kings shortly thereafter . Subsequently , as the Hyksos withdrew from Upper Egypt , the native Egyptian ruling house in Thebes set itself up as the Seventeenth Dynasty . This dynasty eventually drove the Hyksos back into Asia under Seqenenre Tao , Kamose and finally Ahmose , first pharaoh of the New Kingdom . Thirteenth Dynasty ( edit ) The Thirteenth Dynasty ( following the Turin King List ) ruled from 1802 to around 1649 BC and lasted 153 or 154 years according to Manetho . This table should be contrasted with Known kings of the 13th Dynasty . Name Image Comments Dates Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep I Founded the 13th Dynasty . His reign is well attested . Referred to as Sobekhotep I in dominant hypothesis , known as Sobekhotep II in older studies 1802 -- 1800 BC Sonbef Perhaps a brother of Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep and son of Amenemhat IV 1800 -- 1796 BC Nerikare 1796 BC Sekhemkare Amenemhat V Ruled for 3 to 4 years 1796 -- 1793 BC Ameny Qemau Buried in his pyramid in south Dashur 1795 -- 1792 BC Hotepibre Qemau Siharnedjheritef Also called Sehotepibre 1792 -- 1790 BC Iufni Only attested on the Turin canon Very short reign , possibly c. 1790 -- 1788 BC Seankhibre Amenemhet VI -- 1788 -- 1785 BC Semenkare Nebnuni -- 1785 -- 1783 BC or 1739 BC Sehetepibre Sewesekhtawy -- 1783 -- 1781 BC Sewadjkare Known only from the Turin canon Nedjemibre Known only from the Turin canon 7 months , 1780 BC or 1736 BC Khaankhre Sobekhotep Referred to as Sobekhotep II in dominant hypothesis , known as Sobekhotep I in older studies Reigned c. 3 years , 1780 -- 1777 BC Renseneb 4 months 1777 BC Awybre Hor I Famous for his intact tomb treasure and Ka statue Reigned 1 year and 6 months , 1777 -- 1775 BC Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw Possibly a son of Hor Awibre Estimated reign 3 years , 1775 -- 1772 BC Djedkheperew Possibly a son of Hor Awibre and brother of Khabaw , previously identified with Khendjer Estimated reign 2 years , 1772 -- 1770 BC Sebkay Possibly two kings , Seb and his son Kay . Sedjefakare A well known king attested on numerous stelas and other documents . 5 to 7 years or 3 years , 1769 -- 1766 BC Khutawyre Wegaf Founder of the dynasty in old studies c. 1767 BC Khendjer Possibly the first semitic pharaoh , built a pyramid at Saqqara Minimum 4 years and 3 months c. 1765 BC Imyremeshaw Attested by two colossal statues Reigned less than 10 years , starting 1759 BC or 1711 BC . Sehetepkare Intef IV -- ? Seth Meribre -- ? Sekhemresewadjtawy Sobekhotep III 4 years and 2 months c. 1755 -- 1751 BC Khasekhemre Neferhotep I 11 years 1751 -- 1740 BC Menwadjre Sihathor Ephemeral coregent with his brother Neferhotep I , may not have reigned independently . 1739 BC Khaneferre Sobekhotep IV 10 or 11 years 1740 -- 1730 BC Merhotepre Sobekhotep V -- c. 1730 BC Khahotepre Sobekhotep VI 4 years 8 months and 29 days c. 1725 BC Wahibre Ibiau 10 years and 8 months 1725 -- 1714 BC or 1712 -- 1701 BC Merneferre Ay I Longest reigning king of the dynasty 23 years , 8 months and 18 days , 1701 -- 1677 BC or 1714 -- 1691 BC Merhotepre Ini Possibly a son of his predecessor 2 Years 3 or 4 Months and 9 days , 1677 -- 1675 BC or 1691 -- 1689 BC Sankhenre Sewadjtu Attested only on the Turin canon 3 years and 2 -- 4 months , 1675 -- 1672 BC Mersekhemre Ined May be the same person as Neferhotep II 3 years , 1672 -- 1669 BC Sewadjkare Hori 5 years ? Merkawre Sobekhotep VII 2 years and 6 months 1664 -- 1663 BC Seven kings Names lost in a lacuna of the Turin canon 1663 BC -- ? Mer ( ... ) re -- ? Merkheperre -- Some time between 1663 BC and 1649 BC Merkare Attested only on the Turin canon Some time between 1663 BC and 1649 BC Name lost -- ? Sewadjare Mentuhotep V -- c. 1655 BC ( ... ) mosre -- ? Ibi ( ... ) maatre -- ? Hor ( ... ) ( ... ) webenre -- ? Se ... kare ? ? Seheqenre Sankhptahi May be the son of his predecessor ? ... re ? ? Se ... enre ? ? -- 1649 BC The position of the following kings is uncertain : Name Image Comments Dates Dedumose I Possibly a king of the 16th dynasty c. 1654 Dedumose II Possibly a king of the 16th dynasty ? Sewahenre Senebmiu Late 13th dynasty . After 1660 BC . Snaaib Possibly a king of the Abydos Dynasty ? Mershepsesre Ini II Late 13th dynasty . ? Fourteenth Dynasty ( edit ) The Fourteenth Dynasty was a local group from the eastern Delta , based at Avaris , that ruled from either from 1805 BC or c. 1710 BC until around 1650 BC . The dynasty comprised many rulers with West Semitic names and is thus believed to have been Canaanite in origin . It is here given as per Ryholt , however this reconstruction of the dynasty is heavily debated with the position of the five kings preceding Nehesy highly disputed . Name Image Comments Dates Yakbim Sekhaenre Chronological position uncertain , here given as per Ryholt 1805 -- 1780 BC Ya'ammu Nubwoserre Chronological position uncertain , here given as per Ryholt 1780 -- 1770 BC Qareh Khawoserre Chronological position uncertain , here given as per Ryholt 1770 -- 1760 BC ' Ammu Ahotepre Chronological position uncertain , here given as per Ryholt 1760 -- 1745 BC Sheshi Chronological position , duration of reign and extend of rule uncertain , here given as per Ryholt . Alternatively , he could be an early Hyksos king , a Hyksos ruler of the second part of the 15th Dynasty or a vassal of the Hyksos . 1745 -- 1705 BC Nehesy Short reign , perhaps a son of Sheshi c. 1705 Khakherewre - ? Nebefawre - c. 1704 Sehebre Possibly identifiable with Wazad or Sheneh - Merdjefare Possibly identifiable with Wazad or Sheneh c. 1699 Sewadjkare III - ? Nebdjefare - c. 1694 Webenre - ? -- - ? Djefare ? - ? Webenre c. 1690 Nebsenre Attested by a jar bearing his prenomen At least 5 months of reign , some time between 1690 BC and 1649 BC Sekheperenre Attested by a single scarab seal 2 months , some time between 1690 BC and 1649 BC Anati Djedkare Only known from the Turin canon Bebnum Only known from the Turin canon ' Apepi Possibly attested as a king 's son by 5 scarabs - seals The position and identity of the following pharaohs is uncertain : Name Image Comments Dates Nuya Attested by a scarab - seal Wazad May be identifiable with Sehebre or Merdjefare c. 1700 BC ? Sheneh May be identifiable with Sehebre or Merdjefare Shenshek Attested by a scarab - seal Khamure Yakareb Yaqub - Har May belong to the 14th dynasty , the 15th dynasty or be a vassal of the Hyksos . 17th -- 16th centuries BC The Turin King List provides additional names , none of which are attested beyond the list . Fifteenth Dynasty ( edit ) The Fifteenth Dynasty arose from among the Hyksos people who emerged from the Fertile Crescent to establish a short - lived governance over much of the Nile region , and ruled from 1674 to 1535 BC . Name Image Comments Dates Semqen Chronological position uncertain . 1649 BC -- ? ' Aper - ' Anat Chronological position uncertain . Sakir - Har - ? Khyan Apex of the Hyksos ' power , conquered Thebes toward the end of his reign 30 -- 40 years Apepi - 40 years or more Khamudi - 1555 -- 1544 Abydos Dynasty ( edit ) The Second Intermediate Period may include an independent dynasty reigning over Abydos from c. 1650 BC until 1600 BC . Four attested kings may be tentatively attributed to the Abydos Dynasty , and they are given here without regard for their ( unknown ) chronological order : Name Image Comments Dates Sekhemraneferkhau Wepwawetemsaf May belong to the late 16th Dynasty Sekhemrekhutawy Pantjeny May belong to the late 16th Dynasty Menkhaure Snaaib May belong to the late 13th Dynasty . Woseribre Senebkay Tomb discovered in 2014 . Perhaps identifiable with a Woser ( ... ) re of the Turin canon . Sixteenth Dynasty ( edit ) The Sixteenth Dynasty was a native Theban dynasty emerging from the collapse of the Memphis - based 13 th dynasty c. 1650 BC and finally conquered by the Hyksos 15th dynasty c. 1580 BC . The 16th dynasty held sway over Upper - Egypt only . Name Image Comments Dates -- Name of the first king is lost here in the Turin King List , and can not be recovered Sekhemresementawy Djehuti -- 3 years Sekhemreseusertawy Sobekhotep VIII -- 16 years Sekhemresankhtawy Neferhotep III -- 1 year Seankhenre Mentuhotepi May be a king of the 17th Dynasty 1 year Sewadjenre Nebiryraw I -- 26 years Neferkare ( ? ) Nebiryraw II -- Semenre -- Seuserenre Bebiankh -- 12 years Djedhotepre Dedumose I May be a king of the 13th Dynasty Djedneferre Dedumose II -- Djedankhre Montemsaf -- Merankhre Mentuhotep VI -- Seneferibre Senusret IV -- Sekhemre Shedwast -- The 16th Dynasty may also have comprised the reigns of pharaohs Sneferankhre Pepi III and Nebmaatre . Their chronological position is uncertain . Seventeenth Dynasty ( edit ) The Seventeenth Dynasty was based in Upper Egypt and ruled from 1650 to 1550 BC : Name Image Comments Dates Sekhemrewahkhaw Rahotep - c. 1620 BC Sekhemre Wadjkhaw Sobekemsaf I Reigned at least 7 years - Sekhemre Shedtawy Sobekemsaf II His tomb was robbed and burned during the reign of Ramses IX - Sekhemre - Wepmaat Intef V - - Nubkheperre Intef VI Reigned more than 3 years - Sekhemre - Heruhirmaat Intef VII - - Senakhtenre Ahmose - c. 1558 BC Seqenenre Tao Died in battle against the Hyksos . 1558 -- 1554 BC Wadjkheperre Kamose 1554 -- 1549 BC The early 17th Dynasty may also have comprised the reign of a pharaoh Nebmaatre , whose chronological position is uncertain . New Kingdom ( edit ) The New Kingdom ( 1550 -- 1077 BC ) is the period covering the Eighteenth , Nineteenth , and Twentieth dynasty of Egypt , from the 16th to the 11th century BC , between the Second Intermediate Period , and the Third Intermediate Period . Through military dominance abroad , the New Kingdom saw Egypt 's greatest territorial extent . It expanded far into Nubia in the south , and held wide territories in the Near East . Egyptian armies fought with Hittite armies for control of modern - day Syria . Three of the best known pharaohs of the New Kingdom are Akhenaten , also known as Amenhotep IV , whose exclusive worship of the Aten is often interpreted as the first instance of monotheism , Tutankhamun known for the discovery of his nearly intact tomb , and Ramesses II who attempted to recover the territories in modern Israel / Palestine , Lebanon and Syria that had been held in the Eighteenth Dynasty . His reconquest led to the Battle of Qadesh , where he led the Egyptian armies against the army of the Hittite king Muwatalli II . Eighteenth Dynasty ( edit ) The Eighteenth Dynasty ruled from c. 1550 to 1292 BC : Name Image Comments Dates Nebpehtire Ahmose I , Ahmosis I Brother and successor to Kamose , conquered north of Egypt from the Hyksos . c. 1550 -- 1525 BC ; Radiocarbon date range for the start of his reign is 1570 -- 1544 BC , the mean point of which is 1557 BC Djeserkare Amenhotep I Son of Ahmose I . 1541 -- 1520 Aakheperkare Thutmose I Father unknown , though possibly Amenhotep I. His mother is known to be Senseneb . Expanded Egypt 's territorial extent during his reign . 1520 -- 1492 Aakheperenre Thutmose II Son of Thutmose I. Grandson of Amenhotep I through his mother , Mutnofret . 1492 -- 1479 Maatkare Hatshepsut The second known female ruler of Egypt . May have ruled jointly with her nephew Thutmose III during the early part of her reign . Famous for her expedition to Punt documented on her famous Mortuary Temple at Deir el - Bahari . Built many temples and monuments . Ruled during the height of Egypt 's Power . Was the daughter of Thutmose I and the Great Wife of her brother Thutmose II . 1479 -- 1458 Menkheperre Thutmose III Son of Thutmose II . May have ruled jointly with Hatshepsut , his aunt and step - mother , during the early part of her reign . Famous for his territorial expansion into Levant and Nubia . Under his reign , the Ancient Egyptian Empire was at its greatest extent . Ruled during the height of Egypt 's Power . Late in his reign , he obliterated Hatshepsut 's name and image from temples and monuments . 1458 -- 1425 Aakheperrure Amenhotep II Son of Thutmose III . Ruled during the height of Egypt 's Power . 1425 -- 1400 Menkheperure Thutmose IV Famous for his Dream Stele . Son of Amenhotep II . Ruled during the height of Egypt 's Power . 1400 -- 1390 Nebmaatre Amenhotep III The Magnificent King Father of Akhenaten and grandfather of Tutankhamun . Ruled Egypt at the height of its power . Built many temples and monuments , including his enormous Mortuary Temple . Was the son of Thutmose IV . 1390 -- 1352 Neferkheperure - waenre Amenhotep IV / Akhenaten Founder of the Amarna Period in which he changed the state religion from the polytheistic Ancient Egyptian religion to the Monotheistic Atenism , centered around the worship of the Aten , an image of the sun disc . He moved the capital to Akhetaten . Was the second son of Amenhotep III . He changed his name from Amenhotep ( Amun is pleased ) to Akhenaten ( Effective for the Aten ) to reflect his religion change . 1352 -- 1336 Ankhkheperure Smenkhkare Ruled jointly with Akhenaten during the later years of his reign . Unknown if Smenkhare ever ruled in their own right . Identity and even the gender of Smenkhare is uncertain . Some suggest he may have been the son of Akenhaten , possibly the same person as Tutankhamun , others speculate Smenkhare may have been Nefertiti or Meritaten . May have been succeeded by or identical with a female Pharaoh named Neferneferuaten . 1335 -- 1334 Ankhkheperure - mery - Neferkheperure / Neferneferuaten A female Pharaoh , possibly the same ruler as Smenkhkare . Archaeological evidence relates to a woman who reigned as pharaoh toward the end of the Amarna Period . It is likely she was Nefertiti . 1334 - 1332 Nebkheperure Tutankhaten / Tutankhamun Commonly believed to be the son of Akhenaten , most likely reinstated the Polytheistic Ancient Egyptian religion . His name change from Tutankhaten to Tutankhamun reflects the change in religion from the Monotheistic Atenism to the classic religion , of which Amun is a major deity . He is thought to have taken the throne at around age eight or nine and to have died around age eighteen or nineteen , giving him the nickname `` The Boy King . '' 1332 -- 1324 Kheperkheperure Ay Was Grand Vizier to Tutankhamun and an important official during the reigns of Akhenaten and Smenkhkare . Possibly the brother of Tiye , Great Wife of Amenhotep III , and also possibly father of Nefertiti , Great Wife of Akhenaten . Believed to be born into nobility , but not royalty . Succeeded Tutankhamun due to his lack of an heir . 1324 -- 1320 Djeserkheperure - setpenre Horemheb Born a Commoner . Was a General during the Amarna Period . Obliterated Images of the Amarna Pharaohs and destroyed and vandalized buildings and monuments associated with them . Succeeded Ay despite Nakhtmin being the intended heir . 1320 -- 1292 Nineteenth Dynasty ( edit ) The Nineteenth Dynasty ruled from 1292 to 1186 BC and includes one of the greatest pharaohs : Rameses II the Great : Name Image Comments Dates Menpehtire Ramesses I Of non-royal birth . Succeeded Horemheb due to his lack of an heir . 1292 -- 1290 Menmaatre Seti I Regained much of the territory that was lost under the reign of Akhenaten . 1290 -- 1279 Usermaatre - setpenre Ramesses II the Great Continued expanding Egypt 's territory until he reached a stalemate with the Hittite Empire at the Battle of Kadesh in 1275 BC , after which the famous Egyptian -- Hittite peace treaty was signed in 1258 BC . 1279 -- 1213 Banenre Merenptah Thirteenth son of Ramesses II . 1213 -- 1203 Menmire - setpenre Amenmesse Most likely an usurper to the throne . Possibly ruled in opposition to Seti II . Suggested son of Merneptah . 1203 -- 1200 Userkheperure Seti II Son of Merneptah . May have had to overcome a contest by Amenmesse before he could solidify his claim to the throne . 1203 -- 1197 Sekhaenre / Akhenre Merenptah Siptah Possibly son of Seti II or Amenmesse , ascended to throne at a young age . 1197 -- 1191 Satre - merenamun Tausret Probably the wife of Seti II . Also known as Twosret or Tawosret . 1191 -- 1190 Twentieth Dynasty ( edit ) The Twentieth Dynasty ruled from 1190 to 1077 BC : Name Image Comments Dates Userkhaure Setnakhte Not related to Seti II , Siptah , or Tausret . May have usurped the throne from Tausret . Did not recognize Siptah or Tausret as legitimate rulers . Possibly a member of a minor line of the Ramesside royal family . Also called Setnakt . 1190 -- 1186 Usermaatre - meryamun Ramesses III Son of Setnakhte . Fought the Sea Peoples in 1175 BC . May have been assassinated . 1186 -- 1155 User / Heqamaatre - setpenamun Ramesses IV Son of Ramesses III . During his reign , Egyptian power started to decline . 1155 -- 1149 Usermaatre - sekheperenre Ramesses V Son of Ramesses IV 1149 -- 1145 Nebmaatre - meryamun Ramesses VI Son of Ramesses III . Brother of Ramesses IV . Uncle of Ramesses V . 1145 -- 1137 Usermaatre - setpenre - meryamun Ramesses VII Son of Ramesses VI . 1137 -- 1130 Usermaatre - akhenamun Ramesses VIII An obscure Pharaoh , who reigned only around a year . Identifiable with Prince Sethiherkhepeshef II . Son of Ramesses III . Brother of Ramesses IV and Ramesses VI . Uncle of Ramesses V and Ramesses VII . He is the sole Pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty whose tomb has not been found . 1130 -- 1129 Neferkare - setpenre Ramesses IX Probably grandson of Ramesses III through his father , Montuherkhopshef . First cousin of Ramesses V and Ramesses VII . 1129 -- 1111 Khepermaatre - setpenptah Ramesses X A poorly documented Pharaoh , his reign was between 3 and 10 years long . His origins are completely uncertain . 1111 -- 1107 Menmaatre - setpenptah Ramesses XI Possibly the son of Ramesses X . During the second half of his reign , High Priest of Amun Herihor ruled over the south from Thebes , limiting his power to Lower ( Northern ) Egypt . He was succeeded in the north by Smendes . 1107 -- 1077 Third Intermediate Period ( edit ) The Third Intermediate Period ( 1077 -- 664 BC ) marked the end of the New Kingdom after the collapse of the Egyptian empire . A number of dynasties of Libyan origin ruled , giving this period its alternative name of the Libyan Period . Twenty - first Dynasty ( edit ) The Twenty - First Dynasty was based at Tanis and was a relatively weak group . Theoretically , they were rulers of all Egypt , but in practice their influence was limited to Lower Egypt . They ruled from 1069 to 943 BC Name Image Comments Dates Hedjkheperre - setpenre Nesbanebdjed I ( Smendes I ) Married to Tentamun , probable daughter of Ramesses XI . 1077 -- 1051 Neferkare Heqawaset Amenemnisu Obscure four - year reign . 1051 -- 1047 Aakheperre Pasebakhenniut I ( Psusennes I ) Son of Pinedjem I , a High Priest of Amun . Ruled for 40 to 51 years . Famous for his intact tomb at Tanis . Known as `` The Silver Pharaoh '' due to the magnificent silver coffin he was buried in . One of the most powerful rulers of the Dynasty . 1047 -- 1001 Usermaatre Amenemope Son of Psusennes I . 1001 -- 992 Aakheperre Setepenre Osorkon ( Osorkon the Elder ) Son of Shoshenq A , Great Chief of the Meshwesh ( Libya ) . Also known as Osochor . 992 -- 986 Netjerikheperre - setpenamun Siamun - meryamun Unknown Origins . Built extensively for a third intermediate period Pharaoh . One of the most powerful rulers of the dynasty . 986 -- 967 Titkheperure Pasebakhenniut II ( Psusennes II ) Son of Pinedjem II , a High Priest of Amun . 967 -- 943 Theban High Priests of Amun ( edit ) Though not officially Pharaohs , the High Priests of Amun at Thebes were the de facto rulers of Upper Egypt during the Twenty - first and Twenty - second Dynasties , writing their names in cartouches and being buried in royal tombs . Name Image Comments Dates Herihor First High Priest of Amun to claim to be Pharaoh . He ruled in the south in Thebes , while Ramesses XI ruled from the north in Pi - Ramesses . 1080 -- 1074 Piankh - 1074 -- 1070 Pinedjem I Son of Piankh . Father of Psusennes I . 1070 -- 1032 Masaharta Son of Pinedjem I . 1054 -- 1045 Djedkhonsuefankh Son of Pinedjem I . 1046 -- 1045 Menkheperre Son of Pinedjem I . 1045 -- 992 Nesbanebdjed II ( Smendes II ) Son of Menkheperre . 992 -- 990 Pinedjem II Son of Menkheperre , Father of Psusennes II . 990 -- 976 Pasebakhaennuit III ( Psusennes III ) Possibly the same person as Psusennes II . Either he or Pinedjem II is generally considered to be the last High Priest of Amun to consider himself as a Pharaoh - like figure . 976 -- 943 Twenty - second Dynasty ( edit ) The pharaohs of the Twenty - Second Dynasty were Libyans , ruling from around 943 to 728 BC : Name Image Comments Dates Hedjkheperre - setepenre Shoshenq I Son of Nimlot A , a brother of Osorkon the Elder and a Great Chief of the Meshwesh ( Libya ) . 943 -- 922 Sekhemkheperre Osorkon I Son of Shoshenq I . 922 -- 887 Heqakheperre Shoshenq II Obscure Pharaoh , possibly a usurper . 887 -- 885 Tutkheperre Shoshenq IIb Obscure Pharaoh , placement uncertain . 880s Hedjkheperre Harsiese An obscure rebel , at Thebes . 880 -- 860 Takelot I Son of Osorkon I . 885 -- 872 Usermaatre - setepenamun Osorkon II Son of Takelot I . 872 -- 837 Usermaatre - setepenre Shoshenq III - 837 -- 798 Shoshenq IV - 798 -- 785 Usermaatre - setepenre Pami - 785 -- 778 Aakheperre Shoshenq V - 778 -- 740 Usermaatre Osorkon IV - 740 -- 720 Twenty - Third Dynasty ( edit ) The Twenty - Third Dynasty was a local group , again of Libyan origin , based at Herakleopolis and Thebes that ruled from 837 to c. 735 BC : Name Image Comments Dates Hedjkheperre - setpenre Takelot II Previously thought to be a 22nd Dynasty pharaoh , he is now known to be the founder of the 23rd 837 -- 813 Usermaatre - setepenamun Pedubast A rebel -- seized Thebes from Takelot II 826 -- 801 Usermaatre - setepenamun Iuput I Co-regent with Pedubast 812 -- 811 Usermaatre Shoshenq VI Successor to Pedubast 801 -- 795 Usermaatre - setepenamun Osorkon III Son of Takelot II ; recovered Thebes , then proclaimed himself king 795 -- 767 Usermaatre - setpenamun Takelot III Co-reign with his father Osorkon III for the first five years of his reign . 773 -- 765 Usermaatre - setpenamun Rudamun Younger son of Osorkon III and brother of Takelot III . 765 -- 762 Rudamun was succeeded in Thebes by a local ruler : Name Image Comments Dates Menkheperre Ini Reigned at Thebes only 762 -- ? Twenty - fourth Dynasty ( edit ) The Twenty - fourth Dynasty was a short - lived rival dynasty located in the western Delta ( Sais ) , with only two pharaohs ruling from 732 to 720 BC . Name Image Comments Dates Shepsesre Tefnakhte - 732 -- 725 Wahkare Bakenrenef ( Bocchoris ) - 725 -- 720 Twenty - fifth Dynasty ( edit ) Nubians invaded Lower Egypt and took the throne of Egypt under Piye although they already controlled Thebes and Upper Egypt in the early years of Piye 's reign . Piye 's conquest of Lower Egypt established the Twenty - fifth Dynasty which ruled until 656 BC . Name Image Comments Dates Usermaatre Piye King of Nubia ; conquered Egypt in 20th year ; full reign at least 24 years , possibly 30 + years 744 -- 714 according to Frédéric Payraudeau Djedkaure Shebitku Believed to be Shabaka 's successor until the 2010s 714 -- 705 according to Frédéric Payraudeau Neferkare Shabaka Believed to be Shebitku 's predecessor until the 2010s 705 -- 690 according to Frédéric Payraudeau Khuinefertemre Taharqa - 690 -- 664 Bakare Tantamani Lost control of Upper Egypt in 656 BC when Psamtik I extended his authority into Thebes in that year . 664 -- 653 They were ultimately driven back into Nubia , where they established a kingdom at Napata ( 656 -- 590 ) , and , later , at Meroë ( 590 BC -- 4th century AD ) . Late Period ( edit ) The Late Period runs from around 664 to 332 BC , and includes periods of rule by native Egyptians and Persians . Twenty - sixth Dynasty ( edit ) The Twenty - sixth Dynasty ruled from around 664 to 525 BC . Name Image Comments Dates Tefnakht II Manetho 's Stephinates . May have been a descendant of the Twenty - fourth Dynasty . The father of Necho I . 685 -- 678 BC Nekauba Manetho 's Nechepsos . His existence has been questioned . 678 -- 672 BC Menkheperre Nekau I ( Necho I ) Was killed by an invading Kushite force in 664 BC under Tantamani . Father of Psamtik I . 672 -- 664 BC The son and successor of Necho I , Psamtik I , managed to reunify Egypt and is generally regarded as the founder of the Twenty - sixth Dynasty . Name Image Comments Dates Wahibre Psamtik I ( Psammetichus I ) Reunified Egypt . Son of Necho I and father of Necho II . 664 -- 610 BC Wehemibre Necho II ( Necho II ) Most likely the pharaoh mentioned in several books of the Bible . Son of Psamtik I and father of Psamtik II . 610 -- 595 BC Neferibre Psamtik II ( Psammetichus II ) Son of Necho II and father of Apries . 595 -- 589 BC Haaibre Wahibre ( Apries ) Fled Egypt after Amasis II ( who was a general at the time ) declared himself pharaoh following a civil war . Son of Psamtik II . 589 -- 570 BC Khnemibre Ahmose II ( Amasis II ) He was the last great ruler of Egypt before the Persian conquest . According to the Greek historian Herodotus , he was of common origins . Father of Psamtik III . 570 -- 526 BC Ankhkaenre Psamtik III ( Psammetichus III ) Son of Amasis II . Ruled for about six months before being defeated by the Persians in the Battle of Pelusium and subsequently executed for attempting to revolt . 526 -- 525 BC Twenty - Seventh Dynasty ( first Persian Period ) ( edit ) Egypt was conquered by the Persian Empire in 525 BC and constitutued a satrapy as part of this empire until 404 BC . The Achaemenid Shahanshahs were acknowledged as Pharaohs in this era , forming the 27th Dynasty : Name Image Comments Dates Cambyses ( Cambyses II ) Defeated Psamtik III at the Battle of Pelusium at 525 BC 525 -- 521 BC Smerdis ( Bardiya ) Son of Cyrus the Great 522 -- 521 BC Petubastis III A native Egyptian rebel in the Delta 522 / 21 -- 520 BC Darius I the Great - 521 -- 486 BC Xerxes I the Great - Was Assasinated 486 -- 465 BC Psammetichus IV A proposed native Egyptian rebel leader . Exact date uncertain . possibly in the 480s BC Artabanus the Hyrcanian - 465 -- 464 BC Artaxerxes I Longhand - 464 -- 424 BC Xerxes II claimant 424 -- 423 BC Sogdianus claimant 424 -- 423 BC Darius II 424 -- 404 BC Twenty - Eighth Dynasty ( edit ) The Twenty - eighth Dynasty lasted only 6 years , from 404 to 398 BC , with one Pharaoh : Name Image Comments Dates Amyrtaeus Descendant of the Saite pharaohs of the Twenty - sixth Dynasty ; led a successful revolt against the Persians . 404 -- 398 BC Twenty - Ninth Dynasty ( edit ) The Twenty - ninth Dynasty ruled from 398 to 380 BC : Name Image Comments Dates Baenre Nefaarud I Also known as Nepherites . Defeated Amyrtaeus in open battle and had him executed . 399 -- 393 BC Khenemmaatre Hakor ( Achoris ) Son of Nefaarud I . c. 392 -- c. 391 BC Psammuthes Possibly dethroned Hakor for a year . c. 391 BC Hakor ( restored ) Retook the throne from Psammuthes . c. 390 -- c. 379 BC Nefaarud II Was deposed and likely killed by Nectanebo I after ruling for only 4 months . Son of Hakor . c. 379 BC Thirtieth Dynasty ( edit ) The Thirtieth Dynasty ruled from 380 until Egypt once more came under Persian rule in 343 BC : Name Image Comments Dates Kheperkare Nekhtnebef ( Nectanebo I ) Also known as Nekhtnebef . Deposed and likely killed Nefaarud II , starting the last dynasty of native Egyptians . Father of Teos . c. 379 -- c. 361 BC Irimaatenre Djedher ( Teos ) Co-regent with his father Nectanebo I from about 365 BC . Was overthrown by Nectanebo II with the aid of Agesilaus II of Sparta . c. 361 -- c. 359 BC Senedjemibre Nakhthorhebyt ( Nectanebo II ) Last native ruler of ancient Egypt c. 359 -- c. 342 BC Thirty - first Dynasty ( Second Persian period ) ( edit ) Egypt again came under the control of the Achaemenid Persians . After the practice of Manetho , the Persian rulers from 343 to 332 BC are occasionally designated as the Thirty - first Dynasty : Name Image Comments Dates Artaxerxes III Egypt came under Persian rule for the second time 343 -- 338 BC Artaxerxes IV Arses Only reigned in Lower Egypt 338 -- 336 BC Khababash Rebel pharaoh who led an invasion in Nubia 338 -- 335 BC Darius III Upper Egypt returned to Persian control in 335 BC 336 -- 332 BC Hellenistic Period ( edit ) Argead Dynasty ( edit ) The Macedonians under Alexander the Great ushered in the Hellenistic period with his conquest of Persia and Egypt . The Argeads ruled from 332 to 309 BC : Name Image Comments Dates Setepenre - meryamun Alexander III ( Alexander the Great ) Macedon conquered Persia and Egypt 332 -- 323 BC Philip III Arrhidaeus Feeble - minded half - brother of Alexander III the Great 323 -- 317 BC Haaibre Alexander IV Son of Alexander III the Great and Roxana 317 -- 309 BC Ptolemaic Dynasty ( edit ) The second Hellenistic dynasty , the Ptolemies , ruled Egypt from 305 BC until Egypt became a province of Rome in 30 BC ( whenever two dates overlap , that means there was a co-regency ) . The most famous member of this dynasty was Cleopatra VII , who in modern times is known simply as Cleopatra who was successively the consort of Julius Caesar and after Caesar 's death , of Mark Antony , and had children with both of them . Cleopatra strove to create a dynastic and political union between Egypt and Rome but the assassination of Caesar and the defeat of Mark Antony doomed her plans . Caesarion ( Ptolemy XV Philopator Philometor Caesar ) was the last king of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt , he reigned jointly with his mother Cleopatra VII of Egypt , from September 2 , 47 BC . He was the eldest son of Cleopatra VII , and possibly the only son of Julius Caesar , after whom he was named . Between the alleged death of Cleopatra , on August 12 , 30 BC , up to his own alleged death on August 23 , 30 BC , he was nominally the sole pharaoh . It is tradition that he was hunted down and killed on the orders of Octavian , who would become the Roman emperor Augustus , but the historical evidence does not exist . Name Image Comments Dates Setepenre - meryamun Ptolemy I Soter Abdicated in 285 BC ; died in 283 BC 305 -- 285 BC Berenice I Wife of Ptolemy I ? -- 285 BC Weserkare - meryamun Ptolemy II Philadelphos - 288 -- 246 BC Arsinoe I Wife of Ptolemy II 284 / 281 -- c. 274 BC Arsinoe II Wife of Ptolemy II 277 -- 270 BC Ptolemy III Euergetes I - 246 -- 222 BC Berenice II Wife of Ptolemy III . Was Murdered . 244 / 243 -- 222 BC Ptolemy IV Philopator - 222 -- 204 BC Arsinoe III Wife of Ptolemy IV . Was Murdered . 220 -- 204 BC Hugronaphor Revolutionary Pharaoh in the South 205 -- 199 BC Ankhmakis Revolutionary Pharaoh in the South 199 -- 185 BC Ptolemy V Epiphanes Upper Egypt in revolt 207 -- 186 BC 204 -- 180 BC Cleopatra I Wife of Ptolemy V , co-regent with Ptolemy VI during his minority 193 -- 176 BC Ptolemy VI Philometor Died 145 BC 180 -- 164 BC Cleopatra II Wife of Ptolemy VI 175 -- 164 BC Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II Proclaimed king by Alexandrians in 170 BC ; ruled jointly with Ptolemy VI Philometor and Cleopatra II from 169 to 164 BC . Died 116 BC 171 -- 163 BC Ptolemy VI Philometor Egypt under the control of Ptolemy VIII 164 BC -- 163 BC ; Ptolemy VI restored 163 BC 163 -- 145 BC Cleopatra II Married Ptolemy VIII ; led revolt against him in 131 BC and became sole ruler of Egypt . 163 -- 127 BC Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator Proclaimed co-ruler by father ; later ruled under regency of his mother Cleopatra II 145 -- 144 BC Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II Restored 145 -- 131 BC Cleopatra III Second wife of Ptolemy VIII . Was murdered by her own son Ptolemy X . 142 -- 131 BC Ptolemy Memphitis Proclaimed King by Cleopatra II ; soon killed by Ptolemy VIII 131 BC Harsiesi Revolutionary Pharaoh in the South 131 -- 130 BC Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II Restored 127 -- 116 BC Cleopatra III Restored with Ptolemy VIII ; later co-regent with Ptolemy IX and X . 127 -- 107 BC Cleopatra II Reconciled with Ptolemy VIII ; co-ruled with Cleopatra III and Ptolemy until 116 . 124 -- 116 BC Ptolemy IX Soter II Died 80 BC 116 -- 110 BC Cleopatra IV Was Murdered . Shortly married to Ptolemy IX , but was pushed out by Cleopatra III 116 -- 115 BC Ptolemy X Alexander I Died 88 BC 110 -- 109 BC Berenice III Forced to marry Ptolemy XI ; murdered on his orders 19 days later 81 -- 80 BC Ptolemy XI Alexander II Young son of Ptolemy X Alexander ; installed by Sulla ; ruled for 80 days before being lynched by citizens for killing Berenice III 80 BC Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos ( Auletes ) Son of Ptolemy IX ; died 51 BC 80 -- 58 BC Cleopatra V Tryphaena Wife of Ptolemy XII , mother of Berenice IV 79 -- 68 BC Cleopatra VI Daughter of Ptolemy XII 58 -- 57 BC Berenice IV Daughter of Ptolemy XII ; forced to marry Seleucus Kybiosaktes , but had him strangled . Joint rule with Cleopatra VI until 57 BC . 58 -- 55 BC Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos Restored ; reigned briefly with his daughter Cleopatra VII before his death 55 -- 51 BC Cleopatra VII Jointly with her father Ptolemy XII , her brother Ptolemy XIII , her brother - husband Ptolemy XIV , and her son Ptolemy XV ; also known simply as Cleopatra 51 -- 30 BC Ptolemy XIII Brother of Cleopatra VII 51 -- 47 BC Arsinoe IV In opposition to Cleopatra VII 48 -- 47 BC Ptolemy XIV Younger brother of Cleopatra VII and Ptolemy XIII 47 -- 44 BC Ptolemy XV Infant son of Cleopatra VII ; aged 3 when proclaimed co-ruler with Cleopatra . Last known ruler of ancient Egypt when Rome took over . 44 -- 30 BC Rome ( edit ) Cleopatra VII had affairs with Roman Dictator Julius Caesar and Roman General Mark Antony , but it was not until after her suicide ( after Marc Antony was defeated by Octavian , who would later be Emperor Augustus ) that Egypt became a province of Rome in 30 BC . Subsequent Roman Emperors were accorded the title of Pharaoh , although exclusively while in Egypt . One Egyptian king - list lists the Roman Emperors as Pharaohs up to and including Decius . See the list of Roman Emperors . See also ( edit ) Ancient Egypt portal Monarchy portal Conventional Egyptian chronology Egyptian chronology History of Egypt Bibliography ( edit ) J.H. Breasted , History of Egypt from the Earliest Time to the Persian Conquest , 1909 J. Cerny , ' Egypt from the Death of Ramesses III to the End of the Twenty - First Dynasty ' in The Middle East and the Aegean Region c. 1380 -- 1000 BC , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 08691 - 4 Clayton , Peter A. ( 1995 ) . Chronicle of the Pharaohs : The Reign - by - Reign Record of the Rulers and Dynasties of Ancient Egypt . The Chronicles Series ( Reprinted ed . ) . London : Thames and Hudson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 05074 - 3 . Dodson , Aidan and Hilton , Dyan . The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt . Thames & Hudson . 2004 . ISBN 0 - 500 - 05128 - 3 Sir Alan Gardiner Egyptian Grammar : Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs , Third Edition , Revised . London : Oxford University Press , 1964 . Excursus A , pp. 71 -- 76 . Nicolas Grimal , A History of Ancient Egypt , ( Blackwell Books : 1992 ) Murnane , William J. Ancient Egyptian Coregencies , Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization . No. 40 . The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago , 1977 Michael Rice , Who 's Who in Ancient Egypt , Routledge 1999 Ryholt , Kim & Steven Bardrum. 2000 . `` The Late Old Kingdom in the Turin King - list and the Identity of Nitocris . '' Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 127 Shaw , Garry . The Pharaoh , Life at Court and on Campaign , Thames and Hudson , 2012 . Toby A.H. Wilkinson , Early Dynastic Egypt , Routledge 1999 , ISBN 0 - 415 - 18633 - 1 Verner , Miroslav , The Pyramids -- Their Archaeology and History , Atlantic Books , 2001 , ISBN 1 - 84354 - 171 - 8 Egypt , History & Civilisation By Dr. R Ventura . Published by Osiris , PO Box 107 Cairo . References ( edit ) ^ Clayton 1995 , p. 217 . `` Although paying lip - service to the old ideas and religion , in varying degrees , pharaonic Egypt had in effect died with the last native pharaoh , Nectanebo II in 343 BC '' ^ Toby A.H. Wilkinson : Royal Annals Of Ancient Egypt . Routledge , London 2012 , ISBN 1 - 136 - 60247 - X , p. 50 . ^ Toby A.H. Wilkinson : Royal Annals Of Ancient Egypt . Routledge , London 2012 , ISBN 1 - 136 - 60247 - X , p. 61 . ^ Thomas Schneider : Lexikon der Pharaonen . Albatros , Düsseldorf 2002 , ISBN 3 - 491 - 96053 - 3 , p. 259 . ^ Thomas Schneider : Lexikon der Pharaonen . 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In : Bulletin de L'Institute Français D'Archéologie Orientale ( BIFAO ) 112 . Ausgabe 2012 , S. 381 -- 395 . ^ Günter Dreyer : Horus Krokodil , ein Gegenkönig der Dynastie 0 . In : Renee Friedman and Barbara Adams ( Hrsg . ) : The Followers of Horus , Studies dedicated to Michael Allen Hoffman , 1949 -- 1990 ( = Egyptian Studies Association Publication , vol. 2 ) . Oxbow Publications , Bloomington ( IN ) 1992 , ISBN 0 - 946897 - 44 - 1 , p. 259 -- 263 . ^ Jürgen von Beckerath : Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen ( = Münchner ägyptologische Studien , vol. 49 . von Zabern , Mainz 1999 , ISBN 3 - 8053 - 2591 - 6 , p. 36 -- 37 . ^ Toby Wilkinson : Early Dynastic Egypt : Strategy , Society and Security . Routeledge , London 1999 , ISBN 0 - 415 - 18633 - 1 , p. 38 , 56 & 57 . ^ Wolfgang Helck : Untersuchungen zur Thinitenzeit ( = Ägyptologische Abhandlungen ( ÄA ) , Vol. 45 ) . Harrassowitz , Wiesbaden 1987 , ISBN 3 - 447 - 02677 - 4 , p. 124 . ^ Wolfgang Helck : Untersuchungen zur Thinitenzeit ( Agyptologische Abhandlungen ) , ISBN 3 - 447 - 02677 - 4 , O. Harrassowitz ( 1987 ) , p. 124 ^ William Matthew Flinders Petrie : The Royal Tombs of the Earliest Dynasties . Cambridge University Press , New York 2013 ( reprint of 1901 ) , ISBN 1 - 108 - 06612 - 7 , p. 49 . ^ Nicolas - Christophe Grimal : A History of Ancient Egypt . Blackwell , Oxford UK / Cambridge USA 1992 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 19396 - 8 , p. 53 . ^ Wilkinson ( 1999 ) pp. 83 -- 84 ^ Dietrich Wildung : Die Rolle ägyptischer Könige im Bewußtsein ihrer Nachwelt . Teil I. Posthume Quellen über die Könige der ersten vier Dynastien . In : Münchener Ägyptologische Studien , vol. 17 . Deutscher Kunstverlag , Munich / Berlin 1969 , p. 31 -- 33 . ^ Wilkinson ( 1999 ) p. 79 ^ Wilkinson ( 1999 ) pp. 87 -- 88 ^ Pascal Vernus , Jean Yoyotte , The Book of the Pharaohs , Cornell University Press 2003 , p. 27 ^ Jürgen von Beckerath : Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen . Deutscher Kunstverlag , München / Berlin 1984 , ISBN 3 - 422 - 00832 - 2 , page 171 . ^ Toby A.H. Wilkinson : Early Dynastic Egypt . Routledge , London / New York 2002 , ISBN 1 - 134 - 66420 - 6 , p. 75 -- 76 . ^ Jürgen von Beckerath : Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen. 2 . verbesserte und erweiterte Auflage . von Zabern , Mainz 1999 , S. 44 -- 45 . ^ Thomas Schneider : Lexikon der Pharaonen . 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Albatros , Düsseldorf 2002 , ISBN 3 - 491 - 96053 - 3 , S. 278 -- 279 . ^ Miroslav Verner ( 2000 ) : Who was Shepseskara , and when did he reign ? , in : Miroslav Bárta , Jaromír Krejčí ( editors ) : Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2000 , Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Oriental Institute , Prague , ISBN 80 - 85425 - 39 - 4 , p. 581 -- 602 , available online Archived 2011 - 02 - 01 at the Wayback Machine ... ^ Dodson & Hilton ( 2004 ) p. 73 ^ Ryholt & Bardrum ( 2000 ) pp. 87 -- 100 . ^ Jürgen von Beckerath : Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen , Münchner ägyptologische Studien , Heft 49 , Mainz : P. von Zabern , 1999 , ISBN 3 - 8053 - 2591 - 6 , available online ^ Kim Ryholt : `` The Late Old Kingdom in the Turin King - list and the Identity of Nitocris '' , Zeitschrift für ägyptische , 127 , 2000 , p. 99 ^ Gustave Jéquier , Maṣlaḥat al - Āthār ( 1993 ) : Les pyramides des reines Neit et Apouit ( in French ) , Cairo : Institut français d'archéologie orientale , OCLC 195690029 , see plate 5 . ^ Percy Newberry ( 1943 ) : Queen Nitocris of the Sixth Dynasty , in : The Journal of Egyptian Archeology , vol. 29 , pp = 51 -- 54 ^ Gae Callender : Queen Neit - ikrety / Nitokris , in : Miroslav Barta , Filip Coppens , Jaromic Krecji ( editors ) : Abusir and Saqqara in the year 2010 / 1 , Prague : Czech Institute of Egyptology , Faculty of Arts , Charles University , 2011 , ISBN 978 - 80 - 7308 - 384 - 7 , see pp. 249 -- 250 ^ Turin Kinglist , Columns IV , 18 to V , 10 , Ancient Egypt dot org . 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ISBN 87 - 7289 - 421 - 0 . ^ `` Giant Sarcophagus Leads Penn Museum Team in Egypt To the Tomb of a Previously Unknown Pharaoh '' . Penn Museum . January 2014 . Retrieved 16 Jan 2014 . ^ Marcel Marée : A sculpture workshop at Abydos from the late Sixteenth or early Seventeenth Dynasty , in : Marcel Marée ( editor ) : The Second Intermediate period ( Thirteenth - Seventeenth Dynasties ) , Current Research , Future Prospects , Leuven , Paris , Walpole , MA . 2010 ISBN 978 - 90 - 429 - 2228 - 0 . p. 247 , 268 ^ Jürgen von Beckerath : Untersuchungen zur politischen Geschichte der Zweiten Zwischenzeit in Ägypten , Glückstadt , 1964 ^ Jürgen von Beckerath : Chronologie des pharaonischen Ägyptens , Münchner Ägyptologische Studien 46 . Mainz am Rhein , 1997 ^ Jürgen von Beckerath : Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen , Münchner ägyptologische Studien 49 , Mainz 1999 . ^ Wolfgang Helck , Eberhard Otto , Wolfhart Westendorf , Stele -- Zypresse : Volume 6 of Lexikon der Ägyptologie , Otto Harrassowitz Verlag , 1986 , Page 1383 ^ Christopher Bronk Ramsey et al. , Radiocarbon - Based Chronology for Dynastic Egypt , Science 18 June 2010 : Vol. 328 . no . 5985 , pp. 1554 -- 1557 . ^ `` Ramesses I Menpehtire '' . Digital Egypt . University College London . 2001 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 29 . ^ `` King Merenptah '' . Digital Egypt . University College London . 2001 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 29 . ^ `` Sety II '' . Digital Egypt . University College London . 2001 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 27 . ^ `` Siptah Sekhaenre / Akhenre '' . Digital Egypt . University College London . 2001 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 27 . ^ Grimal ( 1992 ) p. 291 ^ `` Ramesses XI Menmaatre - setpenptah '' . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 28 . ^ Cerny p. 645 ^ F. Payraudeau , Retour sur la succession Shabaqo - Shabataqo , Nehet 1 , 2014 , p. 115 - 127 ^ `` Late Period Kings '' . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 27 . ^ Placed in this dynasty only for chronological reasons , as he was not related to the Achaemenids . ^ `` Nakhthorhebyt '' . Digital Egypt for Universities . Retrieved March 1 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Egyptian Royal Genealogy Manetho and the King Lists Review of different primary king lists Chronology Table - 0 Dynasty & History Period , by Dariusz Sitek Multi-pages of list of pharaohs in different king lists , without the god kings , in Egyptian hieroglyphs and English Egyptian Journey 2003 : History : King Lists Hyperlink texts of the Manetho , Abydos & Turin king lists , without the god - kings Digital Egypt for Universities List of all female Pharaohs Pharaohs Protodynastic to First Intermediate Period ( < 3150 -- 2040 BC ) Period Dynasty Pharaohs ( male female ) uncertain Protodynastic ( pre-3150 BC ) Lower Hsekiu Khayu Tiu Thesh Neheb Wazner Mekh Double Falcon Upper Scorpion I Crocodile Iry - Hor Ka Scorpion II Narmer / Menes Early Dynastic ( 3150 -- 2686 BC ) Narmer / Menes Hor - Aha Djer Djet Merneith Den Anedjib Semerkhet Qa'a Sneferka Horus Bird II Hotepsekhemwy Nebra / Raneb Nynetjer Ba Nubnefer Horus Sa Weneg - Nebty Wadjenes Senedj Seth - Peribsen Sekhemib - Perenmaat Neferkara I Neferkasokar Hudjefa I Khasekhemwy Old Kingdom ( 2686 -- 2181 BC ) III Nebka Djoser Sekhemkhet Sanakht Khaba Qahedjet Huni IV Snefru Khufu Djedefre Khafre Bikheris Menkaure Shepseskaf Thamphthis V Userkaf Sahure Neferirkare Kakai Neferefre Shepseskare Nyuserre Ini Menkauhor Kaiu Djedkare Isesi Unas VI Teti Userkare Pepi I Merenre Nemtyemsaf I Pepi II Merenre Nemtyemsaf II Netjerkare Siptah 1 Intermediate ( 2181 -- 2040 BC ) VIII Menkare Neferkare II Neferkare III Neby Djedkare Shemai Neferkare IV Khendu Merenhor Neferkamin Nikare Neferkare V Tereru Neferkahor Neferkare VI Pepiseneb Neferkamin Anu Qakare Iby Neferkaure Neferkauhor Neferirkare Wadjkare Khuiqer Khui IX Meryibre Khety Neferkare VII Nebkaure Khety Setut X Meryhathor Neferkare VIII Wahkare Khety Merykare Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period ( 2040 -- 1550 BC ) Period Dynasty Pharaohs ( male female ) uncertain Middle Kingdom ( 2040 -- 1802 BC ) XI Mentuhotep I Intef I Intef II Intef III Mentuhotep II Mentuhotep III Mentuhotep IV Nubia Segerseni Qakare Ini Iyibkhentre XII Amenemhat I Senusret I Amenemhat II Senusret II Senusret III Amenemhat III Amenemhat IV Sobekneferu 2 Intermediate ( 1802 -- 1550 BC ) XIII Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep Sonbef Nerikare Sekhemkare Amenemhat V Ameny Qemau Hotepibre Iufni Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI Semenkare Nebnuni Sehetepibre Sewadjkare Nedjemibre Khaankhre Sobekhotep Renseneb Hor Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw Djedkheperew Sebkay Sedjefakare Wegaf Khendjer Imyremeshaw Sehetepkare Intef Seth Meribre Sobekhotep III Neferhotep I Sihathor Sobekhotep IV Merhotepre Sobekhotep Khahotepre Sobekhotep Wahibre Ibiau Merneferre Ay Merhotepre Ini Sankhenre Sewadjtu Mersekhemre Ined Sewadjkare Hori Merkawre Sobekhotep Mershepsesre Ini II Sewahenre Senebmiu Merkheperre Merkare Sewadjare Mentuhotep Seheqenre Sankhptahi XIV Yakbim Sekhaenre Ya'ammu Nubwoserre Qareh Khawoserre ' Ammu Ahotepre Maaibre Sheshi Nehesy Khakherewre Nebefawre Sehebre Merdjefare Sewadjkare III Nebdjefare Webenre Nebsenre Sekheperenre Djedkherewre Bebnum ' Apepi Nuya Wazad Sheneh Shenshek Khamure Yakareb Yaqub - Har XV Semqen ' Aper - ' Anati Sakir - Har Khyan Apepi Khamudi XVI Djehuti Sobekhotep VIII Neferhotep III Mentuhotepi Nebiryraw I Nebiriau II Semenre Bebiankh Sekhemre Shedwast Dedumose I Dedumose II Montuemsaf Merankhre Mentuhotep Senusret IV Pepi III Abydos Senebkay Wepwawetemsaf Pantjeny Snaaib XVII Rahotep Nebmaatre Sobekemsaf I Sobekemsaf II Sekhemre - Wepmaat Intef Nubkheperre Intef Sekhemre - Heruhirmaat Intef Senakhtenre Ahmose Seqenenre Tao Kamose New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period ( 1550 -- 664 BC ) Period Dynasty Pharaohs ( male female ) uncertain New Kingdom ( 1550 -- 1070 BC ) XVIII Ahmose I Amenhotep I Thutmose I Thutmose II Thutmose III Hatshepsut Amenhotep II Thutmose IV Amenhotep III Akhenaten Smenkhkare Neferneferuaten Tutankhamun Ay Horemheb XIX Ramesses I Seti I Ramesses II Merneptah Amenmesses Seti II Siptah Twosret XX Setnakhte Ramesses III Ramesses IV Ramesses V Ramesses VI Ramesses VII Ramesses VIII Ramesses IX Ramesses X Ramesses XI 3 Intermediate ( 1069 -- 664 BC ) XXI Smendes Amenemnisu Psusennes I Amenemope Osorkon the Elder Siamun Psusennes II XXII Shoshenq I Osorkon I Shoshenq II Takelot I Osorkon II Shoshenq III Shoshenq IV Pami Shoshenq V Osorkon IV XXIII Harsiese A Takelot II Pedubast I Shoshenq VI Osorkon III Takelot III Rudamun Menkheperre Ini XXIV Tefnakht Bakenranef XXV Piye Shebitku Shabaka Taharqa Tanutamun Late Period and Hellenistic Period ( 664 -- 30 BC ) Period Dynasty Pharaohs ( male female ) uncertain Late ( 664 -- 332 BC ) XXVI Necho I Psamtik I Necho II Psamtik II Wahibre Ahmose II Psamtik III XXVII Cambyses II Petubastis III Darius I Xerxes Artaxerxes I Darius II XXVIII Amyrtaeus XXIX Nepherites I Hakor Psammuthes Nepherites II XXX Nectanebo I Teos Nectanebo II XXXI Artaxerxes III Khabash Arses Darius III Hellenistic ( 332 -- 30 BC ) Argead Alexander the Great Philip III Arrhidaeus Alexander IV Ptolemaic Ptolemy I Soter Ptolemy II Philadelphus Ptolemy III Euergetes Ptolemy IV Philopator Ptolemy V Epiphanes Ptolemy VI Philometor Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator Ptolemy VIII Euergetes Ptolemy IX Soter Ptolemy X Alexander I Ptolemy XI Alexander II Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos Berenice IV Cleopatra Ptolemy XV Caesarion Dynastic genealogies 11 12 18 19 20 21 to 23 25 26 27 30 31 Ptolemaic List of pharaohs Ancient Egypt topics Outline Index Major topics Glossary of artifacts Agriculture Architecture ( Egyptian Revival architecture ) Art Astronomy Burial customs Chronology Cities ( list ) Clothing Cuisine Dynasties Geography Great Royal Wives History Language Literature Mathematics Medicine Military Music Mythology People Pharaohs ( list ) Philosophy Religion Sites Technology Trade Writing Egyptology Egyptologists Museums Book Ancient Egypt portal WikiProject Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_pharaohs&oldid=806246497 '' Categories : Pharaohs Ancient Egypt - related lists Lists of monarchs Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from March 2012 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Latina Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2017 , at 18 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the oldest pharaoh of ancient egypt	[]	[]
-454168274175962952	Reflex arc	Reflex arc - wikipedia Reflex arc Jump to : navigation , search In a reflex arc , an action potential never travels to the brain for processing and so results in a much quicker reaction . When a stimulus ( A ) is encountered , the signal from that stimulus will travel up the sensory neuron ( B , in green ) to the spinal column ( C ) . There , it will likely pass through a short interneuron ( D , in purple ) before continuing down a motor neuron ( E , in blue ) to the origin of the signal . Then , a contraction of the muscles ( F , in red ) is triggered , moving the bone ( G ) . A reflex arc is a neural pathway that controls a reflex . In vertebrates , most sensory neurons do not pass directly into the brain , but synapse in the spinal cord . This allows for faster reflex actions to occur by activating spinal motor neurons without the delay of routing signals through the brain . However , the brain will receive the sensory input while the reflex is being carried out and the analysis of the signal takes place after the reflex action . There are two types : autonomic reflex arc ( affecting inner organs ) and somatic reflex arc ( affecting muscles ) . However , autonomic reflexes sometimes involve the spinal cord and some somatic reflexes are mediated more by the brain than the spinal cord . During a somatic reflex , nerve signals travel along the following pathway : Somatic receptors in the skin , muscles and tendons Afferent nerve fibers carry signals from the somatic receptors to the posterior horn of the spinal cord or to the brainstem An integrating center , the point at which the neurons that compose the gray matter of the spinal cord or brainstem synapse Efferent nerve fibers carry motor nerve signals from the anterior horn to the muscles Effector muscle innervated by the efferent nerve fiber carries out the response . A reflex arc , then , is the pathway followed by nerves which ( a . ) carry sensory information from the receptor to the spinal cord , and then ( b ) carry the response generated by the spinal cord to effector organ ( s ) during a reflex action . Contents ( hide ) 1 Monosynaptic vs. polysynaptic 2 The patellar reflex ( knee jerk ) 3 References 4 External links Monosynaptic vs. polysynaptic ( edit ) Reflex arc demonstrated When a reflex arc in an animal consists of only one sensory neuron and one motor neuron , it is defined as monosynaptic , referring to the presence of a single chemical synapse . In the case of peripheral muscle reflexes ( patellar reflex , achilles reflex ) , brief stimulation to the muscle spindle results in contraction of the agonist or effector muscle . By contrast , in polysynaptic reflex pathways , one or more interneurons connect afferent ( sensory ) and efferent ( motor ) signals . All but the most simple reflexes are polysynaptic , allowing processing or inhibition of polysynaptic reflexes within the brain . The patellar reflex ( knee jerk ) ( edit ) Main article : Patellar reflex When the patellar tendon is tapped just below the knee , the tap initiates an action potential in a specialized structure known as a muscle spindle located within the quadriceps . This action potential travels to the L3 and L4 nerve roots of the spinal cord , via a sensory axon which chemically communicates by releasing glutamate onto a motor nerve . The result of this motor nerve activity is contraction of the quadriceps muscle , leading to extension of the lower leg at the knee ( i.e. the lower leg kicks forward ) . Ultimately , an improper patellar reflex may indicate cerebellar injury . The sensory input from the quadriceps also activates local interneurons that release the inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine onto motor neurons of antagonist muscles , blocking the sustained stimulation of these antagonistic ( hamstring ) muscles . The relaxation of the opposing muscle facilitates ( by not opposing ) the extension of the lower leg . In lower animals reflex interneurons do not necessarily reside in the spinal cord , for example as in the lateral giant neuron of crayfish . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Saladin , Kenneth ( 2015 ) . Anatomy & Physiology : The Unity of Form and Function . New York : McGraw - Hill . pp. 496 -- 497 . ISBN 978 - 0073403717 . ^ Jump up to : `` Deep Tendon Reflexes '' . The Precise Neurological Exam . New York University School of Medicine . November 28 , 2016 . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Ole Kæseler Andersen ( 1996 ) . Physiological and Pharmacological modulation of the human nociceptive withdrawal reflex ( PDF ) ( PhD Thesis ) . Center for Sansory - Motor Interaction , Aalborg University . Overview at sfsu.edu Overview at rutgers.edu ( with animation ) Tutorial at wisc-online.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reflex_arc&oldid=834172824 '' Categories : Reflexes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Deutsch Español Հայերեն Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands Polski Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Türkçe Українська 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 09 : 21 . About Wikipedia	describe the structure and function of the reflex arc in higher vertebrates	[]	[]
-2212929370727845464	Lean On	Lean On - wikipedia Lean On Jump to : navigation , search `` Lean On '' Single by Major Lazer and DJ Snake featuring MØ from the album Peace Is the Mission Released March 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 02 ) Format Digital download Recorded 2014 Genre Dance bounce moombahton Length 2 : 56 Label Mad Decent Because Warner Songwriter ( s ) MØ Diplo DJ Snake Philip Meckseper Producer ( s ) Major Lazer DJ Snake Major Lazer singles chronology `` Come On to Me '' ( 2014 ) `` Lean On '' ( 2015 ) `` Powerful '' ( 2015 ) `` Come On to Me '' ( 2014 ) `` Lean On '' ( 2015 ) `` Powerful '' ( 2015 ) DJ Snake singles chronology `` You Know You Like It '' ( 2014 ) You Know You Like It 2014 `` Lean On '' ( 2015 ) Lean On2015 `` Middle '' ( 2015 ) Middle 2015 MØ singles chronology `` Beg for It '' ( 2014 ) Beg for It 2014 `` Lean On '' ( 2015 ) Lean On2015 `` Lost '' ( 2015 ) Lost 2015 Lean On ( Remixes ) Cover Music video `` Lean On '' on YouTube `` Lean On '' is a song recorded by American electronic music group Major Lazer and French producer DJ Snake featuring vocals from Danish singer MØ , released as the lead single from Major Lazer 's third studio album , Peace Is the Mission , on March 2 , 2015 . It was produced by Major Lazer and DJ Snake , and written by MØ , Major Lazer member Diplo , and DJ Snake . It is a dance and electronic song being also described as a house ballad . `` Lean On '' was a critical and commercial success , peaking at number four on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart and at number two on the UK Singles Chart . It reached number one in several other countries including Australia , Ireland , the Netherlands , Mexico , New Zealand , Finland , Denmark and Switzerland . In November 2015 , `` Lean On '' was named by Spotify as the most streamed song of all time , and has over 1 billion streams globally as of June 2017 ; however , it has since been overtaken by Drake 's `` One Dance '' ( 2016 ) . The accompanying music video for `` Lean On '' was filmed in ND Studios , Karjat ( India ) , Kaul Heritage City , Vasai in Maharashtra ( India ) . The video premiered on March 23 , 2015 and has over 2.2 billion views on YouTube as of April 2018 . According to IFPI , `` Lean On '' was the fifth best selling song of 2015 worldwide , and one of the best - selling singles of all time , with global sales of 13.1 million . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Critical reception 4 Commercial performance 5 Music video 6 Remixes 6.1 Ty Dolla Sign remix 7 Track listing 8 In popular culture 9 Charts 9.1 Weekly charts 9.2 Year - end charts 10 Certifications 11 Release history 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Background ( edit ) Regarding the creative process behind `` Lean On '' , producer Major Lazer said , `` We wrote this song with MØ very early from an instrumental Jr . Blender created in some sessions in Trinidad . It was a strong hook . Very big to me but the production was lacking an attitude we needed . A year later I remixed the song at a completely different tempo and asked DJ Snake for a signature post chorus . After he did his thing , me , MØ and Blender rewrote the song at the new tempo in Las Vegas and made something very unique that became our album 's lead - off single . We 're super proud of this song . '' Diplo offered a slower reggae arrangement of the song to Rihanna , who rejected it . He also offered said arrangement of the song to Nicki Minaj , who turned it down as well . Diplo called this turn of events `` a blessing in disguise . MØ sounds better than anybody was going to sound on that record . '' Composition ( edit ) According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com , the song is composed in the key of G minor with a tempo of 100 beats per minute . Critical reception ( edit ) The song has received critical acclaim . Brennan Carley of Spin wrote , `` It 's as if No Doubt met the C + C Music Factory '' . Consequence of Sound 's Michelle Geslani called the song a ' bouncy banger ' and complimented MØ 's `` siren - like '' vocals . David Jeffries from AllMusic praised MØ and DJ Snake for helping the track `` deliver the sentimental lyrics and sensual house music at an intoxicating half - speed tempo . '' Billboard 's Matt Medved called the song and the recent Diplo 's collaboration with Skrillex on Jack Ü 's `` Where Are Ü Now '' `` both innovates and finds crossover appeal '' , with the first being called `` a pop gloss . '' Rolling Stone ranked `` Lean On '' at number 48 on its year - end list to find the 50 best songs of 2015 , while Billboard listed it number one on its Top 10 Dance / Electronic songs of 2015 . The latter magazine also ranked `` Lean On '' at number 3 on its year - end critics ' poll for 2015 : `` The Grammys got it wrong . It 's rare that a dance record of this quality reaches this level of ubiquity -- after all , this is Spotify 's most streamed song of all - time as of Nov. 2015 . Despite being independently released , the infectious three - minute single became the poster child for dance crossover , dominating both radio and festival play and hitting No. 4 on the Hot 100 . By Billboard 's measure , `` Lean On '' was the dance / electronic song of the year . '' The prestigious Village Voice ranked `` Lean On '' at number 25 on their annual year - end critic 's poll . On January 26 , 2016 , `` Lean On '' reached # 3 on Triple J 's Hottest 100 of 2015 . Commercial performance ( edit ) `` Lean On '' was a global commercial success . In the United States , `` Lean On '' debuted at the bottom of the Billboard Hot 100 on the issue dated April 25 , 2015 . The song later reached number four on August 29 , 2015 , spending 10 consecutive weeks in the top - 10 . This entry makes it Major Lazer and MØ 's highest - charting hit in the country at the time making Major Lazer 's first top 10 and top 40 , also making MØ 's first top 10 and second top 40 ( `` Cold Water '' , a collaboration with Justin Bieber , reached number two in 2016 ) ; `` Lean On '' also ties with DJ Snake 's `` Turn Down for What '' , which also reached number four in June 2014 . In the United Kingdom , `` Lean On '' debuted at number 38 on the UK Singles Chart on the week ending April 11 , 2015 . The song entered the top - 10 three weeks later , before reaching number two on June 27 , 2015 . The song spent 12 non-consecutive weeks in the top - 10 , becoming one of the few songs during 2015 to spend more than 10 weeks in the top 10 ( even above several number - one singles ) . Elsewhere , in Australia , Denmark , Finland , Hungary , Ireland , New Zealand , and Norway , `` Lean On '' reached number one . Additionally , the single reached number 3 on the Canadian Hot 100 . In November 2015 , `` Lean On '' was announced to have overtaken `` Thinking Out Loud '' by Ed Sheeran as the most streamed song of all time on Spotify , with 526 million streams globally . It currently has over 1 billion streams on the site , making it the fourth most streamed song . Music video ( edit ) The accompanying music video for `` Lean On '' was directed by Tim Erem , produced by Mikhail Mehra , Akshay Multani & Per Welen , director of photography Jacob Møller . It was shot at ND Studios , Karjat and Kaul Heritage City , Vasai in Maharashtra , India . Some scenes of the video are filmed in the Gold Room of Stockholm 's town hall . It follows a premise of Major Lazer , MØ and DJ Snake engaging in dance sequences . It was inspired by a previous tour Major Lazer embarked on in the country . Speaking about the music video , Major Lazer member Diplo said : `` When we toured there ( in India ) as Major Lazer , it was mind - blowing to see our fan - base and we wanted to incorporate the attitude and positive vibes into our video and just do something that embodies the essence of Major Lazer . Major Lazer has always been a culture mashup and to us , India feels like some kind of special creature with one foot in history and one firmly in the future . '' The video premiered on April 30 , 2015 and has over 2.2 billion views on YouTube , making it the twelfth most viewed video on the site . Remixes ( edit ) On July 10 , 2015 , the official EP of remixes was released for digital download . The EP consists of seven remixes . Ty Dolla Sign remix ( edit ) The official remix of `` Lean On '' features a guest appearance by American rapper Ty Dolla Sign . It was premiered through Major Lazer 's SoundCloud on June 17 , 2015 . Ty Dolla Sign starts the remix with his new verse while the rest of the song is the same as in the original version . The remix was well received by music critics . Zach Frydenlund of Complex wrote ; `` While the song was already catchy as hell , Ty Dolla adds another element to the single '' . Rap - Up also gave a positive review to the remix with writing that Ty Dolla Sign starts the song with `` electrifying verse that is guaranteed to get you lit '' . Elias Leight of The Fader wrote that Ty Dolla Sign added `` some extra juice '' to the song with his verse . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` Lean On '' ( with DJ Snake featuring MØ ) 2 : 56 Digital download ( Remixes -- EP ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Lean On '' ( Dillon Francis and Jauz Remix ) ( with DJ Snake featuring MØ ) 4 : 38 2 . `` Lean On '' ( CRNKN Remix ) ( with DJ Snake featuring MØ ) 3 : 24 3 . `` Lean On '' ( Ephwurd and ETC ! ETC ! Remix ) ( with DJ Snake featuring MØ ) ( US non-enter ) 3 : 18 4 . `` Lean On '' ( Fono Remix ) ( with DJ Snake featuring MØ ) 5 : 09 5 . `` Lean On '' ( Malaa Remix ) ( with DJ Snake featuring MØ ) 6 : 17 6 . `` Lean On '' ( Moska Remix ) ( with DJ Snake featuring MØ ) 4 : 07 Digital download ( Remixes Vol. 2 ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Lean On '' ( J Balvin and Farruko Remix ) 3 : 51 2 . `` Lean On '' ( Tiësto and MOTi Remix ) ( with DJ Snake featuring MØ ) 4 : 56 In popular culture ( edit ) The song is used in the teaser for the Nexus 5X . `` Lean On '' appeared in the 2016 dance video game Just Dance 2017 . It is also featured in 2K Sports 's video game NBA 2K16 and the film How to be Single . It appeared in YouTube Rewind 2015 and Daniel Kim 's Pop Danthology 2015 . The song was also covered by American musical duo R. City , alongside American acapella group Pentatonix which later was released on their self - titled deluxe album `` Pentatonix '' . The song is heard playing in the car before Evie and the girls disappear in The Leftovers season 2 finale `` I Live Here Now '' . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 -- 16 ) Peak position Argentina ( Monitor Latino ) Australia ( ARIA ) Australia Dance ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Brazil ( ABPD ) Brazil ( Billboard Brasil Hot 100 ) 57 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Colombia ( National - Report ) 9 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( Euro Digital Songs ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Greece Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Hungary ( Dance Top 40 ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) Iceland ( RÚV ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) 6 Italy ( FIMI ) Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) Luxembourg Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Mexico Ingles Airplay ( Billboard ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) Netherlands Dance ( Dance Top 30 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) Russia Airplay ( Tophit ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 7 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 8 South Africa ( EMA ) 5 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK Dance ( Official Charts Company ) UK Indie ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 19 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 18 US Hot Dance / Electronic Songs ( Billboard ) US Latin Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 19 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 6 Australia Dance ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 7 Belgium Dance ( Ultratop Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 6 Belgium Dance ( Ultratop Wallonia ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 9 Colombia ( National - Report ) 31 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 5 Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) 8 Italy ( FIMI ) 5 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) Netherlands Dance ( Dance Top 30 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Poland ( ZPAV ) 8 Russia ( Tophit ) 8 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 7 US Billboard Hot 100 16 US Hot Dance / Electronic Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 8 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 23 Chart ( 2016 ) Position Argentina ( Monitor Latino ) 49 Australia ( ARIA ) 86 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 86 Brazil ( Brasil Hot 100 ) 12 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 52 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 72 Italy ( FIMI ) 60 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 73 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 46 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 92 US Billboard Hot 100 85 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 6 × Platinum 420,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 15,000 Belgium ( BEA ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Platinum 60,000 Germany ( BVMI ) 2 × Platinum 800,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 7 × Platinum 350,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 4 × Platinum 60,000 Poland ( ZPAV ) Platinum 20,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 4 × Platinum 160,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 6 × Platinum 240,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,200,000 United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 4,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Worldwide March 2 , 2015 Digital download Mad Decent Because Warner See also ( edit ) List of most viewed YouTube videos References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Chris Tart . `` '' Lean On '' -- Major Lazer & DJ Snake ft MØ ( YouTube Official Lyric Video + Lyrics ) -- Zumic -- Free Music , Lyrics , Reviews `` . Zumic . ^ Jump up to : `` Major Lazer and DJ Snake ft . MØ release `` Lean On '' `` . Brightside . ^ Jump up to : Dolan , Jon ( June 2 , 2015 ) . `` Major Lazer 's New Album : Peace Is the Mission '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lean On ( feat . MØ and DJ Snake ) -- Single di Major Lazer '' ( in Italian ) . iTunes Store ( IT ) . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BMI Repertoire -- Lean On '' . bmi.com . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2015 . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Will Major Lazer , DJ Snake & MØ 's `` Lean On '' Be 2015 's Song of the Summer ? `` . Idolator.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Leaning power : Spotify names its most streamed track of all time '' . The Guardian . November 12 , 2015 . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kris , Sir ( October 15 , 2016 ) . `` Drake 's `` One Dance '' Single Featuring Wizkid & Kyla is The Most Streamed Song On Spotify in History `` . ourhype360 . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Rys , Dan ( April 9 , 2016 ) . `` Adele , Wiz Khalifa and Charlie Puth Lead 2015 Global Albums and Digital Song Rankings '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Diplo on Facebook '' . Facebook . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Carley , Brennan . `` Diplo Says ' Lean On ' Was Initially Meant for Nicki Minaj or Rihanna '' . Spin . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Major Lazer `` Lean On '' Sheet Music musicnotes.com Jump up ^ Carley , Brennan ( June 11 , 2015 ) . `` Major Lazer Need Mø and DJ Snake to ' Lean On ' in New Single '' . Spin . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Geslani , Michelle ( March 2 , 2015 ) . `` Major Lazer premieres new song ' Lean On ' featuring DJ Snake and MØ -- listen '' . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jeffries , David . Peace Is the Mission at AllMusic . Retrieved July 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Medved , Matt ( June 5 , 2015 ) . `` Diplo 's Reggae Act Major Lazer Finds Its Footing -- In the World of Pop With ' Peace Is the Mission ' : Album Review '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Best Songs of 2015 '' . Billboard.com . Jump up ^ `` Best Dance / Electronic Songs of 2015 : Critics ' Picks - Billboard '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Billboard 25 Best Songs of 2015 : Critics ' Picks '' . Billboard.com . Jump up ^ `` Pazz & Jop Statistics '' . The Village Voice . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 , April 25 , 2015 '' . Billboard.com . Jump up ^ `` Lean On '' on YouTube . Note : see Description section ( Director -- Tim Erem ) . Jump up ^ `` Watch : Major Lazer 's New Video Lean On -- Music Bands in India Indian Rock Music '' . Music Bands in Indipa Indian Rock Music . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Major Lazer 's new video shot in Mumbai , garners 1.5 million views on YouTube '' . The Indian Express . March 30 , 2015 . Retrieved June 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Hunter ( March 23 , 2015 ) . `` Major Lazer and DJ Snake -- Lean On ( featuring MØ ) ( Official Music Video ) '' . Run The Trap . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most Viewed Videos of All Time ( Over 300 million views ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lean On ( Remixes ) ( feat . MØ & DJ Snake ) -- EP by Major Lazer '' . iTunes . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rachel Brodsky ( July 17 , 2015 ) . `` Ty Dolla $ ign Remixed Major Lazer 's ' Lean On ' '' . Spin . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Zach Frydenlund ( July 17 , 2015 ) . `` Major Lazer Links With Ty Dolla $ ign For the `` Lean On ( Remix ) '' `` . Complex . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Music : Major Lazer feat . Ty Dolla $ ign -- ' Lean On ( Remix ) ' '' . Rap - Up . July 17 , 2015 . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Elias Leight ( July 17 , 2015 ) . `` Hear Ty Dolla $ ign 's Hedonistic Remix Of Major Lazer 's `` Lean On '' `` . The Fader . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://open.spotify.com/album/56k0jdcAe2CBpCOsD1HE0A Jump up ^ https://open.spotify.com/album/5oOsIw3xQ84fAJ2ik7uV5l Jump up ^ https://open.spotify.com/album/7jlm6XHaXiJffCz4ccDQ07 Jump up ^ `` Google Nexus 5X TV Spot , ' Features ' Song by Major Lazer , DJ Snake , MØ '' . iSpot.tv . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 General del 18 de Junio , 2016 ( Argentina ) '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino Top 20 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Major Lazer & DJ Snake feat . MØ -- Lean On '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The ARIA Report : Issue 1309 ( Week Commencing 30 March 2015 ) '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . p. 17 . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Major Lazer & DJ Snake feat . MØ -- Lean On '' . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved March 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Major Lazer & DJ Snake feat . MØ -- Lean On '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Major Lazer & DJ Snake feat . MØ -- Lean On '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' ( PDF ) . ABPD . October 6 , 2001 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Billboard Brasil -- weekly '' . Billboard Brasil . August 24 , 2015 . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2015 . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Major Lazer Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Billboard Brasil -- weekly '' . Billboard Brasil . August 20 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2015 . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201529 into search . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201521 into search . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Major Lazer & DJ Snake feat . MØ -- Lean On '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Major Lazer -- Chart history '' Billboard Euro Digital Songs for Major Lazer . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Finnishcharts.com -- Major Lazer & DJ Snake feat . MØ -- Lean On '' . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved March 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Major Lazer & DJ Snake feat . MØ -- Lean On '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved March 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Officialcharts.de -- Major Lazer & DJ Snake feat . MØ -- Lean On '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment . Retrieved March 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Greece Digital Songs '' . Prometheus Global Media . August 22 , 2015 . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Dance Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lean On Chart History '' . RÚV . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 24 , 2015 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Major Lazer -- Lean On Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Major Lazer & DJ Snake feat . MØ -- Lean On '' . FIMI . Retrieved May 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Lebanese Top 20 -- Major Lazer '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Major Lazer -- Chart history '' Billboard Luxembourg Digital Songs for Major Lazer . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico Ingles Airplay '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Major Lazer '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Major Lazer & DJ Snake feat . MØ -- Lean On '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved March 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jaaroverzichten - Dance 2015 '' ( in Dutch ) . MegaCharts . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Major Lazer & DJ Snake feat . MØ -- Lean On '' . VG - lista . Retrieved March 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Major Lazer & DJ Snake feat . MØ -- Lean On '' ( in Russian ) . Tophit . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201527 into search . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201519 into search . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 -- Slovenian official singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` EMA Top 10 Airplay : Week Ending 2015 - 06 - 23 '' . Entertainment Monitoring Africa . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Major Lazer & DJ Snake feat . MØ -- Lean On '' . PROMUSICAE . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Major Lazer & DJ Snake feat . MØ -- Lean On '' . Singles Top 60 . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Major Lazer & DJ Snake feat . MØ -- Lean On '' . Swiss Hitparade . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Dance Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Independent Singles Chart Top 50 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Major Lazer Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Major Lazer Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Major Lazer Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Major Lazer Chart History ( Hot Dance / Electronic Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Major Lazer Chart History ( Latin Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Major Lazer Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Major Lazer Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2015 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End Of Year Charts - Top 50 Dance Singles 2015 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jahreshitparade 2015 '' Archived January 4 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . ( in German ) . Austrian Charts Portal . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2015 : Singles '' ( in Dutch ) . MegaCharts . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2015 : Dance '' ( in Dutch ) . MegaCharts . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports Annuels 2015 : Singles '' ( in French ) . MegaCharts . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports Annuels 2015 : Dance '' ( in Dutch ) . MegaCharts . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Media Group . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) ( in Spanish ) . Jump up ^ `` Tracklisten Top 2015 '' . Hitlisten.nu . IFPI . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Israel Airplay Year End 2015 '' . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CLASSIFICHE `` TOP OF THE MUSIC '' 2015 FIMI - GfK : LA MUSICA ITALIANA IN VETTA NEGLI ALBUM E NEI SINGOLI DIGITALI '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 - Jaaroverzicht van 2015 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` JAAROVERZICHTEN - SINGLE 2015 '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2015 The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . Nztop40.co.nz . December 31 , 2015 . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay -- podsumowanie 2015 roku '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay Detection Tophit 200 Yearly '' ( in Russian ) . Tophit . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar -- År 2015 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Swedish Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jahreshitparade 2015 '' Archived March 4 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . ( German ) . Swiss Charts Portal . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Songs of 2015 revealed '' . Official Charts Company . January 4 , 2016 . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Dance / Electronic Songs : Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pop Songs : Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rhythmic Songs : Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Anual 2016 '' . Monitor Latino . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 Singles 2016 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports Annuels 2016 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` As 100 Mais Tocadas nas Rádios Jovens em 2016 '' . Billboard Brasil ( in Portuguese ) . January 4 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 -- Year End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 100 , 2016 '' . Hitlisten.NU . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Classifiche `` Top of the Music '' 2016 FIMI - GfK : La musica italiana in vetta negli album e nei singoli digitali '' ( Click on Scarica allegato to download the zipped file containing the year - end chart PDF documents ) ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten - Single 2016 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2016 -- hitparade.ch '' . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2017 . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 -- 2016 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs -- Year - End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2016 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Major Lazer feat . DJ Snake & MO -- Lean On '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Enter Major Lazer feat . DJ Snake & MO in the field Interpret . Enter Lean On in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2016 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Major Lazer & DJ Snake Feat . MØ `` Lean On '' '' ( in Danish ) . IFPI Denmark . April 29 , 2015 . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Major Lazer feat . DJ Snake & MO ; ' Lean On ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Major Lazer feat . DJ Snake & MØ -- Lean On '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Major Lazer and DJ Snake featuring MØ -- Lean On '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Polish single certifications -- Major Lazer feat . DJ Snake & MØ -- Lean On '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish single certifications -- Major Lazer -- Lean On '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Select single under `` Chart '' , enter 2015 in the field `` Year '' . Select ' ' in the field `` Semana '' . Click on `` Search Charts '' Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . Type Major Lazer featuring MØ and DJ Snake in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select Lean On and see certification . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Major Lazer ; ' Lean On ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Major Lazer featuring MØ and DJ Snake -- Lean On '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Lean On in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Major Lazer -- Lean On '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) `` Lean On '' on YouTube Major Lazer Diplo Walshy Fire Jillionaire Switch Skerrit Bwoy Studio albums Guns Do n't Kill People ... Lazers Do Free the Universe Peace Is the Mission Music Is the Weapon Extended plays Lazers Never Die Original Don Apocalypse Soon Know No Better Singles `` Pon de Floor '' `` Original Don '' `` Get Free '' `` Jah No Partial '' `` Watch Out for This ( Bumaye ) '' `` Bubble Butt '' `` Aerosol Can '' `` Come On to Me '' `` Lean On '' `` Powerful '' `` Lost '' `` Light It Up ( Remix ) '' `` Cold Water '' `` Believer '' `` Run Up '' `` Know No Better '' `` Sua Cara '' Other songs `` Be Together '' `` All My Love '' Related articles Discography Mad Decent TV series Reincarnated DJ Snake Discography Studio albums Encore Singles `` Turn Down for What '' `` Get Low '' `` You Know You Like It '' `` Lean On '' `` Middle '' `` Talk '' `` Let Me Love You '' `` A Different Way '' MØ Discography Studio albums No Mythologies to Follow ( 2014 ) EPs Bikini Daze ( 2013 ) When I Was Young ( 2017 ) Singles `` Pilgrim '' `` XXX 88 '' `` Do n't Wanna Dance '' `` Say You 'll Be There '' `` Walk This Way '' `` Kamikaze '' `` Final Song '' `` Drum '' `` Do n't Leave '' `` Nights with You '' Featured singles `` One More '' `` Beg for It '' `` Lean On '' `` Lost '' `` Cold Water '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lean_On&oldid=834132486 '' Categories : 2015 singles 2015 songs Moombahton songs DJ Snake songs MØ songs Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Single Top 100 number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Major Lazer songs Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Denmark Number - one singles in Finland Billboard Dance / Mix Show Airplay number - one singles Billboard Dance / Electronic Songs number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles UK Dance Singles Chart number - one singles Songs written by Diplo Because Music singles Songs written by MØ Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Spanish - language external links CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) Use mdy dates from December 2015 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Billboardeurodigital Singlechart usages for Hungarydance Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Luxembourgdigitalsongs Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for South Africa Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for UKdance Singlechart usages for UKindie Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceelectronic Singlechart usages for Billboardlatinpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Poland Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Scots ไทย Türkçe 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 03 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	major lazer & dj snake - lean o	[]	[]
-7583081628506180733	European Union	European Union - wikipedia European Union Jump to : navigation , search `` EU '' redirects here . For other uses , see EU ( disambiguation ) . European Union ( show ) Bulgarian : Европейски съюз Croatian : Europska unija Czech : Evropská unie Danish : Den Europæiske Union Dutch : Europese Unie Estonian : Euroopa Liit Finnish : Euroopan unioni French : Union européenne German : Europäische Union Greek : Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση Hungarian : Európai Unió Irish : An tAontas Eorpach Italian : Unione europea Latvian : Eiropas Savienība Lithuanian : Europos Sąjunga Maltese : Unjoni Ewropea Polish : Unia Europejska Portuguese : União Europeia Romanian : Uniunea Europeană Slovak : Európska únia Slovene : Evropska unija Spanish : Unión Europea Swedish : Europeiska unionen Flag Motto : `` In Varietate Concordia '' ( Latin ) `` United in Diversity '' Anthem : `` Ode to Joy '' ( instrumental ) Location of the European Union Location of the European Union , its outermost regions , and the overseas countries and territories ( show ) Capital Brussels ( de facto ) 50 ° 51 ′ N 4 ° 21 ′ E / 50.850 ° N 4.350 ° E / 50.850 ; 4.350 Largest cities Paris and London Official languages 24 languages ( show ) Bulgarian Croatian Czech Danish Dutch English Estonian Finnish French German Greek Hungarian Irish Italian Latvian Lithuanian Maltese Polish Portuguese Romanian Slovak Slovene Spanish Swedish Official scripts Latin , Greek and Cyrillic Religion ( 2012 ) 48 % Roman Catholic 23 % irreligious 12 % Protestant 8 % Eastern Orthodox 4 % other Christian 2 % Muslim 3 % other faiths Demonym European Type Political and economic union Member states 28 states ( show ) Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom Leaders President of the European Parliament Antonio Tajani President of the European Council Donald Tusk President of the European Commission Jean - Claude Juncker Legislature Council of the EU European Parliament Formation Treaty of Rome 1 January 1958 Treaty of Maastricht 1 November 1993 Treaty of Lisbon 1 December 2009 Last polity admitted 1 July 2013 Area Total 4,475,757 km ( 1,728,099 sq mi ) Water ( % ) 3.08 Population 2017 estimate 511,805,088 Density 116.8 / km ( 302.5 / sq mi ) GDP ( PPP ) 2017 estimate Total $20.745 trillion ( 2nd ) Per capita $40,610 GDP ( nominal ) 2016 estimate Total $16.518 trillion ( 2nd ) Per capita $32,384 Gini ( 2015 ) 31 medium HDI ( 2017 ) 0.874 very high Currency Euro ( EUR ; € ; Eurozone ) 10 others ( show ) Lev ( BGN ; Bulgaria ) Koruna ( CZK ; Czech Republic ) Krone ( DKK ; Denmark ) Pound sterling ( GBP ; United Kingdom ) Pound ( GIP ; Gibraltar ) Kuna ( HRK ; Croatia ) Forint ( HUF ; Hungary ) Złoty ( PLN ; Poland ) Leu ( RON ; Romania ) Krona ( SEK ; Sweden ) Time zone WET , CET , EET ( UTC to + 2 ) Summer ( DST ) DST ( UTC + 1 to + 3 ) Note : with the exception of Madeira , the outermost regions observe different time zones not shown . Date format dd / mm / yyyy ( See also Date and time notation in Europe ) Internet TLD . eu Website europa.eu The European Union ( EU ) is a political and economic union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe . It has an area of 4,475,757 km ( 1,728,099 sq mi ) , and an estimated population of over 510 million . The EU has developed an internal single market through a standardised system of laws that apply in all member states . EU policies aim to ensure the free movement of people , goods , services , and capital within the internal market , enact legislation in justice and home affairs , and maintain common policies on trade , agriculture , fisheries , and regional development . Within the Schengen Area , passport controls have been abolished . A monetary union was established in 1999 and came into full force in 2002 , and is composed of 19 EU member states which use the euro currency . The EU traces its origins from the European Coal and Steel Community ( ECSC ) and the European Economic Community ( EEC ) , established , respectively , by the 1951 Treaty of Paris and 1957 Treaty of Rome . The original members of what came to be known as the European Communities , were the Inner Six ; Belgium , France , Italy , Luxembourg , the Netherlands and West Germany . The Communities and its successors have grown in size by the accession of new member states and in power by the addition of policy areas to its remit . While no member state has left the EU or its antecedent organisations , the United Kingdom enacted the result of a membership referendum in June 2016 and is currently negotiating its withdrawal . The Maastricht Treaty established the European Union in 1993 and introduced European citizenship . The latest major amendment to the constitutional basis of the EU , the Treaty of Lisbon , came into force in 2009 . The European Union accumulated a higher portion of GDP as a form of foreign aid than any other economic union . Covering 7.3 % of the world population , the EU in 2016 generated a nominal gross domestic product ( GDP ) of 16.477 trillion US dollars , constituting approximately 22.2 % of global nominal GDP and 16.9 % when measured in terms of purchasing power parity . Additionally , 27 out of 28 EU countries have a very high Human Development Index , according to the United Nations Development Programme . In 2012 , the EU was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize . Through the Common Foreign and Security Policy , the EU has developed a role in external relations and defence . The union maintains permanent diplomatic missions throughout the world and represents itself at the United Nations , the World Trade Organization , the G7 , and the G20 . Because of its global influence , the European Union has been described as an emerging superpower . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Background 1.2 Preliminary ( 1945 -- 57 ) 1.3 Treaty of Rome ( 1957 -- 92 ) 1.4 Maastricht Treaty ( 1992 -- 2007 ) 1.5 Lisbon Treaty ( 2007 -- present ) 1.6 Structural evolution 2 Geography 2.1 Environment 3 Demographics 3.1 Population 3.2 Urbanisation 3.3 Languages 3.4 Religion 3.5 Education and science 3.6 Health care 4 Politics 4.1 Member states 4.2 Institutions 4.2. 1 Relation to the Council of Europe 4.2. 2 Relations between the EU and its electorate 4.3 Constitutional nature 4.4 Governance 4.4. 1 European Parliament 4.4. 2 European Council 4.4. 3 Council of the European Union 4.4. 4 European Commission 4.5 Budget 4.6 Competences 5 Legal system 5.1 Courts of Justice 5.2 Fundamental rights 5.3 Acts 5.4 Area of freedom , security and justice 6 Foreign relations 6.1 Military 6.2 Humanitarian aid 7 Economy 7.1 Internal market 7.2 Monetary union 7.3 Energy 7.4 Infrastructure 7.5 Agriculture 7.6 Competition 8 Culture 8.1 Cultural policy 8.2 Sport 8.3 Symbols 8.4 Media 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 11.1 Sources 12 Further reading 13 External links History Main articles : History of the European Union and History of Europe Background Main article : Ideas of European unity before 1945 `` A day will come when all nations on our continent will form a European brotherhood ... A day will come when we shall see ... the United States of America and the United States of Europe face to face , reaching out for each other across the seas . Victor Hugo , International Peace Congress , 1849 . '' After the fall of Rome in 476 , several European States claimed to be the successors ( translatio imperii ) of the defunct Empire . The Frankish Empire ( 481 -- 843 ) of Charlemagne and the Holy Roman Empire ( 962 -- 1806 ) were attempts to resurrect the Empire in the West . Later , the Russian Tsardom ( 1547 -- 1721 ) in Eastern Europe claimed to be the Third Rome and inheritor of the Byzantine tradition after the fall of the second Rome , Constantinople , in 1453 . Ideals of European unity re-emerged during the 19th century after the fall of Napoléon 's Empire ( 1804 -- 1815 ) and the outcomes of the Congress of Vienna , in the writings of Wojciech Jastrzębowski , Giuseppe Mazzini or Theodore de Korwin Szymanowski . The term United States of Europe ( French : États - Unis d'Europe ) was famously used by Victor Hugo during a speech at the International Peace Congress held in Paris in 1849 , when he favoured the creation of `` a supreme , sovereign senate , which will be to Europe what parliament is to England '' . One of the first to imagine of a modern union of the European nations was Richard von Coudenhove - Kalergi , who wrote the Pan-Europa manifesto in 1923 and founded the Pan-Europa Movement . His ideas influenced Aristide Briand , who gave a speech in favour of a European Union in the League of Nations on 8 September 1929 , and who in 1930 wrote a Memorandum on the Organisation of a Regime of European Federal Union for the Government of France . Preliminary ( 1945 -- 57 ) Play media Robert Schuman proposing the Coal and Steel Community on 9 May 1950 . After World War II , European integration was seen as an antidote to the extreme nationalism which had devastated the continent . In a speech delivered on 19 September 1946 at the University of Zürich , Switzerland , Winston Churchill postulated the emerging of a United States of Europe during the 20th century . The 1948 Hague Congress was a pivotal moment in European federal history , as it led to the creation of the European Movement International and of the College of Europe , where Europe 's future leaders would live and study together . 1952 saw the creation of the European Coal and Steel Community , which was declared to be `` a first step in the federation of Europe . '' The supporters of the Community included Alcide De Gasperi , Jean Monnet , Robert Schuman , and Paul - Henri Spaak . These men and others are officially credited as the Founding fathers of the European Union . Treaty of Rome ( 1957 -- 92 ) The continental territories of the member states of the European Union ( European Communities pre-1993 ) , coloured in order of accession . In 1957 , Belgium , France , Italy , Luxembourg , the Netherlands and West Germany signed the Treaty of Rome , which created the European Economic Community ( EEC ) and established a customs union . They also signed another pact creating the European Atomic Energy Community ( Euratom ) for co-operation in developing nuclear energy . Both treaties came into force in 1958 . The EEC and Euratom were created separately from the ECSC , although they shared the same courts and the Common Assembly . The EEC was headed by Walter Hallstein ( Hallstein Commission ) and Euratom was headed by Louis Armand ( Armand Commission ) and then Étienne Hirsch . Euratom was to integrate sectors in nuclear energy while the EEC would develop a customs union among members . During the 1960s , tensions began to show , with France seeking to limit supranational power . Nevertheless , in 1965 an agreement was reached and on 1 July 1967 the Merger Treaty created a single set of institutions for the three communities , which were collectively referred to as the European Communities . Jean Rey presided over the first merged Commission ( Rey Commission ) . In 1989 , the Iron Curtain fell , enabling the union to expand further ( Berlin Wall pictured ) . In 1973 , the Communities were enlarged to include Denmark ( including Greenland , which later left the Communities in 1985 , following a dispute over fishing rights ) , Ireland , and the United Kingdom . Norway had negotiated to join at the same time , but Norwegian voters rejected membership in a referendum . In 1979 , the first direct elections to the European Parliament were held . Greece joined in 1981 , Portugal and Spain following in 1986 . In 1985 , the Schengen Agreement paved the way for the creation of open borders without passport controls between most member states and some non-member states . In 1986 , the European flag began to be used by the EEC and the Single European Act was signed . In 1990 , after the fall of the Eastern Bloc , the former East Germany became part of the Communities as part of a reunified Germany . A close fiscal integration with the introduction of the euro was not matched by institutional oversight making things more troubling . Attempts to solve the problems and to make the EU more efficient and coherent had limited success . With further enlargement planned to include the former communist states of Central and Eastern Europe , as well as Cyprus and Malta , the Copenhagen criteria for candidate members to join the EU were agreed upon in June 1993 . The expansion of the EU introduced a new level of complexity and discord . Maastricht Treaty ( 1992 -- 2007 ) The euro was introduced in 2002 , replacing 12 national currencies . Seven countries have since joined . The European Union was formally established when the Maastricht Treaty -- whose main architects were Helmut Kohl and François Mitterrand -- came into force on 1 November 1993 . The treaty also gave the name European Community to the EEC , even if it was referred as such before the treaty . In 1995 , Austria , Finland , and Sweden joined the EU . In 2002 , euro banknotes and coins replaced national currencies in 12 of the member states . Since then , the eurozone has increased to encompass 19 countries . The euro currency became the second largest reserve currency in the world . In 2004 , the EU saw its biggest enlargement to date when Cyprus , the Czech Republic , Estonia , Hungary , Latvia , Lithuania , Malta , Poland , Slovakia and Slovenia joined the Union . Lisbon Treaty ( 2007 -- present ) In 2009 , the Lisbon Treaty entered into force . In 2007 , Bulgaria and Romania became EU members . The same year , Slovenia adopted the euro , followed in 2008 by Cyprus and Malta , by Slovakia in 2009 , by Estonia in 2011 , by Latvia in 2014 and by Lithuania in 2015 . On 1 December 2009 , the Lisbon Treaty entered into force and reformed many aspects of the EU . In particular , it changed the legal structure of the European Union , merging the EU three pillars system into a single legal entity provisioned with a legal personality , created a permanent President of the European Council , the first of which was Herman Van Rompuy , and strengthened the position of the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy . EU representatives receive the Nobel Peace Prize in 2012 In 2012 , the EU received the Nobel Peace Prize for having `` contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation , democracy , and human rights in Europe . '' In 2013 , Croatia became the 28th EU member . From the beginning of the 2010s , the cohesion of the European Union has been tested by several issues , including a debt crisis in some of the Eurozone countries , increasing migration from the Middle East and the United Kingdom 's withdrawal from the EU . A referendum in the UK on its membership of the European Union was held on 23 June 2016 , with 51.9 % of participants voting to leave . This is referred to in common parlance throughout Europe as Brexit . The UK formally notified the European Council of its decision to leave on 29 March 2017 initiating the formal withdrawal procedure for leaving the EU , committing the UK to leave the EU on 29 March 2019 . Structural evolution Main article : Treaties of the European Union The following timeline illustrates the integration that has led to the formation of the present union , in terms of structural development driven by international treaties : Signed : In force : Document : 1948 1948 Brussels Treaty 1951 1952 Paris Treaty 1954 1955 Modified Brussels Treaty 1957 1958 Rome Treaty & EURATOM 1965 1967 Merger Treaty 1976 Council Agreement on TREVI 1986 Single European Act 1985 + 90 1995 Schengen Treaty & Convention 1992 1993 Maastricht Treaty ( TEU ) 1997 1999 Amsterdam Treaty 2001 2003 Nice Treaty 2007 2009 Lisbon Treaty Content : ( founded WUDO ) ( founded ECSC ) ( protocol amending WUDO to become WEU ) ( founded EEC and EURATOM ) ( merging the legislative & administrative bodies of the 3 European communities ) ( founded TREVI ) ( amended : EURATOM , ECSC , EEC ) + ( founded EPC ) ( founded Schengen ) ( implemented Schengen ) ( amended : EURATOM , ECSC , and EEC to transform it into EC ) + ( founded : JHA + CFSP ) ( amended : EURATOM , ECSC , EC to also contain Schengen , and TEU where PJCC replaced JHA ) ( amended with focus on institutional changes : EURATOM , ECSC , EC and TEU ) ( abolished the 3 pillars and WEU by amending : EURATOM , EC = > TFEU , and TEU ) ( founded EU as an overall legal unit with Charter of Fundamental Rights , and reformed governance structures & decision procedures ) Three pillars of the European Union : European Communities ( with a single Commission & Council ) European Atomic Energy Community ( EURATOM ) European Coal and Steel Community ( ECSC ) Treaty expired in 2002 European Union ( EU ) European Economic Community ( EEC ) European Community ( EC ) Schengen Rules Terrorism , Radicalism , Extremism and Violence Internationally ( TREVI ) Justice and Home Affairs ( JHA ) Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters ( PJCC ) European Political Cooperation ( EPC ) Common Foreign and Security Policy ( CFSP ) Western Union Defence Organization ( WUDO ) Western European Union ( WEU ) Treaty terminated in 2011 Geography Main article : Geography of the European Union Biogeographic regions of the continental European Union . The EU 's member states cover an area of 4,423,147 square kilometres ( 1,707,787 sq mi ) . The EU 's highest peak is Mont Blanc in the Graian Alps , 4,810.45 metres ( 15,782 ft ) above sea level . The lowest points in the EU are Lammefjorden , Denmark and Zuidplaspolder , Netherlands , at 7 m ( 23 ft ) below sea level . The landscape , climate , and economy of the EU are influenced by its coastline , which is 65,993 kilometres ( 41,006 mi ) long . The 65,993 km ( 41,006 mi ) coastline dominates the European climate ( Cyprus ) . Mont Blanc in the Alps is the highest peak in the EU . Including the overseas territories of France which are located outside the continent of Europe , but which are members of the union , the EU experiences most types of climate from Arctic ( North - East Europe ) to tropical ( French Guiana ) , rendering meteorological averages for the EU as a whole meaningless . The majority of the population lives in areas with a temperate maritime climate ( North - Western Europe and Central Europe ) , a Mediterranean climate ( Southern Europe ) , or a warm summer continental or hemiboreal climate ( Northern Balkans and Central Europe ) . The EU 's population is highly urbanised , with some 75 % of inhabitants living in urban areas as of 2006 . Cities are largely spread out across the EU , although with a large grouping in and around the Benelux . Environment Further information : European Commissioner for the Environment and European Climate Change Programme Viru Bog in Lahemaa National Park in Estonia , a protected habitat under the Habitats Directive In 1957 , when the EEC was founded , it had no environmental policy . Over the past 50 years , an increasingly dense network of legislation has been created , extending to all areas of environmental protection , including air pollution , water quality , waste management , nature conservation , and the control of chemicals , industrial hazards and biotechnology . According to the Institute for European Environmental Policy , environmental law comprises over 500 Directives , Regulations and Decisions , making environmental policy a core area of European politics . European policy - makers originally increased the EU 's capacity to act on environmental issues by defining it as a trade problem . Trade barriers and competitive distortions in the Common Market could emerge due to the different environmental standards in each member state . In subsequent years , the environment became a formal policy area , with its own policy actors , principles and procedures . The legal basis for EU environmental policy was established with the introduction of the Single European Act in 1987 . A black stork , a protected species under Regulation ( EC ) No. 338 / 97 Initially , EU environmental policy focused on Europe . More recently , the EU has demonstrated leadership in global environmental governance , e.g. the role of the EU in securing the ratification and coming into force of the Kyoto Protocol despite opposition from the United States . This international dimension is reflected in the EU 's Sixth Environmental Action Programme , which recognises that its objectives can only be achieved if key international agreements are actively supported and properly implemented both at EU level and worldwide . The Lisbon Treaty further strengthened the leadership ambitions . EU law has played a significant role in improving habitat and species protection in Europe , as well as contributing to improvements in air and water quality and waste management . Mitigating climate change is one of the top priorities of EU environmental policy . In 2007 , member states agreed that , in future , 20 % of the energy used across the EU must be renewable , and carbon dioxide emissions have to be lower in 2020 by at least 20 % compared to 1990 levels . The EU has adopted an emissions trading system to incorporate carbon emissions into the economy . The European Green Capital is an annual award given to cities that focuses on the environment , energy efficiency and quality of life in urban areas to create smart city . Demographics Main article : Demographics of the European Union Population E.U. population density in 2014 . See also : Ageing of Europe As of 1 January 2016 , the population of the European Union is about 510.1 million people ( 6.9 % of the world population ) . Considered as a country , the European Union would have the third largest population after China and India . In 2015 , 5.1 million children were born in the EU - 28 , corresponding to a birth rate of 10 per 1,000 , which is 8 births below the world average . For comparison , the EU - 28 birth rate had stood at 10.6 in 2000 , 12.8 in 1985 and 16.3 in 1970 . Its population growth rate is positive at 0.25 % . In 2010 , 47.3 million people who lived in the EU were born outside their resident country . This corresponds to 9.4 % of the total EU population . Of these , 31.4 million ( 6.3 % ) were born outside the EU and 16.0 million ( 3.2 % ) were born in another EU member state . The largest absolute numbers of people born outside the EU were in Germany ( 6.4 million ) , France ( 5.1 million ) , the United Kingdom ( 4.7 million ) , Spain ( 4.1 million ) , Italy ( 3.2 million ) , and the Netherlands ( 1.4 million ) . Urbanisation See also : List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits The EU contains about 40 urban areas with populations of over one million . In addition to large agglomerations , the EU also includes several densely populated polycentric urbanised regions that have no single core but have emerged from the connection of several cities and now encompass a large metropolis . The largest of these polycentric metropolis include Rhine - Ruhr with approximately 11.5 million inhabitants ( Cologne , Dortmund , Düsseldorf et al . ) , Randstad with approx. 7 million ( Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht et al . ) , Frankfurt Rhine - Main with approx . 5.8 million ( Frankfurt , Wiesbaden et al . ) , the Flemish Diamond with approx . 5.5 million ( Antwerp , Brussels , Leuven , Ghent et al . ) , Upper Silesia with approx . 5.3 million ( Katowice , Ostrava ) and Øresund with approx . 3.7 million ( Copenhagen , Malmö ) . Largest population centres of the European Union by metropolitan area Eurostat 2014 : Functional Urban Zones Rank City name Member state Pop . Rank City name Member state Pop . London Paris London United Kingdom 12,497,000 11 Hamburg Germany 3,173,871 Madrid Ruhr Paris France 11,862,000 12 Warsaw Poland 3,100,844 Madrid Spain 6,530,000 13 Budapest Hungary 2,927,944 Ruhr Germany 5,046,000 14 West Midlands conurbation United Kingdom 2,909,300 5 Berlin Germany 5,005,000 15 Lisbon Metropolitan Area Portugal 2,821,876 6 Barcelona Spain 4,891,000 16 Greater Manchester conurbation United Kingdom 2,815,100 7 Rome Italy 4,370,000 17 Munich Germany 2,768,488 8 Milan Italy 4,252,000 18 Stuttgart Germany 2,668,439 9 Athens Greece 3,864,000 19 Brussels Belgium 2,607,961 10 Naples Italy 3,627,000 20 Frankfurt Germany 2,573,745 Languages Main article : Languages of the European Union Language Native speakers Total English 13 % 51 % German 16 % 27 % French 13 % 24 % Italian 12 % 16 % Spanish 8 % 15 % Polish 8 % 9 % Romanian 5 % 5 % Dutch 4 % 5 % Greek 3 % 4 % Hungarian 3 % 3 % Portuguese 2 % 3 % Czech 2 % 3 % Swedish 2 % 3 % Bulgarian 2 % 2 % Slovak 1 % 2 % Danish 1 % 1 % Finnish 1 % 1 % Lithuanian 1 % 1 % Croatian 1 % 1 % Slovenian < 1 % < 1 % Estonian < 1 % < 1 % Irish < 1 % < 1 % Latvian < 1 % < 1 % Maltese < 1 % < 1 % Survey 2012 . Native : Native language Total : EU citizens able to hold a conversation in this language Among the many languages and dialects used in the European Union , it has 24 official and working languages : Bulgarian , Croatian , Czech , Danish , Dutch , English , Estonian , Finnish , French , German , Greek , Hungarian , Italian , Irish , Latvian , Lithuanian , Maltese , Polish , Portuguese , Romanian , Slovak , Slovene , Spanish , and Swedish . Important documents , such as legislation , are translated into every official language and the European Parliament provides translation into all languages for documents and its plenary sessions . Some institutions use only a handful of languages as internal working languages : the European Commission , for example , conducts its internal business in three procedural languages : English , French and German . The European Court of Justice only uses French as a working language , while the European Central Bank conducts its business mostly in English . Official trilingual plaque in Satu Mare ( Romania ) in Romanian , Hungarian and German . Language policy is the responsibility of member states , but EU institutions promote the learning of other languages . English is the most widely spoken language in the EU , being understood by 51 % of the EU population when counting both native and non-native speakers . German is the most widely spoken mother tongue , being spoken by 16 % of the EU population . More than a half ( 56 % ) of EU citizens is able to engage in a conversation in a language other than their mother tongue . Most official languages of the EU belong to the Indo - European language family , whose branches with at least one official language of the European Union are the Balto - Slavic , the Italic , the Germanic , the Hellenic , and the Celtic ones . Some European populations though , namely the Hungarians , the Finns , the Estonians ( all three Uralic ) , the Basques ( Vasconic ) and the Maltese ( Semitic ) do not share an Indo - European language . The three official alphabets of the European Union ( Cyrillic , Latin and modern Greek ) , all derive from the Archaic Greek scripts . Besides the 24 official languages , there are about 150 regional and minority languages , spoken by up to 50 million people . Catalan , Galician , Basque , Scottish Gaelic and Welsh are not official languages of the European Union but have semi-official status : official translations of the treaties are made into them and citizens have the right to correspond with the institutions using them . Although EU programmes can support regional and minority languages , the protection of linguistic rights is a matter for the individual member states . The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages ratified by most EU states provides general guidelines that states can follow to protect their linguistic heritage . The European Day of Languages is held annually on 26 September and is aimed at encouraging language learning across Europe . Religion Main article : Religion in the European Union Dominant religions in the European Union ( approximate , irreligion not shown ) . Self described religion in the European Union ( 2012 ) Catholic ( 48 % ) Protestant ( 12 % ) Orthodox ( 8 % ) Other Christian ( 4 % ) Non believer / Agnostic ( 16 % ) Atheist ( 7 % ) Muslim ( 2 % ) Other religion / None stated ( 3 % ) The EU has no formal connection to any religion . The Article 17 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union recognises the `` status under national law of churches and religious associations '' as well as that of `` philosophical and non-confessional organisations '' . The preamble to the Treaty on European Union mentions the `` cultural , religious and humanist inheritance of Europe '' . Discussion over the draft texts of the European Constitution and later the Treaty of Lisbon included proposals to mention Christianity or God , or both , in the preamble of the text , but the idea faced opposition and was dropped . Christians in the European Union are divided among members of Catholicism ( both Roman and Eastern Rite ) , numerous Protestant denominations ( Anglicans , Lutherans and Reformed forming the bulk of this category ) , and the Eastern Orthodox Church . In 2009 , the EU had an estimated Muslim population of 13 million , and an estimated Jewish population of over a million . The other world religions of Buddhism , Hinduism and Sikhism are also represented in the EU population . According to new polls about religiosity in the European Union in 2012 by Eurobarometer , Christianity is the largest religion in the European Union , accounting for 72 % of the EU population . Catholics are the largest Christian group , accounting for 48 % of the EU population , while Protestants make up 12 % , Eastern Orthodox make up 8 % and other Christians make up 4 % . Eurostat 's Eurobarometer opinion polls showed in 2005 that 52 % of EU citizens believed in a God , 27 % in `` some sort of spirit or life force '' , and 18 % had no form of belief . Many countries have experienced falling church attendance and membership in recent years . The countries where the fewest people reported a religious belief were Estonia ( 16 % ) and the Czech Republic ( 19 % ) . The most religious countries were Malta ( 95 % , predominantly Roman Catholic ) as well as Cyprus and Romania ( both predominantly Orthodox ) each with about 90 % of citizens professing a belief in God . Across the EU , belief was higher among women , older people , those with religious upbringing , those who left school at 15 or 16 and those `` positioning themselves on the right of the political scale '' . Education and Science Main articles : Educational policies and initiatives of the European Union and Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development Erasmus Programme logo , representing the European student exchange Basic education is an area where the EU 's role is limited to supporting national governments . In higher education , the policy was developed in the 1980s in programmes supporting exchanges and mobility . The most visible of these has been the Erasmus Programme , a university exchange programme which began in 1987 . In its first 20 years , it has supported international exchange opportunities for well over 1.5 million university and college students and has become a symbol of European student life . There are now similar programmes for school pupils and teachers , for trainees in vocational education and training , and for adult learners in the Lifelong Learning Programme 2007 -- 2013 . These programmes are designed to encourage a wider knowledge of other countries and to spread good practices in the education and training fields across the EU . Through its support of the Bologna Process , the EU is supporting comparable standards and compatible degrees across Europe . Scientific development is facilitated through the EU 's Framework Programmes , the first of which started in 1984 . The aims of EU policy in this area are to co-ordinate and stimulate research . The independent European Research Council allocates EU funds to European or national research projects . EU research and technological framework programmes deal in a number of areas , for example energy where the aim is to develop a diverse mix of renewable energy to help the environment and to reduce dependence on imported fuels . Health care Further information : Healthcare in Europe European Health Insurance Card ( French version pictured ) Although the EU has no major competences in the field of health care , Article 35 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union affirms that `` A high level of human health protection shall be ensured in the definition and implementation of all Union policies and activities '' . The European Commission 's Directorate - General for Health and Consumers seeks to align national laws on the protection of people 's health , on the consumers ' rights , on the safety of food and other products . All EU and many other European countries offer their citizens a free European Health Insurance Card which , on a reciprocal basis , provides insurance for emergency medical treatment insurance when visiting other participating European countries . A directive on cross-border healthcare aims at promoting co-operation on health care between member states and facilitating access to safe and high - quality cross-border healthcare for European patients . Politics Main article : Politics of the European Union Donald Tusk President of the European Council since 2014 Jean - Claude Juncker President of the European Commission since 2014 Antonio Tajani President of the European Parliament since 2017 The European Union operates according to the principles of conferral ( which says that it should act only within the limits of the competences conferred on it by the treaties ) and of subsidiarity ( which says that it should act only where an objective can not be sufficiently achieved by the member states acting alone ) . Laws made by the EU institutions are passed in a variety of forms . Generally speaking , they can be classified into two groups : those which come into force without the necessity for national implementation measures ( regulations ) and those which specifically require national implementation measures ( directives ) . Member states Main article : Member state of the European Union Through successive enlargements , the European Union has grown from the six founding states ( Belgium , France , West Germany , Italy , Luxembourg , and the Netherlands ) to the current 28 . Countries accede to the union by becoming party to the founding treaties , thereby subjecting themselves to the privileges and obligations of EU membership . This entails a partial delegation of sovereignty to the institutions in return for representation within those institutions , a practice often referred to as `` pooling of sovereignty '' . To become a member , a country must meet the Copenhagen criteria , defined at the 1993 meeting of the European Council in Copenhagen . These require a stable democracy that respects human rights and the rule of law ; a functioning market economy ; and the acceptance of the obligations of membership , including EU law . Evaluation of a country 's fulfilment of the criteria is the responsibility of the European Council . No member state has yet left the Union , although Greenland ( an autonomous province of Denmark ) withdrew in 1985 . The Lisbon Treaty now contains a clause under Article 50 , providing for a member to leave the EU . There are six countries that are recognised as candidates for membership : Albania , Iceland , Macedonia , Montenegro , Serbia , and Turkey , though Iceland suspended negotiations in 2013 . Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo are officially recognised as potential candidates , with Bosnia and Herzegovina having submitted a membership application . The four countries forming the European Free Trade Association ( EFTA ) are not EU members , but have partly committed to the EU 's economy and regulations : Iceland , Liechtenstein and Norway , which are a part of the single market through the European Economic Area , and Switzerland , which has similar ties through bilateral treaties . The relationships of the European microstates , Andorra , Monaco , San Marino , and the Vatican include the use of the euro and other areas of co-operation . The following 28 sovereign states ( of which the map only shows territories situated in and around Europe ) constitute the European Union : Name Arms Capital Accession Population ( 2016 ) Area ( km ) Population density ( per km2 ) MEPs Austria Vienna 19950101 000000001995 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 1995 7006870047100000000 ♠ 8,700,471 7004838550000000000 ♠ 83,855 103.76 18 Belgium Brussels 19570325 Founder 7007112898530000000 ♠ 11,289,853 7004305280000000000 ♠ 30,528 369.82 21 Bulgaria Sofia 20070101 000000002007 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2007 7006715378400000000 ♠ 7,153,784 7005110994000000000 ♠ 110,994 64.45 17 Croatia Zagreb 20130701 000000002013 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 July 2013 7006419066900000000 ♠ 4,190,669 7004565940000000000 ♠ 56,594 74.05 11 Cyprus Nicosia 20040501 000000002004 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May 2004 7005848319000000000 ♠ 848,319 7003925100000000000 ♠ 9,251 91.7 6 Czech Republic Prague 20040501 000000002004 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May 2004 7007105538430000000 ♠ 10,553,843 7004788660000000000 ♠ 78,866 133.82 21 Denmark Copenhagen 19730101 000000001973 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 1973 7006570725100000000 ♠ 5,707,251 7004430750000000000 ♠ 43,075 132.5 13 Estonia Tallinn 20040501 000000002004 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May 2004 7006131594400000000 ♠ 1,315,944 7004452270000000000 ♠ 45,227 29.1 6 Finland Helsinki 19950101 000000001995 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 1995 7006548730800000000 ♠ 5,487,308 7005338424000000000 ♠ 338,424 16.21 13 France Paris 19570325 Founder 7007666616210000000 ♠ 66,661,621 7005640679000000000 ♠ 640,679 104.05 74 Germany Berlin 19570325 Founder 7007821620000000000 ♠ 82,162,000 7005357021000000000 ♠ 357,021 230.13 96 Greece Athens 19810101 000000001981 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 1981 7007107935260000000 ♠ 10,793,526 7005131990000000000 ♠ 131,990 81.78 21 Hungary Budapest 20040101 000000002004 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May 2004 7006983048500000000 ♠ 9,830,485 7004930300000000000 ♠ 93,030 105.67 21 Ireland Dublin 19730101 000000001973 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 1973 7006465853000000000 ♠ 4,658,530 7004702730000000000 ♠ 70,273 66.29 11 Italy Rome 19570325 Founder 7007606655510000000 ♠ 60,665,551 7005301338000000000 ♠ 301,338 201.32 73 Latvia Riga 20040501 000000002004 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May 2004 7006196895700000000 ♠ 1,968,957 7004645890000000000 ♠ 64,589 30.48 8 Lithuania Vilnius 20040501 000000002004 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May 2004 7006288855800000000 ♠ 2,888,558 7004652000000000000 ♠ 65,200 44.3 11 Luxembourg Luxembourg City 19570325 Founder 7005576249000000000 ♠ 576,249 7003258600000000000 ♠ 2,586 222.83 6 Malta Valletta 20040501 000000002004 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May 2004 7005434403000000000 ♠ 434,403 7002316000000000000 ♠ 316 1,374.69 6 Netherlands Amsterdam 19570325 Founder 7007169791200000000 ♠ 16,979,120 7004415430000000000 ♠ 41,543 408.71 26 Poland Warsaw 20040501 000000002004 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May 2004 7007384545760000000 ♠ 38,454,576 7005312685000000000 ♠ 312,685 122.98 51 Portugal Lisbon 19860101 000000001986 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 1986 7007103413300000000 ♠ 10,341,330 7004923900000000000 ♠ 92,390 111.93 21 Romania Bucharest 20070101 000000002007 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2007 7007197599680000000 ♠ 19,759,968 7005238391000000000 ♠ 238,391 82.89 32 Slovakia Bratislava 20040501 000000002004 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May 2004 7006542625200000000 ♠ 5,426,252 7004490350000000000 ♠ 49,035 110.66 13 Slovenia Ljubljana 20040501 000000002004 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May 2004 7006206418800000000 ♠ 2,064,188 7004202730000000000 ♠ 20,273 101.82 8 Spain Madrid 19860101 000000001986 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 1986 7007464384220000000 ♠ 46,438,422 7005504030000000000 ♠ 504,030 92.13 54 Sweden Stockholm 19950101 000000001995 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 1995 7006985101700000000 ♠ 9,851,017 7005449964000000000 ♠ 449,964 21.89 20 United Kingdom London 19730101 000000001973 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 1973 7007653411830000000 ♠ 65,341,183 7005243610000000000 ♠ 243,610 268.22 73 Totals : 28 countries 510,056,011 4,475,757 113.96 751 Institutions Main article : Institutions of the European Union The EU operates through a hybrid system of supranational and intergovernmental decision - making . EU policy is in general promulgated by EU directives , which are then implemented in the domestic legislation of its member states , and EU regulations , which are immediately enforceable in all member states . The EU 's seven principal decision making bodies -- known as the Institutions of the European Union are : the European Council , which sets the general political directions and priorities of the Union by gathering together its member states ' heads of state / government ( elected chief executives ) . The conclusions of its summits ( held at least quarterly ) are adopted by consensus . the European Commission , the `` Guardian of the Treaties '' consists of an executive cabinet of public officials , led by an indirectly elected President . This College of Commissioners manages and directs the Commission 's permanent civil service . It turns the consensus objectives of the European Council into legislative proposals . the Council of the European Union is an executive meeting of ministers of member states governments ' departments , which meets to amend , approve or reject proposed legislation from the Commission . It forms the upper house of the EU 's essentially bicameral legislature . Its approval is required for any proposal to enter into law . the European Parliament consists of 751 directly elected representatives , forming the EU 's lower house of its bicameral legislature . It shares with the Council of the EU equal legislative powers to amend , approve or reject Commission proposals for most areas of EU legislation . Its powers are limited in areas where member states ' view sovereignty to be of primary concern ( i.e. defence ) . It elects the Commission 's President , must approve the College of Commissioners , and may vote to remove them collectively from office . the Court of Justice of the European Union ensures the uniform application of EU law and resolves disputes between EU institutions and member states , and against EU institutions on behalf of individuals . the European Central Bank is responsible for monetary stability within member states . the European Court of Auditors investigates the proper management of finances within both the EU entities and EU funding provided to its member states . As well as providing oversight and advice , it can refer unresolved issues to the European Court of Justice to arbitrate on any alleged irregularities . Relation to the Council of Europe Main article : Council of Europe Beyond the EU institutions is the Council of Europe ( CoE ) which is a wider international organisation with 47 member states whose stated aim is to uphold human rights , democracy and the rule of law in Europe . Its legislative principles are promulgated by the European Convention on Human Rights and its judicial agent is the European Court of Human Rights . These ethical institutions are distinct from the legislative European Union institutions mentioned above , although ECHR decisions are enforcable upon the EU institutions and upon the several judiciaries of sovereign member states of the EU The Venice Commission formally The European Commission for Democracy through Law provides advise regarding constitutional matters in order to improve functioning of democratic institutions and the protection of human rights in member states of the Council of Europe Relations between the EU and its electorate Apart from the national political structures within member states and the directly elected European Parliament the EU also encourages citizen participation via development projects such as CORDIS ( the EU Community Research and Development Information Service ) and the ERASMUS ( The European Region Action Scheme for the Mobility of University Students ) . Lobbying at EU level by special interest groups is regulated to try to balance the aspirations of private initiatives with public interest decision - making process The Five Presidents ( in 2017 ) were led by : the President of the European Commission , Jean - Claude Juncker , indirectly elected by EU citizens via the European Parliament for a 5 - year renewable term following European Parliamentary elections , together with , the President of the European Council , Donald Tusk , who chairs the gatherings of the EU 's 28 national heads of government / state and is elected by them for a 2.5 year once renewable term , Eurogroup President , Jeroen Dijsselbloem , who chairs informal meetings of finance ministers from EU member states that use the euro as their currency , and is elected from amongst them , by them , for a 2.5 year renewable term , the European Central Bank President , Mario Draghi , elected de facto by the European Council members who represent eurozone states , for an eight - year non-renewable term , the European Parliament President , Antonio Tajani , elected from amongst the 751 directly elected Members of the European Parliament , by them , for a 2.5 year renewable term . By working together , they seek provide a forward policy consideration nucleus for the various European `` think - tanks '' which discuss various possible future social and economic scenarios that will eventually require ratification by the EU electorate . Constitutional nature Further information : Treaties of the European Union Political system of the European Union The classification of the EU in terms of international or constitutional law has been much debated . It began life as an international organisation and gradually developed into a confederation of states . However , since the mid-1960s it has also added several of the key attributes of a federation , such as the direct effect of the law of the general level of government upon the individual and majority voting in the decision - making process of the general level of government , without becoming a federation per se . Scholars thus today see it as an intermediate form lying between a confederation and a federation , being an instance of neither political structure . For this reason , the organisation is termed sui generis ( incomparable , one of a kind ) , although some argue that this designation is no longer valid . The organisation has traditionally used the terms `` Community '' and later `` Union '' to describe itself . The difficulties of classification involve the difference between national law ( where the subjects of the law include natural persons and corporations ) and international law ( where the subjects include sovereign states and international organisations ) . They can also be seen in the light of differing European and American constitutional traditions . Especially in terms of the European tradition , the term federation is equated with a sovereign federal state in international law ; so the EU can not be called a federation -- at least , not without qualification . It is , however , described as being based on a federal model or federal in nature ; and so it may be appropriate to consider it a federal union of states , a conceptual structure lying between the confederation of states and the federal state . The German Constitutional Court refers to the EU as a Staatenverbund , an intermediate structure between the Staatenbund ( confederation of states ) and the Bundesstaat ( federal state ) , consistent with this concept . This may be a long - lived political form . Professor Andrew Moravcsik claims that the EU is unlikely to develop further into a federal state , but instead has reached maturity as a constitutional system . Governance Main articles : Institutions of the European Union and Legislature of the European Union The European Union has seven institutions : the European Parliament , the European Council , the Council of the European Union , the European Commission , the Court of Justice of the European Union , the European Central Bank and the European Court of Auditors . Competence in scrutinising and amending legislation is shared between the Council of the European Union and the European Parliament , while executive tasks are performed by the European Commission and in a limited capacity by the European Council ( not to be confused with the aforementioned Council of the European Union ) . The monetary policy of the eurozone is determined by the European Central Bank . The interpretation and the application of EU law and the treaties are ensured by the Court of Justice of the European Union . The EU budget is scrutinised by the European Court of Auditors . There are also a number of ancillary bodies which advise the EU or operate in a specific area . Institutions of the European Union European Parliament - Legislature - European Council - Provides impetus and direction - Council of the European Union - Legislature - European Commission - Executive - summit of the Heads of state or government , the President of the European Council and the President of the European Commission . gives the necessary political impetus for the development of the Union and sets its general objectives and priorities does not legislate based in Brussels acts together with the Parliament as a legislature shares with the Parliament the budgetary power ensures coordination of the broad economic and social policy and sets out guidelines for the Common Foreign and Security Policy ( CFSP ) concludes international agreements based in Brussels acts together with the Council as a legislature shares with the Council the budgetary power exerts the democratic control over the institutions including the European Commission and approves the Commission members based in and plenary sessions in Strasbourg , primarily meets in Brussels is the executive submits proposals for new legislation to the Parliament and Council implements policies administers the budget ensures compliance with European law ( `` guardian of the treaties '' ) negotiates international agreements based in Brussels Court of Justice of the European Union - Judiciary - European Central Bank - Central bank - European Court of Auditors - Financial auditor - ensures the uniform application and interpretation of European law has the power to decide legal disputes between member states , the institutions , businesses and individuals based in Luxembourg forms together with the national central banks the European System of Central Banks and thereby determines the monetary policy of the eurozone ensures price stability in the eurozone by controlling the money supply based in Frankfurt checks the proper implementation of the budget based in Luxembourg European Parliament The hemicycle of the European Parliament in Strasbourg The European Parliament forms the other half of the EU 's legislature . The 751 Members of the European Parliament ( MEPs ) are directly elected by EU citizens every five years on the basis of proportional representation . Although MEPs are elected on a national basis , they sit according to political groups rather than their nationality . Each country has a set number of seats and is divided into sub-national constituencies where this does not affect the proportional nature of the voting system . The European Union council , the Council of Ministers , and the Commission fulfilled the duties as the executive for the parliament . The European Parliament and the Council of the European Union pass legislation jointly in nearly all areas under the ordinary legislative procedure . This also applies to the EU budget . The European Commission is accountable to Parliament , requiring its approval to take office , having to report back to it and subject to motions of censure from it . The President of the European Parliament ( currently Antonio Tajani ) carries out the role of speaker in Parliament and represents it externally . The President and Vice-Presidents are elected by MEPs every two and a half years . European Council President of the European Council , Donald Tusk The European Council gives political direction to the EU . It convenes at least four times a year and comprises the President of the European Council ( currently Donald Tusk ) , the President of the European Commission and one representative per member state ( either its head of state or head of government ) . The High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy ( currently Federica Mogherini ) also takes part in its meetings . It has been described by some as the Union 's `` supreme political authority '' . It is actively involved in the negotiation of treaty changes and defines the EU 's policy agenda and strategies . The European Council uses its leadership role to sort out disputes between member states and the institutions , and to resolve political crises and disagreements over controversial issues and policies . It acts externally as a `` collective head of state '' and ratifies important documents ( for example , international agreements and treaties ) . Tasks for the President of the European Council are ensuring the external representation of the EU , driving consensus and resolving divergences among member states , both during meetings of the European Council and over the periods between them . The European Council should not be mistaken for the Council of Europe , an international organisation independent of the EU based in Strasbourg . Council of the European Union The Council of the European Union ( also called the `` Council '' and the `` Council of Ministers '' , its former title ) forms one half of the EU 's legislature . It consists of a government minister from each member state and meets in different compositions depending on the policy area being addressed . Notwithstanding its different configurations , it is considered to be one single body . In addition to its legislative functions , the Council also exercises executive functions in relations to the Common Foreign and Security Policy . European Commission Commission President , Jean - Claude Juncker The European Commission acts as the EU 's executive arm and is responsible for initiating legislation and the day - to - day running of the EU . The Commission is also seen as the motor of European integration . It operates as a cabinet government , with 28 Commissioners for different areas of policy , one from each member state , though Commissioners are bound to represent the interests of the EU as a whole rather than their home state . One of the 28 is the President of the European Commission ( currently Jean - Claude Juncker ) appointed by the European Council . After the President , the most prominent Commissioner is the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy , who is ex-officio a Vice-President of the Commission and is also chosen by the European Council . The other 26 Commissioners are subsequently appointed by the Council of the European Union in agreement with the nominated President . The 28 Commissioners as a single body are subject to a vote of approval by the European Parliament . Budget Main article : Budget of the European Union The 2011 EU budget ( € 141.9 bn ) Cohesion and competitiveness for growth and employment ( 45 % ) Direct aids and market related expenditures ( 31 % ) Rural development ( 11 % ) EU as a global partner ( 6 % ) Administration ( 6 % ) Citizenship , freedom , security and justice ( 1 % ) The EU had an agreed budget of € 120.7 billion for the year 2007 and € 864.3 billion for the period 2007 -- 2013 , representing 1.10 % and 1.05 % of the EU - 27 's GNI forecast for the respective periods . In 1960 , the budget of the then European Economic Community was 0.03 % of GDP . In the 2010 budget of € 141.5 billion , the largest single expenditure item is `` cohesion & competitiveness '' with around 45 % of the total budget . Next comes `` agriculture '' with approximately 31 % of the total . `` Rural development , environment and fisheries '' takes up around 11 % . `` Administration '' accounts for around 6 % . The `` EU as a global partner '' and `` citizenship , freedom , security and justice '' bring up the rear with approximately 6 % and 1 % respectively . The Court of Auditors is legally obliged to provide the Parliament and the Council with `` a statement of assurance as to the reliability of the accounts and the legality and regularity of the underlying transactions '' . The Court also gives opinions and proposals on financial legislation and anti-fraud actions . The Parliament uses this to decide whether to approve the Commission 's handling of the budget . The European Court of Auditors has signed off the European Union accounts every year since 2007 and , while making it clear that the European Commission has more work to do , has highlighted that most of the errors take place at national level . In their report on 2009 the auditors found that five areas of Union expenditure , agriculture and the cohesion fund , were materially affected by error . The European Commission estimated in 2009 that the financial effect of irregularities was € 1,863 million . Competences EU member states retain all powers not explicitly handed to the European Union . In some areas the EU enjoys exclusive competence . These are areas in which member states have renounced any capacity to enact legislation . In other areas the EU and its member states share the competence to legislate . While both can legislate , member states can only legislate to the extent to which the EU has not . In other policy areas the EU can only co-ordinate , support and supplement member state action but can not enact legislation with the aim of harmonising national laws . That a particular policy area falls into a certain category of competence is not necessarily indicative of what legislative procedure is used for enacting legislation within that policy area . Different legislative procedures are used within the same category of competence , and even with the same policy area . The distribution of competences in various policy areas between Member States and the Union is divided in the following three categories : As outlined in Title I of Part I of the consolidated Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union view talk Exclusive competence Shared competence Supporting competence `` The Union has exclusive competence to make directives and conclude international agreements when provided for in a Union legislative act . '' the customs union the establishing of the competition rules necessary for the functioning of the internal market monetary policy for the Member States whose currency is the euro the conservation of marine biological resources under the common fisheries policy Common Commercial Policy conclusion of certain international agreements `` Member States can not exercise competence in areas where the Union has done so . '' the internal market social policy , for the aspects defined in this Treaty economic , social and territorial cohesion agriculture and fisheries , excluding the conservation of marine biological resources environment consumer protection transport trans - European networks energy the area of freedom , security and justice common safety concerns in public health matters , for the aspects defined in this Treaty `` Union exercise of competence shall not result in Member States being prevented from exercising theirs in '' ... research , technological development and ( outer ) space development cooperation , humanitarian aid `` The Union coordinates Member States policies or implements supplemental to theirs common policies , not covered elsewhere '' coordination of economic , employment and social policies common foreign , security and defence policies `` The Union can carry out actions to support , coordinate or supplement Member States ' actions in '' ... the protection and improvement of human health industry culture tourism education , youth , sport and vocational training civil protection ( disaster prevention ) administrative cooperation Legal system Further information : European Union law , Treaties of the European Union , and Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union The Court of Justice , seated in Luxembourg . The EU is based on a series of treaties . These first established the European Community and the EU , and then made amendments to those founding treaties . These are power - giving treaties which set broad policy goals and establish institutions with the necessary legal powers to implement those goals . These legal powers include the ability to enact legislation which can directly affect all member states and their inhabitants . The EU has legal personality , with the right to sign agreements and international treaties . Under the principle of supremacy , national courts are required to enforce the treaties that their member states have ratified , and thus the laws enacted under them , even if doing so requires them to ignore conflicting national law , and ( within limits ) even constitutional provisions . Courts of Justice The judicial branch of the EU -- formally called the Court of Justice of the European Union -- consists of two courts : the Court of Justice and the General Court The Court of Justice primarily deals with cases taken by member states , the institutions , and cases referred to it by the courts of member states . The General Court mainly deals with cases taken by individuals and companies directly before the EU 's courts , and the European Union Civil Service Tribunal adjudicates in disputes between the European Union and its civil service . Decisions from the General Court can be appealed to the Court of Justice but only on a point of law . Fundamental rights The ceremony of the 1990 Sakharov Prize awarded to Aung San Suu Kyi by Martin Schulz , inside the Parliament 's Strasbourg hemicycle , in 2013 . The treaties declare that the EU itself is `` founded on the values of respect for human dignity , freedom , democracy , equality , the rule of law and respect for human rights , including the rights of persons belonging to minorities ... in a society in which pluralism , non-discrimination , tolerance , justice , solidarity and equality between women and men prevail . '' In 2009 , the Lisbon Treaty gave legal effect to the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union . The charter is a codified catalogue of fundamental rights against which the EU 's legal acts can be judged . It consolidates many rights which were previously recognised by the Court of Justice and derived from the `` constitutional traditions common to the member states . '' The Court of Justice has long recognised fundamental rights and has , on occasion , invalidated EU legislation based on its failure to adhere to those fundamental rights . Although signing the European Convention on Human Rights ( ECHR ) is a condition for EU membership , previously , the EU itself could not accede to the Convention as it is neither a state nor had the competence to accede . The Lisbon Treaty and Protocol 14 to the ECHR have changed this : the former binds the EU to accede to the Convention while the latter formally permits it . Although , the EU is independent from Council of Europe , they share purpose and ideas especially on rule of law , human rights and democracy . Further European Convention on Human Rights and European Social Charter , the source of law of Charter of Fundamental Rights are created by Council of Europe . The EU also promoted human rights issues in the wider world . The EU opposes the death penalty and has proposed its worldwide abolition . Abolition of the death penalty is a condition for EU membership . Acts The main legal acts of the EU come in three forms : regulations , directives , and decisions . Regulations become law in all member states the moment they come into force , without the requirement for any implementing measures , and automatically override conflicting domestic provisions . Directives require member states to achieve a certain result while leaving them discretion as to how to achieve the result . The details of how they are to be implemented are left to member states . When the time limit for implementing directives passes , they may , under certain conditions , have direct effect in national law against member states . Decisions offer an alternative to the two above modes of legislation . They are legal acts which only apply to specified individuals , companies or a particular member state . They are most often used in competition law , or on rulings on State Aid , but are also frequently used for procedural or administrative matters within the institutions . Regulations , directives , and decisions are of equal legal value and apply without any formal hierarchy . Area of freedom , Security and Justice Further information : Area of freedom , security and justice The borders inside the Schengen Area between Germany and Austria Europol Headquarters in The Hague , Netherlands Since the creation of the EU in 1993 , it has developed its competencies in the area of freedom , security and justice , initially at an intergovernmental level and later by supranationalism . To this end , agencies have been established that co-ordinate associated actions : Europol for co-operation of police forces , Eurojust for co-operation between prosecutors , and Frontex for co-operation between border control authorities . The EU also operates the Schengen Information System which provides a common database for police and immigration authorities . This co-operation had to particularly be developed with the advent of open borders through the Schengen Agreement and the associated cross border crime . Furthermore , the Union has legislated in areas such as extradition , family law , asylum law , and criminal justice . Prohibitions against sexual and nationality discrimination have a long standing in the treaties . In more recent years , these have been supplemented by powers to legislate against discrimination based on race , religion , disability , age , and sexual orientation . By virtue of these powers , the EU has enacted legislation on sexual discrimination in the work - place , age discrimination , and racial discrimination . Foreign relations Main articles : Foreign relations of the European Union , Common Foreign and Security Policy , and European External Action Service High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy , Federica Mogherini The EU participates in all G8 and G20 summits . ( G20 summit in Hangzhou , 2016 ) Donald Tusk and Jean - Claude Juncker with U.S. President Donald Trump Foreign policy co-operation between member states dates from the establishment of the Community in 1957 , when member states negotiated as a bloc in international trade negotiations under the common commercial policy . Steps for a more wide - ranging co-ordination in foreign relations began in 1970 with the establishment of European Political Cooperation which created an informal consultation process between member states with the aim of forming common foreign policies . It was not , however , until 1987 when European Political Cooperation was introduced on a formal basis by the Single European Act . EPC was renamed as the Common Foreign and Security Policy ( CFSP ) by the Maastricht Treaty . The aims of the CFSP are to promote both the EU 's own interests and those of the international community as a whole , including the furtherance of international co-operation , respect for human rights , democracy , and the rule of law . The CFSP requires unanimity among the member states on the appropriate policy to follow on any particular issue . The unanimity and difficult issues treated under the CFSP sometimes lead to disagreements , such as those which occurred over the war in Iraq . The coordinator and representative of the CFSP within the EU is the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy who speaks on behalf of the EU in foreign policy and defence matters , and has the task of articulating the positions expressed by the member states on these fields of policy into a common alignment . The High Representative heads up the European External Action Service ( EEAS ) , a unique EU department that has been officially implemented and operational since 1 December 2010 on the occasion of the first anniversary of the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon . The EEAS will serve as a foreign ministry and diplomatic corps for the European Union . Besides the emerging international policy of the European Union , the international influence of the EU is also felt through enlargement . The perceived benefits of becoming a member of the EU act as an incentive for both political and economic reform in states wishing to fulfil the EU 's accession criteria , and are considered an important factor contributing to the reform of European formerly Communist countries . This influence on the internal affairs of other countries is generally referred to as `` soft power '' , as opposed to military `` hard power '' . Military Main article : Military of the European Union Seat of Frontex in Warsaw The predecessors of the European Union were not devised as a military alliance because NATO was largely seen as appropriate and sufficient for defence purposes . 22 EU members are members of NATO while the remaining member states follow policies of neutrality . The Western European Union , a military alliance with a mutual defence clause , was disbanded in 2010 as its role had been transferred to the EU . An A400M military transport aircraft built by Airbus SE ( Societas Europaea ; Latin : European company ) According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute ( SIPRI ) , the United Kingdom spent $61 billion on defence in 2014 , placing it fifth in the world , while France spent $53 billion , the sixth largest . Together , the UK and France account for approximately 40 per cent of European countries ' defence budget and 50 per cent of their military capacity . Both are officially recognised nuclear weapon states holding permanent seats on the United Nations Security Council . Following the Kosovo War in 1999 , the European Council agreed that `` the Union must have the capacity for autonomous action , backed by credible military forces , the means to decide to use them , and the readiness to do so , in order to respond to international crises without prejudice to actions by NATO '' . To that end , a number of efforts were made to increase the EU 's military capability , notably the Helsinki Headline Goal process . After much discussion , the most concrete result was the EU Battlegroups initiative , each of which is planned to be able to deploy quickly about 1500 personnel . EU forces have been deployed on peacekeeping missions from middle and northern Africa to the western Balkans and western Asia . EU military operations are supported by a number of bodies , including the European Defence Agency , European Union Satellite Centre and the European Union Military Staff . Frontex is an agency of the EU established to manage the cooperation between national border guards securing its external borders . It aims to detect and stop illegal immigration , human trafficking and terrorist infiltration . In 2015 the European Commission presented its proposal for a new European Border and Coast Guard Agency having a stronger role and mandate along with national authorities for border management . In an EU consisting of 28 members , substantial security and defence co-operation is increasingly relying on collaboration among all member states . Humanitarian aid Further information : Directorate - General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations Collectively , the EU is the largest contributor of foreign aid in the world . The European Union co-funds psychosocial support by the IAHV , Jordan at the Zaatari refugee camp for the Syrian refugees . The European Commission 's Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection department , or `` ECHO '' , provides humanitarian aid from the EU to developing countries . In 2012 , its budget amounted to € 874 million , 51 % of the budget went to Africa and 20 % to Asia , Latin America , the Caribbean and Pacific , and 20 % to the Middle East and Mediterranean . Humanitarian aid is financed directly by the budget ( 70 % ) as part of the financial instruments for external action and also by the European Development Fund ( 30 % ) . The EU 's external action financing is divided into ' geographic ' instruments and ' thematic ' instruments . The ' geographic ' instruments provide aid through the Development Cooperation Instrument ( DCI , € 16.9 billion , 2007 -- 2013 ) , which must spend 95 % of its budget on overseas development assistance ( ODA ) , and from the European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument ( ENPI ) , which contains some relevant programmes . The European Development Fund ( EDF , € 22.7 bn , 2008 -- 2013 ) is made up of voluntary contributions by member states , but there is pressure to merge the EDF into the budget - financed instruments to encourage increased contributions to match the 0.7 % target and allow the European Parliament greater oversight . However , five countries have reached the 0.7 % target : Sweden , Luxembourg , the Netherlands , Denmark and the United Kingdom . Economy Main articles : Economy of the European Union and Regional policy of the European Union The five largest economies in the world according to the IMF by Nominal GDP in 2015 The European Union has established a single market across the territory of all its members representing 510 million citizens . In 2014 , the EU had a combined GDP of 18.640 trillion international dollars , a 20 % share of global gross domestic product by purchasing power parity ( PPP ) . As a political entity the European Union is represented in the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) . EU member states own the estimated largest net wealth in the world , equal to 30 % of the $223 trillion global wealth . 19 member states have joined a monetary union known as the eurozone , which uses the Euro as a single currency . The currency union represents 338 million EU citizens . The euro is the second largest reserve currency as well as the second most traded currency in the world after the United States dollar . Of the top 500 largest corporations in the world measured by revenue in 2010 , 161 have their headquarters in the EU . In 2016 , unemployment in the EU stood at 8.9 % while inflation was at 2.2 % , and the current account balance at − 0.9 % of GDP . The average annual net earnings in the European Union was around € 24,000 in 2015 , which was about 70 % of that in the United States . There is a significant variance for GDP ( PPP ) per capita within individual EU states . The difference between the richest and poorest regions ( 276 NUTS - 2 regions of the Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics ) ranged , in 2014 , from 30 % of the EU28 average to 539 % , or from € 8,200 to € 148,000 ( about US $9,000 to US $162,000 ) . Structural Funds and Cohesion Funds are supporting the development of underdeveloped regions of the EU . Such regions are primarily located in the states of central and southern Europe . Several funds provide emergency aid , support for candidate members to transform their country to conform to the EU 's standard ( Phare , ISPA , and SAPARD ) , and support to the Commonwealth of Independent States ( TACIS ) . TACIS has now become part of the worldwide EuropeAid programme . EU research and technological framework programmes sponsor research conducted by consortia from all EU members to work towards a single European Research Area . Internal market Main article : European Single Market A standardised passport design , displaying the name of the member state , the national arms and the words `` European Union '' given in their official language ( s ) . ( Irish model ) German version of an EU driving licence card with the EU flag on it The common EU format of vehicle registration plate ( Slovak version pictured ) Two of the original core objectives of the European Economic Community were the development of a common market , subsequently becoming a single market , and a customs union between its member states . The single market involves the free circulation of goods , capital , people , and services within the EU , and the customs union involves the application of a common external tariff on all goods entering the market . Once goods have been admitted into the market they can not be subjected to customs duties , discriminatory taxes or import quotas , as they travel internally . The non-EU member states of Iceland , Norway , Liechtenstein and Switzerland participate in the single market but not in the customs union . Half the trade in the EU is covered by legislation harmonised by the EU . Free movement of capital is intended to permit movement of investments such as property purchases and buying of shares between countries . Until the drive towards economic and monetary union the development of the capital provisions had been slow . Post-Maastricht there has been a rapidly developing corpus of ECJ judgements regarding this initially neglected freedom . The free movement of capital is unique insofar as it is granted equally to non-member states . The free movement of persons means that EU citizens can move freely between member states to live , work , study or retire in another country . This required the lowering of administrative formalities and recognition of professional qualifications of other states . The free movement of services and of establishment allows self - employed persons to move between member states to provide services on a temporary or permanent basis . While services account for 60 -- 70 % of GDP , legislation in the area is not as developed as in other areas . This lacuna has been addressed by the recently passed Directive on services in the internal market which aims to liberalise the cross border provision of services . According to the Treaty the provision of services is a residual freedom that only applies if no other freedom is being exercised . Monetary Union Main articles : Eurozone and Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union The seat of the European Central Bank in Frankfurt . 19 of the 28 EU member states have adopted the euro as their legal tender . The Eurozone ( dark blue ) represents 340 million people . The euro is the second - largest reserve currency in the world . The creation of a European single currency became an official objective of the European Economic Community in 1969 . In 1992 , having negotiated the structure and procedures of a currency union , the member states signed the Maastricht Treaty and were legally bound to fulfil the agreed - on rules including the convergence criteria if they wanted to join the monetary union . The states wanting to participate had first to join the European Exchange Rate Mechanism . In 1999 the currency union started , first as an accounting currency with eleven member states joining . In 2002 , the currency was fully put into place , when euro notes and coins were issued and national currencies began to phase out in the eurozone , which by then consisted of 12 member states . The eurozone ( constituted by the EU member states which have adopted the euro ) has since grown to 19 countries . The euro , and the monetary policies of those who have adopted it in agreement with the EU , are under the control of the European Central Bank ( ECB ) . The ECB is the central bank for the eurozone , and thus controls monetary policy in that area with an agenda to maintain price stability . It is at the centre of the European System of Central Banks , which comprehends all EU national central banks and is controlled by its General Council , consisting of the President of the ECB , who is appointed by the European Council , the Vice-President of the ECB , and the governors of the national central banks of all 28 EU member states . The European System of Financial Supervision is an institutional architecture of the EU 's framework of financial supervision composed by three authorities : the European Banking Authority , the European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority and the European Securities and Markets Authority . To complement this framework , there is also a European Systemic Risk Board under the responsibility of the ECB . The aim of this financial control system is to ensure the economic stability of the EU . To prevent the joining states from getting into financial trouble or crisis after entering the monetary union , they were obliged in the Maastricht treaty to fulfil important financial obligations and procedures , especially to show budgetary discipline and a high degree of sustainable economic convergence , as well as to avoid excessive government deficits and limit the government debt to a sustainable level . Energy Main article : Energy policy of the European Union Consumed energy ( 2012 ) Energy source Origin Percents Oil Imported 33 % Domestic 6 % Gas Imported 14 % Domestic 9 % Nuclear Imported 0 % Domestic 13 % Coal / Lignite Imported 0 % Domestic 10 % Renewable Imported 0 % Domestic 7 % Other Imported 7 % Domestic 1 % In 2006 , the EU - 27 had a gross inland energy consumption of 1,825 million tonnes of oil equivalent ( toe ) . Around 46 % of the energy consumed was produced within the member states while 54 % was imported . In these statistics , nuclear energy is treated as primary energy produced in the EU , regardless of the source of the uranium , of which less than 3 % is produced in the EU . The EU has had legislative power in the area of energy policy for most of its existence ; this has its roots in the original European Coal and Steel Community . The introduction of a mandatory and comprehensive European energy policy was approved at the meeting of the European Council in October 2005 , and the first draft policy was published in January 2007 . The EU has five key points in its energy policy : increase competition in the internal market , encourage investment and boost interconnections between electricity grids ; diversify energy resources with better systems to respond to a crisis ; establish a new treaty framework for energy co-operation with Russia while improving relations with energy - rich states in Central Asia and North Africa ; use existing energy supplies more efficiently while increasing renewable energy commercialisation ; and finally increase funding for new energy technologies . In 2007 , EU countries as a whole imported 82 % of their oil , 57 % of their natural gas and 97.48 % of their uranium demands . There is a strong dependence on Russian energy that the EU has been attempting to reduce . Infrastructure Further information : European Commissioner for Transport , European Commissioner for Industry and Entrepreneurship , and European Investment Bank The Öresund Bridge between Denmark and Sweden is part of the Trans - European Networks . European Space Agency Mission Control at ESOC in Darmstadt , Germany The EU is working to improve cross-border infrastructure within the EU , for example through the Trans - European Networks ( TEN ) . Projects under TEN include the Channel Tunnel , LGV Est , the Fréjus Rail Tunnel , the Öresund Bridge , the Brenner Base Tunnel and the Strait of Messina Bridge . In 2010 the estimated network covers : 75,200 kilometres ( 46,700 mi ) of roads ; 78,000 kilometres ( 48,000 mi ) of railways ; 330 airports ; 270 maritime harbours ; and 210 internal harbours . Rail transport in Europe is being synchronised with the European Rail Traffic Management System ( ERTMS ) , an initiative to greatly enhance safety , increase efficiency of trains and enhance cross-border interoperability of rail transport in Europe by replacing signalling equipment with digitised mostly wireless versions and by creating a single Europe - wide standard for train control and command systems . The developing European transport policies will increase the pressure on the environment in many regions by the increased transport network . In the pre-2004 EU members , the major problem in transport deals with congestion and pollution . After the recent enlargement , the new states that joined since 2004 added the problem of solving accessibility to the transport agenda . The Polish road network was upgraded such as the A4 autostrada . The Galileo positioning system is another EU infrastructure project . Galileo is a proposed Satellite navigation system , to be built by the EU and launched by the European Space Agency ( ESA ) . The Galileo project was launched partly to reduce the EU 's dependency on the US - operated Global Positioning System , but also to give more complete global coverage and allow for greater accuracy , given the aged nature of the GPS system . Agriculture Main article : Common Agricultural Policy Vineyards in Romania ; EU farms are supported by the Common Agricultural Policy , the largest budgetary expenditure . The Common Agricultural Policy ( CAP ) is one of the long lasting policies of the European Community . The policy has the objectives of increasing agricultural production , providing certainty in food supplies , ensuring a high quality of life for farmers , stabilising markets , and ensuring reasonable prices for consumers . It was , until recently , operated by a system of subsidies and market intervention . Until the 1990s , the policy accounted for over 60 % of the then European Community 's annual budget , and as of 2013 accounts for around 34 % . The policy 's price controls and market interventions led to considerable overproduction . These were intervention stores of products bought up by the Community to maintain minimum price levels . To dispose of surplus stores , they were often sold on the world market at prices considerably below Community guaranteed prices , or farmers were offered subsidies ( amounting to the difference between the Community and world prices ) to export their products outside the Community . This system has been criticised for under - cutting farmers outside Europe , especially those in the developing world . Supporters of CAP argue that the economic support which it gives to farmers provides them with a reasonable standard of living . Since the beginning of the 1990s , the CAP has been subject to a series of reforms . Initially , these reforms included the introduction of set - aside in 1988 , where a proportion of farm land was deliberately withdrawn from production , milk quotas and , more recently , the ' de-coupling ' ( or disassociation ) of the money farmers receive from the EU and the amount they produce ( by the Fischler reforms in 2004 ) . Agriculture expenditure will move away from subsidy payments linked to specific produce , toward direct payments based on farm size . This is intended to allow the market to dictate production levels . One of these reforms entailed the modification of the EU 's sugar regime , which previously divided the sugar market between member states and certain African - Caribbean nations with a privileged relationship with the EU . Competition Further information : European Union competition law and European Commissioner for Competition The EU operates a competition policy intended to ensure undistorted competition within the single market . The Commission as the competition regulator for the single market is responsible for antitrust issues , approving mergers , breaking up cartels , working for economic liberalisation and preventing state aid . The Competition Commissioner , currently Margrethe Vestager , is one of the most powerful positions in the Commission , notable for the ability to affect the commercial interests of trans - national corporations . For example , in 2001 the Commission for the first time prevented a merger between two companies based in the United States ( GE and Honeywell ) which had already been approved by their national authority . Another high - profile case against Microsoft , resulted in the Commission fining Microsoft over € 777 million following nine years of legal action . Culture Further information : Culture of Europe , Western culture , and Cultural policies of the European Union Plato , along with Socrates and Aristotle , helped to establish Western philosophy . The Vitruvian Man , symbol of empiricism in European culture since the Renaissance . Frédéric François Chopin , Polish composer and virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era . Because of the great number of perspectives which can be taken on the subject , it is impossible to form an all - embracing conception of a uniform European culture . Nonetheless , there are core elements which are generally agreed upon as forming the cultural and spiritual foundation of the contemporary European civilisation : the Greco - Roman world and Antique Judaism , the Christendom of the Middle Ages , the modern phenomena of the Renaissance , followed by the Age of Enlightenment that set the concept of human rights , and the rise of socialist and liberal theories from the 19th century onwards . Although the earliest civilisations which influenced the development of European culture date back from Mesopotamia , Indo - Europeans , Biblical Israel and Ancient Egypt , the birthplace of classical European culture appeared in Ancient Greece between the 8th and the 4th century B.C. , with its democratic system of government and major advances in philosophy , literature , arts , and mathematics . The Greeks were followed by Rome , which made key contributions in law , political organisation , engineering and government . This European traditional set of values , continuing through the Middle Ages with the first universities and the development of scholasticism , the Renaissance with the scientific revolution and its own invented version of humanism , derived from the rediscovery of Classical Antiquity , is characterised by the importance of rationalism in various spheres of life , favouring free - thought and the assimilation of natural human rights and skepticism , the need for equality and fair justice , republicanism and democracy . Indo - European culture , later mixed with Christian mythology , is a common ancestor for most of traditional cultures and folklores in Europe , and spread across the continent from the Bronze Age onwards . Cultural policy Cultural co-operation between member states has been a concern of the EU since its inclusion as a community competency in the Maastricht Treaty . Actions taken in the cultural area by the EU include the Culture 2000 seven - year programme , the European Cultural Month event , and orchestras such as the European Union Youth Orchestra . The European Capital of Culture programme selects one or more cities in every year to assist the cultural development of that city . 53 EU cities have been part of this initiative up to 2016 . Sport Main articles : Sport policies of the European Union and Sport in Europe 2010 UEFA Champions League Final . Association football is by far the most popular sport in almost all European countries , its modern rules having been invented in England in the 19th century from Medieval football , a traditional game played in Europe since the Middle Ages . European national teams have won 11 of 20 editions of the FIFA World Cup ; they also compete every four years in the UEFA European Championship since 1960 . As for the European football clubs , they participate in the UEFA Champions League , attracting an extensive television audience throughout the world : the final of the tournament has been , in recent years , the most - watched annual sporting event in the world . The other sports with the more participants in clubs are tennis , swimming , athletics , golf , gymnastics , equestrian sports , handball , volleyball and sailing . Sport is mainly the responsibility of the member states or other international organisations , rather than of the EU . However , there are some EU policies that have affected sport , such as the free movement of workers , which was at the core of the Bosman ruling that prohibited national football leagues from imposing quotas on foreign players with European citizenship . The Treaty of Lisbon requires any application of economic rules to take into account the specific nature of sport and its structures based on voluntary activity . This followed lobbying by governing organisations such as the International Olympic Committee and FIFA , due to objections over the application of free market principles to sport , which led to an increasing gap between rich and poor clubs . The EU does fund a programme for Israeli , Jordanian , Irish , and British football coaches , as part of the Football 4 Peace project . Symbols Main article : Symbols of Europe Golden bust of Charlemagne with the German reichsadler embossed on the metal and the French fleur - de-lis embroidered on the fabric . The flag of the Union consists of a circle of 12 golden stars on a blue background . The blue represents the West , while the number and position of the stars represent completeness and unity , respectively . Originally designed in 1955 for the Council of Europe , the flag was adopted by the European Communities , the predecessors of the present Union , in 1986 . United in Diversity was adopted as the motto of the Union in the year 2000 , having been selected from proposals submitted by school pupils . Since 1985 , the flag day of the Union has been Europe Day , on 9 May ( the date of the 1950 Schuman declaration ) . The anthem of the Union is an instrumental version of the prelude to the Ode to Joy , the 4th movement of Ludwig van Beethoven 's ninth symphony . The anthem was adopted by European Community leaders in 1985 and has since been played on official occasions . Besides naming the continent , the Greek mythological figure of Europa has frequently been employed as a personification of Europe . Known from the myth in which Zeus seduces her in the guise of a white bull , Europa has also been referred to in relation to the present Union . Statues of Europa and the bull decorate several of the Union 's institutions and a portrait of her is seen on the 2013 series of Euro banknotes . The bull is , for its part , depicted on all residence permit cards . Europa and the bull , depicted by Jean - François de Troy ( 1716 ) . Charles the Great , also known as Charlemagne ( Latin : Carolus Magnus ) and later recognised as Pater Europae ( `` Father of Europe '' ) , has a symbolic relevance to Europe . The Commission has named one of its central buildings in Brussels after Charlemagne and the city of Aachen has since 1949 awarded the Charlemagne Prize to champions of European unification . Since 2008 , the organisers of this prize , in conjunction with the European Parliament , have awarded the Charlemagne Youth Prize in recognition of similar efforts by young people . Benedict of Nursia ( c. 2 March 480 -- 543 or 547 AD ) is a patron saint of Europe , venerated in the Eastern Orthodox Churches , the Catholic Church , the Oriental Orthodox Churches , the Anglican Communion and Old Catholic Churches . Pope Benedict XVI said that he `` exercised a fundamental influence on the development of European civilization and culture '' and helped Europe to emerge from the `` dark night of history '' that followed the fall of the Roman empire . The influence of St Benedict produced `` a true spiritual ferment '' in Europe , his followers spreading his Rule across the continent to establish a new cultural unity based on Christian faith . In 1997 , Polish - born Pope John Paul II canonised Poland 's 14th - century monarch Jadwiga as Saint Hedwig , the patron saint of queens and of European unification There are five other recognised patron saints of Europe , declared so by Pope John Paul II between 1980 -- 1999 : Cyril and Methodius , Saint Bridget of Sweden , Catherine of Siena and Saint Teresa Benedicta of the Cross . Media Main articles : Media freedom in the European Union and Cinema of Europe Media freedom is a fundamental right that applies to all member states of the European Union and its citizens , as defined in the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights as well as the European Convention on Human Rights . Within the EU enlargement process , guaranteeing media freedom is named a `` key indicator of a country 's readiness to become part of the EU '' . The vast majority of media in the European Union are national - oriented . However , some Europe - wide media focusing on European affairs have emerged since the early 1990s , such as Euronews , EUobserver , EURACTIV or Politico Europe . ARTE is a public Franco - German TV network that promotes programming in the areas of culture and the arts . 80 % of its programming are provided in equal proportion by the two member companies , while the remainder is being provided by the European Economic Interest Grouping ARTE GEIE and the channel 's European partners . The MEDIA Programme of the European Union intends to support the European popular film and audiovisual industries since 1991 . It provides support for the development , promotion and distribution of European works within Europe and beyond . See also Outline of the European Union List of country groupings List of multilateral free - trade agreements Notes Jump up ^ London and Paris are the largest cities in the European Union by urban population . Jump up ^ All 24 official languages of the EU are accepted as working languages , but in practice only two -- English and French -- are in wide general use and of these English is the more commonly used . Jump up ^ Currently undergoing exit procedures . Jump up ^ Martinique , Guadeloupe ( UTC − 4 ) ; French Guiana ( UTC − 3 ) ; Azores ( UTC − 1 / UTC ) ; Mayotte ( UTC + 3 ) ; and La Réunion ( UTC + 4 ) ; which , other than the Azores , do not observe DST . Jump up ^ . eu is representative of the whole of the EU ; member states also have their own TLDs . Jump up ^ This figure includes the extra-European territories of member states which are part of the European Union and excludes the European territories of member states which are not part of the Union . For more information see Special member state territories and the European Union . Jump up ^ See Articles 165 and 166 ( ex Articles 149 and 150 ) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union , on eur-lex.europa.eu Jump up ^ Slavic : Polish , Bulgarian , Czech , Slovak , Slovenian and Croatian . Baltic : Lithuanian and Latvian Jump up ^ French , Italian , Portuguese , Romanian and Spanish . Jump up ^ Danish , Dutch , English , German and Swedish . Jump up ^ Greek Jump up ^ Irish Jump up ^ Vasconic is still a putative family whose Basque would be the only surviving language . Basque is not an official language of the European Union but has a semi-official status . Jump up ^ Referred to by the EU as the `` former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia '' . Jump up ^ On 000000001990 - 10 - 03 - 0000 3 October 1990 , the constituent states of the former German Democratic Republic acceded to the Federal Republic of Germany , automatically becoming part of the EU . ^ Jump up to : See Article 288 ( ex Article 249 TEC ) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union , on eur-lex.europa.eu Jump up ^ According to the principle of Direct Effect first invoked in the Court of Justice 's decision in Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen , Eur - Lex ( European Court of Justice 1963 ) . See : Craig and de Búrca , ch. 5 . Jump up ^ According to the principle of Supremacy as established by the ECJ in Case 6 / 64 , Falminio Costa v. ENEL ( 1964 ) ECR 585 . See Craig and de Búrca , ch. 7 . See also : Factortame litigation : Factortame Ltd. v. Secretary of State for Transport ( No. 2 ) ( 1991 ) 1 AC 603 , Solange II ( Re Wuensche Handelsgesellschaft , BVerfG decision of 22 October 1986 ( 1987 ) 3 CMLR 225,265 ) and Frontini v. Ministero delle Finanze ( 1974 ) 2 CMLR 372 ; Raoul George Nicolo ( 1990 ) 1 CMLR 173 . Jump up ^ It is effectively treated as one of the Copenhagen criteria , Assembly.coe.int . It should be noted that this is a political and not a legal requirement for membership . Archived 26 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The European Convention on Human Rights was previously only open to members of the Council of Europe ( Article 59.1 of the Convention ) , and even now only states may become member of the Council of Europe ( Article 4 of the Statute of the Council of Europe ) . Jump up ^ Opinion ( 2 / 92 ) of the European Court of Justice on `` Accession by the Community to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms '' 1996 E.C.R. I - 1759 ( in French ) , ruled that the European Community did not have the competence to accede to the ECHR . Jump up ^ See : Case 34 / 73 , Variola v. Amministrazione delle Finanze ( 1973 ) ECR 981 . Jump up ^ To do otherwise would require the drafting of legislation which would have to cope with the frequently divergent legal systems and administrative systems of all of the now 28 member states . See Craig and de Búrca , p. 115 Jump up ^ See Articles 157 ( ex Article 141 ) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union , on eur-lex.europa.eu Jump up ^ See Article 2 ( 7 ) of the Amsterdam Treaty on eur-lex.europa.eu Archived 17 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Council Directive 2000 / 43 / EC of 29 June 2000 implementing the principle of equal treatment between persons irrespective of racial or ethnic origin ( OJ L 180 , 19 July 2000 , p. 22 -- 26 ) ; Council Directive 2000 / 78 / EC of 27 November 2000 establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation ( OJ L 303 , 2 December 2000 , p. 16 -- 22 ) . Jump up ^ `` ERM II '' . Danish Finance Ministry . 20 March 2009 . Archived from the original on 3 May 2011 . Retrieved 26 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Although almost all uranium is imported , nuclear power is considered primary energy produced in the EU . Jump up ^ Article 39 ( ex Article 33 ) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union , on eur-lex.europa.eu Jump up ^ Article 3 ( 1 ) ( g ) of the Treaty of Rome References Jump up ^ Cybriwsky , Roman Adrian ( 2013 ) . Capital Cities around the World : An Encyclopedia of Geography , History , and Culture : An Encyclopedia of Geography , History , and Culture . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 9781610692489 . Brussels , the capital of Belgium , is considered to be the de facto capital of the EU Jump up ^ UN DESA 2015 urban population : London : 10,313,307 ; Paris : 10,843,285 . ^ Jump up to : `` Discrimination in the EU in 2012 '' ( PDF ) , Special Eurobarometer , 393 , European Union : European Commission , p. 233 , 2012 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 December 2012 , retrieved 14 August 2013 The question asked was `` Do you consider yourself to be ... ? '' With a card showing : Catholic , Orthodox , Protestant , Other Christian , Jewish , Muslim , Sikh , Buddhist , Hindu , Atheist , and Non-believer / Agnostic . Space was given for Other ( SPONTANEOUS ) and DK . Sikh , Buddhist , Hindu did not reach the 1 % threshold . Jump up ^ The New Oxford American Dictionary , Second Edn. , Erin McKean ( editor ) , 2051 pages , May 2005 , Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 517077 - 6 . Jump up ^ Current Article 1 of the Treaty on European Union reads : `` The Union shall be founded on the present Treaty and on the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union . Those two Treaties shall have the same legal value . The Union shall replace and succeed the European Community '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Eurostat -- Population on 1 January 2017 '' . European Commission . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` IMF World Economic Outlook Database , October 2016 '' . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` IMF World Economic Outlook Database , April 2016 '' . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 17 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income ( source : SILC ) '' . Eurostat Data Explorer . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . 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New York : New York . pp. 516 -- 517 . ISBN 9780199371020 . Jump up ^ `` European Union reaches 500 Million through Combination of Accessions , Migration and Natural Growth '' . Vienna Institute of Demography . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . Jump up ^ see List of countries by GDP ( nominal ) and List of countries by GDP ( PPP ) . Both pages are about countries and therefore the EU is not ranked . Jump up ^ `` EU collects Nobel Peace Prize in Oslo '' . British Broadcasting Corporation . 10 December 2012 . Retrieved 3 June 2013 . Jump up ^ John McCormick ( 14 November 2006 ) . The European Superpower . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 9846 - 0 . Jump up ^ Burgan , Michael ( 2009 ) . Empire of Ancient Rome . Infobase Publishing . pp. 113 -- 114 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 2659 - 3 . Jump up ^ Kikuchi ( 菊池 ) , Yoshio ( 良生 ) ( 19 July 2003 ) . 神聖ローマ帝国 . p. 264 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 149673 - 6 . Jump up ^ Pinterič , Uroš ; Prijon , Lea ( 2012 ) . European Union in 21st century . University of SS . Cyril and Methodius , Faculty of Social Sciences . ISBN 978 - 80 - 8105 - 510 - 2 . Jump up ^ Théodore de Korwin Szymanowski , L'avenir économique , social et politique en Europe , Ed . H. Marot , Paris 1888 , http://www.msz.gov.pl/pl/ministerstwo/publikacje/biblioteka_jednosci_europejskiej/przyszlosc_europy_w_zakresie_gospodarczym__spolecznym_i_politycznym__l_avenir_economique__social___politique_en_europe , dual text in French and Polish , with a postface by Prof. Radosław Żurowski vel Grajewski Jump up ^ Metzidakis , Angelo ( 1994 ) . `` Victor Hugo and the Idea of the United States of Europe '' . Nineteenth - Century French Studies . 23 ( 1 / 2 ) : 72 -- 84 . doi : 10.2307 / 23537320 . Jump up ^ Ben Rosamond , Theories of European Integration , Palgrave Macmillan , 2000 , pp. 21 -- 22 . Jump up ^ D. Weigall and P. Stirk , editors , The Origins and Development of the European Community , Leicester : Leicester University Press , 1992 , pp. 11 -- 15 . 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CVCE -- Centre Virtuel de la Connaissance sur l'Europe . Retrieved 28 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Merging the executives CVCE.eu Jump up ^ Discover the former Presidents : The Rey Commission , Europa ( web portal ) . Retrieved 28 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The first enlargement '' . CVCE . Retrieved 28 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The new European Parliament '' . CVCE . Retrieved 28 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Negotiations for enlargement '' . CVCE . Retrieved 28 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Schengen agreement '' . BBC News . 30 April 2001 . Retrieved 18 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` History of the flag '' . Europa web portal . Retrieved 13 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1980 -- 1989 The changing face of Europe -- the fall of the Berlin Wall '' . Europa web portal . Retrieved 25 June 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Hunt , Michael H. ( 2014 ) . The World Transformed , 1945 to the Present . New York , New York : Oxford University press . pp. 516 -- 517 . ISBN 9780199371037 . 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Retrieved 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' No turning back ' on Brexit as Article 50 triggered '' . BBC politics . Retrieved 29 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mont Blanc shrinks by 45 cm ( 17.72 in ) in two years '' . Sydney Morning Herald . 6 November 2009 . Retrieved 26 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook '' . cia.gov . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Humid Continental Climate '' . The physical environment . University of Wisconsin -- Stevens Point . 2007 . Archived from the original on 30 May 2007 . Retrieved 29 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Urban sprawl in Europe : The ignored challenge , European Environmental Agency '' ( PDF ) . 2006 . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Jordan , A.J. and Adelle , C. ( eds ) ( 2012 ) Environmental Policy in the European Union : Contexts , Actors and Policy Dynamics ( 3e ) . Earthscan : London and Sterling , Virginia Jump up ^ Knill , C. and Liefferink , D. ( 2012 ) The establishment of EU environmental policy , In : Jordan , A.J. and Adelle , C. ( eds ) Environmental Policy in the European Union : Contexts , Actors and Policy Dynamics ( 3e ) . Earthscan : London and Sterling , Virginia ^ Jump up to : Institute for European Environmental Policy ( 2012 ) Manual of European Environmental Policy , Earthscan , London . Jump up ^ Knill , C. and Liefferink , D. ( 2012 ) The establishment of EU environmental policy , In : Jordan , A.J. and Adelle , C. ( eds ) Environmental Policy in the European Union : Contexts , Actors and Policy Dynamics ( 3e ) . Earthscan : London and Sterling , VA . Jump up ^ Johnson , S.P. and Corcelle , G. ( 1989 ) The Environmental Policy of the European Communities , Graham & Trotman , London Jump up ^ `` EUR - Lex -- l28027 -- EN -- EUR - Lex '' . Jump up ^ Benson , D. and Adelle , C. ( 2012 ) European Union environmental policy after the Lisbon Treaty , In : Jordan , A.J. and Adelle , C. ( eds ) Environmental Policy in the European Union : Contexts , Actors and Policy Dynamics ( 3e ) . Earthscan : London and Sterling , VA . Jump up ^ Aldred , Jessica ( 23 January 2008 ) . `` EU sets 20 % target for carbon cuts '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 29 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The EU Emissions Trading System ( EU ETS ) '' . Jump up ^ `` File : Share of world population , 1960 , 2015 and 2060 ( % ) 2. png - Statistics Explained '' . ec.europa.eu . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook -- Central Intelligence Agency '' . www.cia.gov . Archived from the original on 11 December 2007 . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fertility statistics - Statistics Explained '' . ec.europa.eu . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook -- Central Intelligence Agency '' . www.cia.gov . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ 6.5 % of the EU population are foreigners and 9.4 % are born abroad Archived 12 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine. , Eurostat , Katya VASILEVA , 34 / 2011 . Jump up ^ Eurostat . `` Indicators for larger urban zones 1999 -- 2003 '' . Europa web portal . Archived from the original on 16 February 2007 . Retrieved 25 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Population on 1 January by age groups and sex - functional urban areas , Eurostat . Retrieved 07 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Europeans and Their Languages , 2012 Report '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 January 2016 . Retrieved 3 June 2013 . Jump up ^ European Commission ( 2012 ) . `` Europeans and their Languages '' ( PDF ) . Special Eurobarometer 386 . europa.eu . pp. 54 -- 59 . Retrieved 16 December 2012 . Jump up ^ European Commission ( 2012 ) . `` Europeans and their Languages '' ( PDF ) . Special Eurobarometer 386 . europa.eu . pp. 78 -- 83 . Retrieved 16 December 2012 . Jump up ^ EUR - Lex ( 12 December 2006 ) . `` Council Regulation ( EC ) No 1791 / 2006 of 20 November 2006 '' . Official Journal of the European Union . Europa web portal . Retrieved 2 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Languages in Europe -- Official EU Languages '' . EUROPA web portal . Archived from the original on 2 February 2009 . Retrieved 12 October 2009 . Jump up ^ europarltv , official webtv of the European Parliament , is also available in all EU languages ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Languages and Europe . FAQ : Is every document generated by the EU translated into all the official languages ? '' . Europa web portal . 2004 . Retrieved 3 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Sharpston , Eleanor V.E. ( 29 March 2011 ) , `` Appendix 5 : Written Evidence of Advocate General Sharpston '' , The Workload of the Court of Justice of the European Union , House of Lords European Union Committee , retrieved 27 August 2013 Jump up ^ `` European Commission - PRESS RELEASES - Press release - Frequently asked questions on languages in Europe '' . europa.eu . Retrieved 24 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Buell , Todd ( 29 October 2014 ) . `` Translation Adds Complexity to European Central Bank 's Supervisory Role : ECB Wants Communication in English , But EU Rules Allow Use of Any Official Language '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Athanassiou , Phoebus ( February 2006 ) . `` The Application of multilingualism in the European Union Context '' ( PDF ) . ECB . p. 26 . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ European Parliament ( 2004 ) . `` European Parliament Fact Sheets : 4.16. 3 . Language policy '' . Europa web portal . Archived from the original on 19 February 2007 . Retrieved 3 February 2007 . Jump up ^ European Commission ( 2006 ) . `` Special Eurobarometer 243 : Europeans and their Languages ( Executive Summary ) '' ( PDF ) . Europa web portal . p. 4 . Retrieved 11 March 2011 . English is the most commonly known language in the EU with over a half of the respondents ( 51 % ) speaking it either as their mother tongue or as a foreign language . Jump up ^ European Commission ( 2006 ) . `` Special Eurobarometer 243 : Europeans and their Languages ( Executive Summary ) '' ( PDF ) . Europa web portal . p. 3 . Retrieved 11 March 2011 . 56 % of citizens in the EU Member States are able to hold a conversation in one language apart from their mother tongue . ^ Jump up to : European Commission ( 2004 ) . `` Many tongues , one family . Languages in the European Union '' ( PDF ) . Europa web portal . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 March 2007 . Retrieved 3 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Leonard Orban ( 24 May 2007 ) . `` Cyrillic , the third official alphabet of the EU , was created by a truly multilingual European '' ( PDF ) . europe.eu . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Coulmas , Florian ( 1996 ) . The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems . Oxford : Blackwell Publishers Ltd . ISBN 0 - 631 - 21481 - X . Jump up ^ Klimczak - Pawlak , Agata ( 3 May 2014 ) . Towards the Pragmatic Core of English for European Communication : The Speech Act of Apologising in Selected Euro - Englishes . Springer Science & Business . ISBN 9783319035574 . Jump up ^ `` MEPs push for EU recognition of Catalan , Welsh languages '' . EURACTIV.com . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Committee of Ministers -- European Year of Languages Parliamentary Assembly Recommendation 1539 ( 2001 ) '' . Wcd.coe.int . Retrieved 26 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union . ^ Jump up to : Consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union . Jump up ^ Castle , Stephen ( 21 March 2007 ) . `` EU celebrates 50th birthday - with a row about religion '' . The Independent . London . Archived from the original on 5 April 2008 . Retrieved 4 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Muslim Population '' ( PDF ) . europa web portal . Retrieved 1 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Jewish population figures may be unreliable . Sergio DellaPergola . `` World Jewish Population ( 2002 ) '' . American Jewish Year Book . The Jewish Agency for Israel . Archived from the original on 22 December 2004 . Retrieved 3 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Discrimination in the EU in 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Special Eurobarometer. 383 . European Union : European Commission : 233 . 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 December 2012 . Retrieved 14 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Eurostat ( 2005 ) . `` Social values , Science and Technology '' ( PDF ) . Special Eurobarometer 225 . Europa , web portal : 9 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 May 2006 . Retrieved 11 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Ford , Peter ( 22 February 2005 ) . `` What place for God in Europe '' . USA Today . Retrieved 24 July 2009 . Jump up ^ European Commission . `` The Erasmus programme celebrates its 20th anniversary '' . Europa web portal . Archived from the original on 3 July 2007 . Retrieved 21 July 2007 . ; Jean - Sébastien , Lefebvre ( 22 January 2007 ) . `` Erasmus turns 20 -- time to grow up ? '' . Café Babel . Retrieved 10 August 2007 . Jump up ^ EACEA . `` About the Education , Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency '' . Europa web portal . Retrieved 21 July 2007 . Jump up ^ European Commission . `` Lifelong Learning Programme '' . Europa web portal . Retrieved 21 July 2007 . Jump up ^ European Research Council . `` What is the ERC ? '' . Europa web portal . Retrieved 21 July 2007 . Jump up ^ European Commission . `` Energy '' . Europa web portal . Retrieved 12 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Europa web portal '' . Europa ( web portal ) . Archived from the original on 12 November 2010 . Retrieved 26 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Europa web portal '' . Europa ( web portal ) . Retrieved 26 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Europa web portal '' . Europa ( web portal ) . 18 November 2010 . Retrieved 26 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` info about health care and EHIC '' . Nhs.uk. 29 April 2010 . Retrieved 26 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Consilium.europa.eu '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 3 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Eur-lex.europa.eu '' . Retrieved 3 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NHSconfed.org '' . NHSconfed.org. 17 May 2011 . Archived from the original on 28 July 2013 . Retrieved 3 June 2013 . Jump up ^ These legislative instruments are dealt with in more detail below . Jump up ^ `` Answers -- The Most Trusted Place for Answering Life 's Questions '' . Answers.com . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EU institutions and other bodies '' . Europa . Archived from the original on 1 June 2009 . Retrieved 4 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Accession criteria ( Copenhagen criteria ) '' . Europa web portal . Archived from the original on 5 July 2007 . Retrieved 26 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Greenland Treaty of 1985 '' . The European Union and Greenland . Greenland Home Rule Government . Archived from the original on 3 May 2011 . Retrieved 10 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Article 50 of the Consolidated Treaty on European Union . ^ Jump up to : `` European Commission -- Enlargement -- Candidate and Potential Candidate Countries '' . Europa web portal . Archived from the original on 8 April 2012 . Retrieved 13 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Fox , Benjamin ( 16 June 2013 ) . `` Iceland 's EU bid is over , commission told '' . Reuters . Retrieved 16 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : European Commission . `` The European Economic Area ( EEA ) '' . Europa web portal . Retrieved 10 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The EU 's relations with Switzerland '' . Europa web portal . Retrieved 3 November 2010 . Jump up ^ European Commission . `` Use of the euro in the world '' . The euro outside the euro area . Europa web portal . Retrieved 27 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` European Countries '' . Europa web portal . Retrieved 18 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` European Union '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 3 July 2013 . international organisation comprising 28 European countries and governing common economic , social , and security policies ... Jump up ^ `` European Union '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Maastricht Treaty on European Union ( consolidated version ) Article 6 Jump up ^ EU Library Briefing : Lobbying the EU institutions Jump up ^ Five Presidents ' Report sets out plan for strengthening Europe 's Economic and Monetary Union Jump up ^ Court of Justice of the European Union , Judgement of 5 February 1963 in Case 26 / 62 , ' Van Gend en Loos ' , European Court Reports 1963 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Single European Act , Article 100a , Approximation of Laws . Jump up ^ For example , David Marquand says it is ' less than a federation but more than a confederation ' ; Brigid Laffan and Kimmo Kiljunen both see it residing ' between a confederation and a federation ' ; Thomas Hueglin and Alan Fenna locate it ' somewhere between federation and confederation ' ; and Kalypso Nicolaidis argues ' it is more than a confederation of sovereign states ; ... ( however , it ) should not become a federal state ' . Michael Burgess enlarges : the EU ' is not a federation but it is also more than a confederation understood in the classical sense . It exists , then , in a kind of conceptual limbo , a twilight zone ... which has no name ' . Paul Magnette illuminates the nature of the perceived ' in - betweenness ' : ' Since the seventeenth century , legal theorists have repeated that only two forms of union between states are possible : either the confederation , born of an international treaty concluded between sovereign states , where all decisions are unanimously adopted by state representatives ; or the federal state , established by a constitution , where the law voted on by a bicameral parliament applies directly to the citizens . Tertium non datur . There is no third way ... In these , classic , political terms , the European Union is , strictly speaking , inconceivable ' . Burgess , Michael ( 2000 ) Federalism and European Union : The Building of Europe 1950 -- 2000 , Routledge , London , pp. 41 -- 2 . Hueglin , Thomas and Fenna , Alan ( 2006 ) Comparative Federalism : A Systematic Inquiry , Broadview , Peterborough , p. 13 . Kiljunen , Kimmo ( 2004 ) The European Constitution in the Making , Centre for European Policy Studies , Brussels , p. 22 . Laffan , Brigid ( 2002 ) The Future of Europe Debate , Institute of European Affairs , Dublin , p. 10 . Magnette , Paul ( 2005 ) What Is the European Union ? Nature and Prospects , Palgrave Macmillan , Basingstoke , pp. 4 -- 5 , 190 . Marquand , David ( 2006 ) ' Federalism and the British : Anatomy of a Neurosis ' , in Political Quarterly , Vol. 77 , No. 2 , p. 175 . Nicolaidis , Kalypso ( 2004 ) ' We , the Peoples of Europe ... ' , in Foreign Affairs , Vol. 83 , No. 6 , pp. 101 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Jacques Delors , the President of the European Commission upon entry into force of the Single European Act , which introduced the widespread use of majority voting to complete the single market , saw it as having at that stage become an ' Unidentified Political Object ' . Speech at the People 's University , Lille , 8 March 1987 . ^ Jump up to : Schütze , Robert ( 2012 ) . European Constitutional Law . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 47 -- 79 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 73275 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Is Europe still sui generis ? Signals from The White Paper on European Governance '' . Retrieved 12 February 2016 ... we see the notions of governance deployed in the White Paper as undermining the description of the EU as sui generis . It is becoming like a national state , but we differ from many of the critics ( or enthusiasts ) of the White Paper in one major way . Rather than seeing the EU becoming a state - like object , taking on the trappings of a 19th -- or more correctly 20th -- century state , we see national states moving towards the EU , adopting many of the governing practices advocated by the White Paper . Jump up ^ For the derivation of this concept , see the Introduction of the entry on Federalism . Law , John ( 2013 ) `` How Can We Define Federalism ? '' . Perspectives on Federalism , Vol. 5 , No. 3 , p . E104 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Constitutional Court Press Release No. 72 / 2009 of 30 June 2009 . Judgment of 30 June 2009 : Act Approving the Treaty of Lisbon compatible with the Basic Law ; accompanying law unconstitutional to the extent that legislative bodies have not been accorded sufficient rights of participation '' . Archived from the original on 22 October 2012 . Retrieved 17 November 2012 . Due to this structural democratic deficit , which can not be resolved in an association of sovereign national states ( Staatenverbund ) , further steps of integration that go beyond the status quo may undermine neither the States ' political power of action nor the principle of conferral . The peoples of the Member States are the holders of the constituent power . The Basic Law does not permit the special bodies of the legislative , executive and judicial power to dispose of the essential elements of the constitution , i.e. of the constitutional identity ( Article 23.1 sentence 3 , Article 79.3 GG ) . The constitutional identity is an inalienable element of the democratic self - determination of a people . Jump up ^ Moravcsik , Andrew ; Moravcsik , Andrew ( 2009 ) ( 2004 ) . `` Liberal Intergovernmentalism '' . In Wiener , Antje ; Diez , Thomas . European Integration Theory ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 922609 - 2 . Every constitutional system reaches a point where it is mature , where it no longer needs to move forward to remain stable . The EU has reached that point . The EU is not a state in the making : it is the most ambitious and successful of international organisations . Jump up ^ Consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union / Title III : Provisions on the Institutions Jump up ^ Wellfire Interactive . `` MEPs must be elected on the basis of proportional representation , the threshold must not exceed 5 % , and the electoral area may be subdivided in constituencies if this will not generally affect the proportional nature of the voting system '' . Fairvote.org . Retrieved 26 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Institutions : The European Parliament '' . Europa web portal . Archived from the original on 24 June 2007 . Retrieved 25 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` How does the EU work '' . Europa ( web portal ) . Retrieved 12 July 2007 . 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Its examples are the ratifications of United Nations Convention against Corruption and Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities by EU . And Article 47 of the Consolidated Treaty on European Union . Jump up ^ `` Article 19 of the Treaty on European Union '' . eur-lex.europa.eu . Retrieved 31 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Court of Justice : presentation '' . Europa web portal . Retrieved 26 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` General Court : presentation '' . Europa web portal . Retrieved 26 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Civil Service Tribunal : presentation '' . Europa web portal . Retrieved 26 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Article 256 ( 1 ) ( ex article 225 ( 1 ) ) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union , on eur-lex.europa.eu Jump up ^ Article 2 , Treaty on European Union ( consolidated 1 December 2009 ) Jump up ^ Case 11 / 70 , Internationale Handelsgesellschaft v. Einfuhr und Vorratstelle für Getreide und Futtermittel ; Article 6 ( 2 ) of the Maastricht Treaty ( as amended ) . Jump up ^ `` Respect for fundamental rights in the EU -- general development '' . European Parliament Fact Sheets . The European Parliament . Retrieved 6 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` EU Policy on Death Penalty '' . Europa . European Union External Action Service . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How EU takes decisions '' . Archived from the original on 2 January 2011 . Retrieved 1 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` European police office now in full swing '' . Europa web portal . Retrieved 4 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Eurojust coordinating cross-border prosecutions at EU level '' . Europa web portal . Retrieved 4 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Frontex . `` What is Frontex ? '' . Europa web portal . Retrieved 4 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` European arrest warrant replaces extradition between EU Member States '' . Europa web portal . Retrieved 4 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in matrimonial matters and in matters of parental responsibility ( Brussels II ) '' . Europa web portal . Retrieved 5 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum standards on the reception of applicants for asylum in Member States '' . Europa web portal . Retrieved 5 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Specific Programme : ' Criminal Justice ' '' . Europa web portal . Retrieved 5 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Qualified - Majority Voting : Common commercial policy '' . Europa web portal . Retrieved 3 September 2007 . Jump up ^ The European commission . `` European political co-operation ( EPC ) '' . Europa Glossary . Europa web portal . Archived from the original on 8 July 2007 . Retrieved 3 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Article 21 of the Treaty on European Union ( as inserted by the Treaty of Lisbon ) , on eur-lex.europa.eu Jump up ^ `` Divided EU agrees Iraq statement '' . BBC News . BBC . 27 January 2003 . 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According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute ( SIPRI ) , Britain spent more than US $69 billion on defence last year , placing it third in the world after the United States and China , while France spent US $67.31 billion , the fourth largest . Together , Britain and France account for 45 per cent of Europe 's defence budget , 50 per cent of its military capacity and 70 per cent of all spending in military research and development . Copyright 2010 , APN Holdings NZ Limited . Jump up ^ Council of the European Union ( July 2009 ) . `` EU battlegroups '' ( PDF ) . Europa web portal . Retrieved 3 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Council of the European Union ( April 2003 ) . `` Overview of the missions and operations of the European Union '' . Europa web portal . Retrieved 3 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Council of the European Union . `` CSDP structures and instruments '' . Europa web portal . Retrieved 3 June 2013 . 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Gross inland consumption is defined as primary production plus imports , recovered products and stock change , less exports and fuel supply to maritime bunkers ( for seagoing ships of all flags ) ... A tonne of oil equivalent ( toe ) is a standardised unit defined on the basis of one tonne of oil having a net calorific value of 41.868 Gigajoules . ^ Jump up to : `` EU supply and demand for nuclear fuels '' . Euratom Supply Agency -- Annual Report 2007 ( PDF ) . Luxembourg : Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. 2008 . p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 79 - 09437 - 8 . Retrieved 1 March 2009 . European uranium mining supplied just below 3 % of the total EU needs , coming from the Czech Republic and Romania ( a total of 526 tU ) . Nuclear energy and renewable energy are treated differently from oil , gas , and coal in this respect . ^ Jump up to : `` Q&A : EU energy plans '' . BBC . 9 March 2007 . Retrieved 13 July 2007 . 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Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 15 . ISBN 978 - 0199576999 . Demey , Thierry ( 2007 ) . Brussels , capital of Europe . S. Strange ( trans . ) . Brussels : Badeaux . p. 387 . ISBN 978 - 2960041460 . Piris , Jean - Claude ( 2010 ) . The Lisbon Treaty : A Legal and Political Analysis ( Cambridge Studies in European Law and Policy ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 448 . ISBN 978 - 0521197922 . Simons , George F. , ed. ( 2002 ) . EuroDiversity ( Managing Cultural Differences ) . Abingdon - on - Thames : Routledge . p. 110 . ISBN 978 - 0877193814 . Wilkinson , Paul ( 2007 ) . International Relations : A Very Short Introduction ( 1st ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 100 . ISBN 978 - 0192801579 . The EU states have never felt the need to make the organisation into a powerful military alliance . They already have NATO to undertake that task . Further reading Berend , Ivan T. ( 2017 ) . The Contemporary Crisis of the European Union : Prospects for the Future . New York : Routledge . ISBN 9781138244191 . Bomberg , Elizabeth ; Peterson , John ; Corbett , Richard , eds. ( 2012 ) . The European Union : How Does it Work ? ( New European Union ) ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0199570805 . Corbett , Richard ; Jacobs , Francis ; Shackleton , Michael ( 2011 ) . The European Parliament ( 8th ed . ) . London : John Harper Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0956450852 . Craig , Paul ; de Búrca , Gráinne ( 2007 ) . EU Law , Text , Cases and Materials ( 4th ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0199273898 . Federiga , Bindi , ed. ( 2010 ) . The Foreign Policy of the European Union : Assessing Europe 's Role in the World ( 2nd ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Brookings Institution Press . ISBN 978 - 0815722526 . The E.U. 's foreign - policy mechanisms and foreign relations , including with its neighbours . Gareis , Sven ; Hauser , Gunther ; Kernic , Franz , eds. ( 2013 ) . The European Union -- A Global Actor ? . Leverkusen , FRG : Barbara Budrich Publishers . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8474 - 0040 - 0 . Grinin , L. ; Korotayev , A. ; Tausch , A. ( 2016 ) . Economic Cycles , Crises , and the Global Periphery . Heidelberg , New York , Dordrecht , London : Springer International Publishing . ISBN 978 - 3 - 319 - 17780 - 9 . Jones , Erik ; Anand , Menon ; Weatherill , Stephen ( 2012 ) . The Oxford Handbook of the European Union . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0199546282 . Jordan , A.J. ; Adelle , Camilla , eds. ( 2012 ) . Environmental Policy in the European Union : Contexts , Actors and Policy Dynamics ( 3rd ed . ) . Abingdon - on - Thames : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1849714693 . Kaiser , Wolfram ( 2009 ) . Christian Democracy and the Origins of European Union ( New Studies in European History ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0511497056 . Le Gales , Patrick ; King , Desmond ( 2017 ) . Reconfiguring European States in Crisis . Corby : Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780198793373 . McCormick , John ( 2007 ) . The European Union : Politics and Policies ( 5th ed . ) . Boulder , Colorado : Westview Press . ISBN 978 - 0813342023 . Pinder , John ; Usherwood , Simon ( 2013 ) . The European Union : A Very Short Introduction ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0199681693 . excerpt and text search Rifkin , Jeremy ( 2005 ) . The European Dream : How Europe 's Vision of the Future Is Quietly Eclipsing the American Dream . City of Westminster , London : TarcherPerigee . ISBN 978 - 1585424351 . Smith , Charles ( 2007 ) . International Trade and Globalisation ( 3rd ed . ) . Stocksfield : Anforme Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1905504107 . Staab , Andreas ( 2011 ) . The European Union Explained : Institutions , Actors , Global Impact . Bloomington , Indiana : Indiana University Press . ISBN 978 - 0253223036 . excerpt and text search Steiner , Josephine ; Woods , Lorna ; Twigg - Flesner , Christian ( 2006 ) . EU Law ( 9th ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0199279593 . Tausch , Arno ( 2012 ) . Globalization , the Human Condition , and Sustainable Development in the Twenty - first Century : Cross-national Perspectives and European Implications . With Almas Heshmati and a Foreword by Ulrich Brand ( 1st ed . ) . Anthem Press , London . ISBN 9780857284105 . Yesilada , Birol A. ; Wood , David M. ( 2009 ) . The Emerging European Union ( 5th ed . ) . Abingdon - on - Thames : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0205723805 . External links Official : EUROPA -- official web portal Institutions European Council European Commission Council European Parliament European Central Bank Court of Justice of the European Union Court of Auditors Agencies EUR - Lex -- EU Laws Historical Archives of the European Union Overviews and data : Eurostat -- European Union Statistics Explained Datasets related to the EU on CKAN `` CIA World Factbook : European Union '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . 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-1734555458208806971	Article Four of the United States Constitution	Article Four of the United states Constitution - wikipedia Article Four of the United states Constitution Jump to : navigation , search Wikisource has original text related to this article : Article Four of the United States Constitution This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book Article Four of the United States Constitution outlines the relationship between each state and the others , and the several States and the federal government . Contents ( hide ) 1 Section 1 : Full faith and credit 2 Section 2 : Rights of state citizens ; rights of extradition 2.1 Clause 1 : Privileges and Immunities 2.2 Clause 2 : Extradition of fugitives 2.3 Clause 3 : Fugitive Slave Clause 3 Section 3 : New states and federal property 3.1 Clause 1 : New states 3.2 Clause 2 : Property Clause 4 Section 4 : Obligations of the United States 4.1 Clause 1 : Republican government 4.2 Clause 2 : Protection from invasion and domestic violence 5 See also 6 Notes and references 7 Further reading 8 External links Section 1 : full faith and credit ( edit ) Main article : Full Faith and Credit Clause Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to the public Acts , Records , and judicial Proceedings of every other State . And the Congress may by general Laws prescribe the Manner in which such Acts , Records and Proceedings shall be proved , and the Effect thereof . The first section requires states to extend `` full faith and credit '' to the public acts , records and court proceedings of other states . Congress may regulate the manner in which proof of such acts , records or proceedings may be admitted . In Mills v. Duryee , 1t1 U.S. ( 7 Cranch ) 481 ( 1813 ) , the United States Supreme Court ruled that the merits of a case , as settled by courts of one state , must be recognized by the courts of other states ; state courts may not reopen cases which have been conclusively decided by the courts of another state . Later , Chief Justice John Marshall suggested that the judgment of one state court must be recognized by other states ' courts as final . However , in McElmoyle v. Cohen , 38 U.S. ( 13 Pet . ) 312 ( 1839 ) , the court heard a case where one party obtained a judgment in South Carolina and sought to enforce it in Georgia , which had a statute of limitations that barred actions on judgments after a certain amount of time had passed since the judgment was entered . The court upheld Georgia 's refusal to enforce the South Carolina judgment . The court found that out - of - state judgments are subject to the procedural law of the states where they are enforced , notwithstanding any priority accorded in the states in which they are issued . Section 2 : rights of state citizens ; rights of extradition ( edit ) Clause 1 : privileges and immunities ( edit ) Main article : Privileges and Immunities Clause The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States . Clause One of Section 2 requires interstate protection of `` privileges and immunities '' . The seeming ambiguity of the clause has given rise to a number of different interpretations . Some contend that the clause requires Congress to treat all citizens equally . Others suggest that citizens of states carry the rights accorded by their home states while traveling in other states . Neither of these theories has been endorsed by the Supreme Court , which has held that the clause means that a state may not discriminate against citizens of other states in favor of its own citizens . In Corfield v. Coryell , 6 F. Cas. 546 ( C.C.E.D. Pa. 1823 ) , the federal circuit court held that privileges and immunities in respect of which discrimination is barred include protection by the Government ; the enjoyment of life and liberty ... the right of a citizen of one State to pass through , or to reside in any other State , for purposes of trade , agriculture , professional pursuits , or otherwise ; to claim the benefits of the writ of habeas corpus ; to institute and maintain actions of any kind in the courts of the State ; to take , hold and dispose of property , either real or personal ; and an exemption from higher taxes or impositions than are paid by the other citizens of the State . Most other benefits were held not to be protected privileges and immunities . In Corfield the circuit court sustained a New Jersey law giving state residents the exclusive right to gather clams and oysters . Clause 2 : extradition of fugitives ( edit ) Main article : Extradition Clause A Person charged in any State with Treason , Felony , or other Crime , who shall flee from Justice , and be found in another State , shall on demand of the executive Authority of the State from which he fled , be delivered up , to be removed to the State having Jurisdiction of the Crime . Clause Two requires that fugitives from justice may be extradited on the demand of executive authority of the state from which they flee . The Supreme Court has held that it is not compulsory for the fugitive to have fled after an indictment was issued , but only that the fugitive fled after having committed the crime . The Constitution provides for the extradition of fugitives who have committed `` treason , felony or other crime . '' That phrase incorporates all acts prohibited by the laws of a state , including misdemeanors and small , or petty , offenses . In Kentucky v. Dennison , the Supreme Court held that the federal courts may not compel state governors to surrender fugitives through the issue of writs of mandamus . The Dennison decision was overruled by Puerto Rico v. Branstad ; now , the federal courts may require the extradition of fugitives . Alleged fugitives generally may not challenge extradition proceedings . The motives of the governor demanding the extradition may not be questioned . The accused can not defend himself against the charges in the extraditing state ; the fugitive must do so in the state receiving him . However , the accused may prevent extradition by offering clear evidence that he was not in the state he allegedly fled from at the time of the crime . There is no constitutional requirement that extradited fugitives be tried only for the crimes named in the extradition proceedings . Fugitives brought to states by means other than extradition may be tried , even though the means of the conveyance was unlawful ; the Supreme Court so ruled in Mahon v. Justice , 127 U.S. 700 ( 1888 ) . In Mahon a body of armed men from Kentucky forcibly took , without a warrant , a man in West Virginia to bring him back to Kentucky for formal arrest and trial . Clause 3 : fugitive slave clause ( edit ) Main article : Fugitive Slave Clause No Person held to Service or Labour in one State , under the Laws thereof , escaping into another , shall , in Consequence of any Law or Regulation therein , be discharged from such Service or Labour , but shall be delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or Labour may be due . Pierce Butler and Charles Pinckney , both from South Carolina , submitted this clause to the Constitutional Convention . James Wilson of Pennsylvania objected , stating it would require that state governments enforce slavery at taxpayers ' expense . Butler withdrew the clause . However , on the next day the clause was quietly reinstated and adopted by the Convention without objection . This clause was added to the clause that provided extradition for fugitives from justice . When first adopted , this clause applied to fugitive slaves and required that they be extradited upon the claims of their masters , but it provided no means for doing so . The Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 created the mechanism for recovering a fugitive slave , overruled any state laws giving sanctuary , made it a federal crime to assist an escaped slave , and allowed slave - catchers into every U.S. state and territory . As free states sought to undermine the federal law , the even more severe Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 was enacted . In 1864 , during the Civil War , an effort to repeal this clause of the Constitution failed . This clause was rendered mostly moot when the Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery . Section 3 : new states and federal property ( edit ) Clause 1 : new states ( edit ) Main article : Admission to the Union See also : List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union ; but no new States shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State ; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States , or parts of States , without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress . The First Clause of Section Three , also known as the Admissions Clause , grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union . Since the establishment of the United States in 1776 , the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50 . It also forbids the creation of new states from parts of existing states without the consent of the affected states and Congress . This latter provision was designed to give Eastern states that still had claims to Western lands ( e.g. , Virginia and North Carolina ) to have a veto over whether their western counties ( which eventually became Kentucky and Tennessee ) could become states . It would later be applied with regard to the formation of Maine ( from Massachusetts ) and West Virginia ( from Virginia ) . At the 1787 Constitutional Convention , a proposal to include the phrase , `` new States shall be admitted on the same terms with the original States '' , was defeated . It was feared that the political power of future new western states would eventually overwhelm that of the established eastern states . Once the new Constitution went into effect , however , Congress admitted Vermont and Kentucky on equal terms and thereafter formalized the condition in its acts of admission for subsequent states , declaring that the new state enters `` on an equal footing with the original States in all respects whatever . '' Thus the Congress , utilizing the discretion allowed by the framers , adopted a policy of equal status for all newly admitted states . With the growth of states ' rights advocacy during the antebellum period , the Supreme Court asserted , in Lessee of Pollard v. Hagan ( 1845 ) , that the Constitution mandated admission of new states on the basis of equality . Congressional restrictions on the equality of states , even when those limitations have been found in the acts of admission , have been held void by the Supreme Court . For instance the Supreme Court struck down a provision which limited the jurisdiction of the state of Alabama over navigable waters within the state . The Court held , Alabama is , therefore , entitled to the sovereignty and jurisdiction over all the territory within her limits ... to maintain any other doctrine , is to deny that Alabama has been admitted into the union on an equal footing with the original states ... to Alabama belong the navigable waters and soils under them . The doctrine , however , can also be applied to the detriment of states , as occurred with Texas . Before admission to the Union , Texas , as an independent nation , controlled water within three miles of the coast , the normal limit for nations . Under the equal footing doctrine , however , Texas was found not to have control over the three - mile belt after admission into the Union , because the original states did not at the time of joining the union control such waters . Instead , by entering the Union , Texas was found to have surrendered control over the water and the soil under it to Congress . Under the Submerged Lands Act of 1953 , Congress returned maritime territory to some states , but not to others ; the Act was sustained by the Supreme Court . The constitution is silent on the question of whether or not a state may unilaterally leave , or secede from , the Union . However , the Supreme Court , in Texas v. White ( 1869 ) , held that a state can not unilaterally do so . When , therefore , Texas became one of the United States , she entered into an indissoluble relation . All the obligations of perpetual union , and all the guaranties of republican government in the Union , attached at once to the State . The act which consummated her admission into the Union was something more than a compact ; it was the incorporation of a new member into the political body . And it was final . The union between Texas and the other States was as complete , as perpetual , and as indissoluble as the union between the original States . There was no place for reconsideration , or revocation , except through revolution , or through consent of the States . Clause 2 : property clause ( edit ) The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging to the United States ; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to Prejudice any Claims of the United States , or of any particular State . This clause , commonly known as the Property or Territorial Clause , grants Congress the constitutional authority for the management and control of all territories or other property owned by United States . Additionally , the clause also proclaims that nothing contained within the Constitution may be interpreted to harm ( prejudice ) any claim of the United States , or of any particular State . The exact scope of this clause has long been a matter of debate . The federal government owns about twenty - eight percent of the land in the United States . These holdings include national parks , national forests , recreation areas , wildlife refuges , vast tracts of range and public lands managed by the Bureau of Land Management , reservations held in trust for Native American tribes , military bases , and ordinary federal buildings and installations . Although federal property can be found in every state , the largest concentrations are in the west , where , for example , the federal government owns over eighty percent of the land within Nevada . Pursuant to a parallel clause in Article One , Section Eight , the Supreme Court has held that states may not tax such federal property . In another case , Kleppe v. New Mexico , the Court ruled that the federal Wild Horse and Burro Act was a constitutional exercise of congressional power under the Property Clause -- at least insofar as it was applied to a finding of trespass . The case prohibited the entering upon the public lands of the United States and removing wild burros under the New Mexico Estray Law . A major issue early in the 20th century was whether the whole Constitution applied to the territories called insular areas by Congress . In a series of opinions by the Supreme Court of the United States , referred to as the Insular Cases , the Court ruled that territories belonged to , but were not part of the United States . Therefore , under the Territorial clause Congress had the power to determine which parts of the Constitution applied to the territories . These rulings have helped shape public opinion among Puerto Ricans during the ongoing debate over the commonwealth 's political status . Section 4 : obligations of the United states ( edit ) Clause 1 : republican government ( edit ) The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government , ( ... ) This clause , sometimes referred to as the Guarantee Clause , has long been at the forefront of the debate about the rights of citizens vis - à - vis the government . The Guarantee Clause mandates that all U.S. states must be grounded in republican principles such as the consent of the governed . By ensuring that all states must have the same basic republican philosophy , the Guarantee Clause is one of several portions of the Constitution which mandates symmetric federalism between the states . The Constitution does not explain what exactly constitutes a republican form of government . There are , however , several places within it where the principles behind the concept are articulated . Article Seven , the last and shortest of the Constitution 's original articles , stipulated that the Constitution , before it could become established as the `` Law of the Land '' , must obtain the consent of the people by being ratified by popular conventions within the several states . Additionally , as it required the ratification of only nine states in order to become established , rather than the unanimous consent required by the Articles of Confederation , the Constitution was more republican , as it protected the majority from effectively being ruled or held captive by the minority . The Federalist Papers also give us some insight as to the intent of the Founders . A republican form of government is distinguished from a direct democracy , which the Founding Fathers had no intentions of entering . As James Madison wrote in Federalist No. 10 , `` Hence it is that such democracies have ever been spectacles of turbulence and contention ; have ever been found incompatible with personal security or the rights of property ; and have in general been as short in their lives as they have been violent in their deaths . '' A political crisis in 1840s Rhode Island , the Dorr Rebellion , forced the Supreme Court to rule on the meaning of this clause . At the time , the Rhode Island constitution was the old royal charter established in the 17th century . By the 1840s , only 40 % of the state 's free white males were enfranchised . An attempt to hold a popular convention to write a new constitution was declared insurrection by the charter government , and the convention leaders were arrested . One of them brought suit in federal court , arguing that Rhode Island 's government was not `` republican '' in character , and that his arrest ( along with all of the government 's other acts ) was invalid . In Luther v. Borden , the Court held that the determination of whether a state government is a legitimate republican form as guaranteed by the Constitution is a political question to be resolved by the Congress . In effect , the court held the clause to be non-justiciable . The Luther v. Borden ruling left the responsibility to establish guidelines for the republican nature of state governments in the hands of the Congress . This power became an important part of Reconstruction after the American Civil War . The Radical Republican majority used this clause as the basis for taking control of the ex-Confederate states and for promoting civil rights for freedmen , plus the limiting of political and voting rights for ex-Confederates , abolishing the ex-Confederate state governments , setting guidelines for the readmission of the rebellious states into the Union . While the Supreme Court 's holding in Luther v. Borden still holds today , the Court , by looking to the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment ( adopted 19 years after Luther v. Borden was decided ) , has developed new criteria for determining which questions are political in nature and which are justiciable . Clause 2 : protection from invasion and domestic violence ( edit ) ( ... ) and ( the United States ) shall protect each of them ( the States ) against Invasion ; and on Application of the Legislature , or of the Executive ( when the Legislature can not be convened ) against domestic Violence . Section Four requires the United States to protect each state from invasion , and , upon the application of the state legislature ( or executive , if the legislature can not be convened ) , from domestic violence . This provision was invoked by Woodrow Wilson during the 1914 Colorado coal strike . See also ( edit ) Devolution List of states and territories of the United States Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kentucky v. Dennison , 65 U.S. 66 ( 1860 ) Jump up ^ Puerto Rico v. Branstad , 483 U.S. 219 ( 1987 ) ( `` Kentucky v. Dennison is the product of another time . The conception of the relation between the States and the Federal Government there announced is fundamentally incompatible with more than a century of constitutional development . '' ) Jump up ^ Hyatt v. People ex rel . Corkran , 188 U.S. 691 ( 1903 ) ( `` We are of opinion that , as the relator showed ... he was not within the state of Tennessee at the times stated in the indictments found in the Tennessee court , nor at any time when the acts were , if ever , committed , he was not a fugitive from justice within the meaning of the Federal statute upon that subject ... '' ) Jump up ^ Paul Finkelman , Slavery and the founders : race and liberty in the age of Jefferson , pg 82 , 2nd Edition , 2001 . Jump up ^ The vote in the House was 69 for repeal and 38 against , which was short of the two - to - one vote required to amend the Constitution . See the Congressional Globe , 38th Cong. , 1st Sess. , 1325 ( 1864 ) Jump up ^ Biber , Eric ; Colby , Thomas B. `` Common Interpretation : The Admissions Clause '' . National Constitution Center . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Forte , David F. `` Essays on Article IV : New States Clause '' . The Heritage Guide to the Constitution . The Heritage Foundation . Jump up ^ Michael P. Riccards , `` Lincoln and the Political Question : The Creation of the State of West Virginia '' Presidential Studies Quarterly , Vol. 27 , 1997 online edition Jump up ^ Lessee of Pollard v. Hagan , 44 U.S. ( 3 How . ) 212 ( 1845 ) . Jump up ^ `` Doctrine of the Equality of States '' . Justia.com . Jump up ^ Texas v. White , 74 U.S. 700 ( 1868 ) . Jump up ^ Texas v. White , 74 U.S. at 726 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 15 , 2010 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Carol Hardy ; et al. `` Federal Land Ownership : Overview and Data '' ( PDF ) . Federation of American Scientists . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved 10 April 2017 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Merrill , Thomas W. `` Essays on Article IV : Property Clause '' . The Heritage Guide to the Constitution . The Heritage Foundation . Jump up ^ Kleppe v. New Mexico , 426 U.S. 529 ( 1976 ) . Jump up ^ Ernest B. Abbott ; Otto J. Hetzel ( 2010 ) . Homeland Security and Emergency Management : A Legal Guide for State and Local Governments . American Bar Association . p. 52 . Jump up ^ Kesler , Charles R. `` Essays on Article VII : Ratification Clause '' . The Heritage Guide to the Constitution . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Luther v. Borden , 48 U.S. 1 ( 1849 ) . Jump up ^ Wilson , Woodrow ( 1979 ) . Link , Arthur , ed . The Papers of Woodrow Wilson . 29 . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . pp. 525 -- 528 . ISBN 9780691046594 . Further reading ( edit ) Adam H. Kurland , The Guarantee Clause as a Basis for Federal Prosecutions of State and Local Officials , 62 S. Cal . L. Rev. 369 ( 1989 ) External links ( edit ) Kilman , Johnny and George Costello ( Eds ) . ( 2000 ) . The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis and Interpretation . CRS Annotated Constitution : Article 4 ( hide ) United States Constitution Articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Repealed Eighteenth Amendment Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights List of Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bills of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Congressional enforcement Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recess appointment Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Article_Four_of_the_United_States_Constitution&oldid=822369091 '' Categories : Articles of the United States Constitution Article Four of the United States Constitution Federalism in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . Talk Article Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français 贛語 Русский Simple English 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 January 2018 , at 23 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the constitution provides that new states may be admitted on what terms	[]	[]
-8144882478204140781	John Newlands (chemist)	John Newlands ( chemist ) - wikipedia John Newlands ( chemist ) Jump to : navigation , search John Newlands 26 November 1837 ( 1837 - 11 - 26 ) Lambeth , Surrey , England 29 July 1898 ( 1898 - 07 - 30 ) ( aged 60 ) Lower Clapton , Middlesex , England Citizenship British Alma mater Royal College of Chemistry Known for Periodic table , law of octaves Awards Davy Medal ( 1887 ) Scientific career Fields Analytical chemistry John Alexander Reina Newlands ( 26 November 1837 -- 29 July 1898 ) was a British chemist who worked on the development of the periodic table . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 2 See also 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External links Biography ( edit ) Newlands was born at West Square in Lambeth , Surrey , the son of a Scottish Presbyterian minister and his Italian wife . He was home - schooled by his father and went on to study at the Royal College of Chemistry . He was interested in social reform and in 1860 served as a volunteer with Giuseppe Garibaldi in his campaign to unify Italy . Returning to London , Newlands set up in practice as an analytical chemist in 1864 , and in 1868 he became chief chemist in James Duncan 's London sugar refinery , where he introduced a number of improvements in processing . Later he left the refinery and again set up as an analyst with his brother , Benjamin . Newlands ' birthplace in West Square , Lambeth . Newlands was the first person to devise a periodic table of chemical elements arranged in order of their relative atomic masses . Continuing Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner 's work with triads and Jean - Baptiste Dumas ' families of similar elements , he published in 1865 his ' Law of Octaves ' , which stated that ' any given element will exhibit analogous behaviour to the eighth element following it in the table . ' Newlands arranged all of the known elements , starting with hydrogen and ending with thorium , into seven groups of eight , which he likened to octaves of music . In Newlands ' table , the elements were ordered by the atomic weights that were known at the time and were numbered sequentially to show their order . Periods were shown going down the table , with groups going across -- the opposite from the modern form of the periodic table . Newland 's table of the elements . The incompleteness of the table alluded to the possible existence of additional , undiscovered elements . The Law of Octaves was ridiculed by Newlands ' contemporaries , and the Society of Chemists did not accept his work for publication . After Dmitri Mendeleev and Lothar Meyer received the Davy Medal from the Royal Society for their later ' discovery ' of the periodic table , Newlands fought for recognition of his earlier work and eventually received the Davy Medal in 1887 . John Newlands died due to complications in surgery at his home in Lower Clapton , Middlesex , and was buried at West Norwood Cemetery . His business was continued after his death by his younger brother , Benjamin . See also ( edit ) History of the periodic table References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ' Newlands , John Alexander Reina ( 1837 -- 1898 ) ' by Michael A. Sutton , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , 2004 . Accessed 5 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Like many of his contemporaries , Newlands first used the terms equivalent weight and atomic weight without any distinction in meaning and in his first paper in 1863 . He used the values accepted by his predecessors . It is now referred to as standard atomic weight . Jump up ^ Newlands , John A.R. ( 1864 - 08 - 20 ) . `` On Relations Among the Equivalents '' . Chemical News . 10 : 94 -- 95 . Jump up ^ Newlands , John A.R. ( 1865 - 08 - 18 ) . `` On the Law of Octaves '' . Chemical News . 12 : 83 . Jump up ^ Bryson , Bill ( 2004 ) . A Short History of Nearly Everything . London : Black Swan . pp. 141 -- 142 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 552 - 15174 - 0 . Further reading ( edit ) Scerri , Eric R. ( 2007 ) . The periodic table : Its story and its significance . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 530573 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Cartage biography Newlands on classification of elements VIAF : 27453992 LCCN : n91031989 ISNI : 0000 0000 2856 6963 SNAC : w6m65tsm Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Newlands_(chemist)&oldid=830983923 '' Categories : 1837 births 1898 deaths People from Southwark English chemists Analytical chemists Burials at West Norwood Cemetery People involved with the periodic table English people of Scottish descent English people of Italian descent Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use dmy dates from July 2012 Use British English from July 2012 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 March 2018 , at 02 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which group of elements is missing from newlands periodic table	[]	[]
-7896663922857627685	Days of Our Lives	Days of Our Lives - wikipedia Days of Our Lives Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Days of Our Lives ( disambiguation ) . Days of Our Lives Also known as DAYS DOOL Genre Soap opera Created by Ted Corday Betty Corday Written by Ron Carlivati Directed by Herb Stein Phil Sogard Albert Alarr Grant Johnson Steven Williford Starring Present cast Former cast Theme music composer Charles Albertine , Tommy Boyce , and Bobby Hart Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of episodes 13,350 ( as of May 25 , 2018 ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Ken Corday , Albert Alarr and Greg Meng Producer ( s ) See below Location ( s ) The Burbank Studios , Burbank , California Running time 30 minutes ( 1965 -- 75 ) 60 minutes ( 1975 -- present ) Production company ( s ) Corday Productions Screen Gems ( 1965 -- 74 ) Columbia Pictures Television ( 1974 -- 2001 ) Columbia TriStar Television ( 2001 -- 02 ) Sony Pictures Television ( 2002 -- present ) Distributor Sony Pictures Television Release Original network NBC Picture format NTSC ( 480i ) ( 1965 -- 2010 ) HDTV 1080i ( 2010 -- present ) Audio format Stereophonic Original release November 8 , 1965 ( 1965 - 11 - 08 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Another World External links Website Days of Our Lives ( also stylized as Days of our Lives ; often abbreviated to DOOL or Days ) is an American daytime soap opera broadcast on the NBC television network . It is one of the longest - running scripted television programs in the world , airing nearly every weekday since November 8 , 1965 . It has since been syndicated to many countries around the world . Until the network 's closure in 2013 , Soapnet rebroadcast episodes of Days on a same - day basis each weeknight at 8 : 00 and 10 : 00 ( Eastern and Pacific Time ) . The series was created by husband - and - wife team Ted Corday and Betty Corday . Irna Phillips was a story editor for Days of Our Lives and many of the show 's earliest storylines were written by William J. Bell . Due to the series ' success , it was expanded from 30 minutes to 60 minutes on April 21 , 1975 . The series focuses on its core families , the Hortons and the Bradys . Several other families have been added to the cast , and many of them still appear on the show . Frances Reid , the matriarch of the series ' Horton family remained with the show from its inception to her death on February 3 , 2010 . Suzanne Rogers celebrated 40 years on Days of Our Lives in 2013 , appearing on the show more or less since her first appearance in 1973 . Susan Seaforth Hayes is the only cast member to appear on Days of Our Lives in all five decades it has been on air . Days of Our Lives aired its 10,000 th episode on February 21 , 2005 , and its 12,000 th episode aired on January 11 , 2013 . The soap was given the title of most daring drama in the seventies due to covering topics other soaps would not dare to do . The show 's executive producer is Ken Corday , and co-executive producers are Greg Meng and Albert Alarr . In 2018 , NBC renewed the serial through fall 2019 . Days of Our Lives is the most widely distributed soap opera in the United States . The show has been parodied by SCTV ( as `` The Days of the Week '' ) and the television sitcom Friends , with some cast members making crossover appearances on the show , including Kristian Alfonso , Roark Critchlow , Matthew Ashford , Kyle Lowder , and Alison Sweeney . The show has had high - profile fans such as actress Julia Roberts , and the Supreme Court justice Thurgood Marshall . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Storyline 2.1 Best - remembered stories 3 Cast 4 Executive producing and head writing team 5 Domestic broadcast 5.1 Local scheduling variations 5.2 Nielsen ratings history 6 International broadcast 6.1 Americas 6.2 Oceania 6.3 Europe 6.4 African / Eastern 7 Opening title sequences and theme song 8 Parodies 9 Fans 10 Awards and nominations 11 See also 12 References 13 External links History ( edit ) The Horton Family in 1973 : Back Row : Edward Mallory ( Bill ) , John Clarke ( Mickey ) , Marie Cheatham ( Marie ) , John Lupton ( Tommy ) . Front Row : Frances Reid ( Alice ) , Macdonald Carey ( Tom ) , Patricia Barry ( Addie ) . The Cordays and Bell combined the `` hospital soap '' idea with the tradition of centering a series on a family , by making the show about a family of doctors , including one who worked in a mental hospital . Storylines in the show follow the lives of middle - and upper - class professionals in Salem , a middle - America town , with the usual threads of love , marriage , divorce , and family life , plus the medical story lines and character studies of individuals with psychological problems . Former executive producer Al Rabin took pride in the characters ' passion , saying that the characters were not shy about `` sharing what 's in their gut . '' Critics originally praised the show for its non-reliance on nostalgia ( in contrast to shows such as As the World Turns ) and its portrayal of `` real American contemporary families . '' By the 1970s , critics deemed Days of Our Lives to be the most daring daytime drama , leading the way in using themes other shows of the period would not dare touch , such as artificial insemination and interracial romance . The January 12 , 1976 cover of Time magazine featured Days of Our Lives ' Bill Hayes and Susan Seaforth Hayes , the only daytime actors ever to appear on its cover . The Hayeses themselves were a couple whose on - screen and real - life romance ( they met on the series in 1970 and married in 1974 ) was widely covered by both the soap opera magazines and the mainstream press . In the 1990s , the show branched out into supernatural story lines , which critics immediately panned , as it was seen as a departure from more realistic storylines for which the show had originally become known . However , these storylines did have the desired effect , making Days of Our Lives the most - watched daytime soap among young and middle - aged women , also becoming one of NBC 's five most profitable shows in any time slot . In 2006 , when asked about his character , Jack Deveraux , `` coming back from the dead '' -- for the third time -- actor Matthew Ashford responded , `` It is hard to play that because at a certain point it becomes too unreal ... actors look at that and think , ' What is this -- the Cartoon Network ' ? '' In addition to receiving critical acclaim in print journalism , the series has won a number of awards , including a Daytime Emmy for Best Drama in 1978 and 2013 and a Writers Guild of America , East Award for Best Drama in 2000 and 2013 . Days of Our lives actors have also won awards : Macdonald Carey ( Dr. Tom Horton ) won Best Actor in 1974 and 1975 . Susan Flannery ( Laura Horton ) and Eileen Davidson ( Kristen DiMera ) won Best Actress in 1975 and 2014 , respectively . Suzanne Rogers ( Maggie Horton ) , Leann Hunley ( Anna DiMera ) , and Tamara Braun ( Ava Vitali ) won Best Supporting Actress for , respectively , 1979 , 1986 , and 2009 and Billy Warlock ( Frankie Brady ) won Best Younger Actor for 1988 . In 2009 , Darin Brooks ( Max Brady ) took home the Emmy for Best Younger Actor `` , and Tamara Braun ( Ava Vitali ) won for Best Supporting Actress , the show 's first acting victories in over 21 and 23 years , respectively As with all other network programming , Days of Our Lives ' ratings have declined somewhat since the 1990s . In January 2007 it was suggested by NBC that the show `` is unlikely to continue ( on NBC ) past 2009 . '' In November 2008 , in an eleventh - hour decision , it was announced the show had been renewed through September 2010 . The 18 - month renewal was down from its previous renewal , which was for five years . The show made somewhat of a comeback in 2009 , with ratings increasing as the year progressed . In March 2010 , the show was renewed once again through September 2011 ; then again on November 8 , 2010 , its 45th anniversary , the show was renewed for two more years through September 2013 , with an option for an additional year which would keep the soap on through 2014 , its 49th year on the air . The series received a two - year renewal in January 2014 that is set to last until September 2016 . Beginning on November 8 , 2010 , which marked Days of Our Lives ' 45th anniversary , the show began airing in high definition . The show was officially `` rebooted '' on September 26 , 2011 , in an effort to gain back its lapsed audience , appeal to long - term loyal fans , begin new stories , and boost ratings . Former fan favorite characters were reintroduced as part of the reboot . These included Jack Deveraux ( Matthew Ashford ) , Carrie Brady ( Christie Clark ) , and Austin Reed ( Patrick Muldoon ) . All three , including actress Sarah Brown , were fired from the show in an effort to lower production costs . The reboot was met with mixed reviews from critics . Head writers hired to handle the reboot , Marlene McPherson , and Darrell Ray Thomas Junior were subsequently fired due to declining ratings . Chris Whitesell , and former Days executive producer Gary Tomlin were rehired after being fired as part of the show 's revamp . Daytime Emmy award winner Lorraine Broderick was hired as a member of the breakdown writing team in April 2012 . Days of Our Lives is noted as the fourth longest running soap opera in the United States . On November 30 , 2014 , NBC launched a new logo for Days of Our Lives at the 2014 Hollywood Christmas Parade , in celebration of the series ' fiftieth anniversary On February 11 , 2016 , NBC renewed Days of Our Lives for one - year , with the option of an additional year . In January 2017 , while discussion the potential of a renewal for the soap , NBC chairman Bob Greenblatt stated : `` We do n't make a decision for another couple months . ( ... ) But I do n't think it 's over yet . '' In February 2017 , NBC officially renewed Days of Our Lives for an additional year . Jennifer Salke , President of NBC Entertainment , said in a statement : `` We feel so privileged to be able to continue the remarkable legacy of Days of our Lives . ( ... ) We thank ( exec producer ) Ken Corday and his team for their incredible accomplishments and look forward to all the stories from Salem that will continue to unfold . '' In March 2018 , NBC announced their decision to renewal Days of Our Lives through fall 2019 . Storyline ( edit ) Long - time actors Deidre Hall and Drake Hogestyn , who portray Marlena Evans and John Black , are known for being featured in some of the show 's most famous storylines . When Days of Our Lives premiered in 1965 , the show revolved around the tragedies and triumphs of the suburban Horton family . Over time , additional families were brought to the show to interact with the Hortons and serve as springboards for more dramatic storylines . Originally led by patriarch Dr. Tom Horton and his wife , homemaker Alice , the Hortons remain a prominent fixture in current continuity . One of the longest - running story lines involved the rape of Mickey Horton 's wife Laura by Mickey 's brother Bill . Laura confides in her father - in - law Dr. Tom , and the two agree that her husband Mickey should never know . The secret , involving the true parentage of Michael Horton ( a product of the rape ) and Mickey 's subsequent health issues as a result of the revelation , spanned episodes from 1968 to 1975 . This plotline was made even more complex with the presence of Linda Patterson ( originally Margaret Mason for many years , later Elaine Princi ) who claimed that her daughter Melissa had been fathered by Mickey . When Mickey married the lovely Maggie Simmons ( Suzanne Rogers ) , Linda became even more involved in the story line as the show 's main villainess , marrying the wealthy Bob Anderson ( Mark Tapscott ) and taking over the running of Anderson Manufacturing when he became ill . The story line involving Mickey , Laura and Bill was the first to bring the show to prominence , and put it near the top of the Nielsen daytime ratings . Another love triangle , between lounge singer Doug Williams , Tom and Alice 's daughter Addie , and Addie 's own daughter , Julie , proved to be very popular around the same time . The storyline culminated in the death of Addie in 1974 and the marriage of Doug and Julie in 1976 . In the early 1980s , the Brady and DiMera families were introduced , and their rivalry quickly cemented their places as core families in Salem beside the Hortons . Around the same time , with the help of head writers Sheri Anderson , Thom Racina , and Leah Laiman , action / adventure story lines and supercouples such as Bo and Hope , Shane and Kimberly , and Patch and Kayla reinvigorated the show , previously focused primarily on the domestic troubles of the Hortons . Since the 1990s , with the introduction of writer James E. Reilly , Days of Our Lives has moved from traditional plots to some supernatural and science - fiction - themed stories , in conjunction with the rivalry of good vs. evil , in a Hatfield / McCoy feud style the Bradys versus the DiMeras . Under the tenure of Reilly , ratings rose to number two , and stayed there until he left in 1999 to start his own creation of Passions . Despite the introduction of new head writer Hogan Sheffer in 2006 , ratings failed to revive , which led the show 's producers to hire a few past fan favorites to stop the ratings hemorrhage . Best - remembered stories ( edit ) In addition to the love triangles of Bill / Laura / Mickey and Addie / Doug / Julie , other memorable storylines include the 1968 story of amnesiac Tom Horton , Jr. , who returns from Korea believing he is someone else and then proceeds to romance his younger sister Marie ; the 20 - year tragic love triangle when John Black has an affair with Marlena Brady , who is married to Roman ; the 1982 `` Salem Strangler '' ( Jake Kositchek , who was nicknamed `` Jake the Ripper '' ) who stalks and murders women ; the 1984 Gone with the Wind story line in which Hope Williams Brady and Bo Brady hide out on a Southern plantation and dress up as Scarlett O'Hara and Rhett Butler ( devised to keep viewers tuned in while rival network ABC 's soaps were preempted due to the 1984 Summer Olympics ) ; and `` The Cruise of Deception '' in 1990 , when madman Ernesto Toscano invites all his enemies aboard a ship , the S.S. Loretta , and holds them captive . In 1992 , the show received a reboot with additions such as refurbished sets , the debut of the Brady Pub , the addition of new characters such as Vivian Alamain , Lisanne Gardner , Billie Reed , and Kate Roberts . Later that same year , Days of Our Lives introduced its highly popular teen scene with new characters such as a SORASed Sami Brady , played by Alison Sweeney , Carrie Brady , played by Tracy Middendorf , and then back to Christie Clark again , Austin Reed portrayed by Patrick Muldoon , Lucas Roberts played by Bryan Dattilo , Abe Carver 's younger brother Jonah Carver , played by Thyme Lewis , Jamie Caldwell , played by Miriam Parish , and Wendy Reardon played by Tammy Townsend to appeal to younger viewers . However , by 1997 , the characters of Jonah , Jamie , and Wendy had been written out or faded into the background , proving to be unsuccessful and the Carrie / Austin / Sami / Mike love triangle and the Will Horton paternity issue / custody battle storyline had now been taking most of the series ' air time . The shocking and ratings - grabbing 1993 plot when Vivian Alamain buried Dr. Carly Manning alive ( the first controversial storyline from head writer Reilly ) ; and the 1994 -- 1995 story line in which the town 's Christmas tree burns down and Marlena becomes possessed in Exorcist fashion . Also from 1993 to 1998 , the soap saw a lot of actress Eileen Davidson . Her character , Kristen DiMera suffers a miscarriage in secret , and in a panic to keep John Black away from Marlena , pretends to still be pregnant with John 's child . Stefano hires a doppelganger , Susan Banks to conceive and bear a child for her ( which resulted in the birth of EJ DiMera ) . Eileen Davidson portrayed the entire Banks family clan , four in total ( including one male ) , as well as her main character . 2000 saw the departures of front - and - center cast members , Louise Sorel as Vivian Alamain and Jensen Ackles as Eric Brady . Ackles and the character of Eric had been one of the main focus of the series for the past three years prior , in which the void would be hard to fill . Ken Corday and NBC announced plans to re-introduced a SORAS Brady Black , immediately following the conclusion of Eric 's storyline . That spring , Kyle Lowder was cast as the new Brady Black , whom would now be aged to his early 20 's , first appearing on August 21 , 2000 , a month following Eric 's exit . Lowder 's Brady did prove to win over the majority of viewers , as his pairing with Chloe Lane proved highly popular . The pair married and left town in 2005 when Lowder 's contract was not renewed . 2003 -- 2004 's `` Melaswen '' , saw several characters purportedly die at the hands of a masked psychopath ; they are later revealed to have been kidnapped to the secret island of Melaswen ( New Salem spelled backwards ) . 2007 's `` Bradys and DiMeras : The Reveal '' , told the story regarding how the Brady / DiMera feud started . Past characters returned in June 2010 to honor the passing of matriarch Alice Horton , whose character died on June 23 , 2010 . On June 23 , 2011 , Days of Our Lives introduced Sonny Kiriakis , the show 's first contract gay character onto the canvas to be featured in the show 's first gay story line . Freddie Smith ( Sonny ) said in an interview , `` He 's very confident and mature , he 's traveled the world and is very open - minded . I 'm very excited to portray him . '' Subsequent to Sonny 's arrival , Will Horton investigates his own sexuality , and reveals himself to be gay . He later starts a romantic relationship with Sonny . They eventually marry . On January 26 , 2012 , episode 11765 was a tribute to soldiers who have served in Afghanistan and previous wars with a PTSD therapy group for Jack Deveraux to talk over his time held captive there . This was also when the inline ' ' Next On ' ' promos were discontinued in favor of an external weekly promo . Cast ( edit ) See also : Days of Our Lives cast members Veteran actors Peter Reckell and Kristian Alfonso , who portray supercouple Bo and Hope Brady , have played both characters on and off since their first appearances in 1983 . When Days of Our Lives debuted the cast consisted of seven main characters ( Tom Horton , Alice Horton , Mickey Horton , Marie Horton , Julie Olson , Tony Merritt , and Craig Merritt ) . When the show expanded to one hour in April 1975 , the cast increased to 27 actors . By the 25th anniversary in 1990 , 40 actors appeared on the show in contract or recurring roles , which is the approximate number of actors the show has used since then . Original cast member Frances Reid , who played Alice Horton , remained on contract with Days of Our Lives until her death on February 3 , 2010 , though she last appeared on the show in December 2007 . Original cast member John Clarke , who played Mickey Horton , left the series in 2004 . Suzanne Rogers , who plays Maggie Horton has been on the show since 1973 , and Susan Seaforth Hayes has played Julie Olson Williams since 1968 with a few breaks in between , and also her husband Bill Hayes , who has played Doug Williams since 1970 , though neither Seaforth Hayes nor Hayes is employed with the serial on contract . In recent years , Days of Our Lives has hired back many former cast members . Twenty of the current contract cast members have been with the show , off - and - on , since at least 1999 . Since 2005 , cast members from the 1980s and 1990s , such as Christie Clark ( Carrie Brady ) , Stephen Nichols ( Steve Johnson ) , Austin Peck ( Austin Reed ) , Mary Beth Evans ( Kayla Brady ) , Joseph Mascolo ( Stefano DiMera ) , and Thaao Penghlis ( Tony DiMera ) have been brought back to Days of Our Lives . More additions to the show include the returns of Crystal Chappell ( Dr. Carly Manning ) , and Louise Sorel ( Vivian Alamain ) . In June 2010 , characters such as Jennifer Horton , Bill Horton , Shane Donovan , and Kimberly Brady returned for a short time and were featured heavily in a tribute to Alice Horton . Guest cast members have included Elizabeth Alley . In late 2012 , the show reintroduced actress Eileen Davidson in the role of Kristen Blake DiMera after a fourteen - year absence . In mid 2013 , the show debuted new characters such as JJ Deveraux and Theresa Donovan to appeal to younger viewers . In celebration of the soap 's fiftieth anniversary in 2015 , several cast members returned to the soap , including Peter Reckell , Stephen Nichols and Penghlis . Executive producing and head writing team ( edit ) Main article : Days of Our Lives producers and writers The co-creator and original executive producer , Ted Corday , was only at the helm for eight months before dying of cancer in 1966 . His widow , Betty , was named executive producer upon his death . She continued in that role , with the help of H. Wesley Kenney and Al Rabin as supervising producers , before she semi-retired in 1985 . When Mrs. Corday semi-retired in 1985 , and later died in 1987 , her son , Ken , became executive producer and took over the full - time , day - to - day running of the show , a title he still holds today . The series ' current co-executive producers are Greg Meng and Lisa de Cazotte . In March 2015 , it was reported that de Cazotte would no longer serve as a co-executive producer for the series . Albert Alarr was announced as de Cazotte 's replacement as a co-executive producer . The first long - term head writer , William J. Bell , started writing for Days of Our Lives in 1966 and continued until 1975 , a few years after he had created his own successful soap , The Young and the Restless . He stayed with the show as a story line consultant until 1978 . During the late 1970s and early 1980s , many writing changes occurred . In the early 1980s , Margaret DePriest helped stabilize the show with her serial killer story line . Later head writers , such as Sheri Anderson , Thom Racina , and Leah Laiman , built on that stability and crafted story lines of their own , temporarily bringing up ratings . Many writing changes occurred after Laiman left the series in 1989 and would not become stable again until James E. Reilly started with the show in 1993 . His tenure , which lasted for four - and - a-half years , was credited with bringing ratings up to the second place spot in the Nielsens . Other writers who succeeded him , such as Sally Sussman Morina and Tom Langan , failed to keep the ratings success , and another writer turnover continued until Reilly returned to the series in 2003 . Five - time Daytime Emmy winner Hogan Sheffer was named head writer with great fanfare in October 2006 , but lasted less than 16 months with the show , with his last episode airing in January 2008 . Former head writer Dena Higley 's first episode aired on April 23 , 2008 . Her co-head writer was Christopher Whitesell until February 2011 . On May 18 , 2011 , Dena Higley was fired . The new head writers were Marlene McPherson and Darrell Ray Thomas Jr . In April 2012 , it was confirmed that McPherson and Thomas Jr. were fired from their positions as co-head writers . Gary Tomlin and Christopher Whitesell were hired for the position . It was later confirmed that former All My Children headwriter Lorraine Broderick would join Tomlin and Whitesell as a breakdown writer on the series . In February 2015 , Soap Opera Digest confirmed that both Tomlin and Whitesell had been ousted in their roles as head - writers ; they further confirmed that former head writer Higley would return , alongside former The Young and the Restless head writer Josh Griffith . The change took effect on February 16 , 2015 . In August 2015 , reports stated that Higley would be taking a leave of absence from the show . In her place , Sony would be sending a writer from The Young and the Restless to help Griffith with the transition . The writer was later revealed to be former head writer Beth Milstein . In February 2016 , several days after the show was renewed for another year , Soap Opera Digest exclusively reported that Griffith has departed the show as head writer with Higley remaining ; they further revealed that script writer Ryan Quan has been promoted to replace Griffith . On January 23 , 2017 , Soap Opera Digest broke news that both Higley and Quan had been let go from their positions as co-head writers . According to the report , Quan was given a new title of Creative Consultant , while Higley was let go all - together . Former One Life to Live and General Hospital head writer Ron Carlivati was named as Higley 's replacement , `` effective immediately '' . In addition to Carlivati 's appointment , it was also announced that Anderson would return to the soap , sharing the role of Creative Consultant with Quan . Carlivati will receive his first episodic credit as head writer on July 19 , 2017 . Days of Our Lives won the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Writing Team in June , 2012 and April , 2018 . It also won the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series in June , 2013 and April , 2018 . Domestic broadcast ( edit ) According to Variety , Days of Our Lives is the most widely distributed soap opera in the United States , with episodes not just broadcast via NBC , but also via cable ( SOAPnet ) , and as of June 2007 , episodes are offered via iTunes . For the first three years on the air , Days of Our Lives was near the bottom of the Nielsen ratings , and close to cancellation . However , its ascent to the top was rapid ; as the 1969 TV season ended , it became an effective tool of NBC , which attempted to dethrone daytime leader CBS . By 1973 the show , pitted against CBS ' popular Guiding Light and ABC 's The Newlywed Game at 2 p.m. ( ET ) / 1 p.m. ( CT ) , had matched the first - place ratings of As the World Turns and sister NBC soap Another World . Due to the success of the program , it expanded from a half - hour to one hour on April 21 , 1975 . This expansion had followed the lead of Another World , which became TV 's first - ever hour - long soap on January 6 , three - and - a-half months earlier . Further , Days of Our Lives ' new starting time of 1 : 30 p.m. / 12 : 30 finally solved a scheduling problem that began in 1968 when NBC lost the game Let 's Make a Deal to ABC , and in its wake , eight different shows were placed into the slot ( Hidden Faces , You 're Putting Me On , Life with Linkletter , Words & Music , Memory Game , Three on a Match , Jeopardy ! , and How to Survive a Marriage ) . However , this first golden period for NBC daytime proved to be short - lived , as Days of Our Lives ' ratings began to decline in 1977 . Much of the decline was due to ABC 's expansion of its increasingly popular soap All My Children to a full hour , the last half of which overlapped with the first half of Days of Our Lives By January 1979 , the network , in a mode of desperation more than anything else , decided to jump headlong against AMC and moved the show ahead to the same 1 : 00 p.m. / 12 Noon time slot . In exchange to its affiliates for taking away the old half - hour access slot at 1 : 00 / Noon , NBC gave them the 4 p.m. / 3 slot , which many ( if not most ) stations had been preempting for years anyway . By 1986 , ABC and CBS followed suit , under the intense pressure of lucrative ( and cheap ) syndicated programming offered to affiliates . By 1980 , Days of Our Lives had displaced Another World as NBC 's highest - rated soap . However , the entire NBC soap lineup was in ratings trouble . In fact , by 1982 , all of its shows were rated above only one ABC soap ( The Edge of Night ) and below all four CBS soaps . The `` supercouple '' era of the 1980s , however , helped bring about a ratings revival , and the 1983 -- 1984 season saw Days of Our Lives experience a surge in ratings . It held onto its strong numbers for most of the 1980s , only to decline again by 1990 , eventually falling back into eighth place . In the mid-1990s , however , the show experienced a resurgence in popularity and the show reached number two in the ratings , where it remained for several years before experiencing another ratings decline beginning in 1999 , the year that Days of Our Lives became NBC 's longest - running daytime program ( upon the cancellation of Another World ) . Throughout the 2000s ( decade ) , Days of Our Lives and all the other remaining network daytime serials have witnessed a steady erosion of viewers , mainly due to vastly altered viewing habits induced by cable networks and alternative genres such as reality and talk shows on minor network affiliates . On January 17 , 2007 , NBC Universal Television president Jeff Zucker remarked that Days of Our Lives would most likely not `` continue past 2009 . '' This contributed to an immediate ratings decline for Days of Our Lives . The show was averaging a 2.4 rating prior to the announcement , dropped to a 2.2 average household rating in the months after . In an April 2007 interview with Soap Opera Digest , executive producer Ken Corday commented on the ratings decline of the previous months , `` If I do n't pay attention to the ratings and what the viewers are saying , I 'm an ostrich . I have not seen a decline in the ratings on the show this precipitous -- ever . I 've never seen this much of a percentage decline . '' Days of Our Lives had finished the 2008 - 2009 television season with a substantial increase in viewers ( 3.0 million vs. 2.8 million ) and had risen to the # 3 spot behind The Young and the Restless and The Bold and the Beautiful , respectively . It was the # 2 daytime program behind The Young and the Restless in the much coveted 18 - 49 demographic . During the first few months of the 2009 - 2010 season , Days of Our Lives increased its average household rating to 2.4 , and averaged consistently over 3,000,000 viewers . It was only one point behind the # 2 daytime drama The Bold and the Beautiful , and has beat that soap on several days during the season . In 2010 , Days of Our Lives continued to increase viewership , reaching as high as 3.6 million viewers on several days . A substantial increase in viewership such as Days of Our Lives has had lately also bucks the viewership trend in daytime dramas , which had declined since the 1990s for all other daytime drama series . Days of Our Lives was the only daytime drama series to increase in viewers between 2008 and 2010 and had reduced its operating budget , making it a profitable asset to NBC 's broadcast line - up . However starting in 2011 , Days of Our Lives started to lose ground significantly to the point that it sometimes occupied the last position among all soaps for both total viewership and the 18 - 49 women demographic . The cancellation of All My Children on ABC combined with the return of several cast members allowed a brief resurgence of Days of Our Lives in October 2011 , but ratings soon declined again . In December 2011 before the cancellation of One Life to Live , Days of Our Lives recorded three consecutive weeks of new lows in the 18 - 49 women key demo category , and again another consecutive three weeks of low ratings in the same demographic during March -- April 2012 . As of 2012 , Days of Our Lives generally ranks # 3 among the four daytime soap operas on the air when it comes to the total number of viewers ( surpassing only General Hospital ) . However , Days of Our Lives is last among all soap operas for the numbers of viewers in the targeted demographic of women aged between 18 and 49 years old . Local scheduling variations ( edit ) Since January 1993 after the cancellation of Santa Barbara , WPXI - TV in Pittsburgh airs Days weekdays during its 3 : 00 p.m. time slot while some stations such as WJAC - TV in Johnstown , Pennsylvania air the program during the 2 : 00 p.m. timeslot , but most stations continue to air Days at its 1 p.m. time slot . Some Central Time Zone affiliates carry it at noon with the main Eastern feed , such as Green Bay , Wisconsin 's WGBA - TV , which uses it as an alternative to programming what would likely be a low - rated local newscast against long - established local competition . However , the program received schedule and station shifts with the start of the 2013 - 14 television season . One NBC station , KSNV - DT in Las Vegas , stopped carrying the show on August 19 , 2013 due to a long - term move to an all - news schedule outside of network news and primetime programming ; the program moved to the market 's CW affiliate KVCW , where it aired at its traditional 1 : 00 p.m. time slot until an ownership change saw the show return to KSNV in late December 2014 as part of a change in the all - news plans . With the cancellation of Passions , Days is now NBC 's last remaining daytime soap opera , as well as the network 's last remaining daytime program . Salt Lake City 's KSL - TV moved the show to the late night 1 : 05 a.m. slot three weeks later on September 9 for unknown reasons , though a romantic plot line between two gay characters was theorized as a reason for the move ; the station is owned by the broadcasting arm of the LDS Church . Nielsen ratings History ( edit ) End of season number of metered viewers ( listed as a Nielsen share in millions ) and ranking ( against other soap operas ) from the first broadcast to the reporting week of August 24 to August 28 , 2015 . Main article : List of US daytime soap opera ratings § 1960s Season Share Ranking 1 ( 1965 ) 5.3 10 / 17 2 ( 1966 ) 6.9 10 / 13 3 ( 1967 ) 8.7 10 / 13 4 ( 1968 ) 9.3 5 / 14 5 ( 1969 ) 8.8 7 / 19 6 ( 1970 ) 9.4 4 / 18 7 ( 1971 ) 9.9 3 / 17 8 ( 1972 ) 9.9 2 / 17 9 ( 1973 ) 9.7 1 / 16 10 ( 1974 ) 9.7 2 / 14 11 ( 1975 ) 8.3 4 / 14 12 ( 1976 ) 7.8 7 / 15 13 ( 1977 ) 6.9 10 / 14 14 ( 1978 ) 6.8 10 / 14 15 ( 1979 ) 6.6 10 / 13 16 ( 1980 ) 5.6 9 / 13 17 ( 1981 ) 5.5 10 / 15 18 ( 1982 ) 5.7 8 / 14 19 ( 1983 ) 7.1 7 / 14 20 ( 1984 ) 7.1 6 / 14 Season Share Ranking 21 ( 1985 ) 7.2 5 / 13 22 ( 1986 ) 7.0 4 / 14 23 ( 1987 ) 7.1 5 / 12 24 ( 1988 ) 6.5 5 / 13 25 ( 1989 ) 5.4 7 / 12 26 ( 1990 ) 5.2 7 / 12 27 ( 1991 ) 5.4 7 / 11 28 ( 1992 ) 4.9 8 / 11 29 ( 1993 ) 5.6 6 / 10 30 ( 1994 ) 5.3 6 / 10 31 ( 1995 ) 5.8 2 / 11 32 ( 1996 ) 5.8 2 / 12 33 ( 1997 ) 5.1 2 / 11 34 ( 1998 ) 5.8 2 / 12 35 ( 1999 ) 4.2 3 / 11 36 ( 2000 ) 3.8 3 / 10 37 ( 2001 ) 3.6 3 / 10 38 ( 2002 ) 3.1 4 / 10 39 ( 2003 ) 3.1 4 / 10 40 ( 2004 ) 2.7 5 / 9 Season Share Ranking 41 ( 2005 ) 2.6 4 / 9 42 ( 2006 ) 2.3 6 / 9 43 ( 2007 ) 2.1 5 / 8 44 ( 2008 ) 2.2 3 / 8 45 ( 2009 ) 2.2 3 / 7 46 ( 2010 ) 2.0 4 / 6 47 ( 2011 ) 2.0 5 / 5 48 ( 2012 ) 2.1 4 / 4 49 ( 2013 ) 1.85 4 / 4 50 ( current ) 2.05 4 / 4 Primetime Episode Share Ranking `` One Stormy Night '' ( 1992 ) 10.5 64 / 92 `` Night Sins '' ( 1993 ) 7.9 72 / 87 `` Winter Heat '' ( 1994 ) 8.0 78 / 94 # 7315 ( 1994 ) 6.3 64 / 91 # 7316 ( 1994 ) 6.1 68 / 91 International broadcast ( edit ) Americas ( edit ) Throughout Canada , Days of Our Lives currently airs either at 1 : 00 PM or 2 : 00 PM depending on location on Global Television Network . Episodes are aired in sync with the NBC broadcast to take advantage of simultaneous substitution regulations . In Barbados the show was very popular , though it ran several years behind the U.S. ( the series began in Barbados in 1980 from the very first episode ) , and was aired on the island 's lone television broadcaster , CBC TV 8 . In 2014 , the channel dropped the series . Belize 's Tropical Vision Limited features Days of Our Lives as an afternoon staple . Currently it airs at 3 : 00 pm UTC - 6 Central Time , though it previously aired as early as 1 : 00 pm or as late as 5 : 30 pm as a lead - in to the news . Oceania ( edit ) See also : Screening of soap operas in Australia In Australia , Days of Our Lives was initially broadcast on the Nine Network from March 25 , 1968 , until April 26 , 2013 , when the network axed the show based on a commercial decision . During its run on the Nine Network in the early 2000s , episodes ended up being nearly five years behind the United States , due to the network 's coverage of cricket each summer . In an attempt to get viewers up to date with the US , Nine aired a one - hour special on September 13 , 2004 , titled , Days of Our Lives : A New Day , which summarized four years of storylines and caused mixed feelings among regular viewers . This special was followed by episodes airing at the same pace as the US . However , the show ended up being behind the US again , and by April 2013 , episodes were airing at a delay of 16 months . On June 17 , 2013 , Days of Our Lives resumed to Australian viewers free and on - demand through Sony 's Crackle service , as well as across Crackle 's web apps on mobile devices , connected TVs and game consoles . Crackle picked up where the Nine Network left off with 10 new episodes in its first week and seven new episodes every Monday thereafter . From January 20 , 2014 , Crackle began releasing five episodes each week . Days of Our Lives is currently six years behind the US . Days of Our Lives returned to Australian television on Foxtel 's channel Arena in April 2014 . It airs weekdays before The Young and the Restless at 12 : 00 pm AEST . In order to bring TV viewers up to date , Arena screened ten catch up episodes , each presented by Days of Our Lives cast members , from April 1 to April 14 , 2014 , featuring key story lines missed during the 11 - month Australian television hiatus . Then on April 15 , 2014 , Arena began airing episodes at the same pace as the US . Arena also re-airs the last five aired episodes shown as an omnibus catch up edition each Sunday around 7 : 00 am AEST . New Zealand has aired Days of Our Lives along with The Young and the Restless since 1975 , debuting on Television New Zealand ( TVNZ ) . Originally airing weekdays on TV2 was shifted to TV One in 2003 , where it was put in a 2pm time slot . The soap was approximately five seasons behind the NBC season due to being preempted by holiday and sporting programming . During October 2009 , TVNZ announced that they were ending their exclusive contract with Sony Pictures . Despite a national petition from fans Days of Our Lives ended on May 19 , 2010 . On February 27 , 2013 , nearly three years the series ' final broadcast on TVNZ , ChoiceTV announced their decision to pick up the series ; the series began broadcasting on March 11 , 2013 , weekdays at 1 : 30pm . Broadcasting began with the series ' 46th season ( 2011 -- 12 ) , meaning the show would be only 18 months behind the current NBC season in the US . ChoiceTV also re-airs the last five aired episodes shown as an omnibus catch up edition each Sunday , beginning at 9 AM NZST , when due to government broadcasting restrictions are shown without advertisements . By December 20 , 2013 , ChoiceTV had removed the show from their schedule for summer hiatus . However , the series resumed airing on February 10 , 2014 from episode 11,880 . As of April 25 , 2014 , New Zealand viewers are up to episode 11,933 , as ChoiceTV decides on if they will renew the show . Europe ( edit ) Channel 5 aired episodes of Days of our Lives in the United Kingdom from March 2000 to April 2001 , eventually pulling it off the air ; network executives deemed its audience of 200,000 viewers as too low a figure . Days had previously aired in the United Kingdom and Ireland on the Sky Soap channel between 1994 and 1999 ; episodes were three years behind U.S. telecasts . Days of Our Lives became available to viewers again in the United Kingdom in 2007 - 2010 ; CBS Drama ended the run after relegating the show from daytime to 1.00 am . African / Eastern ( edit ) In South Africa , the soap aired on SABC 1 for ten years , from 1996 until March 2006 , weekdays at 17 : 10 to 18 : 00 local standard time . As of April 2005 , the soap airs on SABC 3 , each weekday from 17 : 00 to 17 : 50 . Beginning September 4 , 2017 , the show moves to ETV at 17 : 30pm according to promos posted online . Opening title sequences and theme song ( edit ) Original main title ; the registered trademark next to the title was later removed . Almost unmodified since the show 's debut in 1965 , the title sequence of Days of Our Lives features an hourglass , with sand slowly trickling to the bottom against the backdrop of a partly cloudy sky , as well as the trademark voiceover , `` Like sands through the hourglass , so are the Days of Our Lives . '' From the show 's debut in 1965 until March 1966 , announcer Ed Prentiss spoke the phrase , adding `` Days of Our Lives , a new dramatic serial starring Macdonald Carey . '' Since April 1966 , the voice has been that of Macdonald Carey , who played Dr. Thomas Horton from the show 's premiere until the actor 's 1994 death from lung cancer . From 1966 to 1994 , he would add `` This is Macdonald Carey , and these are the Days of Our Lives . '' After Carey 's death in 1994 , this second part was removed out of respect for Carey and his family . At intermission ( between 1975 and 2011 ) , his voice would also say `` We will return for the second half of Days of Our Lives in just a moment '' . Days of Our Lives opening theme ( 1973 ) Narrated by Macdonald Carey Problems playing this file ? See media help . The only major visual change to the title sequence was in 1993 when the show began using a CGI animated hourglass and backdrop . The theme that regularly accompanies each sequence was composed by Charles Albertine , Tommy Boyce , and Bobby Hart . The theme has only been modified a few times since Days of Our Lives premiered : in 1972 ; in 1993 , when the opening titles were changed to computerized visuals ( designed by Wayne Fitzgerald and Judy Loren ) ; in 2004 , with an orchestral arrangement that was only used in eight episodes , after which time the theme was reverted to the 1993 arrangement ; and in 2009 , when the theme was edited for time and shortened . Beginning with the November 8 , 2010 episode , there were slight changes to the coloring of the sky background in the sequence now being displayed in 16 : 9 widescreen . However , there was very little change in the sequence 's appearance from the 1993 version . Parodies ( edit ) SCTV had a recurring soap opera sketch called `` Days of the Week '' which featured Martin Short and Andrea Martin . Days of Our Lives was somewhat satirized ( or perhaps merely referenced ) on the hit NBC sitcom Friends when series regular Joey Tribbiani ( Matt LeBlanc ) was cast as `` Dr. Drake Ramoray '' on the show , despite Joey living in New York when Days of Our Lives is shot in California . Subsequent episodes featured pseudo-Days of Our Lives storylines invented for the sitcom , and included some guest appearances by real - life cast members from the soap opera . Joey 's stint on the show ended when he angered the show 's writers ; his character was killed after falling down an elevator shaft . Later , his character was brought back to life thanks to a brain transplant from the character Jessica Lockhart , played by Susan Sarandon . Alison Sweeney ( Sami Brady ) appeared on Friends as faux Days character `` Jessica Lockhart '' , Kristian Alfonso as Hope Brady , and Roark Critchlow as Mike Horton . In an episode in which Joey hosts a `` soap opera party '' on the roof , Matthew Ashford and Kyle Lowder make appearances as his co-stars . In the spin - off sitcom Joey , Joey is nominated for `` best death scene '' after his character is stabbed while performing surgery . The show was also parodied as `` Light of Our Love '' , or `` LOOL '' , in the Nancy Drew video game Stay Tuned for Danger . The Simpsons episode `` Pygmoelian '' features a fictional soap opera , `` It Never Ends '' , based on Days of Our Lives . Days of our Mornings is a long - running radio parody , broadcast weekday mornings on 5FM in South Africa . The Fairly OddParents episode `` Add a Dad '' features a parody name as `` Dads of our Lives '' . Totally Spies ! episode `` Starstruck '' features a television set of a parody show `` Days of Our Spies '' . House episode `` Gut Check '' features House hiring a kid who plays a fictional character of the fictionalized version of the show . Blue Collar TV featured a sketch as a parody of the show called `` White Trash Days of Our Lives '' with the opening epitaph slightly changed . `` Like beer through a redneck , so flows the white trash days of our lives . '' Gilmore Girls : Just after Emily goes to walk after her and Richard 's fight , Lorelai says Like sands through the hourglass , so are the Gilmores of Our Lives . This happened at season 2 in episode 10 ( `` The Bracebridge Dinner '' ) . Fans ( edit ) The show has had many high - profile fans . In 1976 , TIME magazine reported that then - Justice of the Supreme Court Thurgood Marshall would call a recess around the 1 p.m. hour to watch Days of Our Lives . Actress Julia Roberts admitted at the 2002 People 's Choice Awards that she was a fan of Days of Our Lives , asked to be seated near the cast , and upon winning her award stated , `` I 'm very nervous because the cast of Days of Our Lives is here . '' In 2004 , during the show 's Melaswen storyline , Roberts ' interest was considered notable enough that Entertainment Weekly quoted her saying that `` the show has gotten a little wacko . '' A 1998 TIME article mentioned that Monica Lewinsky was a passionate fan of Days of Our Lives , so much so that she wrote a poem about the series in her high school yearbook . The article compared her whirlwind experiences in the White House to a story on Days of Our Lives . Best - selling novelist Brian Keene has stated in interviews that he has watched the show since 1983 , and pauses from writing each day during the hour it is on . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Days of Our Lives See also ( edit ) List of Days of Our Lives cast members List of Days of Our Lives characters Minor characters of Days of Our Lives References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` ' Days of Our Lives ' Matriarch Frances Reid Has Died '' . ET. 2010 - 02 - 04 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Days of Our Lives Episode Schedule '' . United States : NBCUniversal . May 25 , 2018 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Alliaume , Curt . `` NBC Daytime '' . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2002 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Cinema '' . Time . 1965 - 11 - 05 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` A new day for Nine '' . Melbourne : The Age . 2004 - 08 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` TVNZ Schedules '' . TVNZ . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 25 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Days Yanked in UK '' . Soap Central . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Days Summary '' . TV.com . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Frances Reid -- Days of our Lives -- Bio -- DAYS -- ALice '' . Soapoperadigest.com . Archived from the original on 2005 - 03 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` The Suzanne Rogers Interview '' . Daily Radar.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Susan Seaforth Hayes Bio '' . Soap Opera Digest.com . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Days of our Lives Season 40 , Ep 10,000 '' . OVGuide.com . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Days of our Lives Celebration '' . Soap Opera Digest.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` TIME Rates the Soaps '' . TIME. 1976 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Soap Opera Digest article , issue of 10 February 1998 , page 42 ^ Jump up to : Josef Adalian ( 2007 - 06 - 10 ) . `` iTunes plays Days '' . Variety . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Friends : The One That Could Have Been , Part I '' . TV.com . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Friends : The One After the Super Bowl '' . TV.com . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Friends : The One With Joey 's Award '' . TV.com . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Fonseca , Nicholas ( 2004 - 05 - 28 ) . `` Daytime 's Secret Weapon '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Sex and Suffering in the Afternoon '' . TIME. 1976 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Annie , All My Afternoons , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Annie , All My Afternoons , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Shapiro , Walter ( 1987 - 05 - 11 ) . `` Move Over , Sam Ervin '' . TIME . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Annie , All My Afternoons , p. 109 Jump up ^ `` Soap Star Stats : Susan Seaforth Hayes ( Julie , DAYS ) '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2010 . Retrieved May 20 , 2009 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Schemering , Christopher ( September 1985 ) . The Soap Opera Encyclopedia ( 1st ed . ) . pp. 66 -- 73 . ISBN 0 - 345 - 32459 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Sex and Suffering in the Afternoon '' . Time . Time.com . January 12 , 1976 . Retrieved May 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Waggett , Gerard J. ( November 1997 ) . `` One Life to Live '' . The Soap Opera Encyclopedia . Harper Paperbacks . p. 91 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 101157 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Bellafante , Ginia ( 1995 - 05 - 29 ) . `` Soap Operas : The Old and the Desperate '' . TIME . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Bellafante , Ginia ( 1999 - 07 - 12 ) . `` Love , Money , Witches and Beach Grass '' . TIME . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` What you did n't see at the Daytime Emmys '' . USA Today . 2006 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Daytime Emmys - 1977 '' . Soap Central . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` 52nd Annual Writers Guild Awards '' . Writers Guild of America . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 30 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Daytime Emmys - 1973 '' . Soap Central . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Daytime Emmys - 1974 '' . Soap Central . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The National Academy Of Arts & Sciences Announces The Winners For The 41st Annual Daytime Emmy Awards '' . NATAS . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Daytime Emmys - 1978 '' . Soap Central . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Daytime Emmys - 1985 '' . Soap Central . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Daytime Emmys - 1987 '' . Soap Central . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` BREAKING : Darin Brooks Wins Younger Actor '' . Daytime Confidential . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2012 . Retrieved June 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tamara Braun Bags The `` Best Supporting Actress Award '' At The Emmy 's `` . Daytime Confidential . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Published : August 30 , 2009 10 : 59 PM By The Associated Press ( 2009 - 08 - 30 ) . `` The Long Island and New York City News Source '' . Newsday . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Levin , Gary ( 2007 - 01 - 17 ) . `` No surprises at NBC '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ ' Days Of Our Lives ' Renewed Through 2010 - 11 Season ( 2010 - 03 - 19 ) . `` Days Of Our Lives ' Renewed Through 2010 - 11 Season '' . Nbc.com . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Mar 19 , 2010 12 : 14 PM ( 2010 - 03 - 19 ) . `` NBC renews ' Days of our Lives ' - The Live Feed THR '' . Livefeed.hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Official -- Days Renewed ! '' . Soapoperadigest.com . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( 2010 - 11 - 07 ) . `` Days of Our Lives ' Renewed for 2 More Years '' . Mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` DAYS RENEWED FOR TWO YEARS ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . January 22 , 2014 . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan J. `` DAYS News : DAYS to broadcast in high - definition Days of our Lives at '' . Soapcentral.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` OPINION : DAYS OF OUR LIVES Reboot Day One - Does It Get The Boot ? '' . We Love Soaps. 2012 - 09 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Deanna , Deanna ( 2012 - 04 - 10 ) . `` Casting Cuts Have Started on ' Days of Our Lives ' '' . MSN Entertainment . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Ungrey , Steve ( 2011 - 11 - 27 ) . `` DAYS OF OUR LIVES : MY THOUGHTS ON THE REBOOT '' . We Love Soaps . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( 2012 - 04 - 04 ) . `` Deep Soap : ' Days of Our Lives ' Fires Its Head writers , Replaces Them With Their Predecessors '' . Xfinity . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Nobles , Omar ( 2012 - 04 - 06 ) . `` * Update * ' Days of our Lives ' Adds Emmy Winner Lorraine Broderick To Writing Team '' . TV Source Magazine . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Rose , Violet . `` The Five Longest Running Soap Operas in the United States '' . Yahoo ! Voices . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2012 . Retrieved 13 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Clifford , Kambra ( November 12 , 2014 ) . `` ' DAYS ' Kicks Off 50th Anniversary Celebration With Reveal of New Logo During the Hollywood Christmas Parade ! '' . United States : Soapoperanetwork.com . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` Days Of Our Lives Renewed By NBC '' . Deadline Hollywood . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2016 . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` Is Days of Our Lives Cancelled ? NBC Boss Says : ' I Do n't Think It 's Over Yet ' '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Various citations concerning the 52nd renewal of Days of Our Lives : SOD ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` NBC Renews DAYS OF OUR LIVES '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2017 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Andreeva , Nellie ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` Days Of Our Lives Renewed For Season 52 By NBC '' . Deadline Hollywood . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2017 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Ausiello , Michael ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` Days of Our Lives Renewed at NBC '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2017 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Various citations concerning the 54th season renewal of Days of Our Lives : SOD ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` DAYS Renewed For Another Year ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2018 . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Rice , Lynette ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` Days of Our Lives renewed for a 54th season '' . Entertainment Weekly . United States : Time Inc . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2018 . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Pedersen , Erik ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` Days Of Our Lives Renewed For Season 54 On NBC '' . Deadline Hollywood . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2018 . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Mathews , Liam ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` Days of Our Lives Renewed for Season 54 '' . TV Guide . United States : CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Roots , Kimberly ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` Days of Our Lives Renewed at NBC '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2018 . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bonderoff , Jason . `` Unforgettable Stories '' . SOAPnet . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Annie , All My Afternoons , p. 112 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mascolo Brings Stefano Back to Salem '' . Soap Central . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Zoglin , Richard ( 1984 - 08 - 13 ) . `` Where 's the Soaps ? '' . TIME . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Buried Alive Carly vs. Sheridan '' . DaytimeConfidential. 2010 - 10 - 10 . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Susan Banks Crumb Played by Brynn Thayer on Days of Our Lives - Soaps.com '' . Soaps.sheknows.com . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Days of our Lives '' . Web.archive.org. 2010 - 07 - 26 . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2010 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Days of our Lives '' . Web.archive.org. 2010 - 08 - 24 . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2010 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Bonderoff , Jason . `` Unforgettable Stories '' . SOAPnet . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Suzanne says : ( 2010 - 03 - 17 ) . `` DAYS brings back fan favorites for Alice Horton Memorial ! Michael Fairman On - Air On - Soaps Daytime Soap Interviews , News , Updates and Previews , Video and Audio Interviews '' . Michaelfairmansoaps.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Lynette Rice ( June 17 , 2011 ) . `` Official : ' Days of Our Lives ' begins gay story line -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Greg Hernandez ( 2012 - 03 - 30 ) . `` Will Horton to come out on April 4 ! And Neil , the guy Will kissed last month , returns for at least three episodes ! '' . GreginHollywood.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ GaysofDays.com ( 2012 - 09 - 25 ) . `` The Gays of Days Episode # 156 - September 24 , 2012 '' . GaysofDays.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Days of Our Lives : A Complete History of the Long - Running Soap Opera . McFarland . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Lewis , Errol . `` Casey Moss Joins ' Days of our Lives ' as JJ Devereaux '' . Soap Opera Network . Retrieved 12 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Lauro , Janet . `` Theresa Donovan Quick Profile '' . About.com Days of our Lives Fans . Retrieved 12 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Paula Hendrickson ( November 5 , 2015 ) . `` ' Days of Our Lives ' Rings in 50th Anniversary '' . Variety . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Errol ( March 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' DAYS '' Lisa de Cazotte OUT ! Albert Alarr Upped to Co-Executive Producer `` . Soap Opera Network . United States : Manti , Inc . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Powers that be '' . EW.com. 2008 - 03 - 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` DAYS Writers OUT '' . Soap Opera Digest . 2012 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Official : DAYS Names New Writing Team '' . Soap Opera Digest . 2012 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ SOD ( February 9 , 2015 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE ! MAJOR WRITER SWITCH AT DAYS ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : soapoperadigest.com . American Media . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( August 12 , 2015 ) . `` REPORT : Dena Higley Takes Leave of Absence From Days of Our Lives '' . Daytime Confidential . United States : Confidential Media , Inc . ( SAY Media ) . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ SOD ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE ! BEHIND THE SCENES CHANGE AT DAYS '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : soapoperadigest.com . American Media . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ SOD ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` Breaking News : Higley Out , Carlivati In At DAYS '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Ron Carlivati IN as Head Writer At Days of our Lives ; Dena Higley OUT ! '' . On - Air On - Soaps . United States : Michael Fairman Soaps , Inc . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ SOD ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Ron Carlivati Announces First DAYS Airdate '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' General Hospital ' scores 5 Daytime Emmys , including best drama ; ' Today , ' ' Jeopardy ! ' also win '' . Associated Press . 2012 - 06 - 23 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 25 . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( June 16 , 2013 ) . `` Daytime Emmy Awards : ' Days of our Lives Wins Best Drama ; Georgle Lucas Nabs First Emmy '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 21 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Alliaume , Curt . `` NBC Daytime '' . `` Curt Alliaume 's Utterly Irrelevant Web Site '' . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2002 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Soap Opera Digest . `` Crisis at DAYS ! The Secret Plan to Save It '' . April 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` No surprises at NBC - Days of our Lives Renewed '' . NBC . January 17 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Toups , Xavier ( 2011 - 12 - 16 ) . `` Ratings : New Lows For DAYS & Y&R in Women 18 - 49 Viewers '' . Soap Opera Network . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Toups , Xavier ( 2011 - 12 - 23 ) . `` Ratings : Another New Low For DAYS in Women 18 - 49 Viewers '' . Soap Opera Network . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Toups , Xavier ( 2012 - 01 - 03 ) . `` Ratings : DAYS Hits Lows For Third Straight Week '' . Soap Opera Network . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Toups , Xavier ( 2012 - 02 - 10 ) . `` Ratings : DAYS Hits New Low in Women 18 - 49 Viewers '' . Soap Opera Network . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Errol ( 2012 - 03 - 30 ) . `` ' The Revolution ' Hits New Series Low , Bringing Down ' General Hospital ' '' . Soap Opera Network . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Toups , Xavier ( 2012 - 04 - 06 ) . `` Ratings : Another New Low For DAYS in Women 18 - 49 Viewers '' . Soap Opera Network . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Ratings : New Lows For DAYS / Y&R ; Another Horrible Week For Soaps Soap Opera Network ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Errol . `` Ratings '' . Soap Opera Network . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie . `` ' Revolution ' Renewal In Doubt - ' General Hospital ' Could Benefit From New ABC Show 's Weak Ratings '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Days of Our Lives Weekly Nielsen Ratings Charts '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 01 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` KSL wo n't be airing ' Days of Our Lives ' during day '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2013 . Retrieved 6 September 2013 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Toups , Xavier ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` Ratings : Great Week for GH / Y&R / B&B '' . Soap Opera Network . Manti , Inc . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Toups , Xavier ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` Ratings : Good Week for Y&R / DAYS / B&B '' . Soap Opera Network . Manti , Inc . Retrieved November 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Days of our Lives - GlobalTV.com : Global Television Official Site '' . GlobalTV.com . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Those were the Days of our Lives '' . GNationnews . October 11 , 2014 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( April 15 , 2014 ) . `` Nine axes Days of Our Lives after 45 years '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( June 12 , 2013 ) . `` Days of our Lives episodes to resume online for Aussie fans '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Days of Our Lives Online Free '' . Crackle.com . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 2014 - 02 - 24 ) . `` Foxtel to fast - track Days of Our Lives '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : B , Alicia ( 2014 - 02 - 24 ) . `` Days of Our Lives is Coming Back -- EXPRESS ! '' . Throng Australia . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Broadcasting Act 1989 - Section 81 '' . Legislation.govt.nz. 2013 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Days of our Lives '' . ChoiceTV . January 30 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2014 . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Digital Developments . `` TV Guide '' . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2014 . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Opening and Closing Credits '' . Beth 's Days Page . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Milestones : MacDonald Carey obituary '' . TIME magazine . 1994 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Bobby Hart Biography '' . Yahoo ! Music . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2012 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Increasingly , TV Shows Are Talking About Themselves '' . Brandweek . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Friends : The One Where Dr. Ramoray Dies '' . TBS . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Friends : The One With Joey 's New Brain '' . TBS . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Joey : Joey and the Wrong Name '' . TV.com . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Ingeborg ( 1998 ) . A History and Ethnography of the Beothuk . McGill - Queen 's University Press . p. 13 . ISBN 0 - 7735 - 1774 - X . ^ Jump up to : Ratnesar , Romesh ( 1998 - 02 - 02 ) . `` The Days of Her Life '' . TIME . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 09 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Days of our Lives . Wikinews has related news : Two veteran actors to depart beleaguered soap ' Days of our Lives ' Official website Days of Our Lives on IMDb Days of Our Lives - SoapCentral.com Days of Our Lives Current characters Vivian Alamain Brady Black John Black Caroline Brady Ciara Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Abe Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Andre DiMera Anna DiMera Chad DiMera Stefan DiMera Eve Donovan Theresa Donovan Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Parker Jonas Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Notable past characters Alice Horton Tom Horton Lawrence Alamain Susan Banks Belle Black Bo Brady Carrie Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Sami Brady Shawn Brady Dr. Lexie Carver Theo Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Jack Deveraux Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Kristen DiMera Johnny DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Shane Donovan Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Calliope Jones Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Ben Rogers Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Clyde Weston Related information Cast members Producers and writers Awards and nominations 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Will and Sonny Shane and Kimberly Salem Cruise of Deception Fictional families DiMera family Horton family Brady family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family Days of Our Lives characters Present and future characters Brady Black John Black Tate Black Ciara Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Abe Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Chad DiMera Stefan DiMera Thomas DiMera Eve Donovan Theresa Donovan Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Arianna Horton Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Xander Kiriakis Chloe Lane Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Ben Weston Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Past characters Tom Horton Alice Horton Hattie Adams Lawrence Alamain Vivian Alamain Susan Banks Bart Beiderbecke Belle Black Peter Blake Eugene Bradford Bo Brady Caroline Brady Carrie Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Rex Brady Sami Brady Shawn Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Lexie Carver Theo Carver Liz Chandler Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Anjelica Deveraux Jack Deveraux André DiMera Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Johnny DiMera Kristen DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Shane Donovan Lee DuMonde Renée DuMonde Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Dario Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Parker Jonas Calliope Jones Bradford Alexander Kiriakis Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Maxine Landis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Mia McCormick Jade Michaels Anne Milbauer Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Wilhelm Rolf Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Fay Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Clyde Weston Character lists 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Cast members Previous cast members Producers and writers Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Shane and Kimberly Will and Sonny Salem Cruise of Deception Horton family Brady family DiMera family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family Daytime television soap operas in the United States Current The Bold and the Beautiful ( 1987 -- present ) Days of Our Lives ( 1965 -- present ) General Hospital ( 1963 -- present ) The Young and the Restless ( 1973 -- present ) 1940s debuts Faraway Hill ( 1946 ) Highway to the Stars ( 1947 ) These Are My Children ( 1949 ) A Woman to Remember ( 1949 ) 1950s debuts As the World Turns ( 1956 -- 2010 ) The Brighter Day ( 1954 -- 1962 ) The Edge of Night ( 1956 -- 1984 ) The First Hundred Years ( 1950 -- 1952 ) First Love ( 1954 -- 1955 ) From These Roots ( 1958 -- 1961 ) Golden Windows ( 1954 -- 1955 ) Guiding Light ( 1952 -- 2009 ) Hawkins Falls ( 1950 -- 1955 ) Love of Life ( 1951 -- 1980 ) Miss Susan ( 1951 ) One Man 's Family ( 1954 -- 1955 ) Portia Faces Life ( 1954 -- 1955 ) The Secret Storm ( 1954 -- 1974 ) Search for Tomorrow ( 1951 -- 1986 ) Three Steps to Heaven ( 1953 -- 1954 ) Young Doctor Malone ( 1958 -- 1963 ) 1960s debuts Another World ( 1964 -- 1999 ) Bright Promise ( 1969 -- 1972 ) The Clear Horizon ( 1960 -- 1962 ) Dark Shadows ( 1966 -- 1971 ) Days of Our Lives ( 1965 -- present ) The Doctors ( 1963 -- 1982 ) A Flame in the Wind ( 1964 -- 1966 ) General Hospital ( 1963 -- present ) Hidden Faces ( 1968 -- 1969 ) Love is a Many Splendored Thing ( 1967 -- 1973 ) Morning Star ( 1965 -- 1966 ) Never Too Young ( 1965 -- 1966 ) The Nurses ( 1965 -- 1967 ) One Life to Live ( 1968 -- 2012 ) Our Five Daughters ( 1962 ) Paradise Bay ( 1965 -- 1966 ) Where the Heart Is ( 1969 -- 1973 ) The Young Marrieds ( 1964 -- 66 ) 1970s debuts All My Children ( 1970 -- 2011 ) The Best of Everything ( 1970 ) How to Survive a Marriage ( 1974 -- 1975 ) Lovers and Friends ( 1977 -- 1978 ) Return to Peyton Place ( 1972 -- 1974 ) Ryan 's Hope ( 1975 -- 1989 ) Somerset ( 1970 -- 1976 ) A World Apart ( 1970 -- 1971 ) The Young and the Restless ( 1973 -- present ) 1980s debuts Another Life ( 1981 -- 1984 ) The Bold and the Beautiful ( 1987 -- present ) Capitol ( 1982 -- 1987 ) Generations ( 1989 -- 1991 ) Loving ( 1983 -- 1995 ) Rituals ( 1984 -- 1985 ) Santa Barbara ( 1984 -- 1993 ) Texas ( 1980 -- 1982 ) 1990s debuts The City ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Passions ( 1999 -- 2008 ) Port Charles ( 1997 -- 2003 ) Sunset Beach ( 1997 -- 1999 ) Swans Crossing ( 1992 ) Tribes ( 1990 ) Undressed ( 1999 -- 2002 ) 2000s debuts Spyder Games ( 2001 ) Web series All My Children ( 2013 ) Anacostia ( 2009 -- present ) As the Cookie Crumbles ( 2008 ) The Bay ( 2010 -- present ) Beacon Hill ( 2014 -- present ) The Cavanaughs ( 2010 -- 2011 ) DeVanity ( 2011 -- 2014 ) East Los High ( 2013 -- present ) EastSiders ( 2012 -- present ) Miss Behave ( 2010 -- 2012 ) One Life to Live ( 2013 ) Ragged Isle ( 2011 -- 2014 ) River Ridge ( 2012 ) The Spot ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Tainted Dreams ( 2013 -- 2014 ) They Go On ( 1997 ) Venice : The Series ( 2009 -- present ) What If ... 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7232995385925966440	The Quiet Man	The Quiet Man - wikipedia The Quiet Man Jump to : navigation , search The Quiet Man Theatrical release poster Directed by John Ford Produced by John Ford Merian C. Cooper Screenplay by Frank S. Nugent Based on The Quiet Man 1933 story in The Saturday Evening Post by Maurice Walsh Starring John Wayne Maureen O'Hara Barry Fitzgerald Ward Bond Victor McLaglen Narrated by Ward Bond Music by Victor Young Cinematography Winton Hoch Edited by Jack Murray Production company Argosy Pictures Distributed by Republic Pictures Release date July 21 , 1952 ( 1952 - 07 - 21 ) ( UK ) August 14 , 1952 ( 1952 - 08 - 14 ) ( U.S. ) Running time 129 minutes Country United States Language English , Irish Budget $1.75 million Box office $3.2 million ( rentals ) The Quiet Man is a 1952 Technicolor American romantic comedy - drama film directed by John Ford . It stars John Wayne , Maureen O'Hara , Barry Fitzgerald , Ward Bond and Victor McLaglen . The screenplay by Frank S. Nugent was based on a 1933 Saturday Evening Post short story of the same name by Maurice Walsh , later published as part of a collection The Green Rushes . The film is notable for Winton Hoch 's lush photography of the Irish countryside and a long , climactic , semi-comic fist fight . It was an official selection of the 1952 Venice Film Festival . The Quiet Man won the Academy Award for Best Director for John Ford , his fourth , and for Best Cinematography . In 2013 , the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Cast notes 3 Production 4 Music 5 Box office 6 Critical reception 7 Academy Awards 8 In popular culture 9 Home media 10 See also 11 Gallery 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Plot ( edit ) Sean and Mary Kate In the 1920s , Sean Thornton ( John Wayne ) , an Irish - born American from Pittsburgh , travels to Ireland to reclaim his family 's farm and his birthplace in Inisfree . He meets and falls in love with the fiery Mary Kate Danaher ( Maureen O'Hara ) , the sister of the bullying , loud - mouthed landowner Squire `` Red '' Will Danaher ( Victor McLaglen ) . Danaher , who had wanted the farm himself , is angry that the Widow Tillane ( herself angered by Danaher 's admission that he had discussed her in the local pub ) accepts Sean 's bid , and retaliates by refusing consent for his sister to marry . Several town locals , including the Catholic priest , Father Lonergan ( Ward Bond ) , conspire to trick him into believing that the wealthy Widow Tillane ( Mildred Natwick ) wants to marry him , but only if Mary Kate is no longer living in his house . After learning the truth on Sean and Mary Kate 's wedding day , an enraged Will refuses to give his sister her dowry which is made up of a large sum of money and her family possessions passed down from her mother . Sean , unschooled in Irish customs , cares nothing about the dowry , but to Mary Kate the dowry represents her independence , identity , and pride . She feels passionately and intensely that the dowry is hers and is needed to validate her marriage to Sean . Angered and shamed by Sean 's refusal to confront her brother and demand what is legally hers , she brands him a coward , and , despite living together , they are quickly estranged as husband and wife . In the morning they find that others in the village had visited Will and pressured him to return Mary Kate 's furniture , but not her money . Sean had been a boxer in the United States , a heavyweight challenger known as `` Trooper Thorn '' . After accidentally killing an opponent in the ring , Sean hung up his gloves , vowing never to fight again . This is known to only one person in the village , the Church of Ireland minister , the Rev. Playfair ( Arthur Shields ) , who once upon a time had been the lightweight champion and so understands Thornton 's internal conflict over the fight . Scene from the film In an attempt to force Sean to confront Will , Mary Kate leaves him and boards a train departing Castletown and headed to Dublin . Sean hears that she left for the station and drags her off the train . Followed by the crowding townspeople , he forces her to walk with him the five miles back to Inisfree and directly to the Danaher farm . Sean demands that Will hand over her dowry . When Will refuses , he throws Mary Kate back at Will , saying that `` no dowry , no marriage '' is their custom not his , shocking the two and shaming Will into finally paying the monetary part of his sister 's dowry . Sean promptly throws the money into a nearby furnace which Mary Kate holds open , showing that Mary Kate never cared about the money , but only what it represented . After a proud Mary Kate announces so all can hear , that she will now return home to prepare his supper , and departs , Will punches Sean , and a long , memorable fistfight ensues between the two , drawing crowds from miles around . They slug it out through the village , stop for a drink , brawl again , then , somewhat drunk , admit grudging mutual respect and the two return to Sean and Mary Kate 's home for supper , where it is implied the rift is healed . Sean regains Mary Kate 's love and respect . In the aftermath it is shown that Will and the Widow Tillane begin courting , and `` peace is returned to Inisfree '' . Cast ( edit ) John Wayne as Sean Thornton Maureen O'Hara as Mary Kate Danaher Barry Fitzgerald as Michaeleen `` Óg '' Flynn ( Óg means `` young '' in Irish , which was used to denote between a father and son named the same , such as `` Sr . '' and `` Jr . '' are used in English ) Victor McLaglen as Squire `` Red '' Will Danaher Ward Bond as Father Peter Lonergan Mildred Natwick as the Widow Sarah Tillane Francis Ford as Dan Tobin Arthur Shields as Rev. Cyril Playfair Eileen Crowe as Elizabeth Playfair Charles FitzSimons as Hugh Forbes James Fitzsimons ( as James Lilburn ) as Father Paul Sean McClory as Owen Glynn Emily Eby as Mave Campbell Jack MacGowran as Ignatius Feeney Philip Stainton as Anglican Bishop May Craig as Fishwoman with Basket at Station Paddy O'Donnell as Railway porter Eric Gorman as Costello -- Engine driver Kevin Lawless as Engine fireman Joseph O'Dea as Molouney -- Train guard Tony Canzoneri as Boxing Second ( uncredited ) Frank Baker as Man in Bar ( uncredited ) Ruth Clifford as Mother ( uncredited ) Maureen Coyne as Dan Tobin 's Daughter Ireland ( uncredited ) Mimi Doyle as Dan Tobin 's Daughter USA ( uncredited ) Ken Curtis as Dermot Fahy ( uncredited ) Douglas Evans as Ring Physician ( uncredited ) Charles Ferguson as Danaher Brother ( uncredited ) Robert Foy as Driver of Cart Across River ( uncredited ) Sam Harris as General ( uncredited ) D.R.O. Hatswell as Guppy ( uncredited ) John Horan as Man at Railway Station ( uncredited ) David Hughes as Police Constable ( uncredited ) Billy Jones as Bugler ( uncredited ) Tiny Jones as Nell ( Maid ) ( uncredited ) Colin Kenny as Pub Extra ( uncredited ) Patrick Wayne as Boy on Wagon at Horse Race ( uncredited ) Michael Wayne as Teenage Boy at Races ( uncredited ) Toni Wayne as Teenage Girl at Races ( uncredited ) Melinda Wayne as Girl on Wagon at Horse Race ( uncredited ) Mae Marsh as Father Paul 's Mother ( uncredited ) Jim Morrin as Roof Thatcher ( uncredited ) Jim McVeigh as Man Following Cart Across River ( uncredited ) Harry Tenbrook as Police Sergeant Hanan ( uncredited ) Harry Tyler as Pat Cohan ( Publican ) ( uncredited ) Al Murphy as Boxing Referee ( uncredited ) Hank Worden as Boxing Trainer ( uncredited ) Michael O'Brian as Musha Musha Man ( uncredited ) Pat O'Malley as Man in Bar ( uncredited ) Frank O'Connor as Ringside Photographer ( uncredited ) Web Overlander as Hugh Bailey ( Stationmaster ) ( uncredited ) Bob Perry as Trooper Thorn 's Ringside Trainer ( uncredited ) Darla Ridgeway as Girl ( uncredited ) Freddy Ridgeway as Boy ( uncredited ) Philip Stainton as Anglican Bishop ( uncredited ) Jack Roper as Tony Gardello ( Boxer ) ( uncredited ) Brick Sullivan as Townsman ( uncredited ) Cast notes ( edit ) Charles Fitzsimons and James Fitzsimons were Maureen O'Hara's real life younger brothers . In this film , James was billed as James Lilburn , though he was later better known as James O'Hara . Barry Fitzgerald and Arthur Shields were also brothers in real life , and Francis Ford was John Ford 's elder brother . Ken Curtis , later of Gunsmoke fame and newly married to John Ford 's daughter Barbara , has a small role as Fahy , the village accordion player . Wayne brought his four children along on location , and Ford gave them parts in the important race scene in the film : Michael Wayne , 18 , as teenage boy at races Mary Antonia `` Toni '' Wayne , 16 , as teenage girl at races Patrick Wayne , 13 , as teenage boy at races Melinda Wayne , 12 , as young girl at races Production ( edit ) The film was something of a departure for Wayne and Ford , who were both known mostly for Westerns and other action - oriented films . It was also a departure for Republic Pictures , which backed Ford in what was considered a risky venture at the time . It was the only time the studio , known for low budget B - movies , released a film that would receive an Oscar nomination for Best Picture . Ford read the story in 1933 and soon purchased the rights to it for $10 . The story 's author was paid another $2,500 when Republic bought the idea , and he received a final payment of $3,750 when the film was actually made . Republic Pictures agreed to finance the film with O'Hara and Wayne starring and Ford directing , but only if all three agreed to first film a Western with Republic . They did , and after completing Rio Grande , they headed for Ireland to start shooting . One of the conditions that Republic placed on Ford was that the film run under two hours . However , the finished picture was two hours and nine minutes . When screening the film for Republic executives , Ford stopped the film at approximately two hours in , on the verge of the climactic fistfight . Republic executives relented and allowed the film to run its full length . It was one of the few films that Republic filmed in Technicolor ; most of the studio 's other color films were made in a more economical process known as Trucolor . The film employed many actors from the Irish theatre , including Barry Fitzgerald 's brother , Arthur Shields , as well as extras from the Irish countryside , and it is one of the few Hollywood movies in which the Irish language can be heard . Filming commenced on June 7 , 1951 . All of the outdoor scenes were shot on location in Ireland in County Mayo and County Galway . The inside scenes were filmed toward the end of July at the Republic Studios in Hollywood . The `` Quiet Man Bridge '' The story is set in the fictitious community of Inisfree . This is not the same as the Lake Isle of Innisfree , a place in Lough Gill on the Sligo -- Leitrim border made famous by poet William Butler Yeats , which is a tiny island . Many scenes for the film were actually shot in and around the village of Cong , County Mayo , on the grounds of Cong 's Ashford Castle . Cong is now a wealthy small town and the castle a 5 - star luxury hotel . The connections with the film have led to the area becoming a tourist attraction . In 2008 , a pub opened in the building used as the pub in the film ( it had actually been a shop at the time when the movie was shot ) ; the pub hosts daily re-runs of the film on DVD . The Quiet Man Fan Club holds its annual general meeting in Ashford Castle . Other locations in the film include Thoor Ballylee , Co . Galway , home of poet W.B. Yeats for a period , Ballyglunin railway station near Tuam Co . Galway , which was filmed as Castletown station , and various places in Connemara Co . Galway and Co . Mayo . Among those are Lettergesh beach , where the horse race scene was filmed , the Quiet Man Bridge , signposted off the N59 road between Maam Cross and Oughterard and the `` White O'Morn '' cottage . The latter is located on R336 south of Maam , but has long ago fallen into ruin . The film also presents Ford 's depiction of an idealized Irish society , with no social divisions based on class or religion . The Catholic priest , Father Lonergan , and the Protestant Rev. Playfair maintain a strong friendly relationship throughout the film -- which represented the norm in what was then the Irish Free State . ( Religious tensions occurred in the 1930s , but were the norm only in Northern Ireland . ) The only allusions to Anglo - Irish animosity occur after the happy couple is married and a congratulatory toast expresses the wish that they live in `` national freedom '' ( the term national has been censored from most editions ) and before the final donnybrook when Thornton demands his wife 's dowry from Danaher . Danaher asks Hugh Forbes , who had been commander of the local Irish Republican Army unit during the fight to expel the British , `` So the IRA is in this too , ah '' , to which Forbes replies , `` If it were , not a scorched stone of your fine house would be standing . '' Music ( edit ) Ford chose his friend , Hollywood composer Victor Young , to compose the score for the film . Young sprinkled the soundtrack with many Irish airs such as the `` Rakes of Mallow '' and `` The Wild Colonial Boy '' . One piece of music , chosen by Ford himself , is most prominent : the melody the `` Isle of Innisfree '' , written not by Young , but by the Irish policeman / songwriter Richard Farrelly . The melody of the `` Isle of Innisfree '' , which is first heard over the opening credit sequence with Ashford Castle in the background , becomes the principal musical theme of The Quiet Man . The melody is reprised at least eleven times throughout the film . The upbeat melody comically hummed by Michaeleen Oge Flynn and later played on the accordion is the `` Rakes of Mallow '' . A portion of the Irish version of `` The Wild Colonial Boy '' is played throughout the film . When Maureen O'Hara died in October 2015 , her family stated she listened to music from The Quiet Man during her final hours . Filmmaker George A. Romero was also said to have died listening to the score . Box Office ( edit ) The film was a financial success , grossing $3.8 million in its first year of release . This was among the top ten grosses of the year . It was the seventh most popular film for British audiences in 1952 . Critical reception ( edit ) The Quiet Man has a 90 % approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes , with the critical consensus stated as , `` Director John Ford and star John Wayne depart the Western for the Irish countryside , and the result is a beautifully photographed , often comedic romance . '' Academy Awards ( edit ) Award Person Best Director John Ford Best Cinematography Winton C. Hoch Archie Stout Nominations Best Picture John Ford Merian C. Cooper Best Supporting Actor Victor McLaglen Best Art Direction Frank Hotaling John McCarthy Jr . Charles S. Thompson Best Sound Daniel J. Bloomberg ( Republic Sound Department ) Best Adapted Screenplay Frank S. Nugent In popular culture ( edit ) A kissing scene between Sean and Mary Kate is shown in E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) when E.T. watches television . E.T. is interested and moved by the scene ; his telepathic contact with Elliot causes the boy to re-enact it while he is at school with a girl , portrayed by a young Erika Eleniak . The film inspired Donnybrook ! , a 1961 Broadway musical . John Williams ' score for the film 1941 ( 1979 ) borrows the Rakes of Mallow motif from The Quiet Man . It is used to show the building violence between the soldiers and sailors . The film is referenced in the 2015 romantic drama film Brooklyn . Irish author Des MacHale has written four books about the film . Home media ( edit ) It was first released on DVD December 14 , 1998 by Artisan Home Entertainment . It was also released 4 years later on a Collector 's edition DVD on October 22 , 2002 by Artisan . The Special features on this edition include `` The Making of the Quiet Man '' Documentary with Leonard Maltin , and `` The Joy of Ireland '' Documentary with Maureen O'Hara and Andrew V. McLaglen , and `` Remembering The Quiet Man Montage '' . On January 22 , 2013 Olive Films released The Quiet Man on DVD and for the first time on Blu - ray , as a 60th Anniversary Special edition . It included the documentary `` The Making of the Quiet Man '' with Leonard Maltin . In 2010 there was a documentary called Dreaming The Quiet Man made about the journey and making of The Quiet Man . It was narrated by Gabriel Byrne , and had interviews with Peter Bogdanovich , Martin Scorsese , Charles F. Fitzsimons , and Maureen O'Hara . It was released on DVD and Blu - ray for the first time on March 24 , 2015 . See also ( edit ) John Wayne filmography Marquess of Queensberry rules of boxing Innisfree , a 1990 Spanish documentary film about the making of The Quiet Man Jaunting car , the horse - drawn vehicle owned by Michaeleen Oge Flynn that is first seen delivering Sean to Innisfree at the beginning of the film . Michaleen is seen using it throughout the film as his main mode of transport and it is in the amusing courting scenes that it plays a greater role . Gallery ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ' Top Box - Office Hits of 1952 ' , Variety , January 7 , 1953 . Jump up ^ `` Library of Congress announces 2013 National Film Registry selections '' . Washington Post ( Press release ) . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maureen O'Hara with John Nicoletti . ' Tis Herself : An Autobiography , p. 158 - 159 . Simon & Schuster Paperbacks ( 2005 edition ) . Jump up ^ Maureen O'Hara with John Nicoletti . ' Tis Herself : An Autobiography , p. 169 - 170 . Simon & Schuster Paperbacks ( 2005 edition ) . Jump up ^ `` Quiet Man fans can sup a stout in the film 's pub , '' Belfast Telegraph , August 25 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Quiet Man ( 1952 ) Trivia '' . IMDb . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Quiet Man Bridge '' . Oughterard Tourism . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Day Two of the Quiet Man Celebration : I fell in love with the cottage at first sight ... I 'll bring the dream alive and put back all that movie magic ; White O'Morn Owner Vows to Restore It '' . The Mirror . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Actress Maureen O'Hara dies at 95 '' . USA Today . Associated Press ( October 25 , 2015 ) Jump up ^ `` George A. Romero , ' Night of the Living Dead ' creator , dies at 77 '' . LA Times ( July 16 , 2017 ) Jump up ^ Gallagher , Tag John Ford : The Man and his Films ( University of California Press 1986 ) p. 499 Jump up ^ `` Comedian Tops Film Poll '' . The Sunday Herald . Sydney . December 28 , 1952 . p. 4 . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` The Quiet Man ( 1952 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 25th Academy Awards ( 1953 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Crowther , Bosley ( March 29 , 1953 ) . `` The ' Oscar ' Awards ; Showmanship Rather Than Artistry Reigned at the Academy Affair '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Mathematical Society News Logo design by Des MacHale Further reading ( edit ) Crosson , Seán and Rod Stoneman ( 2009 ) . The Quiet Man ... and Beyond : Reflections on a Classic Film , John Ford , and Ireland . Liffey Press . ISBN 9781905785568 . Includes chapters examining the film 's use of language , style , landscape and Ford 's connection more generally with Ireland . MacHale , Des ( 2004 ) . Picture The Quiet Man . Appletree Press . ISBN 9780862819309 . Includes an in - depth chapter on the film 's score and the `` Isle of Innisfree '' . No online access . McNee , Gerry ( 2012 ) . In the Footsteps of the Quiet Man : The Inside Story of the Cult Film . Random House . ISBN 9781780574691 . Narrative of the film 's production . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Quiet Man . The Quiet Man on IMDb The Quiet Man at the TCM Movie Database The Quiet Man at AllMovie The Quiet Man at the American Film Institute Catalog The Quiet Man on Rotten Tomatoes The Quiet Man at Filmsite.org Quiet Man Movie Club The Quiet Man at Reel Classics The Quiet Man Cottage museum in Cong William C. Dowling , `` John Ford 's Festive Comedy : Ireland Imagined in The Quiet Man '' Dick Farrelly , songwriter : Lyrics A Quiet Man Miscellany Cork University Press Dick Farrelly and ' The Isle of Innisfree ' Films by John Ford Silent films The Tornado ( 1917 ) The Trail of Hate ( 1917 ) The Scrapper ( 1917 ) Cheyenne 's Pal ( 1917 ) The Soul Herder ( 1917 ) Straight Shooting ( 1917 ) The Secret Man ( 1917 ) A Marked Man ( 1917 ) Bucking Broadway ( 1917 ) The Phantom Riders ( 1918 ) Wild Women ( 1918 ) Thieves ' Gold ( 1918 ) The Scarlet Drop ( 1918 ) Hell Bent ( 1918 ) A Woman 's Fool ( 1918 ) The Craving ( 1918 ) Three Mounted Men ( 1918 ) Roped ( 1919 ) The Fighting Brothers ( 1919 ) A Fight for Love ( 1919 ) Rustlers ( 1919 ) Bare Fists ( 1919 ) Gun Law ( 1919 ) By Indian Post ( 1919 ) The Gun Packer ( 1919 ) Riders of Vengeance ( 1919 ) The Last Outlaw ( 1919 ) The Outcasts of Poker Flat ( 1919 ) Ace of the Saddle ( 1919 ) Rider of the Law ( 1919 ) A Gun Fightin ' Gentleman ( 1919 ) Marked Men ( 1919 ) The Prince of Avenue A ( 1920 ) The Girl in Number 29 ( 1920 ) Hitchin ' Posts ( 1920 ) Just Pals ( 1920 ) The Big Punch ( 1921 ) The Freeze - Out ( 1921 ) The Wallop ( 1921 ) Desperate Trails ( 1921 ) Action ( 1921 ) Sure Fire ( 1921 ) Jackie ( 1921 ) Little Miss Smiles ( 1922 ) Silver Wings ( 1922 ) The Village Blacksmith ( 1922 ) The Face on the Bar - Room Floor ( 1923 ) Three Jumps Ahead ( 1923 ) Cameo Kirby ( 1923 ) North of Hudson Bay ( 1923 ) Hoodman Blind ( 1923 ) Hearts of Oak ( 1924 ) Lightnin ' ( 1925 ) Kentucky Pride ( 1925 ) Thank You ( 1925 ) The Fighting Heart ( 1925 ) The Shamrock Handicap ( 1926 ) 3 Bad Men ( 1926 ) Upstream ( 1927 ) Four Sons ( 1928 ) Strong Boy ( 1929 ) Sound films The Black Watch ( 1929 ) Men Without Women ( 1930 ) Born Reckless ( 1930 ) Up the River ( 1930 ) Seas Beneath ( 1931 ) The Brat ( 1931 ) Arrowsmith ( 1931 ) Air Mail ( 1932 ) Pilgrimage ( 1933 ) Doctor Bull ( 1933 ) The Lost Patrol ( 1934 ) The World Moves On ( 1934 ) Judge Priest ( 1934 ) The Whole Town 's Talking ( 1935 ) The Informer ( 1935 ) Steamboat Round the Bend ( 1935 ) The Prisoner of Shark Island ( 1936 ) Mary of Scotland ( 1936 ) The Plough and the Stars ( 1936 ) Wee Willie Winkie ( 1937 ) The Hurricane ( 1937 ) Four Men and a Prayer ( 1938 ) Submarine Patrol ( 1938 ) Stagecoach ( 1939 ) Young Mr. Lincoln ( 1939 ) Drums Along the Mohawk ( 1939 ) The Grapes of Wrath ( 1940 ) The Long Voyage Home ( 1940 ) Tobacco Road ( 1941 ) How Green Was My Valley ( 1941 ) They Were Expendable ( 1945 ) My Darling Clementine ( 1946 ) The Fugitive ( 1947 ) Fort Apache ( 1948 ) 3 Godfathers ( 1948 ) She Wore a Yellow Ribbon ( 1949 ) When Willie Comes Marching Home ( 1950 ) Wagon Master ( 1950 ) Rio Grande ( 1950 ) The Quiet Man ( 1952 ) What Price Glory ( 1952 ) The Sun Shines Bright ( 1953 ) Mogambo ( 1953 ) The Long Gray Line ( 1955 ) Mister Roberts ( co-d , 1955 ) The Searchers ( 1956 ) The Wings of Eagles ( 1957 ) The Rising of the Moon ( 1957 ) Gideon 's Day ( 1958 ) The Last Hurrah ( 1958 ) The Horse Soldiers ( 1959 ) Sergeant Rutledge ( 1960 ) Two Rode Together ( 1961 ) The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance ( 1962 ) How the West Was Won ( 1963 ) Donovan 's Reef ( 1963 ) Cheyenne Autumn ( 1964 ) 7 Women ( 1966 ) Television `` Rookie of the Year '' ( 1955 ) `` The Colter Craven Story '' `` Flashing Spikes '' ( 1962 ) Productions The Iron Horse ( 1924 ) The Blue Eagle ( 1926 ) Mother Machree ( 1928 ) Hangman 's House ( 1928 ) Riley the Cop ( 1928 ) Salute ( 1929 ) Flesh ( 1932 ) The Adventures of Marco Polo ( 1938 ) Young Cassidy ( 1965 ) Documentaries and training films Torpedo Squadron Sex Hygiene ( 1942 ) The Battle of Midway ( 1942 ) December 7th : The Movie ( 1943 ) Undercover : How to Operate Behind Enemy Lines ( 1943 ) This is Korea ( 1951 ) Korea : Battleground for Liberty ( 1959 ) Chesty : A Tribute to a Legend ( 1970 ) Vietnam ! 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4333925168081159660	Cinderella (2015 Disney film)	Cinderella ( 2015 Disney film ) - Wikipedia Cinderella ( 2015 Disney film ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Cinderella ( 2015 film ) '' redirects here . For the unrelated Indian film , see Cinderella ( 2015 Indian film ) . Cinderella Theatrical release poster Directed by Kenneth Branagh Produced by Simon Kinberg Allison Shearmur David Barron Screenplay by Chris Weitz Based on Disney 's Cinderella Cendrillon by Charles Perrault Starring Cate Blanchett Lily James Richard Madden Stellan Skarsgård Holliday Grainger Derek Jacobi Helena Bonham Carter Music by Patrick Doyle Cinematography Haris Zambarloukos Edited by Martin Walsh Production company Walt Disney Pictures Genre Films Allison Shearmur Productions Beagle Pug Films Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date February 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 13 ) ( Berlin ) March 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 13 ) ( United States ) Running time 106 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $95 million Box office $543.5 million Cinderella is a 2015 American romantic fantasy film directed by Kenneth Branagh , with a screenplay written by Chris Weitz . The film is based on the eponymous folk tale and inspired in part by Walt Disney 's 1950 animated film of the same name . The film stars Lily James as the titular character with Richard Madden , Cate Blanchett , Stellan Skarsgård , Holliday Grainger , Derek Jacobi , and Helena Bonham Carter . It is produced by David Barron , Simon Kinberg , and Allison Shearmur for Walt Disney Pictures . Cinderella had its world premiere on February 13 , 2015 , at the 65th Berlin International Film Festival and was released in theaters on March 13 , 2015 . It grossed over $543 million worldwide , becoming Branagh 's highest - grossing film to date as a director , and received mostly positive reviews . The film received an Academy Award nomination for Best Costume Design at the 88th Academy Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Costumes 3.3 Filming 3.4 Post-production 4 Music 4.1 Track listing 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Impact 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) After losing her mother at a young age , Ella promises to follow her mother 's dying wishes : to have courage and be kind . Some years later , Ella 's father remarries Lady Tremaine , the widow of an old acquaintance , who has two daughters of her own , Drisella and Anastasia . Ella welcomes her new stepfamily , despite the stepsisters ' unpleasant attitudes . When Ella 's father goes abroad for business , Lady Tremaine slowly reveals her cruel and jealous nature , as she pushes Ella to give up her bedroom to the stepsisters for the attic . When her father dies during the trip , Lady Tremaine dismisses the household to save money and forces all of the chores on Ella . One morning , when her stepfamily see Ella 's face covered in cinders due to her sleeping by the fireplace for warmth , they mock Ella as `` Cinderella '' and forbid her from eating with them . Crushed by their cruelty , Ella rides off into the woods , where she meets Kit , the crown prince , posing as a palace apprentice , along with his hunting party . Though Ella is unaware of Kit 's true identity , they both take a liking to each other . The two part without Kit learning Ella 's name . The King , upon learning he has little time left to live , urges Kit that , for the advantage of the kingdom , he should take a princess for his bride at the upcoming royal ball . Kit persuades his father to also invite every eligible maiden in the kingdom to the ball , in hope of seeing Ella . Upon receiving notice of the ball , Ella finds a gown that belongs to her mother and decides to refashion it for the ball . On the night of the ball , Ella tries to join her stepfamily , but Lady Tremaine and her daughters ridicule and tear up Ella 's dress , leaving without her . Ella runs into the garden in tears and meets an old beggar woman , who reveals herself to be Ella 's Fairy Godmother . To help Ella attend the ball , her Fairy Godmother magically transforms a pumpkin into a golden carriage , her four mice into white horses , two lizards into footmen , and a goose into the coachman . She transforms Ella 's ripped dress into a gorgeous blue gown , complete with a pair of magical glass slippers . As Ella leaves for the Ball , the Fairy Godmother warns her the spell will break at the last stroke of midnight . Finally , she casts a spell to keep Ella 's stepfamily from recognizing her . At the ball , the entire court is entranced by Ella when she appears . Ella and Kit proceed to have their first dance . This irritates the Grand Duke , who has promised Kit to Princess Chelina of Zaragoza , a comment which Lady Tremaine overhears . While surprised at Kit 's true identity , Ella nonetheless continues to bond with him , touring the palace grounds . As Ella is about to tell Kit her name , Ella hears the clock start to chime midnight and flees . As she leaves the castle , one of her slippers falls off . After being pursued by the Grand Duke and his men , Ella manages to escape home before the final stroke of midnight chimes , causing the spell to wear off . After returning home , Ella hides the remaining glass slipper left behind under the floorboards of her bedroom . The King passes away soon after , but not before giving his son permission to marry Ella . Now King , Kit issues a royal proclamation ordering every maiden in the kingdom to try on the slipper in an effort to find the girl . Ella hurries to retrieve the glass slipper to prove her identity , only to find her stepmother holding it . Having deduced that Ella is the mystery princess , Lady Tremaine demands to be made head of the royal household and with respectable husbands for the stepsisters , as a condition of giving Ella 's hand in marriage to Kit . When Ella refuses to meet her demands , Lady Tremaine smashes the slipper and locks Ella in the attic . Lady Tremaine then takes the remaining glass slipper to the Grand Duke , and has him agree to make her a countess and securing marriages for her daughters , in exchange for keeping Ella hidden . The Grand Duke and the Captain of the Guards lead the mission to find the mystery princess , but the magical slipper refuses to fit any other maiden . When they arrive at the Tremaine estate , the shoe fits neither of the stepsisters . As they turn to leave , Ella 's singing of Lavender 's Blue is heard . The Grand Duke tries to ignore this , but Kit , disguised as a guard , commands the Captain to investigate . Dismissing Lady Tremaine 's attempts to stop her , Ella is reunited with Kit . They leave the house as Ella offers forgiveness to her stepmother . Afterward , the Fairy Godmother states that Ella 's stepfamily and the Grand Duke left the kingdom never to return . Ella and Kit marry and eventually grow to become the land 's most beloved monarchs , ruling with the same courage and kindness that Ella has promised her mother , living happily ever after . Cast ( edit ) As shown in the credits , some names differ in dialogues . Cate Blanchett as Stepmother , also known as Lady Tremaine Lily James as Cinderella , also known as Ella Eloise Webb as a young Ella Richard Madden as Prince , also known as Kit Helena Bonham Carter as Fairy Godmother Nonso Anozie as Captain Stellan Skarsgård as Grand Duke Sophie McShera as Drisella Holliday Grainger as Anastasia Derek Jacobi as King Ben Chaplin as Ella 's father Hayley Atwell as Ella 's mother Rob Brydon as Master Phineus Jana Perez as Princess Chelina of Zaragosa Alex Macqueen as Royal Crier Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In May 2010 , following the box office success of Tim Burton 's Alice in Wonderland , which was the second - highest - grossing film of 2010 and earned over $1 billion at the box office worldwide , Walt Disney Pictures began developing a new film adaptation of Cinderella , commissioning a live - action reimagining based on a script by Aline Brosh McKenna and produced by Simon Kinberg . In August 2011 , Mark Romanek was brought on to direct . On February 29 , 2012 , it was announced that Chris Weitz would revise McKenna 's script . In January 2013 , Romanek left the project due to creative differences , as he was developing a version that was darker than Disney wanted . Later that month , Disney negotiated with Kenneth Branagh to take over as director . Cate Blanchett was the first actor to sign on , when it was announced in November 2012 that she would be playing Lady Tremaine , Cinderella 's evil stepmother . In March 2013 , Emma Watson was in talks to portray Cinderella , but a deal could not be worked out . Gabriella Wilde , Saoirse Ronan , Alicia Vikander , Bella Heathcote and Margot Robbie were also considered for the part , but deals could not be worked out due to scheduling and other conflicts . On April 30 , 2013 , Lily James was cast as the title character . A week later , Richard Madden was cast as Prince Charming , who was named Kit in the film . In June 2013 , it was reported that Holliday Grainger and Sophie McShera joined the film as Cinderella 's two evil stepsisters , Anastasia and Drisella . Later that month , Helena Bonham Carter was cast as the Fairy Godmother . In August 2013 , Hayley Atwell and Ben Chaplin joined the cast to play Cinderella 's mother and Cinderella 's father . In September 2013 , Stellan Skarsgård 's role as the Grand Duke was confirmed . On September 23 , 2013 , it was announced that Derek Jacobi was cast as the King , Prince Kit 's father , and Nonso Anozie as the Captain , a loyal friend to the Prince . According to Walt Disney Pictures president of production Sean Bailey , studio chairman Alan F. Horn wished to make the film the `` definitive Cinderella for generations to come , '' and told him that `` if you need to spend a little more , spend it , to make sure it 's one for the time capsule . '' Costumes ( edit ) Three - time Oscar - winning costume designer Sandy Powell was in charge of the costumes for the film . Powell began working on concepts for the characters ' looks almost two years before principal photography began in the summer of 2013 . Powell said she was aiming for the look of `` a nineteenth - century period film made in the 1940s or 1950s . '' For the stepmother and stepsisters , Powell had a very clear idea about the look ; `` They are meant to be totally ridiculous on the outside -- a bit too much and overdone -- and ugly on the inside . '' The silhouette of the prince came from the original animation , however she created a more fitted look and less masculine colors . Some of the prince costumes were dyed to accentuate Madden 's eyes . The ball gown was inspired by the Disney animated film in its color and shape ; `` The gown had to look lovely when she dances and runs away from the ball . I wanted her to look like she was floating , like a watercolor painting . '' The dress was made with more than a dozen fine layers of fabric , a corset and a petticoat . Nine versions of the Cinderella gown were designed , each with more than 270 yards of fabric and 10,000 crystals . It took 18 tailors and 500 hours to make each dress . The wedding dress was another difficult project . `` Creating the wedding dress was a challenge . Rather than try to make something even better than the ball gown , I had to do something completely different and simple ... I wanted the whole effect to be ephemeral and fine , so we went with an extreme - lined shaped bodice with a long train '' , said Powell . It took 16 people and 550 hours to complete the silk - organza , hand painted dress . While the crew photographed James in the gown , the actress stood too close to an electric heater and the dress caught on fire ; the top layer of the dress had to be redone because only one wedding dress was created due to time and budget constraints . For the glass slipper , Powell took inspiration from a 1950s shoe she saw in a museum . Since glass does not sparkle , they decided to use crystal instead . Swarovski partnered with Disney to make the famous shoe . Powell went directly to Swarovski headquarters in Austria to meet the product developers . It took 6 digital renderings of the shoes until they found the right one for the film . Swarovski made eight pairs of crystal shoes for the film , though none were actually wearable . Consequently , the leather shoes James wore on set had to be digitally altered into crystal . Alongside the slipper , Swarovski provided more than 7 million crystals that were used in costumes and 100 tiaras for the ball scene . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on Cinderella began on September 23 , 2013 . The film was shot at Pinewood Studios in Buckinghamshire , England , where Disney 's Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides and Maleficent were also filmed , and at various other locations including Blenheim Palace , Windsor Castle , Cliveden , Old Royal Naval College , and Black Park . Although the royal palace is mainly computer - generated , it has been modeled after the Zwinger in Dresden , Germany . Post-production ( edit ) Post-production began in December 2013 , and was completed in August 2014 . The finished film was rated PG for `` mild thematic elements '' by the MPAA . Music ( edit ) Cinderella ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Film score by Patrick Doyle Released March 10 , 2015 Recorded Air Lyndhurst Studios ( London ) Genre Orchestral Length 84 : 57 Label Walt Disney Producer Kenneth Branagh Patrick Doyle chronology Jack Ryan : Shadow Recruit ( 2014 ) Jack Ryan : Shadow Recruit 2014 Cinderella ( 2015 ) Cinderella2015 On June 7 , 2013 , news confirmed that composer Patrick Doyle would score the film , with the music having an emphasis on romance . Doyle has previously scored several Branagh films , including Hamlet and Thor . He has also scored the Disney Pixar computer - animated fantasy - comedy film Brave . Doyle recorded the film 's score with the London Symphony Orchestra at the Air Lyndhurst Studios in London . The soundtrack debuted at No. 60 on the Billboard 200 , selling 8,000 copies in its first week . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` A Golden Childhood '' 3 : 56 2 . `` The Great Secret '' 3 : 01 3 . `` A New Family '' 2 : 15 4 . `` Life and Laughter '' 1 : 34 5 . `` The First Branch '' 2 : 11 6 . `` Nice and Airy '' 1 : 53 7 . `` Orphaned '' 3 : 46 8 . `` The Stag '' 4 : 56 9 . `` Rich Beyond Reason '' 1 : 43 10 . `` Fairy Godmother '' 2 : 47 11 . `` Pumpkins and Mice '' 4 : 32 12 . `` You Shall Go '' 3 : 02 13 . `` Valse Royale '' 2 : 06 14 . `` Who Is She ? '' 3 : 20 15 . `` La Valse De L'amour '' 2 : 34 16 . `` La Valse Champagne '' 1 : 35 17 . `` La Polka Militaire '' 1 : 47 18 . `` La Polka De Paris '' 1 : 22 19 . `` A Secret Garden '' 2 : 48 20 . `` La Polka De Minuit '' 2 : 02 21 . `` Choose That One '' 1 : 16 22 . `` Pumpkin Pursuit '' 2 : 28 23 . `` The Slipper '' 1 : 00 24 . `` Shattered Dreams '' 4 : 10 25 . `` Searching the Kingdom '' 2 : 51 26 . `` Ella and Kit '' 2 : 11 27 . `` Courage and Kindness '' 4 : 38 28 . `` Strong '' Patrick Doyle , Kenneth Branagh and Tommy Danvers Sonna Rele 3 : 14 29 . `` A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes '' Al Hoffman , Mack David , and Jerry Livingston Lily James 2 : 00 30 . `` Bibbidi - Bobbidi - Boo ( The Magic Song ) '' Al Hoffman , Mack David , and Jerry Livingston Helena Bonham Carter 2 : 28 31 . `` Strong ( Instrumental Version ) '' 3 : 14 32 . `` A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes ( Instrumental Version ) '' 2 : 01 33 . `` Bibbidi - Bobbidi - Boo ( The Magic Song ) ( Instrumental Version ) '' 1 : 21 Total length : 84 : 57 Release ( edit ) The film had its world premiere on February 13 , 2015 at the 65th Berlin International Film Festival , and was released on March 13 , 2015 . Theatrically , it was accompanied by Walt Disney Animation Studios ' short film Frozen Fever , featuring the characters from Frozen . On February 10 , 2015 , IMAX Corporation and Disney announced plans to digitally re-master the film into the IMAX format and release it in IMAX theaters globally on the scheduled release date . The first official presentation of the film occurred at Disney 's three - day D23 Expo in August 2013 . The film was previewed at CinemaCon in Las Vegas , Nevada , in March 2014 , with a teaser showing Cinderella hearing about her father 's death , meeting the prince while riding through the forest , her mother 's ball gown being torn apart by her step - family , and a comedic bit where the Fairy Godmother transforms a pumpkin into a carriage . The first official trailer debuted on May 15 , 2014 . In the minute - long teaser , which does n't include any footage from the film , a sparkling glass slipper is slowly revealed over a black background . The second official trailer , two - and - a-half minutes long and containing footage from the film , debuted on Good Morning America on November 19 , 2014 , with a 15 - second trailer preview released two days prior . In its first 24 hours of release , the trailer was viewed 4.2 million times on YouTube and 33 million times on Facebook , the highest views among all Disney films in history , except for Marvel Studios releases . The movie 's official poster was also released on November 19 , featuring James as Cinderella and photographed by Annie Leibovitz . Disney released an international trailer on December 16 , 2014 . A new trailer was released on January 1 , 2015 . On February 11 , 2015 , Disney released a final trailer for the film . In October 2014 , a licensing agreement between Disney and Turner Broadcasting was announced , in which Cinderella would premiere across Turner 's cable network portfolio ( including TBS and TNT ) in the Spring of 2017 . Home Media ( edit ) Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released Cinderella on Blu - ray combo pack , Digital HD , DVD , and `` Disney Movies Anywhere '' on September 15 , 2015 . Blu - ray bonus features include an alternate opening , the Frozen Fever short , and the featurettes : `` Staging The Ball '' , `` Ella 's Furry Friends '' , `` A Fairy Tale Comes to Life '' , and `` Costume Test Fun '' . Five deleted scenes with an introduction by Kenneth Branagh are included exclusively on `` Disney Movies Anywhere '' . The film debuted in second place on the home media sales charts behind Furious 7 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Cinderella grossed $201.2 million in the US and Canada , and $342.4 million in other countries , for a worldwide total of $543.5 million against a budget of $95 million . It is the twelfth highest - grossing film of 2015 in any genre . The film had a worldwide opening of $132.45 million , and an IMAX opening of $9 million . Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $164.77 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film . In the U.S. and Canada , Cinderella opened on Friday , March 13 , 2015 , across 3,845 theaters , and earned $23 million . The film 's Friday gross included a $2.3 million late night run . It topped the box office during its opening weekend as projected , earning $67.9 million , including a record $5 million from 358 IMAX theaters , and became Disney 's biggest 2D PG - rated opening of all time . It is director Kenneth Branagh 's biggest opening of his career ( breaking 2011 's Thor record ) , the fourth - highest Disney opening in March , and was the seventh - highest opening in March overall ( not counting for inflation ) . Audiences during its opening weekend comprised 66 % female , 66 % families , 26 % adults , 8 % teenagers , 31 % under the age of 12 and 9 % 50 years and older . Cinderella finished its first week at the box office with $87.55 million , which was very high end of the film 's lofty pre-release expectations . In its second weekend , the film declined 49 % to $35 million and was surpassed by The Divergent Series : Insurgent , dropping to # 2 . The drop was in between two of Disney 's previous live - action fantasy films , Oz the Great and Powerful ( 48 % ) and Maleficent ( 51 % ) . In North America , Cinderella is the ninth highest - grossing 2015 film , but lost to Furious 7 1 month later . Outside North America , box office analysts predicted as much as $60 million opening . The film made its debut outside of North America on the same weekend as its wide North American release and earned an estimated $62.4 million from 31 countries , including $4 million from IMAX theaters . It topped the box office for two non-consecutive weekends . It opened in China with $25 million , the biggest March opening in the country , and Russia with $7.3 million . The opening in these two countries were considered impressive given that both the countries are famous for their keenness for 3D films rather than 2D . Other high openings occurred in the UK , Ireland and Malta ( $5.6 million ) , Mexico ( $5 million ) , Japan ( $4.8 million ) , France ( $3.3 million ) , and Brazil ( $3.7 million ) . In Australia , where the release date was coinciding with the Cricket World Cup finale , it managed to open with $3.4 million . Italy opened with $4.6 million and topped the box office for three consecutive weekends . It also topped the Japanese box office for five consecutive weekends . It became the second - highest grossing Disney live - action film in China , behind Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides and in the Philippines , behind Maleficent . In total earnings , its largest markets outside of the US and Canada are China ( $71.1 million ) , Japan ( $46 million ) and the UK , Ireland and Malta ( $29.2 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) Cinderella received mostly positive reviews from critics with particular praise going to the cast , notably Blanchett , James , and Bonham Carter , Patrick Doyle 's musical score , faithfulness to the original animated film , and Sandy Powell 's costume designs . On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an 84 % approval rating , based on 219 reviews , with a rating average of 7.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Refreshingly traditional in a revisionist era , Kenneth Branagh 's Cinderella proves Disney has n't lost any of its old - fashioned magic . '' Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 67 out of 100 , based on 47 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . According to CinemaScore , audiences gave the film a grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . David Rooney of The Hollywood Reporter reviewed the film at the Berlin Film Festival and praised the special effects , the screenplay , and Blanchett 's performance and said that `` anyone nostalgic for childhood dreams of transformation will find something to enjoy in an uplifting movie that invests warm sentiment in universal themes of loss and resilience , experience and maturity . '' Peter Debruge of Variety said , `` It 's all a bit square , big on charm , but lacking the crackle of Enchanted or The Princess Bride . But though this Cinderella could never replace Disney 's animated classic , it 's no ugly stepsister either , but a deserving companion . '' Guy Lodge of The Guardian gave the film three stars out of five and said , `` While it might have been nice to see the new - model Cinderella follow Frozen 's progressive , quasi-feminist lead , the film 's naff , preserved - in - amber romanticism is its very charm . '' Scott Mendelson of Forbes admired the film 's visual effects , production design , and called the costume design as Oscar - worthy , adding , `` with an emphasis on empathy and empowerment , Walt Disney 's Cinderella is the best film yet in their ' turn our animated classics into live - action blockbuster ' subgenre . '' Richard Corliss of Time magazine said that Branagh 's Cinderella successfully updates and revitalizes Disney 's `` ill - conceived '' animated film , and praised the empowered Ella , the visuals , and Blanchett 's performance . Katy Waldman of Slate similarly deemed the film a commendable and authentic upgrade that does not undermine its heroine while maintaining its classic splendor and charm . Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal commended James ' and Blanchett 's performances , the sets , costumes and minimal digital effects , as well as Branagh 's direction , stating he `` set a tone of lushly sustainable fantasy that 's often affecting , frequently witty , seldom cloying , nearly free of self - comment and entirely free of irony . '' Likewise , Claudia Puig of USA Today complimented the performances along with Branagh and screenwriter Chris Weitz for `` ground ( ing ) this romantic tale with sincerity amid the dazzle . '' Los Angeles Times ' Betsy Sharkey praised Blanchett 's and James ' performances and considered the film a `` poetically , if not prophetically , imagined storybook fable '' that succeeds because of its earnestness , humor , its lack of modern - day pretenses , and Branagh 's `` singular focus '' . Lawrence Toppman of The Charlotte Observer proclaimed , `` This version has more psychological depth than usual and answers questions we may always have had . Branagh 's ' Cinderella ' does something extraordinarily rare among fairy - tale adaptations : It leaves out nothing we want and adds nothing we do n't . '' Noting the religious themes and symbols of the film , cultural commentator Fr . Robert Barron writes that due to Branagh 's traditional telling of the story , `` he actually allows the spiritual -- indeed specifically Christian -- character of the tale to emerge . '' Accolades ( edit ) Year Award / Film Festival Category Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) 2015 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Nominated Choice Movie Actress : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Lily James Heartland Film Festival Truly Moving Picture Award Won Hollywood Film Awards Costume Designer of the Year Sandy Powell Italian Online Movie Awards Best Art Direction Dante Ferretti Nominated Best Costume Design Sandy Powell World Soundtrack Award Best Original Score of the Year Patrick Doyle 2016 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Family Movie Critics ' Choice Movie Awards Costume Design Sandy Powell British Academy Film Awards Costume Design Satellite Awards Best Art Direction and Production Design Dante Ferretti Best Costume Design Sandy Powell Costume Designers Guild Excellence in Fantasy Film Academy Awards Best Costume Design Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Favorite Movie Actress Lily James Empire Awards Best Costume Design Sandy Powell Saturn Awards Best Fantasy Film Won Best Costume Design Sandy Powell Nominated Impact ( edit ) After the release and success of Cinderella , along with Maleficent , The Jungle Book , and Beauty and the Beast ‍ -- ‌ Walt Disney Pictures has announced the development of several other live - action remakes from their Animated Classics series . Since the releases of these four films , Disney has announced the development of live - action adaptations of Christopher Robin , Dumbo , Aladdin , The Lion King , Mulan , Pinocchio , Fantasia , The Sword in the Stone , The Black Cauldron , Peter Pan , The Little Mermaid , and Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs . The company also has plans for live - action spin - offs of Peter Pan , One Hundred and One Dalmatians and Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs along with a live - action prequel to Aladdin . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Cinderella ( U ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cinderella ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cinderella : Press Release '' ( PDF ) . The Walt Disney Company . The Walt Disney Studios . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Worldwide Grosses '' , Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Pays Seven - Figures For Aline Brosh McKenna 's Live - Action Cinderella Pitch '' . deadline.com . May 17 , 2010 . Retrieved September 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Courting Mark Romanek To Direct Re-Imagined Cinderella '' . deadline.com . August 12 , 2011 . Retrieved September 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( February 29 , 2012 ) . `` A Better Life Director Chris Weitz Joins Disney 's Live - Action Cinderella as Writer '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Lyttelton , Oliver ( February 29 , 2012 ) . `` A Better Life And Twilight : New Moon Director Chris Weitz To Rewrite Disney 's Cinderella For Mark Romanek '' . Indiewire . Jump up ^ Dibdin , Emma ( January 8 , 2013 ) . `` Disney 's new Cinderella loses director Mark Romanek '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ Claude Brodesser - Akner , `` Disney Negotiating With Kenneth Branagh to Direct Cinderella '' , Vulture.com , January 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Jackson , Renee ( September 16 , 2014 ) . `` Disney 's Cinderella Returning to Theaters in 2015 '' . GottaFilm.com . Jump up ^ Dominic Patten , `` Cate Blanchett Poised To Join Disney 's New Cinderella '' , Deadline.com , November 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Emma Watson In Talks To Play Cinderella In Live - Action Film '' , starpulse.com , March 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Marc Graser , `` Cinderella 's Glass Slipper Did n't Fit Emma Watson '' , Variety , March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr , `` Three Actresses Testing To See If Glass Slipper Fits For Cinderella '' , Deadline.com , April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lily James is Disney 's Cinderella '' , comingsoon.net , April 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Alexandra Cheney , `` Downton Abbey Star is New Cinderella '' , The Wall Street Journal , April 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sophie Schillaci , `` Disney Casts Game of Thrones Actor as Cinderella 's Prince '' , The Hollywood Reporter , May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jeff Sneider , `` The Borgias Star Holliday Grainger Joins Disney 's Cinderella '' , TheWrap , June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Borys Kit , `` Downtown Abbey Star in Talks to Join Disney 's Cinderella '' , The Hollywood Reporter , June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Borys Kit , `` Helena Bonham Carter to Play Fairy Godmother in Disney 's Cinderella '' , The Hollywood Reporter , June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hayley Atwell joins Kenneth Branagh 's ' Cinderella ' '' . Digital Spy . August 22 , 2013 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` DISNEY 'S LIVE - ACTION `` CINDERELLA '' BEGINS PRINCIPAL PHOTOGRAPHY IN LONDON `` . The Walt Disney Company . September 23 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2013 . Retrieved September 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rainey , James ( 11 April 2016 ) . `` Disney 's Alan Horn Uses Low - Key Approach , Keen Creative Vision to Find Hits of the Future '' . Variety . Los Angeles : Variety Media . Retrieved 14 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Chi , Paul ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` First Look : The Making of Cinderella 's Wedding Gown '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Camhi , Leslie ( November 19 , 2014 ) . `` What Would Cinderella Wear ? Costuming Lily James and Cate Blanchett in Kenneth Branagh 's Forthcoming Film '' . Vogue . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Magic in the Making '' . YouTube . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Churcher , Sharon ; Carlin , Brendan ( October 13 , 2012 ) . `` Disney comes to Pinewood : American giant set to move into historic studios in £ 5m ' major victory ' for British film industry '' . Daily Mail . Jump up ^ `` Cinderella kommt neu ins Kino -- der Dresdner Zwinger ist im Bild '' . DNN - Online . February 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Cinderella ' , ' Camp X-Ray ' , ' November Man ' & ' Red Army ' in Today 's MPAA ratings '' . August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Patrick Doyle to Reunite with Kenneth Branagh on Disney 's Cinderella '' . filmmusicreporter.com . June 7 , 2013 . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bamigboye , Basler Zeitung ( November 7 , 2013 ) . `` Downton Abbey 's Lady Rose dances to a new tune as Cinderella '' . Daily Mail . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( January 17 , 2014 ) . `` Kenneth Branagh Talks Jack Ryan , Changes Due to Budgetary Reasons , Whether He Will Make Another Shakespeare Movie , Cinderella , and More '' . Collider.com . Jump up ^ `` Walt Disney Records to Release Patrick Doyle 's ' Brave ' Soundtrack '' . Film Music Reporter . Film Music Reporter . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Walt Disney Records Presents The Cinderella Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Available March 10 '' . PR Newswire . February 22 , 2015 . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Keith Caulfield ( March 21 , 2015 ) . `` Billboard 200 Chart Moves : Marvin Gaye Sales Up 246 % After ' Blurred Lines ' Trial '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Connolly , Kate ( February 14 , 2015 ) . `` Kenneth Branagh debuts updated , non-sexist Cinderella in Berlin film festival '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Programme -- Cinderella '' . berlinale.de . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Dates Cinderella For March 2015 '' . deadline.com . June 24 , 2013 . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( December 3 , 2014 ) . `` Frozen Fever Short to Debut in Front of Disney 's Cinderella '' . Variety . Retrieved December 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Evry , Max ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's Cinderella to Get an IMAX Release '' . comingsoon.net . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes , `` Disney Fans Get a Sneak Peek at Coming Films '' , The New York Times , August 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brigante , Ricky ( August 10 , 2013 ) . `` Walt Disney Studios reveal live - action films at 2013 D23 Expo : Marvel , Maleficent , Tomorrowland , Muppets , Saving Mr Banks '' . Inside the Magic . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Ford , `` CinemaCon : Disney Debuts New Trailer for Cinderella '' , The Hollywood Reporter , March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang , `` Cinderella Peek Offers Cate Blanchett as Evil Stepmother '' , TheWrap , March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` Disney 's ' Cinderella ' Gets Teaser Trailer ( Video ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Hayley ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` The first trailer for Disney 's Cinderella movie is here '' . Glamour . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Brian ( November 17 , 2014 ) . `` Cinderella Trailer Preview Teases Live - Action Disney Fairy Tale '' . MovieWeb . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach ( November 19 , 2014 ) . `` Cinderella Trailer Debuts ! Director Sir Kenneth Branagh Opens Up About the Live - Action Disney Movie ! '' . E ! . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( November 20 , 2014 ) . `` Trailer Report : ' Cinderella ' Shatters Disney Record '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The New Trailer , Poster and Photos for Disney 's Cinderella ! '' . ComingSoon.net . November 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Evry , Max ( December 16 , 2014 ) . `` The New International Trailer for Disney 's Cinderella '' . comingsoon.net . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Esther ( January 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' Cinderella ' gets midnight - themed trailer for New Year 's '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` The New Cinderella Trailer is Here ! '' . comingsoon.net . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action ' Cinderella , ' ' Jungle Book ' Films Land at Turner Broadcasting '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cinderella ( 2015 ) Blu - ray / DVD release date September 15 , 2015 DVDs Release Date , Retrieved September 15 , 2015 Jump up ^ Evry , Max ( June 12 , 2015 ) . `` Cinderella Blu - ray and Digital HD Announced , Watch Alternate Opening '' . comingsoon.net . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas K. ( September 24 , 2015 ) . `` Furious 7 Speeds to Top of Disc Sales Chart '' . variety.com . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Worldwide Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( March 15 , 2015 ) . `` Cinderella Waltzes Onto World Stage With $62.4 M Offshore Bow ; $132 M Global '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pamela McClintock ( March 15 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Cinderella ' Lives Happily Ever After With $132.5 M Global Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` No. 8 Cinderella -- 2015 Most Valuable Movie Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( March 14 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Box Office : Disney 's ' Cinderella ' Conjures $23 M For $65 M - $75 M Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( March 15 , 2015 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Cinderella ' Shines , ' Run ' Stumbles '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 15 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Cinderella ' Goes Bippity Boppity Boom For $70 M Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ray Subers ( March 15 , 2015 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Cinderella ' Shines , ' Run ' Stumbles '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( March 15 , 2015 ) . `` Cinderella 's Glamorous Weekend : $70.1 M Box Office Opening -- First Sunday Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MONTH - APRIL '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2015 . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NORTH AMERICA : Weekend Estimates : ' Cinderella ' Arrives at the Box Office Ball with a Strong $70.1 M ; ' Run All Night ' a Distant Second with a Modest $11.0 M '' . Boxoffice.com . March 14 , 2015 . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NORTH AMERICA : ' Cinderella ' Impresses With $87.55 M In Its First Week After Ruling Thursday With $4.47 M '' . Boxoffice.com . March 20 , 2015 . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cinderella ( 2015 ) - Weekend Box Office Results -- Box Office Mojo '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( March 29 , 2015 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Insurgent ' Surges to $52.3 Million , ' Gunman ' Bombs '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Yearly Box Office Results - 2015 Domestic Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione and Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 11 , 2015 ) . `` Cinderella To Cast $100 M - $120 M Spell In Global Debut -- Box Office Preview '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( March 29 , 2015 ) . `` Cinderella Returns To Top Of Offshore Box Office ; Home Brings $49 M+ To Pass $100 M Worldwide -- Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( April 27 , 2015 ) . `` Ultron , Furious Lead As Cinderella Scores In Japan : International B.O. Update '' . Deadline.com . ( Penske Media Corporation ) . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gavin J. Blair ( May 25 , 2015 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Cinderella ' Spends Fifth Weekend on Top '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ( Prometheus Global Media ) . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( March 22 , 2015 ) . `` Insurgent Tops Overseas Box Office ; DWA 's Home Runs Up $19 M -- Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anita Busch ( May 6 , 2015 ) . `` Cinderella Crosses $500 M Worldwide for Disney '' . Deadline.com . ( Penske Media Corporation ) . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gavin J. Blair ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` Japan Box Office : Anime Film Unseats ' Tomorrowland , ' ' Cinderella ' Passes $45 Million '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ( Prometheus Global Media ) . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooks ( March 15 , 2015 ) . `` Forget the Ball , Cinderella Is the Belle of the Box Office '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cinderella '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cinderella Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . CinemaScore . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rooney , David ( February 14 , 2015 ) . `` ' Cinderella ' : Berlin Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Debruge , Peter ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` Berlin Film Review : ' Cinderella ' '' . Variety . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lodge , Guy ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` Cinderella review -- Kenneth Branagh 's perky , pretty cupcake of a fairytale '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( February 23 , 2015 ) . `` Review : Disney 's ' Cinderella ' Is the Fairest of Them All '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` Review : Disney 's Live - Action Cinderella Rekindles Old Studio Magic '' . Time . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Waldman , Katy ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` Ashes to Sashes '' . Slate . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Morgenstern , Joe ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` Cinderella Review : Finding New Soul in Old Shoe '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Puig , Claudia ( February 28 , 2015 ) . `` Review : Remake is true ' Cinderella ' story '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sharkey , Betsy ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` In ' Cinderella , ' no sly asides . Goodness and romance rule '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Toppman , Lawrence ( March 11 , 2015 ) . `` Movie review : Sumptuous , subtle Cinderella satisfies in every way '' . The Charlotte Observer . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Barron , Robert . `` A Very Christian Cinderella '' . Real Clear Religion . Retrieved 27 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Teen Choice Awards 2015 Winners : Full List Variety , Retrieved November 3 , 2015 Jump up ^ Truly Moving Picture Award - Heartland 2015 Heartland Film , Retrieved December 4 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` 2015 Hollywood Film Awards winners '' . CBS News . November 1 , 2015 . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Winners IOMA 2015 IOMA , Retrieved December 4 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2016 : Full List Of Nominees '' . People 's Choice . November 3 , 2015 . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice Award Nominations Led by Mad Max , Fargo '' . Variety . December 14 , 2015 . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BAFTA Nominations : Bridge of Spies , Carol Lead Film Awards Race '' . Variety . January 8 , 2016 . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Satellite Awards ( 2015 ) '' . International Press Academy . December 2 , 2015 . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars , ' ' Mad Max , ' ' Empire ' Land Costume Designers Guild Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Oscars 2016 nominations list revealed : The Revenant , Mad Max : Fury Road lead '' . Entertainment Weekly . January 14 , 2016 . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kids ' Choice Awards : Adele , Justin Bieber , ' Star Wars ' Among Nominees '' . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Mad Max ' , ' Star Wars ' lead Empire nominations '' . ScreenDaily . February 18 , 2016 . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars , Mad Max , Walking Dead Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Saturn Award nominations on YouTube '' . Saturn Awards . February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cinderella Is Having A Ball Worldwide With $400 M Box Office '' . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Justin Kroll ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Bill Condon to Direct Live - Action Beauty and the Beast Film for Disney ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . With the recent release of Maleficent , which grossed more than $170 million worldwide in its opening weekend , Disney is working fast on its next live - action fairy - tale adaptation . Jump up ^ `` Disney developing live - action adaptation of Winnie the Pooh '' . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Burton to Direct Live - Action Dumbo for Disney '' . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( October 10 , 2016 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action ' Aladdin ' Enlists Guy Ritchie to Direct '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Evry , Max ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Favreau to Direct Live - Action Lion King Movie ! '' . Comingsoon.net . Jump up ^ `` Mulan Live - Action Movie Being Developed by Disney '' . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pinocchio - Inspired Live - Action Film Being Developed At Disney '' . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Developing Fantasia Sequence Into Live - Action Movie '' . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Developing Live - Action The Sword in the Stone Remake '' . Retrieved July 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chronicles of Prydain Movie in the Works at Disney ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Retrieved March 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Max Evry . `` Disney Preparing Live - Action Peter Pan with Pete 's Dragon Director '' . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Lin - Manuel Miranda , Alan Menken team up for live - action Little Mermaid '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Coggan , Devan ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` Disney planning a live - action Snow White movie '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ `` Reese Witherspoon as Tinker Bell : Disney developing ' Peter Pan ' spinoff ' Tink ' '' . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fifty Shades ' Writer Kelly Marcel Tackling Disney 's Live - Action ' Cruella ' ( Exclusive ) '' . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Plans Live - Action Film About Snow White 's Sister ( Exclusive ) '' . Retrieved March 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Aladdin Prequel , Genies , in Development at Disney '' . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Film in the United States portal Disney portal Film portal 2010s portal Official website Cinderella on IMDb Cinderella at Box Office Mojo Cinderella at Rotten Tomatoes Cinderella at Metacritic Cinderella Editorial Music Presentation at West Coast Midnight Run Cinderella by Charles Perrault and the Brothers Grimm Characters Buttons Cinderella Ugly sisters Fairy godmother Wicked stepmother Prince Charming Films Cinderella ( 1899 ) Cinderella or the Glass Slipper ( 1912 ) Cinderella ( 1914 ) A Lowland Cinderella ( 1921 ) Ella Cinders ( 1926 ) The Cookie Carnival ( 1935 ) The Magic Shoes ( 1935 ) First Love ( 1939 ) Cinderella ( 1947 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) The Glass Slipper ( 1955 ) Cinderfella ( 1960 ) Stop ! 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays the fairy godmother in the new cinderella	[ "\nCate Blanchett as Stepmother, also known as Lady Tremaine\nLily James as Cinderella, also known as Ella\n\nEloise Webb as a young Ella\n\n\nRichard Madden as Prince, also known as Kit\nHelena Bonham Carter as Fairy Godmother\nNonso Anozie as Captain\nStellan Skarsgård as Grand Duke\nSophie McShera as Drisella\nHolliday Grainger as Anastasia\nDerek Jacobi as King\nBen Chaplin as Ella's father\nHayley Atwell as Ella's mother\nRob Brydon as Master Phineus\nJana Perez as Princess Chelina of Zaragosa\nAlex Macqueen as Royal Crier\n" ]	[ "Helena Bonham Carter" ]
1454906523266772171	Hagia Sophia	Hagia Sophia - wikipedia Hagia Sophia Jump to : navigation , search `` Haghia Sophia '' redirects here . For the steamship formerly known by that name , see SS Sussex . For other uses , see Hagia Sophia ( disambiguation ) . Hagia Sophia Ayasofya ( Turkish ) Αγία Σοφία ( Greek ) Sancta Sophia ( Latin ) A view of Hagia Sophia , Istanbul Location in Istanbul Coordinates 41 ° 00 ′ 31 '' N 28 ° 58 ′ 48 '' E / 41.0085 ° N 28.9799 ° E / 41.0085 ; 28.9799 Coordinates : 41 ° 00 ′ 31 '' N 28 ° 58 ′ 48 '' E / 41.0085 ° N 28.9799 ° E / 41.0085 ; 28.9799 Location Istanbul ( historically Constantinople ) , Turkey Designer Isidore of Miletus Anthemius of Tralles Type Christian Cathedral ( 537 -- 1054 ) Greek Orthodox Cathedral ( 1054 -- 1204 ) Roman Catholic Cathedral ( 1204 -- 1261 ) Greek Orthodox Cathedral ( 1261 -- 1453 ) Imperial Mosque ( 1453 -- 1931 ) Museum ( 1935 -- present ) Material Ashlar , brick Length 82 m ( 269 ft ) Width 73 m ( 240 ft ) Height 55 m ( 180 ft ) Beginning date 532 Completion date 537 ; 1481 years ago ( 537 ) UNESCO World Heritage Site Part of Historic Areas of Istanbul Criteria Cultural : i , ii , iii , iv Reference 356 Inscription 1985 ( 9th Session ) Hagia Sophia ( / ˈhɑːɡiə soʊˈfiːə / ; from the Greek Αγία Σοφία , pronounced ( aˈʝia soˈfia ) , `` Holy Wisdom '' ; Latin : Sancta Sophia or Sancta Sapientia ; Turkish : Ayasofya ) is a former Greek Orthodox Christian patriarchal basilica ( church ) , later an Ottoman imperial mosque and now a museum ( Ayasofya Müzesi ) in Istanbul , Turkey . From the date of its construction in 537 AD until 1453 , it served as an Eastern Orthodox cathedral and the seat of the Patriarch of Constantinople , except between 1204 and 1261 , when it was converted by the Fourth Crusaders to a Roman Catholic cathedral under the Latin Empire . The building was later converted into an Ottoman mosque from 29 May 1453 until 1931 . It was then secularized and opened as a museum on 1 February 1935 . Famous in particular for its massive dome , it is considered the epitome of Byzantine architecture and is said to have `` changed the history of architecture '' . It remained the world 's largest cathedral for nearly a thousand years , until Seville Cathedral was completed in 1520 . The current building was originally constructed as a church between 532 and 537 on the orders of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I and was the third Church of the Holy Wisdom to occupy the site , the prior one having been destroyed by rioters in the Nika Revolt . It was designed by the Greek geometers Isidore of Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles . The church was dedicated to the Wisdom of God , the Logos , the second person of the Trinity , its patronal feast taking place on 25 December , the commemoration of the birth of the incarnation of the Logos in Christ . Although sometimes referred to as Sancta Sophia ( as though it were named after Sophia the Martyr ) , sophia being the phonetic spelling in Latin of the Greek word for wisdom , its full name in Greek is Ναός της Αγίας του Θεού Σοφίας , Naos tēs Hagias tou Theou Sophias , `` Shrine of the Holy Wisdom of God '' . The church contained a large collection of relics and featured , among other things , a 15 - metre ( 49 ft ) silver iconostasis . The focal point of the Eastern Orthodox Church for nearly one thousand years , the building witnessed the excommunication of Patriarch Michael I Cerularius on the part of Humbert of Silva Candida , the papal envoy of Pope Leo IX in 1054 , an act that is commonly considered the start of the East -- West Schism . In 1453 , Constantinople was conquered by the Ottoman Empire under Mehmed the Conqueror , who ordered this main church of Orthodox Christianity converted into a mosque . Although some parts of the city of Constantinople were falling into disrepair , the cathedral was maintained with an amount of money set aside for this purpose . Nevertheless , the Christian cathedral made a strong impression on the new Ottoman rulers and they decided to convert it into a mosque . The bells , altar , iconostasis , and other relics were destroyed and the mosaics depicting Jesus , his Mother Mary , Christian saints , and angels were also destroyed or plastered over . Islamic features -- such as the mihrab , minbar , and four minarets -- were added . It remained a mosque until 1931 when it was closed to the public for four years . It was re-opened in 1935 as a museum by the Republic of Turkey . Hagia Sophia was , as of 2014 , the second-most visited museum in Turkey , attracting almost 3.3 million visitors annually . According to data released by the Turkish Culture and Tourism Ministry , Hagia Sophia was Turkey 's most visited tourist attraction in 2015 . From its initial conversion until the construction of the nearby Sultan Ahmed Mosque ( Blue Mosque of Istanbul ) in 1616 , it was the principal mosque of Istanbul . The Byzantine architecture of the Hagia Sophia served as inspiration for many other Ottoman mosques , such as the aforementioned mosque , the Şehzade Mosque , the Süleymaniye Mosque , the Rüstem Pasha Mosque and the Kılıç Ali Pasha Complex . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Church of Constantius II 1.2 Church of Theodosius II 1.3 Basilica of the Hagia Sophia ( current structure ) 1.4 Mosque ( 1453 -- 1935 ) 1.4. 1 Renovation of 1847 1.5 Museum ( 1935 -- present ) 2 Timeline of Hagia Sophia 3 Architecture 3.1 Narthex and portals 3.2 Upper gallery 3.3 Dome 3.4 Minarets 3.5 Buttresses 4 Notable elements and decorations 4.1 Loge of the Empress 4.2 Lustration urns 4.3 Marble Door 4.4 The Nice Door 4.5 The Emperor Door 4.6 Wishing column 4.7 Mosaics 4.7. 1 19th - century restoration 4.7. 2 20th - century restoration 4.7. 3 Imperial Gate mosaic 4.7. 4 Southwestern entrance mosaic 4.7. 5 Apse mosaics 4.7. 6 Emperor Alexander mosaic 4.7. 7 Empress Zoe mosaic 4.7. 8 Comnenus mosaic 4.7. 9 Deësis mosaic 4.7. 10 Northern tympanum mosaics 4.7. 11 Dome Angel Figure Mosaic 5 Other burials 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 Further reading 10.1 Articles 10.2 Mosaics 11 External links History ( edit ) Church of Constantius II ( edit ) The first church on the site was known as the Μεγάλη Ἐκκλησία ( Megálē Ekklēsíā , `` Great Church '' ) , or in Latin Magna Ecclesia , because of its larger dimensions in comparison to the contemporary churches in the City . Inaugurated on 15 February 360 ( during the reign of Constantius II ) by the Arian bishop Eudoxius of Antioch , it was built next to the area where the imperial palace was being developed . The nearby Hagia Eirene ( `` Holy Peace '' ) church was completed earlier and served as cathedral until the Great Church was completed . Both churches acted together as the principal churches of the Byzantine Empire . Writing in 440 , Socrates of Constantinople claimed that the church was built by Constantius II , who was working on it in 346 . A tradition which is not older than the 7th or 8th century , reports that the edifice was built by Constantine the Great . Zonaras reconciles the two opinions , writing that Constantius had repaired the edifice consecrated by Eusebius of Nicomedia , after it had collapsed . Since Eusebius was bishop of Constantinople from 339 to 341 , and Constantine died in 337 , it seems possible that the first church was erected by the latter . The edifice was built as a traditional Latin colonnaded basilica with galleries and a wooden roof . It was preceded by an atrium . It was claimed to be one of the world 's most outstanding monuments at the time . The Patriarch of Constantinople John Chrysostom came into a conflict with Empress Aelia Eudoxia , wife of the emperor Arcadius , and was sent into exile on 20 June 404 . During the subsequent riots , this first church was largely burned down . Nothing remains of the first church today . Church of Theodosius II ( edit ) A second church on the site was ordered by Theodosius II , who inaugurated it on 10 October 415 . The basilica with a wooden roof was built by architect Rufinus . A fire started during the tumult of the Nika Revolt and burned the second Hagia Sophia to the ground on 13 -- 14 January 532 . Several marble blocks from the second church survive to the present ; among them are reliefs depicting 12 lambs representing the 12 apostles . Originally part of a monumental front entrance , they now reside in an excavation pit adjacent to the museum 's entrance after they were discovered in 1935 beneath the western courtyard by A.M. Schneider . Further digging was forsaken for fear of impinging on the integrity of the building . Remains of the second Hagia Sophia Basilica of the Hagia Sophia ( current structure ) ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Hagia Sophia Construction of church depicted in codex Manasses Chronicle ( 14th century ) On 23 February 532 , only a few weeks after the destruction of the second basilica , Emperor Justinian I decided to build a third and entirely different basilica , larger and more majestic than its predecessors . Justinian chose physicist Isidore of Miletus and mathematician Anthemius of Tralles as architects ; Anthemius , however , died within the first year of the endeavor . The construction is described in the Byzantine historian Procopius ' On Buildings ( Peri ktismatōn , Latin : De aedificiis ) . Columns and other marbles were brought from all over the empire , throughout the Mediterranean . The idea of these columns being spoils from cities such as Rome and Ephesus is a later invention . Even though they were made specifically for Hagia Sophia , the columns show variations in size . More than ten thousand people were employed . This new church was contemporaneously recognized as a major work of architecture . The theories of Heron of Alexandria may have been utilized to address the challenges presented by building such an expansive dome over so large a space . The emperor , together with the Patriarch Menas , inaugurated the new basilica on 27 December 537 -- 5 years and 10 months after construction start -- with much pomp . The mosaics inside the church were , however , only completed under the reign of Emperor Justin II ( 565 -- 578 ) . Hagia Sophia was the seat of the Orthodox patriarch of Constantinople and a principal setting for Byzantine imperial ceremonies , such as coronations . Like other churches throughout Christendom , the basilica offered sanctuary from persecution to outlaws . Earthquakes in August 553 and on 14 December 557 caused cracks in the main dome and eastern half - dome . The main dome collapsed completely during a subsequent earthquake on 7 May 558 , destroying the ambon , altar , and ciborium . The collapse was due mainly to the unfeasibly high bearing load and to the enormous shear load of the dome , which was too flat . These caused the deformation of the piers which sustained the dome . The emperor ordered an immediate restoration . He entrusted it to Isidorus the Younger , nephew of Isidore of Miletus , who used lighter materials and elevated the dome by `` 30 feet '' ( about 6.25 meters or 20.5 feet ) -- giving the building its current interior height of 55.6 meters ( 182 ft ) . Moreover , Isidorus changed the dome type , erecting a ribbed dome with pendentives , whose diameter lay between 32.7 and 33.5 m . Under Justinian 's orders , eight Corinthian columns were disassembled from Baalbek , Lebanon , and shipped to Constantinople around 560 . This reconstruction , giving the church its present 6th - century form , was completed in 562 . The Byzantine poet Paul the Silentiary composed a long epic poem ( still extant ) , known as Ekphrasis , for the rededication of the basilica presided over by Patriarch Eutychius on 23 December 562 . The vaulting of the nave . ( annotations ) In 726 , the emperor Leo the Isaurian issued a series of edicts against the veneration of images , ordering the army to destroy all icons -- ushering in the period of Byzantine iconoclasm . At that time , all religious pictures and statues were removed from the Hagia Sophia . After a brief reprieve under Empress Irene ( 797 -- 802 ) , the iconoclasts made a comeback . The Emperor Theophilus ( 829 -- 842 ) had two - winged bronze doors with his monograms installed at the southern entrance of the church . The basilica suffered damage , first in a great fire in 859 , and again in an earthquake on 8 January 869 , that made one of the half - domes collapse . Emperor Basil I ordered the church repaired . After the great earthquake of 25 October 989 , which collapsed the Western dome arch , Emperor Basil II asked for the Armenian architect Trdat , creator of the cathedrals of Ani and Argina , to direct the repairs . He erected again and reinforced the fallen dome arch , and rebuilt the west side of the dome with 15 dome ribs . The extent of the damage required six years of repair and reconstruction ; the church was re-opened on 13 May 994 . At the end of the reconstruction , the church 's decorations were renovated , including the addition of four immense paintings of cherubs ; a new depiction of Christ on the dome ; a burial cloth of Christ shown on Fridays , and on the apse a new depiction of the Virgin Mary holding Jesus , between the apostles Peter and Paul . On the great side arches were painted the prophets and the teachers of the church . In his book De caerimoniis aulae Byzantinae ( `` Book of Ceremonies '' ) , Emperor Constantine VII ( 913 -- 919 ) wrote a detailed account of the ceremonies held in the Hagia Sophia by the emperor and the patriarch . Upon the capture of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade , the church was ransacked and desecrated by the Crusaders , as described by the Byzantine historian Niketas Choniates . During the Latin occupation of Constantinople ( 1204 -- 1261 ) the church became a Roman Catholic cathedral . Baldwin I of Constantinople was crowned emperor on 16 May 1204 in Hagia Sophia , at a ceremony which closely followed Byzantine practices . Enrico Dandolo , the Doge of Venice who commanded the sack and invasion of the city by the Latin Crusaders in 1204 , is buried inside the church , probably in the upper Eastern gallery . In the 19th century , an Italian restoration team placed a cenotaph marker near the probable location , which is still visible today . The marker is frequently mistaken by tourists as being a medieval marker of the actual tomb of the doge . The real tomb was destroyed by the Ottomans after the conquest of Constantinople in 1453 and subsequent conversion of Hagia Sophia into a mosque . After the recapture in 1261 by the Byzantines , the church was in a dilapidated state . In 1317 , emperor Andronicus II ordered four new buttresses ( Pyramídas , Greek : `` Πυραμίδας '' ) to be built in the eastern and northern parts of the church , financing them with the inheritance of his deceased wife , Irene . New cracks developed in the dome after the earthquake of October 1344 , and several parts of the building collapsed on 19 May 1346 ; consequently , the church was closed until 1354 , when repairs were undertaken by architects Astras and Peralta . Mosque ( 1453 -- 1935 ) ( edit ) Constantinople fell to the attacking Ottoman forces on the 29th of May in 1453 . In accordance with the traditional custom at the time , Sultan Mehmet II allowed his troops and his entourage three full days of unbridled pillage and looting in the city shortly after it was captured . Once the three days passed , he would then claim its remaining contents for himself . Hagia Sophia was not exempted from the pillage and looting and specifically became its focal point as the invaders believed it to contain the greatest treasures and valuables of the city . Shortly after Constantinople 's defenses collapsed and the Ottoman troops entered the city victoriously , the pillagers and looters made their way to the Hagia Sophia and battered down its doors before storming in . All throughout the period of the siege of Constantinople , the trapped worshippers of the city participated in the Divine Liturgy and the Prayer of the Hours at the Hagia Sophia and the church formed a safe - haven and a refuge for many of those who were unable to contribute to the city 's defense , which comprised women , children , the elderly and the sick and the wounded . Being hopelessly trapped in the church , the many congregants and yet more refugees inside became spoils - of - war to be divided amongst the triumphant invaders . The building was significantly desecrated and looted to a large extent , with the helpless occupants who sought shelter within the church being either enslaved , physically and sexually violated or simply slaughtered . While most of the elderly and the infirm / wounded and sick were killed , a vast number of women and girls were raped and the remainder ( mainly teenage males and young boys ) were chained up and sold off into slavery . The church 's priests and religious personnel continued to perform Christian rites , prayers and ceremonies until finally being forced to stop by the invaders . When Sultan Mehmet II and his accompanying entourage entered the church , he insisted that it should be converted into a mosque at once . One of the ulama present then climbed up the church 's pulpit and recited out the Shahada , thus marking the beginning of the gradual conversion of the church into a mosque . Fountain ( Şadırvan ) for ritual ablutions As described by several Western visitors ( such as the Córdoban nobleman Pero Tafur and the Florentine Cristoforo Buondelmonti ) , the church was in a dilapidated state , with several of its doors fallen from their hinges ; Mehmed II ordered a renovation as well as the conversion . Mehmet attended the first Friday prayer in the mosque on 1 June 1453 . Aya Sofya became the first imperial mosque of Istanbul . To the corresponding Waqf were endowed most of the existing houses in the city and the area of the future Topkapı Palace . From 1478 , 2,360 shops , 1,300 houses , 4 caravanserais , 30 boza shops , and 23 shops of sheep heads and trotters gave their income to the foundation . Through the imperial charters of 1520 ( AH 926 ) and 1547 ( AH 954 ) shops and parts of the Grand Bazaar and other markets were added to the foundation . Before 1481 a small minaret was erected on the southwest corner of the building , above the stair tower . Later , the subsequent sultan , Bayezid II ( 1481 -- 1512 ) , built another minaret at the northeast corner . One of these collapsed after the earthquake of 1509 , and around the middle of the 16th century they were both replaced by two diagonally opposite minarets built at the east and west corners of the edifice . The mihrab located in the apse where the altar used to stand , pointing towards Mecca In the 16th century the sultan Suleiman the Magnificent ( 1520 -- 1566 ) brought back two colossal candlesticks from his conquest of Hungary . They were placed on either side of the mihrab . During the reign of Selim II ( 1566 -- 1574 ) , the building started showing signs of fatigue and was extensively strengthened with the addition of structural supports to its exterior by Ottoman architect Mimar Sinan , who was also an earthquake engineer . In addition to strengthening the historic Byzantine structure , Sinan built the two additional large minarets at the western end of the building , the original sultan 's lodge and the Türbe ( mausoleum ) of Selim II to the southeast of the building in 1576 - 7 / AH 984 . In order to do that , parts of the Patriarchate at the south corner of the building were pulled down the previous year . Moreover , the golden crescent was mounted on the top of the dome , while a respect zone 35 arşin ( about 24 m ) wide was imposed around the building , pulling down all the houses which in the meantime had nested around it . Later his türbe hosted also 43 tombs of Ottoman princes . In 1594 / AH 1004 Mimar ( court architect ) Davud Ağa built the türbe of Murad III ( 1574 -- 1595 ) , where the Sultan and his Valide , Safiye Sultan were later buried . The octagonal mausoleum of their son Mehmed III ( 1595 -- 1603 ) and his Valide was built next to it in 1608 / AH 1017 by royal architect Dalgiç Mehmet Aĝa . His son Mustafa I ( 1617 -- 1618 ; 1622 -- 1623 ) converted the baptistery into his türbe . Murad III had also two large alabaster Hellenistic urns transported from Pergamon and placed on two sides of the nave . In 1717 , under Sultan Ahmed III ( 1703 -- 1730 ) , the crumbling plaster of the interior was renovated , contributing indirectly to the preservation of many mosaics , which otherwise would have been destroyed by mosque workers . In fact , it was usual for them to sell mosaics stones -- believed to be talismans -- to the visitors . Sultan Mahmud I ordered the restoration of the building in 1739 and added a medrese ( a Koranic school , now the library of the museum ) , an Imaret ( soup kitchen for distribution to the poor ) and a library , and in 1740 a Şadirvan ( fountain for ritual ablutions ) , thus transforming it into a külliye , i.e. a social complex . At the same time , a new sultan 's lodge and a new mihrab were built inside . Renovation of 1847 ( edit ) Restoration of the Hagia Sophia was ordered by Sultan Abdülmecid and completed by eight hundred workers between 1847 and 1849 , under the supervision of the Swiss - Italian architect brothers Gaspare and Giuseppe Fossati . The brothers consolidated the dome and vaults , straightened the columns , and revised the decoration of the exterior and the interior of the building . The mosaics in the upper gallery were exposed and cleaned , although many were recovered `` for protection against further damage '' . The old chandeliers were replaced by new pendant ones . New gigantic circular - framed disks or medallions were hung on columns . These were inscribed with the names of Allah , Muhammad , the first four caliphs Abu Bakr , Umar , Uthman and Ali , and the two grandchildren of Muhammad : Hassan and Hussain , by the calligrapher Kazasker Mustafa İzzed Effendi ( 1801 -- 1877 ) . In 1850 the architects Fossati built a new sultan 's lodge or loge in a Neo-Byzantine style connected to the royal pavilion behind the mosque . They also renovated the minbar and mihrab . Outside the main building , the minarets were repaired and altered so that they were of equal height . A timekeeper 's building and a new madrasah were built . When the restoration was finished , the mosque was re-opened with ceremonial pomp on 13 July 1849 . Museum ( 1935 -- present ) ( edit ) The interior undergoing restoration In 1935 , the first Turkish President and founder of the Republic of Turkey , Mustafa Kemal Atatürk , transformed the building into a museum . The carpets were removed and marble floor decorations such as the Omphalion appeared for the first time in centuries , while the white plaster covering many of the mosaics was removed . Nevertheless , the condition of the structure deteriorated , and the World Monuments Fund placed Hagia Sophia on 1996 World Monuments Watch , and again in 1998 . The building 's copper roof had cracked , causing water to leak down over the fragile frescoes and mosaics . Moisture entered from below as well . Rising ground water had raised the level of humidity within the monument , creating an unstable environment for stone and paint . The WMF secured a series of grants from 1997 to 2002 for the restoration of the dome . The first stage of work involved the structural stabilization and repair of the cracked roof , which was undertaken with the participation of the Turkish Ministry of Culture . The second phase , the preservation of the dome 's interior , afforded the opportunity to employ and train young Turkish conservators in the care of mosaics . By 2006 , the WMF project was complete , though many other areas of Hagia Sophia continue to require significant stability improvement , restoration and conservation . Haghia Sophia is currently ( 2014 ) the second most visited museum in Turkey , attracting almost 3.3 million visitors annually . Although use of the complex as a place of worship ( mosque or church ) was strictly prohibited , in 2006 the Turkish government allowed the allocation of a small room in the museum complex to be used as a prayer room for Christian and Muslim museum staff , and since 2013 from the minarets of the museum the muezzin sings the call to prayer twice per day , in the afternoon . In 2007 , Greek American politician Chris Spirou launched an international organization `` Free Agia Sophia Council '' championing the cause of restoring the building to its original function as a Christian church . Since the early 2010s , several campaigns and government high officials , notably Turkey 's deputy prime minister Bülent Arınç in November 2013 , have been demanding that Hagia Sophia be converted into a mosque again . In 2015 , in retaliation for the acknowledgment by Pope Francis of the Armenian Genocide , the Mufti of Ankara , Mefail Hızlı , stated that he believes the conversion of Hagia Sophia into a mosque will be accelerated . On July 1 , 2016 , Muslim prayers were held again in the Hagia Sophia for the first time in 85 years . On May 13 , 2017 , a large group of people organized by the Anatolia Youth Association ( AGD ) , gathered in front of Hagia Sophia and prayed the morning prayer with a call for the reconversion of the museum into a mosque . On June 21 , 2017 , Presidency of Religious Affairs ( Diyanet ) organized a special program , which included the recitation of the Quran and prayers in Hagia Sofia , to mark the Laylat al - Qadr , the program was broadcast live by state - run television TRT . In March 31 , 2018 , Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan recited the first verse of the Quran in the Hagia Sophia , dedicating the prayer to the `` souls of all who left us this work as inheritance , especially Istanbul 's conqueror . '' Timeline of Hagia Sophia ( edit ) 360 A.D - Inauguration of Hagia Sophia , under the rule of Constantius II . 404 A.D - The original roof was destroyed in a fire . 415 A.D - Hagia Sophia was restored and rededicated by Theodious II . 532 A.D - Hagia Sophia was burned down once again . The structure was completely destroyed alongside various other churches . After a mere 93 days , construction of the Hagia Sophia began . 537 A.D - The reconstruction was completed with the lavish decorations and ornaments 553 A.D - An earthquake shook Hagia Sophia , weakening the crown of Eastern arch . 558 A.D - Another earthquake hit , causing a break between the two halves . A few months after , the main dome collapsed alongside the eastern semidome . This caused the destruction of the ambo , ciborium , and the Holy Table . 562 - reconstruction was completed . 726 A.D - Hagia Sophia was stripped of religious illustrations and sculptural work . 842 A.D - St Sophia was finally re-installed . Commencing the redecoration of Hagia Sophia . 859 A.D - A great fire damaged Hagia Sophia 869 A.D - An Earthquake caused a half dome to collapse . 989 A.D - Another massive earthquake caused the collapse of the western dome . 994 A.D - Hagia Sophia was reopened after reconstruction took place . 1204 A.D - Hagia Sophia became a Roman Catholic Cathedral . 1261 A.D - Hagia Sophia was converted to a Orthodox Church again . 1344 A.D - An earthquake caused severe damage throughout the striation 1346 A.D - Various parts of the building collapsed and the church was closed . 1354 A.D - Hagia Sophia reopened after construction . 1453 A.D - Following the fall of Constantinople , Mehmed the Conqueror orders the conversion of Hagia Sophia into a mosque . 1573 A.D - The exterior was significantly strengthened and altered to follow the customary mosque appearance 1717 A.D - Renovations on the interior began . 1734 A.D - Hagia Sophia had additions to restorations , such as the building of a library and a Quranic School . 1847 A.D - The structure underwent another restoration 1849 A.D - the mosque was reopened . 1935 A.D - the Building was transformed into a museum . Architecture ( edit ) Section of a `` restored '' design a ) Plan of the gallery ( upper half ) b ) Plan of the ground floor ( lower half ) Hagia Sophia is one of the greatest surviving examples of Byzantine architecture . Its interior is decorated with mosaics and marble pillars and coverings of great artistic value . The temple itself was so richly and artistically decorated that Justinian proclaimed , `` Solomon , I have outdone thee ! '' ( Νενίκηκά σε Σολομών ) . Justinian himself had overseen the completion of the greatest cathedral ever built up to that time , and it was to remain the largest cathedral for 1,000 years up until the completion of the cathedral in Seville in Spain . Justinian 's basilica was at once the culminating architectural achievement of late antiquity and the first masterpiece of Byzantine architecture . Its influence , both architecturally and liturgically , was widespread and enduring in the Eastern Orthodox , Roman Catholic , and Muslim worlds alike . The vast interior has a complex structure . The nave is covered by a central dome which at its maximum is 55.6 m ( 182 ft 5 in ) from floor level and rests on an arcade of 40 arched windows . Repairs to its structure have left the dome somewhat elliptical , with the diameter varying between 31.24 and 30.86 m ( 102 ft 6 in and 101 ft 3 in ) . At the western entrance side and eastern liturgical side , there are arched openings extended by half domes of identical diameter to the central dome , carried on smaller semi-domed exedras ; a hierarchy of dome - headed elements built up to create a vast oblong interior crowned by the central dome , with a clear span of 76.2 m ( 250 ft ) . Interior surfaces are sheathed with polychrome marbles , green and white with purple porphyry , and gold mosaics . The exterior , clad in stucco , was tinted yellow and red during restorations in the 19th century at the direction of the Fossati architects . Narthex and portals ( edit ) The Imperial Gate was the main entrance between the exo - and esonarthex . It was reserved exclusively for the Emperor . The Byzantine mosaic above the portal depicts Christ and an unnamed emperor . A long ramp from the northern part of the outer narthex leads up to the upper gallery . Upper gallery ( edit ) West side of the upper gallery The upper gallery is laid out in a horseshoe shape that encloses the nave until the apse . Several mosaics are preserved in the upper gallery , an area traditionally reserved for the Empress and her court . The best - preserved mosaics are located in the southern part of the gallery . The upper gallery contains runic graffiti presumed to be from the Varangian Guard . Dome ( edit ) Cupola dome , semi-dome , and apse View upward to domes . See Commons file for annotations . The dome of Hagia Sophia has spurred particular interest for many art historians , architects and engineers because of the innovative way the original architects envisioned it . The dome is carried on four spherical triangular pendentives , one of the first large - scale uses of them . The pendentives are the corners of the square base of the dome , which curve upwards into the dome to support it , restraining the lateral forces of the dome and allowing its weight to flow downwards . It was the largest pendentive dome in the world until the completion of St. Peter 's Basilica , and has a much lower height than any other dome of such a large diameter . The weight of the dome remained a problem for most of the building 's existence . The original cupola collapsed entirely after the earthquake of 558 ; in 563 a new dome was built by Isidore the younger , a nephew of Isidore of Miletus . Unlike the original , this included 40 ribs and was raised 20 feet , in order to lower the lateral forces on the church walls . A larger section of the second dome collapsed as well , in two episodes , so that today only two sections of the present dome , in the north and south side , still date from the 562 reconstructions . Of the whole dome 's 40 ribs , the surviving north section contains eight ribs , while the south section includes six ribs . Although this design stabilizes the dome and the surrounding walls and arches , the actual construction of the walls of Hagia Sophia weakened the overall structure . The bricklayers used more mortar than brick , which is more effective if the mortar was allowed to settle as the building would have been more flexible ; however , the builders raced to complete the building and left no time for the mortar to cure before they began the next layer . When the dome was erected , its weight caused the walls to lean outward because of the wet mortar underneath . When Isidore the Younger rebuilt the fallen cupola , he had first to build up the interior of the walls to make them vertical again . Additionally , the architect raised the height of the rebuilt dome by approximately six m ( 20 feet ) so that the lateral forces would not be as strong and its weight would be transmitted more effectively down into the walls . Moreover , he shaped the new cupola like a scalloped shell or the inside of an umbrella , with ribs that extend from the top down to the base . These ribs allow the weight of the dome to flow between the windows , down the pendentives , and ultimately to the foundation . Hagia Sophia is famous for the light that reflects everywhere in the interior of the nave , giving the dome the appearance of hovering above . This effect was achieved by inserting forty windows around the base of the original structure . Moreover , the insertion of the windows in the dome structure lowers its weight . Minarets ( edit ) The minarets were an Ottoman addition and not part of the original church 's Byzantine design . They were built for notification of invitations for prayers and announcements . Mehmed had built a minaret made from wood over one of the half domes soon after Hagia Sophia 's conversion from a cathedral to a mosque . This minaret does not exist today . One of the minarets ( at southwest ) was built from red brick and can be dated back from the Fatih Sultan Mehmed period or Beyazıd II period . The other three were built from white limestone and sandstone , of which the slender northeast column was erected by Sultan Bayezid II during the Selim II period , while the two identical larger minarets to the west were erected by Sultan Selim II and designed by the famous Ottoman architect Mimar Sinan . Both are 60 meters in height , and with their thick and massif patterns , complete Hagia Sophia 's main structure . Many ornaments and details were added to these minarets on repairs during the 15th , 16th , and 19th centuries , which reflect each period 's characteristics and ideals . Buttresses ( edit ) Numerous buttresses have been added throughout the centuries . The flying buttresses to the west of the building , although thought to have been constructed by the Crusaders upon their visit to Constantinople , are actually built during the Byzantine era . This shows that the Byzantines had prior knowledge of flying buttresses which can also be seen at Hosios Loukas in Central Greece , the Rotunda of Galerius in Thessaloniki , and San Vitale in Ravenna . Other buttresses were constructed during the Ottoman times under the guidance of the architect Sinan . A total of 24 buttresses were added . Notable elements and decorations ( edit ) Originally , under Justinian 's reign , the interior decorations consisted of abstract designs on marble slabs on the walls and floors , as well as mosaics on the curving vaults . Of these mosaics , one can still see the two archangels Gabriel and Michael in the spandrels of the bema . There were already a few figurative decorations , as attested by the eulogy of Paul the Silentiary . The spandrels of the gallery are revetted in opus sectile , showing patterns and figures of flowers and birds in precisely cut pieces of white marble set against a background of black marble . In later stages , figurative mosaics were added , which were destroyed during the iconoclastic controversy ( 726 -- 843 ) . Present mosaics are from the post-iconoclastic period . Apart from the mosaics , a large number of figurative decorations were added during the second half of the 9th century : an image of Christ in the central dome ; Orthodox saints , prophets and Church Fathers in the tympana below ; historical figures connected with this church , such as Patriarch Ignatius ; some scenes from the gospel in the galleries . Basil II let artists paint on each of the four pendentives a giant six - winged Cherub . The Ottomans covered their face with a golden halo , but in 2009 one of them was restored to the original state . Loge of the Empress ( edit ) The Loge of the Empress is located in the centre of the upper enclosure , or gallery , of the Hagia Sophia . From there the empress and the court - ladies would watch the proceedings down below . A round green stone marks the spot where the throne of the empress stood . Lustration urns ( edit ) Two huge marble lustration ( ritual purification ) urns were brought from Pergamon during the reign of Sultan Murad III . From the Hellenistic period , they are carved from single blocks of marble . Marble Door ( edit ) The Marble Door inside the Hagia Sophia is located in the southern upper enclosure or gallery . It was used by the participants in synods , who entered and left the meeting chamber through this door . It is said that each side is symbolic and that one side represents heaven while the other represents hell . Its panels are covered in fruits and fish motives . The door opens into a space that was used as a venue for solemn meetings and important resolutions of patriarchate officials . The Nice Door ( edit ) The Nice Door is the oldest architectural element found in the Hagia Sophia dating back to the 2nd century BC . The decorations are of reliefs of geometric shapes as well as plants that are believed to have come from a pagan temple in Tarsus , Mersin now modern - day Turkey . It was incorporated into the building by Emperor Theophilos in 838AD where it is placed in the south exit in the inner narthex . The emperor Door ( edit ) The Emperor Door is the door that would be used solely by the Emperor as well as his personal bodyguard and retinue . It is the largest door in the Hagia Sophia and has been dated to the 6th century . It is about 7 meters long and Eastern Roman sources say it was made with wood from Noah 's Ark . Wishing column ( edit ) At the northwest of the building , there is a column with a hole in the middle covered by bronze plates . This column goes by different names ; the perspiring column , the wishing column , the sweating column or the crying column . The column is said to be damp when touched and have supernatural powers . The legend states that since St. Gregory the Miracle Worker appeared in the column in the year 1200 , the column is moist . It is believed that touching the moisture cures many illnesses . Notable elements of the Hagia Sophia The Loge of the Empress . The columns are made of green Thessalian stone . Lustration urn from Pergamon Marble Door The wishing column Mosaics ( edit ) Ceiling decoration showing original Christian cross still visible through the later aniconic decoration The first mosaics which adorned the church were only completed during the reign of Justin II . Many of the non-figurative mosaics in the church come from this period . Most of the mosaics , however , were completed after the end of the Byzantine Iconoclasm of 800 AD . During the Sack of Constantinople in 1204 , the Latin Crusaders vandalized valuable items in every important Byzantine structure of the city , including the golden mosaics of the Hagia Sophia . Many of these items were shipped to Venice , whose Doge , Enrico Dandolo , had organized the invasion and sack of Constantinople after an agreement with Prince Alexios Angelos , the son of a deposed Byzantine emperor . 19th - century restoration ( edit ) Following the building 's conversion into a mosque in 1453 , many of its mosaics were covered with plaster , due to Islam 's ban on representational imagery . This process was not completed at once , and reports exist from the 17th century in which travelers note that they could still see Christian images in the former church . In 1847 -- 49 , the building was restored by two Swiss - Italian Fossati brothers , Gaspare and Giuseppe , and Sultan Abdülmecid allowed them to also document any mosaics they might discover during this process which were later archived in Swiss libraries . This work did not include repairing the mosaics and after recording the details about an image , the Fossatis painted it over again . The Fossatis restored the mosaics of the two hexapteryga ( singular Greek : ἑεξαπτέρυγον , pr . hexapterygon , six - winged angel ; it is uncertain whether they are seraphim or cherubim ) located on the two east pendentives , covering their faces again before the end of the restoration . The other two placed on the west pendentives are copies in paint created by the Fossatis since they could find no surviving remains of them . As in this case , the architects reproduced in paint damaged decorative mosaic patterns , sometimes redesigning them in the process . The Fossati records are the primary sources about a number of mosaic images now believed to have been completely or partially destroyed in the 1894 Istanbul earthquake . These include a mosaic over a now - unidentified Door of the Poor , a large image of a jewel - encrusted cross , and a large number of images of angels , saints , patriarchs , and church fathers . Most of the missing images were located in the building 's two tympana . One mosaic they documented is Christ Pantocrator in a circle , which would indicate it to be a ceiling mosaic , possibly even of the main dome which was later covered and painted over with Islamic calligraphy that expounds God as the light of the universe . The drawings of the Hagia Sophia mosaics are today kept in the Cantonal Archive of Ticino . 20th - century restoration ( edit ) A large number of mosaics were uncovered in the 1930s by a team from the Byzantine Institute of America led by Thomas Whittemore . The team chose to let a number of simple cross images remain covered by plaster but uncovered all major mosaics found . Because of its long history as both a church and a mosque , a particular challenge arises in the restoration process . Christian iconographic mosaics can be uncovered , but often at the expense of important and historic Islamic art . Restorers have attempted to maintain a balance between both Christian and Islamic cultures . In particular , much controversy rests upon whether the Islamic calligraphy on the dome of the cathedral should be removed , in order to permit the underlying Pantocrator mosaic of Christ as Master of the World , to be exhibited ( assuming the mosaic still exists ) . Imperial gate mosaic ( edit ) Imperial gate mosaic The Imperial Gate mosaic is located in the tympanum above that gate , which was used only by the emperors when entering the church . Based on style analysis , it has been dated to the late 9th or early 10th century . The emperor with a nimbus or halo could possibly represent emperor Leo VI the Wise or his son Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus bowing down before Christ Pantocrator , seated on a jeweled throne , giving His blessing and holding in His left hand an open book . The text on the book reads as follows : `` Peace be with you . I am the light of the world '' . ( John 20 : 19 ; 20 : 26 ; 8 : 12 ) On each side of Christ 's shoulders is a circular medallion : on His left the Archangel Gabriel , holding a staff , on His right His Mother Mary . Southwestern entrance mosaic ( edit ) Southwestern entrance mosaic The southwestern entrance mosaic , situated in the tympanum of the southwestern entrance , dates from the reign of Basil II . It was rediscovered during the restorations of 1849 by the Fossatis . The Virgin sits on a throne without a back , her feet resting on a pedestal , embellished with precious stones . The Child Christ sits on her lap , giving His blessing and holding a scroll in His left hand . On her left side stands emperor Constantine in ceremonial attire , presenting a model of the city to Mary . The inscription next to him says : `` Great emperor Constantine of the Saints '' . On her right side stands emperor Justinian I , offering a model of the Hagia Sophia . The medallions on both sides of the Virgin 's head carry the monograms MP and ΘΥ , an abbreviation of `` Mētēr '' and `` Theou '' , meaning `` Mother of God '' . Apse mosaics ( edit ) Apse mosaic of the Virgin and Child The Virgin and Child mosaic was the first of the post-iconoclastic mosaics . It was inaugurated on 29 March 867 by Patriarch Photius and the emperors Michael III and Basil I . This mosaic is situated in a high location on the half dome of the apse . Mary is sitting on a throne without a back , holding the Child Jesus on her lap . Her feet rest on a pedestal . Both the pedestal and the throne are adorned with precious stones . The portraits of the archangels Gabriel and Michael ( largely destroyed ) in the bema of the arch also date from the 9th century . The mosaics are set against the original golden background of the 6th century . These mosaics were believed to be a reconstruction of the mosaics of the 6th century that were previously destroyed during the iconoclastic era by the Byzantines of that time , as represented in the inaugural sermon by the patriarch Photios . However , no record of figural decoration of Hagia Sophia exists before this time . Emperor Alexander mosaic ( edit ) The Emperor Alexander mosaic is not easy to find for the first - time visitor , located on the second floor in a dark corner of the ceiling . It depicts Emperor Alexander in full regalia , holding a scroll in his right hand and a globus cruciger in his left . A drawing by the Fossatis showed that the mosaic survived until 1849 and that Thomas Whittemore , founder of the Byzantine Institute of America who was granted permission to preserve the mosaics , assumed that it had been destroyed in the earthquake of 1894 . Eight years after his death , the mosaic was discovered in 1958 largely through the researches of Robert Van Nice . Unlike most of the other mosaics in Hagia Sophia , which had been covered over by ordinary plaster , the Alexander mosaic was simply painted over and reflected the surrounding mosaic patterns and thus was well hidden . It was duly cleaned by the Byzantine Institute 's successor to Whittemore , Paul A. Underwood . Empress Zoe mosaic ( edit ) The Empress Zoe mosaic The Empress Zoe mosaic on the eastern wall of the southern gallery date from the 11th century . Christ Pantocrator , clad in the dark blue robe ( as is the custom in Byzantine art ) , is seated in the middle against a golden background , giving His blessing with the right hand and holding the Bible in His left hand . On either side of His head are the monograms IC and XC , meaning Iēsous Christos . He is flanked by Constantine IX Monomachus and Empress Zoe , both in ceremonial costumes . He is offering a purse , as a symbol of donation , he made to the church , while she is holding a scroll , symbol of the donations she made . The inscription over the head of the emperor says : `` Constantine , pious emperor in Christ the God , king of the Romans , Monomachus '' . The inscription over the head of the empress reads as follows : `` Zoë , the very pious Augusta '' . The previous heads have been scraped off and replaced by the three present ones . Perhaps the earlier mosaic showed her first husband Romanus III Argyrus or her second husband Michael IV . Another theory is that this mosaic was made for an earlier emperor and empress , with their heads changed into the present ones . Comnenus mosaic ( edit ) The Comnenus mosaic The Comnenus mosaic , also located on the eastern wall of the southern gallery , dates from 1122 . The Virgin Mary is standing in the middle , depicted , as usual in Byzantine art , in a dark blue gown . She holds the Child Christ on her lap . He gives His blessing with His right hand while holding a scroll in His left hand . On her right side stands emperor John II Comnenus , represented in a garb embellished with precious stones . He holds a purse , symbol of an imperial donation to the church . Empress Irene stands on the left side of the Virgin , wearing ceremonial garments and offering a document . Their eldest son Alexius Comnenus is represented on an adjacent pilaster . He is shown as a beardless youth , probably representing his appearance at his coronation aged seventeen . In this panel , one can already see a difference with the Empress Zoe mosaic that is one century older . There is a more realistic expression in the portraits instead of an idealized representation . The Empress is shown with plaited blond hair , rosy cheeks , and grey eyes , revealing her Hungarian descent . The emperor is depicted in a dignified manner . Deësis mosaic ( edit ) The Deësis mosaic The Deësis mosaic ( Δέησις , `` Entreaty '' ) probably dates from 1261 . It was commissioned to mark the end of 57 years of Roman Catholic use and the return to the Orthodox faith . It is the third panel situated in the imperial enclosure of the upper galleries . It is widely considered the finest in Hagia Sophia , because of the softness of the features , the humane expressions and the tones of the mosaic . The style is close to that of the Italian painters of the late 13th or early 14th century , such as Duccio . In this panel the Virgin Mary and John the Baptist ( Ioannes Prodromos ) , both shown in three - quarters profile , are imploring the intercession of Christ Pantocrator for humanity on Judgment Day . The bottom part of this mosaic is badly deteriorated . This mosaic is considered as the beginning of the Renaissance in Byzantine pictorial art . Northern tympanum mosaics ( edit ) The northern tympanum mosaics feature various saints . They have been able to survive due to the very high and unreachable location . They depict Saints John Chrysostom and Ignatius the Younger standing , clothed in white robes with crosses , and holding richly jeweled Holy Bibles . The names of each saint are given around the figures in Greek , in order to enable an identification for the visitor . The other mosaics in the other tympana have not survived probably due to the frequent earthquakes as opposed to any deliberate destruction by the Ottoman conquerors . Dome angel figure mosaic ( edit ) This features four unidentical angel figures . It is believed that these on headed six winged angels , also known as seraphim , protect the lords throne in heaven . There are angels in the east composed in mosaics as where the ones in the west were damaged during the Eastern Roman Period , they have been renewed as fresco . During the ottoman period the angels faces were covered with metallic lids in the shape of stars , but were removed to reveal the faces in 2009 during renovations . Other burials ( edit ) Mustafa I , in the courtyard Enrico Dandolo , in the east gallery Gallery ( edit ) Mosaics with geometric pattern decorate the upper imperial gallery Detail of Deësis mosaic Mosaic in the northern tympanum depicting Saint John Chrysostom Drawing by the Fossati brother depicting some mosaics Another drawing by the Fossati brothers depicting mosaic of six patriarchs in the southern tympanum One of the mighty stone columns with metal clasps Interior of the Hagia Sophia by John Singer Sargent , 1891 Detail of relief on the Marble Door . Interior view of the Hagia Sophia , showing Islamic elements on the top of the main dome . Haghia Sofia from Adriaan Reland ( 1676 - 1718 ) : Verhandeling van de godsdienst der Mahometaanen , 1719 Hagia Sophia during its time as a mosque . Illustration by Gaspare Fossati and Louis Haghe from 1852 . Interior panorama of the Hagia Sophia Circa 1900 photograph , from its time as a mosque . The face of the Hexapterygon ( six - winged angel ) on the northeast pendentive ( upper left ) , discovered but covered again by Gaspare Fossati during its restoration , is visible again . Imperial Gate 19th - century marker of the tomb of Enrico Dandolo , the Doge of Venice who commanded the Sack of Constantinople in 1204 , inside the Hagia Sophia See also ( edit ) Architecture portal Eastern Christianity portal Islam portal Byzantine Empire portal Ottoman Empire portal Turkey portal Oldest churches in the world List of megalithic sites Conversion of non-Muslim places of worship into mosques Pendentive -- Architectural element List of Byzantine inventions Islam in Turkey Ottoman architecture List of mosques in Istanbul List of mosques in Turkey List of mosques Sultan Ahmed Mosque History of Roman and Byzantine domes Related buildings : Church of the Holy Apostles -- the second most important church of Constantinople Hagia Irene -- neighbouring church Little Hagia Sophia -- a 6th - century Byzantine church , now mosque , that might have been built by the same architects as Hagia Sophia Chora Church -- Byzantine church in Istanbul notable for its well preserved Paleologan mosaics , now a museum too Pammakaristos Church : its parekklesion -- also a museum -- is decorated with beautiful mosaics Haseki Hürrem Sultan Hamamı -- bath commissioned by Roxelana for the Hagia Sophia community Caferağa Medresseh -- former Koranic school next to Hagia Sophia Catedral Metropolitana Ortodoxa -- in São Paulo , Brazil . Soğukçeşme Sokağı -- historical street between the Hagia Sophia and Topkapı Palace Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev Saint Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod Saint Sophia Cathedral in Polotsk Hagia Sophia Church ( Sofia ) Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception Franciscan Monastery ( Washington , DC ) Saint Clement Catholic Church , Chicago -- the designer was said to have been influenced by the Hagia Sophia Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of Philadelphia -- the article shows the cathedral , resembling the Hagia Sophia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Müller - Wiener ( 1977 ) , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Magdalino , Paul , et al. `` Istanbul : Buildings , Hagia Sophia '' in Grove Art Online . Oxford Art Online . http://www.oxfordartonline.com . accessed 28 February 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Fazio , Michael ; Moffett , Marian ; Wodehouse , Lawrence ( 2009 ) . Buildings Across Time ( 3rd ed . ) . McGraw - Hill Higher Education . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 305304 - 2 . 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Rivista mensile della Citta di Venezia. 6 : 270 -- 83 . ^ Jump up to : Müller - Wiener ( 1977 ) , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Runciman , Steven ( 1965 ) . The Fall of Constantinople , 1453 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 145 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 39832 - 0 . Jump up ^ Nicol , Donald M. The End of the Byzantine Empire . London : Edward Arnold Publishers , 1979 , p. 88 . ^ Jump up to : Nicol . The End of the Byzantine Empire , p. 90 . ^ Jump up to : Runciman . The Fall of Constantinople , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Runciman . The Fall of Constantinople , pp. 133 -- 134 . Jump up ^ Nicol , Donald M. The Last Centuries of Byzantium 1261 -- 1453 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1972 , p. 389 . Jump up ^ Runciman . The Fall of Constantinople , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Tafur , Pero ( 1926 ) . Travels and Adventures , 1435 -- 1439 . Trans . M. Letts . London : G. Routledge . pp. 138 -- 148 . Jump up ^ G. Gerola , `` Le vedute di Costantinopoli di Cristoforo Buondemonti , '' SBN 3 ( 1931 ) : 247 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Mamboury ( 1953 ) , p. 288 . Jump up ^ Necipoĝlu ( 2005 ) , pg. 13 Jump up ^ Boyar & Fleet ( 2010 ) , p. 145 Jump up ^ Mungan , I. ( 2004 ) . Hagia Sophia and Mimar Sinan . Mungan & Wittek ( eds ) ; Taylor & Francis Group , London . pp. 383 -- 384 . ISBN 90 - 5809 - 642 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Müller - Wiener ( 1977 ) , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Turkish Cultural Foundation . The Fossati brothers , Accessed 23 Sept 2014 . Jump up ^ Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture : Istanbul , Oxford University Press , p. 324 . Jump up ^ `` World Monuments Fund -- Hagia Sophia '' . Wmf.org . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ýstanbul Tanýtýmý -- Ayasofya Müzesi '' . Istanbul.gov.tr . Archived from the original on 24 January 2012 . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . Jump up ^ İbadete açık Ayasofya ( in Turkish ) Jump up ^ `` Ayasofya'da ezan okunuyor , duydunuz mu ? '' . Timeturk . Retrieved 16 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Group unveils initiative on Hagia Sophia '' . HomeboyMediaNews . Jump up ^ Международная группа активистов продолжает возвращения Церкви константинопольского собора Святой Софии Православие. Ru 26 июля 2007 . Jump up ^ Константинопольская София -- мать всех церквей ) Православие. Ru , 29 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Call to reinstate Hagia Sophia as mosque '' . Financial Times . 15 November 2013 . Retrieved 24 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Greece angered over Turkish Deputy PM 's Hagia Sophia remarks '' . Hürriyet. 19 November 2013 . Retrieved 20 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Turkey : Pressure mounts for Hagia Sophia to be converted into mosque '' . Christian Today . 13 December 2013 . Retrieved 24 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pope 's remarks ' to accelerate Hagia Sophia 's conversion into mosque ' '' . Hurriyet. 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Moftah , Lora ( 16 April 2015 ) . `` Hagia Sophia Mosque Conversion ? Turkey Pope Backlash Could Open Historic Church To Muslim Worship '' . International Business Times . Jump up ^ `` First call to prayer inside Istanbul 's Hagia Sophia in 85 years '' . hurriyet . Jump up ^ `` Muslim group prays in front of Hagia Sophia to demand re-conversion into mosque '' . hurriyet . Jump up ^ `` Turkey rejects Greek criticism of Hagia Sophia prayers '' . hurriyet . Jump up ^ Turkish President Erdoğan recites Islamic prayer at the Hagia Sophia Jump up ^ Kinross , Lord ( 1972 ) . Hagia Sophia . S. Arthur Dembner . pp. 30 , 35 , 45 , 80 . ISBN 9780882250144 . Jump up ^ Melton , J. Gordon ; Baumann , Martin ( 21 September 2010 ) . Religions of the World : A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices . ABC - CLIO . p. 513 . Jump up ^ Kleiner and Mamiya . Gardner 's Art Through the Ages , p. 331 . Jump up ^ `` pendentive ( architecture ) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Mainstone , Rowland J. ( 2001 ) . Hagia Sophia . London : Thames & Hudson . pp. 90 -- 93 . ISBN 0 - 500 - 27945 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : 1923 - , Mainstone , R.J. ( Rowland J . ) , ( 1988 ) . Hagia Sophia : architecture , structure , and liturgy of Justinian 's great church . New York , N.Y. : Thames and Hudson . ISBN 0500340986 . OCLC 15378795 . Jump up ^ Hagia Sophia . `` Mosque '' . Hagia Sophia . Retrieved 26 February 2013 . Jump up ^ http://ayasofyamuzesi.gov.tr/en/ext-minarets Jump up ^ `` Buttresses Hagia Sophia Museum '' . ayasofyamuzesi.gov.tr . Directorate of Hagia Sophia Museum . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Ronchey ( 2010 ) , p. 157 Jump up ^ `` Hagia Sophia : Facts , History & Architecture '' . Live Science . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Istanbul City Guide ( English ) . ASBOOK . Jump up ^ `` The Marble Door . '' The Marble Door Hagia Sophia Museum , Hagia Sophia Museum , ayasofyamuzesi.gov.tr/en/door-marble-door . Jump up ^ `` The Nice Door . '' The nice door , Hagia Sophia Museum http://ayasofyamuzesi.gov.tr/en/door-nice-door Jump up ^ ( `` The Emperor Door . '' The Emperor Door , Hagia Sophia Museum ayasofyamuzesi.gov.tr/en/door-emperor-door ) Jump up ^ `` Ayasofya Müzesi '' . Ayasofyamuzesi.gov.tr . Archived from the original on 4 November 2013 . Retrieved 3 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Aya Sofya or Hagia Sophia Mosque - Church and Museum '' . Very Turkey . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) `` The Architectural Review , Vol. 17 '' pg. 153 Jump up ^ N. , , Patricios , Nicholas . The sacred architecture of Byzantium : art , liturgy and symbolism in early Christian churches . London . ISBN 9781780762913 . OCLC 879616183 . Jump up ^ Hagia Sophia . Nova PBS program ; originally aired 2 / 25 / 2015 ^ Jump up to : Hoffman ( 1999 ) , p. 207 Jump up ^ `` Monuments éternels '' . Programmes ARTE. 21 September 2014 . Archived from the original on 5 May 2015 . Jump up ^ The Hagia Sophia -- by Mount Holyoke College Jump up ^ `` The Hagia Sophia Church '' . Guideistanbul.net . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Hagia Sophia . `` Imperial Door Mosaic -- Hagia Sophia '' . hagiasophia.com . Jump up ^ Lorenzo Riccardi , Observations on Basil II as Patron of the Arts , in Actual Problems of Theory and History of Art , I , Collection of articles . Materials of the Conference of Young Specialists ( St. Petersburg State University , 1 -- 5 December 2010 ) , St. Petersburg 2011 ( ISBN 978 - 5 - 288 - 05174 - 6 ) , pp. 39 -- 45 ; Lorenzo Riccardi , Alcune riflessioni sul mosaico del vestibolo sud - ovest della Santa Sofia di Costantinopoli , in Vie per Bisanzio . VIII Congresso Nazionale dell'Associazione Italiana di Studi Bizantini ( Venezia 25 -- 28 novembre 2009 ) , a cura di Antonio Rigo , Andrea Babuin e Michele Trizio , Bari , Edizioni di Pagina 2012 ( ISBN 978 - 88 - 7470 - 229 - 9 ) , pp. 357 -- 371 . Jump up ^ Hagia Sophia . `` Southwestern Vestibule -- Hagia Sophia '' . hagiasophia.com . Jump up ^ Hagia Sophia . `` Apse Mosaic -- Hagia Sophia '' . hagiasophia.com . Jump up ^ Lord Kinross . `` Hagia Sophia : A History of Constantinople . '' Newsweek , 1972 , pp. 132 -- 133 . Jump up ^ Hagia Sophia . `` Emperor Alexander -- Hagia Sophia '' . hagiasophia.com . Jump up ^ Hagia Sophia . `` Empress Zoe -- Hagia Sophia '' . hagiasophia.com . Jump up ^ Hagia Sophia . `` Comnenus -- Hagia Sophia '' . hagiasophia.com . Jump up ^ Parry , K. , The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity , John Wiley & Sons , 2010 . p. 379 . Jump up ^ Hagia Sophia . `` Deesis -- Hagia Sophia '' . hagiasophia.com . Jump up ^ Hagia Sophia . `` North Tympanum -- Hagia Sophia '' . hagiasophia.com . Jump up ^ http://ayasofyamuzesi.gov.tr/en/mosa-dome-angel-figures . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Bibliography ( edit ) Boyran , Ebru ; Fleet , Kate ( 2010 ) . A social History of Ottoman Istanbul . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 19955 - 1 . Brubaker , Leslie ; Haldon , John ( 2011 ) . Byzantium in the Iconoclast era ( ca 680 -- 850 ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 43093 - 7 . Hagia Sophia Church , also known as Church of Holy Wisdom . Hagia Sophia. ( 3 ) . Accessed 23 Sept 2014 . Hoffman , Volker ( 1999 ) . Die Hagia Sophia in Istanbul ( in German ) . Bern : Lang . ISBN 3 - 906762 - 81 - 5 . Janin , Raymond ( 1953 ) . La Géographie Ecclésiastique de l'Empire Byzantin. 1 . Part : Le Siège de Constantinople et le Patriarcat Oecuménique . 3rd Vol . : Les Églises et les Monastères . Paris : Institut Français d'Etudes Byzantines . Mainstone , Rowland J. ( 1997 ) . Hagia Sophia : Architecture , Structure , and Liturgy of Justinian 's Great Church ( reprint edition ) . WW Norton & Co Inc . ISBN 0 - 500 - 27945 - 4 ... Mamboury , Ernest ( 1953 ) . The Tourists ' Istanbul . Istanbul : Çituri Biraderler Basımevi . Müller - Wiener , Wolfgang ( 1977 ) . Bildlexikon zur Topographie Istanbuls : Byzantion , Konstantinupolis , Istanbul bis zum Beginn d . 17 Jh ( in German ) . Tübingen : Wasmuth . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8030 - 1022 - 3 . Necipoĝlu , Gulru ( 2005 ) . The Age of Sinan : Architectural Culture in the Ottoman Empire . London : Reaktion Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86189 - 244 - 7 . Ronchey , Silvia ; Braccini , Tommaso ( 2010 ) . Il romanzo di Costantinopoli . Guida letteraria alla Roma d'Oriente ( in Italian ) . Torino : Einaudi . ISBN 978 - 88 - 06 - 18921 - 1 . Runciman , Steven ( 1965 ) . The Fall of Constantinople , 1453 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 145 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 39832 - 0 . Savignac , David . `` The Medieval Russian Account of the Fourth Crusade - A New Annotated Translation '' . Turner , J. ( 1996 ) . Grove Dictionary of Art . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 517068 - 7 . Further reading ( edit ) Alchermes , Joseph D. ( 2005 ) . `` Art and Architecture in the Age of Justinian '' . In Maas , Michael . The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian . Cambridge : Cambridge U.P. pp. 343 -- 375 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 52071 - 3 . Balfour , John Patrick Douglas ( 1972 ) . Hagia Sophia . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88225 - 014 - 4 . Cimok , Fatih ( 2004 ) . Hagia Sophia . Milet Publishing Ltd . ISBN 978 - 975 - 7199 - 61 - 8 . Doumato , Lamia ( 1980 ) . The Byzantine church of Hagia Sophia : Selected references . Vance Bibliographies . ASIN B0006E2O2M . Goriansky , Lev Vladimir ( 1933 ) . Haghia Sophia : analysis of the architecture , art and spirit behind the shrine in Constantinople dedicated to Hagia Sophia . American School of Philosophy . ASIN B0008C47EA . Harris , Jonathan , Constantinople : Capital of Byzantium . Hambledon / Continuum ( 2007 ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84725 - 179 - 4 Howland Swift , Emerson ( 1937 ) . The bronze doors of the gate of the horologium at Hagia Sophia . University of Chicago . ASIN B000889GIG . Kahler , Heinz ( 1967 ) . Haghia Sophia . Praeger . ASIN B0008C47EA . Kinross , Lord ( 1972 ) . Hagia Sophia , Wonders of Man . Newsweek . ASIN B000K5QN9W . Kleinbauer , W. Eugene ; Anthony White ( 2007 ) . Hagia Sophia . London : Scala Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85759 - 308 - 2 . Kleinbauer , W. Eugene ( 2000 ) . Saint Sophia at Constantinople : Singulariter in Mundo ( Monograph ( Frederic Lindley Morgan Chair of Architectural Design ) , No. 5 . ) . William L. Bauhan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87233 - 123 - 5 . Krautheimer , Richard ( 1984 ) . Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 05294 - 7 . Mainstone , R.J. ( 1997 ) . Hagia Sophia : Architecture , Structure , and Liturgy of Justinian 's Great Church . London : Thames & Hudson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 27945 - 8 . Mainstone , Rowland J. ( 1988 ) . Hagia Sophia . Architecture , structure and liturgy of Justinian 's great church . London : Thames & Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 34098 - 6 . Mango , Cyril ; Ahmed Ertuğ ( 1997 ) . Hagia Sophia . A vision for empires . Istanbul . Mark , R. ; Çakmaktitle , AS . ( 1992 ) . Hagia Sophia from the Age of Justinian to the Present . Princeton Architectural . ISBN 978 - 1 - 878271 - 11 - 2 . Nelson , Robert S. ( 2004 ) . Hagia Sophia , 1850 -- 1950 : Holy Wisdom Modern Monument . Chicago : University Of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 57171 - 3 . Özkul , T.A. ( 2007 ) . Structural characteristics of Hagia Sophia : I-A finite element formulation for static analysis . Elsevier . Scharf , Joachim : Der Kaiser in Proskynese . Bemerkungen zur Deutung des Kaisermosaiks im Narthex der Hagia Sophia von Konstantinopel . In : Festschrift Percy Ernst Schramm zu seinem siebzigsten Geburtstag von Schülern und Freunden zugeeignet , Wiesbaden 1964 , S. 27 -- 35 . Swainson , Harold ( 2005 ) . The Church of Sancta Sophia Constantinople : A Study of Byzantine Building . Boston , MA : Adamant Media Corporation . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4021 - 8345 - 4 . Yucel , Erdem ( 2005 ) . Hagia Sophia . Scala Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85759 - 250 - 4 . Weitzmann , Kurt , ed. , Age of spirituality : late antique and early Christian art , third to seventh century , no . 592 , 1979 , Metropolitan Museum of Art , New York , ISBN 978 - 0 - 87099 - 179 - 0 Articles ( edit ) Bordewich , Fergus M. , `` A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia '' , Smithsonian magazine , December 2008 Mosaics ( edit ) Hagia Sophia , hagiasophia.com : Mosaics . MacDonald , William Lloyd ( 1951 ) . The uncovering of Byzantine mosaics in Hagia Sophia . Archaeological Institute of America . ASIN B0007GZTKS . Mango , Cyril ( 1972 ) . The mosaics of St. Sophia at Istanbul : The church fathers in the north Tympanum . Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies . ASIN B0007CAVA0 . Mango , Cyril ( 1968 ) . The Apse mosaics of St. Sophia at Istanbul : Report on work carried out in 1964 . Johnson Reprints . ASIN B0007G5RBY . Mango , Cyril ; Heinz Kahler ( 1967 ) . Hagia Sophia : With a Chapter on the Mosaics . Praeger . ASIN B0000CO5IL . Teteriatnikov , Natalia B. ( 1998 ) . Mosaics of Hagia Sophia , Istanbul : The Fossati Restoration and the Work of the Byzantine Institute . Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88402 - 264 - 0 . Riccardi , Lorenzo ( 2012 ) . Alcune riflessioni sul mosaico del vestibolo sud - ovest della Santa Sofia di Costantinopoli , in Vie per Bisanzio . VIII Congresso Nazionale dell'Associazione Italiana di Studi Bizantini ( Venezia 25 -- 28 novembre 2009 ) , a cura di Antonio Rigo , Andrea Babuin e Michele Trizio . Bari . pp. 357 -- 371 . ISBN 978 - 88 - 7470 - 229 - 9 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Yücel , Erdem ( 1988 ) . The mosaics of Hagia Sophia . Efe Turizm . ASIN B0007CBGYA . External links ( edit ) External image 360 ° panoramic view ( virtual tour ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Hagia Sophia ( category ) Wikisource has the text of a 1905 New International Encyclopedia article about Hagia Sophia . Hagia Sophia Museum Hagia Sophia History Contemporary description by Procopius , Buildings ( De Aedificiis ) , published in 561 . 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-7180934412754041914	Bread (band)	Bread ( band ) - wikipedia Bread ( band ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bread Bread in 1971 ( L-R : David Gates , Robb Royer , Jimmy Griffin , Mike Botts ) Background information Origin Los Angeles , California , United States Genres Soft rock Years active 1968 ( 1968 ) -- 1973 ( 1973 ) 1976 ( 1976 ) -- 1978 ( 1978 ) 1996 ( 1996 ) -- 1997 ( 1997 ) Labels Elektra Associated acts The Remingtons The Pleasure Fair Toast / Radio Dixie Past members David Gates Jimmy Griffin Robb Royer Mike Botts Larry Knechtel Bread was an American soft rock band from Los Angeles , California . They placed 13 songs on the Billboard Hot 100 chart between 1970 and 1977 . The band consisted of David Gates ( vocals , bass guitar , guitar , keyboards , violin , viola , percussion ) , Jimmy Griffin ( vocals , guitar , keyboards , percussion ) and Robb Royer ( bass guitar , guitar , flute , keyboards , percussion , recorder , backing vocals ) . On their first album session musician Jim Gordon played drums , percussion , and piano . Mike Botts became their permanent drummer when he joined in the summer of 1969 , and Larry Knechtel replaced Royer in 1971 , playing keyboards , bass guitar , guitar , and harmonica . Contents 1 Beginnings and fame 2 Split and reunion 3 Following the break - up 4 Final reunion 5 Life after Bread 6 Members 6.1 Timeline 7 Discography 7.1 Studio albums 7.2 Compilation albums 7.2. 1 Notes 7.3 Singles 7.3. 1 Notes 8 References 9 External links Beginnings and Fame ( edit ) The band in 1970 . David Gates was from Tulsa , Oklahoma . He released a song in the late 1950s entitled `` Living Doll '' on Atlantic Records . ( It did not make the Billboard Hot 100 , however . ) Gates knew Leon Russell and both played in bar bands around the Tulsa area . Both Gates and Russell headed for California to check out the music scene there . Before forming Bread , Gates had worked with Royer 's previous band , The Pleasure Fair , who recorded one album for the UNI Records label with Gates producing and arranging . Royer then introduced Gates to his songwriting partner , Griffin , and the trio joined together in 1968 and signed with Elektra Records in January 1969 , after choosing the name `` Bread '' in late 1968 , when Griffin and Royer pulled up behind a Barbara Ann Bread truck at a stoplight , ( see the 2001 The Best Of Bread version ) . The group 's first single , `` Dismal Day '' , was released in June 1969 but did not chart . Their debut album , Bread , was released in September 1969 and peaked at No. 127 on the Billboard 200 . Songwriting on the album was split evenly between Gates and the team of Griffin - Royer . Jim Gordon , a session musician , accompanied the band on drums for the album . On July 25 , 1969 Bread appeared in concert for the very first time , with Gordon on drums , at the Aquarius Theater in Hollywood , opening for the Flying Burrito Brothers . But when Gordon 's schedule conflicted and he proved unavailable for future outings , they quickly brought in Mike Botts as their permanent drummer . Botts , whom Gates had previously worked with in Botts 's group The Travelers 3 as a producer , appeared on their second album , On the Waters ( released in July 1970 and peaking at No. 12 on the Billboard 200 ) . This time their efforts quickly established Bread as a major act with the Billboard Hot 100 No. 1 hit `` Make It with You '' in 1970 . `` Make It with You '' would be Bread 's only No. 1 on the Hot 100 . For their next single , they released a re-recorded version of `` It Do n't Matter To Me '' , a Gates song from their first album . This single was a hit as well , reaching No. 10 . Bread began touring and recording their third album , titled Manna ( March 1971 ) , which peaked at # 21 and included `` Let Your Love Go '' ( which preceded the album 's release and made No. 28 ) and the Top 5 hit single , `` If '' . As with the first album , songwriting credits were split evenly between Gates and Griffin - Royer . Royer , after conflicts with Gates , left the group in the summer of 1971 after three albums , although he would continue to write with Griffin , and was replaced by Larry Knechtel , a leading Los Angeles session musician who had played piano on Simon & Garfunkel 's `` Bridge Over Troubled Water '' single in 1970 . In January 1972 Bread released Baby I 'm - a Want You , their most successful album , peaking at No. 3 on the Billboard 200 . The title song was established as a hit in late 1971 before the album was released , also hitting No. 3 . Follow - up singles `` Everything I Own '' and `` Diary '' also went Top 20 . The next album , Guitar Man , was released ten months later and went to No. 18 . The album produced three Top 20 singles , `` The Guitar Man '' ( # 11 ) , `` Sweet Surrender '' ( # 15 ) , and `` Aubrey '' ( # 15 ) , with the first two going to No. 1 on Billboard 's adult contemporary chart . Split and reunion ( edit ) By 1973 , fatigue from constant recording and touring had set in despite the band 's success , and personal relationships began to show strain , especially between Gates and Griffin . All eleven of Bread 's charting singles between 1970 and 1973 had been written and sung by Gates . Elektra Records had invariably selected Gates ' songs for the A-sides of the singles , while Griffin felt that the singles should have been split between the two of them . There was also some dissatisfaction with the songs planned for a sixth album and as a result , Bread decided to disband after having all their equipment and instruments stolen prior to a scheduled concert at the Salt Palace in Salt Lake City in May 1973 . Gates and Griffin returned to their solo careers with mixed results . The Best of Bread compilation album from March 1973 was a huge success , peaking at No. 2 on the Billboard 200 and staying on the chart for over two years . The follow - up , The Best of Bread , Volume 2 , was released in May 1974 and went to No. 32 . The reunion of the group in 1976 came about after Elektra Records expressed interest in another Bread album . Gates , Griffin , Botts and Knechtel returned to the studio that year and recorded the album Lost Without Your Love , released in January 1977 . The title track , again written and sung by Gates , was the band 's last Top 10 hit , peaking at No. 9 on the singles chart . This comeback record reached No. 26 on the Billboard 200 and was Bread 's seventh consecutive album ( including the two best ofs ) to be RIAA - certified gold . In March 1977 , Elektra released a second single , `` Hooked On You '' . It was less successful on the pop chart ( peaking at No. 60 ) but it reached No. 2 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart . The four members of Bread ( along with session guitarist Dean Parks ) toured throughout the spring of 1977 to support their comeback album . After a short break , they commenced the tour 's third leg that summer without Griffin , whom Gates failed to invite after further rising tensions and Griffin 's worsening substance abuse troubles . They ended the year with no further plans to record as a group . Following the break - up ( edit ) In 1978 Gates enjoyed success as a solo artist with the hit singles `` Goodbye Girl '' ( # 15 ; from the movie The Goodbye Girl ) and `` Took the Last Train '' ( # 30 ) . He then continued to tour with Botts and Knechtel as `` David Gates & Bread '' and make TV appearances , including a guest shot on The Hardy Boys Mysteries which aired in November 1978 . The group 's 1978 touring line - up once again included Dean Parks for their June tour of the UK and Europe . But for their fall dates back in the US , Parks had left but the stage lineup had expanded to include Warren Ham ( ex-Bloodrock ; woodwinds , keyboards , backing vocals ) , Bill Ham ( guitars ) and David Miner ( bass ) . This led to a legal dispute with Griffin over use of the band 's name , of which Griffin was co-owner . In the dispute , Griffin again complained that Gates ' songs were given preference as singles over his . The resulting litigation , which resulted in the Bread name being retired altogether by late 1978 , was not settled until 1984 . After leaving Bread in 1971 , Royer stuck mostly to songwriting ( still teaming up with Griffin on occasion ) . As with Griffin , he eventually kicked his drug problems and his success was mostly in writing for artists in the country music field in the 1980s and 1990s . In 1994 Royer , Griffin and Knechtel re-united under the name `` Toast '' . Knechtel had continued to be an in - demand session player , backing up such artists as Elvis Costello . In September 1994 , after being out of the spotlight for thirteen years , Gates released a new solo album , Love is Always Seventeen . Final reunion ( edit ) In 1996 , having settled their differences , Gates , Griffin , Botts and Knechtel reunited Bread for a successful `` 25th Anniversary '' tour of the United States , South Africa , Europe and Asia . This time out , the group was accompanied by Randy Flowers ( guitars ) , Scott Chambers ( bass ) and a string section to help them capture the sound of the records . This tour was extended into 1997 , which would be the last year the members of Bread would ever perform together . Gates and the others then resumed their individual careers . Bread was inducted into the Vocal Group Hall of Fame in 2006 . Life after Bread ( edit ) In 2005 , both Griffin and Botts died from cancer at the age of 61 . In August 2009 , Knechtel died of a heart attack at the age of 69 , leaving Gates and Royer as the only surviving members of Bread . Royer continues to be involved in music , initially working out of his Nashfilms studio in Tennessee before relocating to the Virgin Islands during 2013 , while Gates contents himself with retirement at his home in Washington with his wife Jo Rita . In 2010 Royer released a Jimmy Griffin tribute album consisting of songs written by both himself and Griffin . During March 2014 , Helter Skelter Publishing ( UK ) issued the first biography of the band , a limited edition hardback titled Bread : A Sweet Surrender ( originally called Manna from Heaven : The Musical Rise & Fall of Bread ) . It was written with the assistance of many surviving family members and musical colleagues of the band , along with exclusive interviews with founding member Robb Royer . A paperback / soft - cover edition appeared during 2017 . The following year saw Royer publish his own memoirs , `` The View From Contessa '' , featuring tales from his own varied career , available as an eBook via Amazon . Members ( edit ) David Gates -- vocals , bass guitar , guitar , keyboards , violin , viola , percussion ( 1968 -- ' 73 , ' 76 -- ' 78 , ' 96 -- ' 97 ) Jimmy Griffin -- vocals , guitar , keyboards , percussion ( 1968 -- ' 73 , ' 76 -- ' 77 , ' 96 -- ' 97 ; died 2005 ) Robb Royer -- bass guitar , guitar , flute , keyboards , percussion , recorder , backing vocals ( 1968 -- ' 71 ) Mike Botts -- drums , percussion ( 1969 -- ' 73 , ' 76 -- ' 78 , ' 96 -- ' 97 ; died 2005 ) Larry Knechtel -- keyboards , bass guitar , guitar , harmonica ( 1971 -- ' 73 , ' 76 -- ' 78 , ' 96 -- ' 97 ; died 2009 ) Timeline ( edit ) Discography ( edit ) Studio albums ( edit ) Year Title Label RIAA sales certification Billboard 200 peak AUS peak 1969 Bread Elektra n / a 127 unk 1970 On the Waters Gold 12 35 1971 Manna Gold 21 35 1972 Baby I 'm - a Want You Gold 23 Guitar Man Gold 18 22 1977 Lost Without Your Love Gold 26 22 Compilation albums ( edit ) Year Title Label RIAA sales certification AUS peak 1973 The Best of Bread Elektra 5 × Platinum 26 The Best of Bread , Volume 2 Gold 73 1977 The Sound of Bread n / a 28 1985 Anthology of Bread Platinum - The Very Best of Bread Pickwick n / a - David Gates & Bread Essentials Elektra n / a unk Retrospective n / a unk 2002 Make It with You and Other Hits Flashback n / a unk 2006 The Definitive Collection Elektra / Rhino n / a unk 2007 The Works Warner Music Group UK n / a unk Notes ( edit ) Gold and Platinum certifications from Recording Industry Association of America Singles ( edit ) Date Title US UK AUS CAN Miscellaneous July , 1969 Dismal Day - - - - Debut single . Did not chart . October , 1969 Could I - - - - A Griffin / Royer composition ; only Bread A-side not written by David Gates . Did not chart . June 13 , 1970 `` Make It with You '' 5 7 Certified Gold September 26 , 1970 `` It Do n't Matter to Me '' 10 - 29 6 New 1970 version , different from 1969 album cut . January 2 , 1971 `` Let Your Love Go '' 28 - 34 March 27 , 1971 `` If '' - 41 6 Hit No. 1 on the Billboard Easy Listening chart in its original form and in the UK in 1975 when covered by Telly Savalas . July 17 , 1971 `` Mother Freedom '' 37 - - October 23 , 1971 `` Baby I 'm - a Want You '' 14 8 5 Hit No. 1 on the Billboard Easy Listening chart . It was also Certified Gold . January 29 , 1972 `` Everything I Own '' 5 32 12 5 # 1 in the UK when recorded by Ken Boothe in 1974 , # 93 when recorded by Crystal Gayle in 1983 , and No. 1 when recorded by Boy George . April 22 , 1972 `` Diary '' 15 - 26 12 July 29 , 1972 `` The Guitar Man '' 11 16 22 6 Hit No. 1 on the Billboard Easy Listening chart in its original form November 11 , 1972 `` Sweet Surrender '' 15 - 67 Hit No. 1 in the Easy Listening ( Adult Contemporary ) chart of January 6 , 1973 . February 3 , 1973 `` Aubrey '' 15 - - 41 November 27 , 1976 `` Lost Without Your Love '' 9 27 19 8 April 16 , 1977 `` Hooked On You '' 60 - - Notes ( edit ) Date indicates the week the song debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 All songs above reached their peak position on the Billboard Hot 100 the same year they entered the chart except for `` Lost Without Your Love '' which peaked at No. 9 in 1977 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nick Talevski ( 7 April 2010 ) . Rock Obituaries - Knocking On Heaven 's Door . Omnibus Press . p. 48 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85712 - 117 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Bread -- A Sweet Surrender '' . Helter Skelter . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Manna from heaven : the musical rise & fall of bread '' . WorldCat . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 - 1976 . ^ Jump up to : Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 - 1992 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 77 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ RPM ^ Jump up to : `` Bread - Chart history '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` 1970 - 09 - 12 Top 40 Official UK Singles Archive '' . Official Charts. 1970 - 09 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` 1972 - 02 - 05 Top 40 Official UK Singles Archive '' . Official Charts. 1972 - 02 - 05 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` 1972 - 05 - 20 Top 40 Official UK Singles Archive '' . Official Charts. 1972 - 05 - 20 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` 1972 - 10 - 28 Top 40 Official UK Singles Archive '' . Official Charts. 1972 - 10 - 28 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` 1977 - 01 - 29 Top 40 Official UK Singles Archive '' . Official Charts. 1977 - 01 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 04 . External links ( edit ) Book : Bread ( band ) Bread in the Yahoo ! Directory allmusic ( Bread Overview ) The Official Site Unofficial Bread Facebook Page Bread David Gates Jimmy Griffin Robb Royer Mike Botts Larry Knechtel Studio albums Bread On the Waters Manna Baby I 'm - a Want You Guitar Man Lost Without Your Love Compilation albums The Best of Bread The Best of Bread , Volume 2 The Sound of Bread Anthology of Bread Hit singles `` Make It with You '' `` It Do n't Matter to Me '' `` If '' `` Baby I 'm - a Want You '' `` Everything I Own '' `` The Guitar Man '' `` Sweet Surrender '' `` Aubrey '' `` Lost Without Your Love '' Related articles Discography Elektra Records Rhino Records Warner Music Group Book : Bread ISNI : 0000 0001 2286 0288 MusicBrainz : e3bcf587 - a354 - 4723 - a2d3 - 1c679d6571ea Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bread_(band)&oldid=843822425 '' Categories : American soft rock music groups Rock music groups from California Musical groups established in 1968 Musical groups disestablished in 1973 Elektra Records artists Musical groups reestablished in 1976 Musical groups disestablished in 1977 Musical groups reestablished in 1996 Musical groups disestablished in 1997 Musical quartets Musical trios Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline Articles needing additional references from December 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Runa Simi Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Українська 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 31 May 2018 , at 18 : 05 ( UTC ) . 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-7726774685497648076	Stamp Act 1765	Stamp Act 1765 - wikipedia Stamp Act 1765 Jump to : navigation , search Duties in American Colonies Act Parliament of Great Britain Long title An act for granting and applying certain stamp duties , and other duties , in the British colonies and plantations in America , towards further defraying the expenses of defending , protecting , and securing the same ; and for amending such parts of the several acts of parliament relating to the trade and revenues of the said colonies and plantations , as direct the manner of determining and recovering the penalties and forfeitures therein mentioned . Citation 5 George III , c. 12 Introduced by The Rt . Hon . George Grenville , MP Prime Minister , Chancellor of the Exchequer & Leader of the House of Commons Territorial extent British America and the British West Indies Dates Royal assent 22 March 1765 Commencement 1 November 1765 Repealed 18 March 1766 Other legislation Repealed by Act Repealing the Stamp Act 1766 Relates to Declaratory Act Status : Repealed This article is part of a series about the American Revolution 1765 -- 1783 Origins ( show ) Sugar Act Currency Act Quartering Acts Stamp Act 1765 Declaratory Act No taxation without representation Townshend Acts Tea Act Boston Massacre Boston Tea Party Intolerable Acts Revolutionary War ( show ) Continental Army Continental Navy Minutemen Battles Intelligence Treaty of Paris Costs Declaration of Independence ( show ) Continental Congress Committee of Five Lee Resolution Articles of Confederation United States Constitution ( show ) Philadelphia Convention Annapolis Convention The Federalist Papers Bill of Rights A New Republic ( show ) Republicanism American Enlightenment Liberalism First Great Awakening Role of Women Legacy ( show ) Atlantic Revolutions Bicentennial Printed copy of the Stamp Act of 1765 American newspapers reacted to the Stamp Act with anger and predictions of the demise of journalism . The Stamp Act of 1765 ( short title Duties in American Colonies Act 1765 ; 5 George III , c. 12 ) was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain that imposed a direct tax on the colonies of British America and required that many printed materials in the colonies be produced on stamped paper produced in London , carrying an embossed revenue stamp . Printed materials included legal documents , magazines , playing cards , newspapers , and many other types of paper used throughout the colonies . Like previous taxes , the stamp tax had to be paid in valid British currency , not in colonial paper money . The purpose of the tax was to help pay for troops stationed in North America after the British victory in the Seven Years ' War and its North American theater of the French and Indian War . However , the Colonists had never feared a French invasion to begin with , and they contended that they had already paid their share of the expenses . They suggested that it was actually a matter of British patronage to surplus British officers and career soldiers who should be paid by London . The Stamp Act was very unpopular among colonists . A consensus considered it a violation of their rights as Englishmen to be taxed without their consent -- consent that only the colonial legislatures could grant . Their slogan was `` No taxation without representation . '' Colonial assemblies sent petitions and protests . The Stamp Act Congress held in New York City was the first significant joint colonial response to any British measure ; it petitioned Parliament and the King . One member of the British Parliament argued that the colonials were no different from the 90 % residents of Great Britain who did not own property ( and thus could not vote ) , but who were nevertheless `` virtually '' represented by land - owning electors and representatives who had common interests with the nonvoters . An American attorney refuted this by pointing out that while electors in Great Britain could conceivably have enough in common with nonvoting residents of that country to justify `` virtually '' representing nonvoters , `` the relation between the British Americans , and the English electors , is a knot too infirm to be relied on . '' ( i.e. not enough in common between Parliament and the Colonials to justify imposing the law without the consent of the Colonials ) . Local protest groups led by colonial merchants and landowners established connections through Committees of Correspondence , creating a loose coalition that extended from New England to Maryland . Protests and demonstrations initiated by a new secret organization called the Sons of Liberty often turned violent and destructive as the masses became involved . Very soon , all stamp tax distributors were intimidated into resigning their commissions , and the tax was never effectively collected . Opposition to the Stamp Act was not limited to the colonies . British merchants and manufacturers , whose exports to the colonies were threatened by colonial boycotts , pressured Parliament . The Act was repealed on 18 March 1766 as a matter of expedience , but Parliament affirmed its power to legislate for the colonies `` in all cases whatsoever '' by also passing the Declaratory Act . There followed a series of new taxes and regulations , likewise opposed by the colonists . The episode played a major role in defining the grievances that were clearly stated within the text of the Indictment of George III section of the Declaration of Independence , and enabling the organized colonial resistance that led to the American Revolution in 1775 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 British decision - making 2.1 Details of tax 3 Colonial reaction 3.1 Political responses 3.2 Protests in the streets 3.2. 1 Massachusetts 3.2. 2 Rhode Island 3.2. 3 New York 3.2. 4 Other Colonies 3.2. 5 Quebec , Nova Scotia , Newfoundland , and the Caribbean 3.2. 6 Sons of Liberty 3.2. 7 Colonial newspapers 3.3 Stamp Act Congress 4 Repeal 5 Consequences 6 See also 7 Notes 8 Bibliography 9 External links Background ( edit ) The British victory in the Seven Years ' War ( 1756 -- 1763 ) , known in America as the French and Indian War , had been won only at a great financial cost . During the war , the British national debt nearly doubled , rising from £ 72,289,673 in 1755 to almost £ 129,586,789 by 1764 . Post-war expenses were expected to remain high because the Bute ministry decided in early 1763 to keep ten thousand British regular soldiers in the American colonies , which would cost about £ 225,000 per year , equal to £ 30 million today . The primary reason for retaining such a large force was that demobilizing the army would put 1,500 officers out of work , many of whom were well - connected in Parliament . This made it politically prudent to retain a large peacetime establishment , but Britons were averse to maintaining a standing army at home so it was necessary to garrison most of the troops elsewhere . Stationing 10,000 troops to separate American Indians and frontiersmen was one role . The outbreak of Pontiac 's Rebellion in May 1763 apparently reinforced the logic of this decision , as it was an American Indian uprising against the British expansion . The main reason to send 10,000 troops deep into the wilderness was to provide billets for the officers who were part of the British patronage system . John Adams said , `` Revenue is still demanded from America , and appropriated to the maintenance of swarms of officers and pensioners in idleness and luxury . '' George Grenville became prime minister in April 1763 after the failure of the short - lived Bute Ministry , and he had to find a way to pay for this large peacetime army . Raising taxes in Britain was out of the question , since there had been virulent protests in England against the Bute ministry 's 1763 cider tax , with Bute being hanged in effigy . The Grenville ministry therefore decided that Parliament would raise this revenue by taxing the American colonists without their consent . This was something new ; Parliament had previously passed measures to regulate trade in the colonies , but it had never before directly taxed the colonies to raise revenue . Politicians in London had always expected American colonists to contribute to the cost of their own defense . So long as a French threat existed , there was little trouble convincing colonial legislatures to provide assistance . Such help was normally provided through the raising of colonial militias , which were funded by taxes raised by colonial legislatures . Also , the legislatures were sometimes willing to help maintain regular British units defending the colonies . So long as this sort of help was forthcoming , there was little reason for the British Parliament to impose its own taxes on the colonists . But after the peace of 1763 , colonial militias were quickly stood down . Militia officers were tired of the disdain shown to them by regular British officers , and were frustrated by the near - impossibility of obtaining regular British commissions ; they were unwilling to remain in service once the war was over . In any case , they had no military role , as the Indian threat was minimal and there was no foreign threat . Colonial legislators saw no need for the British troops . Prime Minister George Grenville The Sugar Act of 1764 was the first tax in Grenville 's program to raise a revenue in America , which was a modification of the Molasses Act of 1733 . The Molasses Act had imposed a tax of 6 pence per gallon ( equal to £ 3.81 today ) on foreign molasses imported into British colonies . The purpose of the Molasses Act was not actually to raise revenue , but instead to make foreign molasses so expensive that it effectively gave a monopoly to molasses imported from the British West Indies . It did not work ; colonial merchants avoided the tax by smuggling or , more often , bribing customs officials . The Sugar Act reduced the tax to 3 pence per gallon ( equal to £ 1.63 today ) in the hope that the lower rate would increase compliance and thus increase the amount of tax collected . The Act also taxed additional imports and included measures to make the customs service more effective . American colonists initially objected to the Sugar Act for economic reasons , but before long they recognized that there were constitutional issues involved . The British Constitution guaranteed that British subjects could not be taxed without their consent , which came in the form of representation in Parliament . The colonists elected no members of Parliament , and so it was seen as a violation of the British Constitution for Parliament to tax them . There was little time to raise this issue in response to the Sugar Act , but it came to be a major objection to the Stamp Act the following year . British decision - making ( edit ) Parliament announced in April 1764 when the Sugar Act was passed that they would also consider a stamp tax in the colonies . Opposition from the colonies was soon forthcoming to this possible tax , but neither members of Parliament nor American agents in Great Britain ( such as Benjamin Franklin ) anticipated the intensity of the protest that the tax generated . Stamp acts had been a very successful method of taxation within Great Britain ; they generated over £ 100,000 in tax revenue with very little in collection expenses . By requiring an official stamp on most legal documents , the system was almost self - regulating ; a document would be null and void under British law without the required stamp . Imposition of such a tax on the colonies had been considered twice before the Seven Years ' War and once again in 1761 . Grenville had actually been presented with drafts of colonial stamp acts in September and October 1763 , but the proposals lacked the specific knowledge of colonial affairs to adequately describe the documents subject to the stamp . At the time of the passage of the Sugar Act in April 1764 , Grenville made it clear that the right to tax the colonies was not in question , and that additional taxes might follow , including a stamp tax . The Glorious Revolution had established the principle of parliamentary supremacy . Control of colonial trade and manufactures extended this principle across the ocean . This belief had never been tested on the issue of colonial taxation , but the British assumed that the interests of the thirteen colonies were so disparate that a joint colonial action was unlikely to occur against such a tax -- an assumption that had its genesis in the failure of the Albany Conference in 1754 . By the end of December 1764 , the first warnings of serious colonial opposition were provided by pamphlets and petitions from the colonies protesting both the Sugar Act and the proposed stamp tax . Benjamin Franklin represented Pennsylvania in discussions about the act For Grenville , the first issue was the amount of the tax . Soon after his announcement of the possibility of a tax , he had told American agents that he was not opposed to the Americans suggesting an alternative way of raising the money themselves . However , the only other alternative would be to requisition each colony and allow them to determine how to raise their share . This had never worked before , even during the French and Indian War , and there was no political mechanism in place that would have ensured the success of such cooperation . On 2 February 1765 , Grenville met to discuss the tax with Benjamin Franklin , Jared Ingersoll from New Haven , Richard Jackson , agent for Connecticut , and Charles Garth , the agent for South Carolina ( Jackson and Garth were also members of Parliament ) . These colonial representatives had no specific alternative to present ; they simply suggested that the determination be left to the colonies . Grenville replied that he wanted to raise the money `` by means the most easy and least objectionable to the Colonies '' . Thomas Whately had drafted the Stamp Act , and he said that the delay in implementation had been `` out of Tenderness to the colonies '' , and that the tax was judged as `` the easiest , the most equal and the most certain . '' The debate in Parliament began soon after this meeting . Petitions submitted by the colonies were officially ignored by Parliament . In the debate , Charles Townshend said , `` and now will these Americans , children planted by our care , nourished up by our Indulgence until they are grown to a degree of strength and opulence , and protected by our arms , will they grudge to contribute their mite to relieve us from heavy weight of the burden which we lie under ? '' This led to Colonel Isaac Barré 's response : They planted by your care ? No ! Your oppression planted ' em in America . They fled from your tyranny to a then uncultivated and unhospitable country where they exposed themselves to almost all the hardships to which human nature is liable , and among others to the cruelties of a savage foe , the most subtle , and I take upon me to say , the most formidable of any people upon the face of God 's earth. ... They nourished by your indulgence ? They grew by your neglect of ' em . As soon as you began to care about ' em , that care was exercised in sending persons to rule over ' em , in one department and another , who were perhaps the deputies of deputies to some member of this house , sent to spy out their liberty , to misrepresent their actions and to prey upon ' em ; men whose behaviour on many occasions has caused the blood of those sons of liberty to recoil within them ... . They protected by your arms ? They have nobly taken up arms in your defence , have exerted a valour amidst their constant and laborious industry for the defence of a country whose frontier while drenched in blood , its interior parts have yielded all its little savings to your emolument ... The people I believe are as truly loyal as any subjects the king has , but a people jealous of their liberties and who will vindicate them if ever they should be violated ; but the subject is too delicate and I will say no more . '' Details of tax ( edit ) Proof sheet of one - penny stamps submitted for approval to Commissioners of Stamps by engraver , May 10 , 1765 The Stamp Act was passed by Parliament on 22 March 1765 with an effective date of 1 November 1765 . It passed 205 -- 49 in the House of Commons and unanimously in the House of Lords . Historians Edmund and Helen Morgan describe the specifics of the tax : The highest tax , £ 10 , was placed ... on attorney licenses . Other papers relating to court proceedings were taxed in amounts varying from 3d. to 10s . Land grants under a hundred acres were taxed 1s . 6d. , between 100 and 200 acres 2s. , and from 200 to 320 acres 2s . 6d. , with an additional 2s 6d . for every additional 320 acres ( 1.3 km ) . Cards were taxed a shilling a pack , dice ten shillings , and newspapers and pamphlets at the rate of a penny for a single sheet and a shilling for every sheet in pamphlets or papers totaling more than one sheet and fewer than six sheets in octavo , fewer than twelve in quarto , or fewer than twenty in folio ( in other words , the tax on pamphlets grew in proportion to their size but ceased altogether if they became large enough to qualify as a book ) . The high taxes on lawyers and college students were designed to limit the growth of a professional class in the colonies . The stamps had to be purchased with hard currency , which was scarce , rather than the more plentiful colonial paper currency . To avoid draining currency out of the colonies , the revenues were to be expended in America , especially for supplies and salaries of British Army units who were stationed there . Two features of the Stamp Act involving the courts attracted special attention . The tax on court documents specifically included courts `` exercising ecclesiastical jurisdiction . '' These type of courts did not currently exist in the colonies and no bishops were currently assigned to the colonies , who would preside over the courts . Many colonists or their ancestors had fled England specifically to escape the influence and power of such state - sanctioned religious institutions , and they feared that this was the first step to reinstating the old ways in the colonies . Some Anglicans in the northern colonies were already openly advocating the appointment of such bishops , but they were opposed by both southern Anglicans and the non-Anglicans who made up the majority in the northern colonies . The Stamp Act allowed admiralty courts to have jurisdiction for trying violators , following the example established by the Sugar Act . However , admiralty courts had traditionally been limited to cases involving the high seas . The Sugar Act seemed to fall within this precedent , but the Stamp Act did not , and the colonists saw this as a further attempt to replace their local courts with courts controlled by England . Colonial reaction ( edit ) Political responses ( edit ) Grenville started appointing Stamp Distributors almost immediately after the Act passed Parliament . Applicants were not hard to come by because of the anticipated income that the positions promised , and he appointed local colonists to the post . Benjamin Franklin even suggested the appointment of John Hughes as the agent for Pennsylvania , indicating that even Franklin was not aware of the turmoil and impact that the tax was going to generate on American - British relations or that these distributors would become the focus of colonial resistance . Samuel Adams opposed the act Debate in the colonies had actually begun in the spring of 1764 over the Stamp Act when Parliament passed a resolution that contained the assertion , `` That , towards further defraying the said Expences , it may be proper to charge certain Stamp Duties in the said Colonies and Plantations . '' Both the Sugar Act and the proposed Stamp Act were designed principally to raise revenue from the colonists . The Sugar Act , to a large extent , was a continuation of past legislation related primarily to the regulation of trade ( termed an external tax ) , but its stated purpose was entirely new : to collect revenue directly from the colonists for a specific purpose . The novelty of the Stamp Act was that it was the first internal tax ( a tax based entirely on activities within the colonies ) levied directly on the colonies by Parliament . It was judged by the colonists to be a more dangerous assault on their rights than the Sugar Act was , because of its potential wide application to the colonial economy . The theoretical issue that soon held center stage was the matter of taxation without representation . Benjamin Franklin had raised this as far back as 1754 at the Albany Congress when he wrote , `` That it is suppos 'd an undoubted Right of Englishmen not to be taxed but by their own Consent given thro ' their Representatives . That the Colonies have no Representatives in Parliament . '' The counter to this argument was the theory of virtual representation . Thomas Whately enunciated this theory in a pamphlet that readily acknowledged that there could be no taxation without consent , but the facts were that at least 75 % of British adult males were not represented in Parliament because of property qualifications or other factors . Members of Parliament were bound to represent the interests of all British citizens and subjects , so colonists were the recipients of virtual representation in Parliament , like those disenfranchised subjects in the British Isles . This theory , however , ignored a crucial difference between the unrepresented in Britain and the colonists . The colonists enjoyed actual representation in their own legislative assemblies , and the issue was whether these legislatures , rather than Parliament , were in fact the sole recipients of the colonists ' consent with regard to taxation . In May 1764 , Samuel Adams of Boston drafted the following that stated the common American position : For if our Trade may be taxed why not our Lands ? Why not the Produce of our Lands & every thing we possess or make use of ? This we apprehend annihilates our Charter Right to govern & tax ourselves -- It strikes our British Privileges , which as we have never forfeited them , we hold in common with our Fellow Subjects who are Natives of Britain : If Taxes are laid upon us in any shape without our having a legal Representation where they are laid , are we not reduced from the Character of free Subjects to the miserable State of tributary Slaves . Massachusetts appointed a five - member Committee of Correspondence in June 1764 to coordinate action and exchange information regarding the Sugar Act , and Rhode Island formed a similar committee in October 1764 . This attempt at unified action represented a significant step forward in colonial unity and cooperation . The Virginia House of Burgesses sent a protest of the taxes to London in December 1764 , arguing that they did not have the specie required to pay the tax . Massachusetts , New York , New Jersey , Rhode Island , and Connecticut also sent protest to England in 1764 . The content of the messages varied , but they all emphasized that taxation of the colonies without colonial assent was a violation of their rights . By the end of 1765 , all of the Thirteen Colonies except Georgia and North Carolina had sent some sort of protest passed by colonial legislative assemblies . The Virginia House of Burgesses reconvened in early May 1765 after news was received of the passage of the Act . By the end of May , it appeared that they would not consider the tax , and many legislators went home , including George Washington . Only 30 out of 116 Burgesses remained , but one of those remaining was Patrick Henry who was attending his first session . Henry led the opposition to the Stamp Act ; he proposed his resolutions on 30 May 1765 , and they were passed in the form of the Virginia Resolves . The Resolves stated : Resolved , That the first Adventurers and Settlers of this his majesty 's colony and Dominion of Virginia brought with them , and transmitted to their Posterity , and all other his Majesty 's subjects since inhabiting in this his Majesty 's said Colony , all the Liberties , privileges , Franchises , and Immunities that have at any Time been held , enjoyed , and possessed , by the People of Great Britain . Resolved , That by the two royal Charters , granted by King James the First , the Colonists aforesaid are declared entitled to all Liberties , Privileges , and Immunities of Denizens and natural Subjects , to all Intents and Purposes , as if they had been abiding and born within the Realm of England . Resolved , That the Taxation of the People by themselves , or by Persons chosen by themselves to represent them , who could only know what Taxes the People are able to bear , or the easiest method of raising them , and must themselves be affected by every Tax laid on the People , is the only Security against a burdensome Taxation , and the distinguishing characteristick of British Freedom , without which the ancient Constitution can not exist . Resolved , That his majesty 's liege people of this his most ancient and loyal Colony have without interruption enjoyed the inestimable Right of being governed by such Laws , respecting their internal Polity and Taxation , as are derived from their own Consent , with the Approbation of their Sovereign , or his Substitute ; and that the same hath never been forfeited or yielded up , but hath been constantly recognized by the King and People of Great Britain . On 6 June 1765 , the Massachusetts Lower House proposed a meeting for the 1st Tuesday of October in New York City : That it is highly expedient there should be a Meeting as soon as may be , of Committees from the Houses of Representatives or Burgesses in the several Colonies on this Continent to consult together on the present Circumstances of the Colonies , and the difficulties to which they are and must be reduced by the operation of the late Acts of Parliament for levying Duties and Taxes on the Colonies , and to consider of a general and humble Address to his Majesty and the Parliament to implore Relief . There was no attempt to keep this meeting a secret ; Massachusetts promptly notified Richard Jackson of the proposed meeting , their agent in England and a member of Parliament . Protests in the streets ( edit ) External video The Stamp Act : Troubling Their Neighbors , 58 : 01 , Benjamin L. Carp , WGBH Forum The Stamp Act : The Lowest Of The Mob , 49 : 35 , Molly Fitzgerald Perry , WGBH Forum While the colonial legislatures were acting , the ordinary citizens of the colonies were also voicing their concerns outside of this formal political process . Historian Gary B. Nash wrote : Whether stimulated externally or ignited internally , ferment during the years from 1761 to 1766 changed the dynamics of social and political relations in the colonies and set in motion currents of reformist sentiment with the force of a mountain wind . Critical to this half decade was the colonial response to England 's Stamp Act , more the reaction of common colonists than that of their presumed leaders . Both loyal supporters of English authority and well - established colonial protest leaders underestimated the self - activating capacity of ordinary colonists . By the end of 1765 ... people in the streets had astounded , dismayed , and frightened their social superiors . Massachusetts ( edit ) Early street protests were most notable in Boston . Andrew Oliver was a distributor of stamps for Massachusetts who was hanged in effigy on 14 August 1765 `` from a giant elm tree at the crossing of Essex and Orange Streets in the city 's South End . '' Also hung was a jackboot painted green on the bottom ( `` a Green - ville sole '' ) , a pun on both Grenville and the Earl of Bute , the two people most blamed by the colonists . Lieutenant Governor Thomas Hutchinson ordered sheriff Stephen Greenleaf to take down the effigy , but he was opposed by a large crowd . All day the crowd detoured merchants on Orange Street to have their goods symbolically stamped under the elm tree , which later became known as the `` Liberty Tree '' . Ebenezer MacIntosh was a veteran of the Seven Years ' War and a shoemaker . One night , he led a crowd which cut down the effigy of Andrew Oliver and took it in a funeral procession to the Town House where the legislature met . From there , they went to Oliver 's office -- which they tore down and symbolically stamped the timbers . Next , they took the effigy to Oliver 's home at the foot of Fort Hill , where they beheaded it and then burned it -- along with Oliver 's stable house and coach and chaise . Greenleaf and Hutchinson were stoned when they tried to stop the mob , which then looted and destroyed the contents of Oliver 's house . Oliver asked to be relieved of his duties the next day . This resignation , however , was not enough . Oliver was ultimately forced by MacIntosh to be paraded through the streets and to publicly resign under the Liberty Tree . A 1765 broadside regarding the resignation of Andrew Oliver under the Liberty Tree As news spread of the reasons for Andrew Oliver 's resignation , violence and threats of aggressive acts increased throughout the colonies , as did organized groups of resistance . Throughout the colonies , members of the middle and upper classes of society formed the foundation for these groups of resistance and soon called themselves the Sons of Liberty . These colonial groups of resistance burned effigies of royal officials , forced Stamp Act collectors to resign , and were able to get businessmen and judges to go about without using the proper stamps demanded by Parliament . On 16 August , a mob damaged the home and official papers of William Story , the deputy register of the Vice-Admiralty , who then moved to Marblehead , Massachusetts . Benjamin Hallowell , the comptroller of customs , suffered the almost total loss of his home . On 26 August , MacIntosh led an attack on Hutchinson 's mansion . The mob evicted the family , destroyed the furniture , tore down the interior walls , emptied the wine cellar , scattered Hutchinson 's collection of Massachusetts historical papers , and pulled down the building 's cupola . Hutchinson had been in public office for three decades ; he estimated his loss at £ 2,218 ( in today 's money , at nearly $250,000 ) . Nash concludes that this attack was more than just a reaction to the Stamp Act : But it is clear that the crowd was giving vent to years of resentment at the accumulation of wealth and power by the haughty prerogative faction led by Hutchinson . Behind every swing of the ax and every hurled stone , behind every shattered crystal goblet and splintered mahogany chair , lay the fury of a plain Bostonian who had read or heard the repeated references to impoverished people as `` rable '' and to Boston 's popular caucus , led by Samuel Adams , as a `` herd of fools , tools , and synchophants . '' Governor Francis Bernard offered a £ 300 reward for information on the leaders of the mob , but no information was forthcoming . MacIntosh and several others were arrested , but were either freed by pressure from the merchants or released by mob action . The street demonstrations originated from the efforts of respectable public leaders such as James Otis , who commanded the Boston Gazette , and Samuel Adams of the `` Loyal Nine '' of the Boston Caucus , an organization of Boston merchants . They made efforts to control the people below them on the economic and social scale , but they were often unsuccessful in maintaining a delicate balance between mass demonstrations and riots . These men needed the support of the working class , but also had to establish the legitimacy of their actions to have their protests to England taken seriously . At the time of these protests , the Loyal Nine was more of a social club with political interests but , by December 1765 , it began issuing statements as the Sons of Liberty . Rhode Island ( edit ) Rhode Island also experienced street violence . A crowd built a gallows near the Town House in Newport on 27 August , where they carried effigies of three officials appointed as stamp distributors : Augustus Johnson , Dr. Thomas Moffat , and lawyer Martin Howard . The crowd at first was led by merchants William Ellery , Samuel Vernon , and Robert Crook , but they soon lost control . That night , the crowd was led by a poor man named John Weber , and they attacked the houses of Moffat and Howard , where they destroyed walls , fences , art , furniture , and wine . The local Sons of Liberty were publicly opposed to violence , and they refused at first to support Weber when he was arrested . They were persuaded to come to his assistance , however , when retaliation was threatened against their own homes . Weber was released and faded into obscurity . Howard became the only prominent American to publicly support the Stamp Act in his pamphlet `` A Colonist 's Defence of Taxation '' ( 1765 ) . After the riots , Howard had to leave the colony , but he was rewarded by the Crown with an appointment as Chief Justice of North Carolina at a salary of ₤ 1,000 . New York ( edit ) Main article : Province of New York § Stamp Act In New York , James McEvers resigned his distributorship four days after the attack on Hutchinson 's house . The stamps arrived in New York Harbor on 24 October for several of the northern colonies . Placards appeared throughout the city warning that `` the first man that either distributes or makes use of stamped paper let him take care of his house , person , and effects . '' New York merchants met on 31 October and agreed not to sell any English goods until the Act was repealed . Crowds took to the streets for four days of demonstrations , uncontrolled by the local leaders , culminating in an attack by two thousand people on Governor Cadwallader Colden 's home and the burning of two sleighs and a coach . Unrest in New York City continued through the end of the year , and the local Sons of Liberty had difficulty in controlling crowd actions . Other colonies ( edit ) In Frederick , Maryland , a court of 12 magistrates ruled the Stamp Act invalid on 23 November 1765 , and directed that businesses and colonial officials proceed in all matters without use of the stamps . A week later , a crowd conducted a mock funeral procession for the act in the streets of Frederick . The magistrates have been dubbed the `` 12 Immortal Justices , '' and 23 November has been designated `` Repudiation Day '' by the Maryland state legislature . On 1 October 2015 , Senator Cardin ( D - MD ) read into the Congressional Record a statement noting 2015 as the 250th anniversary of the event . Among the 12 magistrates was William Luckett , who later served as lieutenant colonel in the Maryland Militia at the battle of Germantown . Other popular demonstrations occurred in Portsmouth , New Hampshire , Annapolis , Maryland , Wilmington and New Bern , North Carolina , and Charleston , South Carolina . In Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , demonstrations were subdued but even targeted Benjamin Franklin 's home , although it was not vandalized . By 16 November , twelve of the stamp distributors had resigned . The Georgia distributor did not arrive in America until January 1766 , but his first and only official action was to resign . The overall effect of these protests was to both anger and unite the American people like never before . Opposition to the Act inspired both political and constitutional forms of literature throughout the colonies , strengthened the colonial political perception and involvement , and created new forms of organized resistance . These organized groups quickly learned that they could force royal officials to resign by employing violent measures and threats . Quebec , Nova Scotia , Newfoundland , and the Caribbean ( edit ) The main issue was constitutional rights of Englishmen , so the French in Quebec did not react . Some English - speaking merchants were opposed , but were in a fairly small minority . The Quebec Gazette ceased publication until the act was repealed , apparently over the unwillingness to use stamped paper . In neighboring Nova Scotia a number of former New England residents objected , but recent British immigrants and London - oriented business interests based in Halifax , the provincial capital were more influential . The only major public protest was the hanging in effigy of the stamp distributor and Lord Bute . The act was implemented in both provinces , but Nova Scotia 's stamp distributor resigned in January 1766 , beset by ungrounded fears for his safety . Authorities there were ordered to allow ships bearing unstamped papers to enter its ports , and business continued unabated after the distributors ran out of stamps . The Act occasioned some protests in Newfoundland , and the drafting of petitions opposing not only the Stamp Act , but the existence of the customhouse at St. John 's , based on legislation dating back to the reign of Edward VI forbidding any sort of duties on the importation of goods related to its fisheries . Violent protests were few in the Caribbean colonies . Political opposition was expressed in a number of colonies , including Barbados and Antigua , and by absentee landowners living in Britain . The worst political violence took place on St. Kitts and Nevis . Riots took place on 31 October 1765 , and again on 5 November , targeting the homes and offices of stamp distributors ; the number of participants suggests that the percentage of St. Kitts ' white population involved matched that of Bostonian involvement in its riots . The delivery of stamps to St. Kitts was successfully blocked , and they were never used there . Montserrat and Antigua also succeeded in avoiding the use of stamps ; some correspondents thought that rioting was prevented in Antigua only by the large troop presence . Despite vocal political opposition , Barbados used the stamps , to the pleasure of King George . In Jamaica there was also vocal opposition , which included threats of violence . There was much evasion of the stamps , and ships arriving without stamped papers were allowed to enter port . Despite this , Jamaica produced more stamp revenue ( £ 2,000 ) than any other colony . Sons of Liberty ( edit ) Main article : Sons of Liberty It was during this time of street demonstrations that locally organized groups started to merge into an inter-colonial organization of a type not previously seen in the colonies . The term `` sons of liberty '' had been used in a generic fashion well before 1765 , but it was only around February 1766 that its influence extended throughout the colonies as an organized group using the formal name `` Sons of Liberty '' , leading to a pattern for future resistance to the British that carried the colonies towards 1776 . Historian John C. Miller noted that the name was adopted as a result of Barre 's use of the term in his February 1765 speech . The organization spread month by month after independent starts in several different colonies . By 6 November , a committee was set up in New York to correspond with other colonies , and in December an alliance was formed between groups in New York and Connecticut . In January , a correspondence link was established between Boston and Manhattan , and by March , Providence had initiated connections with New York , New Hampshire , and Newport . By March , Sons of Liberty organizations had been established in New Jersey , Maryland , and Norfolk , Virginia , and a local group established in North Carolina was attracting interest in South Carolina and Georgia . The officers and leaders of the Sons of Liberty `` were drawn almost entirely from the middle and upper ranks of colonial society , '' but they recognized the need to expand their power base to include `` the whole of political society , involving all of its social or economic subdivisions . '' To do this , the Sons of Liberty relied on large public demonstrations to expand their base . They learned early on that controlling such crowds was problematical , although they strived to control `` the possible violence of extra-legal gatherings . '' The organization professed its loyalty to both local and British established government , but possible military action as a defensive measure was always part of their considerations . Throughout the Stamp Act Crisis , the Sons of Liberty professed continued loyalty to the King because they maintained a `` fundamental confidence '' that Parliament would do the right thing and repeal the tax . Colonial newspapers ( edit ) A British newspaper cartoon reacts to the repeal of the Stamp Act . Colonial newspapers were a major source of public unrest after the passage of the Stamp Act . Some of the earliest forms of American propaganda appeared in these printings in response to the law . The articles written in colonial newspapers were particularly critical of the act because of the Stamp Act 's disproportionate effect on printers . David Ramsay , a patriot and historian from South Carolina , wrote of this phenomenon shortly after the American Revolution : It was fortunate for the liberties of America , that newspapers were the subject of a heavy stamp duty . Printers , when influenced by government , have genereally arranged themselves on the side of liberty , nor are they less remarkable for attention to the profits of their profession . A stamp duty , which openly invaded the first , and threatened a great diminution of the last , provoked their united zealous opposition . Most printers were critical of the Stamp Act , although a few Loyalist voices did exist . Some of the more subtle Loyalist sentiments can be seen in publications such as The Boston Evening Post , which was run by British sympathizers John and Thomas Fleet . The article detailed a violent protest that occurred in New York in December , 1765 , then described the riot 's participants as `` imperfect '' and labeled the group 's ideas as `` contrary to the general sense of the people . '' These Loyalists beliefs can be seen in some of the early newspaper articles about the Stamp Act , but the anti-British writings were more prevalent and seem to have had a more powerful effect . Many papers assumed a relatively conservative tone before the act went into effect , implying that they might close if it was n't repealed . However , as time passed and violent demonstrations ensued , the authors became more vitriolic . Several newspaper editors were involved with the Sons of Liberty , such as William Bradford of The Pennsylvania Journal and Benjamin Edes of The Boston Gazette , and they echoed the group 's sentiments in their publications . The Stamp Act went into effect that November , and many newspapers ran editions with imagery of tombstones and skeletons , emphasizing that their papers were `` dead '' and would no longer be able to print because of the Stamp Act . However , most of them returned in the upcoming months , defiantly appearing without the stamp of approval that was deemed necessary by the Stamp Act . Printers were greatly relieved when the law was nullified in the following spring , and the repeal asserted their positions as a powerful voice ( and compass ) for public opinion . Stamp Act Congress ( edit ) Main article : Stamp Act Congress The Stamp Act Congress was held in New York in October 1765 . Twenty - seven delegates from nine colonies were the members of the Congress , and their responsibility was to draft a set of formal petitions stating why Parliament had no right to tax them . Among the delegates were many important men in the colonies . Historian John Miller observes , `` The composition of this Stamp Act Congress ought to have been convincing proof to the British government that resistance to parliamentary taxation was by no means confined to the riffraff of colonial seaports . '' The youngest delegate was 26 - year - old John Rutledge of South Carolina , and the oldest was 65 - year - old Hendrick Fisher of New Jersey . Ten of the delegates were lawyers , ten were merchants , and seven were planters or land - owning farmers ; all had served in some type of elective office , and all but three were born in the colonies . Four died before the colonies declared independence , and four signed the Declaration of Independence ; nine attended the first and second Continental Congresses , and three were Loyalists during the Revolution . New Hampshire declined to send delegates , and North Carolina , Georgia , and Virginia were not represented because their governors did not call their legislatures into session , thus preventing the selection of delegates . Despite the composition of the congress , each of the Thirteen Colonies eventually affirmed its decisions . Six of the nine colonies represented at the Congress agreed to sign the petitions to the King and Parliament produced by the Congress . The delegations from New York , Connecticut , and South Carolina were prohibited from signing any documents without first receiving approval from the colonial assemblies that had appointed them . Massachusetts governor Francis Bernard believed that his colony 's delegates to the Congress would be supportive of Parliament . Timothy Ruggles in particular was Bernard 's man , and was elected chairman of the Congress . Ruggles ' instructions from Bernard were to `` recommend submission to the Stamp Act until Parliament could be persuaded to repeal it . '' Many delegates felt that a final resolution of the Stamp Act would actually bring Britain and the colonies closer together . Robert Livingston of New York stressed the importance of removing the Stamp Act from the public debate , writing to his colony 's agent in England , `` If I really wished to see America in a state of independence I should desire as one of the most effectual means to that end that the stamp act should be enforced . '' Wikisource has original text related to this article : Declaration of Rights and Grievances The Congress met for 12 consecutive days , including Sundays . There was no audience at the meetings , and no information was released about the deliberations . The meeting 's final product was called `` The Declaration of Rights and Grievances '' , and was drawn up by delegate John Dickinson of Pennsylvania . This Declaration raised fourteen points of colonial protest . It asserted that colonists possessed all the rights of Englishmen in addition to protesting the Stamp Act issue , and that Parliament could not represent the colonists since they had no voting rights over Parliament . Only the colonial assemblies had a right to tax the colonies . They also asserted that the extension of authority of the admiralty courts to non-naval matters represented an abuse of power . In addition to simply arguing for their rights as Englishmen , the congress also asserted that they had certain natural rights solely because they were human beings . Resolution 3 stated , `` That it is inseparably essential to the freedom of a people , and the undoubted right of Englishmen , that no taxes be imposed on them , but with their own consent , given personally , or by their representatives . '' Both Massachusetts and Pennsylvania brought forth the issue in separate resolutions even more directly when they respectively referred to `` the Natural rights of Mankind '' and `` the common rights of mankind '' . Christopher Gadsden of South Carolina had proposed that the Congress ' petition should go only to the king , since the rights of the colonies did not originate with Parliament . This radical proposal went too far for most delegates and was rejected . The `` Declaration of Rights and Grievances '' was duly sent to the king , and petitions were also sent to both Houses of Parliament . Repeal ( edit ) Grenville was replaced by Lord Rockingham as Prime Minister on 10 July 1765 . News of the mob violence began to reach England in October . Conflicting sentiments were taking hold in Britain at the same time that resistance was building and accelerating in America . Some wanted to strictly enforce the Stamp Act over colonial resistance , wary of the precedent that would be set by backing down . Others felt the economic effects of reduced trade with America after the Sugar Act and an inability to collect debts while the colonial economy suffered , and they began to lobby for a repeal of the Stamp Act . The colonial protest had included various non-importation agreements among merchants who recognized that a significant portion of British industry and commerce was dependent on the colonial market . This movement had also spread through the colonies ; 200 merchants had met in New York City and agreed to import nothing from England until the Stamp Act was repealed . This cartoon depicts the repeal of the Stamp Act as a funeral , with Grenville carrying a child 's coffin marked `` born 1765 , died 1766 '' When Parliament met in December 1765 , it rejected a resolution offered by Grenville that would have condemned colonial resistance to the enforcement of the Act . Outside of Parliament , Rockingham and his secretary Edmund Burke , a member of Parliament himself , organized London merchants who started a committee of correspondence to support repeal of the Stamp Act by urging merchants throughout the country to contact their local representatives in Parliament . When Parliament reconvened on 14 January 1766 , the Rockingham ministry formally proposed repeal . Amendments were considered that would have lessened the financial impact on the colonies by allowing colonists to pay the tax in their own scrip , but this was viewed to be too little and too late . William Pitt stated in the Parliamentary debate that everything done by the Grenville ministry `` has been entirely wrong '' with respect to the colonies . He further stated , `` It is my opinion that this Kingdom has no right to lay a tax upon the colonies . '' Pitt still maintained `` the authority of this kingdom over the colonies , to be sovereign and supreme , in every circumstance of government and legislature whatsoever , '' but he made the distinction that taxes were not part of governing , but were `` a voluntary gift and grant of the Commons alone . '' He rejected the notion of virtual representation , as `` the most contemptible idea that ever entered into the head of man . '' Grenville responded to Pitt : Protection and obedience are reciprocal . Great Britain protects America ; America is bound to yield obedience . If , not , tell me when the Americans were emancipated ? When they want the protection of this kingdom , they are always ready to ask for it . That protection has always been afforded them in the most full and ample manner . The nation has run itself into an immense debt to give them their protection ; and now they are called upon to contribute a small share towards the public expence , and expence arising from themselves , they renounce your authority , insult your officers , and break out , I might also say , into open rebellion . Pitt 's response to Grenville included , `` I rejoice that America has resisted . Three millions of people , so dead to all the feelings of liberty as voluntarily to submit to be slaves , would have been fit instruments to make slaves of the rest . '' Between 17 and 27 January , Rockingham shifted the attention from constitutional arguments to economic by presenting petitions complaining of the economic repercussions felt throughout the country . On 7 February , the House of Commons rejected a resolution by 274 -- 134 , saying that it would back the King in enforcing the Act . Henry Seymour Conway , the government 's leader in the House of Commons , introduced the Declaratory Act in an attempt to address both the constitutional and the economic issues , which affirmed the right of Parliament to legislate for the colonies `` in all cases whatsoever '' , while admitting the inexpediency of attempting to enforce the Stamp Act . Only Pitt and three or four others voted against it . Other resolutions passed which condemned the riots and demanded compensation from the colonies for those who suffered losses because of the actions of the mobs . The House of Commons heard testimony between 11 and 13 February , the most important witness being Benjamin Franklin on the last day of the hearings . He responded to the question about how the colonists would react if the Act was not repealed : `` A total loss of the respect and affection the people of America bear to this country , and of all the commerce that depends on that respect and affection . '' A Scottish journalist observed Franklin 's answers to Parliament and his affect on the repeal ; he later wrote to Franklin , `` To this very Examination , more than to any thing else , you are indebted to the speedy and total Repeal of this odious Law . '' A resolution was introduced on 21 February to repeal the Stamp Act , and it passed by a vote of 276 -- 168 . The King gave royal assent on 18 March 1766 . Consequences ( edit ) Main article : American Revolution Some aspects of the resistance to the act provided a sort of rehearsal for similar acts of resistance to the 1767 Townshend Acts , particularly the activities of the Sons of Liberty and merchants in organizing opposition . The Stamp Act Congress was a predecessor to the later Continental Congresses , notably the Second Continental Congress which oversaw the establishment of American independence . The Committees of Correspondence used to coordinate activities were revived between 1772 and 1774 in response to a variety of controversial and unpopular affairs , and the colonies that met at the 1774 First Continental Congress established a non-importation agreement known as the Continental Association in response to Parliamentary passage of the Intolerable Acts . See also ( edit ) Board of Inland Revenue Stamping Department Archive British Library Philatelic Collections Revenue stamps of the United States Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Morgan and Morgan pg. 96 -- 97 Jump up ^ `` The Stamp Act of 1765 -- A Serendipitous Find '' by Hermann Ivester in The Revenue Journal , The Revenue Society , Vol. XX , No. 3 , December 2009 , pp. 87 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Wood , S.G. `` The American Revolution : A History . '' Modern Library . 2002 , page 24 . Jump up ^ Testimony of Doctor Benjamin Franklin , before an August Assembly of the British House of Commons , relating to the Repeal of the Stamp - Act , &c. , 1766 . Jump up ^ Soames Jennys , The Objections to the Taxation of Our American Colonies by the Legislature of Great Britain , Briefly Considered ( 1765 ) . Jump up ^ Daniel Dulaney , Considerations on the Propriety of Imposing Taxes in the British Colonies , for the Purpose of Raising a Revenue , by Act of Parliament ( 1765 ) ( reprinted in The American Revolution , Interpreting Primary Documents 47 - 51 ( Carey 2004 ) ) . Jump up ^ Draper pp. 216 -- 223 . Nash pp. 44 -- 56 . Maier pp. 76 -- 106 Jump up ^ Middlekauff pg. 111 -- 120 . Miller pg. 149 -- 153 Jump up ^ Daniella Garran ( 2010 - 07 - 19 ) . `` Steps to the American Revolution '' . Lesson Planet . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Morgan and Morgan , Stamp Act Crisis , 21 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Crucible of War , 563 ; Thomas , British Politics , 38 ; Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 55 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Crucible of War , 561 ; Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 55 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Crucible of War , 563 . Jump up ^ Morgan and Morgan , Stamp Act Crisis , 22 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Crucible of War , 560 . See also Charles S. Grant , `` Pontiac 's Rebellion and the British Troop Moves of 1763 '' , The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 40 , no . 1 ( June 1953 ) , 75 -- 88 . Jump up ^ George Bancroft ( 1888 ) . History of the United States of America , From the Discovery of the Continent . p. 292 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Crucible of War , 510 -- 11 ; Thomas , British Politics , 6 ; Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 62 . Jump up ^ Thomas , British Politics , 37 . Jump up ^ Thomas , British Politics , 32 . Jump up ^ Thomas , British Politics , 44 . Jump up ^ Thomas , British Politics , 47 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Crucible of War , 547 . Jump up ^ Reid , Authority to Tax , 206 . Jump up ^ Miller pg. 109 -- 113 . Morgan and Morgan pg. 75 -- 76 . Weslager pg. 50 Jump up ^ Draper 231 -- 233 . Middlekauff pg. 77 Jump up ^ Miller pg. 109 -- 113 . Morgan and Morgan pg. 75 -- 76 . Weslager pg. 50 . Jump up ^ Draper pg. 216 , 230 -- 233 Jump up ^ Draper 231 -- 233 . Middlekauff pg. 77 . Ingersoll accepted a position of stamp distributor for Connecticut despite his opposition . Middlekauff pg. 108 Jump up ^ Middlekauff pg. 78 -- 80 Jump up ^ Middlekauff pg. 79 Jump up ^ Weslager pg. 34 Jump up ^ Morgan and Morgan pg. 96 -- 97 . Jump up ^ David Hackett Fischer , Albion 's Seed ( 1989 ) p 825 Jump up ^ Morgan and Morgan pg. 96 -- 97 . Weslager ( pg. 42 ) also notes that the paper used had to be pre-stamped in England . Most paper came from there anyway , so there were `` approximately fifty colonial papermakers who operated their own mills '' who would suffer from decreased demand for their products . Jump up ^ Morgan and Morgan pg. 97 -- 98 Jump up ^ Morgan and Morgan pg. 98 Jump up ^ Draper pg. 223 . Weslager pg. 51 -- 52 . Separate appointments were made for the three Canadian colonies ( Quebec , Nova Scotia , and Newfoundland ) , one each for East and West Florida , and five for the islands of the West Indies . Jump up ^ Morgan pg. 311 -- 313 . Jump up ^ Draper pg. 216 Jump up ^ Morgan ( 1956 ) pg. 19 Jump up ^ Draper pg. 216 -- 217 Jump up ^ Draper pg. 219 Jump up ^ Weslager pg. 58 -- 59 . Ferling pg 33 . Jump up ^ Morgan pg. 314 -- 315 . Draper pg. 223 Jump up ^ Ferling pg. 32 -- 34 . Middlekauff pg. 83 Jump up ^ Middlekauff pg. 84 . The Resolves were widely reprinted and many versions of them are still seen . Middlekauff used the wording from the journal of the House of Burgesses . Jump up ^ Weslager pg. 60 Jump up ^ Weslager pg. 65 Jump up ^ `` The Stamp Act : Troubling Their Neighbors '' . WGBH and Lowell Institute . Retrieved 19 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Lowest Of The Mob '' . WGBH and Lowell Institute . Retrieved 19 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Nash p. 44 Jump up ^ Nash p. 59 Jump up ^ Nash p. 48 Jump up ^ Nash pp. 45 -- 47 Jump up ^ Nash p. 53 Jump up ^ Wood , S.G. `` The American Revolution : A History . '' Modern Library . 2002 , pp. 29 - 30 Jump up ^ Douglass Adair & John A Schultz , eds. , Peter Oliver 's Origin and Progress of the American Rebellion : A Tory View ( The Huntington Library , 1961 ) , p. 52 Jump up ^ Hosmer pg. 91 -- 94 Jump up ^ Nash p. 48 Jump up ^ Nash pp. 49 -- 50 Jump up ^ Nash p. 49 Jump up ^ Maier p. 85 Jump up ^ Nash pp. 50 -- 51 Jump up ^ Wilkins Updike , History of the Episcopal church in Narragansett , Rhode Island ( 1847 ) p. 221 Jump up ^ Nash pp. 53 -- 55 Jump up ^ Nash pp. 55 -- 56 Jump up ^ Middlekauff p. 98 Jump up ^ Wood , S.G. `` The American Revolution : A History . '' Modern Library . 2002 , p. 30 Jump up ^ Kerr , W.B. ( October 1932 ) . `` The Stamp Act in Quebec '' . English Historical Review . 47 ( 188 ) : 648 -- 651 . JSTOR 553075 . Jump up ^ Kerr , Wilfred B. ( September 1933 ) . `` The Stamp Act in Nova Scotia '' . New England Quarterly . 6 ( 3 ) : 552 -- 566 . JSTOR 359557 . Jump up ^ Anspach , Lewis Amadeus ( 1819 ) . A History of the Island of Newfoundland . London : self - published . p. 192 . OCLC 1654202 . Jump up ^ O'Shaughnessy , Andrew J. ( Apr 1994 ) . `` The Stamp Act Crisis in the British Caribbean '' . William and Mary Quarterly . 51 ( 2 ) : 203 -- 26 . JSTOR 2946860 . Jump up ^ Maier pg. 76 -- 82 . Maier noted that the term `` sons of liberty '' , used in the generic sense , was used as early as the 1750s in some Connecticut documents . Jump up ^ Miller pg. 130 Jump up ^ Maiers pg. 78 -- 81 Jump up ^ Maier pg. 86 -- 88 Jump up ^ Maier pg. 101 -- 106 . Miller pg. 139 . Miller wrote , `` Had Great Britain attempted to enforce the Stamp Act , there can be little doubt that British troops and embattled Americans would have shed each other 's blood ten years before Lexington . As Benjamin Franklin remarked , a British army would not have found a rebellion in the American colonies in 1765 but it would have made one . '' Jump up ^ `` The Colonial Newspapers and the Stamp Act '' by Arthur M. Schlesinger in The New England Quarterly , Vol. 8 , No. 1 ( March 1935 ) , pp. 65 Jump up ^ Tillman 2013 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Schlesinger , Arthur ( March 1935 ) . The Colonial Newspapers and The Stamp Act . The New England Quarterly , Inc . pp. 63 -- 65 . Jump up ^ `` The Colonial Newspapers and the Stamp Act '' by Arthur M. Schlesinger in The New England Quarterly , Vol. 8 , No. 1 ( March 1935 ) , pp. 69 Jump up ^ Schlesinger pg. 74 Jump up ^ `` The Colonial Newspapers and the Stamp Act '' by Arthur M. Schlesinger in The New England Quarterly , Vol. 8 , No. 1 ( March 1935 ) , pp. 63 - 83 . Jump up ^ Wood , S.G. `` The American Revolution : A History . '' Modern Library . 2002 , page 29 Jump up ^ Miller pg. 137 Jump up ^ Weslager pg. 108 -- 111 Jump up ^ Miller pg. 137 -- 139 . Morgan and Morgan pg. 139 Jump up ^ Weslager pg. 148 Jump up ^ Morgan and Morgan pg. 140 -- 141 Jump up ^ Weslager pg. 109 Jump up ^ Weslager pg. 115 . Morgan and Morgan pg. 142 Jump up ^ Morgan and Morgan pg. 145 -- 152 . Jump up ^ Morgan and Morgan pg. 151 -- 152 . `` Thus by the fall of 1765 the colonists had clearly laid down the line where they believed that Parliament should stop , and they had drawn that line not merely as Englishmen but as men . '' Jump up ^ Morgan and Morgan pg. 147 -- 148 Jump up ^ Middlekauff pg. 111 -- 113 Jump up ^ Middlekauff pg. 111 -- 113 . Miller pg. 149 -- 151 Jump up ^ Morgan and Morgan pg. 49 -- 50 , pg. 331 Jump up ^ Middlekauff pg. 113 -- 114 . Miller pg. 153 . Miller wrote of the Rockingham ministry , `` Of all the Whig factions , the Rockinghams were most benevolent toward the colonies . While they were as determined ... as ( other factions ) to maintain the sovereignty of great Britain , they insisted ( that ) the Americans must be treated as customers rather than as rebellious rogues who merited a sound whipping . '' Jump up ^ Middlekauff pg. 115 Jump up ^ Middlekauff pg. 116 Jump up ^ Middlekauff pg. 116 -- 117 Jump up ^ Middlekauff pg. 117 -- 119 Jump up ^ `` Founders Online : Examination before the Committee of the Whole of the House of ... '' . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ Middlekauff pg. 121 Jump up ^ `` Glorious News , Boston , Friday 11 o'Clock , 16 May 1766 '' . London Gazette . Boston . 16 May 1776 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Bibliography ( edit ) Adair , Douglass . `` The Stamp Act in Contemporary English Cartoons . '' William and Mary Quarterly ( 1953 ) : 538 - 542 . in JSTOR Alexander , John K. Samuel Adams : America 's Revolutionary Politician. ( 2002 ) ISBN 0 - 7425 - 2114 - 1 Clark , Ronald W. Benjamin Franklin . A Biography. ( 1983 ) ISBN 0 - 394 - 50222 - 1 Draper , Theodore . A Struggle For Power : The American Revolution . ( 1996 ) ISBN 0 - 8129 - 2575 - 0 Ferling , John . A Leap in the Dark : The Struggle to Create the American Republic . ( 2003 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517600 - 1 Findling , John E. and Frank W. Thackeray . Events That Changed America in the Eighteenth Century . ( 1998 ) Greenwood Press . Hutchins , Zachary McLeod , ed. , Community without Consent : New Perspectives on the Stamp Act ( University Press of New England , 2016 ) . 264 pp. , online review Hoffer , Peter Charles . Benjamin Franklin Explains the Stamp Act Protests to Parliament , 1766 ( 2015 ) , with documents Hosmer , John Kendall ( 1896 ) . The Life of Thomas Hutchinson . Boston : Houghton , Mifflin . OCLC 1527164 . Maier , Pauline . From Resistance to Revolution : Colonial radicals and the development of American opposition to Britain , 1765 -- 1776 . ( 1991 -- original 1972 ) ISBN 0 - 393 - 30825 - 1 Middlekauff , Robert . The Glorious Cause : The American Revolution , 1763 -- 1789 . ( 2005 ) ISBN 978 0 - 19 - 516247 - 9 Miller , John C. Origins of the American Revolution . ( 1943 ) Morgan , Edmund S. Colonial Ideas of Parliamentary Power 1764 -- 1766 . William and Mary Quarterly , Vol. 5 , No. 3 ( Jul. , 1948 ) , pg. 311 -- 341 . JSTOR Morgan , Edmund S. and Morgan , Helen M. The Stamp Act Crisis : Prologue to Revolution . ( 1963 ) Nash , Gary B . The Unknown American Revolution : The Unruly Birth of Democracy and the Struggle to Create America . ( 2006 ) ISBN 9780143037200 Reid , John Phillip . Constitutional History of the American Revolution : The Authority to Tax . Madison : University of Wisconsin Press , 1987 . ISBN 0 - 299 - 11290 - X . Arthur M. Schlesinger . The Colonial Newspapers and the Stamp Act . The New England Quarterly , Vol. 8 , No. 1 ( Mar. , 1935 ) , pp. 63 -- 83 . Thomas , Peter D.G. British Politics and the Stamp Act Crisis : The First Phase of the American Revolution , 1763 -- 1767 . Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1975 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 822431 - 1 . Weslager , C.A. The Stamp Act Congress . ( 1976 ) ISBN 0 - 87413 - 111 - 1 Douglass Adair & John A Schultz , eds. , Peter Oliver 's Origin and Progress of the American Rebellion : A Tory View ( The Huntington Library , 1961 ) , p. 52 . External links ( edit ) Works related to Stamp Act ( 1765 ) at Wikisource Text of the 1765 Stamp Act Resolves of the Pennsylvania Assembly on the Stamp Act , 21 September 1765 1766 Text of the Repeal of the Stamp Act Images of the type of stamps referred to in the Act . Profiles of the `` 12 Immortal Justices '' of Maryland who ruled the Stamp Act invalid and void on 23 November 1765 . British law and the American Revolution Royal Proclamations , Acts of Parliament , and other legal issues relating to the American Revolution Before 1763 Navigation Acts Wool Act ( 1699 ) Hat Act ( 1732 ) Molasses Act ( 1733 ) Iron Act ( 1750 ) Grenville ministry ( 1763 -- 1765 ) Royal Proclamation of 1763 Sugar Act ( 1764 ) Currency Act ( 1764 ) Quartering Act ( 1765 ) Stamp Act ( 1765 ) Rockingham ministry ( 1765 -- 1766 ) Repeal Act ( March 1766 ) Declaratory Act ( March 1766 ) Revenue Act ( June 1766 ) Chatham and Grafton ministries ( 1766 -- 1770 ) Townshend Acts ( 1767 ) North ministry ( 1770 -- 1782 ) Repeal Act ( 1770 ) Tea Act ( 1773 ) Coercive Acts ( 1774 ) Conciliatory Resolution ( February 1775 ) Restraining Acts ( March & April 1775 ) Proclamation of Rebellion ( August 1775 ) Prohibitory Act ( December 1775 ) Taxation of Colonies Act ( 1778 ) Other legal issues Rights of Englishmen Writ of assistance Admiralty courts Parson 's Cause ( 1763 ) Taxation without representation United Kingdom legislation Pre-Parliamentary legislation List of English statutes Charter of Liberties Magna Carta Acts of Parliament by states preceding the Kingdom of Great Britain Parliament of England to 1483 1485 -- 1601 1603 -- 1641 Interregnum ( 1642 -- 1660 ) 1660 -- 1699 1700 -- 1706 Parliament of Scotland to 1706 Acts of Parliament of the Kingdom of Great Britain 1707 -- 1719 1720 -- 1739 1740 -- 1759 1760 -- 1779 1780 -- 1800 Acts of the Parliament of Ireland to 1700 1701 -- 1800 Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 1801 -- 1819 1820 -- 1839 1840 -- 1859 1860 -- 1879 1880 -- 1899 1900 -- 1919 1920 -- 1939 1940 -- 1959 1960 -- 1979 1980 -- 1999 2000 to date Halsbury 's Statutes Legislation.gov.uk Short titles relating to the European Union 1972 to date Church of England measures List Church of England Assembly ( Powers ) Act 1919 Legislation of devolved institutions Acts of the Scottish Parliament List Acts and Measures of the National Assembly for Wales List Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly Acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland Orders - in - Council / Orders in Council Orders - in - Council for Northern Ireland ( 1972 - 2009 ) Orders in Council for Northern Ireland Secondary legislation United Kingdom Statutory Instruments various Scottish Statutory Instruments Acts of Sederunt Acts of Adjournal all others VIAF : 140826569 LCCN : n88126576 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stamp_Act_1765&oldid=833040334 '' Categories : Great Britain Acts of Parliament 1765 1765 in the Thirteen Colonies 18th - century economic history Laws leading to the American Revolution Repealed Great Britain Acts of Parliament History of taxation in the United States Tax legislation in the United Kingdom Abolished taxes Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages EngvarB from March 2018 Use dmy dates from March 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2008 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 10 : 26 . 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-5925403387830305751	Puerto Rico at the Olympics	Puerto Rico at the Olympics - wikipedia Puerto Rico at the Olympics Jump to : navigation , search Puerto Rico at the Olympics IOC code PUR NOC Puerto Rico Olympic Committee Website www.copur.pr ( in Spanish ) Medals Gold Silver Bronze Total 6 9 Summer appearances 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Winter appearances 1984 1988 1992 1998 2002 2006 -- 2014 2018 Puerto Rico first participated at the Olympic Games in 1948 , and has sent athletes to compete in every Summer Olympic Games since then . Notably , despite being an insular area of the United States , Puerto Rico did not fully participate in the American - led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics , as three boxers competed in Moscow . Puerto Rico has also participated in the Winter Olympic Games since 1984 , but missed the Games of 2006 , 2010 , and 2014 . Puerto Rican athletes have won a total of nine medals . Six medals were won in boxing , one in athletics , one in tennis , and one in wrestling . The Puerto Rican national baseball team won a bronze medal at the 1988 Summer Olympic Games in Seoul , South Korea , but that medal is not counted among Puerto Rico 's Olympic medals totals because baseball was only an exhibition sport during those games . The National Olympic Committee for Puerto Rico was created in 1948 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee that same year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Medal tables 1.1 Medals by Games 1.2 Medals by sport 2 List of medalists 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Medal tables ( edit ) Medals by Games ( edit ) See also : All - time Olympic Games medal count Games Gold Silver Bronze Total 1948 London 0 0 1952 Helsinki 0 0 0 0 1956 Melbourne 0 0 0 0 1960 Rome 0 0 0 0 1964 Tokyo 0 0 0 0 1968 Mexico City 0 0 0 0 1972 Munich 0 0 0 0 1976 Montreal 0 0 1980 Moscow 0 0 0 0 1984 Los Angeles 0 1988 Seoul 0 0 0 0 1992 Barcelona 0 0 1996 Atlanta 0 0 2000 Sydney 0 0 0 0 2004 Athens 0 0 0 0 2008 Beijing 0 0 0 0 2012 London 0 2016 Rio de Janeiro 0 0 2020 Tokyo Future event Total 6 9 Medals by sport ( edit ) Sport Gold Silver Bronze Total Boxing 0 5 6 Wrestling 0 0 Athletics 0 0 Tennis 0 0 Total 6 9 List of medalists ( edit ) Medal Name Games Sport Event 03 ! Bronze Juan Venegas 1948 London Boxing Men 's bantamweight 03 ! Bronze Orlando Maldonado 1976 Montreal Boxing Men 's light flyweight 02 ! Silver Luis Ortiz 1984 Los Angeles Boxing Men 's lightweight 03 ! Bronze Arístides González 1984 Los Angeles Boxing Men 's middleweight 03 ! Bronze Aníbal Acevedo 1992 Barcelona Boxing Men 's welterweight 03 ! Bronze Daniel Santos 1996 Atlanta Boxing Men 's welterweight 02 ! Silver Jaime Espinal 2012 London Wrestling Men 's freestyle 84 kg 03 ! Bronze Javier Culson 2012 London Athletics Men 's 400 metres hurdles 01 ! Gold Mónica Puig 2016 Rio de Janeiro Tennis Women 's singles See also ( edit ) Puerto Rico portal Category : Olympic competitors for Puerto Rico Tropical nations at the Winter Olympics Puerto Rico at the Paralympics References ( edit ) External links ( edit ) `` Puerto Rico '' . International Olympic Committee . `` Results and Medalists '' . Olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . `` Olympic Medal Winners '' . International Olympic Committee . `` Puerto Rico '' . Sports-Reference.com . Nations that have competed at the Olympic Games Participated at the Summer Olympic Games Participated at the Winter Olympic Games Tropical nations at the Winter Olympics Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo DR Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Americas Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Aruba Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda Bolivia Brazil British Virgin Islands Canada Summer Winter Cayman Islands Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Puerto Rico Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Virgin Islands Asia Afghanistan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Chinese Taipei Tajikistan Thailand East Timor Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Europe Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Summer Winter Great Britain Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Oceania American Samoa Australia Winter Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Federated States of Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Other Independent Olympians Refugee Olympic Team Historical Australasia Bohemia British West Indies Republic of China Czechoslovakia East Germany Mixed teams Netherlands Antilles North Borneo North Yemen Rhodesia Russian Empire Saar Serbia and Montenegro South Yemen Soviet Union Unified Team United Team of Germany West Germany Yugoslavia Israel has been a member of the European Olympic Committees ( EOC ) since 1994 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rico_at_the_Olympics&oldid=793204080 '' Categories : Puerto Rico at the Olympics Hidden categories : Articles with Spanish - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 July 2017 , at 08 : 45 . About Wikipedia	when were the olympics held in puerto rico	[]	[]
-3112125227377399265	Just You and Me, Kid	Just you and Me , Kid - Wikipedia Just you and Me , Kid Jump to : navigation , search Just You and Me , Kid Theatrical release poster Directed by Leonard Stern Produced by Jerome M. Zeitman Irving Fein Screenplay by Oliver Hailey Leonard Stern Story by Tom Lazarus Starring George Burns Brooke Shields Lorraine Gary Ray Bolger Leon Ames Carl Ballantine Keye Luke Burl Ives John Schuck Nicolas Coster Andrea Howard William Russ Christopher Knight Julie Cobb Music by Jack Elliott Cinematography David M. Walsh Edited by John W. Holmes Distributed by Columbia Pictures Release date July 1979 ( 1979 - 07 ) Running time 95 minutes Country United States Language English Just You and Me , Kid is a 1979 comedy film starring George Burns , Brooke Shields , Lorraine Gary , Ray Bolger , Leon Ames , Carl Ballantine , Keye Luke and Burl Ives . It was directed by Leonard B. Stern and was released in July 1979 by Columbia Pictures . It is rated PG for brief nudity and adult language . Plot ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bill ( George Burns ) is an elderly ex-vaudevillian who lives alone , often looking at photographs of his deceased wife . Each day after breakfast , he goes to the supermarket , where he interacts in a friendly way with employees , often charming them with a magic trick . Kate ( Brooke Shields ) is a teen - age girl who gets in a squabble with an intimidating man named Demesta ( William Russ ) . The girl , who is wrapped in a towel and apparently otherwise nude , has locked herself in a bathroom to evade Demesta . He pounds on the door and demands to know the details of a drug deal that Kate has fouled up . Kate escapes through the window , wearing only the towel , while a police officer knocks on the door of the apartment and grapples with Demesta . Demesta is chased down the street while Kate goes in a different direction . She slips down a hillside staircase , losing the towel in the process . Bill comes out of the grocery store , talking to the bag boy about magic tricks , and opens the trunk of his Pierce Arrow . They both see Kate , lying naked in the trunk . Stunned , Bill convinces the bag boy that it was just an illusion and drives away . Stopping on a secluded street , he confronts Kate , who asks him to take her to his house . He reluctantly agrees . Bill asks Kate what 's going on but she refuses to answer . He allows her to take shelter in his home and loans her some of his clothes . Kate attempts to escape by dropping out of a window , spraining her ankle in the process . This attracts the attention of Bill 's nosy neighbors , Stan ( John Schuck ) and Sue ( Andrea Howard ) . Next , Bill goes to see his friend Max ( Burl Ives ) , in a nursing home . Max , another ex-vaudevillian and a former roommate , is despondent and non-verbal . Bill visits him daily , cheerfully describing his daily activities . Today , he tells Max about Kate . Later , Bill is confronted by his daughter , Shirl ( Lorraine Gary ) and her husband , Harris ( Nicolas Coster ) . Shirl feels that Bill is senile and tries to get power of attorney of his bank account . Bill refuses and Shirl becomes furious . Meanwhile , Demesta is still in a rage . He intimidates Kate 's friend , Roy ( Christopher Knight ) , and vows to find Kate , implying that he will harm her . Stan and Sue step up their meddling , calling Shirl about Kate . Shirl returns , demands to see Kate , and is put off by Bill again , who denies harboring a juvenile . Kate finally confesses to Bill that she is on the run from a drug dealer . She claims that Demesta gave her money to make a connection but that she threw the cache into the sewer in a moment of panic . Bill advises her to go to the police but Kate is afraid to do so . That night , Bill 's poker buddies arrive and he introduces them to Kate . The evening is interrupted when Shirl returns with two police officers . Kate is concealed with a levitation magic trick and Shirl becomes more furious . The next day , before Bill leaves to visit Max , Kate relates the story of a boy she once knew who also refused to talk and how the boy started talking once all the other kids ignored him . During the visit , Bill tells Max that he will never come to see him again unless Max talks . Max breaks down and begs Bill not to leave . Bill returns home to find Kate gone and becomes despondent . Meanwhile , Kate returns to her foster home , collects her belongings , and meets Roy at school . Kate reveals that she never made the connection and still has the $20,000 in cash . Shocked , Roy tells her that Demesta will kill her . She says she plans to leave town with the money . When Roy tells her that Demesta knows where she has been hiding , she becomes concerned about Bill . After she returns to Bill 's house , Demesta forces his way in and a chase ensues . Bill holds Demesta at bay with a sword and incapacitates him . The police are summoned and Demesta is arrested . Shirl arrives and Bill asks her for a favor . Max packs his belongings , preparing to go back home with Bill , when he learns that Shirl and Harris have agreed to act as foster parents for Kate . Bill explains that Kate will stay with him and Max on the week - ends . The film ends with the threesome departing together . Main cast ( edit ) George Burns - Bill Grant Brooke Shields - Kate Lorraine Gary - Shirley Ray Bolger - Tom Leon Ames - Manduke the Magnificent Carl Ballantine - Reinholf the Remarkable Keye Luke - Doctor Device Burl Ives - Max Wellington John Schuck - Stan Waterman Nicolas Coster - Harris Andrea Howard - Sue Waterman William Russ - John Demesta Christopher Knight - Roy Julie Cobb - Dr. Nancy Faulkner Peter Brandon - Woodrow Jacque Lynn Colton - Edna Robert Doran - Joseph ( Box Boy ) External links ( edit ) Just You and Me , Kid on IMDb Just You and Me , Kid at the TCM Movie Database Just You and Me , Kid at AllMovie Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Just_You_and_Me,_Kid&oldid=736188304 '' Categories : 1979 films English - language films American films Columbia Pictures films 1970s comedy films American comedy films Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from February 2015 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 August 2016 , at 19 : 57 . 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673206129347520497	Gregorian chant	Gregorian chant - wikipedia Gregorian chant Jump to : navigation , search The Introit Gaudeamus omnes , scripted in square notation in the 14th -- 15th century Graduale Aboense , honors Henry , patron saint of Finland Gaudeamus omnes Introit for the Mass in honor of Henry , patron saint of Finland Problems playing this file ? See media help . Gregorian chant is the central tradition of Western plainchant , a form of monophonic , unaccompanied sacred song of the Roman Catholic Church . Gregorian chant developed mainly in western and central Europe during the 9th and 10th centuries , with later additions and redactions . Although popular legend credits Pope St. Gregory the Great with inventing Gregorian chant , scholars believe that it arose from a later Carolingian synthesis of Roman chant and Gallican chant . Gregorian chants were organized initially into four , then eight , and finally 12 modes . Typical melodic features include a characteristic ambitus , and also characteristic intervallic patterns relative to a referential mode final , incipits and cadences , the use of reciting tones at a particular distance from the final , around which the other notes of the melody revolve , and a vocabulary of musical motifs woven together through a process called centonization to create families of related chants . The scale patterns are organized against a background pattern formed of conjunct and disjunct tetrachords , producing a larger pitch system called the gamut . The chants can be sung by using six - note patterns called hexachords . Gregorian melodies are traditionally written using neumes , an early form of musical notation from which the modern four - line and five - line staff developed . Multi-voice elaborations of Gregorian chant , known as organum , were an early stage in the development of Western polyphony . Gregorian chant was traditionally sung by choirs of men and boys in churches , or by men and women of religious orders in their chapels . It is the music of the Roman Rite , performed in the Mass and the monastic Office . Although Gregorian chant supplanted or marginalized the other indigenous plainchant traditions of the Christian West to become the official music of the Christian liturgy , Ambrosian chant still continues in use in Milan , and there are musicologists exploring both that and the Mozarabic chant of Christian Spain . Although Gregorian chant is no longer obligatory , the Roman Catholic Church still officially considers it the music most suitable for worship . During the 20th century , Gregorian chant underwent a musicological and popular resurgence . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Development of earlier plainchant 1.2 Origins of mature plainchant 1.3 Dissemination and hegemony 1.4 Early sources and later revisions 2 Musical form 2.1 Melodic types 2.2 Modality 2.3 Musical idiom 2.4 Notation 3 Performance 3.1 Texture 3.2 Rhythm 3.3 Melodic restitution 4 Liturgical functions 4.1 Proper chants of the Mass 4.2 Ordinary chants of the Mass 4.3 Chants of the Office 5 Influence 5.1 Medieval and Renaissance music 5.2 20th century 5.2. 1 Popular culture 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Development of earlier plainchant ( edit ) Singing has been part of the Christian liturgy since the earliest days of the Church . Until the mid-1990s , it was widely accepted that the psalmody of ancient Jewish worship significantly influenced and contributed to early Christian ritual and chant . This view is no longer generally accepted by scholars , due to analysis that shows that most early Christian hymns did not have Psalms for texts , and that the Psalms were not sung in synagogues for centuries after the Destruction of the Second Temple in AD 70 . However , early Christian rites did incorporate elements of Jewish worship that survived in later chant tradition . Canonical hours have their roots in Jewish prayer hours . `` Amen '' and `` alleluia '' come from Hebrew , and the threefold `` sanctus '' derives from the threefold `` kadosh '' of the Kedushah . The New Testament mentions singing hymns during the Last Supper : `` When they had sung the hymn , they went out to the Mount of Olives '' Matthew 26.30 . Other ancient witnesses such as Pope Clement I , Tertullian , St. Athanasius , and Egeria confirm the practice , although in poetic or obscure ways that shed little light on how music sounded during this period . The 3rd - century Greek `` Oxyrhynchus hymn '' survived with musical notation , but the connection between this hymn and the plainchant tradition is uncertain . Musical elements that would later be used in the Roman Rite began to appear in the 3rd century . The Apostolic Tradition , attributed to the theologian Hippolytus , attests the singing of Hallel psalms with Alleluia as the refrain in early Christian agape feasts . Chants of the Office , sung during the canonical hours , have their roots in the early 4th century , when desert monks following St. Anthony introduced the practice of continuous psalmody , singing the complete cycle of 150 psalms each week . Around 375 , antiphonal psalmody became popular in the Christian East ; in 386 , St. Ambrose introduced this practice to the West . In the fifth century , a singing school , the Schola Cantorum , was founded at Rome to provide training in church musicianship . Scholars are still debating how plainchant developed during the 5th through the 9th centuries , as information from this period is scarce . Around 410 , St. Augustine described the responsorial singing of a Gradual psalm at Mass . At c. 520 , Benedict of Nursia established what is called the rule of St. Benedict , in which the protocol of the Divine Office for monastic use was laid down . Around 678 , Roman chant was taught at York . Distinctive regional traditions of Western plainchant arose during this period , notably in the British Isles ( Celtic chant ) , Spain ( Mozarabic ) , Gaul ( Gallican ) , and Italy ( Old Roman , Ambrosian and Beneventan ) . These traditions may have evolved from a hypothetical year - round repertory of 5th - century plainchant after the western Roman Empire collapsed . John the Deacon , biographer ( c. 872 ) of Pope Gregory I , modestly claimed that the saint `` compiled a patchwork antiphonary '' , unsurprisingly , given his considerable work with liturgical development . He reorganized the Schola Cantorum and established a more uniform standard in church services , gathering chants from among the regional traditions as widely as he could manage . Of those , he retained what he could , revised where necessary , and assigned particular chants to the various services . According to Donald Jay Grout , his goal was to organize the bodies of chants from diverse traditions into a uniform and orderly whole for use by the entire western region of the Church . His renowned love for music was recorded only 34 years after his death ; the epitaph of Honorius testified that comparison to Gregory was already considered the highest praise for a music - loving pope . While later legends magnified his real achievements , these significant steps may account for why his name came to be attached to Gregorian chant . Origins of mature plainchant ( edit ) A dove representing the Holy Spirit sitting on Pope Gregory I 's shoulder symbolizes Divine Inspiration The Gregorian repertory was further systematized for use in the Roman Rite , and scholars weigh the relative influences of Roman and Carolingian practices upon the development of plainchant . The late 8th century saw a steadily increasing influence of the Carolingian monarchs over the popes . During a visit to Gaul in 752 -- 753 , Pope Stephen II celebrated Mass using Roman chant . According to Charlemagne , his father Pepin abolished the local Gallican Rites in favor of the Roman use , in order to strengthen ties with Rome . Thirty years later ( 785 -- 786 ) , at Charlemagne 's request , Pope Adrian I sent a papal sacramentary with Roman chants to the Carolingian court . According to James McKinnon , over a brief period in the 8th century , a project overseen by Chrodegang of Metz in the favorable atmosphere of the Carolingian monarchs , also compiled the core liturgy of the Roman Mass and promoted its use in Francia and throughout Gaul . Willi Apel and Robert Snow assert a scholarly consensus that Gregorian chant developed around 750 from a synthesis of Roman and Gallican chants , and was commissioned by the Carolingian rulers in France . Andreas Pfisterer and Peter Jeffery have shown that older melodic essentials from Roman chant are clear in the synthesized chant repertory . There were other developments as well . Chants were modified , influenced by local styles and Gallican chant , and fitted into the theory of the ancient Greek octoechos system of modes in a manner that created what later came to be known as the western system of the eight church modes . The Metz project also invented an innovative musical notation , using freeform neumes to show the shape of a remembered melody . This notation was further developed over time , culminating in the introduction of staff lines ( attributed to Guido d'Arezzo ) in the early 11th century , what we know today as plainchant notation . The whole body of Frankish - Roman Carolingian chant , augmented with new chants to complete the liturgical year , coalesced into a single body of chant that was called `` Gregorian . '' The changes made in the new system of chants were so significant that they have led some scholars to speculate that it was named in honor of the contemporary Pope Gregory II . Nevertheless , the lore surrounding Pope Gregory I was sufficient to culminate in his portrayal as the actual author of Gregorian Chant . He was often depicted as receiving the dictation of plainchant from a dove representing the Holy Spirit , thus giving Gregorian chant the stamp of being divinely inspired . Scholars agree that the melodic content of much Gregorian Chant did not exist in that form in Gregory I 's day . In addition , it is known definitively that the familiar neumatic system for notating plainchant had not been established in his time . Nevertheless , Gregory 's authorship is popularly accepted by some as fact to this day . Dissemination and hegemony ( edit ) Gregorian chant appeared in a remarkably uniform state across Europe within a short time . Charlemagne , once elevated to Holy Roman Emperor , aggressively spread Gregorian chant throughout his empire to consolidate religious and secular power , requiring the clergy to use the new repertory on pain of death . From English and German sources , Gregorian chant spread north to Scandinavia , Iceland and Finland . In 885 , Pope Stephen V banned the Slavonic liturgy , leading to the ascendancy of Gregorian chant in Eastern Catholic lands including Poland , Moravia , Slovakia , and Austria . The other plainchant repertories of the Christian West faced severe competition from the new Gregorian chant . Charlemagne continued his father 's policy of favoring the Roman Rite over the local Gallican traditions . By the 9th century the Gallican rite and chant had effectively been eliminated , although not without local resistance . The Gregorian chant of the Sarum Rite displaced Celtic chant . Gregorian coexisted with Beneventan chant for over a century before Beneventan chant was abolished by papal decree ( 1058 ) . Mozarabic chant survived the influx of the Visigoths and Moors , but not the Roman - backed prelates newly installed in Spain during the Reconquista . Restricted to a handful of dedicated chapels , modern Mozarabic chant is highly Gregorianized and bears no musical resemblance to its original form . Ambrosian chant alone survived to the present day , preserved in Milan due to the musical reputation and ecclesiastical authority of St. Ambrose . Gregorian chant eventually replaced the local chant tradition of Rome itself , which is now known as Old Roman chant . In the 10th century , virtually no musical manuscripts were being notated in Italy . Instead , Roman Popes imported Gregorian chant from ( German ) Holy Roman Emperors during the 10th and 11th centuries . For example , the Credo was added to the Roman Rite at the behest of the Emperor Henry II in 1014 . Reinforced by the legend of Pope Gregory , Gregorian chant was taken to be the authentic , original chant of Rome , a misconception that continues to this day . By the 12th and 13th centuries , Gregorian chant had supplanted or marginalized all the other Western plainchant traditions . Later sources of these other chant traditions show an increasing Gregorian influence , such as occasional efforts to categorize their chants into the Gregorian modes . Similarly , the Gregorian repertory incorporated elements of these lost plainchant traditions , which can be identified by careful stylistic and historical analysis . For example , the Improperia of Good Friday are believed to be a remnant of the Gallican repertory . Early sources and later revisions ( edit ) Two plainchants from the Mass Proper , written in adiastematic neumes , from St. Gallen , MS 359 Universi qui te expectant , Gradual for the Mass ( first Sunday of Advent ) This chant corresponds to the second one on the manuscript folio above beneath the large rubric Responsorium Graduale ; by Schola Antiqua of Chicago . Problems playing this file ? See media help . The first extant sources with musical notation were written around 930 ( Graduale Laon ) . Before this , plainchant had been transmitted orally . Most scholars of Gregorian chant agree that the development of music notation assisted the dissemination of chant across Europe . The earlier notated manuscripts are primarily from Regensburg in Germany , St. Gall in Switzerland , Laon and St. Martial in France . Gregorian chant has in its long history been subjected to a series of redactions to bring it up to changing contemporary tastes and practice . The more recent redaction undertaken in the Benedictine Abbey of St. Pierre , Solesmes , has turned into a huge undertaking to restore the allegedly corrupted chant to a hypothetical `` original '' state . Early Gregorian chant was revised to conform to the theoretical structure of the modes . In 1562 -- 63 , the Council of Trent banned most sequences . Guidette 's Directorium chori , published in 1582 , and the Editio medicea , published in 1614 , drastically revised what was perceived as corrupt and flawed `` barbarism '' by making the chants conform to contemporary aesthetic standards . In 1811 , the French musicologist Alexandre - Étienne Choron , as part of a conservative backlash following the liberal Catholic orders ' inefficacy during the French Revolution , called for returning to the `` purer '' Gregorian chant of Rome over French corruptions . In the late 19th century , early liturgical and musical manuscripts were unearthed and edited . Earlier , Dom Prosper Guéranger revived the monastic tradition in Solesmes . Re-establishing the Divine Office was among his priorities , but no proper chantbooks existed . Many monks were sent out to libraries throughout Europe to find relevant Chant manuscripts . In 1871 , however , the old Medicea edition was reprinted ( Pustet , Regensburg ) which Pope Pius IX declared the only official version . In their firm belief that they were on the right way , Solesmes increased its efforts . In 1889 , after decades of research , the monks of Solesmes released the first book in a planned series , the Paléographie Musicale . The incentive of its publication was to demonstrate the corruption of the ' Medicea ' by presenting photographed notations originating from a great variety of manuscripts of one single chant , which Solesmes called forth as witnesses to assert their own reforms . The monks of Solesmes brought in their heaviest artillery in this battle , as indeed the academically sound ' Paleo ' was intended to be a war - tank , meant to abolish once and for all the corrupted Pustet edition . On the evidence of congruence throughout various manuscripts ( which were duly published in facsimile editions with ample editorial introductions ) Solesmes was able to work out a practical reconstruction . This reconstructed chant was academically praised , but rejected by Rome until 1903 , when Pope Leo XIII died . His successor , Pope Pius X , promptly accepted the Solesmes chant -- now compiled as the Liber Usualis -- as authoritative . In 1904 , the Vatican edition of the Solesmes chant was commissioned . Serious academic debates arose , primarily owing to stylistic liberties taken by the Solesmes editors to impose their controversial interpretation of rhythm . The Solesmes editions insert phrasing marks and note - lengthening episema and mora marks not found in the original sources . Conversely , they omit significative letters found in the original sources , which give instructions for rhythm and articulation such as speeding up or slowing down . These editorial practices has placed the historical authenticity of the Solesmes interpretation in doubt . Ever since restoration of Chant was taken up in Solesmes , there have been lengthy discussions of exactly what course was to be taken . Some favored a strict academic rigour and wanted to postpone publications , while others concentrated on practical matters and wanted to supplant the corrupted tradition as soon as possible . Roughly a century later , there still exists a breach between a strict musicological approach and the practical needs of church choirs . Thus the performance tradition officially promulgated since the onset of the Solesmes restoration is substantially at odds with musicological evidence . In his motu proprio Tra le sollecitudini , Pius X mandated the use of Gregorian chant , encouraging the faithful to sing the Ordinary of the Mass , although he reserved the singing of the Propers for males . While this custom is maintained in traditionalist Catholic communities ( most of which allow all - female scholas as well , though ) , the Catholic Church no longer persists with this ban . Vatican II officially allowed worshipers to substitute other music , particularly sacred polyphony , in place of Gregorian chant , although it did reaffirm that Gregorian chant was still the official music of the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church , and the music most suitable for worship in the Roman Liturgy . Musical form ( edit ) Melodic types ( edit ) Gregorian chant is , as ' chant ' implies , vocal music . The text , the phrases , words and eventually the syllables , can be sung in various ways . The most straightforward is recitation on the same tone , which is called `` syllabic '' as each syllable is sung to a single tone . Likewise , simple chants are often syllabic throughout with only a few instances where two or more notes are sung on one syllable . `` Neumatic '' chants are more embellished and ligatures , a connected group of notes , written as a single compound neume , abound in the text . Melismatic chants are the most ornate chants in which elaborate melodies are sung on long sustained vowels as in the Alleluia , ranging from five or six notes per syllable to over sixty in the more prolix melismata . Epistle for the Solemn Mass of Easter Day Example of liturgical recitative in Gregorian chant Problems playing this file ? See media help . Gregorian chants fall into two broad categories of melody : recitatives and free melodies . The simplest kind of melody is the liturgical recitative . Recitative melodies are dominated by a single pitch , called the reciting tone . Other pitches appear in melodic formulae for incipits , partial cadences , and full cadences . These chants are primarily syllabic . For example , the Collect for Easter consists of 127 syllables sung to 131 pitches , with 108 of these pitches being the reciting note A and the other 23 pitches flexing down to G. Liturgical recitatives are commonly found in the accentus chants of the liturgy , such as the intonations of the Collect , Epistle , and Gospel during the Mass , and in the direct psalmody of the Office . Psalmodic chants , which intone psalms , include both recitatives and free melodies . Psalmodic chants include direct psalmody , antiphonal chants , and responsorial chants . In direct psalmody , psalm verses are sung without refrains to simple , formulaic tones . Most psalmodic chants are antiphonal and responsorial , sung to free melodies of varying complexity . Antiphonary with Gregorian chants Loquetur Dominus , Introit for Week XXXIV of Ordinary Time Example of antiphonal psalmody in Gregorian chant De profundis , tract for the Requiem Mass Example of responsorial psalmody in Gregorian chant Problems playing these files ? See media help . Antiphonal chants such as the Introit , and Communion originally referred to chants in which two choirs sang in alternation , one choir singing verses of a psalm , the other singing a refrain called an antiphon . Over time , the verses were reduced in number , usually to just one psalm verse and the doxology , or even omitted entirely . Antiphonal chants reflect their ancient origins as elaborate recitatives through the reciting tones in their melodies . Ordinary chants , such as the Kyrie and Gloria , are not considered antiphonal chants , although they are often performed in antiphonal style . Responsorial chants such as the Gradual , Alleluia , Offertory , and the Office Responsories originally consisted of a refrain called a respond sung by a choir , alternating with psalm verses sung by a soloist . Responsorial chants are often composed of an amalgamation of various stock musical phrases , pieced together in a practice called centonization . Tracts are melismatic settings of psalm verses and use frequent recurring cadences and they are strongly centonized . Gregorian chant evolved to fulfill various functions in the Roman Catholic liturgy . Broadly speaking , liturgical recitatives are used for texts intoned by deacons or priests . Antiphonal chants accompany liturgical actions : the entrance of the officiant , the collection of offerings , and the distribution of sanctified bread and wine . Responsorial chants expand on readings and lessons . The non-psalmodic chants , including the Ordinary of the Mass , sequences , and hymns , were originally intended for congregational singing . The structure of their texts largely defines their musical style . In sequences , the same melodic phrase is repeated in each couplet . The strophic texts of hymns use the same syllabic melody for each stanza . Modality ( edit ) Main article : Musical mode Early plainchant , like much of Western music , is believed to have been distinguished by the use of the diatonic scale . Modal theory , which postdates the composition of the core chant repertory , arises from a synthesis of two very different traditions : the speculative tradition of numerical ratios and species inherited from ancient Greece and a second tradition rooted in the practical art of cantus . The earliest writings that deal with both theory and practice include the Enchiriadis group of treatises , which circulated in the late ninth century and possibly have their roots in an earlier , oral tradition . In contrast to the ancient Greek system of tetrachords ( a collection of four continuous notes ) that descend by two tones and a semitone , the Enchiriadis writings base their tone - system on a tetrachord that corresponds to the four finals of chant , D , E , F , and G . The disjunct tetrachords in the Enchiriadis system have been the subject of much speculation , because they do not correspond to the diatonic framework that became the standard Medieval scale ( for example , there is a high F# , a note not recognized by later Medieval writers ) . A diatonic scale with a chromatically alterable b / b - flat was first described by Hucbald , who adopted the tetrachord of the finals ( D , E , F , G ) and constructed the rest of the system following the model of the Greek Greater and Lesser Perfect Systems . These were the first steps in forging a theoretical tradition that corresponded to chant . Around 1025 , Guido d'Arezzo revolutionized Western music with the development of the gamut , in which pitches in the singing range were organized into overlapping hexachords . Hexachords could be built on C ( the natural hexachord , C-D-E ^ F-G-A ) , F ( the soft hexachord , using a B - flat , F-G-A ^ Bb - C-D ) , or G ( the hard hexachord , using a B - natural , G-A-B ^ C-D-E ) . The B - flat was an integral part of the system of hexachords rather than an accidental . The use of notes outside of this collection was described as musica ficta . Gregorian chant was categorized into eight modes , influenced by the eightfold division of Byzantine chants called the oktoechos . Each mode is distinguished by its final , dominant , and ambitus . The final is the ending note , which is usually an important note in the overall structure of the melody . The dominant is a secondary pitch that usually serves as a reciting tone in the melody . Ambitus refers to the range of pitches used in the melody . Melodies whose final is in the middle of the ambitus , or which have only a limited ambitus , are categorized as plagal , while melodies whose final is in the lower end of the ambitus and have a range of over five or six notes are categorized as authentic . Although corresponding plagal and authentic modes have the same final , they have different dominants . The existent pseudo-Greek names of the modes , rarely used in medieval times , derive from a misunderstanding of the Ancient Greek modes ; the prefix `` hypo - '' ( under , Gr . ) indicates a plagal mode , where the melody moves below the final . In contemporary Latin manuscripts the modes are simply called Protus authentus / plagalis , Deuterus , Tritus and Tetrardus : the 1st mode , authentic or plagal , the 2nd mode etc . In the Roman Chantbooks the modes are indicated by Roman numerals . Modes 1 and 2 are the authentic and plagal modes ending on D , sometimes called Dorian and Hypodorian . Modes 3 and 4 are the authentic and plagal modes ending on E , sometimes called Phrygian and Hypophrygian . Modes 5 and 6 are the authentic and plagal modes ending on F , sometimes called Lydian and Hypolydian . Modes 7 and 8 are the authentic and plagal modes ending on G , sometimes called Mixolydian and Hypomixolydian . Although the modes with melodies ending on A , B , and C are sometimes referred to as Aeolian , Locrian , and Ionian , these are not considered distinct modes and are treated as transpositions of whichever mode uses the same set of hexachords . The actual pitch of the Gregorian chant is not fixed , so the piece can be sung in whichever range is most comfortable . Certain classes of Gregorian chant have a separate musical formula for each mode , allowing one section of the chant to transition smoothly into the next section , such as the psalm verses that are sung between the repetition of antiphons , or the Gloria Patri . Thus we find models for the recitation of psalmverses , Alleluia and Gloria Patri for all eight modes . Not every Gregorian chant fits neatly into Guido 's hexachords or into the system of eight modes . For example , there are chants -- especially from German sources -- whose neumes suggest a warbling of pitches between the notes E and F , outside the hexachord system , or in other words , employing a form of chromatism . Early Gregorian chant , like Ambrosian and Old Roman chant , whose melodies are most closely related to Gregorian , did not use the modal system . The great need for a system of organizing chants lies in the need to link antiphons with standard tones , as in for example , the psalmody at the Office . Using Psalm Tone i with an antiphon in Mode 1 makes for a smooth transition between the end of the antiphon and the intonation of the tone , and the ending of the tone can then be chosen to provide a smooth transition back to the antiphon . As the modal system gained acceptance , Gregorian chants were edited to conform to the modes , especially during 12th - century Cistercian reforms . Finals were altered , melodic ranges reduced , melismata trimmed , B - flats eliminated , and repeated words removed . Despite these attempts to impose modal consistency , some chants -- notably Communions -- defy simple modal assignment . For example , in four medieval manuscripts , the Communion Circuibo was transcribed using a different mode in each . Musical idiom ( edit ) Several features besides modality contribute to the musical idiom of Gregorian chant , giving it a distinctive musical flavor . Melodic motion is primarily stepwise . Skips of a third are common , and larger skips far more common than in other plainchant repertories such as Ambrosian chant or Beneventan chant . Gregorian melodies are more likely to traverse a seventh than a full octave , so that melodies rarely travel from D up to the D an octave higher , but often travel from D to the C a seventh higher , using such patterns as D-F-G-A-C . Gregorian melodies often explore chains of pitches , such as F-A-C , around which the other notes of the chant gravitate . Within each mode , certain incipits and cadences are preferred , which the modal theory alone does not explain . Chants often display complex internal structures that combine and repeat musical subphrases . This occurs notably in the Offertories ; in chants with shorter , repeating texts such as the Kyrie and Agnus Dei ; and in longer chants with clear textual divisions such as the Great Responsories , the Gloria , and the Credo . Chants sometimes fall into melodically related groups . The musical phrases centonized to create Graduals and Tracts follow a musical `` grammar '' of sorts . Certain phrases are used only at the beginnings of chants , or only at the end , or only in certain combinations , creating musical families of chants such as the Iustus ut palma family of Graduals . Several Introits in mode 3 , including Loquetur Dominus above , exhibit melodic similarities . Mode III ( E authentic ) chants have C as a dominant , so C is the expected reciting tone . These mode III Introits , however , use both G and C as reciting tones , and often begin with a decorated leap from G to C to establish this tonality . Similar examples exist throughout the repertory . Notation ( edit ) Offertory Iubilate deo universa terra in unheightened neume The earliest notated sources of Gregorian chant ( written ca . 950 ) used symbols called neumes ( Gr . sign , of the hand ) to indicate tone - movements and relative duration within each syllable . A sort of musical stenography that seems to focus on gestures and tone - movements but not the specific pitches of individual notes , nor the relative starting pitches of each neume . Given the fact that Chant was learned in an oral tradition in which the texts and melodies were sung from memory , this was obviously not necessary . The neumatic manuscripts display great sophistication and precision in notation and a wealth of graphic signs to indicate the musical gesture and proper pronunciation of the text . Scholars postulate that this practice may have been derived from cheironomic hand - gestures , the ekphonetic notation of Byzantine chant , punctuation marks , or diacritical accents . Later adaptations and innovations included the use of a dry - scratched line or an inked line or two lines , marked C or F showing the relative pitches between neumes . Consistent relative heightening first developed in the Aquitaine region , particularly at St. Martial de Limoges , in the first half of the eleventh century . Many German - speaking areas , however , continued to use unpitched neumes into the twelfth century . Additional symbols developed , such as the custos , placed at the end of a system to show the next pitch . Other symbols indicated changes in articulation , duration , or tempo , such as a letter `` t '' to indicate a tenuto . Another form of early notation used a system of letters corresponding to different pitches , much as Shaker music is notated . Liber usualis in square notation ( excerpt from the Kyrie eleison ( Orbis factor ) ) By the 13th century , the neumes of Gregorian chant were usually written in square notation on a four - line staff with a clef , as in the Graduale Aboense pictured above . In square notation , small groups of ascending notes on a syllable are shown as stacked squares , read from bottom to top , while descending notes are written with diamonds read from left to right . When a syllable has a large number of notes , a series of smaller such groups of neumes are written in succession , read from left to right . The oriscus , quilisma , and liquescent neumes indicate special vocal treatments , that have been largely neglected due to uncertainty as to how to sing them . Since the 1970s , with the influential insights of Dom Eugène Cardine ( see below under ' rhythm ' ) , ornamental neumes have received more attention from both researchers and performers . B - flat is indicated by a `` b - mollum '' ( Lat . soft ) , a rounded undercaste ' b ' placed to the left of the entire neume in which the note occurs , as shown in the `` Kyrie '' to the right . When necessary , a `` b - durum '' ( Lat . hard ) , written squarely , indicates B - natural and serves to cancel the b - mollum . This system of square notation is standard in modern chantbooks . Performance ( edit ) Texture ( edit ) Gregorian chant was originally used for singing the Office ( by male and female religious ) and for singing the parts of the Mass pertaining to the lay faithful ( male and female ) , the celebrant ( priest , always male ) and the choir ( composed of male ordained clergy , except in convents ) . Outside the larger cities , the number of available clergy dropped , and lay men started singing these parts . The choir was considered an official liturgical duty reserved to clergy , so women were not allowed to sing in the Schola Cantorum or other choirs except in convents where women were permitted to sing the Office and the parts of the Mass pertaining to the choir as a function of their consecrated life . Chant was normally sung in unison . Later innovations included tropes , which is a new text sung to the same melodic phrases in a melismatic chant ( repeating an entire Alleluia - melody on a new text for instance , or repeating a full phrase with a new text that comments on the previously sung text ) and various forms of organum , ( improvised ) harmonic embellishment of chant melodies focusing on octaves , fifths , fourths , and , later , thirds . Neither tropes nor organum , however , belong to the chant repertory proper . The main exception to this is the sequence , whose origins lay in troping the extended melisma of Alleluia chants known as the jubilus , but the sequences , like the tropes , were later officially suppressed . The Council of Trent struck sequences from the Gregorian corpus , except those for Easter , Pentecost , Corpus Christi and All Souls ' Day . Not much is known about the particular vocal stylings or performance practices used for Gregorian chant in the Middle Ages . On occasion , the clergy was urged to have their singers perform with more restraint and piety . This suggests that virtuosic performances occurred , contrary to the modern stereotype of Gregorian chant as slow - moving mood music . This tension between musicality and piety goes far back ; Gregory the Great himself criticized the practice of promoting clerics based on their charming singing rather than their preaching . However , Odo of Cluny , a renowned monastic reformer , praised the intellectual and musical virtuosity to be found in chant : For in these ( Offertories and Communions ) there are the most varied kinds of ascent , descent , repeat ... , delight for the cognoscenti , difficulty for the beginners , and an admirable organization ... that widely differs from other chants ; they are not so much made according to the rules of music ... but rather evince the authority and validity ... of music . True antiphonal performance by two alternating choruses still occurs , as in certain German monasteries . However , antiphonal chants are generally performed in responsorial style by a solo cantor alternating with a chorus . This practice appears to have begun in the Middle Ages . Another medieval innovation had the solo cantor sing the opening words of responsorial chants , with the full chorus finishing the end of the opening phrase . This innovation allowed the soloist to fix the pitch of the chant for the chorus and to cue the choral entrance . Rhythm ( edit ) Given the oral teaching tradition of Gregorian chant , modern reconstruction of intended rhythm from the written notation of Gregorian chant has always been a source of debate among modern scholars . To complicate matters further , many ornamental neumes used in the earliest manuscripts pose difficulties on the interpretation of rhythm . Certain neumes such as the pressus , pes quassus , strophic neumes may indicate repeated notes , lengthening by repercussion , in some cases with added ornaments . By the 13th century , with the widespread use of square notation , most chant was sung with an approximately equal duration allotted to each note , although Jerome of Moravia cites exceptions in which certain notes , such as the final notes of a chant , are lengthened . While the standard repertory of Gregorian Chant was partly being supplanted with new forms of polyphony , the earlier melo - rhythmic refinements of monophonic chant seem to fall into disuse . Later redactions such as the Editio medicaea of 1614 rewrote chant so that melismata , with their melodic accent , fell on accented syllables . This aesthetic held sway until the re-examination of chant in the late 19th century by such scholars as Wagner , Pothier , and Mocquereau , who fell into two camps . One school of thought , including Wagner , Jammers , and Lipphardt , advocated imposing rhythmic meters on chants , although they disagreed on how that should be done . An opposing interpretation , represented by Pothier and Mocquereau , supported a free rhythm of equal note values , although some notes are lengthened for textual emphasis or musical effect . The modern Solesmes editions of Gregorian chant follow this interpretation . Mocquereau divided melodies into two - and three - note phrases , each beginning with an ictus , akin to a beat , notated in chantbooks as a small vertical mark . These basic melodic units combined into larger phrases through a complex system expressed by cheironomic hand - gestures . This approach prevailed during the twentieth century , propagated by Justine Ward 's program of music education for children , until the liturgical role of chant was diminished after the liturgical reforms of Paul VI , and new scholarship `` essentially discredited '' Mocquereau 's rhythmic theories . Common modern practice favors performing Gregorian chant with no beat or regular metric accent , largely for aesthetic reasons . The text determines the accent while the melodic contour determines the phrasing . The note lengthenings recommended by the Solesmes school remain influential , though not prescriptive . Dom Eugene Cardine , ( 1905 -- 1988 ) monk from Solesmes , published his ' Semiologie Gregorienne ' in 1970 in which he clearly explains the musical significance of the neumes of the early chant manuscripts . Cardine shows the great diversity of neumes and graphic variations of the basic shape of a particular neume , which can not be expressed in the square notation . This variety in notation must have served a practical purpose and therefore a musical significance . Nine years later , the Graduale Triplex was published , in which the Roman Gradual , containing all the chants for Mass in a Year 's cycle , appeared with the neumes of the two most important manuscripts copied under and over the 4 - line staff of the square notation . The Graduale Triplex made widely accessible the original notation of Sankt Gallen and Laon ( compiled after 930 AD ) in a single chantbook and was a huge step forward . Dom Cardine had many students who have each in their own way continued their semiological studies , some of whom also started experimenting in applying the newly understood principles in performance practice . The studies of Cardine and his students ( Godehard Joppich , Luigi Augustoni , Johannes B. Göschl , Marie - Noël Colette , Rupert Fischer , Marie - Claire Billecocq , Alexander M. Schweitzer to name a few ) have clearly demonstrated that rhythm in Gregorian chant as notated in the 10th century rhythmic manuscripts ( notably Skt . Gallen and Laon ) manifest such rhythmic diversity and melodic -- rhythmic ornamentations for which there is hardly a living performance tradition in the Western world . Contemporary groups that endeavour to sing according to the manuscript traditions have evolved after 1975 . Some practising researchers favour a closer look at non Western ( liturgical ) traditions , in such cultures where the tradition of modal monophony was never abandoned . Another group with different views are the mensuralists or the proportionalists , who maintain that rhythm has to be interpreted proportionately , where shorts are exactly half the longs . This school of interpretation claims the support of historical authorities such as St Augustine , Remigius , Guido and Aribo . This view is advocated by John Blackley and his ' Schola Antiqua New York ' . Recent research in the Netherlands by Dr. Dirk van Kampen has indicated that the authentic rhythm of Gregorian chant in the 10th century includes both proportional elements and elements that are in agreement with semiology . Starting with the expectation that the rhythm of Gregorian chant ( and thus the duration of the individual notes ) anyway adds to the expressivity of the sacred Latin texts , several word - related variables were studied for their relationship with several neume - related variables , exploring these relationships in a sample of introit chants using such statistical methods as correlational analysis and multiple regression analysis . Beside the length of the syllables ( measured in tenths of seconds ) , each text syllable was evaluated in terms of its position within the word to which it belongs , defining such variables as `` the syllable has or has not the main accent '' , `` the syllable is or is not at the end of a word '' , etc. , and in terms of the particular sounds produced ( for instance , the syllable contains the vowel `` i '' ) . The various neume elements were evaluated by attaching different duration values to them , both in terms of semiological propositions ( nuanced durations according to the manner of neume writing in Chris Hakkennes ' Graduale Lagal ) , and in terms of fixed duration values that were based on mensuralistic notions , however with ratios between short and long notes ranging from 1 : 1 , via 1 : 1.2 , 1 : 1.4 , etc. to 1 : 3 . To distinguish short and long notes , tables were consulted that were established by Van Kampen in an unpublished comparative study regarding the neume notations according to St Gallen and Laon codices . With some exceptions , these tables confirm the short vs. long distinctions in Cardine 's ' Semiologie Gregorienne ' . The lengths of the neumes were given values by adding up the duration values for the separate neume elements , each time following a particular hypothesis concerning the rhythm of Gregoriant chant . Both the syllable lengths and the neume lengths were also expressed in relation to the total duration of the syllables , resp . neumes for a word ( contextual variables ) . Correlating the various word and neume variables , substantial correlations were found for the word variables ' accented syllable ' and ' contextual syllable duration ' . Moreover , it could be established that the multiple correlation ( R ) between the two types of variables reaches its maximum ( R is about 0.80 ) if the neumatic elements are evaluated according to the following rules of duration : ( a ) neume elements that represent short notes in neumes consisting of at least two notes have duration values of 1 time ; ( b ) neume elements that represent long notes in neumes consisting of at least two notes have duration values of 2 times ; ( c ) neumes consisting of only one note are characterized by flexible duration values ( with an average value of 2 times ) , which take over the duration values of the syllables to match . It is interesting that the distinction between the first two rules and the latter rule can also be found in early treatises on music , introducing the terms metrum and rhythmus . As it could also be demonstrated by Van Kampen that melodic peaks often coincide with the word accent ( see also ) , the conclusion seems warranted that the Gregorian melodies enhance the expressiveness of the Latin words by mimicking to some extent both the accentuation of the sacred words ( pitch differences between neumes ) and the relative duration of the word syllables ( by paying attention to well - defined length differences between the individual notes of a neume ) . Melodic restitution ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Recent developments involve an intensifying of the semiological approach according to Dom Cardine , which also gave a new impetus to the research into melodic variants in various manuscripts of chant . On the basis of this ongoing research it has become obvious that the Graduale and other chantbooks contain many melodic errors , some very consistently , ( the mis - interpretation of third and eighth mode ) necessitating a new edition of the Graduale according to state - of - the - art melodic restitutions . Since the 1970 a melodic restitution group of AISCGre ( International Society for the Study of Gregorian Chant ) has worked on an `` editio magis critica '' as requested by the 2 . Vatican Council Constitution `` Sacrosanctum Concilium '' . As a response to this need and following the Holy See 's invitation to edit a more critical edition , in 2011 the first volume `` De Dominicis et Festis '' of the `` Graduale Novum Editio Magis Critica Iuxta SC 117 '' was published by Libreria Editrice Vatican and ConBrio Verlagsgesellschaft , Regensburg . In this approach the so - called earlier ' rhythmic ' manuscripts of unheightened neumes that carry a wealth of melo - rhythmic information but not of exact pitches , are compared in large tables of comparison with relevant later ' melodic ' manuscripts ' that are written on lines or use double alphabetic and neumes notation over the text , but as a rule have less rhythmic refinement compared to the earlier group . However , the comparison between the two groups has made it possible to correct what are obvious mistakes . In other instances it is not so easy to find a consensus . In 1984 Chris Hakkennes published his own transcription of the Graduale Triplex . He devised a new graphic adaptation of square notation ' simplex ' in which he integrated the rhythmic indications of the two most relevant sources , that of Laon and Skt . Gallen . Referring to these manuscripts , he called his own transcription Gradual Lagal . Furthermore , while making the transcription , he cross-checked with the melodic manuscripts to correct modal errors or other melodic errors found in the Graduale Romanum . His intention was to provide a corrected melody in rhythmic notation but above all -- he was also a choirmaster -- suited for practical use , therefore a simplex , integrated notation . Although fully admitting the importance of Hakkennes ' melodic revisions , the rhythmical solution suggested in the Graduale Lagal was actually found by Van Kampen ( see above ) to be rather modestly related to the text of the chant . Liturgical functions ( edit ) Gregorian chant is sung in the Office during the canonical hours and in the liturgy of the Mass . Texts known as accentus are intoned by bishops , priests , and deacons , mostly on a single reciting tone with simple melodic formulae at certain places in each sentence . More complex chants are sung by trained soloists and choirs . The most complete collection of chants is the Liber usualis , which contains the chants for the Tridentine Mass and the most commonly used Office chants . Outside of monasteries , the more compact Graduale Romanum is commonly used . Proper chants of the Mass ( edit ) The Introit , Gradual , Alleluia , Tract , Sequence , Offertory and Communion chants are part of the Proper of the Mass . `` Proprium Missae '' in Latin refers to the chants of the Mass that have their proper individual texts for each Sunday throughout the annual cycle , as opposed to ' Ordinarium Missae ' which have fixed texts ( but various melodies ) ( Kyrie , Sanctus , Benedictus , Agnus Dei ) . Introits cover the procession of the officiants . Introits are antiphonal chants , typically consisting of an antiphon , a psalm verse , a repeat of the antiphon , an intonation of the Gloria Patri Doxology , and a final repeat of the antiphon . Reciting tones often dominate their melodic structures . Graduals are responsorial chants that follow the reading of the Epistle . Graduals usually result from centonization ; stock musical phrases are assembled like a patchwork to create the full melody of the chant , creating families of musically related melodies . Graduals are accompanied by an elaborate Verse , so that it actually consists in two different parts , A B. Often the first part is sung again , creating a ' rondeau ' AB A. At least the verse , if not the complete gradual , is for the solo cantor and are in elaborate , ornate style with long , wide - ranged melismata . The Alleluia is known for the jubilus , an extended joyful melisma on the last vowel of ' Alleluia ' . The Alleluia is also in two parts , the alleluia proper and the psalmverse , by which the Alleluia is identified ( Alleluia V. Pascha nostrum ) . The last melisma of the verse is the same as the jubilus attached to the Alleluia . Alleluias are not sung during penitential times , such as Lent . Instead , a Tract is chanted , usually with texts from the Psalms . Tracts , like Graduals , are highly centonized . Sequences are sung poems based on couplets . Although many sequences are not part of the liturgy and thus not part of the Gregorian repertory proper , Gregorian sequences include such well - known chants as Victimae paschali laudes and Veni Sancte Spiritus . According to Notker Balbulus , an early sequence writer , their origins lie in the addition of words to the long melismata of the jubilus of Alleluia chants . Offertories are sung during the offering of Eucharistic bread and wine . Offertories once had highly prolix melodies in their verses , but the use of verses in Gregorian Offertories disappeared around the 12th century . These verses however , are among the most ornate and elaborated in the whole chant repertoire . Offertories are in form closest to Responsories , which are likewise accompanied by at least one Verse and the opening sections of both Off. and Resp . are partly repeated after the verse ( s ) . This last section is therefore called the ' repetenda ' and is in performance the last melodic line of the chant . Communions are sung during the distribution of the Eucharist . In presentation the Communio is similar to the Introitus , an antiphon with a series of psalm verses . Communion melodies are often tonally ambiguous and do not fit into a single musical mode which has led to the same communio being classed in different modes in different manuscripts or editions . Ordinary chants of the Mass ( edit ) The Kyrie , Gloria , Credo , Sanctus , Benedictus and Agnus Dei use the same text in every service of the Mass . Because they follow the regular invariable `` order '' of the Mass , these chants are called `` Ordinary '' . The Kyrie consists of a threefold repetition of `` Kyrie eleison '' ( `` Lord , have mercy '' ) , a threefold repetition of `` Christe eleison '' ( `` Christ have mercy '' ) , followed by another threefold repetition of `` Kyrie eleison . '' In older chants , `` Kyrie eleison imas '' ( `` Lord , have mercy on us '' ) can be found . The Kyrie is distinguished by its use of the Greek language instead of Latin . Because of the textual repetition , various musical repeat structures occur in these chants . The following , Kyrie ad . lib . VI as transmitted in a Cambrai manuscript , uses the form ABA CDC EFE ' , with shifts in tessitura between sections . The E ' section , on the final `` Kyrie eleison '' , itself has an aa'b structure , contributing to the sense of climax . Kyrie 55 , Vatican ad lib . VI , from Cambrai , Bibl . Mun. 61 , fo. 155v , as transcribed by David Hiley Example of musical repeat structures in Gregorian chant Problems playing this file ? See media help . The Gloria recites the Greater Doxology , and the Credo intones the Nicene Creed . Because of the length of these texts , these chants often break into musical subsections corresponding with textual breaks . Because the Credo was the last Ordinary chant to be added to the Mass , there are relatively few Credo melodies in the Gregorian corpus . The Sanctus and the Agnus Dei , like the Kyrie , also contain repeated texts , which their musical structures often exploit . Technically , the Ite missa est and the Benedicamus Domino , which conclude the Mass , belong to the Ordinary . They have their own Gregorian melodies , but because they are short and simple , and have rarely been the subject of later musical composition , they are often omitted in discussion . Plainchant notation for the solemn setting of the Salve Regina ; a simple setting is used more commonly . Chants of the Office ( edit ) Gregorian chant is sung in the canonical hours of the monastic Office , primarily in antiphons used to sing the Psalms , in the Great Responsories of Matins , and the Short Responsories of the Lesser Hours and Compline . The psalm antiphons of the Office tend to be short and simple , especially compared to the complex Great Responsories . At the close of the Office , one of four Marian antiphons is sung . These songs , Alma Redemptoris Mater ( see top of article ) , Ave Regina caelorum , Regina caeli laetare , and Salve , Regina , are relatively late chants , dating to the 11th century , and considerably more complex than most Office antiphons . Willi Apel has described these four songs as `` among the most beautiful creations of the late Middle Ages . '' Alma Redemptoris Mater Marian antiphon sung at Compline and Lauds between the First Sunday of Advent and Candlemas Problems playing this file ? See media help . Influence ( edit ) Medieval and Renaissance Music ( edit ) Gregorian chant had a significant impact on the development of medieval and Renaissance music . Modern staff notation developed directly from Gregorian neumes . The square notation that had been devised for plainchant was borrowed and adapted for other kinds of music . Certain groupings of neumes were used to indicate repeating rhythms called rhythmic modes . Rounded noteheads increasingly replaced the older squares and lozenges in the 15th and 16th centuries , although chantbooks conservatively maintained the square notation . By the 16th century , the fifth line added to the musical staff had become standard . The bass clef and the flat , natural , and sharp accidentals derived directly from Gregorian notation . Gregorian melodies provided musical material and served as models for tropes and liturgical dramas . Vernacular hymns such as `` Christ ist erstanden '' and `` Nun bitten wir den Heiligen Geist '' adapted original Gregorian melodies to translated texts . Secular tunes such as the popular Renaissance `` In Nomine '' were based on Gregorian melodies . Beginning with the improvised harmonizations of Gregorian chant known as organum , Gregorian chants became a driving force in medieval and Renaissance polyphony . Often , a Gregorian chant ( sometimes in modified form ) would be used as a cantus firmus , so that the consecutive notes of the chant determined the harmonic progression . The Marian antiphons , especially Alma Redemptoris Mater , were frequently arranged by Renaissance composers . The use of chant as a cantus firmus was the predominant practice until the Baroque period , when the stronger harmonic progressions made possible by an independent bass line became standard . The Catholic Church later allowed polyphonic arrangements to replace the Gregorian chant of the Ordinary of the Mass . This is why the Mass as a compositional form , as set by composers like Palestrina or Mozart , features a Kyrie but not an Introit . The Propers may also be replaced by choral settings on certain solemn occasions . Among the composers who most frequently wrote polyphonic settings of the Propers were William Byrd and Tomás Luis de Victoria . These polyphonic arrangements usually incorporate elements of the original chant . 20th century ( edit ) The renewed interest in early music in the late 19th century left its mark on 20th - century music . Gregorian influences in classical music include the choral setting of four chants in Quatre Motets sur des thèmes grégoriens by Maurice Duruflé , the carols of Peter Maxwell Davies , and the choral work of Arvo Pärt . Gregorian chant is vaguely imitated into other genres , such as London Boys ' Requiem and some other dance compositions , Enigma 's Sadeness ( Part I ) , the chant interpretation of pop and rock by the German band Gregorian , the new - age project Era , the techno project E Nomine , many of the songs by American power / thrash metal band Iced Earth , and the work of black metal band Deathspell Omega . The modal melodies of chant provide unusual sounds to ears attuned to modern scales . It has also been used in The Omen 's main theme , Ave Satani . Popular culture ( edit ) The monks of Solesmes , discussed above for their revival of Gregorian chant , issued a number of recordings . However , when Gregorian chant as plainchant experienced a popular resurgence during the new - age and world - music movements of the 1980s and ' 90s , the iconic album was somewhat unexpectedly Chant , recorded by the Benedictine monks of Santo Domingo de Silos , Spain . This was marketed as music to inspire timeless calm and serenity . In 2008 , the Cistercian Monks of Austrian Heiligenkreuz Abbey released the CD Chant -- Music for Paradise , which became the best - selling album of the Austrian pop charts and peaked # 7 of the UK charts . In the US , the album was released under the title Chant -- Music for the Soul and peaked at # 4 on the Billboard classical charts . It became conventional wisdom that listening to Gregorian chant increased the production of alpha waves in the brain , reinforcing the popular reputation of Gregorian chant as tranquilizing music . Gregorian chant has often been parodied for its supposed monotony , both before and after the release of Chant . Famous references include the flagellant monks in Monty Python and the Holy Grail intoning `` Pie Jesu Domine dona eis requiem '' ( Good Lord Jesus , grant them rest ) . `` The Gregorian Chant '' was the title of a British television play in the 60 's starring Billie Whitelaw as a prostitute with unexpectedly refined tastes . Gregorian chant has been also used in Vision of Escaflowne and Death Note anime series , Disney 's The Hunchback of Notre Dame , the theme of the Temple of Time in the Legend of Zelda series and the Halo series of videogames , although it had been used in such a number of productions and movies that this is only a very selective list of examples . See also ( edit ) Anglican chant Cecilian Movement Damien Poisblaud Paul Jausions Schola Antiqua Semiology ( Gregorian Chant ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Development of notation styles is discussed at Dolmetsch online , accessed 4 July 2006 ^ Jump up to : The Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy , Second Vatican Council ; Pope Benedict XVI : Catholic World News 28 June 2006 both accessed 5 July 2006 Jump up ^ David Hiley , Western Plainchant pp. 484 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Apel , Gregorian Chant p. 34 . Jump up ^ Apel , Gregorian Chant p. 74 . Jump up ^ Hiley , Western Plainchant pp. 484 -- 7 and James McKinnon , Antiquity and the Middle Ages p. 72 . Jump up ^ McKinnon , James W. : `` Christian Church , music of the early '' , Grove Music Online ed . L. Macy ( Accessed 11 July 2006 ) , ( subscription access ) Jump up ^ Hiley , Western Plainchant p. 486 . Jump up ^ Grout , A History of Western Music , pp. 28 Jump up ^ James McKinnon , Antiquity and the Middle Ages p. 320 . ^ Jump up to : Bewerunge , Heinrich ( 1913 ) . `` Gregorian chant '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Jump up ^ Grout , A History of Western Music , pp. 28 -- 9 Jump up ^ Grout , A History of Western Music , p. 30 Jump up ^ Apel , Gregorian Chant p. 79 . Jump up ^ Kenneth , Levy ; et al. `` Plainchant , § 2 : History to the 10th century '' . Grove Music Online . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Grier J. ( 2003 ) Ademar de Chabannes , Carolingian Musical Practices , and Nota Romana . Journal of the American Musicological Society . 56 ( 1 ) : 43 -- 98 . Jump up ^ McKinnon , Antiquity and the Middle Ages p. 114 . Jump up ^ Taruskin , Richard The Oxford History of Western Music , Volume I -- Music from the earliest notations to the 16th century Chapter 1 , the curtain goes up , page 6 . ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2010 ) Jump up ^ Wilson , Music of the Middle Ages p. 13 . Jump up ^ David Wilson , Music of the Middle Ages p. 10 . Jump up ^ Hiley , Western Plainchant p. 604 . Jump up ^ Apel , Gregorian Chant p. 80 . Jump up ^ Richard Hoppin , Medieval Music p. 47 . Jump up ^ Carl Parrish , `` A Treasury of Early Music '' pp. 8 -- 9 Jump up ^ Apel , Gregorian Chant pp. 288 -- 289 . Jump up ^ Hiley , Western Plainchant p. 622 . Jump up ^ `` Paléographie musicale : fac - similés phototypiques des principaux manuscrits de chant grégorien , ambrosien , mozarabe , gallican '' . Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Hiley , Western Plainchant p. 624 -- 627 . Jump up ^ Hoppin , Medieval Music pp. 85 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Apel , Gregorian Chant p. 203 Jump up ^ Hoppin , Anthology of Medieval Music p. 11 . Jump up ^ Hoppin , Medieval Music p. 81 . Jump up ^ Hoppin , Medieval Music p. 123 . Jump up ^ Hoppin , Medieval Music p. 131 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Music of the Middle Ages p. 11 . Jump up ^ Hoppin , Medieval Music pp. 64 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Hoppin , Medieval Music p. 82 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Music of the Middle Ages p. 22 . Jump up ^ Apel , Gregorian Chant p. 166 -- 78 , and Hiley , Western Plainchant p. 454 . Jump up ^ Hiley , Western Plainchant pp. 608 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Apel , Gregorian Chant pp. 171 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Apel , Gregorian Chant pp. 256 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Music of the Middle Ages p. 21 . Jump up ^ Apel , Gregorian Chant pp. 258 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Apel , Gregorian Chant pp. 344 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Hiley , Western Plainchant pp. 110 -- 113 . Jump up ^ Levy , Kenneth : `` Plainchant '' , Grove Music Online , ed . L. Macy ( Accessed 20 January 2006 ) , ( subscription access ) Jump up ^ Carol Neuls - Bates , Women in Music p. 3 . Jump up ^ Hiley , Western Plainchant p. 504 . Jump up ^ Apel , p. 312 . Jump up ^ Apel , Gregorian Chant p. 197 . Jump up ^ Hiley , `` Chant '' , Performance Practice : Music before 1600 p. 44 . `` The performance of chant in equal note lengths from the 13th century onwards is well supported by contemporary statements . '' Jump up ^ Apel , Gregorian Chant p. 289 . Jump up ^ Apel , Gregorian Chant p. 127 . Jump up ^ Dyer , Joseph : `` Roman Catholic Church Music '' , Section VI. 1 , Grove Music Online ed . L. Macy ( Accessed 28 June 2006 ) , ( subscription access ) Jump up ^ William P. Mahrt , `` Chant '' , A Performer 's Guide to Medieval Music p. 18 . Jump up ^ `` The symbolism of chant rhythm '' . Calumcille.com . Archived from the original on 15 March 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Dirk van Kampen ( 1994 ) . Het oorspronkelijke ritme van het Gregoriaans : Een ' semiologisch - mensuralistische ' studie . Landsmeer , ISBN 90 - 900742 - 8 - 7 . Jump up ^ Dirk van Kampen ( 2005 ) . Uitgangspunten voor de ritmiek van Gregoriaans . Tijdschrift voor Gregoriaans , 30 , 89 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Chris Hakkennes ( 1984 ) . Graduale Lagal . Den Haag : Stichting Centrum voor de Kerkzang . Jump up ^ Peter Wagner ( 1916 ) . Zur ursprünglichen Ausführung des Gregorianischen Gesanges . Gregoriusblatt , 81 -- 82 . Jump up ^ J. Jeannin ( 1930 ) . Proportionale Dauerwerte oder einfache Schattierungen im Gregorianischen Choral ? Gregoriusblatt , 54 , 129 -- 135 . Jump up ^ G. Reese ( 1940 ) . Music in the Middle Ages . New York : Norton & Comp. , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Richard Crocker , The Early Medieval Sequence pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Hiley , Western Plainchant p. 153 . Jump up ^ Apel , Gregorian Chant p. 404 . Jump up ^ Chew , Geoffrey and Richard Rastall : `` Notation '' , Grove Music Online , ed . L. Macy ( Accessed 27 June 2006 ) ( subscription access ) ) Jump up ^ `` Cistercian Monks of Stift Heiligenkreuz '' . Chart History . Billboard . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Universal news . Retrieved 24 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Le Mée , Chant : The Origins , Form , Practice , and Healing Power of Gregorian Chant p. 140 . References ( edit ) Graduale triplex ( 1979 ) . Tournai : Desclée& Socii . ISBN 2 - 85274 - 094 - X Graduale Novum , Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2011 ISBN 978 - 3 - 940768 - 15 - 5 Graduale Lagal ( 1984 / 1990 ) Chris Hakkennes , Stichting Lagal Utrecht ISBN 90 - 800408 - 2 - 7 Liber usualis ( 1953 ) . Tournai : Desclée& Socii . Liber Usualis ( 1961 ) in PDF format ( 115 MB ) Apel , Willi ( 1990 ) . Gregorian Chant . Bloomington , Indiana : Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 253 - 20601 - 4 . Bewerunge , H. ( 1913 ) . `` Gregorian Chant '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Ian D. Bent ; David W. Hughes ; Robert C. Provine ; Richard Rastall ; Anne Kilmer ; David Hiley ; Janka Szendrei ; Thomas B. Payne ; Margaret Bent ; Geoffrey Chew . L. Macy , ed . Notation . Grove Music Online . Crocker , Richard ( 1977 ) . The Early Medieval Sequence . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 02847 - 3 . Dyer , Joseph . `` Roman Catholic Church Music '' . Grove Music Online , ed . L. Macy . pp. Section VI. 1 . Retrieved 28 June 2006 . Grout , Donald ( 1960 ) . A History of Western Music . New York : W.W. Norton & Co . ISBN 0 - 393 - 09537 - 1 . Hiley , David ( 1990 ) . `` Chant '' . In Brown , Howard Mayer ; Sadie , Stanley . Performance Practice : Music before 1600 . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . pp. 37 -- 54 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 02807 - 0 . Hiley , David ( 1995 ) . Western Plainchant : A Handbook . Clarendon Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 816572 - 2 . Hoppin , Richard , ed. ( 1978 ) . Anthology of Medieval Music . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 09080 - 9 . Hoppin , Richard ( 1978 ) . Medieval Music . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 09090 - 6 . Le Mée , Katharine ( 1994 ) . Chant : The Origins , Form , Practice , and Healing Power of Gregorian Chant . Harmony . ISBN 0 - 517 - 70037 - 9 . Levy , Kenneth . `` Plainchant '' . Grove Music Online , ed . L. Macy . pp. Section VI. 1 . Retrieved 20 January 2006 . Mahrt , William P. `` Gregorian Chant as a Paradigm of Sacred Music '' . Sacred Music . 133 ( 3 ) : 5 -- 14 . Mahrt , William P. ( 2000 ) . `` Chant '' . In Duffin , Ross . A Performer 's Guide to Medieval Music . Bloomington , Indiana : Indiana University Press . pp. 1 -- 22 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 33752 - 6 . McKinnon , James , ed. ( 1990 ) . Antiquity and the Middle Ages . Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 036153 - 4 . McKinnon , James W. `` Christian Church , music of the early '' . Grove Music Online , ed . L. Macy . Retrieved 11 July 2006 . Neuls - Bates , Carol , ed. ( 1996 ) . Women in Music . Boston : Northeastern University Press . ISBN 1 - 55553 - 240 - 3 . Novum , Canticum . `` Lessons on Gregorian Chant : Notation , characteristics , rhythm , modes , the psalmody and scores '' . Retrieved 11 July 2006 . Parrish , Carl ( 1986 ) . A Treasury of Early Music . Mineola , New York : Dover Publications , Inc . ISBN 0 - 486 - 41088 - 9 . Robinson , Ray , ed. ( 1978 ) . Choral Music . W.W. Norton & Co . ISBN 0 - 393 - 09062 - 0 . Wagner , Peter ( 1911 ) . Einführung in die Gregorianischen Melodien . Ein Handbuch der Choralwissenschaft ( in German ) . Leipzig : Breitkopf & Härtel . Ward , Justine Bayard ( April 1906 ) . `` The Reform in Church Music '' . The Atlantic Monthly . 97 : 455 -- 463 . Reprint at MusicaSacra.com website ( accessed 20 January 2014 ) . Wilson , David ( 1990 ) . Music of the Middle Ages . Schirmer Books . ISBN 0 - 02 - 872951 - X . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gregorian chant . Canticum Novum , Lessons on Gregorian Chant -- Notation , characteristics , rhythm , modes , the psalmody and scores The 1961 Liber Usualis compares , inter alia , modern and chant notations . It is also a handy reference for all the types of neumes . Singing Gregorian Chant : Pitch and Mode Free Gregorian Chant School Online Gregoriani Cantus . Gregorian Chant Free Fonts under Creative Commons License ( Spanish ) The Divine Office in Latin at the Community of Jesus Spanish Chant Manuscript -- A collection of Gregorian chants , hymns and psalms ( Spain , 1575 -- 1625 ) from the UBC Library Digital Collections Concertzender Gregoriaans Radio -- live stream ( 1 ) Website of Anton Stingl jun . including articles and editions of Sankt Gallen notations `` The living textbook '' on the choral notation of the Gregorian chant History of the Catholic Church General History of the Catholic Church By country or region History of the Papacy Timeline of the Catholic Church Catholic Ecumenical Councils History of the Roman Curia Catholic Church art Religious institutes Christian monasticism Papal States Role of Christianity in civilization Church beginnings , Great Church Jesus John the Baptist Apostles Peter Paul Saint Stephen Great Commission Council of Jerusalem Apostolic Age Apostolic Fathers Ignatius of Antioch Irenaeus Pope Victor I Tertullian Constantine to Pope Gregory I Constantine the Great and Christianity Arianism Archbasilica of St. John Lateran First Council of Nicaea Pope Sylvester I First Council of Constantinople Biblical canon Jerome Vulgate Council of Ephesus Council of Chalcedon Benedict of Nursia Second Council of Constantinople Pope Gregory I Gregorian chant Early Middle Ages Third Council of Constantinople Saint Boniface Byzantine Iconoclasm Second Council of Nicaea Charlemagne Pope Leo III Fourth Council of Constantinople East -- West Schism High Middle Ages Pope Urban II Investiture Controversy Crusades First Council of the Lateran Second Council of the Lateran Third Council of the Lateran Pope Innocent III Latin Empire Francis of Assisi Fourth Council of the Lateran Inquisition First Council of Lyon Second Council of Lyon Bernard of Clairvaux Thomas Aquinas Late Middle Ages Pope Boniface VIII Avignon Papacy Pope Clement V Council of Vienne Knights Templar Catherine of Siena Pope Alexander VI Reformation Counter-Reformation Reformation Counter-Reformation Thomas More Pope Leo X Society of Jesus Ignatius of Loyola Francis Xavier Dissolution of the Monasteries Council of Trent Pope Pius V Tridentine Mass Teresa of Ávila John of the Cross Philip Neri Robert Bellarmine Baroque Period to the French Revolution Pope Innocent XI Pope Benedict XIV Suppression of the Society of Jesus Anti-clericalism Pope Pius VI Shimabara Rebellion Edict of Nantes Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution 19th century Pope Pius VII Pope Pius IX Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary Our Lady of La Salette Our Lady of Lourdes First Vatican Council Papal infallibility Pope Leo XIII Mary of the Divine Heart Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart Rerum novarum 20th century Pope Pius X Our Lady of Fátima Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII Pope Pius XII Pope Pius XII Consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary Lateran Treaty Pope John XXIII Second Vatican Council Pope Paul VI Pope John Paul I Pope John Paul II World Youth Day 1995 2000 21st century Catholic Church sexual abuse cases Pope Benedict XVI World Youth Day 2002 2005 2008 2011 2013 2016 Pope Francis Pope portal Vatican City portal Catholicism portal Medieval music Movements and schools Ars antiqua Ars nova Ars subtilior Burgundian School Contenance angloise Notre Dame school Saint Martial school Musical instruments Wind Bagpipes Bladder pipe Bombard Crumhorn Flute Gemshorn Jew 's harp Organ Recorder Sackbut Shawm String Citole Gittern Guitarra latina Guitarra morisca Dulcimer Harp Hurdy - 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3914840535053915671	List of Xbox 360 games compatible with Xbox One	List of Xbox 360 games compatible with Xbox One - wikipedia List of Xbox 360 games compatible with Xbox One Jump to : navigation , search `` Xbox One backwards compatibility '' redirects here . For Xbox games compatible with Xbox One , see List of Xbox games compatible with Xbox One . On June 15 , 2015 , backward compatibility with supported Xbox 360 games became available to eligible Xbox Preview program users with a beta update to the Xbox One system software . The dashboard update containing backward compatibility was released publicly on November 12 , 2015 . The following is a list of all Xbox 360 games compatible with the Xbox One under this functionality . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 List of compatible titles 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) At its launch in November 2013 , the Xbox One did not have native backward compatibility with original Xbox or Xbox 360 games . Xbox Live director of programming Larry `` Major Nelson '' Hryb suggested users could use the HDMI - in port on the console to pass an Xbox 360 or any other device with HDMI output through Xbox One . Senior project management and planning director Albert Penello explained that Microsoft was considering a cloud gaming platform to enable backward compatibility , but he felt it would be `` problematic '' due to varying internet connection qualities . During Microsoft 's E3 2015 press conference on June 15 , 2015 , Microsoft announced plans to introduce Xbox 360 backward compatibility on the Xbox One at no additional cost . Supported Xbox 360 games will run within an emulator and have access to certain Xbox One features , such as recording and broadcasting gameplay . Games do not run directly from discs . A ported form of the game is downloaded automatically when a supported game is inserted , while digitally - purchased games will automatically appear for download in the user 's library once available . As with Xbox One titles , if the game is installed using physical media , the disc is still required for validation purposes . Not all Xbox 360 games will be supported ; 104 Xbox 360 games were available for the feature 's public launch on November 12 , 2015 with Xbox One preview program members getting early access . Microsoft stated that publishers will only need to provide permission to the company to allow the repackaging , and they expect the list to grow significantly over time . Unlike the emulation of original Xbox games on the Xbox 360 , the Xbox One does not require game modification , since it emulates an exact replica of its predecessor 's environment -- both hardware and software operating systems . The downloaded game is a repackaged version of the original that identifies itself as an Xbox One title to the console . At Gamescom , Microsoft revealed it has plans to ensure `` all future Xbox 360 Games with Gold titles will be playable on Xbox One . '' On December 17 , 2015 Microsoft made another sixteen Xbox 360 games compatible with Xbox One , including titles such as Halo : Reach , Fable III and Deus Ex : Human Revolution . On January 21 , 2016 , Microsoft made another ten Xbox 360 games compatible , including The Witcher 2 : Assassins of Kings and Counter-Strike : Global Offensive . On May 13 , 2016 , Microsoft made Xbox 360 titles with multiple discs compatible , starting with Deus Ex : Human Revolution Director 's Cut . In January 2016 , Microsoft announced that future titles would be added as they became available , instead of waiting until a specific day each month . At E3 2017 , Microsoft announced Backward Compatibility with the original Xbox for the Xbox One . Backwards compatible Xbox 360 titles will benefit from becoming Xbox One X enhanced with the following : Improved framerate stability Games utilizing a dynamic resolution will hit their max resolution more often / all the time . 16xAF texture filtering will be automatically applied . Forced v - sync Variable refresh rate ( VRR ) compatibility ( if you have a compatible display ) List of compatible titles ( edit ) Title Publisher ( s ) Format Date added Notes / References 3D Ultra Minigolf Activision XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 A Kingdom for Keflings Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 A World of Keflings Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Aegis Wing Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Age of Booty Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Alan Wake Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2016 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Quantum Break . Alan Wake 's American Nightmare Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2016 Also included as a pre-order bonus with Quantum Break . Alice : Madness Returns Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 2017 Alien Hominid Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Altered Beast Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Anomaly Warzone Earth Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 2016 Aqua Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 2016 ARKANOID Live ! Taito Corporation XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Army of Two Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2017 Assassin 's Creed Ubisoft 000000002016 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2016 Assassin 's Creed II Ubisoft 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Also available in Assassin 's Creed : The Ezio Collection which includes remastered versions of Assassin 's Creed II , Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood and Assassin 's Creed : Revelations for Xbox One . Assassin 's Creed III Ubisoft 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood Ubisoft 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 Also available in Assassin 's Creed : The Ezio Collection which includes remastered versions of Assassin 's Creed II , Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood and Assassin 's Creed : Revelations for Xbox One . Assassin 's Creed : Revelations Ubisoft 000000002017 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2017 Also available in Assassin 's Creed : The Ezio Collection which includes remastered versions of Assassin 's Creed II , Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood and Assassin 's Creed : Revelations for Xbox One . Assassin 's Creed Rogue Ubisoft 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Assault Heroes 2 Sierra Entertainment XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25 , 2017 Asteroids & Deluxe Atari XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Astropop PopCap Games XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2016 Babel Rising Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Band of Bugs Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Banjo - Kazooie Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games Banjo - Kazooie : Nuts & Bolts Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 08 - 04 - 0000 August 4 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games Banjo - Tooie Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games Batman : Arkham Origins WB Games Disc Only 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2017 BattleBlock Theater Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Battlefield 3 Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access Battlefield : Bad Company 2 Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access Battlefield : Bad Company Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 08 - 17 - 0000 August 17 , 2017 Battlestations : Midway Square Enix 000000002016 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2016 Bayonetta Sega 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Beat'n Groovy Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2017 Bejeweled 2 Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access Bejeweled 3 PopCap Games XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access Bellator : MMA Onslaught 345 Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Beyond Good & Evil HD Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Bionic Commando Rearmed 2 Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 BioShock 2K Games 000000002016 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 2016 Also available in BioShock : The Collection , featuring remastered versions of all 3 BioShock titles on Xbox One . BioShock 2 2K Games 000000002016 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 2016 Also available in BioShock : The Collection , featuring remastered versions of all 3 BioShock titles on Xbox One . BioShock Infinite 2K Games 000000002016 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 2016 Also available in BioShock : The Collection , featuring remastered versions of all 3 BioShock titles on Xbox One . Blazing Angels : Squadrons of WWII Ubisoft 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 Blood Knights Kalypso Media XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Blood of the Werewolf Midnight City XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Bloodforge Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2016 BloodRayne : Betrayal Majesco Entertainment XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Blue Dragon Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 , 2016 Bolt Disney Interactive 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2017 Bomberman Live : Battlefest Hudson Soft XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 18 - 0000 August 18 , 2016 Boom Boom Rocket Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 , 2016 Bound by Flame Focus Home Interactive 000000002016 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2016 Borderlands 2K Games 000000002015 - 09 - 03 - 0000 September 3 , 2015 All versions of the game , including physical and digital copies , receive all DLC as a free download ( on Xbox One only ) . Borderlands 2 2K Games 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Also available in Borderlands : The Handsome Collection which includes remastered versions of Borderlands 2 and Borderlands : The Pre-Sequel for Xbox One Braid Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Brain Challenge Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Bullet Soul 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Bullet Soul - Infinite Burst - 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Bully : Scholarship Edition Rockstar Games 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Burnout Paradise Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2016 Cabela 's Alaskan Adventures Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Cabela 's Dangerous Hunts 2013 Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Cabela 's Hunting Expeditions Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Cabela 's Survival : Shadows of Katmai Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Call of Duty : Advanced Warfare Activision 000000002017 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2017 Call of Duty : Black Ops Activision 000000002016 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 , 2016 Call of Duty : Black Ops II Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 11 - 0000 April 11 , 2017 Call of Duty : Ghosts Activision 000000002017 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 2017 Call of Duty : World at War Activision 000000002016 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2016 Call of Duty 2 Activision 000000002016 - 08 - 23 - 0000 August 23 , 2016 Call of Duty 3 Activision 000000002016 - 09 - 22 - 0000 September 22 , 2016 Call of Juarez : Gunslinger Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Capcom Arcade Cabinet Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Carcassonne Sierra Online XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 , 2016 Cars 2 : The Video Game Disney Interactive Studios 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2017 Castlevania : Symphony of the Night Konami XBLA 000000002016 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2016 Castle Crashers Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Castle of Illusion Starring Mickey Mouse Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 , 2016 CastleStorm Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Catherine Atlus 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Cave , The The Cave Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Centipede & Millipede Atari XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 CLANNAD Prototype 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Japan Only Commanders : Attack of the Genos Sierra Entertainment XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25 , 2017 Comic Jumper Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Comix Zone Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Condemned : Criminal Origins Sega 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Contra Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 Costume Quest 2 Midnight City XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2017 Counter-Strike : Global Offensive Valve Corporation XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Crazy Taxi Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Crystal Defenders Square Enix XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Crystal Quest Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Cyber Troopers Virtual - On Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Japan Only Cyber Troopers Virtual - On Oratorio Tangram Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 Dark Souls Bandai Namco Entertainment 000000002016 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2016 Available as a digital pre-order bonus with Dark Souls 3 on the Xbox store . Dark Void Capcom 000000002016 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2016 Darksiders THQ 000000002017 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2017 Remastered as Darksiders : Warmastered Edition for Xbox One . Darksiders 2 THQ 000000002017 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2017 Remastered as Darksiders II : Deathinitive Edition for Xbox One . Daytona USA Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2017 de Blob 2 THQ 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Dead Rising 2 : Case Zero Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2017 Dead Rising 2 : Case West Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2017 Dead Space Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access Dead Space 2 Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Dead Space 3 Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Dead Space Ignition Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access Deadliest Warrior Spike Games XBLA 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2017 Deadliest Warrior : Legends 345 Games Spike Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 DeathSpank : Thongs of Virtue Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2016 Defense Grid : The Awakening Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Deus Ex : Human Revolution Square Enix 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Deus Ex : Human Revolution Director 's Cut Square Enix Disc Only 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 First Multi-Disc game made available Dig Dug Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 DiRT 3 Codemasters 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 DiRT Showdown Codemasters 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Discs of Tron Disney Interactive Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Domino Master Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Doom Bethesda Softworks XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available as a digital pre-order bonus with Doom on the Xbox store Doom II : Hell on Earth Bethesda Softworks XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available as a digital pre-order bonus with Doom on the Xbox store Doom 3 BFG Edition Bethesda Softworks Disc Only 000000002016 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 , 2016 Doritos Crash Course Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Double Dragon Neon Majesco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Dragon Age : Origins Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access Dragon 's Lair Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2016 DuckTales Remastered Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Duke Nukem : Manhattan Project Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 2016 Dungeons and Dragons : Chronicles of Mystara Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Dungeon Siege III Square Enix 000000002015 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2015 Earth Defense Force : Insect Armageddon D3 Publisher 000000002017 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 2017 Earthworm Jim HD Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Eat Lead : The Return of Matt Hazard D3 Publisher 000000002016 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2016 Elder Scrolls IV , The The Elder Scrolls IV : Oblivion Bethesda 000000002016 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2016 Encleverment Experiment Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2016 Epic Mickey 2 : The Power of Two Disney Interactive Studios 000000002017 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2017 Escape Dead Island Deep Silver 000000002016 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2016 Every Extend Extra Extreme Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2016 F1 2014 Codemasters 000000002017 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 2017 Fable Anniversary Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 2017 Fable II Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Including the ' Game of the Year ' edition Fable II Pub Games Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 2017 Fable III Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Faery : Legends of Avalon Focus Home Interactive XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 Fallout 3 Bethesda Softworks 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Fallout 4 . Also , owners of the Xbox 360 Game of the Year Edition can run the game with all the DLC using disc 2 . Fallout : New Vegas Bethesda Softworks 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Owners of the Xbox 360 Ultimate Edition can run the game with all the DLC using disc 2 . Far Cry 3 Ubisoft 000000002017 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 2017 Far Cry 3 : Blood Dragon Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 , 2016 Feeding Frenzy PopCap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access Feeding Frenzy 2 : Shipwreck Showdown PopCap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access Fighting Vipers Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2017 Final Fight : Double Impact Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 Flashback Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Flock ! Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 , 2016 Forza Horizon Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 , 2016 Foul Play Mastertronic Group XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2016 Fret Nice Koei Tecmo XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Frogger Konami XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 2016 Frogger 2 Konami XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 Frontlines : Fuel of War THQ 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2017 FunTown Mahjong Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2016 Galaga Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 , 2016 Galaga Legions Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2016 Galaga Legions DX Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 2016 Garou : Mark of the Wolves SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 2016 Gatling Gears Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2016 Gears of War Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Gears of War 2 Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Gears of War 3 Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Gears of War : Judgment Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Geometry Wars : Retro Evolved Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 , 2016 Geometry Wars : Retro Evolved 2 Activision XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 02 - 0000 May 2 , 2017 Geometry Wars 3 : Dimensions Sierra Entertainment XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 02 - 0000 May 2 , 2017 Ghostbusters : Sanctum of Slime Atari XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Ghostbusters : The Video Game Atari 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Gin Rummy Activision XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 Go ! Go ! Break Steady Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2016 Golden Axe Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Golf : Tee It Up ! Activision XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 Grand Theft Auto IV Rockstar Games 000000002017 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 2017 Including `` Episodes From Liberty City '' DLC . Grid 2 Codemasters 000000002016 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2016 Gripshift Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2016 Guardian Heroes Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 2016 Gunstar Heroes Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 , 2016 Guwange CAVE XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2016 Gyromancer Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Gyruss Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 2017 Half - Minute Hero : Super Mega Neo Climax Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 , 2016 Halo 3 Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 Halo 3 : ODST Campaign Edition Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 Halo 4 Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 Halo : Combat Evolved Anniversary Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 Halo : Reach Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Halo : Spartan Assault Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Halo Wars Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2016 Hard Corps : Uprising Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Hardwood Backgammon Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Hardwood Hearts Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Hardwood Spades Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Harm 's Way Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Haunted House Atari XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 2016 Heavy Weapon Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access Hexic HD Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 This originally bundled Xbox 360 game can now be downloaded for free in certain regions from the Xbox store at xbox.com here Hexic 2 Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Hitman : Absolution Square Enix 000000002017 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 , 2017 Hitman : Sniper Challenge pre-order bonus is also compatible Hydro Thunder Hurricane Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 I Am Alive Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Ikaruga Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 ilomilo Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Injustice : Gods Among Us Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 000000002016 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 2016 Insanely Twisted Shadow Planet Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 04 - 0000 April 4 , 2017 Interpol : The Trail of Dr. Chaos Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 14 - 0000 July 14 , 2016 Iron Brigade Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Jeremy McGrath 's Offroad D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Jet Set Radio Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3 , 2016 Jetpac Refuelled Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games Joe Danger : Special Edition Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Joe Danger 2 : The Movie Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2016 Joust WB Games XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 25 - 0000 August 25 , 2016 Joy Ride Turbo Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Juju Flying Wild Hog XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2017 Jurassic Park : The Game Telltale Games 000000002016 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2016 Just Cause 2 Square Enix 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Just Cause 3 . Kameo : Elements of Power Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games Kane & Lynch 2 : Dog Days Square Enix 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Killer Is Dead XSEED Games 000000002016 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2016 King of Fighters ' 98 Ultimate Match , The The King of Fighters ' 98 Ultimate Match SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002016 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2016 King of Fighters 2002 Unlimited Match , The The King of Fighters 2002 Unlimited Match SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Lazy Raiders Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 2016 Left 4 Dead Valve Corporation 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Left 4 Dead 2 Valve Corporation 000000002016 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 2016 LEGO Batman : The Videogame WB Games 000000002016 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2016 Lego Indiana Jones : The Original Adventures LucasArts 000000002017 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2017 LEGO Pirates of the Caribbean : The Video Game Disney Interactive Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 LEGO Star Wars : The Complete Saga Disney Interactive Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Limbo Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 03 - 0000 November 3 , 2016 Lode Runner Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Lost Odyssey Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2016 Lumines LIVE ! Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Luxor 2 MumboJumbo XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2017 Madballs in Babo : Invasion Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2017 Mad Tracks D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2017 Magic : The Gathering -- Duels of the Planeswalkers 2012 Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Mars : War Logs Focus Home Interactive XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2016 Mass Effect Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access Mass Effect 2 Electronic Arts Disc Only 000000002016 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access Mass Effect 3 Electronic Arts Disc Only 000000002016 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access Matt Hazard : Blood Bath and Beyond D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Maw , The The Maw Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2016 Medal of Honor : Airborne Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2016 Meet the Robinsons Disney Interactive Studios 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2017 Mega Man 9 Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2017 Mega Man 10 Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2017 Metal Gear Rising : Revengeance Konami Digital Entertainment 000000002017 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 2017 Metal Slug 3 SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Metal Slug XX SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Midway Arcade Origins Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 000000002017 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 2017 Might & Magic : Clash of Heroes Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Military Madness : Nectaris Hudson Soft XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 2016 Mirror 's Edge Electronic Arts 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access Missile Command Atari XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Monaco : What 's Yours Is Mine Majesco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 , 2016 Monday Night Combat Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Monopoly Deal Ubisoft XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Monopoly Plus Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2016 Moon Diver Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Motocross Madness Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Mr. Driller Online Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 2016 Ms. Pac - Man Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Ms. Splosion Man Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Mutant Storm Empire Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 2017 MX vs. ATV Reflex Nordic Games 000000002016 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3 , 2016 N+ Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2015 NBA Jam : On Fire Edition Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 NeoGeo Battle Coliseum SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 New Rally - X Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 2016 NiGHTS into Dreams ... Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 NIN2 - JUMP CAVE XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 2016 Of Orcs and Men Focus Home Interactive 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Omega Five Hudson Soft XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 2016 Operation Flashpoint : Dragon Rising Codemasters 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Operation Flashpoint : Red River Codemasters Disc Only 000000002016 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 2016 Orange Box , The The Orange Box Valve Corporation 000000002016 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2016 Outland Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 , 2016 Pac - Man Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2016 Pac - Man Championship Edition Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Pac - Man Championship Edition DX Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Pac - Man Museum Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Peggle Popcap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Perfect Dark Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games Perfect Dark Zero Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games Phantasy Star II Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 Phantom Breaker : Battle Grounds Mages . XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Pinball FX Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Plants vs. Zombies PopCap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access Planets Under Attack Topware Interactive XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Portal : Still Alive Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Portal 2 Valve Corporation 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Prince of Persia Classic Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Pure Disney Interactive Studios Disc Only 000000002016 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2016 Putty Squad System 3 Software Limited XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Puzzle Quest 1Puzzle Quest : Challenge of the Warlords D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2016 Puzzle Quest Galactrix D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 2016 Puzzle Quest 2 D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 2016 Puzzlegeddon Tecmo XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 Qix++ Taito Corporation XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Quantum Conundrum Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2017 R - Type Dimensions Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Radiant Silvergun Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 RAGE Bethesda Softworks 000000002016 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2016 Raiden IV UFO Interactive Games 000000002017 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 2017 Raskulls Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Rayman 3 HD Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Rayman Legends Ubisoft 000000002016 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2016 Rayman Origins Ubisoft 000000002016 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 2016 Red Dead Redemption Rockstar Games 000000002016 - 07 - 08 - 0000 July 8 , 2016 Standard , `` Game of the Year '' and `` Undead Nightmare '' editions are all compatible . Red Faction : Armageddon THQ 000000002017 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 2017 Red Faction : Battlegrounds THQ XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 RoboBlitz Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 Rocket Knight Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2017 Runner2 Aksys Games XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 Sacred 3 Deep Silver 000000002015 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 2015 Sacred Citadel Deep Silver XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Saints Row : The Third THQ 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Saints Row IV Deep Silver 000000002016 - 03 - 31 - 0000 March 31 , 2016 Sam & Max Beyond Time and Space Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2016 Sam & Max Save the World Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Samurai Shodown II SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 Scarygirl Square Enix XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 2016 Scrap Metal Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Screamride Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 2017 Secret of Monkey Island , The The Secret of Monkey Island : Special Edition Disney Interactive Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Secret of Monkey Island 2 , The Monkey Island 2 : LeChuck 's Revenge : Special Edition Disney Interactive Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sega Bass Fishing Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2016 Sega Vintage Collection : Alex Kidd & Co . ( Alex Kidd in Miracle World , Super Hang - On , The Revenge of Shinobi ) Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sega Vintage Collection : Golden Axe ( Golden Axe , II , III ) Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sega Vintage Collection : Monster World ( Wonder Boy in Monster Land , Wonder Boy in Monster World , Monster World IV ) Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sega Vintage Collection : Streets of Rage ( Streets of Rage , 2 , 3 ) Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2015 Includes all three Streets of Rage games . Sega Vintage Collection : ToeJam & Earl ( ToeJam & Earl ) Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2017 Shadowrun Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 2016 Shadow Assault : Tenchu From Software XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Shadow Complex Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2015 Shadows of the Damned Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2017 Shank 2 Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 11 - 0000 August 11 , 2016 Shinobi Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Shotest Shogi Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 2016 Shred Nebula Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2016 Sid Meier 's Civilization Revolution 2K Games 000000002017 - 04 - 04 - 0000 April 4 , 2017 Silent Hill : Downpour Konami 000000002016 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2016 Skate 3 Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access Skullgirls : Encore MarvelousAQL XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Skydive : Proximity Flight Gaijin Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Slender : The Arrival Midnight City 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Small Arms Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Soltrio Solitaire Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2017 Sonic Adventure Sega 000000002017 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2017 Sonic & Knuckles Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 Supports Sonic 3 & Knuckles for those that also own Sonic 3 Sonic & All - Stars Racing Transformed Sega 000000002016 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 2016 Sonic CD Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sonic the Fighters Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 2016 Sonic the Hedgehog Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sonic the Hedgehog 2 Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sonic the Hedgehog 3 Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Supports Sonic 3 & Knuckles for those that also own Sonic & Knuckles Sonic the Hedgehog 4 : Episode I Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Sonic the Hedgehog 4 : Episode II Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Soulcalibur Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Soulcalibur II HD Online Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2016 South Park : The Stick of Truth Ubisoft 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Space Ark Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 2016 Space Giraffe Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Space Invaders Infinity Gene Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Spelunky Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Splatters , The The Splatters Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 ' Splosion Man Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 SSX EA Sports 000000002016 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access Stacking THQ XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2017 Star Wars : The Force Unleashed Disney Interactive Studios 000000002016 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2016 Ultimate Sith Edition DLC not available . Star Wars : The Force Unleashed II Disney Interactive Studios 000000002016 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2016 Steins ; Gate 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2017 Japan Only Steins ; Gate : Hiyoku Renri no Darling 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2017 Japan Only Steins ; Gate Senkei Kōsoku no Phenogram 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2017 Japan Only Strania Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Street Fighter IV Capcom 000000002017 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2017 Stuntman : Ignition Nordic Games 000000002017 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2017 Super Contra Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Super Meat Boy Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Super Street Fighter IV : Arcade Edition Capcom 000000002017 - 07 - 13 - 0000 July 13 , 2017 Supreme Commander 2 Square Enix 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Syberia Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 , 2016 Tales from Space : Mutant Blobs Attack Midnight City XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Tekken 6 Bandai Namco Entertainment 000000002017 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 2017 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Tekken 7 . Tekken Tag Tournament 2 Bandai Namco Entertainment 000000002016 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2016 Texas Hold ' em Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3 , 2016 Ticket to Ride Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 TimeShift Sierra Entertainment 000000002017 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25 , 2017 Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six : Vegas Ubisoft 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Siege . Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six : Vegas 2 Ubisoft 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Siege . Tomb Raider : Underworld Eidos Interactive 000000002017 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 , 2017 Torchlight Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Tour de France 2009 : The Official Game Focus Home Interactive XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 , 2016 Tour de France 2011 Focus Home Interactive 000000002016 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2016 Tower Bloxx Deluxe Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2017 Toy Soldiers Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Toy Soldiers : Cold War Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Toy Story 3 Disney Interactive Studios 000000002016 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2016 Trials HD Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2016 Triggerheart Exelica Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 , 2016 Trine 2 Atlus XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2016 Tron : Evolution Disney Interactive Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Ugly Americans : Apocalypsegeddon 345 Games Comedy Central XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Unbound Saga Activision XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Undertow Chair Entertainment XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Virtua Fighter 2 Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2017 Virtua Fighter 5 : Final Showdown Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2016 Viva Piñata Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games Viva Piñata : Trouble in Paradise Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games Walking Dead , The The Walking Dead Telltale Games 000000002017 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2017 Walking Dead : Michonne , The The Walking Dead : Michonne Telltale Games 000000002017 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2017 Walking Dead : Season Two , The The Walking Dead : Season Two Telltale Games 000000002017 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2017 Witcher 2 , The The Witcher 2 : Assassins of Kings CD Projekt RED 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Wolf of the Battlefield : Commando 3 Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 Wolfenstein 3D Bethesda Softworks XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Word Puzzle Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 2016 XCOM : Enemy Unknown 2K Games 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 XCOM : Enemy Within 2K Games 000000002016 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2016 Zuma Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access Zuma 's Revenge ! Popcap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 See also ( edit ) Xbox One system software List of Xbox games compatible with Xbox 360 List of Xbox games compatible with Xbox One References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pitcher , Jenna ( 2015 - 10 - 26 ) . `` New Xbox One Experience and Backward Compatibility Launch Date Revealed '' . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Hollister , Sean ( 2013 - 05 - 21 ) . `` Xbox One will not be backwards compatible with Xbox 360 games '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Audrey , Drake ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Xbox One not backwards compatible '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brunner , Grant ( 8 November 2013 ) . `` Microsoft confirms that PS4 , Wii U will work with Xbox One HDMI passthrough '' . ExtremeTech . Ziff Davis . Retrieved 3 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Purchese , Robert ( 17 June 2013 ) . `` You can plug an Xbox 360 into the Xbox One , says Major Nelson '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hicks , Jon . `` The Xbox One 33 things you need to know '' . Official Xbox Magazine . Future plc . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mannion , Gavin ( June 18 , 2013 ) . `` The Xbox One can play Xbox 360 games ... sort of '' . Lazy Gamer . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( 2013 - 09 - 03 ) . `` Microsoft Talks Digital - Only Future , Kinect , and Why Xbox One is Worth $100 More Than PlayStation 4 , Page 2 '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` Xbox One Backwards Compatibility Through Cloud ' Problematic ' '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . ^ Jump up to : Machkovech , Sam ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Xbox 360 backward compatibility coming to Xbox One '' . Ars Technica . Los Angeles , California : Condé Nast . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . If users already purchased the games digitally through Xbox Live , they can simply log in and re-download the game on Xbox One without paying any additional cost . If they own the game as a disc , they 'll have to download the game to their Xbox One hard drive , and the system will then check for the disc before launching the game . ^ Jump up to : Warren , Tom ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Microsoft built an Xbox 360 emulator to make games run on the Xbox One '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Crecente , Brian ( 2013 - 06 - 19 ) . `` Xbox One loses some disc - free play , family game - sharing with revised policies '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Richard ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Xbox One will play Xbox 360 games , preview members can try it today '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Available games '' . Xbox.com . Microsoft . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Microsoft is bringing Xbox 360 games to the Xbox One '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Skrebels , Joe ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Xbox One 's backwards compatibility works because it 's tricking your 360 games '' . GamesRadar . Future plc . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sayed , Rashid ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Microsoft Compares Sony 's Exclusive Line - up With Theirs , Comments On Backwards Compatability ( sic ) & More '' . GamingBolt . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stead , Chris ( 2015 - 08 - 07 ) . `` Complete list of Xbox 360 titles with Xbox One backwards compatibility '' . Finder.com.au . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Hyrb ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` New Xbox One Backward Compatibility Titles Are Now Available '' . MajorNelson.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Leadbetter , Richard ( 2017 - 04 - 06 ) . `` Five ways your Xbox One and 360 games will be better on Scorpio '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ Larry Hyrb ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Xbox One Backward Compatibility List ( Last Update : 20 October 2016 ) '' . majornelson.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Xbox One Backward Compatible Availability Games '' ( PDF ) . Xbox.com . Microsoft . 15 June 2015 . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Hyrb ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` The Xbox One Quantum Break Bundle Available Next Month '' . majornelson.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Three More Games Added To Xbox One Backward Compatibility List '' . www.GameInformer.com . March 21 , 2016 . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ blog.thebehemoth.com/2015/09/04/ccrreleasedate/ ? linkId = 16823597 Jump up ^ Passalacqua , By Michael . `` Dark Souls Being Added to Xbox One Backwards Compatibility '' . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Dark Souls Xbox One Backwards Compatibility Officially Confirmed '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dark Souls And Tekken Tag Tournament 2 Playable On Xbox One Via Backward Compatibility '' . www.GameInformer.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Copeland , By Wesley . `` Get Doom and Doom 2 for Free When You Pre-Order Doom on Xbox One '' . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Klepek , Patrick . `` Deus Ex : Human Revolution Director 's Cut , Frogger 2 , Final Fight : Double Impact , Faery : Legends of A '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McWhertor , Michael ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` Every Gears of War now part of Xbox One remaster thanks to backward compatibility '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2015 . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stillwell , Bill ( @ wcstillwell ) ( 14 February 2017 ) . `` Also released Sniper Challenge today . Needed that to be available for those that had the unlock in the main game . pic.twitter.com/xcKyIvUIrd '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 27 March 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` XCOM : Enemy Within and Three More Now Backward Compatible on Xbox One '' . 9 June 2016 . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Red Dead Redemption on Xbox One Backward Compatibility Coming Friday , July 8th '' . rockstargames.com . Rockstar Games . July 5 , 2016 . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Next Xbox One Backwards - Compatible Game Arrives '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Stephany Nunneley ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Unleashed 1 and 2 now backwards compatible on Xbox One '' . vg247.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Hryb ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Three titles from Steins ; Gate series ( only published in Japan ) are coming to Xbox One Backward Compatibility today '' . twitter.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . 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-2742967149141377268	Taxonomy (biology)	Taxonomy ( biology ) - wikipedia Taxonomy ( biology ) This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 4 July 2018 . The science of identifying , describing , defining and naming groups of biological organisms For other uses , see Taxonomy ( disambiguation ) . This article is about the field of biology . For the practice of stuffing and mounting animals , see Taxidermy . `` Scientific classification '' redirects here . For other uses , see Scientific classification ( disambiguation ) . 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Organisms are grouped together into taxa ( singular : taxon ) and these groups are given a taxonomic rank ; groups of a given rank can be aggregated to form a super-group of higher rank , thus creating a taxonomic hierarchy . The principal ranks in modern use are domain , kingdom , phylum ( division is sometimes used in botany in place of phylum ) , class , order , family , genus and species . The Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus is regarded as the father of taxonomy , as he developed a system known as Linnaean taxonomy for categorization of organisms and binomial nomenclature for naming organisms . With the advent of such fields of study as phylogenetics , cladistics , and systematics , the Linnaean system has progressed to a system of modern biological classification based on the evolutionary relationships between organisms , both living and extinct . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 1.1 Alpha and beta taxonomy 1.2 Microtaxonomy and macrotaxonomy 2 History 2.1 Pre-Linnaean 2.1. 1 Early taxonomists 2.1. 2 Ancient times 2.1. 3 Medieval 2.1. 4 Renaissance and Early Modern 2.2 The Linnaean era 3 Modern system of classification 3.1 Kingdoms and domains 3.2 Recent comprehensive classifications 4 Application 4.1 Classifying organisms 4.2 Taxonomic descriptions 4.3 Author citation 5 Phenetics 6 Databases 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Definition ( edit ) The exact definition of taxonomy varies from source to source , but the core of the discipline remains : the conception , naming , and classification of groups of organisms . As points of reference , recent definitions of taxonomy are presented below : Theory and practice of grouping individuals into species , arranging species into larger groups , and giving those groups names , thus producing a classification . A field of science ( and major component of systematics ) that encompasses description , identification , nomenclature , and classification The science of classification , in biology the arrangement of organisms into a classification `` The science of classification as applied to living organisms , including study of means of formation of species , etc . '' `` The analysis of an organism 's characteristics for the purpose of classification '' `` Systematics studies phylogeny to provide a pattern that can be translated into the classification and names of the more inclusive field of taxonomy '' ( listed as a desirable but unusual definition ) The varied definitions either place taxonomy as a sub-area of systematics ( definition 2 ) , invert that relationship ( definition 6 ) , or appear to consider the two terms synonymous . There is some disagreement as to whether biological nomenclature is considered a part of taxonomy ( definitions 1 and 2 ) , or a part of systematics outside taxonomy . For example , definition 6 is paired with the following definition of systematics that places nomenclature outside taxonomy : Systematics : `` The study of the identification , taxonomy , and nomenclature of organisms , including the classification of living things with regard to their natural relationships and the study of variation and the evolution of taxa '' . A whole set of terms including taxonomy , systematic biology , systematics , biosystematics , scientific classification , biological classification , and phylogenetics have at times had overlapping meanings -- sometimes the same , sometimes slightly different , but always related and intersecting . The broadest meaning of `` taxonomy '' is used here . The term itself was introduced in 1813 by de Candolle , in his Théorie élémentaire de la botanique . Alpha and beta taxonomy ( edit ) Not to be confused with Alpha diversity . The term `` alpha taxonomy '' is primarily used today to refer to the discipline of finding , describing , and naming taxa , particularly species . In earlier literature , the term had a different meaning , referring to morphological taxonomy , and the products of research through the end of the 19th century . William Bertram Turrill introduced the term `` alpha taxonomy '' in a series of papers published in 1935 and 1937 in which he discussed the philosophy and possible future directions of the discipline of taxonomy . ... there is an increasing desire amongst taxonomists to consider their problems from wider viewpoints , to investigate the possibilities of closer co-operation with their cytological , ecological and genetical colleagues and to acknowledge that some revision or expansion , perhaps of a drastic nature , of their aims and methods , may be desirable ... Turrill ( 1935 ) has suggested that while accepting the older invaluable taxonomy , based on structure , and conveniently designated `` alpha '' , it is possible to glimpse a far - distant taxonomy built upon as wide a basis of morphological and physiological facts as possible , and one in which `` place is found for all observational and experimental data relating , even if indirectly , to the constitution , subdivision , origin , and behaviour of species and other taxonomic groups '' . Ideals can , it may be said , never be completely realized . They have , however , a great value of acting as permanent stimulants , and if we have some , even vague , ideal of an `` omega '' taxonomy we may progress a little way down the Greek alphabet . Some of us please ourselves by thinking we are now groping in a `` beta '' taxonomy . Turrill thus explicitly excludes from alpha taxonomy various areas of study that he includes within taxonomy as a whole , such as ecology , physiology , genetics , and cytology . He further excludes phylogenetic reconstruction from alpha taxonomy ( pp. 365 -- 366 ) . Later authors have used the term in a different sense , to mean the delimitation of species ( not subspecies or taxa of other ranks ) , using whatever investigative techniques are available , and including sophisticated computational or laboratory techniques . Thus , Ernst Mayr in 1968 defined beta taxonomy as the classification of ranks higher than species . An understanding of the biological meaning of variation and of the evolutionary origin of groups of related species is even more important for the second stage of taxonomic activity , the sorting of species into groups of relatives ( `` taxa '' ) and their arrangement in a hierarchy of higher categories . This activity is what the term classification denotes ; it is also referred to as beta taxonomy . Microtaxonomy and macrotaxonomy ( edit ) Main article : Species problem How species should be defined in a particular group of organisms gives rise to practical and theoretical problems that are referred to as the species problem . The scientific work of deciding how to define species has been called microtaxonomy . By extension , macrotaxonomy is the study of groups at higher taxonomic ranks , from subgenus and above only , than species . History ( edit ) While some descriptions of taxonomic history attempt to date taxonomy to ancient civilizations , a truly scientific attempt to classify organisms did not occur until the 18th century . Earlier works were primarily descriptive and focused on plants that were useful in agriculture or medicine . There are a number of stages in this scientific thinking . Early taxonomy was based on arbitrary criteria , the so - called `` artificial systems '' , including Linnaeus 's system of sexual classification . Later came systems based on a more complete consideration of the characteristics of taxa , referred to as `` natural systems '' , such as those of de Jussieu ( 1789 ) , de Candolle ( 1813 ) and Bentham and Hooker ( 1862 -- 1863 ) . These were pre-evolutionary in thinking . The publication of Charles Darwin 's On the Origin of Species ( 1859 ) led to new ways of thinking about classification based on evolutionary relationships . This was the concept of phyletic systems , from 1883 onwards . This approach was typified by those of Eichler ( 1883 ) and Engler ( 1886 -- 1892 ) . The advent of molecular genetics and statistical methodology allowed the creation of the modern era of `` phylogenetic systems '' based on cladistics , rather than morphology alone . Pre-Linnaean ( edit ) Early taxonomists ( edit ) Naming and classifying our surroundings has probably been taking place as long as mankind has been able to communicate . It would always have been important to know the names of poisonous and edible plants and animals in order to communicate this information to other members of the family or group . Medicinal plant illustrations show up in Egyptian wall paintings from c. 1500 BC , indicating that the uses of different species were understood and that a basic taxonomy was in place . Ancient times ( edit ) Further information : Aristotle 's biology § Classification Organisms were first classified by Aristotle ( Greece , 384 -- 322 BC ) during his stay on the Island of Lesbos . He classified beings by their parts , or in modern terms attributes , such as having live birth , having four legs , laying eggs , having blood , or being warm - bodied . He divided all living things into two groups : plants and animals . Some of his groups of animals , such as Anhaima ( animals without blood , translated as invertebrates ) and Enhaima ( animals with blood , roughly the vertebrates ) , as well as groups like the sharks and cetaceans , are still commonly used today . His student Theophrastus ( Greece , 370 -- 285 BC ) carried on this tradition , mentioning some 500 plants and their uses in his Historia Plantarum . Again , several plant groups currently still recognized can be traced back to Theophrastus , such as Cornus , Crocus , and Narcissus . Medieval ( edit ) Taxonomy in the Middle Ages was largely based on the Aristotelian system , with additions concerning the philosophical and existential order of creatures . This included concepts such as the Great chain of being in the Western scholastic tradition , again deriving ultimately from Aristotle . Aristotelian system did not classify plants or fungi , due to the lack of microscope at the time , as his ideas were based on arranging the complete world in a single continuum , as per the scala naturae ( the Natural Ladder ) . This , as well , was taken into consideration in the Great chain of being . Advances were made by scholars such as Procopius , Timotheos of Gaza , Demetrios Pepagomenos , and Thomas Aquinas . Medieval thinkers used abstract philosophical and logical categorizations more suited to abstract philosophy than to pragmatic taxonomy . Renaissance and early modern ( edit ) During the Renaissance , the Age of Reason , and the Enlightenment , categorizing organisms became more prevalent , and taxonomic works became ambitious enough to replace the ancient texts . This is sometimes credited to the development of sophisticated optical lenses , which allowed the morphology of organisms to be studied in much greater detail . One of the earliest authors to take advantage of this leap in technology was the Italian physician Andrea Cesalpino ( 1519 -- 1603 ) , who has been called `` the first taxonomist '' . His magnum opus De Plantis came out in 1583 , and described more than 1500 plant species . Two large plant families that he first recognized are still in use today : the Asteraceae and Brassicaceae . Then in the 17th century John Ray ( England , 1627 -- 1705 ) wrote many important taxonomic works . Arguably his greatest accomplishment was Methodus Plantarum Nova ( 1682 ) , in which he published details of over 18,000 plant species . At the time , his classifications were perhaps the most complex yet produced by any taxonomist , as he based his taxa on many combined characters . The next major taxonomic works were produced by Joseph Pitton de Tournefort ( France , 1656 -- 1708 ) . His work from 1700 , Institutiones Rei Herbariae , included more than 9000 species in 698 genera , which directly influenced Linnaeus , as it was the text he used as a young student . The Linnaean era ( edit ) Main article : Linnaean taxonomy Title page of Systema Naturae , Leiden , 1735 The Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus ( 1707 -- 1778 ) ushered in a new era of taxonomy . With his major works Systema Naturae 1st Edition in 1735 , Species Plantarum in 1753 , and Systema Naturae 10th Edition , he revolutionized modern taxonomy . His works implemented a standardized binomial naming system for animal and plant species , which proved to be an elegant solution to a chaotic and disorganized taxonomic literature . He not only introduced the standard of class , order , genus , and species , but also made it possible to identify plants and animals from his book , by using the smaller parts of the flower . Thus the Linnaean system was born , and is still used in essentially the same way today as it was in the 18th century . Currently , plant and animal taxonomists regard Linnaeus ' work as the `` starting point '' for valid names ( at 1753 and 1758 respectively ) . Names published before these dates are referred to as `` pre-Linnaean '' , and not considered valid ( with the exception of spiders published in Svenska Spindlar ) . Even taxonomic names published by Linnaeus himself before these dates are considered pre-Linnaean . Modern system of classification ( edit ) Main articles : Evolutionary taxonomy and Phylogenetic nomenclature Evolution of the vertebrates at class level , width of spindles indicating number of families . Spindle diagrams are typical for Evolutionary taxonomy The same relationship , expressed as a cladogram typical for cladistics Whereas Linnaeus aimed simply to create readily identifiable taxa , the idea of the Linnaean taxonomy as translating into a sort of dendrogram of the animal and plant kingdoms was formulated toward the end of the 18th century , well before On the Origin of Species was published . Among early works exploring the idea of a transmutation of species were Erasmus Darwin 's 1796 Zoönomia and Jean - Baptiste Lamarck 's Philosophie Zoologique of 1809 . The idea was popularized in the Anglophone world by the speculative but widely read Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation , published anonymously by Robert Chambers in 1844 . With Darwin 's theory , a general acceptance quickly appeared that a classification should reflect the Darwinian principle of common descent . Tree of life representations became popular in scientific works , with known fossil groups incorporated . One of the first modern groups tied to fossil ancestors was birds . Using the then newly discovered fossils of Archaeopteryx and Hesperornis , Thomas Henry Huxley pronounced that they had evolved from dinosaurs , a group formally named by Richard Owen in 1842 . The resulting description , that of dinosaurs `` giving rise to '' or being `` the ancestors of '' birds , is the essential hallmark of evolutionary taxonomic thinking . As more and more fossil groups were found and recognized in the late 19th and early 20th centuries , palaeontologists worked to understand the history of animals through the ages by linking together known groups . With the modern evolutionary synthesis of the early 1940s , an essentially modern understanding of the evolution of the major groups was in place . As evolutionary taxonomy is based on Linnaean taxonomic ranks , the two terms are largely interchangeable in modern use . The cladistic method has emerged since the 1960s . In 1958 , Julian Huxley used the term clade . Later , in 1960 , Cain and Harrison introduced the term cladistic . The salient feature is arranging taxa in a hierarchical evolutionary tree , ignoring ranks . A taxon is called monophyletic , if it includes all the descendants of an ancestral form . Groups that have descendant groups removed from them ( e.g. dinosaurs , with birds as offspring group ) are termed paraphyletic , while groups representing more than one branch from the tree of life are called polyphyletic . The International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature or PhyloCode is intended to regulate the formal naming of clades . Linnaean ranks will be optional under the PhyloCode , which is intended to coexist with the current , rank - based codes . Kingdoms and domains ( edit ) The basic scheme of modern classification . Many other levels can be used ; domain , the highest level within life , is both new and disputed . Main article : Kingdom ( biology ) Well before Linnaeus , plants and animals were considered separate Kingdoms . Linnaeus used this as the top rank , dividing the physical world into the plant , animal and mineral kingdoms . As advances in microscopy made classification of microorganisms possible , the number of kingdoms increased , five and six - kingdom systems being the most common . Domains are a relatively new grouping . First proposed in 1977 , Carl Woese 's three - domain system was not generally accepted until later . One main characteristic of the three - domain method is the separation of Archaea and Bacteria , previously grouped into the single kingdom Bacteria ( a kingdom also sometimes called Monera ) , with the Eukaryota for all organisms whose cells contain a nucleus . A small number of scientists include a sixth kingdom , Archaea , but do not accept the domain method . Thomas Cavalier - Smith , who has published extensively on the classification of protists , has recently proposed that the Neomura , the clade that groups together the Archaea and Eucarya , would have evolved from Bacteria , more precisely from Actinobacteria . His 2004 classification treated the archaeobacteria as part of a subkingdom of the Kingdom Bacteria , i.e. he rejected the three - domain system entirely . Stefan Luketa in 2012 proposed a five `` dominion '' system , adding Prionobiota ( acellular and without nucleic acid ) and Virusobiota ( acellular but with nucleic acid ) to the traditional three domains . Linnaeus 1735 Haeckel 1866 Chatton 1925 Copeland 1938 Whittaker 1969 Woese et al . Cavalier - Smith 1998 Cavalier - Smith 2015 2 kingdoms 3 kingdoms 2 empires 4 kingdoms 5 kingdoms 3 domains 2 empires , 6 kingdoms 2 empires , 7 kingdoms ( not treated ) Protista Prokaryota Monera Monera Bacteria Bacteria Bacteria Archaea Archaea Eukaryota Protoctista Protista Eucarya Protozoa Protozoa Chromista Chromista Vegetabilia Plantae Plantae Plantae Plantae Plantae Fungi Fungi Fungi Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Main article : Kingdom ( biology ) § Summary Recent comprehensive classifications ( edit ) Partial classifications exist for many individual groups of organisms and are revised and replaced as new information becomes available , however comprehensive treatments of most or all life are rarer ; two recent examples are that of Adl et al. , 2012 , which covers eukaryotes only with an emphasis on protists , and Ruggiero et al. , 2015 , covering both eukaryotes and prokaryotes to the rank of Order , although both exclude fossil representatives . Application ( edit ) Biological taxonomy is a sub-discipline of biology , and is generally practiced by biologists known as `` taxonomists '' , though enthusiastic naturalists are also frequently involved in the publication of new taxa . Because taxonomy aims to describe and organize life , the work conducted by taxonomists is essential for the study of biodiversity and the resulting field of conservation biology . Classifying organisms ( edit ) Main article : Taxonomic rank Biological classification is a critical component of the taxonomic process . As a result , it informs the user as to what the relatives of the taxon are hypothesized to be . Biological classification uses taxonomic ranks , including among others ( in order from most inclusive to least inclusive ) : Domain , Kingdom , Phylum , Class , Order , Family , Genus , and Species . Taxonomic descriptions ( edit ) See also : Species description Type specimen for Nepenthes smilesii , a tropical pitcher plant . The `` definition '' of a taxon is encapsulated by its description or its diagnosis or by both combined . There are no set rules governing the definition of taxa , but the naming and publication of new taxa is governed by sets of rules . In zoology , the nomenclature for the more commonly used ranks ( superfamily to subspecies ) , is regulated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature ( ICZN Code ) . In the fields of botany , phycology , and mycology , the naming of taxa is governed by the International Code of Nomenclature for algae , fungi , and plants ( ICN ) . The initial description of a taxon involves five main requirements : The taxon must be given a name based on the 26 letters of the Latin alphabet ( a binomial for new species , or uninomial for other ranks ) . The name must be unique ( i.e. not a homonym ) . The description must be based on at least one name - bearing type specimen . It should include statements about appropriate attributes either to describe ( define ) the taxon or to differentiate it from other taxa ( the diagnosis , ICZN Code , Article 13.1. 1 , ICN , Article 38 ) . Both codes deliberately separate defining the content of a taxon ( its circumscription ) from defining its name . These first four requirements must be published in a work that is obtainable in numerous identical copies , as a permanent scientific record . However , often much more information is included , like the geographic range of the taxon , ecological notes , chemistry , behavior , etc . How researchers arrive at their taxa varies : depending on the available data , and resources , methods vary from simple quantitative or qualitative comparisons of striking features , to elaborate computer analyses of large amounts of DNA sequence data . Author citation ( edit ) Main articles : Author citation ( botany ) and Author citation ( zoology ) An `` authority '' may be placed after a scientific name . The authority is the name of the scientist or scientists who first validly published the name . For example , in 1758 Linnaeus gave the Asian elephant the scientific name Elephas maximus , so the name is sometimes written as `` Elephas maximus Linnaeus , 1758 '' . The names of authors are frequently abbreviated : the abbreviation L. , for Linnaeus , is commonly used . In botany , there is , in fact , a regulated list of standard abbreviations ( see list of botanists by author abbreviation ) . The system for assigning authorities differs slightly between botany and zoology . However , it is standard that if a species ' name or placement has been changed since the original description , the original authority 's name is placed in parentheses . Phenetics ( edit ) Main article : Phenetics In phenetics , also known as taximetrics , or numerical taxonomy , organisms are classified based on overall similarity , regardless of their phylogeny or evolutionary relationships . It results in a measure of evolutionary `` distance '' between taxa . Phenetic methods have become relatively rare in modern times , largely superseded by cladistic analyses , as phenetic methods do not distinguish plesiomorphic from apomorphic traits . However , certain phenetic methods , such as neighbor joining , have found their way into cladistics , as a reasonable approximation of phylogeny when more advanced methods ( such as Bayesian inference ) are too computationally expensive . Databases ( edit ) Main article : Taxonomic database Modern taxonomy uses database technologies to search and catalogue classifications and their documentation . While there is no commonly used database , there are comprehensive databases such as the Catalogue of Life , which attempts to list every documented species . The catalogue listed 1.64 million species for all kingdoms as of April 2016 , claiming coverage of more than three quarters of the estimated species known to modern science . See also ( edit ) Automated species identification Consortium for the Barcode of Life Consortium of European Taxonomic Facilities Genetypes Glossary of scientific naming Identification ( biology ) Incertae sedis , or `` of uncertain placement '' , a term used for a taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined Taxonomy ( general ) Type ( biology ) Virus classification Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This ranking system can be remembered by the mnemonic `` Do Kings Play Chess On Fine Glass Sets ? '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Wilkins , J.S. ( 5 February 2011 ) . `` What is systematics and what is taxonomy ? '' . 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Study.com . Archived from the original on 9 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Biocyclopedia.com . `` Biological Classification '' . www.biocyclopedia.com . Archived from the original on 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zoological nomenclature : a basic guide for non-taxonomist authors '' . Annelida.net . Archived from the original on 16 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Classification '' . North Carolina State University . Archived from the original on 14 April 2017 . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Molecular Marker Glossary '' . University of Wyoming . Archived from the original on 10 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Wood , Dylan ; King , Margaret ; Landis , Drew ; Courtney , William ; Wang , Runtang ; Kelly , Ross ; Turner , Jessica A. ; Calhoun , Vince D. ( 26 August 2014 ) . `` Harnessing modern web application technology to create intuitive and efficient data visualization and sharing tools '' . Frontiers in Neuroinformatics. 8 : 71 . doi : 10.3389 / fninf. 2014.00071 . ISSN 1662 - 5196 . PMC 4144441 . PMID 25206330 . Jump up ^ `` About -- The Plant List '' . www.theplantlist.org . Jump up ^ `` About the Catalogue of Life : 2016 Annual Checklist '' . Catalogue of Life . Integrated Taxonomic Information System ( ITIS ) . Archived from the original on 15 May 2016 . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Bibliography ( edit ) Stace , Clive A. ( 1989 ) ( 1980 ) . Plant taxonomy and biosystematics ( 2nd . ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521427852 . Retrieved 19 April 2015 . Datta , Subhash Chandra ( 1988 ) . Systematic Botany ( 4 ed . ) . New Delhi : New Age International . ISBN 8122400132 . Retrieved 25 January 2015 . Stuessy , Tod F. ( 2009 ) . Plant Taxonomy : The Systematic Evaluation of Comparative Data . Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 14712 - 0 . Retrieved 6 February 2014 . External links ( edit ) Look up taxonomy in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . 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-7336269239017467155	Equal Protection Clause	Equal Protection Clause - wikipedia Equal Protection Clause This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book The Equal Protection Clause is part of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution . The clause , which took effect in 1868 , provides `` nor shall any State ( ... ) deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws '' . A primary motivation for this clause was to validate the equality provisions contained in the Civil Rights Act of 1866 , which guaranteed that all citizens would have the guaranteed right to equal protection by law . As a whole , the Fourteenth Amendment marked a large shift in American constitutionalism , by applying substantially more constitutional restrictions against the states than had applied before the Civil War . The meaning of the Equal Protection Clause has been the subject of much debate , and inspired the well - known phrase `` Equal Justice Under Law '' . This clause was the basis for Brown v. Board of Education ( 1954 ) , the Supreme Court decision that helped to dismantle racial segregation , and also the basis for many other decisions rejecting discrimination against , and bigotry towards , people belonging to various groups . While the Equal Protection Clause itself applies only to state and local governments , the Supreme Court held in Bolling v. Sharpe ( 1954 ) that the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment nonetheless imposes various equal protection requirements on the federal government . Contents 1 Text 2 Background 3 Early history following ratification 4 Gilded Age interpretation and the Plessy decision 5 Between Plessy and Brown 6 Brown and its consequences 7 Application to federal government 8 Tiered scrutiny 9 Discriminatory intent and disparate impact 10 Voting rights 11 Sex , disability , and sexual orientation 12 Affirmative action 13 See also 14 References 15 External links Text ( edit ) The Equal Protection Clause is located at the end of Section 1 of the Fourteenth Amendment : All persons born or naturalized in the United States , and subject to the jurisdiction thereof , are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside . No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States ; nor shall any State deprive any person of life , liberty , or property , without due process of law ; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws . ( emphasis added ) Background ( edit ) Congressman John Bingham of Ohio was the principal framer of the Equal Protection Clause . Before and during the Civil War , the Southern states violated the rights of free speech of pro-Union citizens , anti-slavery advocates , and northerners in general . During the Civil War , the Southern states stripped many white citizens of their state citizenship and banished them from the states , effectively confiscating their property . Shortly after the Union victory in the American Civil War , the Thirteenth Amendment was proposed by Congress and ratified by the states in 1865 , abolishing slavery . Many ex-Confederate states then adopted Black Codes following the war . These laws severely restricted the rights of blacks to hold property , including real property ( such as real estate ) and many forms of personal property , and to form legally enforceable contracts . These codes also created harsher criminal penalties for blacks than for whites . Because of the inequality these Black Codes imposed , Congress enacted the Civil Rights Act of 1866 . This Act provided that all those born in the United States were citizens ( contrary to the Supreme Court 's 1857 decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford ) , and required that `` citizens of every race and color ... ( have ) full and equal benefit of all laws and proceedings for the security of person and property , as is enjoyed by white citizens . '' President Andrew Johnson vetoed the Civil Rights bill of 1866 amid concerns ( among other things ) that Congress did not have the constitutional authority to pass such a law . Such doubts were one factor that led Congress to begin to draft and debate what would become the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . Moreover , Congress wanted to protect white Unionists who were under personal and legal attack in the former Confederacy . The effort was led by the Radical Republicans of both houses of Congress , including John Bingham , Charles Sumner , and Thaddeus Stevens . The most important among these , however , was Bingham , a Congressman from Ohio , who drafted the language of the Equal Protection Clause . The Southern states were opposed to the Civil Rights Act , but in 1865 Congress , exercising its power under Article I , section 5 , clause 1 of the Constitution , to `` be the Judge of the ... Qualifications of its own Members '' , had excluded Southerners from Congress , declaring that their states , having rebelled against the Union , could therefore not elect members to Congress . It was this fact -- the fact that the Fourteenth Amendment was enacted by a `` rump '' Congress -- that allowed the Equal Protection Clause to be passed by Congress and proposed to the states . Its ratification by the former Confederate states was made a condition of their reacceptance into the Union . During the debate in Congress , more than one version of the clause was considered . Here is the first version : `` The Congress shall have power to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper to secure ... to all persons in the several states equal protection in the rights of life , liberty , and property . '' Bingham said about this version : `` It confers upon Congress power to see to it that the protection given by the laws of the States shall be equal in respect to life and liberty and property to all persons . '' The main opponent of the first version was Congressman Robert S. Hale of New York , despite Bingham 's public assurances that `` under no possible interpretation can it ever be made to operate in the State of New York while she occupies her present proud position . '' Hale ended up voting for the final version , however . When Senator Jacob Howard introduced that final version , he said : It prohibits the hanging of a black man for a crime for which the white man is not to be hanged . It protects the black man in his fundamental rights as a citizen with the same shield which it throws over the white man . Ought not the time to be now passed when one measure of justice is to be meted out to a member of one caste while another and a different measure is meted out to the member of another caste , both castes being alike citizens of the United States , both bound to obey the same laws , to sustain the burdens of the same Government , and both equally responsible to justice and to God for the deeds done in the body ? The 39th United States Congress proposed the Fourteenth Amendment on June 13 , 1866 . A difference between the initial and final versions of the clause was that the final version spoke not just of `` equal protection '' but of `` the equal protection of the laws '' . John Bingham said in January 1867 : `` no State may deny to any person the equal protection of the laws , including all the limitations for personal protection of every article and section of the Constitution ... '' By July 9 , 1868 , three - fourths of the states ( 28 of 37 ) ratified the amendment , and that is when the Equal Protection Clause became law . Early History following ratification ( edit ) Bingham said in a speech on March 31 , 1871 that the clause meant no State could deny to any one `` the equal protection of the Constitution of the United States ... ( or ) any of the rights which it guarantees to all men '' , nor deny to anyone `` any right secured to him either by the laws and treaties of the United States or of such State . '' At that time , the meaning of equality varied from one state to another . Four of the original thirteen states never passed any laws barring interracial marriage , and the other states were divided on the issue in the Reconstruction era . In 1872 , the Alabama Supreme Court ruled that the state 's ban on mixed - race marriage violated the `` cardinal principle '' of the 1866 Civil Rights Act and of the Equal Protection Clause . Almost a hundred years would pass before the U.S. Supreme Court followed that Alabama case ( Burns v. State ) in the case of Loving v. Virginia . In Burns , the Alabama Supreme Court said : Marriage is a civil contract , and in that character alone is dealt with by the municipal law . The same right to make a contract as is enjoyed by white citizens , means the right to make any contract which a white citizen may make . The law intended to destroy the distinctions of race and color in respect to the rights secured by it . As for public schooling , no states during this era of Reconstruction actually required separate schools for blacks . However , some states ( e.g. New York ) gave local districts discretion to set up schools that were deemed separate but equal . In contrast , Iowa and Massachusetts flatly prohibited segregated schools ever since the 1850s . Likewise , some states were more favorable to women 's legal status than others ; New York , for example , had been giving women full property , parental , and widow 's rights since 1860 , but not the right to vote . No state or territory allowed women 's suffrage when the Equal Protection Clause took effect in 1868 . In contrast , African American men had full voting rights in five states , at that time . Gilded Age interpretation and the Plessy decision ( edit ) In the United States , the year 1877 marked the end of Reconstruction and the start of the Gilded Age . The first truly landmark equal protection decision by the Supreme Court was Strauder v. West Virginia ( 1880 ) . A black man convicted of murder by an all - white jury challenged a West Virginia statute excluding blacks from serving on juries . Exclusion of blacks from juries , the Court concluded , was a denial of equal protection to black defendants , since the jury had been `` drawn from a panel from which the State has expressly excluded every man of ( the defendant 's ) race . '' At the same time , the Court explicitly allowed sexism and other types of discrimination , saying that states `` may confine the selection to males , to freeholders , to citizens , to persons within certain ages , or to persons having educational qualifications . We do not believe the Fourteenth Amendment was ever intended to prohibit this ... Its aim was against discrimination because of race or color . '' The Court that decided Plessy The next important postwar case was the Civil Rights Cases ( 1883 ) , in which the constitutionality of the Civil Rights Act of 1875 was at issue . The Act provided that all persons should have `` full and equal enjoyment of ... inns , public conveyances on land or water , theatres , and other places of public amusement . '' In its opinion , the Court explicated what has since become known as the `` state action doctrine '' , according to which the guarantees of the Equal Protection Clause apply only to acts done or otherwise `` sanctioned in some way '' by the state . Prohibiting blacks from attending plays or staying in inns was `` simply a private wrong '' . Justice John Marshall Harlan dissented alone , saying , `` I can not resist the conclusion that the substance and spirit of the recent amendments of the Constitution have been sacrificed by a subtle and ingenious verbal criticism . '' Harlan went on to argue that because ( 1 ) `` public conveyances on land and water '' use the public highways , and ( 2 ) innkeepers engage in what is `` a quasi-public employment '' , and ( 3 ) `` places of public amusement '' are licensed under the laws of the states , excluding blacks from using these services was an act sanctioned by the state . A few years later , Justice Stanley Matthews wrote the Court 's opinion in Yick Wo v. Hopkins ( 1886 ) . In it the word `` person '' from the 14th Amendment 's section has been given the broadest possible meaning by the U.S. Supreme Court : These provisions are universal in their application to all persons within the territorial jurisdiction , without regard to any differences of race , of color , or of nationality , and the equal protection of the laws is a pledge of the protection of equal laws . Thus , the Clause would not be limited to discrimination against African Americans , but would extend to other races , colors , and nationalities such as ( in this case ) legal aliens in the United States who are Chinese citizens . In its most contentious Gilded Age interpretation of the Equal Protection Clause , Plessy v. Ferguson ( 1896 ) , the Supreme Court upheld a Louisiana Jim Crow law that required the segregation of blacks and whites on railroads and mandated separate railway cars for members of the two races . The Court , speaking through Justice Henry B. Brown , ruled that the Equal Protection Clause had been intended to defend equality in civil rights , not equality in social arrangements . All that was therefore required of the law was reasonableness , and Louisiana 's railway law amply met that requirement , being based on `` the established usages , customs and traditions of the people . '' Justice Harlan again dissented . `` Every one knows , '' he wrote , that the statute in question had its origin in the purpose , not so much to exclude white persons from railroad cars occupied by blacks , as to exclude colored people from coaches occupied by or assigned to white persons ... ( I ) n view of the Constitution , in the eye of the law , there is in this country no superior , dominant , ruling class of citizens . There is no caste here . Our Constitution is color - blind , and neither knows nor tolerates classes among citizens . Such `` arbitrary separation '' by race , Harlan concluded , was `` a badge of servitude wholly inconsistent with the civil freedom and the equality before the law established by the Constitution . '' Harlan 's philosophy of constitutional colorblindness would eventually become more widely accepted , especially after World War II . It was also in the Gilded Age that a ruling by the Supreme Court included headnotes written by John C. Bancroft , a former railway company president . Bancroft , acting as court reporter , indicated in the headnotes that corporations were `` persons '' , while the actual court decision itself avoided specific statements regarding the Equal Protection Clause as applied to corporations . However , the legal concept of corporate personhood predates the Fourteenth Amendment . In the late 19th and early 20th centuries , the Clause was used to strike down numerous statutes applying to corporations . Since the New Deal , however , such invalidations have been rare . Between Plessy and Brown ( edit ) The U.S. Supreme Court Building opened in 1935 , inscribed with the words `` Equal Justice Under Law '' which were inspired by the Equal Protection Clause . The Plessy decision was not all bad for civil rights . For example , in Missouri ex rel . Gaines v. Canada ( 1938 ) , Lloyd Gaines was a black student at Lincoln University of Missouri , one of the historically black colleges in Missouri . He applied for admission to the law school at the all - white University of Missouri , since Lincoln did not have a law school , but was denied admission due solely to his race . The Supreme Court , applying the separate - but - equal principle of Plessy , held that a State offering a legal education to whites but not to blacks violated the Equal Protection Clause . In Shelley v. Kraemer ( 1948 ) , the Court showed increased willingness to find racial discrimination illegal . The Shelley case concerned a privately made contract that prohibited `` people of the Negro or Mongolian race '' from living on a particular piece of land . Seeming to go against the spirit , if not the exact letter , of The Civil Rights Cases , the Court found that , although a discriminatory private contract could not violate the Equal Protection Clause , the courts ' enforcement of such a contract could ; after all , the Supreme Court reasoned , courts were part of the state . The companion cases Sweatt v. Painter and McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents , both decided in 1950 , paved the way for a series of school integration cases . In McLaurin , the University of Oklahoma had admitted McLaurin , an African - American , but had restricted his activities there : he had to sit apart from the rest of the students in the classrooms and library , and could eat in the cafeteria only at a designated table . A unanimous Court , through Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson , said that Oklahoma had deprived McLaurin of the equal protection of the laws : There is a vast difference -- a Constitutional difference -- between restrictions imposed by the state which prohibit the intellectual commingling of students , and the refusal of individuals to commingle where the state presents no such bar . The present situation , Vinson said , was the former . In Sweatt , the Court considered the constitutionality of Texas 's state system of law schools , which educated blacks and whites at separate institutions . The Court ( again through Chief Justice Vinson , and again with no dissenters ) invalidated the school system -- not because it separated students , but rather because the separate facilities were not equal . They lacked `` substantial equality in the educational opportunities '' offered to their students . All of these cases , as well as the upcoming Brown case , were litigated by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People . It was Charles Hamilton Houston , a Harvard Law School graduate and law professor at Howard University , who in the 1930s first began to challenge racial discrimination in the federal courts . Thurgood Marshall , a former student of Houston 's and the future Solicitor General and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court , joined him . Both men were extraordinarily skilled appellate advocates , but part of their shrewdness lay in their careful choice of which cases to litigate , selecting the best legal proving grounds for their cause . Brown and its consequences ( edit ) See also : Brown v. Board of Education When Earl Warren became Chief Justice in 1953 , Brown had already come before the Court . While Vinson was still Chief Justice , there had been a preliminary vote on the case at a conference of all nine justices . At that time , the Court had split , with a majority of the justices voting that school segregation did not violate the Equal Protection Clause . Warren , however , through persuasion and good - natured cajoling -- he had been an extremely successful Republican politician before joining the Court -- was able to convince all eight associate justices to join his opinion declaring school segregation unconstitutional . In that opinion , Warren wrote : To separate ( children in grade and high schools ) from others of similar age and qualifications solely because of their race generates a feeling of inferiority as to their status in the community that may affect their hearts and minds in a way unlikely ever to be undone ... We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of `` separate but equal '' has no place . Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal . Warren discouraged other justices , such as Robert H. Jackson , from publishing any concurring opinion ; Jackson 's draft , which emerged much later ( in 1988 ) , included this statement : `` Constitutions are easier amended than social customs , and even the North never fully conformed its racial practices to its professions '' . The Court set the case for re-argument on the question of how to implement the decision . In Brown II , decided in 1954 , it was concluded that since the problems identified in the previous opinion were local , the solutions needed to be so as well . Thus the court devolved authority to local school boards and to the trial courts that had originally heard the cases . ( Brown was actually a consolidation of four different cases from four different states . ) The trial courts and localities were told to desegregate with `` all deliberate speed '' . The Court that decided Brown Partly because of that enigmatic phrase , but mostly because of self - declared `` massive resistance '' in the South to the desegregation decision , integration did not begin in any significant way until the mid-1960s and then only to a small degree . In fact , much of the integration in the 1960s happened in response not to Brown but to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . The Supreme Court intervened a handful of times in the late 1950s and early 1960s , but its next major desegregation decision was not until Green v. School Board of New Kent County ( 1968 ) , in which Justice William J. Brennan , writing for a unanimous Court , rejected a `` freedom - of - choice '' school plan as inadequate . This was a significant decision ; freedom - of - choice plans had been very common responses to Brown . Under these plans , parents could choose to send their children to either a formerly white or a formerly black school . Whites almost never opted to attend black - identified schools , however , and blacks rarely attended white - identified schools . In response to Green , many Southern districts replaced freedom - of - choice with geographically based schooling plans ; because residential segregation was widespread , little integration was accomplished . In 1971 , the Court in Swann v. Charlotte - Mecklenburg Board of Education approved busing as a remedy to segregation ; three years later , though , in the case of Milliken v. Bradley ( 1974 ) , it set aside a lower court order that had required the busing of students between districts , instead of merely within a district . Milliken basically ended the Supreme Court 's major involvement in school desegregation ; however , up through the 1990s many federal trial courts remained involved in school desegregation cases , many of which had begun in the 1950s and 1960s . The curtailment of busing in Milliken v. Bradley is one of several reasons that have been cited to explain why equalized educational opportunity in the United States has fallen short of completion . In the view of various liberal scholars , the election of Richard Nixon in 1968 meant that the executive branch was no longer behind the Court 's constitutional commitments . Also , the Court itself decided in San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez ( 1973 ) that the Equal Protection Clause allows -- but does not require -- a state to provide equal educational funding to all students within the state . Moreover , the Court 's decision in Pierce v. Society of Sisters ( 1925 ) allowed families to opt out of public schools , despite `` inequality in economic resources that made the option of private schools available to some and not to others '' , as Martha Minow has put it . American public school systems , especially in large metropolitan areas , to a large extent are still de facto segregated . Whether due to Brown , or due to Congressional action , or due to societal change , the percentage of black students attending majority - black school districts decreased somewhat until the early 1980s , at which point that percentage began to increase . By the late 1990s , the percentage of black students in mostly minority school districts had returned to about what it was in the late 1960s . In Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 ( 2007 ) , the Court held that , if a school system became racially imbalanced due to social factors other than governmental racism , then the state is not as free to integrate schools as if the state had been at fault for the racial imbalance . This is especially evident in the charter school system where parents of students can pick which schools their children attend based on the amenities provided by that school and the needs of the child . It seems that race is a factor in the choice of charter school . Application to federal government ( edit ) By its terms , the clause restrains only state governments . However , the Fifth Amendment 's due process guarantee , beginning with Bolling v. Sharpe ( 1954 ) , has been interpreted as imposing some of the same restrictions on the federal government : `` Though the Fifth Amendment does not contain an equal protection clause , as does the Fourteenth Amendment which applies only to the States , the concepts of equal protection and due process are not mutually exclusive . '' In Lawrence v. Texas ( 2003 ) the Supreme Court added : `` Equality of treatment and the due process right to demand respect for conduct protected by the substantive guarantee of liberty are linked in important respects , and a decision on the latter point advances both interests '' Some scholars have argued that the Court 's decision in Bolling should have been reached on other grounds . For example , Michael W. McConnell has written that Congress never `` required that the schools of the District of Columbia be segregated . '' According to that rationale , the segregation of schools in Washington D.C. was unauthorized and therefore illegal . Tiered scrutiny ( edit ) Despite the undoubted importance of Brown , much of modern equal protection jurisprudence originated in other cases , though not everyone agrees about which other cases . Some scholars assert that the opinion of Justice Harlan Stone in United States v. Carolene Products Co. ( 1938 ) contained a footnote that was a critical turning point for equal protection jurisprudence , but that assertion is disputed . Whatever its precise origins , the basic idea of the modern approach is that more judicial scrutiny is triggered by purported discrimination that involves `` fundamental rights '' ( such as the right to procreation ) , and similarly more judicial scrutiny is also triggered if the purported victim of discrimination has been targeted because he or she belongs to a `` suspect classification '' ( such as a single racial group ) . This modern doctrine was pioneered in Skinner v. Oklahoma ( 1942 ) , which involved depriving certain criminals of the fundamental right to procreate : When the law lays an unequal hand on those who have committed intrinsically the same quality of offense and sterilizes one and not the other , it has made as invidious a discrimination as if it had selected a particular race or nationality for oppressive treatment . Until 1976 , the Supreme Court usually ended up dealing with discrimination by using one of two possible levels of scrutiny : what has come to be called `` strict scrutiny '' ( when a suspect class or fundamental right is involved ) , or instead the more lenient `` rational basis review '' . Strict scrutiny means that a challenged statute must be `` narrowly tailored '' to serve a `` compelling '' government interest , and must not have a `` less restrictive '' alternative . In contrast , rational basis scrutiny merely requires that a challenged statute be `` reasonably related '' to a `` legitimate '' government interest . However , in the 1976 case of Craig v. Boren , the Court added another tier of scrutiny , called `` intermediate scrutiny '' , regarding gender discrimination . The Court may have added other tiers too , such as `` enhanced rational basis '' scrutiny , and `` exceedingly persuasive basis '' scrutiny . All of this is known as `` tiered '' scrutiny , and it has had many critics , including Justice Thurgood Marshall who argued for a `` spectrum of standards in reviewing discrimination '' , instead of discrete tiers . Justice John Paul Stevens argued for only one level of scrutiny , given that `` there is only one Equal Protection Clause '' . The whole tiered strategy developed by the Court is meant to reconcile the principle of equal protection with the reality that most laws necessarily discriminate in some way . Choosing the standard of scrutiny can determine the outcome of a case , and the strict scrutiny standard is often described as `` strict in theory and fatal in fact '' . In order to select the correct level of scrutiny , Justice Antonin Scalia urged the Court to identify rights as `` fundamental '' or identify classes as `` suspect '' by analyzing what was understood when the Equal Protection Clause was adopted , instead of based upon more subjective factors . Discriminatory intent and disparate impact ( edit ) Main article : Disparate impact Because inequalities can be caused either intentionally or unintentionally , the Supreme Court has decided that the Equal Protection Clause itself does not forbid governmental policies that unintentionally lead to racial disparities , though Congress may have some power under other clauses of the Constitution to address unintentional disparate impacts . This subject was addressed in the seminal case of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Corp. ( 1977 ) . In that case , the plaintiff , a housing developer , sued a city in the suburbs of Chicago that had refused to re-zone a plot of land on which the plaintiff intended to build low - income , racially integrated housing . On the face , there was no clear evidence of racially discriminatory intent on the part of Arlington Heights 's planning commission . The result was racially disparate , however , since the refusal supposedly prevented mostly African - Americans and Hispanics from moving in . Justice Lewis Powell , writing for the Court , stated , `` Proof of racially discriminatory intent or purpose is required to show a violation of the Equal Protection Clause . '' Disparate impact merely has an evidentiary value ; absent a `` stark '' pattern , `` impact is not determinative . '' The result in Arlington Heights was similar to that in Washington v. Davis ( 1976 ) , and has been defended on the basis that the Equal Protection Clause was not designed to guarantee equal outcomes , but rather equal opportunities ; if a legislature wants to correct unintentional but racially disparate effects , it may be able to do so through further legislation . It is possible for a discriminating state to hide its true intention , and one possible solution is for disparate impact to be considered as stronger evidence of discriminatory intent . This debate , though , is currently academic , since the Supreme Court has not changed its basic approach as outlined in Arlington Heights . For an example of how this rule limits the Court 's powers under the Equal Protection Clause , see McClesky v. Kemp ( 1987 ) . In that case a black man was convicted of murdering a white police officer and sentenced to death in the state of Georgia . A study found that killers of whites were more likely to be sentenced to death than were killers of blacks . The Court found that the defense had failed to prove that such data demonstrated the requisite discriminatory intent by the Georgia legislature and executive branch . Voting rights ( edit ) Justice John Marshall Harlan II sought to interpret the Equal Protection Clause in the context of Section 2 of the same amendment The Supreme Court ruled in Nixon v. Herndon ( 1927 ) that the Fourteenth Amendment prohibited denial of the vote based on race . The first modern application of the Equal Protection Clause to voting law came in Baker v. Carr ( 1962 ) , where the Court ruled that the districts that sent representatives to the Tennessee state legislature were so malapportioned ( with some legislators representing ten times the number of residents as others ) that they violated the Equal Protection Clause . It may seem counterintuitive that the Equal Protection Clause should provide for equal voting rights ; after all , it would seem to make the Fifteenth Amendment and the Nineteenth Amendment redundant . Indeed , it was on this argument , as well as on the legislative history of the Fourteenth Amendment , that Justice John M. Harlan ( the grandson of the earlier Justice Harlan ) relied in his dissent from Reynolds . Harlan quoted the congressional debates of 1866 to show that the framers did not intend for the Equal Protection Clause to extend to voting rights , and in reference to the Fifteenth and Nineteenth Amendments , he said : If constitutional amendment was the only means by which all men and , later , women , could be guaranteed the right to vote at all , even for federal officers , how can it be that the far less obvious right to a particular kind of apportionment of state legislatures ... can be conferred by judicial construction of the Fourteenth Amendment ? ( Emphasis in the original . ) Harlan also relied on the fact that Section Two of the Fourteenth Amendment `` expressly recognizes the States ' power to deny ' or in any way ' abridge the right of their inhabitants to vote for ' the members of the ( state ) Legislature . ' '' Section Two of the Fourteenth Amendment provides a specific federal response to such actions by a state : reduction of a state 's representation in Congress . However , the Supreme Court has instead responded that voting is a `` fundamental right '' on the same plane as marriage ( Loving v. Virginia ) ; for any discrimination in fundamental rights to be constitutional , the Court requires the legislation to pass strict scrutiny . Under this theory , equal protection jurisprudence has been applied to voting rights . A recent use of equal protection doctrine came in Bush v. Gore ( 2000 ) . At issue was the controversial recount in Florida in the aftermath of the 2000 presidential election . There , the Supreme Court held that the different standards of counting ballots across Florida violated the equal protection clause . It was not this holding that proved especially controversial among commentators , and indeed , the proposition gained seven out of nine votes ; Justices Souter and Breyer joined the majority of five -- but only , it should be emphasized , for the finding that there was an Equal Protection violation . Much more controversial was the remedy that the Court chose , namely , the cessation of a statewide recount . Sex , disability , and sexual orientation ( edit ) Originally , the Fourteenth Amendment did not forbid sex discrimination to the same extent as other forms of discrimination . On the one hand , Section Two of the amendment specifically discouraged states from interfering with the voting rights of `` males '' , which made the amendment anathema to many women when it was proposed in 1866 . On the other hand , as feminists like Victoria Woodhull pointed out , the word `` person '' in the Equal Protection Clause was apparently chosen deliberately , instead of a masculine term that could have easily been used instead . In 1971 , the U.S. Supreme Court decided Reed v. Reed , extending the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to protect women from sex discrimination , in situations where there is no rational basis for the discrimination . That level of scrutiny was boosted to an intermediate level in Craig v. Boren ( 1976 ) . Each state can guarantee more equality than does the Equal Protection Clause . For example , the state of Wyoming granted women the right to vote even before the Nineteenth Amendment required it . The Supreme Court has been disinclined to extend full `` suspect classification '' status ( thus making a law that categorizes on that basis subject to greater judicial scrutiny ) for groups other than racial minorities and religious groups . In City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center , Inc. ( 1985 ) , the Court refused to make the developmentally disabled a suspect class . Many commentators have noted , however -- and Justice Thurgood Marshall so notes in his partial concurrence -- that the Court did appear to examine the City of Cleburne 's denial of a permit to a group home for intellectually disabled people with a significantly higher degree of scrutiny than is typically associated with the rational - basis test . The Court 's decision in Romer v. Evans ( 1996 ) struck down a Colorado constitutional amendment aimed at denying homosexuals `` minority status , quota preferences , protected status or ( a ) claim of discrimination . '' The Court rejected as `` implausible '' the dissent 's argument that the amendment would not deprive homosexuals of general protections provided to everyone else but rather would merely prevent `` special treatment of homosexuals . '' Much as in City of Cleburne , the Romer decision seemed to employ a markedly higher level of scrutiny than the nominally applied rational - basis test . In Lawrence v. Texas ( 2003 ) , the Court struck down a Texas statute prohibiting homosexual sodomy on substantive due process grounds . In Justice Sandra Day O'Connor 's opinion concurring in the judgment , however , she argued that by prohibiting only homosexual sodomy , and not heterosexual sodomy as well , Texas 's statute did not meet rational - basis review under the Equal Protection Clause ; her opinion prominently cited City of Cleburne , and also relied in part on Romer . Notably , O'Connor's opinion did not claim to apply a higher level of scrutiny than mere rational basis , and the Court has not extended suspect - class status to sexual orientation . While the courts have applied rational - basis scrutiny to classifications based on sexual orientation , it has been argued that discrimination based on sex should be interpreted to include discrimination based on sexual orientation , in which case intermediate scrutiny could apply to gay rights cases . Other scholars disagree , arguing that `` homophobia '' is distinct from sexism , in a sociological sense , and so treating it as such would be an unacceptable judicial shortcut . In 2013 , the Court struck down part of the federal Defense of Marriage Act , in United States v. Windsor . No state statute was in question , and therefore the Equal Protection Clause did not apply . The Court did employ similar principles , however , in combination with federalism principles . The Court did not purport to use any level of scrutiny more demanding than rational basis review , according to law professor Erwin Chemerinsky . The four dissenting justices argued that the authors of the statute were rational . In 2015 , the Supreme Court held in a 5 -- 4 decision that the fundamental right to marry is guaranteed to same - sex couples by both the Due Process Clause and the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and required all states to issue marriage licenses to same - sex couples and to recognize same - sex marriages validly performed in other jurisdictions . Affirmative action ( edit ) See also : Affirmative action in the United States Affirmative action is the consideration of race , gender , or other factors , to benefit an underrepresented group or to address past injustices done to that group . Individuals who belong to the group are preferred over those who do not belong to the group , for example in educational admissions , hiring , promotions , awarding of contracts , and the like . Such action may be used as a `` tie - breaker '' if all other factors are inconclusive , or may be achieved through quotas , which allot a certain number of benefits to each group . During Reconstruction , Congress enacted race - conscious programs primarily to assist newly freed slaves who had personally been denied many advantages earlier in their lives . Such legislation was enacted by many of the same people who framed the Equal Protection Clause , though that clause did not apply to such federal legislation , and instead only applied to state legislation . Likewise , the Equal Protection Clause does not apply to private universities and other private businesses , which are free to practice affirmative action unless prohibited by federal statute or state law . Several important affirmative action cases to reach the Supreme Court have concerned government contractors -- for instance , Adarand Constructors v. Peña ( 1995 ) and City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co. ( 1989 ) . But the most famous cases have dealt with affirmative action as practiced by public universities : Regents of the University of California v. Bakke ( 1978 ) , and two companion cases decided by the Supreme Court in 2003 , Grutter v. Bollinger and Gratz v. Bollinger . In Bakke , the Court held that racial quotas are unconstitutional , but that educational institutions could legally use race as one of many factors to consider in their admissions process . In Grutter and Gratz , the Court upheld both Bakke as a precedent and the admissions policy of the University of Michigan Law School . In dicta , however , Justice O'Connor , writing for the Court , said she expected that in 25 years , racial preferences would no longer be necessary . In Gratz , the Court invalidated Michigan 's undergraduate admissions policy , on the grounds that unlike the law school 's policy , which treated race as one of many factors in an admissions process that looked to the individual applicant , the undergraduate policy used a point system that was excessively mechanistic . In these affirmative action cases , the Supreme Court has employed , or has said it employed , strict scrutiny , since the affirmative action policies challenged by the plaintiffs categorized by race . The policy in Grutter , and a Harvard College admissions policy praised by Justice Powell 's opinion in Bakke , passed muster because the Court deemed that they were narrowly tailored to achieve a compelling interest in diversity . On one side , critics have argued -- including Justice Clarence Thomas in his dissent to Grutter -- that the scrutiny the Court has applied in some cases is much less searching than true strict scrutiny , and that the Court has acted not as a principled legal institution but as a biased political one . On the other side , it is argued that the purpose of the Equal Protection Clause is to prevent the socio - political subordination of some groups by others , not to prevent classification ; since this is so , non-invidious classifications , such as those used by affirmative action programs , should not be subjected to heightened scrutiny . See also ( edit ) Listen to this article ( 2 parts ) ( info ) Part 1 Part 2 This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Equal Protection Clause '' dated 2006 - 04 - 09 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Equality before the law Equal consideration of interests Equal Rights Amendment Egalitarianism Equal opportunity Equality feminism Equality of autonomy Equality of outcome Equality of sacrifice Racial equality Social equality Economic egalitarianism References ( edit ) Jump up ^ For details on the rationale for , and ratification of , the Fourteenth Amendment , see generally Foner , Eric ( 1988 ) . Reconstruction : America 's Unfinished Revolution , 1863 -- 1877 . New York : Harper & Row . ISBN 0 - 06 - 091453 - X. , as well as Brest , Paul ; et al. ( 2000 ) . Processes of Constitutional Decisionmaking . Gaithersburg : Aspen Law & Business . pp. 241 -- 242 . ISBN 0 - 7355 - 1250 - 7 . Jump up ^ See Brest et al. ( 2000 ) , pp. 242 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Jeffrey . The Supreme Court : The Personalities and Rivalries That Defined America , p. 79 ( MacMillan 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Newman , Roger . The Constitution and its Amendments , Vol. 4 , p. 8 ( Macmillan 1999 ) . Jump up ^ Hardy , David . `` Original Popular Understanding of the 14th Amendment As Reflected in the Print Media of 1866 - 68 '' , Whittier Law Review , Vol. 30 , p. 695 ( 2008 - 2009 ) . Jump up ^ See Foner ( 1988 ) , passim . See also Ackerman , Bruce A. ( 2000 ) . We the People , Volume 2 : Transformations . Cambridge : Belknap Press . pp. 99 -- 252 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 00397 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Kelly , Alfred . `` Clio and the Court : An Illicit Love Affair `` , The Supreme Court Review at p. 148 ( 1965 ) reprinted in The Supreme Court in and of the Stream of Power ( Kermit Hall ed. , Psychology Press 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Bickel , Alexander . `` The Original Understanding and the Segregation Decision '' , Harvard Law Review , Vol. 69 , pp. 35 - 37 ( 1955 ) . Bingham was speaking on February 27 , 1866 . See transcript . Jump up ^ Curtis , Michael . `` Resurrecting the Privileges or Immunities Clause and Revising the Slaughter - House Cases Without Exhuming Lochner : Individual Rights and the Fourteenth Amendment '' , Boston College Law Review , Vol. 38 ( 1997 ) . Jump up ^ Glidden , William . Congress and the Fourteenth Amendment : Enforcing Liberty and Equality in the States , p. 79 ( Lexington Books 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Mount , Steve ( January 2007 ) . `` Ratification of Constitutional Amendments '' . Retrieved February 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Flack , Horace . The Adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment , p. 232 ( Johns Hopkins Press , 1908 ) . For Bingham 's full speech , see Appendix to the Congressional Globe , 42d Congress , 1st Sess. , p. 83 ( March 31 , 1871 ) . Jump up ^ requires citation Jump up ^ Wallenstein , Peter . Tell the Court I Love My Wife : Race , Marriage , and Law -- An American History , p. 253 ( Palgrave Macmillan , Jan 17 , 2004 ) . The four of the original thirteen states are New Hampshire , Connecticut , New Jersey , and New York . Id . Jump up ^ Pascoe , Peggy . What Comes Naturally : Miscegenation Law and the Making of Race in America , p. 58 ( Oxford U. Press 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Calabresi , Steven and Matthews , Andrea . `` Originalism and Loving v. Virginia '' , Brigham Young University Law Review ( 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Foner , Eric . Reconstruction : America 's Unfinished Revolution , 1863 -- 1877 , pp. 321 -- 322 ( HarperCollins 2002 ) . Jump up ^ Bickel , Alexander . `` The Original Understanding and the Segregation Decision '' , Harvard Law Review , Vol. 69 , pp. 35 -- 37 ( 1955 ) . Jump up ^ Finkelman , Paul . `` Rehearsal for Reconstruction : Antebellum Origins of the Fourteenth Amendment '' , in The Facts of Reconstruction : Essays in Honor of John Hope Franklin , p. 19 ( Eric Anderson and Alfred A. Moss , eds. , LSU Press , 1991 ) . Jump up ^ Woloch , Nancy . Women and the American Experience , p. 185 ( New York : Alfred A. Knopf , 1984 ) . Jump up ^ Wayne , Stephen . Is This Any Way to Run a Democratic Election ? , p. 27 ( CQ PRESS 2013 ) . Jump up ^ McInerney , Daniel . A Traveller 's History of the USA , P. 212 ( Interlink Books , 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Kerber , Linda . No Constitutional Right to Be Ladies : Women and the Obligations of Citizenship , p. 133 ( Macmillan , 1999 ) . Jump up ^ Yick Wo v. Hopkins , 118 U.S. 356 ( 1886 ) . Jump up ^ `` Annotation 18 - Fourteenth Amendment : Section 1 -- Rights Guaranteed : Equal Protection of the Laws : Scope and application state action '' . FindLaw for Legal Professionals - Law & Legal Information by FindLaw , a Thomson Reuters business . Retrieved 23 November 2013 . Jump up ^ For a summary of the social , political and historical background to Plessy , see Woodward , C. Vann ( 2001 ) . The Strange Career of Jim Crow . New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 6 and pp. 69 -- 70 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 514690 - 5 . Jump up ^ For a skeptical evaluation of Harlan , see Chin , Gabriel J. ( 1996 ) . `` The Plessy Myth : Justice Harlan and the Chinese Cases '' . Iowa Law Review . 82 : 151 . ISSN 0021 - 0552 . SSRN 1121505 . Jump up ^ See Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad , 118 U.S. 394 ( 1886 ) . In the summary of the case Bancroft wrote that the Court declared that it did not need to hear argument on whether the Equal Protection Clause protected corporations , because `` we are all of the opinion that it does . '' Id . at 396 . Chief Justice Morrison Waite announced from the bench that the Court would not hear argument on the question whether the equal protection clause applied to corporations : `` We are all of the opinion that it does . '' The background and developments from this utterance are treated in H. Graham , Everyman 's Constitution -- Historical Essays on the Fourteenth Amendment , the Conspiracy Theory , and American Constitutionalism ( 1968 ) , chs. 9 , 10 , and pp. 566 - 84 . Justice Hugo Black , in Connecticut General Life Ins. Co. v. Johnson , 303 U.S. 77 , 85 ( 1938 ) , and Justice William O. Douglas , in Wheeling Steel Corp. v. Glander , 337 U.S. 562 , 576 ( 1949 ) , have disagreed that corporations are persons for equal protection purposes . Jump up ^ See Providence Bank v. Billings , 29 U.S. 514 ( 1830 ) , in which Chief Justice Marshall wrote : `` The great object of an incorporation is to bestow the character and properties of individuality on a collective and changing body of men . '' Nevertheless , the concept of corporate personhood remains controversial . See Mayer , Carl J. ( 1990 ) . `` Personalizing the Impersonal : Corporations and the Bill of Rights '' . Hastings Law Journal . 41 : 577 . ISSN 0017 - 8322 . Jump up ^ See Currie , David P. ( 1987 ) . `` The Constitution in the Supreme Court : The New Deal , 1931 -- 1940 '' . University of Chicago Law Review . The University of Chicago Law Review , Vol. 54 , No. 2 . 54 ( 2 ) : 504 , 547 . doi : 10.2307 / 1599798 . JSTOR 1599798 . Jump up ^ Feldman , Noah . Scorpions : The Battles and Triumphs of FDR 's Great Supreme Court Justices , p. 145 ( Hachette Digital 2010 ) . Jump up ^ See generally Morris , Aldon D. ( 1986 ) . Origin of the Civil Rights Movements : Black Communities Organizing for Change . New York : Free Press . ISBN 0 - 02 - 922130 - 7 . Jump up ^ For an exhaustive history of the Brown case from start to finish , see Kluger , Richard ( 1977 ) . Simple Justice . New York : Vintage . ISBN 0 - 394 - 72255 - 8 . Jump up ^ Shimsky , MaryJane . `` Hesitating Between Two Worlds '' : The Civil Rights Odyssey of Robert H. Jackson , p. 468 ( ProQuest , 2007 ) . Jump up ^ I Dissent : Great Opposing Opinions in Landmark Supreme Court Cases , pp. 133 -- 151 ( Mark Tushnet , ed . Beacon Press , 2008 ) . Jump up ^ For a comprehensive history of school desegregation from Brown through Milliken ( one on which this article relies for its assertions ) , see Brest et al. ( 2000 ) , pp. 768 -- 794 . Jump up ^ For the history of the American political branches ' engagement with the Supreme Court 's commitment to desegregation ( and vice versa ) , see Powe , Lucas A. , Jr. ( 2001 ) . The Warren Court and American Politics . Cambridge , MA : Belknap Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 00683 - 6 . , and Kotz , Nick ( 2004 ) . Judgment Days : Lyndon Baines Johnson , Martin Luther King , Jr. , and the Laws That Changed America . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 618 - 08825 - 3 . For more on the debate summarized in the text , see , e.g. , Rosenberg , Gerald N. ( 1993 ) . The Hollow Hope : Can Courts Bring About Social Change ? . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 72703 - 3 . , and Klarman , Michael J. ( 1994 ) . `` Brown , Racial Change , and the Civil Rights Movement '' . Virginia Law Review . Virginia Law Review , Vol. 80 , No. 1 . 80 ( 1 ) : 7 . doi : 10.2307 / 1073592 . JSTOR 1073592 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Troy . `` Education Finance Reform Litigation and Separation of Powers : Kentucky Makes Its Contribution , '' Kentucky Law Journal , Vol. 80 ( 1991 ) : 309 , 310 . Jump up ^ Minow , Martha . `` Confronting the Seduction of Choice : Law , Education and American Pluralism '' , Yale Law Journal , Vol. 120 , p. 814 , 819 - 820 ( 2011 ) ( Pierce `` entrenched the pattern of a two - tiered system of schooling , which sanctions private opt - outs from publicly run schools '' ) . Jump up ^ For data and analysis , see Orfield ( July 2001 ) . `` Schools More Separate '' ( PDF ) . Harvard University Civil Rights Project . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ Jacobs , Nicholas ( 8 August 2011 ) . `` Racial , Economic , and Linguistic Segregation : Analyzing Market Supports in the District of Columbia 's Public Charter Schools '' . Education and urban society . 45 ( 1 ) : 120 -- 141 . doi : 10.1177 / 0013124511407317 . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FindLaw Cases and Codes '' . Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com. 1954 - 05 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ Lawrence v. Texas , 539 U.S. 598 ( 2003 ) , at page 2482 Jump up ^ Balkin , J.M. ; Bruce A. Ackerman ( 2001 ) . `` Part II '' . What Brown v. Board of Education should have said : the nation 's top legal experts rewrite America 's landmark civil rights decision . et al. New York University Press . p. 168 . Jump up ^ 304 U.S. 144 , 152 n. 4 ( 1938 ) . For a theory of judicial review based on Stone 's footnote , see Ely , John Hart ( 1981 ) . Democracy and Distrust . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 19637 - 6 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Leslie . `` Between the Tiers : The New ( est ) Equal Protection and Bush v. Gore '' , University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law , Vol. 4 , p. 372 ( 2002 ) . Jump up ^ Farber , Daniel and Frickey , Philip . `` Is Carolene Products Dead -- Reflections on Affirmative Action and the Dynamics of Civil Rights Legislation '' , California Law Review , Vol. 79 , p. 685 ( 1991 ) . Farber and Frickey point out that `` only Chief Justice Hughes , Justice Brandeis , and Justice Roberts joined Justice Stone 's footnote '' , and in any event `` It is simply a myth ... that the process theory of footnote four in Carolene Products is , or ever has been , the primary justification for invalidating laws embodying prejudice against racial minorities . '' Jump up ^ Skinner v. Oklahoma , 316 U.S. 535 ( 1942 ) . Sometimes the `` suspect '' classification strand of the modern doctrine is attributed to Korematsu v. United States ( 1944 ) , but Korematsu did not involve the Fourteenth Amendment , and moreover it came later than the Skinner opinion ( which clearly stated that both deprivation of fundamental rights as well as oppression of a particular race or nationality were invidious ) . Jump up ^ See City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center , Inc. ( 1985 ) Jump up ^ See United States v. Virginia ( 1996 ) . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , James . `` ' There is Only One Equal Protection Clause ' : An Appreciation of Justice Stevens 's Equal Protection Jurisprudence '' , Fordham Law Review , Vol. 74 , p. 2301 , 2306 ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ See Romer v. Evans , 517 U.S. 620 , 631 ( 1996 ) : `` the equal protection of the laws must coexist with the practical necessity that most legislation classifies for one purpose or another , with resulting disadvantage to various groups or persons . '' Jump up ^ Curry , James et al. Constitutional Government : The American Experience , p. 282 ( Kendall Hunt 2003 ) ( attributing the phrase to Gerald Gunther ) . Jump up ^ Domino , John . Civil Rights & Liberties in the 21st Century , pp. 337 - 338 ( Pearson 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Herzog , Don ( March 22 , 2005 ) . `` Constitutional Rights : Two '' . Left2Right . Note that the Court has put significant limits on the congressional power of enforcement . See City of Boerne v. Flores ( 1997 ) , Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett ( 2001 ) , and United States v. Morrison ( 2000 ) . The Court has also interpreted federal statutory law as limiting the power of states to correct disparate effects . See Ricci v. DeStefano ( 2009 ) . Jump up ^ See Krieger , Linda Hamilton ( 1995 ) . `` The Content of Our Categories : A Cognitive Bias Approach to Discrimination and Equal Protection Opportunity '' . Stanford Law Review . Stanford Law Review , Vol. 47 , No. 6 . 47 ( 6 ) : 1161 . doi : 10.2307 / 1229191 . JSTOR 1229191 . , and Lawrence , Charles R. , III ( 1987 ) . `` Reckoning with Unconscious Racism '' . Stanford Law Review . Stanford Law Review , Vol. 39 , No. 2 . 39 ( 2 ) : 317 . doi : 10.2307 / 1228797 . JSTOR 1228797 . Jump up ^ Baldus , David C. ; Pulaski , Charles ; Woodworth , George ( 1983 ) . `` Comparative Review of Death Sentences : An Empirical Study of the Georgia Experience '' . Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology . Northwestern University . 74 ( 3 ) : 661 -- 753 . doi : 10.2307 / 1143133 . JSTOR 1143133 . Jump up ^ Van Alstyne , William . `` The Fourteenth Amendment , the Right to Vote , and the Understanding of the Thirty - Ninth Congress '' , Supreme Court Review , p. 33 ( 1965 ) . Jump up ^ For criticisms as well as several defenses of the Court 's decision , see Bush v. Gore : The Question of Legitimacy , edited by Ackerman , Bruce A. ( 2002 ) . Bush v. Gore : the question of legitimacy . New Haven : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 09379 - 9 . Another much - cited collection of essays is Sunstein , Cass ; Epstein , Richard ( 2001 ) . The Vote : Bush , Gore , and the Supreme Court . Chicago : Chicago University Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 21307 - 2 . Jump up ^ Cullen - Dupont , Kathryn . Encyclopedia of Women 's History in America , pp. 91 - 92 ( Infobase Publishing , Jan 1 , 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Hymowitz , Carol and Weissman , Michaele . A History of Women in America , p. 128 ( Random House Digital , 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Reed v. Reed - Significance , Notable Trials and Court Cases - 1963 to 1972 Jump up ^ Craig v. Boren , 429 U.S. 190 ( 1976 ) . Jump up ^ See Pettinga , Gayle Lynn ( 1987 ) . `` Rational Basis with Bite : Intermediate Scrutiny by Any Other Name '' . Indiana Law Journal . 62 : 779 . ISSN 0019 - 6665 . ; Wadhwani , Neelum J. ( 2006 ) . `` Rational Reviews , Irrational Results '' . Texas Law Review . 84 : 801 , 809&ndash , 811 . ISSN 0040 - 4411 . Jump up ^ Kuligowski , Monte . `` Romer v. Evans : Judicial Judgment or Emotive Utterance ? , '' Journal of Civil Rights and Economic Development , Vol. 12 ( 1996 ) . Jump up ^ Joslin , Courtney ( 1997 ) . `` Equal Protection and Anti-Gay Legislation '' . Harvard Civil Rights - Civil Liberties Law Review . 32 : 225 , 240 . ISSN 0017 - 8039 . The Romer Court applied a more ' active , ' Cleburne - like rational basis standard ... ; Farrell , Robert C. ( 1999 ) . `` Successful Rational Basis Claims in the Supreme Court from the 1971 Term Through Romer v. Evans '' . Indiana Law Review . 32 : 357 . ISSN 0019 - 6665 . Jump up ^ See Koppelman , Andrew ( 1994 ) . `` Why Discrimination against Lesbians and Gay Men is Sex Discrimination '' . New York University Law Review . 69 : 197 . ISSN 0028 - 7881 . ; see also Fricke v. Lynch , 491 F. Supp. 381 , 388 , fn. 6 ( 1980 ) , vacated 627 F. 2d 1088 ( case decided on First Amendment free - speech grounds , but `` This case can also be profitably analyzed under the Equal Protection Clause of the fourteenth amendment . In preventing Aaron Fricke from attending the senior reception , the school has afforded disparate treatment to a certain class of students those wishing to attend the reception with companions of the same sex . '' ) Jump up ^ Gerstmann , Evan . Same Sex Marriage and the Constitution , p. 55 ( Cambridge University Press , 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Chemerinsky , Erwin . `` Justice Kennedy 's World Archived 2013 - 07 - 09 at the Wayback Machine . '' , The National Law Journal ( July 1 , 2013 ) : `` There is another similarity between his opinion in Windsor and his earlier ones in Romer and Lawrence : the Supreme Court invalidated the law without using heightened scrutiny for sexual - orientation discrimination ... A law based on animus fails to meet even rational - basis review so there was no need to adopt a higher level of scrutiny . '' Jump up ^ United States v. Windsor , No. 12 - 307 , 2013 BL 169620 , 118 FEP Cases 1417 ( U.S. June 26 , 2013 ) . Jump up ^ `` Affirmative Action '' . Stanford University . Retrieved 4 / 6 / 2012 . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) Jump up ^ See Schnapper , Eric ( 1985 ) . `` Affirmative Action and the Legislative History of the Fourteenth Amendment '' ( PDF ) . Virginia Law Review . Virginia Law Review , Vol. 71 , No. 5 . 71 ( 5 ) : 753 . doi : 10.2307 / 1073012 . Jump up ^ See Schuck , Peter H. ( September 5 , 2003 ) . `` Reflections on Grutter '' . Jurist . Archived from the original on 2005 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ See Siegel , Reva B. ( 2004 ) . `` Equality Talk : Antisubordination and Anticlassification Values in Constitutional Struggles over Brown '' . Harvard Law Review . Harvard Law Review , Vol. 117 , No. 5 . 117 ( 5 ) : 1470 . doi : 10.2307 / 4093259 . JSTOR 4093259 . ; Carter , Stephen L. ( 1988 ) . `` When Victims Happen to Be Black '' . Yale Law Journal . The Yale Law Journal , Vol. 97 , No. 3 . 97 ( 3 ) : 420&ndash , 447 . doi : 10.2307 / 796412 . JSTOR 796412 . External links ( edit ) Original Meaning of Equal Protection of the Laws , Federalist Blog Equal Protection : An Overview , Cornell Law School Equal Protection , Heritage Guide to the Constitution Equal Protection ( U.S. law ) , Encyclopædia Britannica Naderi , Siavash . `` The Not So Definite Article '' , Brown Political Review ( November 16 , 2012 ) . 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Kemp ( 1987 ) United States v. Armstrong ( 1996 ) Discrimination in jury selection History Racial discrimination in jury selection Women in United States juries Racial exclusion in venire Strauder v. West Virginia ( 1880 ) Virginia v. Rives ( 1880 ) Neal v. Delaware ( 1881 ) Gibson v. Mississippi ( 1896 ) Smith v. Mississippi ( 1896 ) Carter v. Texas ( 1900 ) Tarrance v. Florida ( 1903 ) Brownfield v. South Carolina ( 1903 ) Rogers v. Alabama ( 1904 ) Franklin v. South Carolina ( 1910 ) Norris v. Alabama ( 1935 ) Patterson v. Alabama ( 1935 ) Hale v. Kentucky ( 1938 ) Smith v. Texas ( 1940 ) Hill v. Texas ( 1942 ) Patton v. Mississippi ( 1947 ) Cassell v. Texas ( 1950 ) Avery v. Georgia ( 1953 ) Hernandez v. Texas ( 1954 ) Eubanks v. Louisiana ( 1958 ) Coleman v. Alabama ( 1967 ) Vasquez v. Hillery ( 1986 ) Fair cross-section in venire Glasser v. United States ( 1942 ) * Thiel v. Southern Pacific Co. ( 1946 ) * * Ballard v. United States ( 1946 ) Taylor v. Louisiana ( 1975 ) Duren v. Missouri ( 1979 ) Holland v. Illinois ( 1990 ) Berghuis v. Smith ( 2010 ) Peremptory challenges Batson v. Kentucky ( 1986 ) Griffith v. Kentucky ( 1987 ) Teague v. Lane ( 1989 ) Ford v. Georgia ( 1991 ) Powers v. Ohio ( 1991 ) Edmonson v. Leesville Concrete Company ( 1991 ) * * Hernandez v. New York ( 1991 ) Trevino v. Texas ( 1992 ) Georgia v. McCollum ( 1992 ) J.E.B. v. Alabama ex rel . T.B. ( 1994 ) Purkett v. Elem ( 1995 ) Miller - El v. Cockrell ( 2003 ) Johnson v. California ( 2005 ) Miller - El v. Dretke ( 2005 ) Rice v. Collins ( 2006 ) Snyder v. Louisiana ( 2008 ) Rivera v. Illinois ( 2009 ) Thaler v. Haynes ( 2010 ) Felkner v. Jackson ( 2011 ) Foster v. Chatman ( 2015 ) * Glasser interpreted the Impartial Jury Clause of the Sixth Amendment . * * Thiel and Edmonson were civil cases . Voting rights in the United States Constitutional provisions Article I Voter Qualifications Clause Elections Clause 1st Amendment 14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause 15th Amendment 17th Amendment 19th Amendment 23rd Amendment 24th Amendment 26th Amendment Federal laws Voting Rights Act of 1965 Amendments List of covered jurisdictions Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act Military and Overseas Voter Empowerment Act National Voter Registration Act of 1993 Help America Vote Act of 2002 State laws Voter access Absentee ballot Early voting Postal voting Provisional ballot Voter registration in the U.S. Initiatives and referendums Recall election Vote denial Electoral fraud Grandfather clause Literacy test Poll tax Voter caging Voter ID laws Vote dilution Gerrymandering Plurality - at - large voting One man , one vote By group Women Youth Felons Foreigners Transgender people District of Columbia residents Puerto Rico residents Guam residents History Timeline Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era Selma to Montgomery marches Timeline of women 's suffrage Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913 Silent Sentinels U.S. suffragists publications History of direct democracy Related Ballot access Campaign finance Citizenship Native Americans Disfranchisement Election Election law Elections Electoral reform Electoral College Redistricting Secret ballot Suffrage Voting Voting system Voter registration National Voting Rights Museum hide United States Fourteenth Amendment case law Citizenship Clause Slaughter - House Cases ( 1873 ) Elk v. Wilkins ( 1884 ) United States v. Wong Kim Ark ( 1898 ) Perez v. Brownell ( 1958 ) Afroyim v. Rusk ( 1967 ) Rogers v. Bellei ( 1971 ) Saenz v. Roe ( 1999 ) Due Process Clause Economic substantive due process Mugler v. Kansas ( 1887 ) Allgeyer v. Louisiana ( 1897 ) Lochner v. New York ( 1905 ) Coppage v. Kansas ( 1915 ) Adams v. Tanner ( 1917 ) Adkins v. Children 's Hospital ( 1923 ) Right to privacy Meyer v. Nebraska ( 1923 ) Pierce v. Society of Sisters ( 1925 ) Griswold v. Connecticut ( 1965 ) Doe v. Bolton ( 1973 ) Roe v. Wade ( 1973 ) Bowers v. Hardwick ( 1986 ) Webster v. Reproductive Health Services ( 1989 ) Planned Parenthood v. Casey ( 1992 ) Lawrence v. Texas ( 2003 ) Whole Woman 's Health v. Hellerstedt ( 2016 ) Right to abortion United States v. Vuitch ( 1971 ) Doe v. Bolton ( 1973 ) Roe v. Wade ( 1973 ) H.L. v. Matheson ( 1981 ) City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health ( 1983 ) Webster v. Reproductive Health Services ( 1989 ) Hodgson v. Minnesota ( 1990 ) Planned Parenthood v. Casey ( 1992 ) Stenberg v. Carhart ( 2000 ) Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of New England ( 2006 ) Gonzales v. Carhart ( 2007 ) Whole Woman 's Health v. Hellerstedt ( 2016 ) Civil rights liability under Section 1983 Monroe v. Pape ( 1961 ) McNeese v. Board of Educ. ( 1963 ) Pierson v. Ray ( 1967 ) Jenkins v. McKeithen ( 1969 ) Scheuer v. Rhodes ( 1974 ) Wood v. Strickland ( 1975 ) O'Connor v. Donaldson ( 1975 ) Paul v. Davis ( 1976 ) Imbler v. Pachtman ( 1976 ) Monell v. Department of Social Services of the City of New York ( 1978 ) Procunier v. Navarette ( 1978 ) Owen v. City of Independence ( 1980 ) Harlow v. Fitzgerald ( 1982 ) Felder v. Casey ( 1988 ) Will v. Michigan Department of State Police ( 1989 ) Gonzaga University v. Doe ( 2002 ) Inyo County v. Paiute - Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community ( 2003 ) City of Rancho Palos Verdes v. Abrams ( 2005 ) Fitzgerald v. Barnstable School Committee ( 2009 ) Ashcroft v. Iqbal ( 2009 ) Los Angeles County v. Humphries ( 2010 ) Connick v. Thompson ( 2011 ) Other Holden v. Hardy ( 1898 ) Muller v. Oregon ( 1908 ) Buck v. Bell ( 1927 ) Powell v. Alabama ( 1932 ) West Coast Hotel v. Parrish ( 1937 ) NAACP v. Alabama ( 1958 ) Griswold v. Connecticut ( 1965 ) Loving v. Virginia ( 1967 ) Epperson v. Arkansas ( 1968 ) In re Winship ( 1971 ) Kolender v. Lawson ( 1983 ) Edwards v. Aguillard ( 1987 ) Troxel v. Granville ( 2000 ) Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co. ( 2009 ) Obergefell v. Hodges ( 2015 ) Equal Protection Clause United States v. Cruikshank ( 1876 ) Pace v. Alabama ( 1883 ) Civil Rights Cases ( 1883 ) Yick Wo v. Hopkins ( 1886 ) Plessy v. Ferguson ( 1896 ) Buchanan v. Warley ( 1917 ) Lum v. Rice ( 1927 ) Skinner v. Oklahoma ( 1942 ) Perez v. Sharp ( 1948 ) Goesaert v. Cleary ( 1948 ) Shelley v. Kraemer ( 1948 ) Sipuel v. Board of Regents of Univ. of Okla . ( 1948 ) Sweatt v. Painter ( 1950 ) McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents ( 1950 ) Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka ( 1954 ) Hernandez v. Texas ( 1954 ) Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County ( 1964 ) Katzenbach v. Morgan ( 1966 ) Loving v. Virginia ( 1967 ) Swann v. Charlotte - Mecklenburg Board of Education ( 1971 ) Guey Heung Lee v. Johnson ( 1971 ) Reed v. Reed ( 1971 ) Frontiero v. Richardson ( 1973 ) Craig v. Boren ( 1976 ) Milliken v. Bradley ( 1974 ) Plyler v. Doe ( 1982 ) Romer v. Evans ( 1996 ) Grutter v. Bollinger ( 2003 ) Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 ( 2007 ) Obergefell v. Hodges ( 2015 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equal_Protection_Clause&oldid=866067867 '' Categories : Clauses of the United States Constitution Egalitarianism Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution History of voting rights in the United States United States equal protection case law Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : dates Spoken articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français 한국어 Simple English Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 01 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which amendment guaranteed the equal protection of laws to all american citizens	[ "The Equal Protection Clause is part of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The clause, which took effect in 1868, provides \"nor shall any State [...] deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws\".\n" ]	[ "the Fourteenth Amendment" ]
3060990800536480022	King James Version	King James Version - wikipedia King James Version This is the current revision of this page , as edited by Writ Keeper ( talk contribs ) at 15 : 24 , 28 August 2017 ( → ‎ Variations from recent translations : ce ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 15 : 24 , 28 August 2017 by Writ Keeper ( talk contribs ) ( → ‎ Variations from recent translations : ce ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search `` KJB '' redirects here . For other uses , see KJB ( disambiguation ) and King James Version ( disambiguation ) . King James Version The title page to the 1611 first edition of the Authorized Version of the Bible by Cornelis Boel shows the Apostles Peter and Paul seated centrally above the central text , which is flanked by Moses and Aaron . In the four corners sit Matthew , Mark , Luke and John , authors of the four gospels , with their symbolic animals . The rest of the Apostles ( with Judas facing away ) stand around Peter and Paul . At the very top is the Tetragrammaton `` יְהֹוָה '' written with Hebrew diacritics . Abbreviation KJV , KJB , or AV Complete Bible published 1611 Online as King James Version at Wikisource Textual basis OT : Masoretic Text , some LXX and Vulgate influence . NT : Textus Receptus , similar to the Byzantine text - type ; some readings derived from the Vulgate . Apocrypha : Greek Septuagint and Latin Vulgate . Reading level US and Canada Grade 8 -- 10 Copyright Public domain due to age , publication restrictions in the United Kingdom ( See Copyright status ) Genesis 1 : 1 -- 3 ( show ) In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth . And the earth was without form , and void ; and darkness was upon the face of the deep . And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters . And God said , Let there be light : and there was light . Genesis 1 : 1 in other translations John 3 : 16 ( show ) For God so loved the world , that he gave his only begotten Son , that whosoever believeth in him should not perish , but have everlasting life . John 3 : 16 in other translations The Bible in English Title page to the King James Version List of English Bible translations Old English ( pre-1066 ) Middle English ( 1066 -- 1500 ) Early Modern English ( 1500 -- 1800 ) Modern Christian ( 1800 -- ) Modern Jewish ( 1853 -- ) Miscellaneous Main category : Bible translations into English Bible portal The King James Version ( KJV ) , also known as the King James Bible ( KJB ) or simply the Authorized Version ( AV ) , is an English translation of the Christian Bible for the Church of England begun in 1604 and completed in 1611 . The books of the King James Version include the 39 books of the Old Testament , an intertestamental section containing 14 books of the Apocrypha ( most of which correspond to books in the Vulgate Deuterocanon adhered to by Roman Catholics ) , and the 27 books of the New Testament . It was first printed by the King 's Printer Robert Barker and was the third translation into English approved by the English Church authorities . The first had been the Great Bible , commissioned in the reign of King Henry VIII ( 1535 ) , and the second had been the Bishops ' Bible of 1568 . In January 1604 , James VI and I convened the Hampton Court Conference , where a new English version was conceived in response to the problems of the earlier translations perceived by the Puritans , a faction of the Church of England . The translation is noted for its `` majesty of style '' , and has been described as one of the most important books in English culture and a driving force in the shaping of the English - speaking world . James gave the translators instructions intended to ensure that the new version would conform to the ecclesiology and reflect the episcopal structure of the Church of England and its belief in an ordained clergy . The translation was done by 47 scholars , all of whom were members of the Church of England . In common with most other translations of the period , the New Testament was translated from Greek , the Old Testament from Hebrew and Aramaic , and the Apocrypha from Greek and Latin . In the Book of Common Prayer ( 1662 ) , the text of the Authorized Version replaced the text of the Great Bible for Epistle and Gospel readings ( but not for the Psalter , which substantially retained Coverdale 's Great Bible version ) and as such was authorised by Act of Parliament . By the first half of the 18th century , the Authorized Version had become effectively unchallenged as the English translation used in Anglican and English Protestant churches , except for the Psalms and some short passages in the Book of Common Prayer of the Church of England . Over the course of the 18th century , the Authorized Version supplanted the Latin Vulgate as the standard version of scripture for English - speaking scholars . With the development of stereotype printing at the beginning of the 19th century , this version of the Bible became the most widely printed book in history , almost all such printings presenting the standard text of 1769 extensively re-edited by Benjamin Blayney at Oxford , and nearly always omitting the books of the Apocrypha . Today the unqualified title `` King James Version '' usually indicates that this Oxford standard text is meant . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 History 2.1 Earlier English translations 2.2 Considerations for a new version 2.3 Translation committees 2.4 Printing 2.5 Authorized Version 2.6 Standard text of 1769 2.7 Editorial criticism 3 Literary attributes 3.1 Translation 3.1. 1 Old Testament 3.1. 2 New Testament 3.1. 3 Apocrypha 3.1. 4 Sources 3.2 Variations from recent translations 3.3 Style and criticism 3.4 Mistranslations 4 Influence 4.1 Copyright status 4.1. 1 Permission 4.2 Apocrypha 4.3 King James Only movement 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Name ( edit ) 1612 First KJV bible in quarto size The title of the first edition of the translation , in Early Modern English , was `` THE HOLY BIBLE , Conteyning the Old Testament , AND THE NEW : Newly Translated out of the Originall tongues : & with the former Translations diligently compared and reuised , by his Maiesties speciall Comandement '' . The title page carries the words `` Appointed to be read in Churches '' , and F.F. Bruce suggests it was `` probably authorised by order in council '' but no record of the authorisation survives `` because the Privy Council registers from 1600 to 1613 were destroyed by fire in January 1618 / 19 '' . For many years it was common not to give the translation any specific name . In his Leviathan of 1651 , Thomas Hobbes referred to it as the English Translation made in the beginning of the Reign of King James . A 1761 `` Brief Account of the various Translations of the Bible into English '' refers to the 1611 version merely as a new , compleat , and more accurate Translation , despite referring to the Great Bible by its name , and despite using the name `` Rhemish Testament '' for the Douay - Rheims Bible version . Similarly , a `` History of England '' , whose fifth edition was published in 1775 , writes merely that ( a ) new translation of the Bible , viz. , that now in Use , was begun in 1607 , and published in 1611 . King James 's Bible is used as the name for the 1611 translation ( on a par with the `` Genevan Bible '' or the `` Rhemish Testament '' ) in Charles Butler 's Horae Biblicae ( first published 1797 ) . Other works from the early 19th century confirm the widespread use of this name on both sides of the Atlantic : it is found both in a `` Historical sketch of the English translations of the Bible '' published in Massachusetts in 1815 , and in an English publication from 1818 , which explicitly states that the 1611 version is `` generally known by the name of King James 's Bible '' . This name was also found as King James ' Bible ( without the final `` s '' ) : for example in a book review from 1811 . The phrase `` King James 's Bible '' is used as far back as 1715 , although in this case it is not clear whether this is a name or merely a description . The use of Authorized Version or Authorised Version , capitalized and used as a name , is found as early as 1814 . For some time before this , descriptive phrases such as `` our present , and only publicly authorised version '' ( 1783 ) , `` our Authorised version '' ( 1792 ) , and `` the authorized version '' ( 1801 , uncapitalized ) are found . The Oxford English Dictionary records a usage in 1824 . In Britain , the 1611 translation is generally known as the `` Authorised Version '' today . As early as 1814 , we find King James ' version , evidently a descriptive phrase , being used . `` The King James Version '' is found , unequivocally used as a name , in a letter from 1855 . The next year King James Bible , with no possessive , appears as a name in a Scottish source . In the United States , the `` 1611 translation '' ( actually editions following the standard text of 1769 , see below ) is generally known as the King James Version today . History ( edit ) Earlier English translations ( edit ) See also : English translations of the Bible The followers of John Wycliffe undertook the first complete English translations of the Christian scriptures in the 14th century . These translations were banned in 1409 due to their association with the Lollards . The Wycliffe Bible pre-dated the printing press but was circulated very widely in manuscript form , often inscribed with a date earlier than 1409 to avoid the legal ban . As the text translated in the various versions of the Wycliffe Bible was the Latin Vulgate , and as it contained no heterodox readings , there was in practice no way by which the ecclesiastical authorities could distinguish the banned version ; consequently many Catholic commentators of the 15th and 16th centuries ( such as Thomas More ) took these manuscript English Bibles to represent an anonymous earlier orthodox translation . William Tyndale translated the New Testament into English in 1525 . In 1525 , William Tyndale , an English contemporary of Martin Luther , undertook a translation of the New Testament . Tyndale 's translation was the first printed Bible in English . Over the next ten years , Tyndale revised his New Testament in the light of rapidly advancing biblical scholarship , and embarked on a translation of the Old Testament . Despite some controversial translation choices , and in spite of Tyndale 's execution on charges of heresy for having made the translated bible , the merits of Tyndale 's work and prose style made his translation the ultimate basis for all subsequent renditions into Early Modern English . With these translations lightly edited and adapted by Myles Coverdale , in 1539 , Tyndale 's New Testament and his incomplete work on the Old Testament became the basis for the Great Bible . This was the first `` authorised version '' issued by the Church of England during the reign of King Henry VIII . When Mary I succeeded to the throne in 1553 , she returned the Church of England to the communion of the Roman Catholic faith and many English religious reformers fled the country , some establishing an English - speaking colony at Geneva . Under the leadership of John Calvin , Geneva became the chief international centre of Reformed Protestantism and Latin biblical scholarship . These English expatriates undertook a translation that became known as the Geneva Bible . This translation , dated to 1560 , was a revision of Tyndale 's Bible and the Great Bible on the basis of the original languages . Soon after Elizabeth I took the throne in 1558 , the flaws of both the Great Bible and the Geneva Bible ( namely , that the Geneva Bible did not `` conform to the ecclesiology and reflect the episcopal structure of the Church of England and its beliefs about an ordained clergy '' ) became painfully apparent . In 1568 , the Church of England responded with the Bishops ' Bible , a revision of the Great Bible in the light of the Geneva version . While officially approved , this new version failed to displace the Geneva translation as the most popular English Bible of the age -- in part because the full Bible was only printed in lectern editions of prodigious size and at a cost of several pounds . Accordingly , Elizabethan lay people overwhelmingly read the Bible in the Geneva Version -- small editions were available at a relatively low cost . At the same time , there was a substantial clandestine importation of the rival Douay -- Rheims New Testament of 1582 , undertaken by exiled Roman Catholics . This translation , though still derived from Tyndale , claimed to represent the text of the Latin Vulgate . In May 1601 , King James VI of Scotland attended the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland at St Columba 's Church in Burntisland , Fife , at which proposals were put forward for a new translation of the Bible into English . Two years later , he ascended to the throne of England as King James I of England . Considerations for a New Version ( edit ) The newly crowned King James convened the Hampton Court Conference in 1604 . That gathering proposed a new English version in response to the perceived problems of earlier translations as detected by the Puritan faction of the Church of England . Here are three examples of problems the Puritans perceived with the Bishops and Great Bibles : First , Galatians iv. 25 ( from the Bishops ' Bible ) . The Greek word susoichei is not well translated as now it is , bordereth neither expressing the force of the word , nor the apostle 's sense , nor the situation of the place . Secondly , psalm cv. 28 ( from the Great Bible ) , ' They were not obedient ; ' the original being , ' They were not disobedient . ' Thirdly , psalm cvi. 30 ( also from the Great Bible ) , ' Then stood up Phinees and prayed , ' the Hebrew hath , ' executed judgment . ' Instructions were given to the translators that were intended to limit the Puritan influence on this new translation . The Bishop of London added a qualification that the translators would add no marginal notes ( which had been an issue in the Geneva Bible ) . King James cited two passages in the Geneva translation where he found the marginal notes offensive to the principles of divinely ordained royal supremacy : Exodus 1 : 19 , where the Geneva Bible notes had commended the example of civil disobedience to the Egyptian Pharaoh showed by the Hebrew midwives , and also II Chronicles 15 : 16 , where the Geneva Bible had criticized King Asa for not having executed his idolatrous ' mother ' , Queen Maachah ( Maachah had actually been Asa 's grandmother , but James considered the Geneva Bible reference as sanctioning the execution of his own mother Mary , Queen of Scots ) . Further , the King gave the translators instructions designed to guarantee that the new version would conform to the ecclesiology of the Church of England . Certain Greek and Hebrew words were to be translated in a manner that reflected the traditional usage of the church . For example , old ecclesiastical words such as the word `` church '' were to be retained and not to be translated as `` congregation '' . The new translation would reflect the episcopal structure of the Church of England and traditional beliefs about ordained clergy . James ' instructions included several requirements that kept the new translation familiar to its listeners and readers . The text of the Bishops ' Bible would serve as the primary guide for the translators , and the familiar proper names of the biblical characters would all be retained . If the Bishops ' Bible was deemed problematic in any situation , the translators were permitted to consult other translations from a pre-approved list : the Tyndale Bible , the Coverdale Bible , Matthew 's Bible , the Great Bible , and the Geneva Bible . In addition , later scholars have detected an influence on the Authorized Version from the translations of Taverner 's Bible and the New Testament of the Douay -- Rheims Bible . It is for this reason that the flyleaf of most printings of the Authorized Version observes that the text had been `` translated out of the original tongues , and with the former translations diligently compared and revised , by His Majesty 's special commandment . '' As the work proceeded , more detailed rules were adopted as to how variant and uncertain readings in the Hebrew and Greek source texts should be indicated , including the requirement that words supplied in English to ' complete the meaning ' of the originals should be printed in a different type face . The task of translation was undertaken by 47 scholars , although 54 were originally approved . All were members of the Church of England and all except Sir Henry Savile were clergy . The scholars worked in six committees , two based in each of the University of Oxford , the University of Cambridge , and Westminster . The committees included scholars with Puritan sympathies , as well as High Churchmen . Forty unbound copies of the 1602 edition of the Bishops ' Bible were specially printed so that the agreed changes of each committee could be recorded in the margins . The committees worked on certain parts separately and the drafts produced by each committee were then compared and revised for harmony with each other . The scholars were not paid directly for their translation work , instead a circular letter was sent to bishops encouraging them to consider the translators for appointment to well - paid livings as these fell vacant . Several were supported by the various colleges at Oxford and Cambridge , while others were promoted to bishoprics , deaneries and prebends through royal patronage . The committees started work towards the end of 1604 . King James I of England , on 22 July 1604 , sent a letter to Archbishop Bancroft asking him to contact all English churchmen requesting that they make donations to his project . Right trusty and well beloved , we greet you well . Whereas we have appointed certain learned men , to the number of 4 and 50 , for the translating of the Bible , and in this number , divers of them have either no ecclesiastical preferment at all , or else so very small , as the same is far unmeet for men of their deserts and yet we in ourself in any convenient time can not well remedy it , therefor we do hereby require you , that presently you write in our name as well to the Archbishop of York , as to the rest of the bishops of the province of Cant. ( erbury ) signifying unto them , that we do well and straitly charge everyone of them ... that ( all excuses set apart ) when a prebend or parsonage ... shall next upon any occasion happen to be void ... we may commend for the same some such of the learned men , as we shall think fit to be preferred unto it ... Given unto our signet at our palace of West. ( minister ) on 2 and 20 July , in the 2nd year of our reign of England , France , and of Ireland , and of Scotland xxxvii . '' They had all completed their sections by 1608 , the Apocrypha committee finishing first . From January 1609 , a General Committee of Review met at Stationers ' Hall , London to review the completed marked texts from each of the six committees . The General Committee included John Bois , Andrew Downes and John Harmar , and others known only by their initials , including `` AL '' ( who may be Arthur Lake ) , and were paid for their attendance by the Stationers ' Company . John Bois prepared a note of their deliberations ( in Latin ) -- which has partly survived in two later transcripts . Also surviving of the translators ' working papers are a bound - together set of marked - up corrections to one of the forty Bishops ' Bibles -- covering the Old Testament and Gospels , and also a manuscript translation of the text of the Epistles , excepting those verses where no change was being recommended to the readings in the Bishops ' Bible . Archbishop Bancroft insisted on having a final say making fourteen further changes , of which one was the term `` bishopricke '' at Acts 1 : 20 . Translation committees ( edit ) First Westminster Company , translated Genesis to 2 Kings : Lancelot Andrewes , John Overall , Hadrian à Saravia , Richard Clarke , John Layfield , Robert Tighe , Francis Burleigh , Geoffrey King , Richard Thomson , William Bedwell ; First Cambridge Company , translated 1 Chronicles to the Song of Solomon : Edward Lively , John Richardson , Lawrence Chaderton , Francis Dillingham , Roger Andrewes , Thomas Harrison , Robert Spaulding , Andrew Bing ; First Oxford Company , translated Isaiah to Malachi : John Harding , John Rainolds ( or Reynolds ) , Thomas Holland , Richard Kilby , Miles Smith , Richard Brett , Daniel Fairclough , William Thorne ; Second Oxford Company , translated the Gospels , Acts of the Apostles , and the Book of Revelation : Thomas Ravis , George Abbot , Richard Eedes , Giles Tomson , Sir Henry Savile , John Peryn , Ralph Ravens , John Harmar , John Aglionby , Leonard Hutten ; Second Westminster Company , translated the Epistles : William Barlow , John Spenser , Roger Fenton , Ralph Hutchinson , William Dakins , Michael Rabbet , Thomas Sanderson ( who probably had already become Archdeacon of Rochester ) ; Second Cambridge Company , translated the Apocrypha : John Duport , William Branthwaite , Jeremiah Radcliffe , Samuel Ward , Andrew Downes , John Bois , Robert Ward , Thomas Bilson , Richard Bancroft . Printing ( edit ) Archbishop Richard Bancroft was the `` chief overseer '' of the production of the Authorized Version . The original printing of the Authorized Version was published by Robert Barker , the King 's Printer , in 1611 as a complete folio Bible . It was sold looseleaf for ten shillings , or bound for twelve . Robert Barker 's father , Christopher , had , in 1589 , been granted by Elizabeth I the title of royal Printer , with the perpetual Royal Privilege to print Bibles in England . Robert Barker invested very large sums in printing the new edition , and consequently ran into serious debt , such that he was compelled to sub-lease the privilege to two rival London printers , Bonham Norton and John Bill . It appears that it was initially intended that each printer would print a portion of the text , share printed sheets with the others , and split the proceeds . Bitter financial disputes broke out , as Barker accused Norton and Bill of concealing their profits , while Norton and Bill accused Barker of selling sheets properly due to them as partial Bibles for ready money . There followed decades of continual litigation , and consequent imprisonment for debt for members of the Barker and Norton printing dynasties , while each issued rival editions of the whole Bible . In 1629 the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge successfully managed to assert separate and prior royal licences for Bible printing , for their own university presses -- and Cambridge University took the opportunity to print revised editions of the Authorized Version in 1629 , and 1638 . The editors of these editions included John Bois and John Ward from the original translators . This did not , however , impede the commercial rivalries of the London printers , especially as the Barker family refused to allow any other printers access to the authoritative manuscript of the Authorized Version . Two editions of the whole Bible are recognized as having been produced in 1611 , which may be distinguished by their rendering of Ruth 3 : 15 ; the first edition reading `` he went into the city '' , where the second reads `` she went into the city . '' ; these are known colloquially as the `` He '' and `` She '' Bibles . The opening of the Epistle to the Hebrews of the 1611 edition of the Authorized Version shows the original typeface . Marginal notes reference variant translations and cross references to other Bible passages . Each chapter is headed by a précis of contents . There are decorative initial letters for each Chapter , and a decorated headpiece to each Biblical Book , but no illustrations in the text . The original printing was made before English spelling was standardized , and when printers , as a matter of course , expanded and contracted the spelling of the same words in different places , so as to achieve an even column of text . They set v for initial u and v , and u for u and v everywhere else . They used long s for non-final s . The glyph j occurs only after i , as in the final letter in a Roman numeral . Punctuation was relatively heavy , and differed from current practice . When space needed to be saved , the printers sometimes used ye for the , ( replacing the Middle English thorn with the continental y ) , set ã for an or am ( in the style of scribe 's shorthand ) , and set & for and . On the contrary , on a few occasions , they appear to have inserted these words when they thought a line needed to be padded . Later printings regularized these spellings ; the punctuation has also been standardized , but still varies from current usage norms . The first printing used a black letter typeface instead of a roman typeface , which itself made a political and a religious statement . Like the Great Bible and the Bishops ' Bible , the Authorized Version was `` appointed to be read in churches '' . It was a large folio volume meant for public use , not private devotion ; the weight of the type mirrored the weight of establishment authority behind it . However , smaller editions and roman - type editions followed rapidly , e.g. quarto roman - type editions of the Bible in 1612 . This contrasted with the Geneva Bible , which was the first English Bible printed in a roman typeface ( although black - letter editions , particularly in folio format , were issued later ) . In contrast to the Geneva Bible and the Bishops ' Bible , which had both been extensively illustrated , there were no illustrations at all in the 1611 edition of the Authorized Version , the main form of decoration being the historiated initial letters provided for books and chapters -- together with the decorative title pages to the Bible itself , and to the New Testament . In the Great Bible , readings derived from the Vulgate but not found in published Hebrew and Greek texts had been distinguished by being printed in smaller roman type . In the Geneva Bible , a distinct typeface had instead been applied to distinguish text supplied by translators , or thought needful for English grammar but not present in the Greek or Hebrew ; and the original printing of the Authorized Version used roman type for this purposed , albeit sparsely and inconsistently . This results in perhaps the most significant difference between the original printed text of the King James Bible and the current text . When , from the later 17th century onwards , the Authorized Version began to be printed in roman type , the typeface for supplied words was changed to italics , this application being regularised and greatly expanded . This was intended to de-emphasise the words . The original printing contained two prefatory texts ; the first was a formal Epistle Dedicatory to `` the most high and mighty Prince '' King James . Many British printings reproduce this , while most non-British printings do not . The second preface was called Translators to the Reader , a long and learned essay that defends the undertaking of the new version . It observes the translators ' stated goal , that they , `` never thought from the beginning that ( they ) should need to make a new translation , nor yet to make of a bad one a good one , ... but to make a good one better , or out of many good ones , one principal good one , not justly to be excepted against ; that hath been our endeavour , that our mark . '' They also give their opinion of previous English Bible translations , stating , `` We do not deny , nay , we affirm and avow , that the very meanest translation of the Bible in English , set forth by men of our profession , ( for we have seen none of theirs ( Roman Catholics ) of the whole Bible as yet ) containeth the word of God , nay , is the word of God . '' As with the first preface , some British printings reproduce this , while most non-British printings do not . Almost every printing that includes the second preface also includes the first . The first printing contained a number of other apparatus , including a table for the reading of the Psalms at matins and evensong , and a calendar , an almanac , and a table of holy days and observances . Much of this material became obsolete with the adoption of the Gregorian Calendar by Britain and its colonies in 1752 , and thus modern editions invariably omit it . So as to make it easier to locate a particular passage , each chapter was headed by a brief precis of its contents with verse numbers . Later editors freely substituted their own chapter summaries , or omitted such material entirely . Pilcrow marks are used to indicate the beginnings of paragraphs except after the book of Acts . Authorized Version ( edit ) The Authorized Version was meant to replace the Bishops ' Bible as the official version for readings in the Church of England . No record of its authorization exists ; it was probably effected by an order of the Privy Council but the records for the years 1600 to 1613 were destroyed by fire in January 1618 / 19 and it is commonly known as the Authorized Version in the United Kingdom . The King 's Printer issued no further editions of the Bishops ' Bible , so necessarily the Authorized Version replaced it as the standard lectern Bible in parish church use in England . In the 1662 Book of Common Prayer , the text of the Authorized Version finally supplanted that of the Great Bible in the Epistle and Gospel readings -- though the Prayer Book Psalter nevertheless continues in the Great Bible version . The case was different in Scotland , where the Geneva Bible had long been the standard church bible . It was not until 1633 that a Scottish edition of the Authorized Version was printed -- in conjunction with the Scots coronation in that year of Charles I . The inclusion of illustrations in the edition raised accusations of Popery from opponents of the religious policies of Charles and William Laud , Archbishop of Canterbury . However , official policy favoured the Authorized Version , and this favour returned during the Commonwealth -- as London printers succeeded in re-asserting their monopoly on Bible printing with support from Oliver Cromwell -- and the `` New Translation '' was the only edition on the market . F.F. Bruce reports that the last recorded instance of a Scots parish continuing to use the `` Old Translation '' ( i.e. Geneva ) as being in 1674 . The Authorized Version 's acceptance by the general public took longer . The Geneva Bible continued to be popular , and large numbers were imported from Amsterdam , where printing continued up to 1644 in editions carrying a false London imprint . However , few if any genuine Geneva editions appear to have been printed in London after 1616 , and in 1637 Archbishop Laud prohibited their printing or importation . In the period of the English Civil War , soldiers of the New Model Army were issued a book of Geneva selections called `` The Soldiers ' Bible '' . In the first half of the 17th century the Authorized Version is most commonly referred to as `` The Bible without notes '' , thereby distinguishing it from the Geneva `` Bible with notes '' . There were several printings of the Authorized Version in Amsterdam -- one as late as 1715 which combined the Authorized Version translation text with the Geneva marginal notes ; one such edition was printed in London in 1649 . During the Commonwealth a commission was established by Parliament to recommend a revision of the Authorized Version with acceptably Protestant explanatory notes , but the project was abandoned when it became clear that these would nearly double the bulk of the Bible text . After the English Restoration , the Geneva Bible was held to be politically suspect and a reminder of the repudiated Puritan era . Furthermore , disputes over the lucrative rights to print the Authorized Version dragged on through the 17th century , so none of the printers involved saw any commercial advantage in marketing a rival translation . The Authorized Version became the only current version circulating among English - speaking people . A small minority of critical scholars were slow to accept the latest translation . Hugh Broughton , the most highly regarded English Hebraist of his time ( but who had been excluded from the panel of translators because of his utterly uncongenial temperament ) , issued in 1611 a total condemnation of the new version , criticizing especially the translators ' rejection of word - for - word equivalence and stated that `` he would rather be torn in pieces by wild horses than that this abominable translation ( KJV ) should ever be foisted upon the English people '' . Walton 's London Polyglot of 1657 disregards the Authorized Version ( and indeed the English language ) entirely . Walton 's reference text throughout is the Vulgate . The Vulgate Latin is also found as the standard text of scripture in Thomas Hobbes 's Leviathan of 1651 , indeed Hobbes gives Vulgate chapter and verse numbers ( e.g. , Job 41 : 24 , not Job 41 : 33 ) for his head text . In Chapter 35 : ' The Signification in Scripture of Kingdom of God ' , Hobbes discusses Exodus 19 : 5 , first in his own translation of the ' Vulgar Latin ' , and then subsequently as found in the versions he terms `` ... the English translation made in the beginning of the reign of King James '' , and `` The Geneva French '' ( i.e. Olivétan ) . Hobbes advances detailed critical arguments why the Vulgate rendering is to be preferred . For most of the 17th century the assumption remained that , while it had been of vital importance to provide the scriptures in the vernacular for ordinary people , nevertheless for those with sufficient education to do so , Biblical study was best undertaken within the international common medium of Latin . It was only in 1700 that modern bilingual Bibles appeared in which the Authorized Version was compared with counterpart Dutch and French Protestant vernacular Bibles . In consequence of the continual disputes over printing privileges , successive printings of the Authorized Version were notably less careful than the 1611 edition had been -- compositors freely varying spelling , capitalization and punctuation -- and also , over the years , introducing about 1,500 misprints ( some of which , like the omission of `` not '' from the commandment `` Thou shalt not commit adultery '' in the `` Wicked Bible '' , became notorious ) . The two Cambridge editions of 1629 and 1638 attempted to restore the proper text -- while introducing over 200 revisions of the original translators ' work , chiefly by incorporating into the main text a more literal reading originally presented as a marginal note . A more thoroughly corrected edition was proposed following the Restoration , in conjunction with the revised 1662 Book of Common Prayer , but Parliament then decided against it . By the first half of the 18th century , the Authorized Version was effectively unchallenged as the sole English translation in current use in Protestant churches , and was so dominant that the Roman Catholic Church in England issued in 1750 a revision of the 1610 Douay - Rheims Bible by Richard Challoner that was very much closer to the Authorized Version than to the original . However , general standards of spelling , punctuation , typesetting , capitalization and grammar had changed radically in the 100 years since the first edition of the Authorized Version , and all printers in the market were introducing continual piecemeal changes to their Bible texts to bring them into line with current practice -- and with public expectations of standardized spelling and grammatical construction . Over the course of the 18th century , the Authorized Version supplanted the Hebrew , Greek and the Latin Vulgate as the standard version of scripture for English speaking scholars and divines , and indeed came to be regarded by some as an inspired text in itself -- so much so that any challenge to its readings or textual base came to be regarded by many as an assault on Holy Scripture . This has been contemptuously labelled `` AVolatry '' , a play on the name `` Authorized Version '' ( AV ) and idolatry . Standard text of 1769 ( edit ) Title page of the 1760 Cambridge edition By the mid-18th century the wide variation in the various modernized printed texts of the Authorized Version , combined with the notorious accumulation of misprints , had reached the proportion of a scandal , and the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge both sought to produce an updated standard text . First of the two was the Cambridge edition of 1760 , the culmination of 20 - years work by Francis Sawyer Parris , who died in May of that year . This 1760 edition was reprinted without change in 1762 and in John Baskerville 's fine folio edition of 1763 . This was effectively superseded by the 1769 Oxford edition , edited by Benjamin Blayney , though with comparatively few changes from Parris 's edition ; but which became the Oxford standard text , and is reproduced almost unchanged in most current printings . Parris and Blayney sought consistently to remove those elements of the 1611 and subsequent editions that they believed were due to the vagaries of printers , while incorporating most of the revised readings of the Cambridge editions of 1629 and 1638 , and each also introducing a few improved readings of their own . They undertook the mammoth task of standardizing the wide variation in punctuation and spelling of the original , making many thousands of minor changes to the text . In addition , Blayney and Parris thoroughly revised and greatly extended the italicization of `` supplied '' words not found in the original languages by cross-checking against the presumed source texts . Blayney seems to have worked from the 1550 Stephanus edition of the Textus Receptus , rather than the later editions of Beza that the translators of the 1611 New Testament had favoured ; accordingly the current Oxford standard text alters around a dozen italicizations where Beza and Stephanus differ . Like the 1611 edition , the 1769 Oxford edition included the Apocrypha , although Blayney tended to remove cross-references to the Books of the Apocrypha from the margins of their Old and New Testaments wherever these had been provided by the original translators . Altogether , the standardization of spelling and punctuation caused Blayney 's 1769 text to differ from the 1611 text in around 24,000 places . Since that date , a few further changes have been introduced to the Oxford standard text . The Oxford University Press paperback edition of the `` Authorized King James Version '' provides Oxford 's standard text , and also includes the prefatory section `` The Translators to the Reader '' . The 1611 and 1769 texts of the first three verses from I Corinthians 13 are given below . ( 1611 ) 1 . Though I speake with the tongues of men & of Angels , and haue not charity , I am become as sounding brasse or a tinkling cymbal. 2 And though I haue the gift of prophesie , and vnderstand all mysteries and all knowledge : and though I haue all faith , so that I could remooue mountaines , and haue no charitie , I am nothing . 3 And though I bestowe all my goods to feede the poore , and though I giue my body to bee burned , and haue not charitie , it profiteth me nothing . ( 1769 ) 1 . Though I speak with the tongues of men and of angels , and have not charity , I am become as sounding brass , or a tinkling cymbal. 2 And though I have the gift of prophecy , and understand all mysteries , and all knowledge ; and though I have all faith , so that I could remove mountains , and have not charity , I am nothing . 3 And though I bestow all my goods to feed the poor , and though I give my body to be burned , and have not charity , it profiteth me nothing . There are a number of superficial edits in these three verses : 11 changes of spelling , 16 changes of typesetting ( including the changed conventions for the use of u and v ) , three changes of punctuation , and one variant text -- where `` not charity '' is substituted for `` no charity '' in verse two , in the erroneous belief that the original reading was a misprint . A particular verse for which Blayney 's 1769 text differs from Parris 's 1760 version is Matthew 5 : 13 , where Parris ( 1760 ) has Ye are the salt of the earth : but if the salt have lost his savour , wherewith shall it be salted ? it is thenceforth good for nothing but to be cast out , and to be troden under foot of men . Blayney ( 1769 ) changes ' lost his savour ' to ' lost its savour ' , and troden to trodden . For a period , Cambridge continued to issue Bibles using the Parris text , but the market demand for absolute standardization was now such that they eventually adapted Blayney 's work , but omitted some of the idiosyncratic Oxford spellings . By the mid-19th century , almost all printings of the Authorized Version were derived from the 1769 Oxford text -- increasingly without Blayney 's variant notes and cross references , and commonly excluding the Apocrypha . One exception to this was a scrupulous original - spelling , page - for - page , and line - for - line reprint of the 1611 edition ( including all chapter headings , marginalia , and original italicization , but with Roman type substituted for the black letter of the original ) , published by Oxford in 1833 . Another important exception was the 1873 Cambridge Paragraph Bible , thoroughly revised , modernized and re-edited by F.H.A. Scrivener , who for the first time consistently identified the source texts underlying the 1611 translation and its marginal notes . Scrivener , like Blayney , opted to revise the translation where he considered the judgement of the 1611 translators had been faulty . In 2005 , Cambridge University Press released its New Cambridge Paragraph Bible with Apocrypha , edited by David Norton , which followed in the spirit of Scrivener 's work , attempting to bring spelling to present - day standards . Norton also innovated with the introduction of quotation marks , while returning to a hypothetical 1611 text , so far as possible , to the wording used by its translators , especially in the light of the re-emphasis on some of their draft documents . This text has been issued in paperback by Penguin books . From the early 19th century the Authorized Version has remained almost completely unchanged -- and since , due to advances in printing technology , it could now be produced in very large editions for mass sale , it established complete dominance in public and ecclesiastical use in the English - speaking Protestant world . Academic debate through that century , however , increasingly reflected concerns about the Authorized Version shared by some scholars : ( a ) that subsequent study in oriental languages suggested a need to revise the translation of the Hebrew Bible -- both in terms of specific vocabulary , and also in distinguishing descriptive terms from proper names ; ( b ) that the Authorized Version was unsatisfactory in translating the same Greek words and phrases into different English , especially where parallel passages are found in the synoptic gospels ; and ( c ) in the light of subsequent ancient manuscript discoveries , the New Testament translation base of the Greek Textus Receptus could no longer be considered to be the best representation of the original text . Responding to these concerns , the Convocation of Canterbury resolved in 1870 to undertake a revision of the text of the Authorized Version , intending to retain the original text `` except where in the judgement of competent scholars such a change is necessary '' . The resulting revision was issued as the Revised Version in 1881 ( New Testament ) , 1885 ( Old Testament ) and 1894 ( Apocrypha ) ; but , although it sold widely , the revision did not find popular favour , and it was only reluctantly in 1899 that Convocation approved it for reading in churches . By the early 20th century , editing had been completed in Cambridge 's text , with at least 6 new changes since 1769 , and the reversing of at least 30 of the standard Oxford readings . The distinct Cambridge text was printed in the millions , and after the Second World War `` the unchanging steadiness of the KJB was a huge asset . '' The Cambridge edition is preferred by scholars . The Authorized Version maintained its effective dominance throughout the first half of the 20th century . New translations in the second half of the 20th century displaced its 250 years of dominance ( roughly 1700 to 1950 ) , but groups do exist -- sometimes termed the King James Only movement -- that distrust anything not in agreement with the Authorized Version . Editorial criticism ( edit ) F.H.A. Scrivener and D. Norton have both written in detail on editorial variations which have occurred through the history of the publishing of the Authorized Version from 1611 to 1769 . In the 19th century , there were effectively three main guardians of the text . Norton identified five variations among the Oxford , Cambridge and London ( Eyre and Spottiswoode ) texts of 1857 , such as the spelling of `` farther '' or `` further '' at Matthew 26 : 39 . In the 20th century , variation between the editions was reduced to comparing the Cambridge to the Oxford . Distinctly identified Cambridge readings included `` or Sheba '' ( Joshua 19 : 2 ) , `` sin '' ( 2 Chronicles 33 : 19 ) , `` clifts '' ( Job 30 : 6 ) , `` vapour '' ( Psalm 148 : 8 ) , `` flieth '' ( Nahum 3 : 16 ) , `` further '' ( Matthew 26 : 39 ) and a number of other references . In effect the Cambridge was considered the current text in comparison to the Oxford . These are instances where both Oxford and Cambridge have now diverged from Blayney 's 1769 Edition . The distinctions between the Oxford and Cambridge editions have been a major point in the Bible version debate , and a potential theological issue , particularly in regard to the identification of the Pure Cambridge Edition . Cambridge University Press introduced a change at 1 John 5 : 8 in 1985 , reversing its longstanding tradition of printing the word `` spirit '' in lower case by using a capital letter `` S '' . A Rev. Hardin of Bedford , Pennsylvania , wrote a letter to Cambridge inquiring about this verse , and subsequently received a reply from Dr. Cooper on June 3 , 1985 , admitting that it was a `` matter of some embarrassment regarding the lower case ' s ' in Spirit '' . Literary attributes ( edit ) Translation ( edit ) Like Tyndale 's translation and the Geneva Bible , the Authorized Version was translated primarily from Greek , Hebrew and Aramaic texts , although with secondary reference both to the Latin Vulgate , and to more recent scholarly Latin versions ; two books of the Apocrypha were translated from a Latin source . Following the example of the Geneva Bible , words implied but not actually in the original source were distinguished by being printed in distinct type ( albeit inconsistently ) , but otherwise the translators explicitly rejected word - for - word equivalence . F.F Bruce gives an example from Romans Chapter 5 : 2 By whom also wee have accesse by faith , into this grace wherein wee stand , and rejoyce in hope of the glory of God . 3 And not onely so , but we glory in tribulations also , knowing that tribulation worketh patience : The English terms `` rejoice '' and `` glory '' stand for the same word in the Greek original . In Tyndale , Geneva and the Bishops ' Bibles , both instances are translated `` rejoice '' . In the Douay -- Rheims New Testament , both are translated `` glory '' . Only in the Authorized Version does the translation vary between the two verses . In obedience to their instructions , the translators provided no marginal interpretation of the text , but in some 8,500 places a marginal note offers an alternative English wording . The majority of these notes offer a more literal rendering of the original ( introduced as `` Heb '' , `` Chal '' , `` Gr '' or `` Lat '' ) , but others indicate a variant reading of the source text ( introduced by `` or '' ) . Some of the annotated variants derive from alternative editions in the original languages , or from variant forms quoted in the fathers . More commonly , though , they indicate a difference between the literal original language reading and that in the translators ' preferred recent Latin versions : Tremellius for the Old Testament , Junius for the Apocrypha , and Beza for the New Testament . At thirteen places in the New Testament ( e.g. Luke 17 : 36 and Acts 25 : 6 ) a marginal note records a variant reading found in some Greek manuscript copies ; in almost all cases reproducing a counterpart textual note at the same place in Beza 's editions . A few more extensive notes clarify Biblical names and units of measurement or currency . Modern reprintings rarely reproduce these annotated variants -- although they are to be found in the New Cambridge Paragraph Bible . In addition , there were originally some 9,000 scriptural cross-references , in which one text was related to another . Such cross-references had long been common in Latin Bibles , and most of those in the Authorized Version were copied unaltered from this Latin tradition . Consequently the early editions of the KJV retain many Vulgate verse references -- e.g. in the numbering of the Psalms . At the head of each chapter , the translators provided a short précis of its contents , with verse numbers ; these are rarely included in complete form in modern editions . Also in obedience to their instructions , the translators indicated ' supplied ' words in a different typeface ; but there was no attempt to regularise the instances where this practice had been applied across the different companies ; and especially in the New Testament , it was used much less frequently in the 1611 edition than would later be the case . In one verse , 1 John 2 : 23 , an entire clause was printed in roman type ( as it had also been in the Great Bible and Bishop 's Bible ) ; indicating a reading then primarily derived from the Vulgate , albeit one for which the later editions of Beza had provided a Greek text . In the Old Testament the translators render the Tetragrammaton YHWH by `` the LORD '' ( in later editions in small capitals as LORD ) , or `` the LORD God '' ( for YHWH Elohim , יהוה אלהים ) , except in four places by `` IEHOVAH '' ( Exodus 6 : 3 , Psalm 83 : 18 , Isaiah 12 : 2 and Isaiah 26 : 4 ) and three times in a combination form . ( Genesis 22 : 14 , Exodus 17 : 15 , Judges 6 : 24 ) However , if the Tetragrammaton occurs with the Hebrew word adonai ( Lord ) then it is rendered not as the `` Lord LORD '' but as the `` Lord God '' . ( Psalm 73 : 28 , etc . ) In later editions as `` Lord GOD '' with `` GOD '' in small capitals indicating to the reader that God 's name appears in the original Hebrew . Old Testament ( edit ) For their Old Testament , the translators used a text originating in the editions of the Hebrew Rabbinic Bible by Daniel Bomberg ( 1524 / 5 ) , but adjusted this to conform to the Greek LXX or Latin Vulgate in passages to which Christian tradition had attached a Christological interpretation . For example , the Septuagint reading `` They pierced my hands and my feet '' was used in Psalm 22 : 16 ( vs. the Masoretes ' reading of the Hebrew `` like lions my hands and feet '' ) . Otherwise , however , the Authorized Version is closer to the Hebrew tradition than any previous English translation -- especially in making use of the rabbinic commentaries , such as Kimhi , in elucidating obscure passages in the Masoretic Text ; earlier versions had been more likely to adopt LXX or Vulgate readings in such places . New Testament ( edit ) For their New Testament , the translators chiefly used the 1598 and 1588 / 89 Greek editions of Theodore Beza , which also present Beza 's Latin version of the Greek and Stephanus 's edition of the Latin Vulgate . Both of these versions were extensively referred to , as the translators conducted all discussions amongst themselves in Latin . F.H.A. Scrivener identifies 190 readings where the Authorized Version translators depart from Beza 's Greek text , generally in maintaining the wording of the Bishop 's Bible and other earlier English translations . In about half of these instances , the Authorized Version translators appear to follow the earlier 1550 Greek Textus Receptus of Stephanus . For the other half , Scrivener was usually able to find corresponding Greek readings in the editions of Erasmus , or in the Complutensian Polyglot . However , in several dozen readings he notes that no printed Greek text corresponds to the English of the Authorized Version , which in these places derives directly from the Vulgate . For example , at John 10 : 16 , the Authorized Version reads `` one fold '' ( as did the Bishops ' Bible , and the 16th century vernacular versions produced in Geneva ) , following the Latin Vulgate `` unum ovile '' , whereas Tyndale had agreed more closely with the Greek , `` one flocke '' ( μία ποίμνη ) . The Authorized Version New Testament owes much more to the Vulgate than does the Old Testament ; still , at least 80 % of the text is unaltered from Tyndale 's translation . Apocrypha ( edit ) Unlike the rest of the Bible , the translators of the Apocrypha identified their source texts in their marginal notes . From these it can be determined that the books of the Apocrypha were translated from the Septuagint -- primarily , from the Greek Old Testament column in the Antwerp Polyglot -- but with extensive reference to the counterpart Latin Vulgate text , and to Junius 's Latin translation . The translators record references to the Sixtine Septuagint of 1587 , which is substantially a printing of the Old Testament text from the Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209 , and also to the 1518 Greek Septuagint edition of Aldus Manutius . They had , however , no Greek texts for 2 Esdras , or for the Prayer of Manasses , and Scrivener found that they here used an unidentified Latin manuscript . Sources ( edit ) The translators appear to have otherwise made no first - hand study of ancient manuscript sources , even those that -- like the Codex Bezae -- would have been readily available to them . In addition to all previous English versions ( including , and contrary to their instructions , the Rheimish New Testament which in their preface they criticized ) ; they made wide and eclectic use of all printed editions in the original languages then available , including the ancient Syriac New Testament printed with an interlinear Latin gloss in the Antwerp Polyglot of 1573 . In the preface the translators acknowledge consulting translations and commentaries in Chaldee , Hebrew , Syrian , Greek , Latin , Spanish , French , Italian , and German . The translators took the Bishop 's Bible as their source text , and where they departed from that in favour of another translation , this was most commonly the Geneva Bible . However , the degree to which readings from the Bishop 's Bible survived into final text of the King James Bible varies greatly from company to company , as did the propensity of the King James translators to coin phrases of their own . John Bois 's notes of the General Committee of Review show that they discussed readings derived from a wide variety of versions and patristic sources ; including explicitly both Henry Savile 's 1610 edition of the works of John Chrysostom and the Rheims New Testament , which was the primary source for many of the literal alternative readings provided for the marginal notes . Variations from recent translations ( edit ) Main article : List of major textual variants in the New Testament See also : List of Bible verses not included in modern translations A number of Bible verses in the King James Version of the New Testament are not found in more recent Bible translations , where these are based on modern critical texts . In the early seventeenth century , the source Greek texts of the New Testament used for the production of Protestant bible versions depended mainly on manuscripts of the late Byzantine text - type , and with minor variations contained what became known as the Textus Receptus . With the subsequent identification of much earlier manuscripts , most modern textual scholars value the evidence of manuscripts belonging to the Alexandrian family as better witnesses to the original text of the biblical authors , without giving it , or any family , automatic preference . Style and criticism ( edit ) A primary concern of the translators was to produce an appropriate Bible , dignified and resonant in public reading . Although the Authorized Version 's written style is an important part of its influence on English , research has found only one verse -- Hebrews 13 : 8 -- for which translators debated the wording 's literary merits . While they stated in the preface that they used stylistic variation , finding multiple English words or verbal forms in places where the original language employed repetition , in practice they also did the opposite ; for example , 14 different Hebrew words were translated into the single English word `` prince '' . In a period of rapid linguistic change the translators avoided contemporary idioms , tending instead towards forms that were already slightly archaic , like verily and it came to pass . The pronouns thou / thee and ye / you are consistently used as singular and plural respectively , even though by this time you was often found as the singular in general English usage , especially when addressing a social superior ( as is evidenced , for example , in Shakespeare ) . For the possessive of the third person pronoun , the word its , first recorded in the Oxford English Dictionary in 1598 , is avoided . The older his is usually employed , as for example at Matthew 5 : 13 : `` if the salt have lost his savour , wherewith shall it be salted ? '' ; in other places of it , thereof or bare it are found . Another sign of linguistic conservativism is the invariable use of - eth for the third person singular present form of the verb , as at Matthew 2 : 13 : `` the Angel of the Lord appeareth to Joseph in a dreame '' . The rival ending - ( e ) s , as found in present - day English , was already widely used by this time ( for example , it predominates over - eth in the plays of Shakespeare and Marlowe ) . Furthermore , the translators preferred which to who or whom as the relative pronoun for persons , as in Genesis 13 : 5 : `` And Lot also which went with Abram , had flocks and heards , & tents '' although who ( m ) is also found . The Authorized Version is notably more Latinate than previous English versions , especially the Geneva Bible . This results in part from the academic stylistic preferences of a number of the translators -- several of whom admitted to being more comfortable writing in Latin than in English -- but was also , in part , a consequence of the royal proscription against explanatory notes . Hence , where the Geneva Bible might use a common English word -- and gloss its particular application in a marginal note -- the Authorized Version tends rather to prefer a technical term , frequently in Anglicized Latin . Consequently , although the King had instructed the translators to use the Bishops ' Bible as a base text , the New Testament in particular owes much stylistically to the Catholic Rheims New Testament , whose translators had also been concerned to find English equivalents for Latin terminology . In addition , the translators of the New Testament books habitually quote Old Testament names in the renderings familiar from the Vulgate Latin rather than in forms closer to the original Hebrew ( e.g. `` Elias '' and `` Jeremias '' for `` Elijah '' and `` Jeremiah '' , respectively ) . While the Authorized Version remains among the most widely sold , modern critical New Testament translations differ substantially from it in a number of passages , primarily because they rely on source manuscripts not then accessible to ( or not then highly regarded by ) early 17th - century Biblical scholarship . In the Old Testament , there are also many differences from modern translations that are based not on manuscript differences , but on a different understanding of Ancient Hebrew vocabulary or grammar by the translators . For example , in modern translations it is clear that Job 28 : 1 -- 11 is referring throughout to mining operations , which is not at all apparent from the text of the Authorized Version . Mistranslations ( edit ) The King James version contains several mistranslations ; especially in the Old Testament where the knowledge of Hebrew and cognate languages was uncertain at the time . Most of these are minor and do not significantly change the meaning compared to the source material . Among the most commonly cited errors is in the Hebrew of Job and Deuteronomy , where רֶאֵם `` Re'em '' with the probable meaning of `` wild - ox , aurochs '' , is translated in the KJV as `` unicorn '' ; following in this the Vulgate unicornis and several medieval rabbinic commentators . The translators of the KJV note the alternative rendering , `` rhinocerots '' ( sic ) in the margin at Isaiah 34 : 7 . On a similar note Martin Luther 's German translation had also relied on the Vulgate Latin on this point , consistently translating רֶאֵם using the German word for unicorn , `` Einhorn . '' Otherwise , the translators on several occasions mistakenly interpreted a Hebrew descriptive phrase as a proper name ( or vice versa ) ; as at 2 Samuel 1 : 18 where ' the Book of Jasher ' סֵפֶר הַיׇּשׇׁר properly refers not to a work by an author of that name , but should rather be rendered as `` the Book of the Upright . '' Influence ( edit ) Despite royal patronage and encouragement , there was never any overt mandate to use the new translation . It was not until 1661 that the Authorized Version replaced the Bishops Bible in the Epistle and Gospel lessons of the Book of Common Prayer , and it never did replace the older translation in the Psalter . In 1763 The Critical Review complained that `` many false interpretations , ambiguous phrases , obsolete words and indelicate expressions ... excite the derision of the scorner '' . Blayney 's 1769 version , with its revised spelling and punctuation , helped change the public perception of the Authorized Version to a masterpiece of the English language . By the 19th century , F.W. Faber could say of the translation , `` It lives on the ear , like music that can never be forgotten , like the sound of church bells , which the convert hardly knows how he can forego . '' The Authorized Version has been called `` the most influential version of the most influential book in the world , in what is now its most influential language '' , `` the most important book in English religion and culture '' , and `` the most celebrated book in the English - speaking world '' . David Crystal has estimated that it is responsible for 257 idioms in English , examples include feet of clay and reap the whirlwind . Furthermore , prominent atheist figures such as the late Christopher Hitchens and Richard Dawkins have praised the King James Version as being `` a giant step in the maturing of English literature '' and `` a great work of literature '' , respectively , with Dawkins then adding , `` A native speaker of English who has never read a word of the King James Bible is verging on the barbarian '' . Although the Authorized Version 's former monopoly in the English - speaking world has diminished -- for example , the Church of England recommends six other versions in addition to it -- it is still the most used translation in the United States , especially as the Scofield Reference Bible for Evangelicals . In addition , in the Orthodox Church in America , the King James Version is used liturgically , and was made `` the ' official ' translation for a whole generation of American Orthodox '' . The later Service Book of the Antiochian Archdiocese , in vogue today , also uses the King James Version . The King James Version is also one of the versions authorized to be used in the services of the Episcopal Church and the Anglican Communion , as it is the historical Bible of this Church . Copyright status ( edit ) The Authorized Version is in the public domain in most of the world . However , in the United Kingdom , the right to print , publish and distribute it is a Royal prerogative and the Crown licenses publishers to reproduce it under letters patent . In England , Wales and Northern Ireland the letters patent are held by the Queen 's Printer , and in Scotland by the Scottish Bible Board . The office of Queen 's Printer has been associated with the right to reproduce the Bible for centuries , the earliest known reference coming in 1577 . In the 18th century all surviving interests in the monopoly were bought out by John Baskett . The Baskett rights descended through a number of printers and , in England , Wales and Northern Ireland , the Queen 's Printer is now Cambridge University Press , who inherited the right when they took over the firm of Eyre & Spottiswoode in 1990 . Other royal charters of similar antiquity grant Cambridge University Press and Oxford University Press the right to produce the Authorized Version independently of the Queen 's Printer . In Scotland the Authorized Version is published by Collins under licence from the Scottish Bible Board . The terms of the letters patent prohibit any other than the holders , or those authorized by the holders , from printing , publishing or importing the Authorized Version into the United Kingdom . The protection that the Authorized Version , and also the Book of Common Prayer , enjoy is the last remnant of the time when the Crown held a monopoly over all printing and publishing in the United Kingdom . Almost all provisions granting copyright in perpetuity were abolished by the Copyright , Designs and Patents Act 1988 , but because the Authorized Version is protected by royal prerogative rather than copyright , it will remain protected , as specified in CDPA s171 ( 1 ) ( b ) . Permission ( edit ) Cambridge University Press permits the reproduction of at most 500 verses for `` liturgical and non-commercial educational use '' if their prescribed acknowledgement is included , the quoted verses do not exceed 25 % of the publication quoting them and do not include a complete Bible book . For use beyond this , the Press is willing to consider permission requested on a case - by - case basis and in 2011 a spokesman said the Press generally does not charge a fee but tries to ensure that a reputable source text is used . Apocrypha ( edit ) For more details on the Apocrypha , see Biblical canon . English - language Protestant Bibles in the 16th century included the books of the Apocrypha -- generally in a separate section between the Old and New Testaments to indicate they were not part of the Old Testament text -- and there is evidence that these were widely read as popular literature , especially in Puritan circles . However , starting in 1630 , volumes of the Geneva Bible were occasionally bound with the pages of the Apocrypha section excluded . In 1644 the Long Parliament forbade the reading of the Apocrypha in Church and in 1666 the first editions of the King James Bible without the Apocrypha were bound . The standardization of the text of the Authorized Version after 1769 together with the technological development of stereotype printing made it possible to produce Bibles in large print - runs at very low unit prices . For commercial and charitable publishers , editions of the Authorized Version without the Apocrypha reduced the cost , while having increased market appeal to non-Anglican Protestant readers . With the rise of the Bible societies , most editions have omitted the whole section of Apocryphal books . The British and Foreign Bible Society withdrew subsidies for bible printing and dissemination in 1826 , under the following resolution : That the funds of the Society be applied to the printing and circulation of the Canonical Books of Scripture , to the exclusion of those Books and parts of Books usually termed Apocryphal ; The American Bible Society adopted a similar policy . Both societies eventually reversed these policies in light of 20th century ecumenical efforts on translations , the ABS doing so in 1964 and the BFBS in 1966 . King James only movement ( edit ) Main article : King James Only movement The King James Only movement advocates the superiority of the King James Version over all other English translations . Most adherents of the movement believe that the Textus Receptus is very close , if not identical , to the original autographs thereby making it the ideal Greek source for the translation . They argue that most modern English translations are based on a corrupted New Testament text that relies primarily on the Codex Sinaiticus and Codex Vaticanus manuscripts . See also ( edit ) Anglicanism portal Bible errata Bible translations Dynamic and formal equivalence List of books of the King James Version Modern English Bible translations § King James Versions and derivatives Red letter edition Notes ( edit ) Footnotes Jump up ^ `` And now at last , ... it being brought unto such a conclusion , as that we have great hope that the Church of England ( sic ) shall reape good fruit thereby ... '' Jump up ^ The Royal Privilege was a virtual monopoly . Jump up ^ The Holy Bible , an Exact Reprint Page for Page of the Authorized Version Published in the Year MDCXI . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1833 ( reprints , ISBN 0 - 8407 - 0041 - 5 , 1565631625 ) . According to J.R. Dore , the edition `` so far as it goes , represents the edition of 1611 so completely that it may be consulted with as much confidence as an original . The spelling , punctuation , italics , capitals , and distribution into lines and pages are all followed with the most scrupulous care . It is , however , printed in Roman instead of black letter type . '' Jump up ^ Genesis 4 : 1 Jump up ^ Genesis 2 : 4 `` אלה תולדות השמים והארץ בהבראם ביום עשות יהוה אלהים ארץ ושמים '' Jump up ^ e.g. Matthew 7 : 27 : `` great was the fall of it . '' , Matthew 2 : 16 : `` in Bethlehem , and in all the coasts thereof '' , Leviticus 25 : 5 : `` That which groweth of it owne accord of thy harvest '' . ( Leviticus 25 : 5 is changed to its in many modern printings ) . Jump up ^ e.g. at Genesis 3 : 12 : `` The woman whom thou gavest to be with mee '' Jump up ^ That which is most used liturgically is the King James Version . It has a long and honorable tradition in our Church in America . Professor Orloff used it for his translations at the end of the last century , and Isabel Hapgood 's Service Book of 1906 and 1922 made it the `` official '' translation for a whole generation of American Orthodox . Unfortunately , both Orloff and Hapgood used a different version for the Psalms ( that of the Anglican Book of Common Prayer ) , thereby giving us two translations in the same services . This was rectified in 1949 by the Service Book of the Antiochian Archdiocese , which replaced the Prayer Book psalms with those from the King James Version and made some other corrections . This beautiful translation , reproducing the stately prose of 1611 , was the work of Fathers Upson and Nicholas . It is still in widespread use to this day , and has familiarized thousands of believers with the KJV . Jump up ^ The only other perpetual copyright grants Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children `` a right to a royalty in respect of the public performance , commercial publication or communication to the public of the play ' Peter Pan ' by Sir James Matthew Barrie , or of any adaptation of that work , notwithstanding that copyright in the work expired on 31st December 1987 '' . See CDPA 1988 s301 Citations Jump up ^ Cloud 2006 . Jump up ^ KJV Dedicatorie 1611 . ^ Jump up to : Daniell 2003 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 435 . Jump up ^ Hill 1997 , pp. 4 -- 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` 400 years of the King James Bible '' . The Times Literary Supplement. 9 February 2011 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 8 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The King James Bible : The Book That Changed the World - BBC Two '' . BBC . ^ Jump up to : Daniell 2003 , p. 439 . ^ Jump up to : Daniell 2003 , p. 436 . ^ Jump up to : Daniell 2003 , p. 488 . Jump up ^ Cross & Livingstone 1974 , Authorised Version of the Bible . ^ Jump up to : Douglas 1974 , Bible ( English Versions ) . Jump up ^ Hobbes 2010 , Chapter XXXV . Jump up ^ Pearse 1761 , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Kimber 1775 , p. 279 . Jump up ^ Butler 1807 , p. 219 . Jump up ^ Holmes 1815 , p. 277 . Jump up ^ Horne 1818 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Adams , Thacher & Emerson 1811 , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Hacket 1715 , p. 205 . Jump up ^ Anon 1814 , p. 356 . Jump up ^ Anon 1783 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Newcome 1792 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Anon 1801 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ `` Authorized Version '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . 1989 . Jump up ^ Smith 1814 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Chapman 1856 , p. 270 . Jump up ^ Anon 1856 , pp. 530 - 531 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 156 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 277 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 291 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 292 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 304 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 339 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 344 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 364 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 221 . Jump up ^ Valpy , Michael ( 5 February 2011 ) . `` How the mighty has fallen : The King James Bible turns 400 '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved 8 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 433 . ^ Jump up to : Daniell 2003 , p. 434 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 328 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 10 . ^ Jump up to : Bobrick 2001 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 442 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 444 . Jump up ^ Wallechinsky & Wallace 1975 , p. 235 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Bois , Allen & Walker 1969 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 257 . Jump up ^ DeCoursey 2003 , pp. 331 -- 332 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , pp. 223 -- 244 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1968 , p. 309 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1968 , p. 310 . ^ Jump up to : Daniell 2003 , p. 453 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 451 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 454 . ^ Jump up to : Daniell 2003 , p. 455 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1968 , p. 424 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1968 , p. 520 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 4557 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Anon 1996 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1968 , pp. 313 - 314 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 61 . ^ Jump up to : Scrivener 1884 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 162 . Jump up ^ Procter & Frere 1902 , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Hague 1948 , p. 353 . ^ Jump up to : Daniell 2003 , p. 458 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 459 . Jump up ^ Bruce 2002 , p. 92 . ^ Jump up to : Hill 1993 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1968 , p. 577 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1968 , p. 936 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 457 . ^ Jump up to : Bobrick 2001 , p. 264 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 266 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 265 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 510 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 478 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 489 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1968 , p. 444 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , pp. 147 -- 194 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 515 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 619 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1968 , p. 1142 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1968 , p. 1196 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 242 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Prickett & Carroll 2008 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Dore 1888 , p. 363 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 691 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Norton 2006 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 685 . Jump up ^ Chadwick 1970 , pp. 40 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , pp. 115 , 126 . ^ Jump up to : White 2009 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 764 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 765 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ `` Settings of the King James Bible '' ( PDF ) . ourkjv.com . Retrieved 13 July 2013 . Jump up ^ tbsbibles.org ( 2013 ) . `` Editorial Report '' ( PDF ) . Quarterly Record . Trinitarian Bible Society . 603 ( 2nd Quarter ) : 10 -- 20 . Jump up ^ `` CUP letter '' ( PDF ) . ourkjv.com . Retrieved 13 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 792 . Jump up ^ Bruce 2002 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Metzger , Bruce ( 1968 ) . Historical and Literary Studies . Brill . p. 144 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 254 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 271 . Jump up ^ The Jewish Publication Society Tanakh , copyright 1985 Jump up ^ Daiches 1968 , pp. 208 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , pp. 243 -- 263 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 262 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 448 . ^ Jump up to : Scrivener 1884 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 59 . ^ Jump up to : Daniell 2003 , p. 440 . Jump up ^ Bois , Allen & Walker 1969 , p. xxv . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 246 . Jump up ^ KJV Translators to the Reader 1611 . Jump up ^ Bois , Allen & Walker 1969 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Metzger 1964 , pp. 103 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Metzger 1964 , pp. 216 . Jump up ^ Metzger 1964 , pp. 218 . Jump up ^ Barber 1997 , pp. 153 -- 154 . ^ Jump up to : Barber 1997 , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Barber 1997 , pp. 150 -- 151 . Jump up ^ Barber 1997 , pp. 166 -- 167 . Jump up ^ Barber 1997 , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 229 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 252 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Bruce 2002 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ `` Errors in the King James Version ? by William W. Combs '' ( PDF ) . DBSJ. 1999 . Retrieved 25 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BibleGateway - : Einhorn '' . www.biblegateway.com . Jump up ^ Hall 1881 . Jump up ^ `` When the King Saved God '' . Vanity Fair . 2011 . Retrieved 10 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why I want all our children to read the King James Bible '' . The Guardian . 20 May 2012 . Retrieved 10 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Biblical Studies '' . Department of Christian Education - Orthodox Church in America . 2014 . Retrieved 28 April 2014 . Jump up ^ The Canons of the General Convention of the Episcopal Church : Canon 2 : Of Translations of the Bible Archived 24 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Metzger & Coogan 1993 , p. 618 . Jump up ^ `` Bibles - Cambridge University Press '' . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Shakespeare 's Globe takes issue with the Queen over Bible royalties - The Daily Telegraph '' . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Queen 's Printer 's Patent - Cambridge University Press '' . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . We grant permission to use the text , and license printing or the importation for sale within the UK , as long as we are assured of acceptable quality and accuracy . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Hill 1993 , p. 338 . Jump up ^ Kenyon 1909 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 600 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 622 . Jump up ^ Browne 1859 , pp. 362 -- . Jump up ^ Melton 2005 , p. 38 . References ( edit ) Adams , David Phineas ; Thacher , Samuel Cooper ; Emerson , William ( 1811 ) . The Monthly Anthology , and Boston Review . Munroe and Francis . Anon ( 1783 ) . A call to the Jews . J. Johnson . Anon ( 1801 ) . The Anti-Jacobin Review and Magazine . J. Whittle . Anon ( 1814 ) . Missionary Register . Seeley , Jackson , & Halliday for the Church Missionary Society . Anon ( 1856 ) . The Original Secession Magazine . vol . ii . Edinburgh : Moodie and Lothian . Anon ( 1996 ) . The Elizabeth Perkins Prothro Bible Collection : A Checklist . Bridwell Library . ISBN 978 - 0 - 941881 - 19 - 7 . Barber , Charles Laurence ( 1997 ) . Early modern English ( second ed . ) . Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press . ISBN 0 - 7486 - 0835 - 4 . Bobrick , Benson ( 2001 ) . Wide as the waters : the story of the English Bible and the revolution it inspired . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 84747 - 7 . Bois , John ; Allen , Ward ; Walker , Anthony ( 1969 ) . Translating for King James ; being a true copy of the only notes made by a translator of King James 's Bible , the Authorized Version , as the Final Committee of Review revised the translation of Romans through Revelation at Stationers ' Hall in London in 1610 -- 1611 . Taken by John Bois ... these notes were for three centuries lost , and only now are come to light , through a copy made by the hand of William Fulman . Here translated and edited by Ward Allen . Nashville : Vanderbilt University Press . OCLC 607818272 . Browne , George ( 1859 ) . History of the British and Foreign Bible Society . Bruce , Frederick Fyvie ( 2002 ) . History of the Bible in English . Cambridge : Lutterworth Press . ISBN 0 - 7188 - 9032 - 9 . Butler , Charles ( 1807 ) . Horae Biblicae . Vol 1 ( fourth ed . ) . London : J. White . OCLC 64048851 . Chadwick , Owen ( 1970 ) . The Victorian Church Part II . Edinburgh : A&C Black . ISBN 0 - 334 - 02410 - 2 . Chapman , James L. ( 1856 ) . Americanism versus Romanism : or the cis - Atlantic battle between Sam and the pope . Nashville , TN : the author . OCLC 1848388 . Cloud , David ( 2006 ) . `` Is n't the King James Bible too Antiquated and Difficult to Understand ? '' . Way of Life Literature . Archived from the original on 14 January 2010 . Retrieved 1 August 2009 . Daiches , David ( 1968 ) . The King James Version of the English Bible : An Account of the Development and Sources of the English Bible of 1611 With Special Reference to the Hebrew Tradition . Hamden , Conn : Archon Books . ISBN 0 - 208 - 00493 - 9 . Daniell , David ( 2003 ) . The Bible in English : its history and influence . New Haven , Conn : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 09930 - 4 . DeCoursey , Matthew ( 2003 ) . Edward A. Malone , ed . British Rhetoricians and Logicians , 1500 - 1660 : Second series . Gale Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7876 - 6025 - 3 . Dore , John Read ( 1888 ) . Old Bibles : An Account of the Early Versions of the English Bible . 2nd edition . Eyre and Spottiswoode . Douglas , James Dixon , ed. ( 1974 ) . New International Dictionary of the Christian Church . Zondervan . Melton , J. Gordon ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of Protestantism . Infobase Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 6983 - 5 . Hacket , John ( 1715 ) . Bishop Hacket 's Memoirs of the Life of Archbishop Williams ... Abridg 'd : With the Most Remarkable Occurrences and Transactions in Church and State . Sam . Briscoe . Hague , Dyson ( 1948 ) . Through the Prayer Book . Church Book Room Press . Hall , Isaac Hollister ( 1881 ) . The Revised New Testament and History of Revisions . Hubbard Bros . Herbert , A.S. ( 1968 ) . Historical Catalogue of Printed Editions of the English Bible , 1525 - 1961 , Etc . British and Foreign Bible Society . Hill , Christopher ( 1993 ) . The English Bible and the seventeenth - century revolution . London : Allen Lane . ISBN 0 - 7139 - 9078 - 3 . Hill , Christopher ( 1997 ) . Society and Puritanism in pre-revolutionary England . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 17432 - 2 . Hobbes , Thomas ( 2010 ) . Leviathan . Broadview Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55481 - 003 - 1 . Holmes , A. ( 1815 ) . `` An Historical sketch of the English translations of the Bible '' . In Worcester , Noah . The Christian Disciple . Vol . iii . Boston , MA : Cummings & Hilliard . Horne , Thomas Hartwell ( 1818 ) . An introduction to the critical study and knowledge of the holy Scriptures , Volume 2 . London : T. Cadell and A Davies . Kenyon , Sir Frederic G. ( 1909 ) . `` English Versions '' . In James Hastings . Hastings ' Dictionary of the Bible . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56563 - 915 - 7 . Kimber , Isaac ( 1775 ) . The history of England , from the earliest accounts , to the accession of his present Majesty King George III ( fifth ed . ) . London : J. Buckland . OCLC 14263883 . `` Epistle Dedicatorie '' . The Authorized King James Version of the Holy Bible . Wikisource. 1611 . `` Translators to the Reader '' . The Authorized King James Version of the Holy Bible . Wikisource. 1611 . Metzger , Bruce M. ( 1964 ) . The Text of the New Testament . Clarendon . Metzger , Bruce M. ; Coogan , Michael D. , eds. ( 1993 ) . The Oxford Companion to the Bible . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 504645 - 5 . Procter , Francis ; Frere , Walter Howard ( 1902 ) . A New History of the Book of Common Prayer . MacMillan & Co . Newcome , William ( 1792 ) . Historical View of the English Biblical Translations . Norton , David ( 2005 ) . A Textual History of the King James Bible . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 77100 - 5 . Norton , David , ed. ( 2006 ) . The Bible . Penguin Classics . ISBN 0 - 14 - 144151 - 8 . Cross , F.L. ; Livingstone , E.A. , eds. ( 1974 ) . Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church . Oxford University Press . Pearse , Salem ( 1761 ) . `` A Brief Account of the various Translations of the Bible into English '' . The Second Part of the Celestial Diary . London : Robert Brown . p. 79 . Prickett , Stephen ; Carroll , Robert P. , eds. ( 2008 ) . The Bible : Authorized King James Version . Oxford University Press , USA . ISBN 0 - 19 - 953594 - 9 . Scrivener , Frederick Henry Ambrose ( 1884 ) . The Authorized Edition of the English Bible , 1611 , its subsequent reprints and modern representatives . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Smith , William ( 1814 ) . The reasonableness of setting forth the most worthy praise of Almighty God : according to the usage of the primitive church . New York : T. and J. Swords . OCLC 3512140 . Story , G.M. ( 1967 ) . Lancelot Andrewes Sermons . Oxford : Oxford University Press . Wallechinsky , David ; Wallace , Irving ( 1975 ) . The People 's Almanac . Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 04186 - 7 . White , James R. ( 2009 ) . The King James Only Controversy : Can You Trust Modern Translations ? . Baker Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7642 - 0605 - 4 . Further reading ( edit ) Chronological order of publication ( newest first ) Burke , David G. , John F. Kutsko , and Philip H. Towner , eds . The King James Version at 400 : Assessing Its Genius as Bible Translation and Its Literary Influence ( Society of Biblical Literature ; 2013 ) 553 pages ; scholars examine such topics as the KJV and 17th - century religious lyric , the KJV and the language of liturgy , and the KJV in Christian Orthodox perspective . McGrath , Alister E. ( 2002 ) . In the beginning : the story of the King James Bible and how it changed a nation , a language and a culture . New York : Anchor Books , a Division of Random House , Inc . ISBN 0 - 385 - 72216 - 8 . Nicolson , Adam ( 2003 ) . Power and Glory : Jacobean England and the Making of the King James Bible . London : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 710893 - 1 . In US : ( 2003 ) . God 's secretaries : the making of the King James Bible . London : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 018516 - 3 . Paperback : ( 2011 ) . When God Spoke English : The Making of the King James Bible . London : HarperPress . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 743100 - 7 . The Diary Of Samuel Ward : A Translator Of The 1611 King James Bible , edited by John Wilson Cowart and M.M. Knappen , contains surviving pages of Samuel Ward 's diary from 11 May 1595 to 1 July 1632 . Ward , Thomas ( 1903 ) . Errata of the Protestant Bible ( i.e. mostly of the Authorized `` King James '' Version ) ; or , The Truth of the English Translations Examined , in a Treatise Showing Some of the Errors That Are to Be Found in the English Translations of the Sacred Scriptures , Used by Protestants ... A new ed. , carefully rev. and corr. , in which are add ( itions ) ... New York : P.J. Kennedy and Sons . N.B. : A polemical Roman Catholic work , first published in the late 17th century . Keay , Julia ( 2005 ) . Alexander the Corrector : the tormented genius who unwrote the Bible . London : Harper Perennial . ISBN 0 - 00 - 713196 - 8 . Hallihan , C.P. ( 2010 ) . Authorized Version : A Wonderful and Unfinished History . Trinitarian Bible Society . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86228 - 049 - 6 . Published to commemorate the 400th anniversary of the initial publication , in 1611 , of the Authorized ( `` King James '' ) Version of the Bible Ehrman , Bart D. ( 2005 ) . Misquoting Jesus : the story behind who changed the Bible and why . San Francisco : HarperSanFrancisco . ISBN 0 - 06 - 073817 - 0 . Collection of English Almanacs for the Years 1702 - 1835 . 1761 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : King James Version Wikisource has original text related to this article : Authorized King James Version Wikimedia Commons has media related to King James Bible . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Bible . `` King James Version ( text of original 1611 Bible ) '' . kingjamesbibleonline.org . Archived from the original on 27 April 2011 . Retrieved 5 April 2011 . Online searchable database of the original 1611 text , including the Apocrypha and introductory text . It also contains the 1769 standard edition . `` Online gallery : Sacred texts : King James Bible '' . British Library . Archived from the original on 23 August 2007 . Retrieved 27 September 2007 . On - line image of a page ( beginning of St John 's gospel ) with a written description by the British Library . `` The Holy Bible , conteyning the Old Testament , and the New . Imprinted at London : By Robert Barker ... , 1611 '' . Schoenberg Center for Electronic Text & Imaging , University of Pennsylvania Library . Archived from the original on 11 September 2007 . Retrieved 27 September 2007 . On - line facsimile ( page images ) of the 1611 printing of the King James Bible , `` He '' Bible variant . `` King James Version ( facsimile of alternative 1611 edition , `` She '' Bible ) `` . Retrieved 31 August 2011 . On - line facsimile ( page images ) of the 1611 printing of the King James Bible . ( hide ) King James Version Text Source Masoretic Text ( OT ) Textus Receptus ( NT ) Derivative New King James Version ( NKJV ) 21st Century King James Version ( KJ21 ) Third Millennium Bible ( TMB ) Divine Name King James Bible ( DNKJB ) Translators Westminster Lancelot Andrewes , John Overall , Hadrian à Saravia , Richard Clarke , John Layfield , Robert Tighe , Francis Burleigh , Geoffrey King , Richard Thomson , William Bedwell William Barlow , John Spenser , Roger Fenton , Ralph Hutchinson , William Dakins , Michael Rabbet , Thomas Sanderson ( who probably had already become Archdeacon of Rochester ) Oxford John Harding , John Rainolds ( or Reynolds ) , Thomas Holland , Richard Kilby , Miles Smith , Richard Brett , Daniel Fairclough , William Thorne , Thomas Ravis , George Abbot , Richard Eedes , Giles Tomson , Sir Henry Savile , John Peryn , Ralph Ravens , John Harmar , John Aglionby , Leonard Hutten Cambridge Edward Lively , John Richardson , Lawrence Chaderton , Francis Dillingham , Roger Andrewes , Thomas Harrison , Robert Spaulding , Andrew Bing , John Duport , William Branthwaite , Jeremiah Radcliffe , Samuel Ward , Andrew Downes , John Bois , Robert Ward , Thomas Bilson , Richard Bancroft Technique Formal equivalence Theology King James Only movement Verbal plenary preservation ( show ) English - language translations of the Bible 5th -- 11th century Wessex Gospels Hatton gospels Old English Hexateuch Old English Bible translations Middle English Wycliffe Middle English Bible translations 16th -- 17th century Tyndale Coverdale Matthew Great Bible Taverner Geneva Bishops ' Douay -- Rheims King James ( KJV ) 18th -- 19th century Challoner Webster 's Young 's Literal ( YLT ) Revised ( RV ) Living Oracles Darby Emphatic Diaglott Joseph Smith Quaker Julia E. Smith Parker Translation 20th century American Standard ( ASV ) Rotherham 's Emphasized Ferrar Fenton Worrell New Testament Moffatt , New Translation Knox Basic English ( BBE ) Revised Standard ( RSV ) Anchor New World ( NWT ) Modern Language ( MLB ) New English ( NEB ) The Bible in Living English New American Standard ( NASB ) Good News ( GNB ) Jerusalem ( JB ) New American ( NAV ) Living New International ( NIV ) New Century Bethel New King James ( NKJV ) New Jerusalem ( NJB ) Green 's Literal Translation ( GLT ) Recovery Christian Community New Revised Standard ( NRSV ) Revised English ( REB ) Contemporary English ( CEV ) The Message ( MSG ) Clear Word ( TCW ) New Life ( NLV ) 21st Century King James ( KJ21 ) Third Millennium ( TMB ) New International Reader 's ( NIrV ) New International Inclusive Language God 's Word New Living ( NLT ) Heinz Cassirer 's translation Complete Jewish Bible International Standard ( ISV ) Holman Christian Standard ( HCSB ) New American Bible ( NAB ) 21st century World English ( WEB ) World Messianic English Standard ( ESV ) Today 's New International ( TNIV ) New English ( NET ) New English Translation of the Septuagint Orthodox Study Bible The Voice Common English ( CEB ) Apostolic Bible Polyglot Open English ( OEB ) Eastern Orthodox New American Bible Revised Edition Lexham English The Orthodox Jewish Original Aramaic Bible in Plain English Divine Name King James Names of God Tree of Life Bible Modern English ( MEV ) Literal English ( LEV ) Christian Standard ( CSB ) Additional lists List of English Bible translations Old English ( pre-1066 ) Middle English ( 1066 -- 1500 ) Early Modern English ( 1500 -- 1800 ) Modern Christian ( 1800 -- ) Modern Jewish ( 1853 -- ) Miscellaneous Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King_James_Version&oldid=797676088 '' Categories : 1611 books 17th - century Christian texts Anglicanism King James Version Church of England Early printed Bibles Bible translations into English King James Only movement Latter Day Saint texts United States National Recording Registry recordings Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use British English Oxford spelling from August 2016 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles that link to Wikisource All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010 Use British English Oxford spelling from June 2016 Use dmy dates from March 2012 Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikisource العربية Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Ślůnski Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2017 , at 15 : 24 . 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-1343909637711382355	United States twenty-dollar bill	United States twenty - dollar bill - wikipedia United States twenty - dollar bill Jump to : navigation , search Twenty dollars ( United States ) Value $20 Width 156 mm Height 66.3 mm Weight Approx . 1.0 g Paper type 75 % cotton 25 % linen Years of printing 1861 -- present Obverse Design Andrew Jackson Design date 2003 Reverse Design White House Design date 2003 The United States twenty - dollar bill ( $20 ) is a denomination of U.S. currency . The seventh U.S. President ( 1829 -- 1837 ) , Andrew Jackson , has been featured on the front side of the bill since 1928 ; the White House is featured on the reverse . As of December 2013 , the average circulation life of a $20 bill is 7.9 years before it is replaced due to wear . About 11 % of all notes printed in 2009 were $20 bills . Twenty - dollar bills are delivered by Federal Reserve Banks in violet straps . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pre -- Federal Reserve history 2 Federal Reserve history 3 Proposal for a woman 's portrait 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Pre -- Federal Reserve history ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1863 $20 Legal Tender note 1880 $20 Legal Tender depicting Alexander Hamilton Series 1905 $20 gold certificate 1861 : A demand note with Lady Liberty holding a sword and shield on the front , and an abstract design on the back . The back is printed green . 1862 : A note that is very similar , the first $20 United States note . The back is different , with several small variations extant . 1863 : A gold certificate $20 note with an Eagle vignette on the face . The reverse has a $20 gold coin and various abstract elements . The back is orange . 1865 : A national bank note with `` The Battle of Lexington '' and Pocahontas 's marriage to John Rolfe in black , and a green border . 1869 : A new United States note design , with Alexander Hamilton on the left side of the front and Victory holding a shield and sword . The back design is green . 1875 : As above , except with a different reverse . 1878 : A silver certificate $20 note with a portrait of Stephen Decatur on the right side of the face . The back design is black . 1882 : A new gold certificate , with a portrait of James Garfield on the right of the face . The back is orange and features an eagle . 1882 : A new national bank note . The front is similar , but the back is different and printed in brown . 1886 : A new silver certificate $20 note , with Daniel Manning on the center of the face . 1890 : A treasury ( coin ) note with John Marshall on the left of the face . Two different backs exist both with abstract designs . 1902 : A new national bank note . The front features Hugh McCulloch , and the back has a vignette of an allegorical America . 1905 : A new gold certificate $20 note , with George Washington on the center of the face . The back design is orange . Federal Reserve history ( edit ) 1914 $20 Federal Reserve Note . 1928 $20 small - size Federal Reserve Note . Series 1929 $20 National Currency note issued by the Cleveland Federal Reserve Bank . Series 1995 $20 Federal Reserve Note . Series 1996 $20 Federal Reserve Note . The security strip in a twenty - dollar bill glows green under a blacklight . Andrew Jackson first appeared on the $20 bill in 1928 . Although 1928 coincides with the 100th anniversary of Jackson 's election as president , it is not clear why the portrait on the bill was switched from Grover Cleveland to Jackson . ( Cleveland 's portrait was moved to the new $1000 bill the same year ) . According to the U.S. Treasury , `` Treasury Department records do not reveal the reason that portraits of these particular statesmen were chosen in preference to those of other persons of equal importance and prominence . '' The placement of Jackson on the $20 bill may be a historical irony ; as president , he vehemently opposed both the National Bank and paper money and made the goal of his administration the destruction of the National Bank . In his farewell address to the nation , he cautioned the public about paper money . 1914 : Began as a large - sized note , a portrait of Grover Cleveland on the face , and , on the back , a steam locomotive and an automobile approaching from the left , and a steamship approaching from the right . 1918 : A federal reserve banknote with Grover Cleveland on the front , and a back design similar to the 1914 Federal Reserve Note . 1928 : Switched to a small - sized note with a portrait of Andrew Jackson on the face and the south view of the White House on the reverse . The banknote is redeemable in gold or silver ( at the bearer 's discretion ) at any Federal Reserve Bank . 1933 : With the U.S. having abandoned the gold standard , the bill is no longer redeemable in gold , but rather in `` lawful money '' , meaning silver . 1942 : A special emergency series , with brown serial numbers and `` HAWAII '' overprinted on both the front and the back , is issued . These notes are designed to circulate on the islands and be deemed invalid in the event of a Japanese invasion . 1948 : The White House picture was updated to reflect renovations to the building itself , including the addition of the Truman Balcony , as well as the passage of time . Most notably , the trees are larger . 1950 : Design elements like the serial numbers are reduced in size and moved around subtly , presumably for aesthetic reasons . 1963 : `` Will Pay To The Bearer On Demand '' is removed from the front of the bill below the portrait , and the legal tender designation is shortened to `` This note is legal tender for all debts , public and private '' ( eliminating `` and is redeemable in lawful money at the United States Treasury , or at any Federal Reserve Bank . '' ) Also , `` In God We Trust '' is added above the White House on the reverse . These two acts ( one taking U.S. currency off the silver backing , and the other authorizing the national motto ) are coincidental , even if their combined result is implemented in one redesign . Also , several design elements are rearranged , less perceptibly than the change in 1950 , mostly to make room for the slightly rearranged obligations . 1969 : The new treasury seal appears on all denominations , including the $20 . 1977 : A new type of serial - number press results in a slightly different font . The old presses are gradually retired , and old - style serial numbers appear as late as 1981 for this denomination . 1992 : Anti-counterfeiting features are added : microprinting around the portrait , and a plastic strip embedded in the paper . Even though the bills read Series 1990 , the first bills were printed in April 1992 . September 24 , 1998 : Received a completely new appearance to further deter counterfeiting ; the picture of the White House was changed to the north side view . A larger , off - center portrait of Jackson was used on the front , and several anti-counterfeiting features were added , including color - shifting ink , microprinting , and a watermark . The plastic strip now reads `` USA 20 '' and glows green under a black light . The bills were first printed in June 1998 . October 9 , 2003 : The current series of 20 dollar bills is released with light background shading in green and yellow , and no oval around Andrew Jackson 's portrait ( background images of eagles , etc. were also added to the front ) ; the back is the same view of the White House , but without the oval around it . Ninety faint `` 20 '' s are scattered on the back in yellow as a `` EURion constellation '' to prevent photocopying . The first issue 's series date is 2004 with Marin - Snow signatures . The bills were first printed in April 2003 . Proposal for a woman 's portrait ( edit ) In a campaign called `` Women on 20s '' , selected voters were asked to choose three of 15 female candidates to have a portrait on the $20 bill . The goal was to have a woman on the $20 bill by 2020 , the centennial of the 19th Amendment which gave women the right to vote . Among the candidates on the petition were Harriet Tubman , Eleanor Roosevelt , Rosa Parks , and Wilma Mankiller , the first female chief of the Cherokee Nation . On May 12 , 2015 , Tubman was announced as the winning candidate of that `` grassroots '' poll with more than 600,000 people surveyed and more than 118,000 choosing Tubman , followed by Roosevelt , Parks and Mankiller . On June 17 , 2015 , then - Treasury Secretary Jack Lew announced that a woman 's portrait would be featured on a redesigned $10 bill by 2020 , replacing Alexander Hamilton . However , that decision was reversed , at least in part due to Hamilton 's surging popularity following the hit Broadway musical Hamilton . On April 20 , 2016 , Lew officially announced that Alexander Hamilton would remain on the $10 bill , while Andrew Jackson would be replaced by Tubman on the front of the $20 bill , with Jackson appearing on the reverse . Lew simultaneously announced that the five - and ten - dollar bills would also be redesigned in the coming years and put into production in the next decade . On August 31 , 2017 , Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin said that he would not commit to putting Tubman on the twenty - dollar bill , explaining `` People have been on the bills for a long period of time . This is something we 'll consider ; right now we have a lot more important issues to focus on . '' See also ( edit ) Twenty Bucks , a 1993 movie that follows the travels of a $20 bill References ( edit ) Jump up ^ U.S. Currency Education Program . `` Weight of a US Banknote '' . uscurrency.gov . US Federal Reserve . Retrieved 19 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` How long is the life span of U.S. paper money ? '' . Federal Reserve . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Money Facts '' . Bureau of Engraving and Printing . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Currency FAQs '' . U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2015 . Retrieved 13 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jackson as President '' . CliffsNotes . Retrieved November 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Jackson Vetoes Bank Bill -- July 10 , 1832 '' . Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia . Retrieved November 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Wikisource : Andrew Jackson 's Farewell Address Jump up ^ `` USPaperMoney.Info : Series 1990 $20 '' . Jump up ^ `` New $20 Bill Debuts September 24th - 09 / 21 / 98 '' . Jump up ^ `` USPaperMoney.Info : Series 1996 $20 '' . Jump up ^ `` Anti-Counterfeiting '' . Bureau of Engraving and Printing . United States Treasury . 2007 . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` USPaperMoney.Info : Series 2004 $20 '' . Jump up ^ `` Why the $20 ? '' . Women On 20s . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tan , Avianne ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Women on 20s ' to Ask President Obama to Put One of These 4 Women on $20 Bill '' . ABC News . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Which country has the least sexist banknotes ? BBC . April 13 , 2015 . Retrieved on April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Final Round Candidates '' . Women On 20s . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harriet Tubman wins poll to replace Andrew Jackson on $20 bill '' . New York Post . Reuters . May 13 , 2015 . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Jackson To Be Taken Off The $20 Bill '' . Huffington Post . April 17 , 2016 . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Tina. `` '' Hamilton '' Fans , Rejoice : Founding Father to Stay on the $10 Bill `` . Vanity Fair . ^ Jump up to : `` Treasury Secretary Lew Announces Front of New $20 to Feature Harriet Tubman , Lays Out Plans for New $20 , $10 and $5 '' ( Press release ) . United States Department of the Treasury . April 20 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ White , Ben ; McCaskill , Nolan D. `` Treasury 's Lew to announce Hamilton to stay on $10 bill '' . Politico . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Korte , Gregory ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Anti-slavery activist Harriet Tubman to replace Jackson on the front of the $20 bill '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Temple - West , Patrick ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` Mnuchin dismisses question about putting Harriet Tubman on $20 bill '' . Politico . Retrieved 6 September 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 20 United States dollar banknotes . ( hide ) United States currency and coinage Topics Federal Reserve System Federal Reserve Note U.S. dollar U.S. Mint Philadelphia San Francisco Denver West Point Bureau of Engraving and Printing Mutilated currency Current coinage Penny ( 1 ¢ ) Nickel ( 5 ¢ ) Dime ( 10 ¢ ) Quarter ( 25 ¢ ) Half dollar ( 50 ¢ ) Dollar ( $1 ) Bullion coinage America the Beautiful Silver Bullion Coins American Buffalo American Gold Eagle American Platinum Eagle American Silver Eagle American Palladium Eagle Current paper money $1 $2 $5 $10 $20 $50 $100 See also Bicentennial coinage Commemoratives Early Commemoratives Modern Commemoratives Confederate dollar Large denominations Obsolete denominations Promotional fake denominations Counterfeit United States currency Mill Coin production In God We Trust E pluribus unum Annuit cœptis Nicknames Replacement banknote Sales tax token Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_twenty-dollar_bill&oldid=826373896 '' Categories : 1861 establishments in the United States Currency introduced in 1861 Andrew Jackson Banknotes of the United States Twenty - base - unit banknotes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2015 Articles needing additional references from July 2008 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Русский Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 19 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who appeared in the $20 bill in 1875	[]	[]
3478816195086130677	All-India Muslim League	All - India Muslim League - Wikipedia All - India Muslim League All - India Muslim League Presiding Leader ( s ) Muhammad Ali Jinnah A.K. Fazlul Huq Aga Khan III Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy Sir Feroz Khan Noon Khwaja Nazimuddin Liaquat Ali Khan Khaliq - uz - Zaman Mohammad Ali Bogra Tushar khan Founder Nawab Viqar ul Malik Founded 30 December 1906 ( 1906 - 12 - 30 ) at Dacca , British raj ( now in Dhaka , Bangladesh ) Dissolved 15 August 1947 Succeeded by Muslim League in Pakistan , Awami League in Bangladesh and Indian Union Muslim League in India Headquarters Lucknow Newspaper Dawn Student wing AIMSF Paramilitary wing Khaki Ideology Pan-Islamism conservatism Two - nation theory Civil rights for Muslims in India Religion Islam International affiliation All -- India Muslim League ( London Chapter ) Election symbol Crescent and Star Politics of India Political parties Elections The All - India Muslim League ( popularised as Muslim League ) was a political party established during the early years of the 20th century in the British Indian Empire . Its strong advocacy for the establishment of a separate Muslim - majority nation - state , Pakistan , successfully led to the partition of British India in 1947 by the British Empire . The party arose out of a literary movement begun at The Aligarh Muslim University in which Syed Ahmad Khan was a central figure . Sir Syed had founded , in 1886 , the Muhammadan Educational Conference , but a self - imposed ban prevented it from discussing politics . In December 1906 conference in Dhaka , attended by 3,000 delegates , the conference removed the ban and adopted a resolution to form an All Indian Muslim League political party . Its original political goal was to define and advance the Indian Muslim 's civil rights and to provide protection to the upper and gentry class of Indian Muslims . It remained an elitist organisation until 1937 , when the leadership began mobilising the Muslim masses and the League then became a popular organisation . Following in the 1930s , the idea of a separate nation - state and influential philosopher Sir Muhammad Iqbal 's vision of uniting the four provinces in North - West British India further supported the rationale of two - nation theory . Constitutional struggle of Jinnah and political struggle of founding fathers , the Muslim League played a decisive role in World War II in the 1940s and as the driving force behind the division of India along religious lines and the creation of Pakistan as a Muslim state in 1947 . The events leading the World War II , the Congress effective protest against the United Kingdom unilaterally involving India in the war without consulting with the Indian people ; the Muslim League went on to support the British war efforts , and later agitated against the Congress with the cry of `` Islam in Danger '' . After the partition and subsequent establishment of Pakistan , the Muslim League continued as a minor party in India where it was often part of the government . In Bangladesh , the Muslim League was revived in 1976 but it was reduced , rendering it insignificant in the political arena . In India Indian Union Muslim League and in Pakistan , the Pakisthan Muslim League became the original successors of the All - India Muslim League . Under the leadership Of Qaede millath Muhammad Ismail Sahib Muslim league is reconstituted in India. The founder of Pakistan Muhammad Ali Jinnah ( and after Jinnah 's death by Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan ) , but suffered with ill - fate following the military intervention in 1958 . One of its faction remained to supportive of President Ayub Khan until 1962 when the all factions decided to reform into the Pakistan Muslim League led by Nurul Amin supporting Fatima Jinnah in the presidential elections in 1965 . Furthermore , it was the only party to have received votes from both East and West Pakistan during the elections held in 1970 . During the successive periods of Pakistan , the Muslim League continued to be a ruling party in the different periods of Pakistan . Since 1985 , the Pakistan Muslim League split into various factions ; all factions which had little ideological connection with the original Muslim League . However , the PML - N remains to be influential faction than others , and has been in power during the elections held in 1990 and in the 1997 . As of current of 2013 elections , the PML - N remains to be a ruling party of Pakistan . Contents 1 Foundation 2 Early years 3 Communalism grows 4 Conception of Pakistan 5 Campaign for Pakistan 6 Impact on the future courses of Subcontinent 6.1 Pakistan 6.2 India 6.3 Bangladesh 6.4 United Kingdom 7 Historical versions 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Foundation ( edit ) The AIME Conference in 1906 , held at the Ahsan Manzil palace of the Dhaka Nawab Family , laid the foundation of the Muslim League . The All - India Muslim League ( AIML ) was formed with the help from the reformist Syed Ahmad Khan . His strong advocacy for British education and political activism had inspired Subhan Muslims to support the cause for the AIML . Originally hosting the All - India Muhammadan Educational Conference in 1886 in a vision to uplift the cause for the British education especially science and literature , among India 's Muslims . The conference , in addition to generating funds for Sir Syed 's Aligarh Muslim University ( AMU ) , motivated Muslim upper class to propose expansion of educational uplift elsewhere , known as the Aligarh Movement . In turn this new awareness of Muslim needs helped stimulate a political consciousness among Muslim elites that went on to form the AIML . The formation of a Subhan political party on national level was seen as essential by 1901 . The first stage of its formation was the meeting held at Lucknow in September 1906 , with participation of representatives from all over India . The decision for re-consideration to form the all Indian Muslim political party was taken and further proceedings were adjourned until the next meeting of All India Muhammadan Educational Conference . The Simla Deputation reconsidered the issue in October 1906 and decided to frame the objectives of the party on the occasion of the annual meeting of Educational Conference ; that was later , scheduled to be held at Dhaka . Meanwhile , Nawab Salimullah Khan published a detailed scheme through which he suggested the party to be named All - India Muslim Confederacy . Pursuant upon the decisions taken earlier in Lucknow meeting and later in Simla ; the annual meeting of the All - India Muhammadan Educational Conference was held at Dhaka that continued from 27 December , until 30 December 1906 . that was headed by both Nawab Waqar - ul - Mulk and Nawab Muhasan - ul - Mulk ( the Secretary of the Muhammaden Educational Conference ) ; in which he explained its objectives and stressed the unity of the Muslims under the banner of an association . It was formally proposed by Nawab Salimullah Khan and supported by Hakim Ajmal Khan , Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar , Zafar Ali Khan , Syed Nabiullah Bar at Law Lucknow and Syed Zahur Ahmad an eminent lawyer and several others . The political party was established at the end of the conference . The Founding meeting was hosted by Nawab Sir Khwaja Salimullah and attended by three thousand delegates , while Ameer Ali , Sir Mian Muhammad Shafi were also the founding fathers who attended this meeting . The name `` All - India Muslim League '' was proposed by Sir Mian Muhammad Shafi . Sir Agha Khan III was appointed its first president . Fifty eight delegates from all over the Subcontinent were the founding members of League . The League 's constitution was framed in 1907 in Karachi . In 1910 , Nawaab Syed Shamsul Huda selected as the president of the party . Early years ( edit ) Sir Sultan Muhammad Shah ( Aga Khan III ) was appointed the first Honorary President of the Muslim League . The headquarters were established at Lucknow . There were also six vice-presidents , a secretary and two joint secretaries initially appointed for a three - years term , proportionately from different provinces . The principles of the League were espoused in the `` Green Book , '' which included the organisation 's constitution , written by Maulana Mohammad Ali . Its goals at this stage did not include establishing an independent Muslim state , but rather concentrated on protecting Muslim liberties and rights , promoting understanding between the Muslim community and other Indians , educating the Muslim and Indian community at large on the actions of the government , and discouraging violence . Aga Khan III ( 1877 -- 1957 ) played a leading role in founding AIML ; his goal was the advancement of Muslim agendas and protection of Muslim rights in India . He shared Ahmad Khan 's belief that Muslims should first build up their social capital through advanced education before engaging in politics . Agha Khan boldly told the British Raj that Muslims must be considered a separate nation within India . Even after he resigned as president of the AIML in 1912 , he still exerted major influence on its policies and agendas . in 1913 Mohammed Ali Jinnah joined the Muslim league . Intellectual support and a cadre of young activists emerged from Aligarh Muslim University . Hasan reports that in the early 20th century , this Muslim institution , designed to prepare students for service to the British Raj , exploded into political activity . Until 1939 , the faculty and students supported an all - India nationalist movement . After 1939 , however , sentiment shifted dramatically toward a Muslim separatist movement , as students and faculty mobilised behind Jinnah and the Muslim League . Communalism grows ( edit ) Politically there was a degree of unity between Muslim and Hindu leaders after World War I , as typified by the Khilafat Movement . Relationships cooled sharply after that campaign ended in 1922 . Communalism grew rapidly , forcing the two groups apart . Major riots broke out in numerous cities , including 91 in U.P. alone . At the leadership level , the proportion of Muslims among delegates to Congress fell sharply , from 11 % in 1921 to under 4 % in 1924 . Muhammad Ali Jinnah became disillusioned with politics after the failure of his attempt to form a Hindu - Muslim alliance , and he spent most of the 1920s in Britain . The leadership of the League was taken over by , Sir Muhammad Iqbal , who in 1930 first put forward the demand for a separate Muslim state in India . The `` Two - Nation Theory '' , the belief that Hindus and Muslims were two different nations who could not live in one country , gained popularity among Muslims . The two - state solution was rejected by the Congress leaders , who favoured a united India based on composite national identity . Congress at all times rejected `` communalism '' -- that is , basing politics on religious identity . Iqbal 's policy of uniting the North - West Frontier Province , Baluchistan , Punjab , and Sindh into a new Muslim majority state became part of the League 's political platform . The League rejected the Committee report ( the Nehru Report ) , arguing that it gave too little representation ( only one quarter ) to Muslims , established Devanagari as the official language of the colony , and demanded that India turn into a de facto unitary state , with residuary powers resting at the centre -- the League had demanded at least one - third representation in the legislature and sizeable autonomy for the Muslim provinces . Jinnah reported a `` parting of the ways '' after his requests for minor amendments to the proposal were denied outright , and relations between the Congress and the League began to sour . Conception of Pakistan ( edit ) Main articles : Pakistan Movement and Allahabad Address On 29 December 1930 Sir Muhammad Iqbal delivered his monumental presidential address to the All India Muslim League annual session . He said : I would like to see Punjab , North - West Frontier Province ( now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ) , Sindh and Balochistan amalgamated into a single state . Self - government within the British Empire or without the British Empire , the formation of a consolidated North - West Indian Muslim state appears to me to be the final destiny of the Muslims , at least of North - West India . Sir Muhammad Iqbal did not use the word `` Pakistan '' in his address . According to some scholars , Iqbal had not presented the idea of a separate Muslim State ; rather he wanted a large Muslim province by amalgamating Punjab , Sindh , NWFP and Baluchistan into a big North - Western province within India . They argued that `` Iqbal never pleaded for any kind of partition of the country . Rather he was an ardent proponent of a ' true ' federal setup for India ... , and wanted a consolidated Muslim majority within the Indian Federation '' . Another Indian historian , Tara Chand , also held that Iqbal was not thinking in terms of partition of India , but in terms of a federation of autonomous states within India . Dr. Safdar Mehmood also asserted in a series of articles that in the Allahabad address Iqbal proposed a Muslim majority province within an Indian federation and not an independent state outside an Indian Federation . On 28 January 1933 , Choudhary Rahmat Ali , founder of the Pakistan National Movement , voiced his ideas in the pamphlet entitled `` Now or Never ; Are We to Live or Perish Forever ? '' In a subsequent book Rehmat Ali discussed the etymology in further detail . `` Pakistan ' is both a Persian and an Urdu word . It is composed of letters taken from the names of all our South Asia homelands ; that is , Punjab , Afghania , Kashmir , Sindh and Balochistan . It means the land of the Pure '' . The British and the Indian Press vehemently criticised these two different schemes and created a confusion about the authorship of the word `` Pakistan '' to such an extent that even Jawaharlal Nehru had to write : Iqbal was one of the early advocates of Pakistan and yet he appears to have realised its inherent danger and absurdity . Edward Thompson has written that in the course of conversation , Iqbal told him that he had advocated Pakistan because of his position as President of Muslim League session , but he felt sure that it would be injurious to India as a whole and to Muslims especially . Campaign for Pakistan ( edit ) Main article : Pakistan Movement Muslim League Working Committee at the Lahore session Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman seconding the Resolution with Jinnah and Liaquat presiding the session . Until 1937 the Muslim League had remained an organisation of elite Indian Muslims . The Muslim League leadership then began mass mobilisation and the League then became a popular party with the Muslim masses in the 1940s , especially after the Lahore Resolution . Under Jinnah 's leadership its membership grew to over two million and became more religious and even separatist in its outlook . The Muslim League 's earliest base was the United Provinces . The Muslim League successfully mobilised the religious community in the United Provinces in the late 1930s . Jinnah worked closely with local politicians . However , there was a lack of uniform political voice by the League during the 1938 -- 1939 Madhe Sahaba riots of Lucknow . From 1937 onwards , the Muslim League and Jinnah attracted large crowds throughout India in its processions and strikes . At a League conference in Lahore in 1940 , Jinnah said : Hindus and the Muslims belong to two different religions , philosophies , social customs and literature ... It is quite clear that Hindus and Muslims derive their inspiration from different sources of history . They have different epics , different heroes and different episodes ... To yoke together two such nations under a single state , one as a numerical minority and the other as a majority , must lead to growing discontent and final destruction of any fabric that may be so built up for the government of such a state . In response to Jinnah 's speech , the All - India Jamhur Muslim League ( AIJML ) was formed to counter the move of Jinnah on his support for Sir Syed 's two - nation theory and to oppose the creation of Pakistan . The Raja of Mahmoodabad was elected its president and Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi was its first general secretary . Perhaps it was the first split of Muslim League on ideological ground . This party however merged with Indian Congress latter on to strengthen its views on partition . At Lahore the Muslim League formally recommitted itself to creating an independent Muslim state , including Sindh , Punjab , Baluchistan , the North West Frontier Province and Bengal , that would be `` wholly autonomous and sovereign '' . The resolution guaranteed protection for non-Muslim religions . The Lahore Resolution , moved by the sitting Chief Minister of Bengal A.K. Fazlul Huq , was adopted on 23 March 1940 , and its principles formed the foundation for Pakistan 's first constitution . Talks between Jinnah and Gandhi in 1944 in Bombay failed to achieve agreement . This was the last attempt to reach a single - state solution . First Session of All India Jamhur Muslim League In the 1940s , Jinnah emerged as a leader of the Indian Muslims and was popularly known as Quaid - e-Azam ( lit . Great Leader ) . In the Constituent Assembly of India 's elections of 1946 , the Muslim League won 425 out of 476 seats reserved for Muslims ( and about 89.2 % of Muslim votes ) on a policy of creating an independent state of Pakistan , and with an implied threat of secession if this was not granted . Congress , led by Gandhi and Nehru remained adamantly opposed to dividing India . However , 1947 saw violent and bloody battles caused due to the communal clashes between the two communities in India . Millions of people migrated from India to Pakistan and vice versa . The situation continued to be tense even after the governments of the two nations were formed . The partition seems to have been inevitable after all , one of the examples being Lord Mountbatten 's statement on Jinnah : `` There was no argument that could move him from his consuming determination to realize the impossible dream of Pakistan . '' Impact on the future courses of Subcontinent ( edit ) Pakistan ( edit ) Main articles : Politics in Pakistan and Pakistan Muslim League After the partition of British Indian Empire , the Muslim League played a major role in giving the birth of modern conservatism and the introduction of the democratic process in the country . From 1947 -- 51 , Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan spearheaded the Muslim League 's government until 1955 when Awami League came to power with Huseyn Suhrawardy becoming the Prime Minister . After Jinnah and Ali Khan , Nazimuddin struggled to lead the party , primarily due to lack of its social programmes . During this time , the Republican Party , led by Iskander Mirza , had taken over the credibility and prestige of Muslim League in all over the country . In 1958 , the Muslim League nearly lost its influence when General Ayub Khan , army chief at that time , imposed martial law to with the support of Republican President Iskander Mirza against Prime Minister Feroz Khan Noon , a leader of Muslim League . The Federative constitution allowed the ailing Muslim League to be reformed itself as the Pakistan Muslim League ( PML ) and endorsed for Fatima Jinnah for the presidential bid in 1965 . However , one of its convention actively supported President Ayub Khan . India ( edit ) Main article : Indian Union Muslim League With the partition of British Indian Empire , the Muslim League lost all influence in the United Provinces and Indian states with significant Muslim population . In 1948 , the Indian Muslim League was formed as breakaway faction of the Muslim League by those members who did not migrate to Pakistan . During its successive periods , the Indian Muslim League remained a part of the Kerala government ; nonetheless , the Indian Muslim League disintegrated after the general elections of 1980 . Many of its leaders later joined Congress and some migrated to Pakistan . The party has still has a stronghold in northern Kerala and is the second largest party within the present ruling coalition in the state . Bangladesh ( edit ) Main article : Awami League The Muslim League formed its government in East Bengal immediately after partition of Bengal , with Nurul Amin becoming the first Chief Minister . Problems in East Pakistan for Muslim League began rise following the issue of Constitution . Furthermore , the language movement proved to be a last event that led the Muslim League to lose its mandate in the East Bengal . Muslim League 's national conservatism program also faced several set back and resistance from the Communist Party of Pakistan . In an interview given to print media , Nurul Amin stated that the communists had played an integral and major role in staging the massive protests , mass demonstration , and strikes for the Bengali Language Movement . All over the country , the political parties had favoured the general elections in Pakistan with the exception of Muslim League . In 1954 , the legislative elections were to be held for the Parliament . Unlike in West , not all of the Hindu population migrated to India , instead a large number of Hindu population was in fact presented in the state . The communist influence deepened and was finally realised in the elections . The United Front , Communist Party and the Awami League returned to power , inflicting a severe defeat to Muslim League . Out of 309 , the Muslim League only won 10 seats , whereas the communist party had 4 seats of the ten contested . The communists working with other parties had secured 22 additional seats , totalling 26 seats . The right - wing Jamaat - e-Islami had completely failed in the elections . In 1955 , the United Front named Abu Hussain Sarkar as the Chief minister of the State who ruled the state in two non-consecutive terms until 1958 when the martial law was imposed . The Muslim League remained to be a minor party in East Pakistan but participated with full rigour during the general elections in 1970 . It had won 10 seats from East Pakistan and 7 seats from other parts of Pakistan . After the independence of Bangladesh , the Muslim League was revived in 1976 but it was reduced , rendering it insignificant in the political arena . United Kingdom ( edit ) During the 1940s , the Muslim League had a United Kingdom section active in the British politics . After the establishment of Pakistan , the Pakistani community 's leaders took over the UK branch , making Zubeida Habib Rahimtoola as president of party to continue to serve its purpose in the United Kingdom . As of current , the Muslim League 's UK branch is taken over by the PML - N , with Zubair Gull its president , and Nawaz Sharif serving its patron - in - chief . Historical versions ( edit ) Historically , Pakistan Muslim League can also refer to any of the following political parties in Pakistan : Muslim League , the original successor of All - India Muslim League , which was disbanded on first martial law . Convention Muslim League , a political platform created by General Ayub Khan in 1962 when he became the president . Council Muslim League , a party created by political leaders who opposed General Ayub Khan . Muslim League , a party created by Khan Abdul Qayyum Khan when he split with the Council Muslim League to run for the 1970 general elections . See also ( edit ) Indian Independence Movement Indian Muslim nationalism Indian Nationalism References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Establishment of All India Muslim League '' . Story of Pakistan . p. 1 . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Sequeira , Dolly . Total History and Civics ICSE 10. New Delhi : MSB publushers , 2016. Print . ^ Jump up to : H. Rizvi ( 15 May 2000 ) . Military , State and Society in Pakistan . Palgrave Macmillan UK . pp. 69 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 59904 - 8 . The Muslim League maintained an elitist character until 1937 when its leadership began to engage in popular mobilisation . It functioned as a mass and popular party for 7 - 8 years after the Congress provincial ministries resigned in 1939 , more so , after the passage of the Lahore Resolution in March 1940 . Jump up ^ John Keay ( 2001 ) . India : A History . Grove Press . p. 468 . ISBN 9780802137975 . Jump up ^ `` Muslim League and the impact of World War II '' . Story of Pakistan . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Ayesha Jalal ( 1994 ) . The Sole Spokesman : Jinnah , the Muslim League , and the Demand for Pakistan . Cambridge Cambridgeshire New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 45850 - 4 . Jump up ^ Pan-Islam in British Indian politics , pgs 57,245 by M. Naeem Qureshi Jump up ^ `` PML - N 's popularity up by four percent : survey '' . The News International . 28 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 28 January 2013 . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Iqbal , Anwar ( 30 September 2012 ) . `` PTI losing ground amid PML - N surge : IRI survey '' . Dawn . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan Election 2013 : Live Election Results '' . Geo News . Archived from the original on 12 June 2013 . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Rashid Kahn , Abdul ( 2007 ) . `` All - India Muhammadan Educational Conference and the Foundation of the All - India Muslim League '' . Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society . 55 ( 1 / 2 ) : 65 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Pakistan movement . Commencement and evolution , p. 167 , 168 , by Dr. Sikandar Hayat Khan and Shandana Zahid , published by Urdu Science Board , Lahore . ISBN 969 - 477 - 122 - 6 Jump up ^ Wolpert , Stanley ( 2013 ) . Jinnah of Pakistan . Karachi , Pakistan : 2013 . p. 24 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 577389 - 7 . Jump up ^ The Muslim Heritage of Bengal - by Muhammad Mojlum Khan - Kube Publishing Ltd. , UK - ISBN 978 - 1 - 84774 - 059 - 5 Jump up ^ `` Establishment of All India Muslim League '' . Story of Pakistan . p. 2 . Retrieved 11 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Amin Valliani , `` Aga Khan 's Role in the Founding and Consolidation of the All - India Muslim League '' , Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society ( 2007 ) 55 # 1 / 2 , pp 85 -- 95 . Jump up ^ Mushirul Hasan , `` Nationalist and Separatist Trends in Aligarh , 1915 -- 47 , '' Indian Economic and Social History Review , ( Jan 1985 ) 22 # 1 pp 1 -- 33 Jump up ^ Sumit Sarkar ( 1983 ) . Modern India : 1885 -- 1947 . Macmillan . p. 233 . Jump up ^ Markovits , Claude , ed. ( 2004 ) ( First published 1994 as Histoire de l'Inde Moderne ) . A History of Modern India , 1480 -- 1950 . London : Anthem Press . pp. 371 -- 372 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84331 - 004 - 4 . Remarkable unity shown between Hindus and Muslims ( during the Khilafat movement ) ... tension between the religious communities worsened ... the reforms of 1919 had encouraged Muslim separatism by maintaining constituencies reserved for Muslims : having to get only the votes of their coreligionists , Hindu and Muslim politicians tended to emphasise what divided rather than what united the two communities . Jump up ^ Judith Margaret Brown ( 1994 ) . Modern India : the origins of an Asian democracy . Oxford U. Press . p. 228 . ISBN 9780198731122 . Jump up ^ David E. Ludden ( 1996 ) . Contesting the nation : religion , community , and the politics of democracy in India . U. of Pennsylvania Press . p. 93 . ISBN 0812215850 . Jump up ^ Peter Lyon ( 2008 ) . Conflict between India and Pakistan : an encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . p. 85 . ISBN 9781576077122 . Jump up ^ P.M. Holt ; Peter Malcolm Holt ; Ann K.S. Lambton ( 1977 ) . The Cambridge History of Islam . Cambridge University Press . p. 103ff . ISBN 9780521291378 . Jump up ^ A.R. Tariq ( ed . ) , Speeches and Statements of Iqbal ( Lahore : 1973 ) , Jump up ^ K.K. Aziz , Making of Pakistan ( London : 1970 ) , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Verinder Grover ( ed . ) , Muhammad Iqbal : Poet Thinker of Modern Muslim India Vol. 25 ( New Delhi : Deep & Deep Publications , 1995 ) , pp. 666 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Tara Chand , History of Freedom Movement in India Vol . III ( New Delhi : 1972 ) , p. 253 . Jump up ^ lang , 23 , 24 & 25 March 2003 ; Also see , Safdar Mahmood , Iqbal , Jinnah aur Pakistan ( Lahore : Khazina Ilm - wa - Adab , 2004 ) , pp. 52 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Full text of the pamphlet `` Now or Never '' , published by Choudhary Rahmat Ali , http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_rahmatali_1933.html Jump up ^ Choudhary Rahmat Ali , 1947 , Pakistan : the fatherland of the Pak nation , Cambridge , OCLC : 12241695 Jump up ^ J.L. Nehru , Discovery of India ( New York : 1946 ) , p. 353 . Jump up ^ Venkat Dhulipala ( 9 February 2015 ) . Creating a New Medina : State Power , Islam , and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India . Cambridge University Press . pp. 50 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 316 - 25838 - 5 . During this growth spurt , the ML itself was transformed from an elite moribund organization into a mass - based party that gave itself a new constitution , a more radical ideology and a revamped organizational structure . Jump up ^ Victor Sebestyen ( 1 October 2014 ) . 1946 : The Making of the Modern World . Pan Macmillan UK . pp. 247 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74353 - 456 - 4 . That , too , had begun life as a cosy club of upper - class Indians , seeking a limited range of extra privileges for Indian Muslims . However , under the leadership of Mohammad Ali Jinnah , the League grew rapidly to a membership of more than two million and its message became increasingly religious and separatist in tone . Jump up ^ Yasmin Khan ( 4 July 2017 ) . The Great Partition : The Making of India and Pakistan , New Edition . Yale University Press . pp. 18 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 23364 - 3 . Although it was founded in 1909 the League had only caught on among South Asian Muslims during the Second World War . The party had expanded astonishingly rapidly and was claiming over two million members by the early 1940s , an unimaginable result for what had been previously thought of as just one of numerous pressure groups and small but insignificant parties . Jump up ^ Talbot , Ian ( 1982 ) . `` The growth of the Muslim League in the Punjab , 1937 -- 1946 '' . Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics . 20 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 24 . Despite their different viewpoints all these theories have tended either to concentrate on the All - India struggle between the Muslim League and the Congress in the pre-partition period , or to turn their interest to the Muslim cultural heartland of the UP where the League gained its earliest foothold and where the demand for Pakistan was strongest . Jump up ^ Venkat Dhulipala ( 2010 ) . `` Rallying the Qaum : The Muslim League in the United Provinces , 1937 -- 1939 '' . Modern Asian Studies . 44 ( 3 ) : 603 -- 640 . doi : 10.1017 / s0026749x09004016 . JSTOR 40664926 . Jump up ^ Talbot , Ian ( 1993 ) . `` The role of the crowd in the Muslim League struggle for Pakistan '' . The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History . 21 ( 2 ) : 307 -- 333 . Huge crowds attended Muslim League meetings and flocked to glimpse Jinnah as he journeyed about India from 1937 onwards . They also joined in processions , strikes , and riots . Jump up ^ Cited in Ainslie T. Embree Jump up ^ South Asian History and Culture vol. 2 no. 1 pp 16 -- 36 , Taylor and Francis Group Jump up ^ Peter Lyon , Conflict between India and Pakistan : an encyclopedia ( 2008 ) p 108 Jump up ^ Yasmin Khan , The Great Partition : The Making of India and Pakistan ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Akbar S. Ahmed ( 1997 ) . Jinnah , Pakistan and Islamic Identity : The Search for Saladin . London : Routledge . p. 142 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 14966 - 2 . Jump up ^ MS , Amogh ( 20 May 2011 ) . `` A history project on the impact of the AIMD on the future courses of India and Pakistan '' . Online Daily . Jump up ^ Masood , Alauddin ( 25 January 2008 ) . `` PML Perpetually Multiplying Leagues '' . The Weekly . Jump up ^ Nair , M. Bhaskaran ( 1990 ) . Politics in Bangladesh : A Study of Awami League , 1949 - 58 . New Delhi , India : Northern Book Centre . pp. 73 -- . ISBN 978 - 81 - 85119 - 79 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Ali , Tariq ( 2002 ) . The Clash of Fundamentalism . United Kingdom : New Left Book plc . p. 181 . ISBN 1 - 85984 - 457 - X . ^ Jump up to : `` Muslim League in UK '' . PMLN Muslim League in UK . Archived from the original on 4 June 2014 . Retrieved 15 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Ashraf Mumtaz . Dawn Newspaper , 14 May 2006 Further reading ( edit ) Cohen , Stephen Philip ( 2004 ) . The Idea of Pakistan . Washington , D.C. : Brookings Institution Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8157 - 1503 - 0 . Graham , George Farquhar Irving ( 1974 ) . The Life and Work of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan . Karachi : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 636069 - 0 . Malik , Iftikar H. ( 2008 ) . The History of Pakistan . The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations . Westport , Conn. : Greenwood Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 34137 - 3 . Moore , R.J. ( 1983 ) . `` Jinnah and the Pakistan Demand '' . Modern Asian Studies . Cambridge University Press . 17 ( 4 ) : 529 -- 561 . doi : 10.1017 / s0026749x00011069 . JSTOR 312235 . al Mujahid , Shairf ( 2007 ) . `` Reconstructing the Saga of the All India Muslim League ( 1906 -- 47 ) '' . Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society . 55 ( 1 / 2 ) : 15 -- 26 . Wolpert , Stanley ( 1984 ) . Jinnah of Pakistan . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 503412 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to All - India Muslim League . Wikiquote has quotations related to : All - India Muslim League Government of Pakistan website The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan Chronicles Of Pakistan Jinnah at a Meeting of the Muslim League 16 - second QuickTime film clip Colloquium on the One Hundred Years of Muslim League at the University of Chicago , 4 Nov 2006 Pakistan Movement History of Pakistan ( timeline : 1947 -- present ) History East India Company Indian Rebellion of 1857 Aligarh Movement Urdu movement Partition of Bengal Lucknow Pact Khilafat Movement Shuddhi Movement Nehru Report Fourteen Points of Jinnah Allahabad Address Now or Never pamphlet World War II Two nation theory Round Table Conferences Lahore Resolution Direct Action Day Muslim nationalism in South Asia Cabinet Mission Indian Independence Act Partition of India Radcliffe Line Durand Line Pakistan Osmanistan Enlightened Moderation Objectives Resolution Independence Republic Day Kashmir conflict National symbols Constitution of Pakistan British heritage Organisations Muslim League Punjab Branch Bengal Branch Unionist Student Federations Khaksars Renaissance Society Philosophical Congress Dawn Daily War Leaders Sir Syed Ahmad Khan Aga Khan III Nawab Salimullah Syed Ameer Ali Muhammad Ali Jouhar Maulana Shaukat Ali Allama Muhammad Iqbal Muhammad Ali Jinnah Fatima Jinnah Liaquat Ali Khan Mian Muhammad Shafi Nawab Waqar - ul - Mulk Kamboh Mohsin - ul - Mulk Bahadur Yar Jung Baba - e-Urdu Maulvi Abdul Haq Khan Abdul Qayyum Khan Abdur Rab Nishtar Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman Choudhary Rahmat Ali A.K. Fazlul Huq G.M. Syed Raja Ghazanfar Ali Khan Ghulam Bhik Nairang Hasrat Mohani Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy Jogendra Nath Mandal K.H. Khurshid Khawaja Nazimuddin Raja Sahib of Mahmudabad Muhammad Zafarullah Khan Qazi Muhammad Essa Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani Sikandar Hayat Khan Maulana Zafar Ali Khan more Activists Hameed Nizami Abdullah Haroon Yusuf Haroon Altaf Husain ( journalist ) Adamjee Haji Dawood Mufti Muhammad Shafi Maulana Ahmed Ali Lahori Malik Barkat Ali Yusuf Khattak Mian Iftikharuddin Iftikhar Hussain Khan Mamdot Shaukat Hayat Khan Muhammad Asad Ziauddin Ahmad A.B.A. Haleem Maulana Ghulam Rasool Mehr Hakeem Mohammad Saeed Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas Sardar Muhammad Abdul Qayyum Khan Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan Fida Mohammad Khan Sheikh Sir Abdul Qadir Professor M.M. Sharif J.A. Rahim of PPP Z.A. Suleri G. Allana Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi Jalal Baba of NWFP more Literature Idea of Pakistan Jinnah : India , Partition , Independence Notes on Afghanistan and Baluchistan A Short History of Pakistan Pakistan : A Personal History The Myth of Independence Pakistan : A Hard Country Now or Never ; Are We to Live or Perish Forever ? Causes of Indian Mutiny of 1857 Architecture Minar - e-Pakistan Bab - e-Pakistan The Monument Mazar - e-Quaid Ziarat Residency Iqbal 's Tomb Wazir Mansion National Library Deena Public Hall Bab - e-Khyber Jinnah Terminal In Memory Youm - e-Pakistan ( 23 March ) Youm - e-Dastur ( 10 April ) Youm - e-Takbir ( 28 May ) Youm - e-Azadi ( 14 August ) Youm - e-Difah ( 6 September ) Youm - e-Tasees ( 24 October ) Youm - e-Iqbal ( 9 November ) Youm - e-Viladat ( 25 December ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All-India_Muslim_League&oldid=853447320 '' Categories : Conservatism in Pakistan Political parties established in 1906 Pakistan Movement Islamic political parties in Pakistan Islamic political parties in India Islam in Pakistan Islam in India Muslim League 1906 establishments in India 1947 disestablishments in India History of Pakistan Conservative parties in India Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2017 Use Indian English from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Fiji Hindi Français ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 August 2018 , at 21 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who presided over the first session of muslim league at dhaka	[ "The formation of a Subhan political party on national level was seen as essential by 1901. The first stage of its formation was the meeting held at Lucknow in September 1906, with participation of representatives from all over India. The decision for re-consideration to form the all Indian Muslim political party was taken and further proceedings were adjourned until the next meeting of All India Muhammadan Educational Conference. The Simla Deputation reconsidered the issue in October 1906 and decided to frame the objectives of the party on the occasion of the annual meeting of Educational Conference; that was later, scheduled to be held at Dhaka. Meanwhile, Nawab Salimullah Khan published a detailed scheme through which he suggested the party to be named All-India Muslim Confederacy. Pursuant upon the decisions taken earlier in Lucknow meeting and later in Simla; the annual meeting of the All-India Muhammadan Educational Conference was held at Dhaka that continued from 27 December, until 30 December 1906. that was headed by both Nawab Waqar-ul-Mulk and Nawab Muhasan-ul-Mulk (the Secretary of the Muhammaden Educational Conference); in which he explained its objectives and stressed the unity of the Muslims under the banner of an association.[12] It was formally proposed by Nawab Salimullah Khan and supported by Hakim Ajmal Khan, Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar, Zafar Ali Khan, Syed Nabiullah Bar at Law Lucknow and Syed Zahur Ahmad an eminent lawyer and several others. The political party was established at the end of the conference.[1] The Founding meeting was hosted by Nawab Sir Khwaja Salimullah and attended by three thousand delegates, while Ameer Ali, Sir Mian Muhammad Shafi were also the founding fathers who attended this meeting. The name \"All-India Muslim League\" was proposed by Sir Mian Muhammad Shafi. Sir Agha Khan III was appointed its first president. Fifty eight delegates from all over the Subcontinent were the founding members of League.[13] The League's constitution was framed in 1907 in Karachi. In 1910, Nawaab Syed Shamsul Huda selected as the president of the party.[14]\n" ]	[ "Nawab Sir Khwaja Salimullah" ]
6795441020928748336	I Need Love	I Need Love - wikipedia I Need Love This article is about the LL Cool J song . For other songs with the same title , see I Need Love ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` I Need Love '' Single by LL Cool J from the album Bigger and Deffer Released July 13 , 1987 Format 12 `` , 7 '' vinyl , CD Recorded Genre Golden age hip hop Length 5 : 23 Label Def Jam , Columbia , CBS Records Songwriter ( s ) James Todd Smith Producer ( s ) LL Cool J , L.A. Posse LL Cool J singles chronology `` I 'm Bad '' ( 1987 ) `` I Need Love '' ( 1987 ) `` Go Cut Creator Go '' ( 1987 ) `` I 'm Bad '' ( 1987 ) `` I Need Love '' ( 1987 ) `` Go Cut Creator Go '' ( 1987 ) `` I Need Love '' is the second single from LL Cool J 's second album , Bigger and Deffer . It reached # 1 on the Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs and # 14 on the Billboard Hot 100 while becoming one of the first rap songs to enjoy mainstream popularity in the UK , reaching # 8 in the UK Singles Chart . The single won a Soul Train Music Award for Best Rap -- Single in 1987 . The song ranked # 13 on About.com 's Top 100 Rap Songs . Number 60 on VH1 's 100 Greatest Songs of Hip Hop . The drums were played with a Roland TR - 808 and the keyboard tone was played with a Yamaha DX7 using the Fulltines patch . Contents 1 Track listing 2 Charts 3 Covers and samples 4 References Track listing ( edit ) A-side `` I Need Love '' -- 5 : 23 B - side `` I Need Love '' ( edit ) -- 4 : 15 `` My Rhyme Ai n't Done '' -- 3 : 45 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1987 ) Peak position Austrian Singles Chart 13 Dutch Top 40 German Singles Chart 6 Swiss Singles Chart 6 UK Singles Chart 8 US Billboard Hot 100 14 US Billboard Hot Black Singles Covers and samples ( edit ) The music , both melody and beats were lifted from an instrumental by Brooklyn songwriter Jayson Dyall entitled `` Zoraida 's Heartbeat '' which was written and recorded in 1984 . This song , along with other songs on a cassette tape of several raw recordings by Jayson Dyall was presented to LL Cool J by one of Cool J 's associates , who met Jayson through a music classifieds ad in early 1986 and told him he can get LL to listen to his music . Jayson Dyall never received any acknowledgment from LL Cool J or Def - Jam Records for originally writing the music for this song . Irish singer - songwriter Luka Bloom recorded a cover version of the song on his 1992 album The Acoustic Motorbike . Rapper Necro used the beat on his song `` I Need Drugs '' , which was released on his 2000 album , I Need Drugs . Master P sampled this song on his single `` I Need Dubs '' , featuring son Romeo , of his 2005 album Ghetto Bill . Amanda Blank sampled the song on `` A Love Song '' from her 2009 album I Love You . Krizz Kaliko copied lyrics of the song for the first few lines of his song `` Anxiety , '' off his debut album Vitiligo by saying , `` When I 'm alone in my room , sometimes I stare at the wall / And in the back of my mind , I hear my conscious call / Telling me I need a gun . '' Yo Gotti sampled the song on his single `` Let 's Vibe '' featuring Pleasure P . Rick Ross sampled the song on the single , `` Aston Martin Music '' featuring Drake and Chrisette Michele from the rapper 's 2010 album , Teflon Don . Jagged Edge sampled the song called `` Promise ( Cool JD Remix ) '' . In 2016 , New Orleans ( rapper ) Eryk Leone paid homage to the hip hop pioneer with his own remake version of `` I Need Love '' from the triple platinum `` Bigger and Deffer '' album . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Henry Adaso. `` 100 Greatest Rap Songs '' . About.com Entertainment . Jump up ^ hitparade.ch Jump up ^ `` LL Cool J Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Berry , Michael ( 14 June 2018 ) . `` Listening to Rap : An Introduction '' . Routledge -- via Google Books . LL Cool J Discography Studio albums Radio Bigger and Deffer Walking with a Panther Mama Said Knock You Out 14 Shots to the Dome Mr. Smith Phenomenon G.O.A.T. 10 The DEFinition Todd Smith Exit 13 Authentic Compilations All World : Greatest Hits All World 2 Singles `` I Need a Beat '' `` I Ca n't Live Without My Radio '' `` I Can Give You More '' `` Rock the Bells '' `` You 'll Rock '' `` I 'm Bad '' `` I Need Love '' `` Go Cut Creator Go '' `` Going Back to Cali '' `` I 'm That Type of Guy '' `` Big Ole Butt '' `` One Shot at Love '' `` Jingling Baby '' `` To da Break of Dawn '' `` The Boomin ' System '' `` Around the Way Girl '' `` Mama Said Knock You Out '' `` 6 Minutes of Pleasure '' `` Who 's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf ? '' `` Strictly Business '' `` How I 'm Comin ' '' `` Back Seat ( Of My Jeep ) '' `` Pink Cookies In a Plastic Bag Getting Crushed By Buildings '' `` Stand By Your Man '' `` Hey Lover '' `` Doin ' It '' `` Loungin '' `` I Shot Ya '' `` Ai n't Nobody '' `` Hit ' Em High ( The Monstars ' Anthem ) '' `` Phenomenon '' `` 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 '' `` Father '' `` Candy '' `` Zoom '' `` Say What '' `` Deepest Bluest '' `` Hot Hot Hot '' `` Shut ' Em Down `` Imagine That '' `` You and Me '' `` Put Your Hands Up '' `` Blink Blink '' `` Luv U Better '' `` Paradise '' `` All I Have '' `` Amazin ' `` Headsprung '' `` Hush '' `` It 's LL and Santana '' `` Control Myself '' `` Freeze '' `` Cry '' `` Baby '' Featured singles `` Rampage '' `` This Is for the Lover in You '' `` Incredible '' `` Fatty Girl '' `` All I Have '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' Other songs `` Accidental Racist '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Need_Love&oldid=865036000 '' Categories : 1987 singles LL Cool J songs Contemporary R&B ballads Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Songs written by LL Cool J Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Italiano Kiswahili Nederlands Português Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2018 , at 08 : 16 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	ll cool j in the back of my mind	[]	[]
-8058337089547484256	Gospel of Matthew	Gospel of Matthew - wikipedia Gospel of Matthew For the film , see The Gospel According to St. Matthew ( film ) . Books of the New Testament Gospels Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Acts of the Apostles Epistles Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Apocalypse Revelation New Testament manuscripts The Gospel According to Matthew ( Greek : Τὸ κατὰ Ματθαῖον εὐαγγέλιον , translit . Tò katà Matthaīon euangélion ; also called the Gospel of Matthew or simply , Matthew ) is the first book of the New Testament and one of the three synoptic gospels . It tells how the Messiah , Jesus , rejected by Israel , finally sends the disciples to preach the gospel to the whole world . Most scholars believe it was composed between AD 80 and 90 , with a range of possibility between AD 70 to 110 ( a pre-70 date remains a minority view ) . The anonymous author was probably a male Jew , standing on the margin between traditional and non-traditional Jewish values , and familiar with technical legal aspects of scripture being debated in his time . Writing in a polished Semitic `` synagogue Greek '' , he drew on three main sources : the Gospel of Mark , the hypothetical collection of sayings known as the Q source , and material unique to his own community , called the M source or `` Special Matthew '' . The divine nature of Jesus was a major issue for the Matthaean community , the crucial element separating the early Christians from their Jewish neighbors ; while Mark begins with Jesus ' baptism and temptations , Matthew goes back to Jesus ' origins , showing him as the Son of God from his birth , the fulfillment of Old Testament messianic prophecies . The title Son of David identifies Jesus as the healing and miracle - working Messiah of Israel ( it is used exclusively in relation to miracles ) , sent to Israel alone . As Son of Man he will return to judge the world , an expectation which his disciples recognise but of which his enemies are unaware . As Son of God he is God revealing himself through his son , and Jesus proving his sonship through his obedience and example . The gospel reflects the struggles and conflicts between the evangelist 's community and the other Jews , particularly with its sharp criticism of the scribes and Pharisees . Prior to the Crucifixion the Jews are called Israelites , the honorific title of God 's chosen people ; after it , they are called `` Ioudaioi '' , Jews , a sign that through their rejection of the Christ the `` Kingdom of Heaven '' has been taken away from them and given instead to the church . Contents 1 Composition and setting 1.1 Manuscripts 1.2 Authorship and sources 1.3 Setting and date 2 Structure and content 2.1 Prologue : genealogy , Nativity and infancy 2.2 First narrative and discourse 2.3 Second narrative and discourse 2.4 Third narrative and discourse 2.5 Fourth narrative and discourse 2.6 Fifth narrative and discourse 2.7 Conclusion : Passion , Resurrection and Great Commission 3 Theology 3.1 Christology 3.2 Relationship with the Jews 4 Comparison with other writings 4.1 Christological development 4.2 Chronology 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Notes 6.2 Footnotes 6.3 Bibliography 6.3. 1 Commentaries 6.3. 2 General works 7 External links Composition and setting ( edit ) Papyrus P ( \ displaystyle ( \ mathfrak ( P ) ) ) , fragment of a flyleaf with the title of the Gospel of Matthew , ευαγγελιον κ̣ατ̣α μαθ _̓ θαιον ( euangelion kata Maththaion ) . Dated to late 2nd or early 3rd century , it is the earliest manuscript title for Matthew P ( \ displaystyle ( \ mathfrak ( P ) ) ) , a 3rd - century papyrus of Matthew 26 Manuscripts ( edit ) The oldest relatively complete manuscripts of the Bible are the Codex Vaticanus and the Codex Sinaiticus , which date from the 4th century . Besides these , there exist manuscript fragments ranging from a few verses to whole chapters . P ( \ displaystyle ( \ mathfrak ( P ) ) ) and P ( \ displaystyle ( \ mathfrak ( P ) ) ) are notable fragments of Matthew . These are copies of copies . In the process of recopying , variations slipped in , different regional manuscript traditions emerged , and corrections and adjustments were made . Modern textual scholars collate all major surviving manuscripts , as well as citations in the works of the Church Fathers , in order to produce a text which most likely approximates to the lost autographs . Authorship and sources ( edit ) The gospel itself does not specify an author , but he was probably a male Jew , standing on the margin between traditional and non-traditional Jewish values , and familiar with technical legal aspects of scripture being debated in his time . The majority of modern scholars believe that Mark was the first gospel to be composed and that Matthew ( who includes some 600 of Mark 's 661 verses ) and Luke both drew upon it as a major source for their works . The author of Matthew did not , however , simply copy Mark , but used it as a base , emphasising Jesus ' place in the Jewish tradition and including other details not covered in Mark . An additional 220 ( approximately ) verses , shared by Matthew and Luke but not found in Mark , from a second source , a hypothetical collection of sayings to which scholars give the name `` Quelle '' ( `` source '' in the German language ) , or the Q source . This view , known as the Two - source hypothesis ( Mark and Q ) , allows for a further body of tradition known as `` Special Matthew '' , or the M source , meaning material unique to Matthew ; this may represent a separate source , or it may come from the author 's church , or he may have composed these verses himself . The author also had the Greek scriptures at his disposal , both as book - scrolls ( Greek translations of Isaiah , the Psalms etc . ) and in the form of `` testimony collections '' ( collections of excerpts ) , and , if Papias is correct , probably oral stories of his community . These sources were predominantly in Greek , but mostly not from any known version of the Septuagint ; although a few scholars hold that some of them may have been Greek translations of older Hebrew or Aramaic sources . Setting and date ( edit ) The majority view among scholars is that Matthew was a product of the last quarter of the 1st century . This makes it a work of the second generation of Christians , for whom the defining event was the destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple by the Romans in AD 70 in the course of the First Jewish -- Roman War ( AD 66 -- 73 ) ; from this point on , what had begun with Jesus of Nazareth as a Jewish messianic movement became an increasingly Gentile phenomenon evolving in time into a separate religion . The Christian community to which Matthew belonged , like many 1st - century Christians , was still part of the larger Jewish community : hence the designation Jewish Christian to describe them . The relationship of Matthew to this wider world of Judaism remains a subject of study and contention , the principal question being to what extent , if any , Matthew 's community had cut itself off from its Jewish roots . Certainly there was conflict between Matthew 's group and other Jewish groups , and it is generally agreed that the root of the conflict was the Matthew community 's belief in Jesus as the Messiah and authoritative interpreter of the law , as one risen from the dead and uniquely endowed with divine authority . The author of Matthew wrote for a community of Greek - speaking Jewish Christians located probably in Syria ( Antioch , the largest city in Roman Syria and the third - largest in the empire , is often mentioned ) . Unlike Mark , Matthew never bothers to explain Jewish customs , since his intended audience was a Jewish one ; unlike Luke , who traces Jesus ' ancestry back to Adam , father of the human race , he traces it only to Abraham , father of the Jews ; of his three presumed sources only `` M '' , the material from his own community , refers to a `` church '' ( ecclesia ) , an organised group with rules for keeping order ; and the content of `` M '' suggests that this community was strict in keeping the Jewish law , holding that they must exceed the scribes and the Pharisees in `` righteousness '' ( adherence to Jewish law ) . Writing from within a Jewish - Christian community growing increasingly distant from other Jews and becoming increasingly Gentile in its membership and outlook , Matthew put down in his gospel his vision `` of an assembly or church in which both Jew and Gentile would flourish together '' . Structure and content ( edit ) Detailed content of Matthew 1 . Birth Stories Genealogy ( 1 : 1 -- 17 ) Nativity ( 1 : 18 -- 25 ) Biblical Magi ( 2 : 1 -- 12 ) Flight into Egypt ( 2 : 13 -- 20 ) Jesus in Nazareth ( 2 : 21 -- 23 ) 2 . Baptism and early ministry John the Baptist ( 3 : 1 -- 12 ) Baptism of Jesus ( 3 : 13 -- 17 ) Temptation of Jesus ( 4 : 1 -- 11 ) Capernaum ( 4 : 12 -- 17 ) First disciples of Jesus ( 4 : 18 -- 22 ) Galilee preaching tour ( 4 : 23 -- 25 ) 3 . Sermon on the Mount ( 5 -- 7 ) 4 . Healing and miracles Healing many ( 8 : 1 -- 17 ) Foxes have holes ( 8 : 18 -- 20 ) Let the dead bury the dead ( 8 : 21 -- 22 ) Calming the storm ( 8 : 23 -- 27 ) Gadarene demoniacs ( 8 : 28 -- 34 ) Healing a paralytic ( 9 : 1 -- 8 ) Calling of Matthew ( 9 : 9 -- 13 ) On fasting ( 9 : 14 -- 15 ) New Wine into Old Wineskins ( 9 : 16 -- 17 ) Daughter of Jairus ( 9 : 18 -- 26 ) Two blind men ( 9 : 27 -- 31 ) Exorcising a mute ( 9 : 32 -- 34 ) Good crop but few harvesters ( 9 : 35 -- 38 ) 5 . Little Commission ( 10 : 1 -- 11 : 1 ) 6 . Responses to Jesus Messengers from John the Baptist ( 11 : 2 -- 19 ) Cursing Chorazin , Bethsaida , and Capernaum ( 11 : 20 -- 24 ) Praising the Father ( 11 : 25 -- 30 ) Lord of the Sabbath ( 12 : 1 -- 8 ) Man with withered hand ( 12 : 9 -- 14 ) Chosen servant ( 12 : 15 -- 21 ) Blind - mute man ( 12 : 22 -- 28 ) Strong man ( 12 : 29 ) Those not with me are against me ( 12 : 30 ) Unforgivable sin ( 12 : 31 -- 32 ) The Tree and its Fruits ( 12 : 33 -- 37 ) Request for a sign ( 12 : 38 -- 42 ) Return of the unclean spirit ( 12 : 43 -- 45 ) Jesus ' true relatives ( 12 : 46 -- 50 ) Parabolic Discourse ( 13 : 1 -- 52 ) 7 . Conflicts , rejections , and conferences with disciples Hometown rejection ( 13 : 53 -- 58 ) Death of John the Baptist ( 14 : 1 -- 12 ) Feeding the 5000 ( 14 : 13 -- 21 ) Walking on water ( 14 : 22 -- 33 ) Fringe of his cloak heals ( 14 : 34 -- 36 ) Discourse on Defilement ( 15 : 1 -- 20 ) Canaanite woman 's daughter ( 15 : 21 -- 28 ) Healing on a mountain ( 15 : 29 -- 31 ) Feeding the 4000 ( 15 : 32 -- 39 ) Sign of Jonah ( 16 : 1 -- 4 ) Beware of yeast ( 16 : 5 -- 12 ) Peter 's confession ( 16 : 13 -- 20 ) Jesus predicts his death ( 16 : 21 -- 28 , 17 : 22 -- 23 , 20 : 17 -- 19 ) Transfiguration ( 17 : 1 -- 13 ) Possessed boy ( 17 : 14 -- 21 ) Coin in the fish 's mouth ( 17 : 24 -- 27 ) 8 . Life in the Christian community The Little Children ( 18 : 1 -- 7 ) If thy hand offend thee ( 18 : 8 -- 9 ) The Lost Sheep ( 18 : 10 -- 14 ) Binding and loosing ( 18 : 15 -- 22 ) Unmerciful Servant ( 18 : 23 -- 35 ) 9 . Journey to Jerusalem Entering Judea ( 19 : 1 -- 2 ) Divorce ( 19 : 3 -- 9 ) Celibacy ( 19 : 10 -- 12 ) Little Children Blessed ( 19 : 13 -- 15 ) Jesus and the rich young man ( 19 : 16 -- 30 ) Parable of the Workers in the Vineyard ( 20 : 1 -- 16 ) Son of man came to serve ( 20 : 20 -- 28 ) Blind near Jericho ( 20 : 29 -- 34 ) 10 . Jerusalem , cleansing of the temple , debates Triumphal entry into Jerusalem ( 21 : 1 -- 11 ) Temple incident ( 21 : 12 -- 17 ) Cursing the fig tree ( 21 : 18 -- 22 ) Authority questioned ( 21 : 23 -- 27 ) The Two Sons , The Wicked Husbandman , Parable of the Wedding Feast ( 21 : 28 -- 22 : 14 ) Render unto Caesar ... ( 22 : 15 -- 22 ) Resurrection of the Dead ( 22 : 23 -- 33 ) Great Commandment ( 22 : 34 -- 40 ) Is the Messiah the son of David ? ( 22 : 41 -- 46 ) 11 . Woes of the Pharisees ( 23 : 1 -- 39 ) 12 . Judgment day Little Apocalypse ( 24 ) Parables of the Ten Virgins , Talents ( 25 : 1 -- 30 ) Judgment of the Nations ( 25 : 31 -- 46 ) 13 . Trial , crucifixion , resurrection Plot to kill Jesus ( 26 : 1 -- 5 ) Anointing of Jesus ( 26 : 6 -- 13 ) Bargain of Judas ( 26 : 14 - 16 ) Last Supper ( 26 : 17 -- 30 ) Denial of Peter ( 26 : 31 -- 35 , 69 -- 75 ) Agony in the Garden ( 26 : 36 - 46 ) Kiss of Judas ( 26 : 47 - 49 ) Arrest ( 26 : 50 -- 56 ) Before the High Priest ( 26 : 57 -- 68 ) Pilate 's court ( 27 : 1 -- 2 , 11 -- 26 ) Death of Judas ( 27 : 3 - 10 ) Soldiers mock Jesus ( 27 : 27 -- 31 ) Simon of Cyrene ( 27 : 32 ) Crucifixion ( 27 : 33 -- 56 ) Entombment ( 27 : 57 -- 61 ) Guarding the tomb ( 27 : 62 -- 66 , 28 : 11 -- 15 ) Empty tomb ( 28 : 1 -- 6 ) Appearance to the women ( 28 : 7 -- 10 ) Great Commission ( 28 : 16 -- 20 ) This box : view talk edit Beginning of the Gospel of Matthew in Minuscule 447 The Chi Rho monogram from the Book of Kells is the most lavish such monogram Matthew , alone among the gospels , alternates five blocks of narrative with five of discourse , marking each off with the phrase `` When Jesus had finished ... '' ( see Five Discourses of Matthew ) . Some scholars see in this a deliberate plan to create a parallel to the first five books of the Old Testament ; others see a three - part structure based around the idea of Jesus as Messiah ; or a set of weekly readings spread out over the year ; or no plan at all . Davies and Allison , in their widely used commentary , draw attention to the use of `` triads '' ( the gospel groups things in threes ) , and R.T. France , in another influential commentary , notes the geographic movement from Galilee to Jerusalem and back , with the post-resurrection appearances in Galilee as the culmination of the whole story . Prologue : genealogy , nativity and infancy ( edit ) Main articles : Genealogy of Jesus and Nativity of Jesus The Gospel of Matthew begins with the words `` The Book of Genealogy ( in Greek , `` Genesis '' ) of Jesus Christ `` , deliberately echoing the words of Genesis 2 : 4 in the Old Testament in Greek . The genealogy tells of Jesus ' descent from Abraham and King David and the miraculous events surrounding his virgin birth , and the infancy narrative tells of the massacre of the innocents , the flight into Egypt , and eventual journey to Nazareth . First narrative and discourse ( edit ) Main articles : Baptism of Jesus and Sermon on the Mount The first narrative section begins . John baptizes Jesus , and the Holy Spirit descends upon him . Jesus prays and meditates in the wilderness for forty days , and is tempted by Satan . His early ministry by word and deed in Galilee meets with much success , and leads to the Sermon on the Mount , the first of the discourses . The sermon presents the ethics of the kingdom of God , introduced by the Beatitudes ( `` Blessed are ... '' ) . It concludes with a reminder that the response to the kingdom will have eternal consequences , and the crowd 's amazed response leads into the next narrative block . Second narrative and discourse ( edit ) From the authoritative words of Jesus the gospel turns to three sets of three miracles interwoven with two sets of two discipleship stories ( the second narrative ) , followed by a discourse on mission and suffering . Jesus commissions the Twelve Disciples and sends them to preach to the Jews , perform miracles , and prophesy the imminent coming of the Kingdom , commanding them to travel lightly , without staff or sandals . Third narrative and discourse ( edit ) Opposition to Jesus comes to a head with accusations that his deeds are done through the power of Satan ; Jesus in turn accuses his opponents of blaspheming the Holy Spirit . The discourse is a set of parables emphasising the sovereignty of God , and concluding with a challenge to the disciples to understand the teachings as scribes of the kingdom of heaven . ( Matthew avoids using the holy word God in the expression `` Kingdom of God '' ; instead he prefers the term `` Kingdom of Heaven '' , reflecting the Jewish tradition of not speaking the name of God ) . Fourth narrative and discourse ( edit ) Main article : Confession of Peter The fourth narrative section reveals that the increasing opposition to Jesus will result in his crucifixion in Jerusalem , and that his disciples must therefore prepare for his absence . The instructions for the post-crucifixion church emphasize responsibility and humility . ( This section contains Matthew 16 : 13 -- 19 , in which Simon , newly renamed Peter , ( πέτρος , petros , meaning `` stone '' ) , calls Jesus `` the Christ , the son of the living God '' , and Jesus states that on this `` bedrock '' ( πέτρα , petra ) he will build his church : this passage forms the foundation for the papacy 's claim of authority ) . Fifth narrative and discourse ( edit ) Main article : Second Coming Jesus travels toward Jerusalem , and the opposition intensifies : he is tested by Pharisees as soon as he begins to move towards the city , and when he arrives he is soon in conflict with the Temple 's traders and religious leaders . He teaches in the Temple , debating with the chief priests and religious leaders and speaking in parables about the Kingdom of God and the failings of the chief priests and the Pharisees . The Herodian caucus also become involved in a scheme to entangle Jesus ( Matthew 22 : 15 -- 16 ) , but Jesus ' careful response to their enquiry , `` Render therefore to Caesar the things that are Caesar 's , and to God the things that are God 's '' ( Matthew 22 : 21 ) , leaves them marveling at his words ( Matthew 22 : 22 ) . The disciples ask about the future , and in his final discourse ( the Olivet Discourse ) Jesus speaks of the coming end . There will be false Messiahs , earthquakes , and persecutions , the sun , moon , and stars will fail , but `` this generation '' will not pass away before all the prophecies are fulfilled . The disciples must steel themselves for ministry to all the nations . At the end of the discourse , Matthew notes that Jesus has finished all his words , and attention turns to the crucifixion . Conclusion : passion , resurrection and Great Commission ( edit ) The events of Jesus ' last week occupy a third of the content of all four gospels . Jesus enters Jerusalem in triumph and drives the money changers from the temple , holds a last supper , prays to be spared the coming agony ( but concludes `` if this cup may not pass away from me , except I drink it , thy will be done '' ) , and is betrayed . He is tried by the Jewish leaders ( the Sanhedrin ) and before Pontius Pilate , and Pilate washes his hands to indicate that he does not assume responsibility . Jesus is crucified as king of the Jews , mocked by all . On his death there is an earthquake , the veil of the Temple is rent , and saints rise from their tombs . Mary Magdalene and another Mary discover the empty tomb , guarded by an angel , and Jesus himself tells them to tell the disciples to meet him in Galilee . After the resurrection the remaining disciples return to Galilee , `` to the mountain that Jesus had appointed '' , where he comes to them and tells them that he has been given `` all authority in heaven and on Earth . '' He gives the Great Commission : `` Therefore go and make disciples of all the nations , baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit , teaching them to obey everything that I have commanded you '' . Jesus will be with them `` to the very end of the age '' . Theology ( edit ) Woodcut from Anton Koberger 's Bible ( Nuremberg , 1483 ) : The angelically inspired Saint Matthew musters the Old Testament figures , led by Abraham and David Christology ( edit ) Christology is the theological doctrine of Christ , `` the affirmations and definitions of Christ 's humanity and deity '' . There is a variety of Christologies in the New Testament , albeit with a single centre -- Jesus is the figure in whom God has acted for mankind 's salvation . Matthew has taken over his key Christological texts from Mark , but sometimes he has changed the stories he found in Mark , giving evidence of his own concerns . The title Son of David identifies Jesus as the healing and miracle - working Messiah of Israel ( it is used exclusively in relation to miracles ) , and the Jewish messiah is sent to Israel alone . As Son of Man he will return to judge the world , a fact his disciples recognise but of which his enemies are unaware . As Son of God he is named Immanuel ( God with us ) ( Matthew 1 : 23 ) , God revealing himself through his son , and Jesus proving his sonship through his obedience and example . Relationship with the Jews ( edit ) Matthew 's prime concern was that the Jewish tradition should not be lost in a church that was increasingly becoming gentile . This concern lies behind the frequent citations of Jewish scripture , the evocation of Jesus as the new Moses along with other events from Jewish history , and the concern to present Jesus as fulfilling , not destroying , the Law . Matthew must have been aware of the tendency to distort Paul 's teaching of the law no longer having power over the New Testament Christian into antinomianism , and addressed Christ 's fulfilling of what the Israelites expected from the `` Law and the Prophets '' in an eschatological sense , in that he was all that the Old Testament had predicted in the Messiah . The gospel has been interpreted as reflecting the struggles and conflicts between the evangelist 's community and the other Jews , particularly with its sharp criticism of the scribes and Pharisees . Prior to the Crucifixion the Jews are called Israelites , the honorific title of God 's chosen people ; after it , they are called `` Ioudaioi '' , Jews , a sign that through their rejection of the Christ the `` Kingdom of Heaven '' has been taken away from them and given instead to the church . Comparison with other Writings ( edit ) Christological development ( edit ) The divine nature of Jesus was a major issue for the community of Matthew , the crucial element marking them from their Jewish neighbors . Early understandings of this nature grew as the gospels were being written . Before the gospels , that understanding was focused on the revelation of Jesus as God in his resurrection , but the gospels reflect a broadened focus extended backwards in time . The gospel of Mark recounts prior revelations in Jesus ' lifetime on earth , at his baptism and transfiguration . Matthew and Luke go back further still , showing Jesus as the Son of God from his birth . Matthew more than all the other gospels identifies how his coming to earth was the fulfillment of many Old Testament prophecies . Finally John calls God the Word ( Jesus ) pre-existent before creation , and thus before all time . Matthew is a creative reinterpretation of Mark , stressing Jesus ' teachings as much as his acts , and making subtle changes in order to stress his divine nature : for example , Mark 's `` young man '' who appears at Jesus ' tomb becomes `` a radiant angel '' in Matthew . The miracle stories in Mark do not demonstrate the divinity of Jesus , but rather confirm his status as an emissary of God ( which was Mark 's understanding of the Messiah ) . Chronology ( edit ) There is a broad disagreement over chronology between Matthew , Mark and Luke on one hand and John on the other : all four agree that Jesus ' public ministry began with an encounter with John the Baptist , but Matthew , Mark and Luke follow this with an account of teaching and healing in Galilee , then a trip to Jerusalem where there is an incident in the Temple , climaxing with the crucifixion on the day of the Passover holiday . John , by contrast , puts the Temple incident very early in Jesus ' ministry , has several trips to Jerusalem , and puts the crucifixion immediately before the Passover holiday , on the day when the lambs for the Passover meal were being sacrificed in Temple . See also ( edit ) Authorship of the Bible Gospel of the Ebionites Gospel of the Hebrews Gospel of the Nazarenes Hebrew Gospel hypothesis The Visual Bible : Matthew Il vangelo secondo Matteo , a film by Pier Paolo Pasolini Jewish -- Christian gospels List of omitted Bible verses Sermon on the Mount St Matthew Passion -- an oratorio by J.S. Bach Textual variants in the Gospel of Matthew References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This view is based on three arguments : ( a ) the setting reflects the final separation of Church and Synagogue , about 85 AD ; ( b ) it reflects the capture of Rome and destruction of the Temple by the Romans in 70 AD ; ( c ) it uses Mark , usually dated around 70 AD , as a source . ( See R.T France ( 2007 ) , `` The Gospel of Matthew '' , p. 18 . ) France himself is not convinced by the majority -- see his Commentary , pp. 18 -- 19 . Jump up ^ France , p. 26 note 1 , and p. 28 : `` The first two words of Matthew 's gospel are literally `` book of genesis '' . Jump up ^ France , p. 28 note 7 : `` All MSS and versions agree in making it explicit that Joseph was not Jesus ' father , with the one exception of sys , which reads `` Joseph , to whom was betrothed Mary the virgin , begot Jesus . '' Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Luz 2005 , pp. 249 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Duling 2010 , pp. 298 -- 99 . Jump up ^ France 2007 , p. 19 . ^ Jump up to : Duling 2010 , p. 302 . Jump up ^ Duling 2010 , p. 306 . Jump up ^ Burkett 2002 , p. 175 . ^ Jump up to : Peppard 2011 , p. 133 . ^ Jump up to : Luz 1995 , pp. 86 , 111 . ^ Jump up to : Luz 1995 , pp. 91 , 97 . ^ Jump up to : Luz 1995 , p. 93 . ^ Jump up to : Burkett 2002 , p. 182 . ^ Jump up to : Strecker 2000 , pp. 369 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Wallace 2011 . Jump up ^ Turner 2008 , pp. 6 -- 7 . ^ Jump up to : Senior 1996 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Harrington 1991 , pp. 5 -- 6 . Jump up ^ McMahon 2008 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Beaton 2005 , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Nolland 2005 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Duling 2010 , p. 314 . Jump up ^ Casey 2010 , pp. 87 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Davies & Allison 1988 , pp. 12 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Davies & Allison 1988 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Scholtz 2009 , pp. 34 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Saldarini 1994 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Senior 2001 , pp. 7 -- 8 , 72 . Jump up ^ Senior 2001 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Nolland 2005 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Burkett 2002 , pp. 180 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Senior 2001 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Turner 2008 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Davies & Allison 1988 , pp. 59 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Davies & Allison 1988 , pp. 62ff . Jump up ^ France 2007 , pp. 2ff . Jump up ^ Turner 2008 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Turner 2008 , p. 226 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 . Jump up ^ Turner 2008 , p. 285 . Jump up ^ Browning 2004 , p. 248 . Jump up ^ Turner 2008 , p. 265 . ^ Jump up to : Turner 2008 , p. 445 . Jump up ^ Turner 2008 , p. 613 . Jump up ^ Turner 2008 , pp. 687 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Levison & Pope - Levison 2009 , p. 167 . Jump up ^ Fuller 2001 , pp. 68 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Tuckett 2001 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Davies & Allison 1997 , p. 722 . Jump up ^ Senior 2001 , pp. 17 -- 18 . Jump up ^ France 2007 , pp. 179 -- 81 , 185 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Beaton 2005 , p. 117 . Jump up ^ Morris 1986 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Beaton 2005 , p. 123 . Jump up ^ Aune 1987 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Levine 2001 , p. 373 . Bibliography ( edit ) Commentaries ( edit ) Allison , D.C. ( 2004 ) . Matthew : A Shorter Commentary . T&T Clark . ISBN 978 - 0 - 567 - 08249 - 7 . Davies , William David ; Allison , Dale C. ( 1988 ) . A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Gospel According to Saint Matthew . I : Introduction and Commentary on Matthew I -- VII . T&T Clark Ltd . ISBN 9780567094810 . -- -- ; -- -- ( 1999 ) ( 1991 ) . A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Gospel According to Saint Matthew . II : Commentary on Matthew VIII -- XVIII . T&T Clark Ltd . ISBN 9780567095459 . -- -- ; -- -- ( 1997 ) . A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Gospel According to Saint Matthew . III : Commentary on Matthew XIX -- XXVIII . T&T Clark Ltd . ISBN 9780567085184 . Duling , Dennis C. ( 2010 ) . `` The Gospel of Matthew '' . In Aune , David E. The Blackwell Companion to the New Testament . Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 0825 - 6 . France , R.T ( 2007 ) . The Gospel of Matthew . Eerdmans . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 2501 - 8 . Harrington , Daniel J. ( 1991 ) . The Gospel of Matthew . Liturgical Press . ISBN 9780814658031 Keener , Craig S. ( 1999 ) . A commentary on the Gospel of Matthew . Eerdmans . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 3821 - 6 . Luz , Ulrich ( 1989 ) . Matthew 1 -- 7 . Matthew : A Commentary. 1 . Translated by Linss , Wilhelm C. Minneapolis : Fortress Press . ISBN 9780806624020 . -- -- ( 2001 ) . Matthew 8 -- 20 . Matthew : A Commentary. 2 . Minneapolis : Fortress Press . ISBN 9780800660345 . -- -- ( 2005 ) . Matthew 21 -- 28 . Matthew : A Commentary. 3 . Minneapolis : Fortress Press . ISBN 9780800637705 . Morris , Leon ( 1992 ) . The Gospel according to Matthew . Eerdmans . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85111 - 338 - 8 . Nolland , John ( 2005 ) . The Gospel of Matthew : A Commentary on the Greek Text . Eerdmans . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 2389 - 2 . Saunders , Stanley P. ( 2009 ) . `` Matthew '' . In O'Day , Gail . Theological Bible Commentary . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 978 - 0664227111 . Turner , David L. ( 2008 ) . Matthew . Baker . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8010 - 2684 - 3 . General works ( edit ) Aune , David E. ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . The Gospel of Matthew in current study . Eerdmans . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 4673 - 0 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) -- -- ( 1987 ) . The New Testament in its literary environment . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 25018 - 8 . Beaton , Richard C. ( 2005 ) . `` How Matthew Writes '' . In Bockmuehl , Markus ; Hagner , Donald A . The Written Gospel . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 83285 - 4 . Browning , W.R.F ( 2004 ) . Oxford Dictionary of the Bible . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 860890 - 5 . Burkett , Delbert ( 2002 ) . An introduction to the New Testament and the origins of Christianity . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 00720 - 7 . Casey , Maurice ( 2010 ) . Jesus of Nazareth : An Independent Historian 's Account of His Life and Teaching . Continuum . ISBN 978 - 0 - 567 - 64517 - 3 . Clarke , Howard W. ( 2003 ) . The Gospel of Matthew and Its Readers . Indiana University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 34235 - 5 . Cross , Frank L. ; Livingstone , Elizabeth A. , eds. ( 2005 ) ( 1997 ) . `` Matthew , Gospel acc. to St . '' . The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church ( 3 ed . ) . Oxford University Press . p. 1064 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280290 - 3 . Archived from the original on 23 September 2015 . Retrieved 14 November 2015 . Dunn , James D.G. ( 2003 ) . Jesus Remembered . Eerdmans . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 3931 - 2 . Ehrman , Bart D. ( 1999 ) . Jesus : Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 512474 - 3 . -- -- ( 2009 ) . Misquoting Jesus : The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why . Harper Collins . ISBN 9780061977022 . -- -- ( 2012 ) . Did Jesus Exist ? : The Historical Argument for Jesus of Nazareth . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 220460 - 8 . Fuller , Reginald H. ( 2001 ) . `` Biblical Theology '' . In Metzger , Bruce M. ; Coogan , Michael D . The Oxford Guide to Ideas & Issues of the Bible . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195149173 . Hagner , D.A. ( 1986 ) . `` Matthew , Gospel According to '' . In Bromiley , Geoffrey W. International Standard Bible Encyclopedia , Vol. 3 : K-P . Wm . B. Eerdmans . pp. 280 -- 88 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 8163 - 2 . Harris , Stephen L. ( 1985 ) . Understanding the Bible . Palo Alto : Mayfield . Kupp , David D. ( 1996 ) . Matthew 's Emmanuel : Divine Presence and God 's People in the First Gospel . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 57007 - 7 . Levine , Amy - Jill ( 2001 ) . `` Visions of kingdoms : From Pompey to the first Jewish revolt '' . In Coogan , Michael D . The Oxford History of the Biblical World . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 513937 - 2 . Levison , J. ; Pope - Levison , P. ( 2009 ) . `` Christology '' . In Dyrness , William A. ; Kärkkäinen , Veli - Matti . Global Dictionary of Theology . InterVarsity Press . ISBN 9780830878116 . Luz , Ulrich ( 2005 ) . Studies in Matthew . Eerdmans . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 3964 - 0 . -- -- ( 1995 ) . The Theology of the Gospel of Matthew . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 43576 - 5 . McMahon , Christopher ( 2008 ) . `` Introduction to the Gospels and Acts of the Apostles '' . In Ruff , Jerry . Understanding the Bible : A Guide to Reading the Scriptures . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780884898528 . Morris , Leon ( 1986 ) . New Testament Theology . Zondervan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 310 - 45571 - 4 . Peppard , Michael ( 2011 ) . The Son of God in the Roman World : Divine Sonship in Its Social and Political Context . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780199753703 . Perkins , Pheme ( 1998 - 07 - 28 ) . `` The Synoptic Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles : Telling the Christian Story '' . The Cambridge Companion to Biblical Interpretation . ISBN 0521485932 . , in Kee , Howard Clark , ed. ( 1997 ) . The Cambridge companion to the bible : part 3 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 48593 - 7 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Saldarini , Anthony ( 2003 ) . `` Matthew '' . Eerdmans commentary on the Bible . ISBN 0802837115 . , in Dunn , James D.G. ; Rogerson , John William ( 2003 ) . Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible . Eerdmans . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 3711 - 0 . Saldarini , Anthony ( 1994 ) . Matthew 's Christian - Jewish Community . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 73421 - 7 . Sanford , Christopher B. ( 2005 ) . Matthew : Christian Rabbi . Author House . ISBN 9781420883718 . Scholtz , Donald ( 2009 ) . Jesus in the Gospels and Acts : Introducing the New Testament . Saint Mary 's Press . ISBN 9780884899556 . Senior , Donald ( 2001 ) . `` Directions in Matthean Studies '' . The Gospel of Matthew in Current Study : Studies in Memory of William G. Thompson , S.J . ISBN 0802846734 . , in Aune , David E. ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . The Gospel of Matthew in current study . Eerdmans . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 4673 - 0 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Senior , Donald ( 1996 ) . What are they saying about Matthew ? . PaulistPress . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8091 - 3624 - 7 . Stanton , Graham ( 1993 ) . A gospel for a new people : studies in Matthew . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 25499 - 5 . Strecker , Georg ( 2000 ) ( 1996 ) . Theology of the New Testament . Walter de Gruyter . ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 22336 - 6 . Tuckett , Christopher Mark ( 2001 ) . Christology and the New Testament : Jesus and His Earliest Followers . Westminster John Knox Press . Van de Sandt , H.W.M. ( 2005 ) . `` Introduction '' . Matthew and the Didache : Two Documents from the Same Jewish - Christian Milieu ? . ISBN 9023240774 . , in Van de Sandt , H.W.M , ed. ( 2005 ) . Matthew and the Didache . Royal Van Gorcum&Fortress Press . ISBN 978 - 90 - 232 - 4077 - 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Wallace , Daniel B. , ed. ( 2011 ) . Revisiting the Corruption of the New Testament : Manuscript , Patristic , and Apocryphal Evidence . Text and canon of the New Testament . Kregel Academic . ISBN 9780825489068 . Weren , Wim ( 2005 ) . `` The History and Social Setting of the Matthean Community '' . Matthew and the Didache : Two Documents from the Same Jewish - Christian Milieu ? . ISBN 9023240774 . , in Van de Sandt , H.W.M , ed. ( 2005 ) . Matthew and the Didache . Royal Van Gorcum&Fortress Press . ISBN 978 - 90 - 232 - 4077 - 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) External links ( edit ) Biblegateway.com ( opens at Matt. 1 : 1 , NIV ) A textual commentary on the Gospel of Matthew Detailed text - critical discussion of the 300 most important variants of the Greek text ( PDF , 438 pages ) . Early Christian Writings Gospel of Matthew : introductions and e-texts . 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25 2 : 1 - 23 3 : 1 - 17 4 : 1 - 25 5 : 1 - 48 6 : 1 - 34 7 : 1 - 24 27 : 1 - 66 28 : 1 - 16 Places Bethany Bethlehem Bethsaida Capernaum Egypt Galilee Jerusalem Jordan River Judea Samaria Sea of Galilee People Andrew Caiaphas Herod James Jeremiah Jesus Christ John John the Baptist Joseph Judas Iscariot Mary Mary Magdalene Matthew Philip Pontius Pilate Rachel Simon Peter Thomas Zebedee Groups Angels Pharisees Sadducees Sanhedrin Events Star of Bethlehem Magi Baptism of Jesus Sermon on the Mount Lord 's Prayer Golden rule Walking on water Last Supper Crucifixion of Jesus Sources Greek Text Latin Vulgate Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version ← Book of Malachi ( chapter 4 ) Gospel of Mark ( chapter 1 ) → Nativity of Jesus People Holy Family Christ Child ( Jesus ) Mary Joseph Magi Melchior Caspar Balthazar Others Shepherds Herod the Great Place Bethlehem Gifts of the Magi Gold Frankincense Myrrh Narratives Gospel of Matthew Matthew 1 Matthew 1 : 18 Matthew 1 : 19 Matthew 1 : 20 Matthew 1 : 21 Matthew 1 : 22 Matthew 1 : 23 Matthew 1 : 24 Matthew 1 : 25 Matthew 2 : 11 Adoration of the Magi ( In art ) Gospel of Luke Luke 2 Annunciation to the shepherds Related Manger Star of Bethlehem Virgin birth of Jesus Saint Joseph 's dreams Flight into Egypt In art Christmas village Kraków szopka Others Remembrances Advent Christmas Nativity displays theft Nativity play Nativity Fast WorldCat Identities BNF : cb12008322h ( data ) GND : 4038001 - 4 NKC : unn2006374700 SUDOC : 069913218 VIAF : 188427863 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gospel_of_Matthew&oldid=866121393 '' Categories : Gospel of Matthew New Testament books Works of uncertain authorship Texts in Koine Greek Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2010 Articles containing Greek - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Articles with inconsistent citation formats CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans አማርኛ Ænglisc ܐܪܡܝܐ Asturianu تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家語 / Hak - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is generally accepted to be the author of the gospel of matthew	[ "The Gospel According to Matthew (Greek: Τὸ κατὰ Ματθαῖον εὐαγγέλιον, translit. Tò katà Matthaīon euangélion; also called the Gospel of Matthew or simply, Matthew) is the first book of the New Testament and one of the three synoptic gospels. It tells how the Messiah, Jesus, rejected by Israel, finally sends the disciples to preach the gospel to the whole world.[1] Most scholars believe it was composed between AD 80 and 90, with a range of possibility between AD 70 to 110 (a pre-70 date remains a minority view).[2][3] The anonymous author was probably a male Jew, standing on the margin between traditional and non-traditional Jewish values, and familiar with technical legal aspects of scripture being debated in his time.[4] Writing in a polished Semitic \"synagogue Greek\", he drew on three main sources: the Gospel of Mark, the hypothetical collection of sayings known as the Q source, and material unique to his own community, called the M source or \"Special Matthew\".[5][6]\n" ]	[ "a male Jew, standing on the margin between traditional and non-traditional Jewish values, and familiar with technical legal aspects of scripture being debated in his time" ]
2896905706211356770	Fuller House (TV series)	Fuller House ( TV series ) - wikipedia Fuller House ( TV series ) This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 2 January 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search Fuller House Genre Sitcom Created by Jeff Franklin Starring Candace Cameron Bure Jodie Sweetin Andrea Barber Michael Campion Elias Harger Soni Nicole Bringas Dashiell and Fox Messitt Juan Pablo Di Pace Scott Weinger John Brotherton Ashley Liao Adam Hagenbuch Theme music composer Jesse Frederick Bennett Salvay Opening theme `` Everywhere You Look '' performed by Carly Rae Jepsen Ending theme `` Everywhere You Look '' ( instrumental ) Composer ( s ) Jesse Frederick Bennett Salvay Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 44 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Jeff Franklin Thomas L. Miller Robert L. Boyett Producer ( s ) John Stamos Kelly Sandefur Coral Hawthorne Cinematography Gregg Heschong Running time 25 -- 36 minutes Production company ( s ) Jeff Franklin Productions Miller - Boyett Productions Distributor Warner Horizon Television Release Original network Netflix Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD ) Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release February 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 26 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Preceded by Full House ( 1987 -- 95 ) External links Website www.netflix.com/title/80051137 Production website www.warnerbros.com/studio/divisions/television/warner-horizon-television Fuller House is an American sitcom created by Jeff Franklin that airs as a Netflix original series , and is a sequel to the 1987 -- 1995 television series Full House . It centers around D.J. Tanner - Fuller , a veterinarian and widowed mother of three sons , whose sister Stephanie and best friend Kimmy -- along with her teenage daughter -- live together at the Tanner 's childhood home in San Francisco , California . Most of the original series ensemble cast have reprised their roles on Fuller House , either as regular cast members or in guest appearances , with the exception of Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen , who alternated the role of Michelle Tanner in Full House . The show is produced by Jeff Franklin Productions and Miller - Boyett Productions , in association with Warner Horizon Television . Netflix ordered an initial 13 episodes which were released on February 26 , 2016 worldwide . The third season is split into two parts , with the first half of nine episode being released on September 22 , 2017 , and the second half on December 22 , 2017 . While the first season reception was generally negative , the second and third seasons received mostly positive reviews . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest stars 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 4 Episodes 5 Reception 5.1 Reviews 5.2 Awards and nominations 6 Home media 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) Like the original series , the show is set in the same house in San Francisco , California . Recently widowed D.J. Tanner - Fuller is a veterinarian and the mother of three young boys . After the unexpected death of her husband , Tommy , who was following his hazardous duties as a firefighter , D.J. accepts the help of her sister Stephanie and best friend Kimmy to move in and take part in raising her three sons , 13 - year - old Jackson , 7 - year - old Max , and baby Tommy Jr . Kimmy 's teenage daughter Ramona also moves in . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Main article : List of Full House and Fuller House characters Candace Cameron Bure as Donna Jo `` D.J. '' Tanner - Fuller , a widowed mother who has a full - time job as a veterinarian Jodie Sweetin as Stephanie Tanner , D.J. 's younger sister , who leaves her life in London to help D.J. raise her kids Andrea Barber as Kimmy Gibbler , D.J. 's best friend and owner of a party planning business , who moves in with D.J. and Stephanie to help them raise D.J. 's kids Michael Campion as Jackson Fuller , D.J. 's mischievous 13 - year - old son who often engages in reckless stunts Elias Harger as Max Fuller , D.J. 's 7 - year - old son who is bit of neat freak like his grandfather Soni Nicole Bringas as Ramona Gibbler , Kimmy 's 13 - year - old daughter Dashiell & Fox Messitt as Tommy Fuller , Jr. , D.J. 's infant son Juan Pablo Di Pace as Fernando Hernandez - Guerrero - Fernandez - Guerrero , Kimmy 's ex-husband and Ramona 's father ( recurring : season 1 ; main : season 2 -- 3 ) Scott Weinger as Steve Hale , a podiatrist and D.J. 's ex-boyfriend , who tries to get back with her after his unsuccessful marriage ; also the owner of Comet Jr . Jr. ( recurring : season 1 ; main : season 2 -- 3 ) John Brotherton as Matt Harmon , co-worker and love interest of D.J. ( recurring : season 1 ; main : season 2 -- 3 ) Ashley Liao as Lola Wong , Ramona 's best friend and Jackson 's love interest ( recurring : seasons 1 and 3 ; main : season 2 ) Adam Hagenbuch as Jimmy Gibbler , Kimmy 's younger brother and a freelance photographer , who is dating Stephanie ( recurring : season 2 ; main : season 3 ) Recurring ( edit ) John Stamos as Jesse Katsopolis , D.J. and Stephanie 's uncle ( Danny 's brother - in - law of his first marriage ) ; the music composer for General Hospital Lori Loughlin as Rebecca Donaldson - Katsopolis , Jesse 's wife and aunt to D.J. and Stephanie , who leaves San Francisco to co-star with Danny on Wake Up USA in Los Angeles Dave Coulier as Joey Gladstone , a Vegas comedian who helped Danny raise D.J. and Stephanie , along with Jesse and Becky Bob Saget as Danny Tanner , D.J. and Stephanie 's father , and the grandfather of Jackson , Max & Tommy Jr. , who leaves San Francisco for Los Angeles to star in the new talk show Wake Up USA Robin Thomas as Dr. Fred Harmon , Matt 's father and the owner of Harmon Pet Care , D.J. 's employer Blake and Dylan Tuomy - Wilhoit as Nicky and Alex Katsopolis , Jesse and Rebecca 's twin sons , and the cousins of DJ and Stephanie , who both spent six years in college and operate a fish taco truck together Gianna DiDonato as Crystal , Matt 's girlfriend for a brief time in season two Virginia Williams as C.J. , Steve 's fiancée who is strikingly similar to D.J. Isaak Presley as Bobby Popko , Jackson 's best friend and a love interest for Ramona Lucas Jaye as Taylor , Max 's intelligent and challenging best friend Mckenna Grace as Rose , C.J. 's daughter and Max 's best friend / love interest Marla Sokoloff as Gia Mahan , Stephanie 's best friend , and Rocki 's mother Landry Bender as Rocki , Gia 's daughter and Jackson 's new love interest Guest stars ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Eva LaRue as Teri Tanner , Danny 's second wife Lanny Cordola and Gary Griffin , original members of Jesse and the Rippers Maksim Chmerkovskiy as himself Valentin Chmerkovskiy as himself Macy Gray as herself Stephen Tobolowsky as Mr. Gerald Jeff B. Davis as Wrestling Announcer Tyne Stecklein as Mandy Ryan McPartlin as Tyler , a brief potential love interest of D.J. Hunter Pence as himself Michael Sun Lee as Harry Takayama , Stephanie 's childhood friend , who is a CPA Steve Talley as Darren , a brief love interest of Stephanie Alan Thicke as Mike , Crystal 's grandfather . Bruno Tonioli as Giuseppe Pignoli , Ramona 's famous Italian dance coach Laura Bell Bundy as Ginger Gladstone , Joey 's wife and a Vegas magician Finn Carr as Lewis Gladstone , Joey 's younger son Kingston Foster as Joan Gladstone , Joey 's younger daughter Noah Salsbury Lipson as Jerry Gladstone , Joey 's older son Ruby Rose Turner as Phyllis Gladstone , Joey 's older daughter Jonathan Knight , Jordan Knight , Joey McIntyre , Donnie Wahlberg , and Danny Wood , members of New Kids on the Block David Lipper as Viper , D.J. 's ex-boyfriend Anne Marie McEvoy as Kathy Santoni , D.J. and Kimmy 's high school classmate Scott Menville as Duane Moffat , Kimmy 's high school ex-boyfriend who is now a motivational speaker Hal Sparks as Nelson Burkhard , D.J. 's rich high school ex-boyfriend , originally played by Jason Marsden John Aprea as Nick Katsopolis , Jesse 's father , D.J. and Stephanie 's grandfather , and Jackson , Max and Tommy 's great - grandfather Lonzo Ball as himself Gail Edwards as Vicky Larson , Danny 's ex fiancée Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In August 2014 , reports circulated that Warner Bros. Television was considering a series reboot . John Stamos , who had an ownership stake in the show , headed up the attempt to get the series back into production . Creator Jeff Franklin returned as executive producer and showrunner with the collaboration of original executive producers Thomas L. Miller and Robert L. Boyett under their Miller - Boyett Productions label . In April 2015 , it was reported that Netflix was close to closing a deal to produce a 13 - episode sequel series tentatively titled Fuller House . A representative for Netflix said that the report was `` just a rumor '' . In response to the report , Bure tweeted , `` While you all ponder over whether the Fuller House show is true or is an April Fools joke , check out ( link to her upcoming TV movie ) '' , and Stamos tweeted , `` Believe none of what you hear , and only half of what you see . '' On April 20 , he appeared on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! , confirming the spin - off series had been green - lit by Netflix . On April 21 , Netflix confirmed the series was in development . In a parallel to the original series , Fuller House focuses on D.J. , who is a recently widowed mother of three boys , with her sister Stephanie and best friend Kimmy moving in to help raise the boys . The series starts off with a special episode featuring a Tanner family reunion . Filming of the series began in July 2015 and lasted until November 2015 . In December 2015 , the series ' release date was revealed as February 26 , 2016 . Later in the month , Carly Rae Jepsen revealed she and Butch Walker recreated the Full House theme song , `` Everywhere You Look '' ( which was originally performed by Jesse Frederick , who co-wrote the song with Bennett Salvay ) , for the series as its opening theme . On March 2 , 2016 , the series was renewed for a second season , and production for the second season began on May 5 , 2016 . Thirteen new episodes were ordered and were released on December 9 , 2016 . On December 24 , 2016 , the series was renewed for a third season , to be released in 2017 . and On December 31 , 2016 , it was confirmed that the season was given an 18 - episode order . Production for the third season began on March 18 , 2017 , and ended on September 2 , 2017 . It was announced on June 26 , 2017 that the third season would be split into two parts , with the release of the first part on September 22 , 2017 to consist of nine episodes . It was announced on November 13 , 2017 that the second half , which will also feature nine episodes , will be released on December 22 , 2017 . Casting ( edit ) In addition to Cameron Bure , Sweetin , and Barber reprising their roles , the other main roles went to Michael Campion , Elias Harger , and Soni Bringas , as their children : Jackson and Max Fuller , and Ramona Gibbler , respectively . It was disclosed that John Stamos would have a recurring role as Jesse Katsopolis and would also be producing . Other original main cast members who would be reprising their roles periodically are Lori Loughlin as Becky Katsopolis , Bob Saget as Danny Tanner , and Dave Coulier as Joey Gladstone . Dylan and Blake Tuomy - Wilhoit also make an appearance reprising their roles as Nicky and Alex Katsopolis , respectively . On April 19 , 2016 , it was announced Ashley Liao , who plays Ramona 's best friend , had been upgraded to a series regular . Additional cast members recurring regularly throughout the series include Juan Pablo Di Pace , playing Kimmy 's ex-husband , Fernando , and Scott Weinger , reprising the role of Steve Hale , D.J. 's high school boyfriend . Eva LaRue portrays Danny 's wife Teri , and Michael Sun Lee makes an appearance as the adult version of Nathan Nishiguchi 's character , Harry Takayama , who was Stephanie 's childhood friend . Shortly after announcing the spin - off series , it was uncertain whether Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen , who shared the role of Michelle Tanner , would choose to participate . The Olsen twins ultimately rejected the offer because Ashley has not acted in years with no intentions to restart , and Mary - Kate initially considered the part but later declined as it was not feasible with her fashion career at the time . Subsequently , the producers decided to have Michelle reside in New York City , where she is highly focused on her fashion enterprise . By January 2016 , they asked the Olsen twins ' younger sister , Elizabeth , if she had any ambitions to take the part of Michelle , but she ultimately declined as well . Nonetheless , the producers are still prodding the Olsen twins to return and were confident that one of the twins would ultimately decide to reappear during the second season although this did not end up happening . In September 2016 , it was announced that the character Nelson will re-appear on Fuller House , with the character recast to be portrayed by Hal Sparks , who replaces Nelson 's original portrayer , Jason Marsden . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Fuller House episodes Season Episodes Originally released 13 February 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 26 ) 13 December 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 09 ) 18 9 September 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 22 ) 9 December 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 22 ) Reception ( edit ) Reviews ( edit ) The first season of Fuller House received generally negative reviews , with most noting the series was very derivative of its source material and was oriented toward fans of the original show . On Rotten Tomatoes , the series has a rating of 32 % , based on 41 reviews , with an average rating of 4.2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` After the initial dose of nostalgia , Fuller House has little to offer to anyone except the original series ' most diehard fans . '' On Metacritic the series has an average score of 35 out of 100 , based on 28 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Dan Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter panned the show , calling it `` a mawkish , grating , broadly played chip off the Full House block . '' He also added that `` It 's doubtful that there will be a more painful 2016 TV episode than the Fuller House pilot , which takes an inexcusable 35 minutes to establish a plot that is just an inversion of the original Full House premise . '' David Weigand of the San Francisco Chronicle reacted similarly , writing : `` The episodes are predictable because they 're unoriginal and the writing is painful . The canned laughter is perhaps the greatest reminder of the ' good old days ' . If only all those recorded voices had something legitimate to laugh at . '' Maureen Ryan of Variety wrote that the show `` continually goes to the well of having cute kids mug for the camera as they practically yell their lines , and just a little of its self - congratulatory , blaring obviousness goes a long way . '' Some parents have complained that the reboot is not family friendly unlike its predecessor because it includes cursing and references to sex and drugs . In a more positive review , Verne Gay from Newsday wrote that the show is like `` Full House 2.0 '' and that while it has the `` same premise , same vibe , mostly same cast '' , it is `` a winner , strictly for fans . '' The second season saw more positive reviews . Jenny Varner of `` IGN '' gave the season a mixed 6.5 / 10 score . She noted that `` Fuller House Season 2 brings a fuller cast , a fuller plot , and a lot more cringe - worthy pop culture jokes . Love it or hate it , the staying power of this heartwarming Netflix staple is stronger than ever . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2016 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Show : Comedy Fuller House Won Choice TV Actress : Comedy Candace Cameron Bure Won Choice TV : Chemistry Candace Cameron Bure , Jodie Sweetin and Andrea Barber Nominated 2017 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Premium Comedy Series Fuller House Won Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Show -- Family Show Fuller House Won Home Media ( edit ) Warner Home Video released the first season of the series on DVD in Region 1 on February 28 , 2017 . The second season was released on DVD on December 12 , 2017 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Robinson , Will ( July 17 , 2015 ) . `` The Fuller House cast is back at work '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Schaefer , Sandy ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` ' Full House ' Sequel Series ' Fuller House ' Officially Acquired By Netflix '' . screenrant.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Fuller House ' Begins Filming ! Which Star Broke Down in Tears On Set ? '' . Entertainment Tonight . July 16 , 2015 . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Originals Premiere Dates '' . Netflix . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2015 . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fuller House - Season 1 DVD Information - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . www.tvshowsondvd.com . Jump up ^ Stern , Marlow ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` D.J. Tanner Takes Us Into ' Fuller House ' : Candace Cameron Bure on Netflix 's ' Full House ' Spinoff '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Tyler ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fuller House ' Cast Member Candace Cameron Bure Discusses Playing A Mom In Spinoff And Teases Plot Details '' . International Business Times . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Tyler ( June 6 , 2015 ) . `` ' Full House ' Reunion Cast Member Jodie Sweetin Hints At How The Show Will Address The Olsen Twins Not Returning '' . International Business Times . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andriakos , Jacqueline ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Full House Is Back : Candace Cameron Bure & Andrea Barber Ca n't Wait to Be ' Best Friends Again ' '' . People . Time Inc . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fuller House '' . Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc. 2016 . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sciretta , Peter ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fuller House ' Trailer : Welcome Home Tanner Family '' . / Film . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` First Photos From ' Fuller House ' Show a Tearful Tanner Family Reunion '' . CBS Television Distribution . January 7 , 2016 . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Candace Cameron Bure Talks Netflix 's ' Fuller House ' Details '' . MStars News . August 11 , 2015 . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Potski , Denise ( October 6 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix 's ' Fuller House ' Casts Juan Pablo Di Pace '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Swift , Andy ; Swift , Andy ( 24 May 2016 ) . `` Fuller House Season 2 : D.J. and Kimmy 's Exes Promoted to Series Regulars '' . ^ Jump up to : Elizabeth Wagmeister ( July 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fuller House ' Brings Back Steve : Scott Weinger Joining Netflix Series '' . Variety . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andy Swift . `` ' Fuller House ' : John Brotherton Promoted As Matt -- Season 2 Spoilers -- TVLine '' . TVLine . ^ Jump up to : Andy Swift . `` ' Fuller House ' Season 2 Spoilers -- Lola Promoted To Series Regular -- TVLine '' . TVLine . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fuller House ' : Adam Hagenbuch Upped To Regular For Season 3 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Have mercy ! Netflix to stream ' Full House ' reunion , spinoff '' . CNN . April 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Megan Daley ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Lori Loughlin will return for Fuller House '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Whitney Friedlander ( May 29 , 2015 ) . `` Bob Saget in ' Fuller House ' : Danny Tanner in ' Full House ' Reboot '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nick Venable . `` Check Out Danny Tanner 's New Fuller House Wife '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . And hey , while we 're talking cast members , HollywoodLife reports that actor Dylan Tuomy - Wilhoit will return to the show to reprise his role of Nicky , and it 's expected that his brother Blake will return to play Alex . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Landry Bender Talks Season 3 Of Fuller House '' . The Daily Shuffle . September 13 , 2017 . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Linda , Ge ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fuller House ' to Bring Back Stephanie 's Childhood Friend Harry in Recast Role ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( August 2 , 2015 ) . `` Full House Reunion Series Fuller House Nears 13 - Episode Netflix Order '' . TVLine . PMC . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( August 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' Full House ' to Return for New Season on Netflix : Report '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Michael ( April 3 , 2015 ) . `` ' Full House ' Cast Reacting to ' Fuller House ' Reunion Rumors '' . ABC News . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Michael ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Have mercy ! Netflix to stream ' Full House ' reunion , spinoff '' . CNN . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Orley , Emily ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` The `` Full House '' Spinoff Is Officially Coming To Netflix In 2016 `` . BuzzFeed . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` Fuller House Officially Snags 13 - Episode Order at Netflix -- Get Details on the Cast and ( Widow ? ! ) Storyline '' . TVLine . PMC . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Van Luling , Todd ( November 25 , 2015 ) . `` Olsen Twins Wo n't Be In ' Fuller House , ' Lori Loughlin Confirms '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Falcone , Dana Rose ( December 24 , 2015 ) . `` Carly Rae Jepsen to sing new Fuller House theme song '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fuller House Season 2 Is Coming Sooner Than You Expected '' . Eonline.com. April 19 , 2016 . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( 2016 - 09 - 21 ) . `` ' Fuller House ' Season 2 Premiere Date -- Returns In December 2016 '' . TVLine . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Fuller House on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` jeff franklin on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Jeff Franklin Mar 18 , 2017 at 9 : 29pm UTC '' . Instagram . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Jeff Franklin Sep 2 , 2017 '' . Instagram . Jump up ^ http://netflixlife.com/2017/06/26/fuller-house-season-3-netflix-release-date/ Jump up ^ Schmidt , Patrick ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` Fuller House season 3 , part 2 hits Netflix in December '' . Netflixlife.com . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitney Friedlander ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Full House ' Reboot : Dave Coulier Joins ' Fuller House ' on Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Uncle Jesse and Aunt Becky reunite on Fuller House set '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( June 11 , 2015 ) . `` Fuller House : Meet Danny 's ' Vivacious ' Wife , Kimmy 's ' Scoundrel ' Ex-Husband '' . TV Line . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Iredale , Jessica ( April 22 , 2015 ) . `` Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen Talk Full House Spinoff '' . wwd.com . Fairchild Publishing . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Megan McCluskey . `` Fuller House : Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen 's Absence Explained '' . TIME.com . Jump up ^ James Hibberd ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix says Olsen twins could still join Full House revival '' . ew.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ; Stanhope , Kate ( May 22 , 2015 ) . `` Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen Not Returning for ' Fuller House ' Revival ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Maglio , Tony ( December 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fuller House ' to Explain Away Michelle Tanner 's Absence in Ironic Fashion '' . TheWarp . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Kevin ( January 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fuller House ' Actually Tried to Get Elizabeth Olsen to Play Michelle '' . ScreenCrush . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Wagmeister ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Full House ' Creator Hopeful for Olsen Twins ' Return in Future ' Fuller House ' Seasons '' . Variety . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Randee Dawn ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` Olsen twins on 2nd season of ' Fuller House ' ? Why John Stamos has ' a good feeling ' '' . Today . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fuller House ' Recasts DJ Tanner 's Ex-Boyfriend '' . 2016 - 09 - 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Fuller House ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fuller House -- Season 1 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Feinberg , Dan . `` ' Fuller House ' : TV Review '' . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Weigand , David . `` ' Fuller House ' empty of laughs '' . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen . `` TV Review : ' Fuller House ' '' . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller , Victoria . `` ' Fuller House ' Backlash : Angry Parents Slam Netflix Reboot For Cursing , Sex , And Drug References '' . Jump up ^ Gay , Verne . `` ' Fuller House ' review : Netflix reboot strictly for fans '' . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Varner , Jenny . `` Fuller House : Season 2 Review -- IGN '' . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Swift , Andy ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2016 : CW Dramas , Pretty Little Liars Lead Early Noms '' . TVLine.com . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2016 : Teen Wolf , Vampire Diaries , PLL , Originals and More Snag Second - Wave Nominations '' . TVLine.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards Winners : Complete List '' . Variety . January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Calvario , Liz ( March 11 , 2017 ) . `` Kids ' Choice Awards : ' Fuller House , ' ' Ghostbusters ' & More Win Orange Blimps -- Complete Winners List '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fuller House DVD news : Season 1 Announced for 2017 - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fuller House Season 2 '' . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Fuller House on IMDb Fuller House at Rotten Tomatoes Fuller House at TV.com Fuller House at Metacritic Full House Characters Michelle Tanner Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Related articles Fuller House episodes Miller - Boyett Productions Miller - Milkis Productions TV series Petrocelli ( 1974 -- 76 ) Happy Days ( 1974 -- 84 ) Laverne & Shirley ( 1976 -- 83 ) Blansky 's Beauties ( 1977 ) Mork & Mindy ( 1978 -- 82 ) Makin ' It ( 1979 ) Out of the Blue ( 1979 ) $ weepstake $ ( 1979 ) Angie ( 1979 -- 80 ) Films The Heist ( 1972 ) The Weekend Nun ( 1972 ) Silver Streak ( 1976 ) Walkin ' Walter ( 1977 ) Foul Play ( 1978 ) Miller - Milkis - Boyett Productions TV series Goodtime Girls ( 1980 ) Bosom Buddies ( 1980 -- 82 ) Foul Play ( 1981 ) Joanie Loves Chachi ( 1982 -- 83 ) Films The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas ( 1982 ) Miller - Boyett Productions The Hogan Family ( 1986 -- 91 ) Perfect Strangers ( 1986 -- 93 ) Full House ( 1987 -- 95 ) Family Matters ( 1989 -- 98 ) The Family Man ( 1990 -- 91 ) Going Places ( 1990 -- 91 ) Step by Step ( 1991 -- 98 ) Getting By ( 1993 -- 94 ) On Our Own ( 1994 -- 95 ) Fuller House ( 2016 ) Miller - Boyett - Warren Productions Meego ( 1997 ) Two of a Kind ( 1998 -- 99 ) Robert L. Boyett Productions Partners ( 2014 ) See also Charles Fox Jesse Frederick Bickley - Warren Productions Paramount Television CBS Paramount Television CBS Television Studios Lorimar Television Warner Bros. Television This series began being produced under the Miller - Milkis - Boyett banner beginning with the 1980 -- 81 television season . 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-2386649118714072124	2018 FIFA World Cup qualification	2018 FIFA World Cup qualification - Wikipedia 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 16 August 2018 . 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification Tournament details Dates 12 March 2015 -- 15 November 2017 Teams 210 ( from 6 confederations ) Tournament statistics Matches played 872 Goals scored 2,454 ( 2.81 per match ) Attendance 18,720,691 ( 21,469 per match ) Top scorer ( s ) Robert Lewandowski Mohammad Al - Sahlawi Ahmed Khalil ( 16 goals each ) ← 2014 2022 → The 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification process was a series of tournaments organised by the six FIFA confederations to decide 31 of the 32 teams which would play in the 2018 FIFA World Cup , with Russia qualifying automatically as hosts . All 210 remaining FIFA member associations were eligible to enter the qualifying process , and for the first time in World Cup history , all eligible national teams registered for the preliminary competition , but Zimbabwe and Indonesia were disqualified before playing their first matches . Bhutan , South Sudan , Gibraltar and Kosovo made their FIFA World Cup qualification debuts . Myanmar , having successfully appealed against a ban from the competition for crowd trouble during a 2014 World Cup qualifying tie against Oman , were obliged to play all their home matches outside the country . While the main qualifying draw took place at the Konstantinovsky Palace in Strelna , Saint Petersburg , on 25 July 2015 , qualification matches were played before that . The first , between Timor - Leste and Mongolia , began in Dili on 12 March 2015 as part of the AFC 's qualification , with East Timorese player Chiquito do Carmo scoring the first goal in qualification . Matches were also played in CONCACAF prior to the main draw . Contents 1 Qualified teams 2 Qualification process 2.1 Proposal for expansion 2.2 Summary of qualification 3 Format 3.1 Tiebreakers 4 Confederation qualification 4.1 AFC 4.1. 1 Final positions ( third round ) 4.1. 2 Play - off for 5th place ( fourth round ) 4.2 CAF 4.2. 1 Final positions ( third round ) 4.3 CONCACAF 4.3. 1 Final positions ( fifth round ) 4.4 CONMEBOL 4.4. 1 Final positions 4.5 OFC 4.5. 1 Final positions ( third round ) 4.6 UEFA 4.6. 1 Final positions ( first round ) 4.6. 2 Play - offs ( second round ) 5 Inter-confederation play - offs 5.1 CONCACAF v AFC 5.2 OFC v CONMEBOL 6 Top goalscorers 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Qualified teams ( edit ) Teams qualified for World Cup Teams failed to qualify for World Cup Teams expelled from the tournament by FIFA prior to playing a match Countries were not FIFA members Team Method of qualification Date of qualification Finals appearance Last appearance Consecutive finals appearances Previous best performance Russia Hosts 2 December 2010 11th 2014 Fourth place ( 1966 ) Brazil CONMEBOL Round Robin winners 28 March 2017 21st 2014 21 Winners ( 1958 , 1962 , 1970 , 1994 , 2002 ) Iran AFC Third Round Group A winners 12 June 2017 5th 2014 Group stage ( 1978 , 1998 , 2006 , 2014 ) Japan AFC Third Round Group B winners 31 August 2017 6th 2014 6 Round of 16 ( 2002 , 2010 ) Mexico CONCACAF Fifth Round winners 1 September 2017 16th 2014 7 Quarter - finals ( 1970 , 1986 ) Belgium UEFA Group H winners 3 September 2017 13th 2014 Fourth place ( 1986 ) South Korea AFC Third Round Group A runners - up 5 September 2017 10th 2014 9 Fourth place ( 2002 ) Saudi Arabia AFC Third Round Group B runners - up 5 September 2017 5th 2006 Round of 16 ( 1994 ) Germany UEFA Group C winners 5 October 2017 19th 2014 17 Winners ( 1954 , 1974 , 1990 , 2014 ) England UEFA Group F winners 5 October 2017 15th 2014 6 Winners ( 1966 ) Spain UEFA Group G winners 6 October 2017 15th 2014 11 Winners ( 2010 ) Nigeria CAF Third Round Group B winners 7 October 2017 6th 2014 Round of 16 ( 1994 , 1998 , 2014 ) Costa Rica CONCACAF Fifth Round runners - up 7 October 2017 5th 2014 Quarter - finals ( 2014 ) Poland UEFA Group E winners 8 October 2017 8th 2006 Third place ( 1974 , 1982 ) Egypt CAF Third Round Group E winners 8 October 2017 3rd 1990 First round ( 1934 ) , Group stage ( 1990 ) Iceland UEFA Group I winners 9 October 2017 1st -- -- Serbia UEFA Group D winners 9 October 2017 12th Fourth place ( 1930 , 1962 ) Portugal UEFA Group B winners 10 October 2017 7th 2014 5 Third place ( 1966 ) France UEFA Group A winners 10 October 2017 15th 2014 6 Winners ( 1998 ) Uruguay CONMEBOL Round Robin runners - up 10 October 2017 13th 2014 Winners ( 1930 , 1950 ) Argentina CONMEBOL Round Robin third place 10 October 2017 17th 2014 12 Winners ( 1978 , 1986 ) Colombia CONMEBOL Round Robin fourth place 10 October 2017 6th 2014 Quarter - finals ( 2014 ) Panama CONCACAF Fifth Round third place 10 October 2017 1st -- -- Senegal CAF Third Round Group D winners 10 November 2017 2nd 2002 Quarter - finals ( 2002 ) Morocco CAF Third Round Group C winners 11 November 2017 5th 1998 Round of 16 ( 1986 ) Tunisia CAF Third Round Group A winners 11 November 2017 5th 2006 Group stage ( 1978 , 1998 , 2002 , 2006 ) Switzerland UEFA Second Round winners 12 November 2017 11th 2014 Quarter - finals ( 1934 , 1938 , 1954 ) Croatia UEFA Second Round winners 12 November 2017 5th 2014 Third place ( 1998 ) Sweden UEFA Second Round winners 13 November 2017 12th 2006 Runners - up ( 1958 ) Denmark UEFA Second Round winners 14 November 2017 5th Quarter - finals ( 1998 ) Australia CONCACAF v AFC play - off winners 15 November 2017 5th 2014 Round of 16 ( 2006 ) Peru OFC v CONMEBOL play - off winners 15 November 2017 5th 1982 Quarter - finals ( 1970 ) , Second round ( 1978 ) Notes : This is the 4th appearance of Russia at the FIFA World Cup ; however , FIFA considers Russia as the successor team of the Soviet Union who themselves qualified on 7 occasions . : Russia 's best result is group stage in 1994 , 2002 and 2014 ; however , FIFA considers Russia as the successor team of the Soviet Union who achieved this result . : Germany between 1951 and 1990 is often referred to as `` West Germany '' , as a separate East German state and team existed then . : This is the 2nd appearance of Serbia at the FIFA World Cup . However , FIFA considers Serbia as the successor team of the Yugoslavia and Serbia and Montenegro national teams , who between them qualified on 10 occasions . : No official third place match took place in 1930 and no official third place was awarded at the time ; both United States and Yugoslavia lost in the semi-finals . However , FIFA lists the teams as third and fourth respectively using the overall records of the teams in the tournament . : In 1978 , the second round was another group stage which involved 8 teams qualified from the first round . Qualification process ( edit ) The number of teams participating in the final tournament was 32 . Even though the qualification process began in March 2015 , the allocation of slots for each confederation was discussed by the FIFA Executive Committee on 30 May 2015 in Zürich after the FIFA Congress . It was decided that the same allocation as 2014 would be kept for the 2018 and 2022 tournaments . Proposal for expansion ( edit ) In October 2013 , UEFA President Michel Platini proposed that the World Cup finals should be expanded from 32 to 40 teams starting from 2018 . The format would have been the same , but in groups of five instead of four . This was in response to FIFA President Sepp Blatter 's comments that Africa and Asia deserved more spots in the World Cup finals at the expense of European and South American teams . However , FIFA general secretary Jérôme Valcke said that expansion in 2018 would be `` unlikely '' , while Russian sports minister Vitaly Mutko said that the country was `` preparing on the basis that 32 teams will be taking part . '' Expansion was ultimately delayed until 10 January 2017 , when the FIFA Council voted unanimously to expand to 48 teams starting in the 2026 FIFA World Cup . Summary of qualification ( edit ) While all FIFA members entered the tournament , not all competed . Zimbabwe were expelled from the competition on 12 March 2015 for their failure to pay former coach José Claudinei a severance fee and Indonesia were excluded from the qualifying competition following the suspension of their football association by FIFA on 30 May 2015 . Kuwait had a number of their qualifiers cancelled for a similar suspension that began while their campaign was underway , which eventually resulted in their elimination . Brazil were the first team to achieve qualification for the tournament following their 3 -- 0 victory over Paraguay and Uruguay 's loss to Peru on 28 March 2017 . Peru became the 32nd and final team to qualify when , 233 days after Brazil secured their place , they beat New Zealand 2 -- 0 on aggregate in the OFC - CONMEBOL play - off . Confederation Available slots in finals Teams started Teams eliminated Teams qualified Qualifying start date Qualifying end date AFC 4.5 46 41 5 12 March 2015 15 November 2017 CAF 5 54 49 5 7 October 2015 14 November 2017 CONCACAF 3.5 35 32 22 March 2015 15 November 2017 CONMEBOL 4.5 10 5 5 8 October 2015 15 November 2017 OFC 0.5 11 11 0 31 August 2015 15 November 2017 UEFA 13 + 1 54 + 1 41 13 + 1 4 September 2016 14 November 2017 Total 31 + 1 210 + 1 179 31 + 1 12 March 2015 15 November 2017 Note : One team each from AFC , CONCACAF , CONMEBOL , and OFC played in the inter-confederation play - offs , between 10 -- 15 November 2017 ( CONCACAF v AFC and OFC v CONMEBOL ) . Note : UEFA total includes + 1 for Russia as hosts . Format ( edit ) The formats of the qualifying competitions depended on each confederation ( see below ) . Each round might be played in either of the following formats : League format , where more than two teams formed groups to play home - and - away round - robin matches , or in exceptions permitted by the FIFA Organizing Committee , single round - robin matches hosted by one of the participating teams or on neutral territory . Knockout format , where two teams played home - and - away two - legged matches . Tiebreakers ( edit ) In league format , the ranking of teams in each group is based on the following criteria ( regulations Articles 20.6 and 20.7 ) : Points ( 3 points for a win , 1 point for a draw , 0 points for a loss ) Overall goal difference Overall goals scored Points in matches between tied teams Goal difference in matches between tied teams Goals scored in matches between tied teams Away goals scored in matches between tied teams ( if the tie is only between two teams in home - and - away league format ) Fair play points first yellow card : minus 1 point indirect red card ( second yellow card ) : minus 3 points direct red card : minus 4 points yellow card and direct red card : minus 5 points Drawing of lots by the FIFA Organising Committee In cases where teams finishing in the same position across different groups are compared for determining which teams advance to the next stage , the criteria is decided by the confederation and require the approval of FIFA ( regulations Article 20.8 ) . In knockout format , the team that has the higher aggregate score over the two legs progresses to the next round . In the event that aggregate scores finish level , the away goals rule is applied , i.e. the team that scored more goals away from home over the two legs progresses . If away goals are also equal , then thirty minutes of extra time are played , divided into two fifteen - minutes halves . The away goals rule is again applied after extra time , i.e. if there are goals scored during extra time and the aggregate score is still level , the visiting team qualifies by virtue of more away goals scored . If no goals are scored during extra time , the tie is decided by penalty shoot - out ( regulations Article 20.9 ) . Confederation qualification ( edit ) AFC ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ( AFC ) The AFC Executive Committee meeting on 16 April 2014 approved the proposal to merge the preliminary qualification rounds of the FIFA World Cup and the AFC Asian Cup , which will be expanded to 24 teams starting in 2019 : First round : 12 teams ( ranked 35 -- 46 ) played home - and - away over two legs . The six winners advanced to the second round . Second round : 40 teams ( teams ranked 1 -- 34 and six first round winners ) were divided into eight groups of five teams to play home - and - away round - robin matches . The eight group winners and the four best group runners - up advanced to the third round of FIFA World Cup qualification as well as qualified for the 2019 AFC Asian Cup finals . Third round : The 12 teams ( an increase from 10 for 2014 ) which advanced from the second round were divided into two groups of six teams to play home - and - away round - robin matches . The top two teams of each group qualified for the 2018 FIFA World Cup , and the two third - placed teams advanced to the fourth round . Fourth round : The two third - placed teams of each group from the third round played home - and - away over two legs . The winners advanced to the inter-confederation play - offs , playing the fourth - placed CONCACAF team . Final positions ( third round ) ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification -- AFC Third Round The draw for the third round was held on 12 April 2016 at the Mandarin Oriental Hotel in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . Group A Pos Team Pld Pts Iran 10 22 South Korea 10 15 Syria 10 13 Uzbekistan 10 13 5 China PR 10 12 6 Qatar 10 7 Source : FIFA Group B Pos Team Pld Pts Japan 10 20 Saudi Arabia 10 19 Australia 10 19 United Arab Emirates 10 13 5 Iraq 10 11 6 Thailand 10 Source : FIFA Play - off for 5th place ( fourth round ) ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification -- AFC Fourth Round The third - placed teams from each group in the third round played against each other home - and - away over two legs to determine which team advanced to the inter-confederation play - offs . Team 1 Agg . Team 2 1st leg 2nd leg Syria 2 -- 3 Australia 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) CAF ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ( CAF ) The CAF Executive Committee approved the format for the qualifiers of the 2018 FIFA World Cup on 14 January 2015 . However , on 9 July 2015 FIFA officially announced that only three rounds would be played instead of four . First round : 26 teams ( ranked 28 -- 53 ) played home - and - away over two legs . The 13 winners advanced to the second round . Second round : 40 teams ( teams ranked 1 -- 27 and 13 first round winners ) played home - and - away over two legs . The 20 winners advanced to the third round . Third round : The 20 teams which had advanced from the second round were divided into five groups of four teams to play home - and - away round - robin matches . The winners of each group qualified for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Zimbabwe , even though they entered the competition , were expelled on 12 March 2015 for their failure to pay former coach José Claudinei a severance fee . Therefore , only 53 African teams were involved in the draw . Final positions ( third round ) ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification -- CAF Third Round The draw for the third round was held on 24 June 2016 at the CAF headquarters in Cairo , Egypt . Group A Pos Team Pld Pts Tunisia 6 14 DR Congo 6 13 Libya 6 Guinea 6 Source : FIFA Group B Pos Team Pld Pts Nigeria 6 13 Zambia 6 8 Cameroon 6 7 Algeria 6 Source : FIFA Group C Pos Team Pld Pts Morocco 6 12 Ivory Coast 6 8 Gabon 6 6 Mali 6 Source : FIFA Group D Pos Team Pld Pts Senegal 6 14 Burkina Faso 6 9 Cape Verde 6 6 South Africa 6 Source : FIFA Group E Pos Team Pld Pts Egypt 6 13 Uganda 6 9 Ghana 6 7 Congo 6 Source : FIFA CONCACAF ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ( CONCACAF ) An amendment to the qualification process for this tournament had been suggested , which would see the first three rounds played as knockout rounds , with both the fourth round and the final round ( referred to as ' The Hex ' ) played as group stages . The first round would be played during the FIFA international dates of 23 -- 31 March 2015 . CONCACAF announced the full details on 12 January 2015 : First round : 14 teams ( teams ranked 22 -- 35 ) played home - and - away over two legs . The seven winners advanced to the second round . Second round : 20 teams ( teams ranked 9 -- 21 and seven first round winners ) played home - and - away over two legs . The ten winners advanced to the third round . Third round : 12 teams ( teams ranked 7 -- 8 and ten second round winners ) played home - and - away over two legs . The six winners advanced to the fourth round . Fourth round : 12 teams ( teams ranked 1 -- 6 and six third round winners ) were divided into three groups of four teams to play home - and - away round - robin matches . The top two teams of each group advanced to the fifth round . Fifth round : The six teams which advanced from the fourth round played home - and - away round - robin matches in one single group . The top three teams qualified for the 2018 FIFA World Cup , and the fourth - placed team advanced to the inter-confederation play - offs , playing the winners of the Asian Football Confederation play - off . Final positions ( fifth round ) ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification -- CONCACAF Fifth Round The draw for the fifth round ( to decide the fixtures ) was held on 8 July 2016 at the CONCACAF headquarters in Miami Beach , United States . Pos Team Pld Pts Mexico 10 21 Costa Rica 10 16 Panama 10 13 Honduras 10 13 5 United States 10 12 6 Trinidad and Tobago 10 6 Source : FIFA CONMEBOL ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ( CONMEBOL ) The qualification structure was the same as the previous five editions . The ten teams played in a league of home - and - away round - robin matches . The top four teams qualified for the 2018 FIFA World Cup , and the fifth - placed team advanced to the inter-confederation play - offs , playing the winners of the Oceania Football Confederation qualifying competition . Unlike previous qualifying tournaments where the fixtures were pre-determined , the fixtures were decided by a draw held on 25 July 2015 , at the Konstantinovsky Palace in Strelna , Saint Petersburg , Russia . Final positions ( edit ) Pos Team Pld Pts Brazil 18 41 Uruguay 18 31 Argentina 18 28 Colombia 18 27 5 Peru 18 26 6 Chile 18 26 7 Paraguay 18 24 8 Ecuador 18 20 9 Bolivia 18 14 10 Venezuela 18 12 Source : FIFA OFC ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ( OFC ) The qualification structure was as follows : First round : American Samoa , Cook Islands , Samoa , and Tonga played a round - robin tournament at a single country . The winners advanced to the second round . Second round ( OFC Nations Cup ) : A total of eight teams ( Fiji , New Caledonia , New Zealand , Papua New Guinea , Solomon Islands , Tahiti , Vanuatu , and the first round winner ) played the tournament at a single country . For the group stage , they were divided into two groups of four teams . The top three teams of each group advanced to the third round of World Cup qualifying . The top two teams of each group also advanced to the knockout stage ( semi-finals and final ) to decide the 2016 OFC Nations Cup winners which would play in the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup . Third round : The six teams which advanced from the second round were divided into two groups of three teams to play home - and - away round - robin matches . The two group winners met in a two - legged match with the winners advancing to the inter-confederation play - offs , playing the fifth - placed CONMEBOL team . The OFC had considered different proposals of the qualifying tournament . A previous proposal adopted by the OFC in October 2014 would have the eight teams divided into two groups of four teams to play home - and - away round - robin matches in the second round , followed by the top two teams of each group advancing to the third round to play in a single group of home - and - away round - robin matches to decide the winners of the 2016 OFC Nations Cup which would qualify to the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup and advance to the inter-confederation play - offs . However , it was later reported in April 2015 that the OFC had reversed its decision , and the 2016 OFC Nations Cup was played as a one - off tournament similar to the 2012 OFC Nations Cup . Final positions ( third round ) ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification -- OFC Third Round The draw for the third round was held on 8 July 2016 at the OFC headquarters in Auckland , New Zealand . Group A Pos Team Pld Pts New Zealand 10 New Caledonia 5 Fiji Source : FIFA Group B Pos Team Pld Pts Solomon Islands 9 Tahiti 6 Papua New Guinea Source : FIFA Final The draw for the final ( which decided the order of legs ) was held on 15 June 2017 at the OFC headquarters in Auckland , New Zealand . The winners of the final advanced to inter-confederation play - offs . Team 1 Agg . Team 2 1st leg 2nd leg New Zealand 8 -- 3 Solomon Islands 6 -- 1 2 -- 2 UEFA ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ( UEFA ) Russia qualified automatically as hosts . The qualifying format for the remaining FIFA - affiliated UEFA teams was confirmed by the UEFA Executive Committee meeting on 22 -- 23 March 2015 in Vienna . First round ( group stage ) : The 52 UEFA teams affiliated with FIFA at the time of the draw were divided into nine groups ( seven groups of six teams and two groups of five teams ) to play home - and - away round - robin matches . The winners of each group qualified for the 2018 FIFA World Cup , and the eight best runners - up advanced to the second round ( play - offs ) . With the admission of Gibraltar and Kosovo as FIFA members in May 2016 , both national teams were eligible to make their debuts in World Cup qualifying . With initially two groups in the first round having only five teams , Kosovo was assigned to Group I as it was decided that Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia should not play against Kosovo for security reasons , and Gibraltar was then added to Group H , so that each of the nine groups then had six teams . Second round ( play - offs ) : The eight best runners - up from the first round played one other team over two legs , home and away . The four winners qualified for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Final positions ( first round ) ( edit ) The draw for the first round was held on 25 July 2015 , at the Konstantinovsky Palace in Strelna , Saint Petersburg , Russia . Qualification to 2018 FIFA World Cup Advance to Second round ( play - offs ) Group A Group B Group C Pos Team Pld Pts France 10 23 Sweden 10 19 Netherlands 10 19 Bulgaria 10 13 5 Luxembourg 10 6 6 Belarus 10 5 Source : FIFA Pos Team Pld Pts Portugal 10 27 Switzerland 10 27 Hungary 10 13 Faroe Islands 10 9 5 Latvia 10 7 6 Andorra 10 Source : FIFA Pos Team Pld Pts Germany 10 30 Northern Ireland 10 19 Czech Republic 10 15 Norway 10 13 5 Azerbaijan 10 10 6 San Marino 10 0 Source : FIFA Group D Group E Group F Pos Team Pld Pts Serbia 10 21 Republic of Ireland 10 19 Wales 10 17 Austria 10 15 5 Georgia 10 5 6 Moldova 10 Source : FIFA Pos Team Pld Pts Poland 10 25 Denmark 10 20 Montenegro 10 16 Romania 10 13 5 Armenia 10 7 6 Kazakhstan 10 Source : FIFA Pos Team Pld Pts England 10 26 Slovakia 10 18 Scotland 10 18 Slovenia 10 15 5 Lithuania 10 6 6 Malta 10 Source : FIFA Group G Group H Group I Pos Team Pld Pts Spain 10 28 Italy 10 23 Albania 10 13 Israel 10 12 5 Macedonia 10 11 6 Liechtenstein 10 0 Source : FIFA Pos Team Pld Pts Belgium 10 28 Greece 10 19 Bosnia and Herzegovina 10 17 Estonia 10 11 5 Cyprus 10 10 6 Gibraltar 10 0 Source : FIFA Pos Team Pld Pts Iceland 10 22 Croatia 10 20 Ukraine 10 17 Turkey 10 15 5 Finland 10 9 6 Kosovo 10 Source : FIFA Ranking of runners - up In deciding the eight best runners - up , the matches against the sixth - placed team in each group were discarded . Pos Grp Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Switzerland 8 7 0 18 6 + 12 21 Advance to second round ( play - offs ) Italy 8 5 12 8 + 4 17 Denmark 8 13 6 + 7 14 Croatia 8 8 + 4 14 5 Sweden 8 18 9 + 9 13 6 Northern Ireland 8 10 6 + 4 13 7 Greece 8 9 5 + 4 13 8 Republic of Ireland 8 7 5 + 2 13 9 Slovakia 8 0 11 6 + 5 12 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Counting only matches against teams ranked first to fifth in the group , 1 ) Points ; 2 ) Goal difference ; 3 ) Goals scored ; 4 ) Fair play points ; 5 ) Drawing of lots . Play - offs ( second round ) ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification -- UEFA Second Round The draw for the second round ( play - offs ) was held on 17 October 2017 at the FIFA headquarters in Zürich , Switzerland . The winners of each tie qualified for the World Cup . Team 1 Agg . Team 2 1st leg 2nd leg Northern Ireland 0 -- 1 Switzerland 0 -- 1 0 -- 0 Croatia 4 -- 1 Greece 4 -- 1 0 -- 0 Denmark 5 -- 1 Republic of Ireland 0 -- 0 5 -- 1 Sweden 1 -- 0 Italy 1 -- 0 0 -- 0 Inter-confederation play - offs ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ( inter-confederation play - offs ) There were two inter-confederation playoffs to determine the final two qualification spots for the finals . The first legs were played on 10 and 11 November 2017 , and the second legs were played on 15 November 2017 . The matchups were decided at the preliminary draw which was held on 25 July 2015 , at the Konstantinovsky Palace in Strelna , Saint Petersburg , Russia . CONCACAF v AFC ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ( CONCACAF -- AFC play - off ) Team 1 Agg . Team 2 1st leg 2nd leg Honduras 1 -- 3 Australia 0 -- 0 1 -- 3 OFC v CONMEBOL ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ( OFC -- CONMEBOL play - off ) Team 1 Agg . Team 2 1st leg 2nd leg New Zealand 0 -- 2 Peru 0 -- 0 0 -- 2 Top goalscorers ( edit ) 16 goals Robert Lewandowski Mohammad Al - Sahlawi Ahmed Khalil 15 goals Cristiano Ronaldo 11 goals Tim Cahill Romelu Lukaku Christian Eriksen Sardar Azmoun 10 goals Mile Jedinak Omar Kharbin Edinson Cavani 9 goals Carlos Ruiz André Silva Hassan Al - Haydos Ali Mabkhout 8 goals Yang Xu Mehdi Taremi Chris Wood Marcus Berg Jozy Altidore For each confederation and inter-confederation play - offs , see sections in each article : AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Inter-confederation play - offs Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : This player 's goal tally includes one or more goals which the player scored in matches that were subsequently forfeited , but which FIFA continues to count in its statistics . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Road to Russia with new milestone '' . FIFA.com. 15 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zimbabwe expelled from the preliminary competition of the 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia '' . FIFA.com. 12 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indonesia disqualified from 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia and AFC Asian Cup 2019 qualifiers '' . FIFA.com. 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Modest Bhutan begin World Cup adventure '' . FIFA.com. 11 March 2015 . Archived from the original on 13 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` South Sudan 's World Cup debut ended early by rain '' . bbc.co.uk. 7 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA Congress drives football forward , first female secretary general appointed '' . FIFA.com. 13 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kosovo to play in Group I in European Qualifiers '' . uefa.org . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 9 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kosovo and Gibraltar assigned to 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifying groups '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) . 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Myanmar appeal partially upheld '' . FIFA. 7 November 2011 . Retrieved 13 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Organising Committee for the FIFA World Cup extends its responsibilities to cover 2018 and 2022 '' . FIFA.com. 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Konstantinovsky Palace to stage Preliminary Draw of the 2018 FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA.com. 10 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ethics : Executive Committee unanimously supports recommendation to publish report on 2018 / 2022 FIFA World Cup bidding process '' . FIFA.com. 19 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Long road to Russia begins in Dili '' . FIFA.com. 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2022 FIFA World Cup to be played in November / December '' . FIFA.com. 20 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Current allocation of FIFA World Cup confederation slots maintained '' . FIFA.com. 30 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA chief Platini calls for 40 team World Cup '' . Reuters. 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Blatter wants more Africa slots for World Cup '' . Confederation of African Football . 26 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Michel Platini 's World Cup expansion plan unlikely -- Fifa '' . BBC Sport. 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 World Cup expansion ' unlikely ' , says Valcke '' . Soccerway. 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Unanimous decision expands FIFA World Cup to 48 teams from 2026 '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 10 January 2017 . Retrieved 10 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Suspension of the Kuwait Football Association '' . FIFA.com. 16 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil qualify for 2018 World Cup after Coutinho and Neymar down Paraguay '' . The Guardian . 29 March 2017 . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Peru beat New Zealand 2 - 0 to secure final place '' . BBC Sport. 16 November 2017 . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Regulations -- 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` ExCo approves expanded AFC Asian Cup finals '' . AFC. 16 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup : Asian Qualifying Round 3 line up complete '' . Asian Football Confederation . 30 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FORMAT OF 2017 AFCON QUALIFIERS AND 2018 WORLD CUP '' . CAFonline.com. 22 January 2015 . Retrieved 23 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Preliminary Draw procedures outlined '' . fifa.com. 9 July 2015 . Retrieved 9 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` June draw for third round of African Zone qualifiers '' . FIFA.com. 20 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Concacaf estrenará formato de eliminatoria ; sigue el Hexagonal '' ( New format for Concacaf qualification - Hexagonal retained ) ( in Spanish ) . ESPN Mexico . 23 September 2014 . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Canada begins 2018 World Cup qualification in June '' . Sportsnet. 19 November 2014 . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CONCACAF to Hold Preliminary FIFA World Cup Qualifying Draw in Miami on January 15 '' . CONCACAF. 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` USMNT to start 2018 World Cup qualifying in November of 2015 '' . Sports Illustrated . 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Draw Scheduled for the Final Round of CONCACAF Qualifying for FIFA World Cup Russia 2018 '' . CONCACAF.com. 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A unanimous decision : A draw will determine the classifications for the World Cup and CONMEBOL Tournaments '' . CONMEBOL.com. 23 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Preliminary competition format outlined '' . Oceania Football Confederation . 10 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` OFC Executive Committee decisions '' . OFC . Archived from the original on 13 September 2016 . Retrieved 20 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` OFC Executive Committee outcomes '' . Oceania Football Confederation . 20 October 2014 . Archived from the original on 5 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Football : Heat goes on NZ after switch '' . New Zealand Herald . 12 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stage 3 draw complete '' . Oceania Football Confederation . Archived from the original on 19 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand at home first in OFC play - off '' . FIFA . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Executive Committee date in Vienna '' . UEFA.org. 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New distribution concept for club competitions approved '' . UEFA.org. 23 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Focus switches to World Cup qualifying '' . UEFA.com. 22 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Competition format - FIFA World Cup - News - UEFA.com '' . uefa.com . UEFA . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` As it stands : ranking of second - placed teams '' . UEFA.com. 3 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup European play - off draw to take place on 17 October '' . FIFA.com. 6 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dates set for Socceroos - Honduras World Cup qualifier '' . SBS the World Game . 15 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All Whites to play first leg against Peru on Saturday afternoon '' . nzherald.co.nz . The New Zealand Herald . 15 October 2017 . Retrieved 15 October 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to FIFA World Cup 2018 qualifying . Official FIFA World Cup website Qualifiers , FIFA.com 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification AFC First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round ( play - off ) CAF First Round Second Round Third Round CONCACAF First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round Fifth Round CONMEBOL Round Robin OFC First Round Second Round ( Nations Cup ) Third Round UEFA First Round Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Group G Group H Group I Second Round ( play - offs ) Play - offs CONCACAF v AFC OFC v CONMEBOL 2018 FIFA World Cup Stages Group stage Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Group G Group H Knockout stage Final General information Qualification Bids Broadcasting rights Controversies Discipline Officials Opening ceremony Seeding Squads Statistics Official symbols Adidas Telstar 18 ( ball ) `` Live It Up '' ( song ) Zabivaka ( mascot ) FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification&oldid=855156820 '' Categories : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification 2018 FIFA World Cup FIFA World Cup qualification Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Use dmy dates from February 2016 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 August 2018 , at 09 : 40 ( UTC ) . 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-4495140795749895804	Catechism of a Revolutionary	Catechism of a revolutionary - wikipedia Catechism of a revolutionary Anarchist and nihilist revolutionary Sergey Nechayev ( 1847 -- 1882 ) The Catechism of a Revolutionary refers to a manifesto written by Russian revolutionary Sergey Nechayev between April and August 1869 . Contents 1 The Manifesto 2 Criticism 3 See also 4 Footnotes 5 References 6 External links The manifesto ( edit ) The manifesto is a manual for the formation of secret societies . It is debated how much input Mikhail Bakunin had or if it is solely the work of Nechayev . The work called for total devotion to a revolutionary lifestyle . Its publication in the Government Herald in July 1871 as the manifesto of the Narodnaya Rasprava secret society ( `` Общество народной расправы '' ) was one of the most dramatic events of Nechayev 's revolutionary life , through its words and the actions it inspired establishing Nechayev 's importance for the Nihilist movement . The Catechism is divided into two sections ; General Rules of the Organisation and Rules of Conduct of Revolutionaries , 22 and 26 paragraphs long respectively ; abridged versions were published as excerpts in the anarchist periodicals Freiheit and The Alarm . The most radical document of its age , the Catechism outlined the authors ' revolutionary Jacobin program of organisation and discipline , a program that became the backbone of the radical movement in Russia . The revolutionary is portrayed in the Catechism as an amoral avenging angel , an expendable resource in the service of the revolution , committed to any crime or treachery necessary to effect the downfall of the prevailing order . The revolutionary is a doomed man . He has no private interests , no affairs , sentiments , ties , property nor even a name of his own . His entire being is devoured by one purpose , one thought , one passion - the revolution . Heart and soul , not merely by word but by deed , he has severed every link with the social order and with the entire civilized world ; with the laws , good manners , conventions , and morality of that world . He is its merciless enemy and continues to inhabit it with only one purpose - to destroy it . -- -- Catechism of a Revolutionary , opening lines . Criticism ( edit ) Critics of anarchism argue that the Catechism reflects the innately violent and nihilistic nature of the philosophy . Scholar Michael Allen Gillespie has hailed the Catechism as `` a pre-eminent expression of the doctrine of freedom and negation '' that arose in the Fichtean notion of the `` Absolute I '' that had been concealed in Left Hegelianism . Prominent Black Panther of the 20th century Eldridge Cleaver adopted the Catechism as a `` revolutionary bible '' , incorporating it into his daily life to the extent that he employed , in his words , `` tactics of ruthlessness in my dealings with everyone with whom I came into contact '' . The ideas and sentiments in the work had been in part previously aired by Zaichnevsky and Nikolai Ishutin in Russia , and by Carbonari and Young Italy in the West . The journal Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique published a letter from Bakunin to Nechayev , in which Bakunin wrote , `` You remember how you were angry with me , when I called you abrek and called your Catechism the Catechism of abreks ? '' See also ( edit ) Russian nihilist movement Anarchism and violence Professional revolutionaries The Demons , an 1872 novel by Fyodor Dostoevsky influenced by the events surrounding the publication of the Catechism . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Leier , Mark ( 2006 ) . Bakunin : The Creative Passion . Seven Stories Press . p. 232 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58322 - 894 - 4 . Jump up ^ Wesson , Robert ( 1978 ) . Lenin 's Legacy . Stanford : Hoover Institution Press , Stanford University . p. 9 . ISBN 0 - 8179 - 6922 - 5 . Jump up ^ Heller , Mikhail ( 1988 ) . Cogs in the Wheel . New York : Knopf . p. 12 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 56926 - 1 . The Catechism of a Revolutionary , a chilling blueprint for the ideal `` New Man , '' was the manifesto of a secret society called The People 's Revenge ( Narodnaya Rasprava ) ... ^ Jump up to : Avrich p. 38 Jump up ^ Crenshaw , Martha ( 1995 ) . Terrorism in Context . University Park : Pennsylvania State University Press . p. 72 . ISBN 0 - 271 - 01015 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Gillespie , Michael ( 1995 ) . Nihilism before Nietzsche . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . pp. 162 -- 163 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 29347 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Avrich , Paul ( 1986 ) . The Haymarket Tragedy . Princeton : Princeton University Press . p. 171 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 00600 - 8 . Jump up ^ Moser , Charles ( 1992 ) . The Cambridge History of Russian Literature . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 265 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 42567 - 0 . Jump up ^ Mclaughlin , Paul ( 2007 ) . Anarchism and Authority . Aldershot : Ashgate . p. 7 . ISBN 0 - 7546 - 6196 - 2 . Jump up ^ Avrich p. 13 Jump up ^ Avrich , p. 37 Jump up ^ Michaël Confino Bakunin et Nečaev Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique Année 1966 Volume 7 Numéro 7 - 4 pp. 581 -- 699 References ( edit ) Avrich , Paul ( 1990 ) . Anarchist Portraits . Princeton : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 00609 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : ru : Катехизис революционера Nechayev , The Revolutionary Catechism Anarchism Schools of thought Classical Individualist Egoist Mutualist Social / Left Collectivist Communist Magonist Post-classical Feminist Green Naturist Primitivist Vegan Pacifist Insurrectionary Religious Christian Buddhist Jewish Panarchism Without adjectives Contemporary Black Cryptographic Free - market Agorist Postcolonial Post-left Post-anarchist Queer Transhumanist Philosophical Existentialist Voluntaryism Theory and practice Types of federation Affinity group Anarcho - syndicalism Synthesis anarchism Platformism Anarchy Anarchist Black Cross Anationalism Anti-authoritarianism Anti-militarism Autonomous social center Autonomous zone Permanent Temporary Black bloc Classless society Class struggle Commune Human community Model of government Community unionism Consensus democracy Conscientious objector Counter-economics Decentralization Deep ecology Direct action Direct democracy Dual power Especifismo Expropriative anarchism Free association Free love Free school Freethought Grassroots Horizontalidad Illegalism Individualism Individual reclamation Industrial unionism Isocracy Law Non-aggression principle Participism Parecon Parpolity Prefigurative politics Proletarian internationalism Propaganda of the deed Revolution Rewilding Social center Social ecology Somatherapy Spontaneous order Stateless society Squatting Union of egoists Issues Anarcho - capitalism Animal rights Arts Capitalism Education Criticisms Islam Marxism Nationalism Orthodox Judaism Religion Love and sex Violence People 17 -- 18th c . Gerrard Winstanley Sylvain Maréchal Gracchus Babeuf 19th c . William Godwin Max Stirner Pierre - Joseph Proudhon Josiah Warren Henry David Thoreau Mikhail Bakunin Lysander Spooner Gustave Courbet Eugène Pottier Camille Pissarro Louise Michel Élisée Reclus Leo Tolstoy Ravachol Johann Most Giovanni Passannante Peter Kropotkin Francisco Ferrer Guardia Leon Czolgosz Voltairine de Cleyre Luigi Lucheni 20th c . Errico Malatesta Gustav Landauer Luigi Galleani Benjamin Tucker Ricardo Flores Magón Lucy Parsons Alexander Berkman Franz Kafka Emma Goldman Max Nettlau Erich Mühsam Sacco and Vanzetti Nestor Makhno Volin Rudolf Rocker Buenaventura Durruti Albert Camus Daniel Guérin Federica Montseny Jacques Ellul Salvador Puig Antich Abbie Hoffman Murray Bookchin Ivan Illich Kurt Vonnegut Howard Zinn Ursula Le Guin Noam Chomsky Gary Snyder Alfredo M. Bonanno John Zerzan Bob Black 21st c . Subcomandante Marcos David Graeber Peter Gelderloos History 19th c . Paris Commune Cantonal rebellion Hague Congress International Conference of Rome Trial of the Thirty Haymarket affair May Day 20th c . Anarchist Exclusion Act Congress of Amsterdam Tragic Week High Treason Incident Manifesto of the Sixteen 1919 United States bombings Biennio Rosso German Revolution of 1918 -- 19 Bavarian Soviet Republic Kronstadt rebellion Third Russian Revolution Free Territory Amakasu incident Escuela Moderna Individualist anarchism in Europe ( in France ) Spanish Revolution and Civil War Barcelona May Days Labadie Collection May 1968 Provo LIP Kate Sharpley Library Australian Anarchist Centenary Carnival Against Capital 1999 WTO Conference protest 21st c . Occupy movement Culture Films Anarchist Bookfair Anarcho - punk Culture jamming DIY culture Freeganism Independent Media Center Infoshop `` The Internationale '' Jewish anarchism `` Land and liberty '' Lifestylism `` No gods , no masters '' Popular education `` Property is theft ! '' Radical cheerleading Radical environmentalism Squatting Symbolism Glossary A las Barricadas Economics Communization Co-operatives Cost the limit of price Counter-economics Decentralized planning Economic democracy Economic secession Free store Gift economy Laissez - faire Market abolitionism Mass strike Mutual aid Participatory economics Really Really Free Market Social ownership Wage slavery Refusal of work Workers ' self - management By region Africa Argentina Australia Azerbaijan Brazil Canada China Cuba Ecuador Egypt France Germany Greece India Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Japan Korea Mexico Monaco New Zealand Poland Romania Russia South Africa Spain Sweden Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom United States Vietnam Lists Anarcho - punk bands Communities Fictional characters Jewish anarchists Love and sex Musicians Organizations Outline of anarchism Periodicals Poets Russian anarchists Related topics Anti-corporatism Anti-capitalism Anti-consumerism Anti-fascism Anti-globalization Anti-statism Anti-war Autarchism Autonomism International relations theory Classical liberalism Labour movement Left communism Libertarian socialism Libertarianism Neozapatismo Non-aggression principle Situationist International Spontaneous order Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catechism_of_a_Revolutionary&oldid=864902367 '' Categories : 1869 books Anarchist manifestos Nihilist works Russian non-fiction books Anarchism in Russia 1869 documents Hidden categories : Articles containing Spanish - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Français Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2018 , at 08 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote of principles of revolution in his catechism of the revolutionary	[ "The Catechism of a Revolutionary refers to a manifesto written by Russian revolutionary Sergey Nechayev between April and August 1869.\n" ]	[ "Sergey Nechayev" ]
6016178849969072018	Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery	Armed Services Vocational aptitude Battery - wikipedia Armed Services Vocational aptitude Battery Jump to : navigation , search Trends in recruiting 1975 -- 2001 showing total numbers of enlisted recruits in all branches of US armed forces in light blue and percentage of recruiting goals met in dark blue . Percentage of recruits with at least a high school diploma is shown in gold , percentage with an above average AFQT in orange , and the percentage called `` high quality '' , with both a diploma and above - average AFQT score , is in purple . The Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery ( ASVAB ) is a multiple choice test , administered by the United States Military Entrance Processing Command , used to determine qualification for enlistment in the United States Armed Forces . It is often offered to American high school students when they are in the 10th , 11th and 12th grade , though anyone eligible for enlistment may take it . Although the test is administered by the military , it is not ( and never has been ) a requirement that a test - taker with a qualifying score enlist in the armed forces . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Categories 2.1 Current 2.1. 1 Computerized test format 2.1. 2 Written test format 2.2 Previous 3 Armed Forces Qualification Test 4 Composite scores 5 Test validity 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links History ( edit ) The ASVAB was first introduced in 1968 and was adopted by all branches of the military in 1976 . It underwent a major revision in 2002 . In 2004 , the test 's percentile rank scoring system was renormalized , to ensure that a score of 50 % really did represent doing better than exactly 50 % of the test takers . Categories ( edit ) Current ( edit ) The ASVAB currently contains 10 sections ( except the written test , which contains 9 sections ) . The duration of each test varies from as low as ten minutes up to 36 minutes for Arithmetic Reasoning ; the entire ASVAB is three hours long . The test is typically administered in a computerized format at Military Entrance Processing Stations , known as MEPS , or at a satellite location called a Military Entrance Test ( MET ) site . The ASVAB is administered by computer at the MEPS , while a written version is given at most MET sites . Testing procedures vary depending on the mode of administration . Computerized test format ( edit ) General Science ( GS ) -- 16 questions in 8 minutes Arithmetic Reasoning ( AR ) -- 16 questions in 39 minutes Word Knowledge ( WK ) -- 16 questions in 8 minutes Paragraph Comprehension ( PC ) -- 11 questions in 22 minutes Mathematics Knowledge ( MK ) -- 16 questions in 20 minutes Electronics Information ( EI ) -- 16 questions in 8 minutes Automotive and Shop Information ( AS ) -- 11 questions in 7 minutes Mechanical Comprehension ( MC ) -- 16 questions in 20 minutes Assembling Objects ( AO ) -- 30 questions in 40 minutes Verbal Expression ( VE ) = ( WK ) + ( PC ) Written test format ( edit ) General Science ( GS ) -- 45 questions in 20 minutes Arithmetic Reasoning ( AR ) -- 30 questions in 36 minutes Word Knowledge ( WK ) -- 35 questions in 11 minutes Paragraph Comprehension ( PC ) -- 15 questions in 13 minutes Mathematics Knowledge ( MK ) -- 25 questions in 24 minutes Electronics Information ( EI ) -- 20 questions in 9 minutes Automotive and Shop Information ( AS ) -- 25 questions in 11 minutes Mechanical Comprehension ( MC ) -- 25 questions in 19 minutes Assembling Objects ( AO ) -- 25 questions in 15 minutes Verbal Expression ( VE ) = ( WK ) + ( PC ) Navy applicants also complete a Coding Speed ( CS ) test . Previous ( edit ) `` Numerical Operations '' ( NO ) `` Space Perception '' ( SP ) `` Tool Knowledge '' ( TK ) `` General Information '' ( GI ) `` Attention to Detail '' ( AD ) `` Coding Speed '' ( CS ) Armed Forces qualification test ( edit ) An Armed Forces Qualification Test ( AFQT ) score is used to determine basic qualification for enlistment . AFQT Scores are divided into the following categories Category I : 93 -- 99 Category II : 65 -- 92 Category III A : 50 -- 64 Category III B : 31 -- 49 Category IV A : 21 -- 30 Category IV B : 16 -- 20 Category IV C : 10 -- 15 Category V : 0 -- 9 The formula for computing an AFQT score is : AR + MK + ( 2 x VE ) . The VE ( verbal ) score is determined by adding the raw scores from the PC and WK tests and using a table to get the VE score from that combined PC and WK raw score . AFQT scores are not raw scores , but rather percentile scores indicating how each examinee performed compared with all other examinees . Thus , someone who receives an AFQT of 55 scored better than 55 percent of all other examinees . The highest possible percentile is 99 . The minimum score for enlistment varies according to branch of service and whether the enlistee has a high school diploma . Minimum AFQT Tier I Tier II Branch ≥ HS Diploma = GED Army 31 50 Marines 32 50 Air Force 36 65 Navy 35 50 Coast Guard 40 50 with 15 college credits * Army National Guard 50 50 * Air National Guard 50 50 GED holders who earn 15 college credits 100 level or greater are considered equivalent with those holding high school diplomas , so that they need only the Tier I score to enlist . Eligibility is not determined by score alone . Certain recruiting goal practices may require an applicant to achieve a higher score than the required minimum AFQT score in order to be considered for enlistment . Rules and regulations are subject to change ; applicants should call their local recruiting center for up to date qualification information . Law prohibits applicants in Category V from enlisting . In addition , there are constraints placed on Category IV recruits ; recruits in Category IV must be high school diploma graduates but can not be denied enlistment solely on this criteria if the recruit is needed to satisfy established strength requirements . Furthermore , the law constrains the percentage of accessions who can fall between Categories IV - V ( currently , the limit is 20 % of all persons originally enlisted in a given armed force in a given fiscal year ) . Composite scores ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In addition to the ASVAB 's AFQT , each branch has military occupational specialty , or MOS , scores . Combinations of scores from the nine tests are used to determine qualification for a MOS . These combinations are called `` aptitude area scores '' , `` composite scores '' , or `` line scores '' . Each of the five armed services has its own aptitude area scores and sets its own minimum composite scores for each MOS . Army / Army National Guard Composite Scores CL Clerical VE + AR + MK CO Combat Operations VE + AS + MC EL Electronics GS + AR + MK + EI FA Field Artillery AR + MK + MC GM General Maintenance GS + AS + MK + EI GT General Technical VE + AR MM Mechanical Maintenance AS + MC + EI OF Operators and Food VE + AS + MC SC Surveillance and Communications VE + AR + AS + MC ST Skilled Technical VE + GS + MC + MK * SF Special Forces GT ≥ 110 CO ≥ 100 Navy Line Scores GT General Technical AR + VE EL Electronics AR + EI + GS + MK BEE Basic Electricity and Electronics AR + GS + 2 * MK ENG Engineering AI + EI + MK MEC Mechanical Maintenance AR + AI + SI + MC MEC2 Mechanical Maintenance 2 AO + AR + MC NUC Nuclear Field AR + MC + MK + VE OPS Operations Specialist WK , PC , AR , MK , AO HM Hospital Corpsman ( medical ) GS + MK + VE ADM Administrative MK + VE * SEALs Special Operations GS + MC + EI ≥ 165 or VE + MK + MC + CS ≥ 220 ( minimum for BUD / S ) Coast Guard Line Scores AET Aviation Electrical Technician MK + EI + GS ≥ 172 & AR ≥ 52 or AFQT ≥ 65 AMT Aviation Maintenance Technician AR + MC + AS + EI ≥ 220 & AR ≥ 52 or AFQT ≥ 65 AST Aviation Survival Technician VE + MC + AS ≥ 162 & AR ≥ 52 or AFQT ≥ 65 BM Boatswain 's Mate VE + AR ≥ 100 DC Damage Controlman VE + MC + AS ≥ 155 EM Electrician 's Mate MK + EI + GS ≥ 153 & AR ≥ 52 ET Electronics Technician MK + EI + GS ≥ 172 & AR ≥ 52 or AFQT ≥ 65 FS Food Service Specialist VE + AR ≥ 105 GM Gunner 's Mate AR + MK + EI + GS ≥ 209 HS Health Services Technician VE + MK + GS + AR ≥ 207 & AR ≥ 50 IS Intelligence Specialist VE + AR ≥ 109 IT Information Systems Technician MK + EI + GS ≥ 172 & AR ≥ 52 or AFQT ≥ 65 ME Maritime Enforcement Specialist VE + AR ≥ 100 MK Machinery Technician AR + MC + AS ≥ 154 or VE + AR ≥ 105 MST Marine Science Technician VE + AR ≥ 114 & MK ≥ 56 OS Operational Specialist VE + AR ≥ 105 PA Public Affairs Specialist VE + AR ≥ 109 & VE ≥ 54 SK Storekeeper VE + AR ≥ 105 & VE ≥ 51 YN Yeoman VE + AR ≥ 105 Air Force / Air National Guard Composite Scores ( Standard AFQT score AR + MK + ( 2 x VE ) ) Mechanical MC + GS ( 2 × AS ) Administrative NO + CS + VE General VE + AR Electrical AR + MK + EI + GS Marine Corps Line Score : CL Clerical VE + AR + MK EL Electronics GS + AR + MK + EI GT General Technical VE + AR MM Mechanical Maintenance NO + AS + MC + EI ST Skilled Technical GS + VE + MK + MC * MARSOC Special Operations GT = 105 Test validity ( edit ) The AFQT has been used in non-military settings as a proxy measure of intelligence , for example , in Herrnstein & Murray 's book The Bell Curve . Because of the test 's significance both inside and outside military settings , it is important to examine what the test measures , i.e. to evaluate the construct validity of the AFQT . Kaufman 's 2010 review stated that David Marks ( 2010 ) scanned the literature for datasets containing test estimates for populations or groups taking both the AFQT and tests of literacy . One study on nine groups of soldiers differing in job and reading ability found a correlation of . 96 between the AFQT and reading achievement ( Sticht , Caylor , Kern , & Fox , 1972 ) . Another study showed significant improvements among Black and Hispanic populations in their AFQT scores between 1980 and 1992 while Whites only showed a slight decrement ( Kilburn , Hanser , & Klerman , 1998 ) . Another study obtained reading scores for 17 - year olds for those same ethnic groups and dates ( Campbell et al. , 2000 ) and found a correlation of . 997 between reading scores and AFQT scores . This nearly perfect correlation was based on six pairs of data points from six independent population samples evaluated by two separate groups of investigators . According to Marks , `` On the basis of the studies summarized here , there can be little doubt that the Armed Forces Qualifications Test is a measure of literacy . '' However , it is important to note that AFQT has been shown to correlate more highly with classic IQ tests than they do with one another , and that the `` crystallized '' intelligence measured by AFQT is measured very similarly by Wechsler , in particular . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kapp , Lawrence ( February 25 , 2002 ) , Recruiting and Retention in the Active Component Military : Are There Problems ? ( PDF ) , Defense Foreign Affairs , Defense , and Trade ; Congressional Research Service , The Library of Congress Jump up ^ `` ASVAB '' . Military.com . Retrieved 14 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` What To Expect When You Take the ASVAB '' . Department of Defense , Official site of the ASVAB. 19 April 2014 . Retrieved 19 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minimum ASVAB Scores '' . Jump up ^ `` 10 Steps to Joining the Military -- Step 2 : Decide if you 're ready '' . Retrieved 3 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : 10 USC Sec. 520 Jump up ^ `` ASVAB and Air Force Jobs '' . Military.com . Retrieved 14 March 2012 . Jump up ^ https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/20060619_IQ.pdf Further reading ( edit ) Gregory , Robert J. ( 2011 ) . Psychological Testing : History , Principles , and Applications ( Sixth ed . ) . Boston : Allyn & Bacon . ISBN 978 - 0 - 205 - 78214 - 7 . Lay summary ( 7 November 2010 ) . Hogan , Thomas P. ; Brooke Cannon ( 2007 ) . Psychological Testing : A Practical Introduction ( Second ed . ) . Hoboken , NJ : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 73807 - 7 . Lay summary ( 21 November 2010 ) . Marks , D.F. ( 2010 ) . `` IQ variations across time , race , and nationality : an artifact of differences in literacy skills '' . Psychological Reports , 106 , 643 - 664 . External links ( edit ) Official ASVAB Information : The official ASVAB web site for the U.S. Department of Defense . ASVAB test description : Includes structure of the test , time allotted per section of the test and which sections are counted towards the Armed Forces Qualifying Test ( AFQT ) score . Kaufman , S.B. ( 2010 ) . `` The Flynn Effect and IQ Disparities Among Races , Ethnicities , and Nations : Are There Common Links ? '' ( 1 ) ( hide ) United States Armed Forces Book Portal MC AF CG MC AF CG Navbox MC AF CG Leadership Commander - in - chief : President of the United States Secretary of Defense Deputy Secretary of Defense Secretary of Homeland Security Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security Joint Chiefs of Staff : Chairman Vice Chairman United States Congress : Committees on Armed Services : Senate House Active duty four - star officers United States military seniority National Security Act of 1947 Goldwater -- Nichols Act Organization Service departments Department of Defense ( Secretary ) : Army ( Secretary ) Navy ( Secretary ) Air Force ( Secretary ) Department of Homeland Security ( Secretary ) : Coast Guard Branches Army ( Chief of Staff ) Marine Corps ( Commandant ) Navy ( Chief of Naval Operations ) Air Force ( Chief of Staff ) Coast Guard ( Commandant ) Reserve components Reserves : A MC N AF CG National Guard : A AF Civilian auxiliaries Military Auxiliary Radio System Merchant Marine Civil Air Patrol Coast Guard Auxiliary Unified Combatant Command Northern Central European Pacific Southern Africa Special Operations Strategic Transportation Structure United States Code Title 10 Title 14 Title 32 Title 50 The Pentagon Installations Units : A MC N AF CG Logistics Media Unit mottoes Operations and history Current deployments Conflicts Wars Timeline History : A MC N AF CG Colonial World War II Civil affairs African Americans Asian Americans Buddhist Americans Jewish Americans Muslim Americans Pakistani Americans Sikh Americans Historiography : Army Center of Military History MC History Division Naval History and Heritage Command Air Force Historical Research Agency American official war artists : Army Art Program AF Art Program Personnel Training MEPS ASVAB Recruit training : A MC N AF CG Officer candidate school : A MC N AF Warrant : A MC Service academies : A ( prep ) N ( prep ) AF ( prep ) CG Merchant Marine ROTC A : ECP MC / N AF Medical Other education Uniforms Uniforms : A MC N AF CG Awards & decorations : Inter-service A MC / N AF CG Foreign International Devices Badges : Identification A MC N AF CG Ranks Enlisted : A MC N AF CG Warrant officers Officer : A MC N AF CG Other Oath : Enlistment Office Creeds & Codes : Code of Conduct NCO A MC N AF CG Service numbers : A MC N AF CG Military Occupational Specialty / Rating / Air Force Specialty Code Pay Uniform Code of Military Justice Judge Advocate General 's Corps Military Health System / TRICARE Separation Veterans Affairs Conscription Chiefs of Chaplains : A MC N AF CG Equipment MC : vehicles weapons other AF CG Land Individual weapons Crew - served weapons Vehicles ( active ) Sea All watercraft Ships : A N ( active ) AF CG MSC Weapons : N CG Reactors Air Aircraft World War I active Aircraft designation Missiles Helicopter arms Other Nuclear football Electronics ( designations ) Flags : A MC N AF CG Ensign Jack Guidons Food WMDs : Nuclear Biological Chemical Legend A = Army MC = Marine Corps N = Navy AF = Air Force CG = Coast Guard Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armed_Services_Vocational_Aptitude_Battery&oldid=806560609 '' Categories : Educational assessment and evaluation Military education and training in the United States Standardized tests in the United States Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 October 2017 , at 20 : 36 . About Wikipedia	what is the highest score on the asfab	[ "AFQT scores are not raw scores, but rather percentile scores indicating how each examinee performed compared with all other examinees. Thus, someone who receives an AFQT of 55 scored better than 55 percent of all other examinees. The highest possible percentile is 99." ]	[ "99" ]
-1186105915101937582	Cloud computing security	Cloud computing security - wikipedia Cloud computing security For cloud - hosted security software , see Security as a service . Cloud computing security or , more simply , cloud security refers to a broad set of policies , technologies , and controls deployed to protect data , applications , and the associated infrastructure of cloud computing . It is a sub-domain of computer security , network security , and , more broadly , information security . Contents 1 Security issues associated with the cloud 2 Cloud security controls 3 Dimensions of cloud security 4 Security and privacy 4.1 Cloud Vulnerability and Penetration Testing 5 Data security 5.1 Confidentiality 5.2 Access controllability 5.3 Integrity 6 Encryption 6.1 Attribute - based encryption ( ABE ) 6.1. 1 Ciphertext - policy ABE ( CP - ABE ) 6.1. 2 Key - policy ABE ( KP - ABE ) 6.2 Fully homomorphic encryption ( FHE ) 6.3 Searchable encryption ( SE ) 7 Compliance 8 Legal and contractual issues 8.1 Public records 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Security issues associated with the cloud ( edit ) Cloud computing and storage provides users with capabilities to store and process their data in third - party data centers . Organizations use the cloud in a variety of different service models ( with acronyms such as SaaS , PaaS , and IaaS ) and deployment models ( private , public , hybrid , and community ) . Security concerns associated with cloud computing fall into two broad categories : security issues faced by cloud providers ( organizations providing software - , platform - , or infrastructure - as - a-service via the cloud ) and security issues faced by their customers ( companies or organizations who host applications or store data on the cloud ) . The responsibility is shared , however . The provider must ensure that their infrastructure is secure and that their clients ' data and applications are protected , while the user must take measures to fortify their application and use strong passwords and authentication measures . When an organization elects to store data or host applications on the public cloud , it loses its ability to have physical access to the servers hosting its information . As a result , potentially sensitive data is at risk from insider attacks . According to a recent Cloud Security Alliance report , insider attacks are the sixth biggest threat in cloud computing . Therefore , cloud service providers must ensure that thorough background checks are conducted for employees who have physical access to the servers in the data center . Additionally , data centers must be frequently monitored for suspicious activity . In order to conserve resources , cut costs , and maintain efficiency , cloud service providers often store more than one customer 's data on the same server . As a result , there is a chance that one user 's private data can be viewed by other users ( possibly even competitors ) . To handle such sensitive situations , cloud service providers should ensure proper data isolation and logical storage segregation . The extensive use of virtualization in implementing cloud infrastructure brings unique security concerns for customers or tenants of a public cloud service . Virtualization alters the relationship between the OS and underlying hardware -- be it computing , storage or even networking . This introduces an additional layer -- virtualization -- that itself must be properly configured , managed and secured . Specific concerns include the potential to compromise the virtualization software , or `` hypervisor '' . While these concerns are largely theoretical , they do exist . For example , a breach in the administrator workstation with the management software of the virtualization software can cause the whole datacenter to go down or be reconfigured to an attacker 's liking . Cloud security controls ( edit ) Cloud security architecture is effective only if the correct defensive implementations are in place . An efficient cloud security architecture should recognize the issues that will arise with security management . The security management addresses these issues with security controls . These controls are put in place to safeguard any weaknesses in the system and reduce the effect of an attack . While there are many types of controls behind a cloud security architecture , they can usually be found in one of the following categories : Deterrent controls These controls are intended to reduce attacks on a cloud system . Much like a warning sign on a fence or a property , deterrent controls typically reduce the threat level by informing potential attackers that there will be adverse consequences for them if they proceed . ( Some consider them a subset of preventive controls . ) Preventive controls Preventive controls strengthen the system against incidents , generally by reducing if not actually eliminating vulnerabilities . Strong authentication of cloud users , for instance , makes it less likely that unauthorized users can access cloud systems , and more likely that cloud users are positively identified . Detective controls Detective controls are intended to detect and react appropriately to any incidents that occur . In the event of an attack , a detective control will signal the preventative or corrective controls to address the issue . System and network security monitoring , including intrusion detection and prevention arrangements , are typically employed to detect attacks on cloud systems and the supporting communications infrastructure . Corrective controls Corrective controls reduce the consequences of an incident , normally by limiting the damage . They come into effect during or after an incident . Restoring system backups in order to rebuild a compromised system is an example of a corrective control . Dimensions of cloud security ( edit ) It is generally recommended that information security controls be selected and implemented according and in proportion to the risks , typically by assessing the threats , vulnerabilities and impacts . Cloud security concerns can be grouped in various ways ; Gartner named seven while the Cloud Security Alliance identified twelve areas of concern . Cloud access security brokers ( CASBs ) are software that sits between cloud users and cloud applications to provide visibility into cloud application usage , data protection and governance to monitor all activity and enforce security policies . Security and Privacy ( edit ) Identity management Every enterprise will have its own identity management system to control access to information and computing resources . Cloud providers either integrate the customer 's identity management system into their own infrastructure , using federation or SSO technology , or a biometric - based identification system , or provide an identity management system of their own . CloudID , for instance , provides privacy - preserving cloud - based and cross-enterprise biometric identification . It links the confidential information of the users to their biometrics and stores it in an encrypted fashion . Making use of a searchable encryption technique , biometric identification is performed in encrypted domain to make sure that the cloud provider or potential attackers do not gain access to any sensitive data or even the contents of the individual queries . Physical security Cloud service providers physically secure the IT hardware ( servers , routers , cables etc . ) against unauthorized access , interference , theft , fires , floods etc. and ensure that essential supplies ( such as electricity ) are sufficiently robust to minimize the possibility of disruption . This is normally achieved by serving cloud applications from ' world - class ' ( i.e. professionally specified , designed , constructed , managed , monitored and maintained ) data centers . Personnel security Various information security concerns relating to the IT and other professionals associated with cloud services are typically handled through pre - , para - and post-employment activities such as security screening potential recruits , security awareness and training programs , proactive . Privacy Providers ensure that all critical data ( credit card numbers , for example ) are masked or encrypted and that only authorized users have access to data in its entirety . Moreover , digital identities and credentials must be protected as should any data that the provider collects or produces about customer activity in the cloud . Cloud vulnerability and penetration testing ( edit ) Scanning could from outside and inside using free or commercial products is very important because without a hardened environment your service is considered as a soft target . Virtual servers should be hardened like a physical server against data leakage , malware , and exploited vulnerabilities . `` Data loss or leakage represents 24.6 % and cloud related malware 3.4 % of threats causing cloud outages '' Scanning and penetration testing from inside or outside the cloud require to be authorized by the cloud provider . Since the cloud is a shared environment with other tenants following penetration testing rules of engagement step - by - step is a mandatory requirement . Violation of acceptable use policy which can lead to termination of the service . Data security ( edit ) A number of security threats are associated with cloud data services : not only traditional security threats , such as network eavesdropping , illegal invasion , and denial of service attacks , but also specific cloud computing threats , such as side channel attacks , virtualization vulnerabilities , and abuse of cloud services . The following security requirements limit the threats . Confidentiality ( edit ) Data confidentiality is the property that data contents are not made available or disclosed to illegal users . Outsourced data is stored in a cloud and out of the owners ' direct control . Only authorized users can access the sensitive data while others , including CSPs , should not gain any information of the data . Meanwhile , data owners expect to fully utilize cloud data services , e.g. , data search , data computation , and data sharing , without the leakage of the data contents to CSPs or other adversaries . Access controllability ( edit ) Access controllability means that a data owner can perform the selective restriction of access to her or his data outsourced to cloud . Legal users can be authorized by the owner to access the data , while others can not access it without permissions . Further , it is desirable to enforce fine - grained access control to the outsourced data , i.e. , different users should be granted different access privileges with regard to different data pieces . The access authorization must be controlled only by the owner in untrusted cloud environments . Integrity ( edit ) Data integrity demands maintaining and assuring the accuracy and completeness of data . A data owner always expects that her or his data in a cloud can be stored correctly and trustworthily . It means that the data should not be illegally tampered , improperly modified , deliberately deleted , or maliciously fabricated . If any undesirable operations corrupt or delete the data , the owner should be able to detect the corruption or loss . Further , when a portion of the outsourced data is corrupted or lost , it can still be retrieved by the data users . Encryption ( edit ) Some advanced encryption algorithms which have been applied into cloud computing increase the protection of privacy . In a practice called crypto - shredding , the keys can simply be deleted when there is no more use of the data . Attribute - based encryption ( ABE ) ( edit ) Attribute - based encryption is a type of public - key encryption in which the secret key of a user and the ciphertext are dependent upon attributes ( e.g. the country in which he lives , or the kind of subscription he has ) . In such a system , the decryption of a ciphertext is possible only if the set of attributes of the user key matches the attributes of the ciphertext . Ciphertext - policy ABE ( CP - ABE ) ( edit ) In the CP - ABE , the encryptor controls access strategy . The main research work of CP - ABE is focused on the design of the access structure . Key - policy ABE ( KP - ABE ) ( edit ) In the KP - ABE , attribute sets are used to describe the encrypted texts and the private keys are associated to specified policy that users will have . Fully homomorphic encryption ( fhe ) ( edit ) Fully homomorphic encryption allows computations on encrypted data , and also allows computing sum and product for the encrypted data without decryption . Searchable encryption ( SE ) ( edit ) Searchable encryption is a cryptographic system which offer secure search functions over encrypted data . SE schemes can be classified into two categories : SE based on secret - key ( or symmetric - key ) cryptography , and SE based on public - key cryptography . In order to improve search efficiency , symmetric - key SE generally builds keyword indexes to answer user queries . Compliance ( edit ) Numerous laws and regulations pertain to the storage and use of data . In the US these include privacy or data protection laws , Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard ( PCI DSS ) , the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act ( HIPAA ) , the Sarbanes - Oxley Act , the Federal Information Security Management Act of 2002 ( FISMA ) , and Children 's Online Privacy Protection Act of 1998 , among others . Similar laws may apply in different legal jurisdictions and may differ quite markedly from those enforced in the US . Cloud service users may often need to be aware of the legal and regulatory differences between the jurisdictions . For example , data stored by a cloud service provider may be located in , say , Singapore and mirrored in the US . Many of these regulations mandate particular controls ( such as strong access controls and audit trails ) and require regular reporting . Cloud customers must ensure that their cloud providers adequately fulfil such requirements as appropriate , enabling them to comply with their obligations since , to a large extent , they remain accountable . Business continuity and data recovery Cloud providers have business continuity and data recovery plans in place to ensure that service can be maintained in case of a disaster or an emergency and that any data loss will be recovered . These plans may be shared with and reviewed by their customers , ideally dovetailing with the customers ' own continuity arrangements . Joint continuity exercises may be appropriate , simulating a major Internet or electricity supply failure for instance . Log and audit trail In addition to producing logs and audit trails , cloud providers work with their customers to ensure that these logs and audit trails are properly secured , maintained for as long as the customer requires , and are accessible for the purposes of forensic investigation ( e.g. , eDiscovery ) . Unique compliance requirements In addition to the requirements to which customers are subject , the data centers used by cloud providers may also be subject to compliance requirements . Using a cloud service provider ( CSP ) can lead to additional security concerns around data jurisdiction since customer or tenant data may not remain on the same system , or in the same data center or even within the same provider 's cloud . The European Union 's GDPR regulation has introduced new compliance requirements for customer data . Legal and contractual issues ( edit ) Aside from the security and compliance issues enumerated above , cloud providers and their customers will negotiate terms around liability ( stipulating how incidents involving data loss or compromise will be resolved , for example ) , intellectual property , and end - of - service ( when data and applications are ultimately returned to the customer ) . In addition , there are considerations for acquiring data from the cloud that may be involved in litigation . These issues are discussed in service - level agreements ( SLA ) . Public records ( edit ) Legal issues may also include records - keeping requirements in the public sector , where many agencies are required by law to retain and make available electronic records in a specific fashion . This may be determined by legislation , or law may require agencies to conform to the rules and practices set by a records - keeping agency . Public agencies using cloud computing and storage must take these concerns into account . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Haghighat , M. ; Zonouz , S. ; Abdel - Mottaleb , M. ( 2015 ) . `` CloudID : Trustworthy Cloud - based and Cross-Enterprise Biometric Identification '' . Expert Systems with Applications. 42 ( 21 ) : 7905 -- 7916 . doi : 10.1016 / j. eswa. 2015.06. 025 . ^ Jump up to : Srinivasan , Madhan ( 2012 ) . `` ' State - of - the - art cloud computing security taxonomies : a classification of security challenges in the present cloud computing environment '' . ACM ICACCI ' . Jump up ^ `` Swamp Computing a.k.a. Cloud Computing '' . Web Security Journal . 2009 - 12 - 28 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Top Threats to Cloud Computing v1. 0 '' ( PDF ) . Cloud Security Alliance . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Winkler , Vic . `` Cloud Computing : Virtual Cloud Security Concerns '' . Technet Magazine , Microsoft . Retrieved 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Hickey , Kathleen . `` Dark Cloud : Study finds security risks in virtualization '' . Government Security News . Retrieved 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Winkler , Vic ( 2011 ) . Securing the Cloud : Cloud Computer Security Techniques and Tactics . Waltham , MA USA : Elsevier . p. 59 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59749 - 592 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Krutz , Ronald L. , and Russell Dean Vines . `` Cloud Computing Security Architecture . '' Cloud Security : A Comprehensive Guide to Secure Cloud Computing . Indianapolis , IN : Wiley , 2010 . 179 - 80 . Print . Jump up ^ `` Gartner : Seven cloud - computing security risks '' . InfoWorld. 2008 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Top Threats to Cloud Computing Plus : Industry Insights '' . Cloud Security Alliance . 2017 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` What is a CASB ( Cloud Access Security Broker ) ? '' . CipherCloud . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Identity Management in the Cloud '' . Information Week . 2013 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Thangasamy , Veeraiyah ( 2017 ) . `` Journal of Applied Technology and Innovation '' . http://www.apu.edu.my/ejournals/jati/journal/JATI-VOLUME_1-ISSUE_2-2017.pdf. 1 : 97 . External link in journal = ( help ) Jump up ^ Jun Tang , Yong Cui ( 2016 ) . `` Ensuring Security and Privacy Preservation for Cloud Data Services '' ( PDF ) . ACM Computing Surveys . doi : 10.1145 / 2906153 . Jump up ^ Bethencourt , John ; Sahai , Amit ; Waters , Brent . `` Ciphertext - Policy Attribute - Based Encryption '' ( PDF ) . IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy 2007 . pp. 321 -- 334 . Jump up ^ Goyal , Vipul ; Pandey , Omkant ; Sahai , Amit ; Waters , Brent . `` Attribute - Based Encryption for Fine - Grained Access Control of Encrypted Data '' . ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security 2006 . pp. 89 -- 98 . Jump up ^ Chase , Melissa ; Chow , Sherman S.M. `` Improving Privacy and Security in Multi-Authority Attribute - Based Encryption '' . ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security 2009 . pp. 121 -- 130 . Jump up ^ Attrapadung , Nuttapong ; Herranz , Javier ; Laguillaumie , Fabien ; Libert , Benoît ; de Panafieu , Elie ; Ràfols , Carla ( 2012 - 03 - 09 ) . `` Attribute - based encryption schemes with constant - size ciphertexts '' . Theoretical Computer Science . 422 : 15 -- 38 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tcs. 2011.12. 004 . Jump up ^ Gentry , Craig . `` Fully Homomorphic Encryption using Ideal Lattices '' . ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing , STOC 2009 . pp. 169 -- 178 . Jump up ^ Wang , Qian ; He , Meiqi ; Du , Minxin ; Chow , Sherman S.M. ; Lai , Russell W.F. ; Zou , Qin Zou ( 2018 ) . `` Searchable Encryption over Feature - Rich Data '' . IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing. 15 ( 3 ) : 496 -- 510 . Jump up ^ Naveed , Muhammad . `` Dynamic Searchable Encryption via Blind Storage '' . IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Managing legal risks arising from cloud computing '' . DLA Piper . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Time to Explore the Benefits of Cloud - Based Disaster Recovery '' . Dell.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Winkler , Vic ( 2011 ) . Securing the Cloud : Cloud Computer Security Techniques and Tactics . Waltham , MA USA : Elsevier . pp. 65 , 68 , 72 , 81 , 218 -- 219 , 231 , 240 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59749 - 592 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` General Data Protection Regulation ( GDPR ) : How does the new European data - protection standard impact a company 's cloud strategy ? Safe Swiss Cloud '' . www.safeswisscloud.ch . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Adams , Richard ( 2013 ) . `` ' The emergence of cloud storage and the need for a new digital forensic process model '' ( PDF ) . Murdoch University . Further reading ( edit ) Mowbray , Miranda ( 2009 ) . `` The Fog over the Grimpen Mire : Cloud Computing and the Law '' . SCRIPTed. 6 ( 1 ) : 129 . Mather , Tim ; Kumaraswamy , Subra ; Latif , Shahed ( 2009 ) . Cloud Security and Privacy : An Enterprise Perspective on Risks and Compliance . O'Reilly Media , Inc . ISBN 9780596802769 . Winkler , Vic ( 2011 ) . Securing the Cloud : Cloud Computer Security Techniques and Tactics . Elsevier . ISBN 9781597495929 . Ottenheimer , Davi ( 2012 ) . Securing the Virtual Environment : How to Defend the Enterprise Against Attack . Wiley . ISBN 9781118155486 . Haghighat , Mohammad ( 2015 ) . `` CloudID : Trustworthy Cloud - based and Cross-Enterprise Biometric Identification '' . Expert Systems with Applications. 42 ( 21 ) : 7905 -- 7916 . doi : 10.1016 / j. eswa. 2015.06. 025 . BS ISO / IEC 27017 : `` Information technology . Security techniques . Code of practice for information security controls based on ISO / IEC 27002 for cloud services . '' ( 2015 ) BS ISO / IEC 27018 : `` Information technology . Security techniques . Code of practice for protection of personally identifiable information ( PII ) in public clouds acting as PII processors . '' ( 2014 ) BS ISO / IEC 27036 - 4 : `` Information technology . Security techniques . Information security for supplier relationships . Guidelines for security of cloud services '' ( 2016 ) External links ( edit ) What is Cloud Security Cloud Security Alliance Why cloud security requires multiple layers Data Security Breaches Infographics The Beginner 's Guide to Cloud Security DoD Cloud Computing Security Requirements Guide ( CC SRG ) Cloud computing As a service Content as a service Software as a service Platform as a service Infrastructure as a service Desktop as a service Data as a service Mobile backend as a service Network as a service Technologies Cloud database Cloud storage Data centers Distributed file system for cloud Hardware virtualization Internet Networking Security Structured storage Virtual appliance Web APIs Virtual private cloud Applications Box Google G Suite Docs , Sheets and Slides HP Cloud ( closed ) Microsoft Online Oracle Cloud Rackspace Salesforce Zoho Platforms Alpha7 Amazon Web Services AppScale Box Bluemix Cloud Foundry Cocaine ( PaaS ) Engine Yard Helion GE Predix Google App Engine GreenQloud Heroku Inktank Jelastic Mendix Microsoft Azure MindSphere Netlify Oracle Cloud OutSystems openQRM OpenShift PythonAnywhere RightScale Force.com SAP Cloud Platform VMware vCloud Air WaveMaker Infrastructure Amazon Abiquo Enterprise Edition CloudStack Citrix Cloud CtrlS DigitalOcean EMC Atmos Eucalyptus Fujitsu GoGrid Google Cloud Platform GreenButton GreenQloud IBM cloud computing iland Joyent Lunacloud Mirantis Nimbula Nimbus OpenNebula OpenStack Oracle Cloud OrionVM Rackspace Cloud Safe Swiss Cloud SoftLayer Zadara Storage libvirt libguestfs OVirt Virtual Machine Manager Wakame - vdc Virtual Private Cloud OnDemand Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cloud_computing_security&oldid=864879854 '' Categories : Cloud computing Computer security Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2018 , at 03 : 38 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	explain your view on cloud based products from a security perspective	[]	[]
-3682905696809148284	Innate immune system	Innate immune system - wikipedia Innate immune system Jump to : navigation , search Innate immune system The innate immune system , also known as the non-specific immune system or in - born immunity system , is an important subsystem of the overall immune system that comprises the cells and mechanisms that defend the host from infection by other organisms . The cells of the innate system recognize and respond to pathogens in a similar way , but , unlike the adaptive immune system , the system does not provide long - lasting immunity to the host . Innate immune systems provide immediate defense against infection , and are found in all classes of plant and animal life . The innate immune system is an evolutionarily older defense strategy , and is the dominant immune system found in plants , fungi , insects , and primitive multicellular organisms . The major functions of the vertebrate innate immune system include : Recruiting immune cells to sites of infection through the production of chemical factors , including specialized chemical mediators called cytokines Activation of the complement cascade to identify bacteria , activate cells , and promote clearance of antibody complexes or dead cells Identification and removal of foreign substances present in organs , tissues , blood and lymph , by specialized white blood cells Activation of the adaptive immune system through a process known as antigen presentation Acting as a physical and chemical barrier to infectious agents . Contents ( hide ) 1 Anatomical barriers 2 Inflammation 3 Complement system 4 White Blood Cells 4.1 Mast cells 4.2 Phagocytes 4.2. 1 Macrophages 4.2. 2 Neutrophils 4.2. 3 Dendritic cells 4.3 Basophils and eosinophils 4.4 Natural killer cells 4.5 γδ T cells 5 Other vertebrate mechanisms 6 Neural regulation 7 Pathogen - specificity 8 Immune evasion 8.1 Viruses 9 In other species 9.1 Prokaryotes 9.2 Invertebrates 9.2. 1 Proteolytic cascades 9.2. 2 Clotting mechanisms 9.3 Plants 10 See also 11 References Anatomical barriers ( edit ) Anatomical barrier Additional defense mechanisms Skin Sweat , desquamation , flushing , organic acids Gastrointestinal tract Peristalsis , gastric acid , bile acids , digestive enzyme , flushing , thiocyanate , defensins , gut flora Respiratory airways and lungs Mucociliary elevator , surfactant , defensins Nasopharynx Mucus , saliva , lysozyme Eyes Tears Anatomical barriers include physical , chemical and biological barriers . The epithelial surfaces form a physical barrier that is impermeable to most infectious agents , acting as the first line of defense against invading organisms . Desquamation ( shedding ) of skin epithelium also helps remove bacteria and other infectious agents that have adhered to the epithelial surfaces . Lack of blood vessels and inability of the epidermis to retain moisture , presence of sebaceous glands in the dermis provides an environment unsuitable for the survival of microbes . In the gastrointestinal and respiratory tract , movement due to peristalsis or cilia , respectively , helps remove infectious agents . Also , mucus traps infectious agents . The gut flora can prevent the colonization of pathogenic bacteria by secreting toxic substances or by competing with pathogenic bacteria for nutrients or attachment to cell surfaces . The flushing action of tears and saliva helps prevent infection of the eyes and mouth . Inflammation ( edit ) Main article : Inflammation Inflammation is one of the first responses of the immune system to infection or irritation . Inflammation is stimulated by chemical factors released by injured cells and serves to establish a physical barrier against the spread of infection , and to promote healing of any damaged tissue following the clearance of pathogens . The process of acute inflammation is initiated by cells already present in all tissues , mainly resident macrophages , dendritic cells , histiocytes , Kupffer cells , and mast cells . These cells present receptors contained on the surface or within the cell , named pattern recognition receptors ( PRRs ) , which recognize molecules that are broadly shared by pathogens but distinguishable from host molecules , collectively referred to as pathogen - associated molecular patterns ( PAMPs ) . At the onset of an infection , burn , or other injuries , these cells undergo activation ( one of their PRRs recognizes a PAMP ) and release inflammatory mediators responsible for the clinical signs of inflammation . Chemical factors produced during inflammation ( histamine , bradykinin , serotonin , leukotrienes , and prostaglandins ) sensitize pain receptors , cause local vasodilation of the blood vessels , and attract phagocytes , especially neutrophils . Neutrophils then trigger other parts of the immune system by releasing factors that summon additional leukocytes and lymphocytes . Cytokines produced by macrophages and other cells of the innate immune system mediate the inflammatory response . These cytokines include TNF , HMGB1 , and IL - 1 . The inflammatory response is characterized by the following symptoms : redness of the skin , due to locally increased blood circulation ; heat , either increased local temperature , such as a warm feeling around a localized infection , or a systemic fever ; swelling of affected tissues , such as the upper throat during the common cold or joints affected by rheumatoid arthritis ; increased production of mucus , which can cause symptoms like a runny nose or a productive cough ; pain , either local pain , such as painful joints or a sore throat , or affecting the whole body , such as body aches ; and possible dysfunction of the organs or tissues involved . Complement system ( edit ) Main article : Complement system The complement system is a biochemical cascade of the immune system that helps , or `` complements '' , the ability of antibodies to clear pathogens or mark them for destruction by other cells . The cascade is composed of many plasma proteins , synthesized in the liver , primarily by hepatocytes . The proteins work together to : trigger the recruitment of inflammatory cells `` tag '' pathogens for destruction by other cells by opsonizing , or coating , the surface of the pathogen form holes in the plasma membrane of the pathogen , resulting in cytolysis of the pathogen cell , causing the death of the pathogen rid the body of neutralised antigen - antibody complexes . There are three different complements system : Classical , alternative , Lectin Classical : starts when antibody bind to bacteria Alternative : starts `` spontaneously '' Lectin : starts when lectins bind to mannose on bacteria Elements of the complement cascade can be found in many non-mammalian species including plants , birds , fish , and some species of invertebrates . White blood cells ( edit ) Main article : Leukocyte A scanning electron microscope image of normal circulating human blood . One can see red blood cells , several knobby white blood cells including lymphocytes , a monocyte , a neutrophil , and many small disc - shape platelets . All white blood cells ( WBCs ) are known as leukocytes . Leukocytes differ from other cells of the body in that they are not tightly associated with a particular organ or tissue ; thus , their function is similar to that of independent , single - cell organisms . Leukocytes are able to move freely and interact with and capture cellular debris , foreign particles , and invading microorganisms . Unlike many other cells in the body , most innate immune leukocytes can not divide or reproduce on their own , but are the products of multipotent hematopoietic stem cells present in the bone marrow . The innate leukocytes include : Natural killer cells , mast cells , eosinophils , basophils ; and the phagocytic cells include macrophages , neutrophils , and dendritic cells , and function within the immune system by identifying and eliminating pathogens that might cause infection . Mast cells ( edit ) Main article : Mast cell Mast cells are a type of innate immune cell that reside in connective tissue and in the mucous membranes . They are intimately associated with wound healing and defense against pathogens , but are also often associated with allergy and anaphylaxis . When activated , mast cells rapidly release characteristic granules , rich in histamine and heparin , along with various hormonal mediators and chemokines , or chemotactic cytokines into the environment . Histamine dilates blood vessels , causing the characteristic signs of inflammation , and recruits neutrophils and macrophages . Phagocytes ( edit ) Main article : Phagocyte The word ' phagocyte ' literally means ' eating cell ' . These are immune cells that engulf , or ' phagocytose ' , pathogens or particles . To engulf a particle or pathogen , a phagocyte extends portions of its plasma membrane , wrapping the membrane around the particle until it is enveloped ( i.e. , the particle is now inside the cell ) . Once inside the cell , the invading pathogen is contained inside an phagosome , which merges with a lysosome . The lysosome contains enzymes and acids that kill and digest the particle or organism . In general , phagocytes patrol the body searching for pathogens , but are also able to react to a group of highly specialized molecular signals produced by other cells , called cytokines . The phagocytic cells of the immune system include macrophages , neutrophils , and dendritic cells . Phagocytosis of the hosts ' own cells is common as part of regular tissue development and maintenance . When host cells die , either by programmed cell death ( also called apoptosis ) or by cell injury due to a bacterial or viral infection , phagocytic cells are responsible for their removal from the affected site . By helping to remove dead cells preceding growth and development of new healthy cells , phagocytosis is an important part of the healing process following tissue injury . A macrophage Macrophages ( edit ) Main article : Macrophages Macrophages , from the Greek , meaning `` large eaters , '' are large phagocytic leukocytes , which are able to move outside of the vascular system by migrating across the walls of capillary vessels and entering the areas between cells in pursuit of invading pathogens . In tissues , organ - specific macrophages are differentiated from phagocytic cells present in the blood called monocytes . Macrophages are the most efficient phagocytes and can phagocytose substantial numbers of bacteria or other cells or microbes . The binding of bacterial molecules to receptors on the surface of a macrophage triggers it to engulf and destroy the bacteria through the generation of a `` respiratory burst '' , causing the release of reactive oxygen species . Pathogens also stimulate the macrophage to produce chemokines , which summon other cells to the site of infection . Neutrophils ( edit ) Main article : Neutrophils A neutrophil Neutrophils , along with two other cell types ( eosinophils and basophils ; see below ) , are known as granulocytes due to the presence of granules in their cytoplasm , or as polymorphonuclear cells ( PMNs ) due to their distinctive lobed nuclei . Neutrophil granules contain a variety of toxic substances that kill or inhibit growth of bacteria and fungi . Similar to macrophages , neutrophils attack pathogens by activating a respiratory burst . The main products of the neutrophil respiratory burst are strong oxidizing agents including hydrogen peroxide , free oxygen radicals and hypochlorite . Neutrophils are the most abundant type of phagocyte , normally representing 50 - 60 % of the total circulating leukocytes , and are usually the first cells to arrive at the site of an infection . The bone marrow of a normal healthy adult produces more than 100 billion neutrophils per day , and more than 10 times that many per day during acute inflammation . Dendritic cells ( edit ) Main article : Dendritic cell Dendritic cells ( DCs ) are phagocytic cells present in tissues that are in contact with the external environment , mainly the skin ( where they are often called Langerhans cells ) , and the inner mucosal lining of the nose , lungs , stomach , and intestines . They are named for their resemblance to neuronal dendrites , but dendritic cells are not connected to the nervous system . Dendritic cells are very important in the process of antigen presentation , and serve as a link between the innate and adaptive immune systems . An eosinophil Basophils and eosinophils ( edit ) Main articles : Basophil granulocyte and Eosinophil granulocyte Basophils and eosinophils are cells related to the neutrophil ( see above ) . When activated by a pathogen encounter , histamine - releasing basophils are important in the defense against parasites and play a role in allergic reactions , such as asthma . Upon activation , eosinophils secrete a range of highly toxic proteins and free radicals that are highly effective in killing parasites , but may also damage tissue during an allergic reaction . Activation and release of toxins by eosinophils are , therefore , tightly regulated to prevent any inappropriate tissue destruction . Natural killer cells ( edit ) Main article : Natural killer cell Natural killer cells ( NK cells ) are a component of the innate immune system that does not directly attack invading microbes . Rather , NK cells destroy compromised host cells , such as tumor cells or virus - infected cells , recognizing such cells by a condition known as `` missing self . '' This term describes cells with abnormally low levels of a cell - surface marker called MHC I ( major histocompatibility complex ) - a situation that can arise in viral infections of host cells . They were named `` natural killer '' because of the initial notion that they do not require activation in order to kill cells that are `` missing self . '' For many years , it was unclear how NK cell recognize tumor cells and infected cells . It is now known that the MHC makeup on the surface of those cells is altered and the NK cells become activated through recognition of `` missing self '' . Normal body cells are not recognized and attacked by NK cells because they express intact self MHC antigens . Those MHC antigens are recognized by killer cell immunoglobulin receptors ( KIR ) that , in essence , put the brakes on NK cells . The NK - 92 cell line does not express KIR and is developed for tumor therapy . Γδ T cells ( edit ) Main article : gamma / delta T cells Like other ' unconventional ' T cell subsets bearing invariant T cell receptors ( TCRs ) , such as CD1d - restricted Natural Killer T cells , γδ T cells exhibit characteristics that place them at the border between innate and adaptive immunity . On one hand , γδ T cells may be considered a component of adaptive immunity in that they rearrange TCR genes to produce junctional diversity and develop a memory phenotype . However , the various subsets may also be considered part of the innate immune system where a restricted TCR or NK receptors may be used as a pattern recognition receptor . For example , according to this paradigm , large numbers of Vγ9 / Vδ2 T cells respond within hours to common molecules produced by microbes , and highly restricted intraepithelial Vδ1 T cells will respond to stressed epithelial cells . Other vertebrate mechanisms ( edit ) The coagulation system overlaps with the immune system . Some products of the coagulation system can contribute to the non-specific defenses by their ability to increase vascular permeability and act as chemotactic agents for phagocytic cells . In addition , some of the products of the coagulation system are directly antimicrobial . For example , beta - lysine , a protein produced by platelets during coagulation , can cause lysis of many Gram - positive bacteria by acting as a cationic detergent . Many acute - phase proteins of inflammation are involved in the coagulation system . Also increased levels of lactoferrin and transferrin inhibit bacterial growth by binding iron , an essential nutrient for bacteria . Neural regulation ( edit ) The innate immune response to infectious and sterile injury is modulated by neural circuits that control cytokine production period . The inflammatory reflex is a prototypical neural circuit that controls cytokine production in the spleen . Action potentials transmitted via the vagus nerve to spleen mediate the release of acetylcholine , the neurotransmitter that inhibits cytokine release by interacting with alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors ( CHRNA7 ) expressed on cytokine - producing cells . The motor arc of the inflammatory reflex is termed the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway . Pathogen - specificity ( edit ) The parts of the innate immune system have different specificity for different pathogens . Pathogen Main examples Phagocytosis complement NK cells Intracellular and cytoplasmic virus influenza mumps measles rhinovirus yes no yes Intracellular bacteria Listeria monocytogenes Legionella Mycobacterium Rickettsia yes ( specifically neutrophils , no for rickettsia ) no yes ( no for rickettsia ) Extracellular bacteria Staphylococcus Streptococcus Neisseria Salmonella typhi yes yes no Intracellular protozoa Plasmodium malariae Leishmania donovani no no no Extracellular protozoa Entamoeba histolytica Giardia lamblia yes yes no Extracellular fungi Candida Histoplasma Cryptococcus no yes yes Immune evasion ( edit ) Cells of the innate immune system prevent free growth of microorganisms within the body , but many pathogens have evolved mechanisms to evade it . One strategy is intracellular replication , as practised by Mycobacterium tuberculosis , or wearing a protective capsule , which prevents lysis by complement and by phagocytes , as in Salmonella . Bacteroides species are normally mutualistic bacteria , making up a substantial portion of the mammalian gastrointestinal flora . Some species like B. fragilis for example are opportunistic pathogens , causing infections of the peritoneal cavity inhibit phagocytosis by affecting the phagocytes receptors used to engulf bacteria . They may also mimick host cells so the immune system does not recognize them as foreign . Staphylococcus aureus inhibits the ability of the phagocyte to respond to chemokine signals . M. tuberculosis , Streptococcus pyogenes , and Bacillus anthracis utilize mechanisms that directly kill the phagocyte . Bacteria and fungi may form complex biofilms , protecting from immune cells and proteins ; biofilms are present in the chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cenocepacia infections characteristic of cystic fibrosis . Viruses ( edit ) Type I interferons ( IFN ) , secreted mainly by dendritic cells , play a central role in antiviral host defense and a cell _́ s antiviral state . Viral components are recognized by different receptors : Toll - like receptors are located in the endosomal membrane and recognize double - stranded RNA ( dsRNA ) , MDA5 and RIG - I receptors are located in the cytoplasm and recognize long dsRNA and phosphate - containing dsRNA respectively . When the cytoplasmic receptors MDA5 and RIG - I recognize a virus the conformation between the caspase - recruitment domain ( CARD ) and the CARD - containing adaptor MAVS changes . In parallel , when toll - like receptors in the endocytic compartments recognize a virus the activation of the adaptor protein TRIF is induced . Both pathways converge in the recruitment and activation of the IKKε / TBK - 1 complex , inducing dimerization of transcription factors IRF3 and IRF7 , which are translocated in the nucleus , where they induce IFN production with the presence of a particular transcription factor and activate transcription factor 2 . IFN then binds to the IFN receptors , inducing hundreds of interferon - stimulated genes to be expressed . This leads to antiviral protein production , such as protein kinase R , which inhibits viral protein synthesis , or the 2 ′ , 5 ′ - oligoadenylate synthetase family , which degrades viral RNA . Some viruses evade this by producing molecules which interfere with IFN production . For example , the Influenza A virus produces NS1 protein , which can bind to single - stranded and double - stranded RNA , thus inhibiting type I IFN production . Influenza A also blocks protein kinase R activation and establishment of the antiviral state . The dengue virus also inhibits type I IFN production by blocking IRF - 3 phosophorylation using NS2B3 protease complex . In other species ( edit ) Prokaryotes ( edit ) Bacteria ( and perhaps other prokaryotic organisms ) , utilize a unique defense mechanism , called the restriction modification system to protect themselves from pathogens , such as bacteriophages . In this system , bacteria produce enzymes , called restriction endonucleases , that attack and destroy specific regions of the viral DNA of invading bacteriophages . Methylation of the host 's own DNA marks it as `` self '' and prevents it from being attacked by endonucleases . Restriction endonucleases and the restriction modification system exist exclusively in prokaryotes . Invertebrates ( edit ) Invertebrates do not possess lymphocytes or an antibody - based humoral immune system , and it is likely that a multicomponent , adaptive immune system arose with the first vertebrates . Nevertheless , invertebrates possess mechanisms that appear to be precursors of these aspects of vertebrate immunity . Pattern recognition receptors are proteins used by nearly all organisms to identify molecules associated with microbial pathogens . Toll - like receptors are a major class of pattern recognition receptor , that exists in all coelomates ( animals with a body - cavity ) , including humans . The complement system , as discussed above , is a biochemical cascade of the immune system that helps clear pathogens from an organism , and exists in most forms of life . Some invertebrates , including various insects , crabs , and worms utilize a modified form of the complement response known as the prophenoloxidase ( proPO ) system . Antimicrobial peptides are an evolutionarily conserved component of the innate immune response found among all classes of life and represent the main form of invertebrate systemic immunity . Several species of insect produce antimicrobial peptides known as defensins and cecropins . Proteolytic cascades ( edit ) In invertebrates , pattern recognition proteins ( PRPs ) trigger proteolytic cascades that degrade proteins and control many of the mechanisms of the innate immune system of invertebrates -- including hemolymph coagulation and melanization . Proteolytic cascades are important components of the invertebrate immune system because they are turned on more rapidly than other innate immune reactions because they do not rely on gene changes . Proteolytic cascades have been found to function the same in both vertebrate and invertebrates , even though different proteins are used throughout the cascades . Clotting mechanisms ( edit ) In the hemolymph , which makes up the fluid in the circulatory system of arthropods , a gel - like fluid surrounds pathogen invaders , similar to the way blood does in other animals . There are various different proteins and mechanisms that are involved in invertebrate clotting . In crustaceans , transglutaminase from blood cells and mobile plasma proteins make up the clotting system , where the transglutaminase polymerizes 210 kDa subunits of a plasma - clotting protein . On the other hand , in the horseshoe crab species clotting system , components of proteolytic cascades are stored as inactive forms in granules of hemocytes , which are released when foreign molecules , like lipopolysaccharides enter . Plants ( edit ) Members of every class of pathogen that infect humans also infect plants . Although the exact pathogenic species vary with the infected species , bacteria , fungi , viruses , nematodes , and insects can all cause plant disease . As with animals , plants attacked by insects or other pathogens use a set of complex metabolic responses which lead to the formation of defensive chemical compounds that fight infection or make the plant less attractive to insects and other herbivores . ( see : plant defense against herbivory ) . Like invertebrates , plants neither generate antibody or T - cell responses nor possess mobile cells that detect and attack pathogens . In addition , in case of infection , parts of some plants are treated as disposable and replaceable , in ways that very few animals are able to do . Walling off or discarding a part of a plant helps stop spread of an infection . Most plant immune responses involve systemic chemical signals sent throughout a plant . Plants use pattern - recognition receptors to recognize conserved microbial signatures . This recognition triggers an immune response . The first plant receptors of conserved microbial signatures were identified in rice ( XA21 , 1995 ) and in Arabidopsis ( FLS2 , 2000 ) . Plants also carry immune receptors that recognize highly variable pathogen effectors . These include the NBS - LRR class of proteins . When a part of a plant becomes infected with a microbial or viral pathogen , in case of an incompatible interaction triggered by specific elicitors , the plant produces a localized hypersensitive response ( HR ) , in which cells at the site of infection undergo rapid programmed cell death to prevent the spread of the disease to other parts of the plant . HR has some similarities to animal pyroptosis , such as a requirement of caspase - 1 - like proteolytic activity of VPEγ , a cysteine protease that regulates cell disassembly during cell death . `` Resistance '' ( R ) proteins , encoded by R genes , are widely present in plants and detect pathogens . These proteins contain domains similar to the NOD Like Receptors and Toll - like receptors utilized in animal innate immunity . Systemic acquired resistance ( SAR ) is a type of defensive response that renders the entire plant resistant to a broad spectrum of infectious agents . SAR involves the production of chemical messengers , such as salicylic acid or jasmonic acid . Some of these travel through the plant and signal other cells to produce defensive compounds to protect uninfected parts , e.g. , leaves . Salicylic acid itself , although indispensable for expression of SAR , is not the translocated signal responsible for the systemic response . Recent evidence indicates a role for jasmonates in transmission of the signal to distal portions of the plant . RNA silencing mechanisms are also important in the plant systemic response , as they can block virus replication . The jasmonic acid response , is stimulated in leaves damaged by insects , and involves the production of methyl jasmonate . See also ( edit ) Apoptosis Innate lymphoid cell NOD - like receptor References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Grasso , P. ; Gangolli , S. ; Gaunt , Ian ( 2002 ) . Essentials of Pathology for Toxicologists . CRC Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 25795 - 4 . Retrieved 30 August 2011 . Our immune system is therefore crucial to our survival . It is currently divided into two categories which are innate ( non-specific ) immunity and acquired ( specific ) immunity . ^ Jump up to : Alberts B , Johnson A , Lewis J , Raff M , Roberts K , Walters P ( 2002 ) . Molecular Biology of the Cell ; Fourth Edition . New York and London : Garland Science . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 3218 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Janeway , Charles ; Paul Travers ; Mark Walport ; Mark Shlomchik ( 2001 ) . Immunobiology ; Fifth Edition . New York and London : Garland Science . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 4101 - 6 ... ^ Jump up to : IMMUNOLOGY - CHAPTER ONE - INNATE ( NON-SPECIFIC ) IMMUNITY Gene Mayer , Ph. D. Immunology Section of Microbiology and Immunology On - line . University of South Carolina ^ Jump up to : Stvrtinová , Viera ; Ján Jakubovský ; Ivan Hulín ( 1995 ) . Inflammation and Fever from Pathophysiology : Principles of Disease . Computing Centre , Slovak Academy of Sciences : Academic Electronic Press . Archived from the original on 18 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Lotze , MT ; Tracey , KJ ( 2005 ) . `` High - mobility group box 1 protein ( HMGB1 ) : nuclear weapon in the immune arsenal '' . Nature Reviews . Immunology. 5 ( 4 ) : 331 -- 42 . doi : 10.1038 / nri1594 . PMID 15803152 . Jump up ^ Janeway , C.A. ; Travers , P. ; Walport , M. ; Shlomchik , M.J. ( 2005 ) . Immunobiology ( 6th ed . ) . Garland Science . ISBN 0 - 443 - 07310 - 4 . Jump up ^ Janeway , Charles ( 2005 ) . Immunobiology ( 6th ed . ) . Garland Science . ISBN 0 - 443 - 07310 - 4 . Jump up ^ Arai S , Meagher R , Swearingen M , et al. ( 2008 ) . `` Infusion of the allogeneic cell line NK - 92 in patients with advanced renal cell cancer or melanoma : a phase I trial '' . Cytotherapy. 10 : 625 -- 32 . doi : 10.1080 / 14653240802301872 . Jump up ^ Tonn T , Becker S , Esser R , Schwabe D , Seifried E ( 2001 ) . `` Cellular immunotherapy of malignancies using the clonal natural killer cell line NK - 92 '' . J Hematother Stem Cell Res. 10 : 535 -- 44 . doi : 10.1089 / 15258160152509145 . Jump up ^ Gong J , Maki G , Klingemann H ( 1994 ) . `` Characterization of a human cell line ( NK - 92 ) with phenotypical and functional characteristics of activated natural killer cells '' . Leukemia. 8 : 652 -- 58 . Jump up ^ Klingemann H-G . Development and testing of NK cell lines . In Lotze MT & Thompson AW ( eds ) : Natural killer cells - Basic Science and Clinical applications 2010 ; pp169 -- 75 Jump up ^ Tracey , KJ ( 2007 ) . `` Physiology and immunology of the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway '' . The Journal of Clinical Investigation . 117 ( 2 ) : 289 -- 96 . doi : 10.1172 / JCI30555 . PMC 1783813 . PMID 17273548 . Jump up ^ Tracey , KJ ( 2009 ) . `` Reflex control of immunity '' . Nature Reviews . Immunology. 9 ( 6 ) : 418 -- 28 . doi : 10.1038 / nri2566 . PMC 4535331 . PMID 19461672 . ^ Jump up to : Doan , Thao ( 2008 ) . Immunology . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 172 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7817 - 9543 - 2 . Jump up ^ http://www.jimmunol.org/content/173/5/3357.full.pdf Jump up ^ Kennedy , Alan . `` Immune Evasion by bacteria '' . Jump up ^ Finlay B , McFadden G ( 2006 ) . `` Anti-immunology : evasion of the host immune system by bacterial and viral pathogens '' . Cell. 124 ( 4 ) : 767 -- 82 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cell. 2006.01. 034 . PMID 16497587 . Jump up ^ Finlay B , Falkow S ( 1997 ) . `` Common themes in microbial pathogenicity revisited '' ( PDF ) . Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 61 ( 2 ) : 136 -- 69 . PMC 232605 . PMID 9184008 . Jump up ^ Dorland WAN ( editor ) ( 2003 ) . Dorland 's Illustrated Medical Dictionary ( 30th ed . ) . W.B. Saunders . ISBN 0 - 7216 - 0146 - 4 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Kobayashi H ( 2005 ) . `` Airway biofilms : implications for pathogenesis and therapy of respiratory tract infections '' . Treat Respir Med. 4 ( 4 ) : 241 -- 53 . doi : 10.2165 / 00151829 - 200504040 - 00003 . PMID 16086598 . Jump up ^ Le Bon A. ; Tough D.F. ( 2002 ) . `` Links between innate and adaptive immunity via type I interferon '' . Curr . Opin . Immunol. 14 : 432 -- 436 . doi : 10.1016 / s0952 - 7915 ( 02 ) 00354 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Akira S. ; Uematsu S. ; Takeuchi O. ( 2006 ) . `` Pathogen recognition and innate immunity '' . Cell. 124 : 783 -- 801 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cell. 2006.02. 015 . PMID 16497588 . Jump up ^ Baum A. ; Garcia - Sastre A. ( 2010 ) . `` Induction of type I interferon by RNA viruses : cellular receptors and their substrates '' . Amino Acids. 38 : 1283 -- 1299 . doi : 10.1007 / s00726 - 009 - 0374 - 0 . PMC 2860555 . PMID 19882216 . Jump up ^ Garcia - Sastre A. ; Egorov A. ; Matassov D. ; Brandt S. ; Levy D.E. ; Durbin J.E. ; Palese P. ; Muster T. ( 1998 ) . `` Influenza A virus lacking the NS1 gene replicates in interferon - deficient systems '' . Virology. 252 : 324 -- 330 . doi : 10.1006 / viro. 1998.9508 . PMID 9878611 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez - Madoz JR , Belicha - Villanueva A , Bernal - Rubio D , Ashour J , Ayllon J , Fernandez - Sesma A ( 2010 ) . `` Inhibition of the type I interferon response in human dendritic cells by dengue virus infection requires a catalytically active NS2B3 complex '' . Journal of Virology. 84 ( 19 ) : 9760 -- 74 . doi : 10.1128 / jvi. 01051 - 10 . PMC 2937777 . PMID 20660196 . 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Science . 270 ( 5243 ) : 1804 -- 1806 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 270.5243. 1804 . PMID 8525370 . Jump up ^ Ronald , P.C. ; Beutler , B ( 2010 ) . `` Plant and animal sensors of conserved microbial signatures '' . Science . 330 ( 6007 ) : 1061 -- 1064 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1189468 . PMID 21097929 . Jump up ^ Gomez - Gomez , L. ; et al. ( 2000 ) . `` FLS2 : an LRR receptor - like kinase involved in the perception of the bacterial elicitor flagellin in Arabidopsis '' . Molecular Cell. 5 ( 6 ) : 1003 -- 1011 . doi : 10.1016 / S1097 - 2765 ( 00 ) 80265 - 8 . PMID 10911994 . Jump up ^ Rojo , E. ; et al. ( 2004 ) . `` VPEgamma exhibits a caspase - like activity that contributes to defense against pathogens '' . Curr. Biol. 14 ( 21 ) : 1897 -- 1906 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2004.09. 056 . PMID 15530390 . Jump up ^ Chitosan # Agricultural . 26 Horticultural use Jump up ^ `` Linden , J. , Stoner , R. , Knutson , K. Gardner - Hughes , C. `` Organic Disease Control Elicitors '' . 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Innate immune system : Pattern recognition receptors Membrane - bound_PRRs Toll - like receptor Mannose receptor Formyl peptide receptor Scavenger receptor Cytoplasmic_PRRs Toll - like receptor NOD - like receptor RIG - I - like receptor Scavenger receptor Secreted_PRRs Complement receptor Collectin Other / ungrouped Immunophilins ( Cyclophilin ) Myeloid innate immune system Myeloid immune response Leukocyte extravasation Mast cell Basophil Eosinophil Phagocytes Neutrophil Macrophage / MPS Phagocytosis Intrinsic immunity Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Innate_immune_system&oldid=842887625 '' Categories : Immune system Insect immunity Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Use dmy dates from August 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Македонски Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018 , at 10 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which of the following is not a component of an innate response	[]	[]
-5928574341827305121	Patriot (American Revolution)	Patriot ( American Revolution ) - wikipedia Patriot ( American Revolution ) This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 24 October 2018 . American colonist who rejected British rule in the American Revolution This article is about the Patriots in the American Revolution . For other uses , see Patriot ( disambiguation ) . The Spirit of ' 76 ( originally entitled Yankee Doodle ) , painted by Archibald Willard in the late nineteenth century , an iconic image relating to the patriotic sentiment surrounding the American Revolutionary War Patriots ( also known as Revolutionaries , Continentals , Rebels , or American Whigs ) were those colonists of the Thirteen Colonies who rejected British rule during the American Revolution and declared the United States of America as an independent nation in July 1776 . Their decision was based on the political philosophy of republicanism as expressed by spokesmen such as Thomas Jefferson , John Adams , and Thomas Paine . They were opposed by the Loyalists who supported continued British rule . Patriots represented the spectrum of social , economic , and ethnic backgrounds . They included lawyers such as John Adams , students such as Alexander Hamilton , planters such as Thomas Jefferson and George Mason , merchants such as Alexander McDougall and John Hancock , and farmers such as Daniel Shays and Joseph Plumb Martin . They also included slaves and freemen such as Crispus Attucks , the first martyr of the American Revolution ; James Armistead Lafayette , who served as a double agent for the Continental Army ; and Jack Sisson , leader of the first successful black operation mission in American history under the command of Colonel William Barton , resulting in the capture of British General Richard Prescott . Contents 1 Terms 2 Influence 3 Motivations 4 No taxation without representation 5 List of prominent Patriots 5.1 Statesmen and office holders 5.2 Businessmen and writers 5.3 Military officers 5.4 African - American Patriots 6 References 7 Bibliography Terms ( edit ) The critics of British rule called themselves `` Whigs '' after 1768 , identifying with members of the British Whig party who favored similar colonial policies . In Britain at the time , the word `` patriot '' had a negative connotation and was used as a negative epithet for `` a factious disturber of the government '' , according to Samuel Johnson . Prior to the Revolution , colonists who supported British authority called themselves Tories or royalists , identifying with the political philosophy of traditionalist conservatism dominant in Great Britain . During the Revolution , these persons became known primarily as Loyalists . Afterward , many emigrated north to the remaining British territories in Canada . There they called themselves the United Empire Loyalists . Influence ( edit ) Many Patriots were active before 1775 in groups such as the Sons of Liberty , and the most prominent leaders are referred to today by Americans as the Founding Fathers . They represented a cross-section of the population of the Thirteen Colonies and came from many different backgrounds . According to Robert Calhoon , between 40 and 45 percent of the white population in the Thirteen Colonies supported the Patriots ' cause , between 15 and 20 percent supported the Loyalists , and the remainder were neutral or kept a low profile . The great majority of the Loyalists remained in America , while the minority went to Canada , Britain , Florida , or the West Indies . Motivations ( edit ) Historians have explored the motivations that pulled men to one side or the other . Yale historian Leonard Woods Labaree used the published and unpublished writings and letters of leading men on each side , searching for how personality shaped their choice . He finds eight characteristics that differentiated the two groups . Loyalists were older , better established , and more likely to resist innovation than the Patriots . Loyalists felt that the Crown was the legitimate government and resistance to it was morally wrong , while the Patriots felt that morality was on their side because the British government had violated the constitutional rights of Englishmen . Men who were alienated by physical attacks on Royal officials took the Loyalist position , while those who were offended by heavy - handed British rule became Patriots . Merchants in the port cities with long - standing financial attachments to the British Empire were likely to remain loyal to the system , while few Patriots were so deeply enmeshed in the system . Some Loyalists , according to Labaree , were `` procrastinators '' who believed that independence was bound to come some day , but wanted to `` postpone the moment '' , while the Patriots wanted to `` seize the moment '' . Loyalists were cautious and afraid of anarchy or tyranny that might come from mob rule ; Patriots made a systematic effort to take a stand against the British . Finally , Labaree argues that Loyalists were pessimists who lacked the Patriots ' confidence that independence lay ahead . No taxation without representation ( edit ) The Patriots rejected taxes imposed by legislatures in which the taxpayer was not represented . `` No taxation without representation '' was their slogan , referring to the lack of representation in the British Parliament . The British countered that there was `` virtual representation '' in the sense that all members of Parliament represented the interests of all the citizens of the British Empire . Some Patriots declared that they were loyal to the king , but they insisted that they should be free to run their own affairs . In fact , they had been running their own affairs since the period of `` salutary neglect '' before the French and Indian War . Some radical Patriots tarred and feathered tax collectors and customs officers , making those positions dangerous ; according to Benjamin Irvin , the practice was especially prevalent in Boston where many Patriots lived . List of prominent Patriots ( edit ) Most of the individuals listed below served the American Revolution in multiple capacities . Statesmen and office holders ( edit ) Thomas Jefferson John Adams John Hancock John Jay John Dickinson Benjamin Franklin Richard Henry Lee Jonathan Shipley William Paca James Madison Alexander Hamilton Businessmen and writers ( edit ) Samuel Adams Alexander Hamilton William Molineux Timothy Matlack Thomas Paine Paul Revere Patrick Henry Samuel Prescott Molly Pitcher Roger Sherman Philip Mazzei Elkanah Watson James Otis Jr . Military officers ( edit ) See also : Military leadership in the American Revolutionary War Nathanael Greene Nathan Hale Francis Marion Andrew Pickens Daniel Morgan James Mitchell Varnum Joseph Bradley Varnum George Washington John Paul Jones Thomas Sumter Francis Vigo Elijah Isaacs Charles Lee Daniel Shays Anthony Wayne African - American Patriots ( edit ) See also : African Americans in the Revolutionary War Crispus Attucks Peter Salem Jack Sisson James Armistead Lafayette 1st Rhode Island Regiment William Flora Saul Matthews Prince Whipple Salem Poor References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Patriot '' in Oxford English Dictionary ( 3rd ed. online 2011 ) . accessed 19 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Robert M. Calhoon , `` Loyalism and neutrality '' in Jack P. Greene ; J.R. Pole ( 2008 ) . A Companion to the American Revolution . John Wiley & Sons . p. 235 . Jump up ^ Thomas B. Allen , Tories : Fighting for the King in America 's First Civil War ( 2011 ) p. xviii Jump up ^ On Patriots see Edwin G. Burrows and Michael Wallace , `` The American Revolution : The Ideology and Psychology of National Liberation , '' Perspectives in American History , ( 1972 ) vol. 6 pp. 167 -- 306 Jump up ^ Leonard Woods Labaree , Conservatism in Early American History ( 1948 ) pp. 164 -- 65 Jump up ^ See also N.E.H. Hull , Peter C. Hoffer and Steven L. Allen , `` Choosing Sides : A Quantitative Study of the Personality Determinants of Loyalist and Revolutionary Political Affiliation in New York , '' Journal of American History , 65 # 2 ( 1978 ) , pp. 344 -- 66 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Benjamin H. Irvin , `` Tar and Feathers in Revolutionary America , '' ( 2003 ) Archived 2010 - 06 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . Bibliography ( edit ) Ellis , Joseph J ... Founding Brothers : The Revolutionary Generation ( 2002 ) , Pulitzer Prize Kann , Mark E. ; The Gendering of American Politics : Founding Mothers , Founding Fathers , and Political Patriarchy , ( 1999 ) online version Middlekauff , Robert ; The Glorious Cause : The American Revolution , 1763 - 1789 ( 2005 ) online version Miller , John C. Origins of the American Revolution . ( 1943 ) online version Miller , John C. Triumph of Freedom , 1775 - 1783 , ( 1948 ) online version Previdi , Robert ; `` Vindicating the Founders : Race , Sex , Class , and Justice in the Origins of America , '' Presidential Studies Quarterly , Vol. 29 , 1999 Rakove , Jack . Revolutionaries : A New History of the Invention of America ( 2010 ) excerpt and text search Raphael , Ray . A People 's History of the American Revolution : How Common People Shaped the Fight for Independence ( 2002 ) Roberts , Cokie . Founding Mothers : The Women Who Raised Our Nation ( 2005 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patriot_(American_Revolution)&oldid=865468514 '' Categories : Patriots in the American Revolution People of the American Revolution Native Americans in the American Revolution Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch فارسی Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia עברית 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2018 , at 04 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	patriots point of view of the american revolution	[]	[]
-6593738572344837830	Amy Jo Johnson	Amy Jo Johnson - wikipedia Amy Jo Johnson This article is about the American actress . For the British aviator , see Amy Johnson . Amy Jo Johnson Johnson in 2015 ( 1970 - 10 - 06 ) October 6 , 1970 ( age 47 ) Hyannis , Massachusetts , U.S. Residence Toronto , Ontario , Canada Citizenship American ( 1970 -- present ) Canadian ( 2015 -- present ) Occupation Actress , singer , songwriter , musician , director Years active 1993 -- present Spouse ( s ) Olivier Giner ( m . 2009 ) Children Website amyjojohnson.com Amy Jo Johnson ( born October 6 , 1970 ) is an American - Canadian singer and actress best known for her roles in Mighty Morphin Power Rangers , Felicity , The Division , and Flashpoint . Johnson came to prominence in the early 1990s as part of the original Power Rangers cast . After leaving the show , she had several parts in made - for - television movies before landing a leading role in Felicity on The WB , which ran from 1998 to 2002 . In the 2000s , she continued her acting career , with main roles in The Division and Flashpoint , as well as recurring and guest roles on several other shows . In addition , Johnson had directed and produced two acclaimed short films : Bent ( 2013 ) and Lines ( 2014 ) . Her first self - produced feature film The Space Between was released in 2017 . She is also a singer - songwriter and has released three albums . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personal life 2 Acting career 3 Music career 4 Awards and nominations 5 Filmography 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 6 Discography 6.1 Studio albums 6.2 As a featured performer 7 References 8 External links Personal life ( edit ) Johnson was born in Hyannis , Massachusetts , grew up in Dennis , Massachusetts on Cape Cod , to Greig , a car salesman , and Christine , who managed a clothing store . She attended Dennis - Yarmouth Regional High School . As a teenager , Johnson participated in gymnastics . She reached Class One and participated in competitions hosted in the United States and Europe in uneven bars , vault , beam , and floor . At the age of 17 , she left gymnastics to pursue acting . Johnson is married to Olivier Giner ( August 2009 ) . They live in Toronto and have one daughter , Francesca Christine , born in December 2008 . Johnson became a Canadian citizen on June 23 , 2015 , giving her dual citizenship . Acting career ( edit ) Johnson moved to New York City at 18 to pursue an acting career . She attended the Lee Strasberg Theatre Institute and the American Musical and Dramatic Academy . She later moved to Los Angeles to audition for her first part . Johnson 's first role was as Kimberly Ann Hart , the Pink Ranger , in the 1993 series Mighty Morphin Power Rangers . She acquired the role less than a month after moving to Los Angeles . Her gymnastics background was an advantage in fight scenes . The series achieved unexpected success , and Johnson had a fair share of media exposure . In an appearance on VH1 's I Love the ' 90s , Johnson jokingly stated that having been the Pink Power Ranger was something she would `` never live down . '' In later years , Johnson stated that becoming famous from the show was at times overwhelming and had given her nightmares , but that overall , she learned many things and is grateful to the show and her fans . Johnson in 2000 After she left the series in 1995 , Johnson went on to star in Disney Channel 's Susie Q and in the Saved by the Bell : The New Class episode `` Backstage Pass . '' In 1997 , she starred in NBC 's adaptation of Lois Duncan 's novel Killing Mr. Griffin and played a gymnast with an eating disorder in Perfect Body . Johnson also participated in the film Without Limits . She also reprised her role as Kimberly Hart in Turbo : A Power Rangers Movie . In 1998 , Johnson was invited to play Julie Emrick in The WB series Felicity . She held a main role on Felicity for three seasons and was a special guest in its fourth and final season . In the early 2000s , Johnson had roles in Interstate 60 , Pursuit of Happiness , and Infested , as well as television film Hard Ground . She also had guest starring roles on Spin City and ER . In 2004 , she starred as Stacy Reynolds in the fourth season of The Division . In the latter half of the decade , she had recurring roles in Wildfire and What About Brian , and she starred in television films Magma : Volcanic Disaster on Syfy and Fatal Trust on Lifetime . In addition , Johnson took parts in a few independent films : Veritas , Prince of Truth and Islander . Beginning in 2008 , Johnson became a series regular on Flashpoint as Constable Jules Callaghan , a member of the fictional Strategic Response Unit of the Toronto Police service . She was nominated for a Gemini Award for her performance . The show aired new episodes through 2012 . Since 2012 , Johnson has had guest roles on a few shows including a recurring role on USA 's Covert Affairs . In addition , she has directed and produced two acclaimed short films : Bent ( 2013 ) and Lines ( 2014 ) . Music career ( edit ) Johnson is a singer - songwriter and has released three albums : The Trans - American Treatment ( 2001 ) , Imperfect ( 2005 ) , and Never Broken ( 2013 ) . She has performed in the Los Angeles area with The Amy Jo Johnson Band . In December 2007 , she contributed guest vocals to Koishii & Hush 's cover of The Cars track `` Since You 're Gone '' , which was released as a single . Some of Johnson 's music has been featured on television shows . Johnson 's character in Felicity was originally described as a dancer , but with Johnson 's input , the producers rewrote the character as a singer and guitarist . As a result , Johnson was able to perform her own song , `` Puddle of Grace , '' on the show . In Flashpoint , her songs `` Dancing In - Between '' and `` Goodbye '' were featured . In 2013 , she had performed the song `` God '' from her movie Bent . In 2014 , her song `` Lines '' had featured in her movie Lines . In 2017 , her song `` Cracker Jacks '' is the theme song from the movie The Space Between . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Among other notable recognitions , Johnson received a nomination for Best Performance by an Actress in a Continuing Leading Dramatic Role at the 24th Annual Gemini Awards in 2009 . She also received two nominations as Best Actress for her role in Flashpoint at the Monte Carlo TV Festival . Year Result Award Work Ref . 2000 Nominated Teen Choice Awards TV Star Choice Sidekick Felicity 2002 Nominated Slamdunk Film Festival Best Actress Pursuit of Happiness 2009 Nominated Gemini Awards Best Actress in a Continuing Leading Dramatic Role Flashpoint Nominated Monte Carlo TV Festival TV Best Actress Flashpoint 2012 Nominated Monte Carlo TV Festival Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series Flashpoint 2013 Won Long Island Film Festival Shelly Award for Woman Filmmakers Bent 2013 Won Women in Film and Television Audience Choice Bent 2013 Won Toronto International Film Festival Jury Award Bent 2014 Won Buffalo Niagara Film Festival Best Canadian Short Bent 2014 Won Toronto International Short Film Festival Best Comedy Lines 2015 Won Buffalo Niagara Film Festival Best Actress Lines Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1995 Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : The Movie Kimberly Ann Hart / The Pink Ranger Susie Q Susie Q / Maggie 1997 Turbo : A Power Rangers Movie Kimberly Ann Hart 1997 Perfect Body Andie Bradley 1998 Without Limits Iowa 's Finest 1999 Cold Hearts Alicia 2001 Pursuit of Happiness Tracy 2001 Liars Club Karen 2002 Interstate 60 Laura 2002 Infested Jesse 2005 Adjusting Arbie Fairy Short film 2006 Islander Cheryl 2007 Veritas , Prince of Truth Marty Williams 2011 Summer Song Jenni 2012 Tiger Eyes Gwen Wexler 2013 Coming Home for Christmas Wendy O'Brien Video 2013 Bent Amelia Director / Actress 2014 Lines Amelia Director / Actress 2015 Shooting Blanks ( The Blunder ) Amelia ( voice ) Director / Actress 2016 The Space Between Amelia Director / Actress 2017 Power Rangers Angel Grove Citizen Cameo Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1993 -- 1995 Mighty Morphin Power Rangers Kimberly Hart / The Pink Ranger Main cast : 138 episodes Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : Alpha 's Magical Christmas Kimberly Ann Hart Video short 1995 Eddie Files , The The Eddie Files Cindy Episode : `` The Counting Principle : Eddie in Barbieland '' Saved by the Bell : The New Class Linda Episode : `` Backstage Pass '' Susie Q Susie Quinn / Maggie TV film 1997 Killing Mr. Griffin Susan McConnell TV film 1997 Perfect Body Andie Bradley TV film 1998 -- 2000 ; 2002 Felicity Julie Emrick Main cast ( season 1 -- 3 ) Special Guest Star ( season 4 ) : 50 episodes 1999 Sweetwater Nansi Nevins TV film 2001 Night Visions Sara Episode : `` Rest Stop / After Life '' 2001 ER Jill Episode : `` Partly Cloudy , Chance of Rain '' 2002 Spin City Stephanie Episode : `` Sex , Lies and Video Date '' 2003 Hard Ground Elizabeth Kennedy TV film I Love the 90s Herself Episode : `` 10 '' Division , The The Division Stacy Reynolds Main cast : 22 episodes 2005 -- 2007 Wildfire Tina Sharp Recurring : 7 episodes 2006 Magma : Volcanic Disaster Brianna Chapman TV film 2006 What About Brian Karen -- Car Girl Episodes : `` Pilot '' , `` What About the Fish '' & `` What About Angelo 's Ashes '' 2006 Fatal Trust Kate TV film 2008 -- 2012 Flashpoint Jules Callaghan Main cast : 75 episodes 2013 Cracked Sydney Reid Episode : `` Night Terrors '' 2014 Bookaboo Herself Episode : `` The Talent Show '' 2014 Covert Affairs Hayley Price Recurring Discography ( edit ) Studio albums ( edit ) The Trans - American Treatment ( 2001 ) Imperfect ( 2005 ) Never Broken ( 2013 ) As a featured performer ( edit ) `` Clear Blue Day '' , `` Puddle of Grace '' from the series Felicity ( 1998 ) `` Motherless Child '' , `` What 's Wrong '' , `` Two Words '' , `` In A Rainbow '' , `` First Love '' , from the TV movie Sweetwater ( 1999 ) `` Cat in the Snow '' from series The Division ( 2004 ) `` Goodbye '' , `` Dancing in Between '' from series Flashpoint ( 2008 ) `` God '' from the movie Bent ( 2013 ) `` Lines '' from the movie Lines ( 2014 ) `` Cracker Jacks '' from the movie The Space Between ( 2017 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Press '' . Amy Jo Johnson . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2014 . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` about '' . The Space Between . Jump up ^ `` Amy Jo Johnson '' . Amyjo.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived February 5 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Pink Power Ranger 's Fan Nightmares Watch the video -- Yahoo Celebrity '' . Omg.yahoo.com . October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wihlborg , Ulrica ( December 5 , 2008 ) . `` Felicity 's Amy Jo Johnson Welcomes a Baby Girl -- Babies '' . People.com . Retrieved February 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Amy Jo ( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` Super happy ! I 'm becoming a Canadian today ! Dual Citizenship ! ! LOVE my countries ! PLURAL ... ; - ) '' . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` No Pink Spandex '' Episode 151 : Interview with Amy Jo Johnson `` . Awwman.com . September 17 , 2012 . Retrieved November 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` No Pink Spandex '' Transcript of Episode 151 : Interview with Amy Jo Johnson `` . Awwman.com . September 17 , 2012 . Retrieved November 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Amy Jo Johnson as Jules Callahan '' . Cbs.com . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2009 . Retrieved November 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Amy Johnson ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` Lines a short film by Amy Jo Johnson '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Music '' . Amy Jo Johnson . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Amy Jo Johnson Listen and Stream Free Music , Albums , New Releases , Photos , Videos '' . Myspace.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived January 13 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Amy Jo Johnson - Amy Jo Johnson - BENT '' . amyjojohnson.com . Jump up ^ `` Amy Jo Johnson - Amy Jo Johnson - LINES '' . amyjojohnson.com . Jump up ^ `` ' Flashpoint ' sets record for Gemini nominations CTV News '' . Ctv.ca . August 25 , 2009 . Retrieved November 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 24th Annual Gemini Award Nominations '' ( PDF ) . Geminiawards.ca . Retrieved November 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20110718034524/http://flashpoint-wiki.wetpaint.com/page/Amy%2BJo%2BJohnson . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved July 3 , 2010 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Slamdunk Film Festival January 17 , 2002 '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Amy Jo Brasil Amy Jo Johnson Fansite : Fotos : Amy Jo Johnson no Gemini Awards 2009 '' . Amyjobrasil.blogspot.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived November 4 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Festival de Television de Monte Carlo 52e '' ( PDF ) . Tvfestival.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 17 , 2012 . Retrieved November 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Prêmios e indicações -- Curta Bent '' . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Amy Jo Johnson . 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-1082015702503054427	Callie Torres	Callie Torres - wikipedia Callie Torres Callie Torres Grey 's Anatomy character The Season 9 Promotional Photo of Sara Ramirez as Dr. Callie Torres First appearance `` What Have I Done to Deserve This ? '' ( 2.19 ) February 26 , 2006 ( as recurring cast ) `` Time Has Come Today '' ( 3.01 ) September 21 , 2006 ( as series regular ) Last appearance `` Family Affair '' ( 12.24 ) May 19 , 2016 Created by Shonda Rhimes Portrayed by Sara Ramirez Information Full name Calliope Iphegenia Torres Occupation Attending orthopedic surgeon at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital Title Chief of Orthopedic Surgery Board Director at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital M.D. Family Carlos Torres ( father ) Lucia Torres ( mother ) Aria Torres ( sister ) Spouse ( s ) George O'Malley ( divorced , deceased ) Arizona Robbins ( divorced , dating again ) Significant other ( s ) Mark Sloan ( deceased ) Erica Hahn Alex Karev Penelope Blake Children Sofia Robbin Sloan Torres Religion Catholicism Calliope Iphegenia `` Callie '' Torres , M.D. is a fictional character from the medical drama television series Grey 's Anatomy , which airs on the ABC in the United States . The character was created by series ' producer Shonda Rhimes , and is portrayed by Sara Ramirez . She was introduced in season two , as a senior orthopedic resident , as a love interest for intern George O'Malley ( T.R. Knight ) . Eventually becoming an attending orthopedic surgeon , the character was originally contracted to appear on a recurring basis , but received star billing in the third season . Torres was initially conceived as a love interest , and eventual wife , for O'Malley , and was created to be disliked by her colleagues . Further storylines include relationships between her and plastic surgeon , Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) , cardiothoracic surgeon Erica Hahn ( Brooke Smith ) , as well as a marriage to pediatric surgeon Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) . The character 's bisexual storyline with Hahn and Robbins , and her development later in the series has garnered much acclaim . She is also the longest running LGBT character in television history , appearing in 11 seasons and 239 episodes . Ramirez 's portrayal of Torres has been widely praised by television critics and the character gained significant popularity as the series progressed . Ramirez was nominated for several awards for her portrayal of Torres , including the Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series , and the ALMA Award for Outstanding Actress in a Drama Television Series . The character was ranked at no . 7 by AfterEllen.com in the list of `` Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters . '' At the end of the show 's twelfth season , Ramirez departed the show after ten years , desiring to take a break . Contents 1 Storylines 2 Development 2.1 Casting and creation 2.2 Characterization 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Storylines ( edit ) Callie Torres is introduced as an orthopedic surgery resident with a crush on intern George O'Malley ( T.R. Knight ) . The two start a relationship and Torres moves into Meredith 's house ( Meredith and Izzie Stevens lived there as well ) . Uneased at the way their relationship is progressing , O'Malley confronts her , which results in her moving into a hotel . In the aftermath of the breakup , she meets and has a one - night stand with plastic surgeon Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) , who becomes her friend . Torres and O'Malley subsequently reconcile , and the two marry in Las Vegas on the spur of the moment . Confused , O'Malley confides to fellow intern Izzie Stevens ( Katherine Heigl ) , about his relationship woes over alcohol , leading to a drunken sexual encounter between the two . Torres remains unaware of his sexual encounter , but becomes increasingly suspicious , and announces her desire to conceive a child . Shortly thereafter , however , she discovers that O'Malley has been unfaithful , ending their marriage . Though her personal life is troubled , Torres thrives professionally when she is appointed as the hospital 's Chief Resident . However , she soon begins struggling to cope in the role , and is demoted soon thereafter . Torres forms a friendship with Erica Hahn ( Brooke Smith ) , the hospital 's new chief of cardiothoracic surgery . The two embark on a relationship when Hahn jokingly kisses Torres in an elevator to tease Sloan . Neither has been with another woman before , and Torres struggles with her bisexuality , and cheats on her with Sloan . She is initially forgiven , but after an argument about work , Hahn resigns from Seattle Grace , ending their relationship . New pediatric surgeon Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) kisses her , and they begin dating . Their relationship is tested when Torres comes out to her father , Carlos , who disowns her , cutting her off both financially and emotionally . When she is not granted a position as an attending , she publicly berates the chief , Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) , and resigns from her post . She begins working at the neighboring Mercy West hospital , and when the two hospitals merge , she is promoted to an attending surgeon . Torres ' father returns yet again , to condemn her , but ultimately accepts her sexuality . When Torres explains her desire to bear children , Robbins expresses disappointment , and their differing stances on the matter lead them to break up . Soon thereafter , a gunman commits mass murder at the hospital , and , relieved to have survived , Torres and Robbins reconcile , with Robbins agreeing that they should have children together . When Robbins wins a prestigious grant to help treat children in Malawi , a disgruntled Torres agrees to move there with her , as the position will last for three years ; however , her lack of enthusiasm causes Robbins to end their relationship and go without her . A heartbroken Torres moves in with Sloan , and they have a one - night stand . Robbins returns for Torres , apologizing and hoping for forgiveness , but Torres initially rebuffs her , and later reveals that she is pregnant with Sloan 's baby . Robbins agrees to raise the child with her , but dislikes that Sloan will be a permanent part of their lives . En route a weekend getaway , Robbins proposes to Torres , but before Torres can reply , the two are in a head - on collision with a truck , leaving Torres severely injured . In an attempt to save her life , obstetrician - gynecologist Addison Montgomery ( Kate Walsh ) , delivers Torres 's premature baby . Torres survives , and agrees to marry Robbins . After twelve weeks of recovery , both Torres and baby Sofia are discharged and allowed to leave the hospital . Torres recovers from her surgery , but deals with the backlash from her mother ( Gina Gallego ) 's attitude toward the wedding and her granddaughter . Torres and Robbins marry in a garden after the minister 's wife falls ill , with general surgeon Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) , officiating the ceremony . In the aftermath of a plane accident that killed Sloan and Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) , Torres is forced to make the decision to have Alex Karev amputate Robbins 's left leg to keep her alive , which puts strains on their relationship . The hospital is sued and eventually found guilty of negligence . Each victim , including Robbins , Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) , Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) , and Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) must receive $15 million of compensation , which leads the hospital to a near bankruptcy as the insurances refuse to pay . These doctors and Torres buy the hospital with the help of the Harper - Avery Foundation to prevent it from closing , and each become members of the new directing board . Everything seems to go well for Arizona and Callie , until a big storm hits the hospital now named after Mark Sloan and Lexie Grey . In the last episode of the ninth season , Arizona cheats on Callie with Dr. Lauren Boswell ( Hilarie Burton ) . Callie soon discovers Arizona 's infidelity by seeing her wedding ring pinned to Dr. Boswell 's scrub top . In the aftermath of discovery , both Callie and Arizona share their feelings and it is revealed that Arizona does not forgive Callie for making the call to amputate her leg . Callie is heartbroken and Arizona states that Callie lost nothing in the crash , to which Callie responds that she , apparently , lost Arizona . Callie takes Sofia to live with Meredith and Derek , Zola , and Baby Bailey for a while before kicking Arizona out of their apartment and celebrates by dancing in her underwear . Callie also left Arizona at therapy , telling her that she was the only one that needed to go . After being hit by a lawsuit , her father , Carlos , visits and tells Callie that he cheated on her mother but she took him back and Callie would n't be here if her mother did n't give Carlos a second chance . Callie goes to Arizona 's apartment and invites her to come back home . Callie finds out during surgery that Arizona was sleeping with Leah , a second year resident , while separated . Although angry at Arizona , Callie still agrees to work things out . After April 's failed wedding to Matthew , Callie and Arizona bought a house together , a fresh start , away from the memories of their apartment . They later decided to try again for a second child . However , a trip to the OB / GYN led to the discovery that Callie had developed adhesions in her uterus in the years since Sofia 's birth , meaning she could not carry any more babies . After talking about it , the couple agreed to postpone their dream to have another baby until they 're on more solid footing as a couple . At the beginning of the eleventh season , Callie and Arizona gave therapy another chance in order to help mend their marriage . They were made to go 30 days living separate lives in the same house with no sexual activity with others or each other . They come close to breaking that rule and had to start over and before the 30 days was up they eventually gave in and connected sexually again . At the end of the 30 days at the final therapy session Arizona realized she could n't live without Callie ; however Callie did n't feel the same and stated she felt suffocated and eventually walked out of therapy , ending their marriage . Callie then goes on to date Penny , who was the resident in charge of Derek Shepard 's case . She comes to a dinner party hosted by Meredith , who recognizes her . It is then discovered that Penny is going to be working at Grey Sloan Memorial . When everyone , including Callie , finds out who Penny actually is , they protest and try to get her off of the Grey Sloan Memorial residency line . She manages to stay on the line despite all the others ' pleads and wishes . After Callie discloses her desire to move to New York with Penny and take her and Arizona 's daughter , Sofia , with her , Arizona takes Callie to court for sole parental custody . Callie loses custody of her daughter to Arizona and Penny moves to New York . After Arizona decides that both Sofia 's moms deserve to be happy , Arizona presents Callie with plane tickets and offers a custody agreement that keeps Sofia in Seattle for the summer and then sharing her every other school year and Christmas . Callie is referenced occasionally by Arizona and Sofia after her departure from the show . At the conclusion of season 14 , Arizona departs the show to move to New York and it is implied that the two will ultimately reconcile after Callie and Penny are mentioned to have broken up . Development ( edit ) Casting and creation ( edit ) `` As a Latin person , I was really proud to see the ethnic people on the show . I thought , Wow , there are no color limits . Nobody 's making comments about how there are African - Americans on the show and an Asian on the show . However , I did think , Where 's the Latin person ? '' Ramirez on Grey 's Anatomy Ramirez was seen by ABC executives , in her Broadway performance of Spamalot , which garnered their attention . Due to their admiration , the network offered Ramirez a role on any ABC television series , of her choice , and she chose Grey 's Anatomy . Ramirez further explained that at her initial audition , the producers liked her , and had intentions to add her to the show , but did not know who to cast her as . She also said she was in awe of how the executives said , `` Pick a show , any show '' , explaining that it is rare . Shonda Rhimes said : `` I was looking for a girlfriend for George , but it was in the infancy stages , so I had no idea what I was looking for . '' Rhimes built the character around Ramirez after she met her . Ramirez 's character was initially given recurring status in the second season and received star billing in the third season , alongside fellow cast member Dane , who portrayed Mark Sloan . Ramirez discusses maintaining relationships with co-stars : `` The weird thing about working in television is that you only see the people that you 're in scenes with . It 's not like you 're all running around the set together . So if you 're going to hang out together , you kind of have to make an effort . And I think people have families , people have lives . '' Characterization ( edit ) While we are disheartened that the burgeoning relationship between Callie and Erica has come to an end , the character of Callie , who has now been identified as a lesbian by show creator Shonda Rhimes , remains and her journey continues . Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation on Torres ' bisexual storyline The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) characterized Torres as `` driven '' , `` determined '' , and `` outgoing '' , while also noting her weaknesses : `` defensive '' and `` impulsive '' . Ramirez described her character as someone who `` appears to be a certain way , but has some very complex issues going on behind the scenes . She seems to be a very strong personality , someone who really believes in herself and has worked very hard to get where she is . She 's very competitive but does have a sense of self , so she does n't need to win all the time . '' At Torres ' initial appearance on the show , she was disliked by fans , due to her getting in the way of O'Malley and Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) 's relationship . When asked of this , Ramirez said : `` You do run across a lot of people who are extremely invested in that story line . Obviously , I 've heard some negative stuff . '' The end of the show 's fourth season saw Torres grow closer to cardiothoracic surgeon Erica Hahn , in a relationship referred to by the portmanteau `` Eri - Cal '' and later `` Callica '' by Michael Ausiello of Entertainment Weekly . Rhimes stated that : `` Callie and Erica have an undeniable chemistry , and watching the story unfold is something the writers are looking forward to . I wanted to illuminate their relationship in the same way we do all relationships on the show -- it will be funny , sweet , honest , and a little bit dirty . '' Torres served as the primary vocalist in the show 's musical episode , `` Song Beneath the Song '' , being described as `` amazing '' by fellow cast member , Kevin McKidd . She explained that in developing the relationship between the two : `` we wanted it to be real -- not some stunt to get people talking . We wanted to see what would happen if a woman suddenly had feelings for another woman . '' The two characters shared a kiss at the end of the season four finale , with which D. Williams of After Ellen noted : `` Callie and Erica became the only regular lesbian / bisexual female characters currently on network television . This is also the first time that two regular characters on a network show have begun a lesbian romance , as opposed to one becoming involved with a new lesbian character introduced expressly for that relationship . '' Before continuing with the storyline , the show 's producers consulted with the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation to ensure they maintained realism throughout . Trish Doolan , star of April 's Shower was invited to consult in the workshop sessions which took place , and surmised that ; `` They were really wanting to be truthful to the two characters they 're focusing on in the woman - woman relationship '' , with Nikki Weiss , who also consulted , adding : `` they did n't want to stereotype anything either , and write from a place where they did n't understand it . ( ... ) I do n't think they did it as a stunt to get people back to watching after the strike . I really think that they wanted to develop these two characters , and that you could see a closeness with them way before they ever decided any kind of -- I think they just have a chemistry together , as actresses , too . You could tell that in the room . They definitely have a chemistry . '' In the show 's fifth season , Torres embarked on a relationship with Arizona Robbins ( Capshaw ) . The relationship between the two is referred to by the portmanteau `` Calzona '' . Rhimes praised the chemistry between Arizona and Callie in contrast , comparing it to that between the show 's primary couple Grey and Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) , and stating : `` They have that little thing that makes you want to watch them . '' In `` An Honest Mistake '' , Torres was initially rejected by Robbins , with Robbins citing Torres ' `` inexperience '' as a factor . Series writer Peter Nowalk offered the insight : `` I totally understand why Arizona would n't want to date a newborn . It 's like getting a Freshman as your Physics lab partner even though you 're a Senior who not only knows the Laws of Motion but has mastered them in ways that would rock that Freshman 's world . Which is not to say the Freshman wo n't grow to be really good at Physics , or that Callie wo n't catch up to Arizona on the lesbian front , it 's simply that Arizona might not have the patience to wait that long . '' The couple ultimately decided to begin a relationship , however , the two experience difficulties , but eventually reunite . Rhimes commented on their reconciliation : `` I love ( Callie ) with Arizona . ( ... ) I like that they make me feel hopeful about love . '' Rhimes has mentioned of their relationship in the sixth season : `` I would like to see Callie happily in a long - term relationship . We have so much to explore with them , because we barely know anything about ( Arizona ) . '' Callie and Arizona have a five - year relationship , ultimately marrying in the seventh season and divorcing in the eleventh season . Callie starts a new relationship with Penny Blake and leaves to go to New York with her in the twelfth - season finale . Shonda Rhimes spoke on Ramirez 's abrupt departure , saying , `` This one was different because it was n't a big planned thing . I had a different plan going and when Sara came in and said , ' I really need to take this break , ' I was lucky that we 'd shot the end of the season with her going to New York . '' Reception ( edit ) `` What was truly revolutionary about Callie is that she was never defined by any single aspect of herself . She was curvy , Latina , and bisexual , and she was also a funny , frustrating , and lovable doctor with an amazing career and strong friendships . Callie was never expected to be perfect . She was allowed to be as messy as every other character on Grey 's Anatomy , and , for everyone who identified with her as a whole or in part , it was a huge relief to see this woman who represented so many perspectives be allowed to just be awesome . '' -- Sabienna Bowmna of Bustle Maureen Ryan from the Chicago Tribune was critical about the character 's initial development . Reviewing the third season 's premiere , she wrote the writers should give up on Callie explaining they have made her `` far too obviously the `` weird girl , '' but there 's nothing underneath her brusque persona . '' Her marriage to O'Malley was well received ; Staci Krause of IGN wrote : `` Their relationship has been a roller coaster and it was nice to see this turn of events , as she really is a perfect contrast to George . '' Discussing the character in terms of her relationship with Hahn , Williams was largely positive , assessing that : `` The story line offered both the drama Grey 's is known for and a truthfulness network television has rarely achieved when it comes to lesbian relationships . '' Trish Doolan and Nikki Weiss , invited by GLAAD to consult with Grey 's Anatomy producers on the storyline , praised the effort put into researching the issue by the writers and actors involved , though were more negative on the scene which saw Hahn kiss Callie in an elevator in front of Mark Sloan . Weiss commented : `` I just felt like , if they really cared about each other , I do n't think they would do that as a stunt . That seemed a little , I do n't know , forced . ( ... ) ( It ) was more like a conquest , like he could have ( Hahn ) too or something . '' LGBT website AfterEllen.com agreed with this view , criticizing the way the scene was edited so as to keep cutting to Sloan 's point of view , as though `` privileging the male gaze . '' AfterEllen.com included Torres in their list of the Top 50 Lesbian and Bisexual Characters , ranking her at No. 6 and in their Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters . The character was also listed in Wetpaint 's `` 10 Hottest TV Doctors on TV '' . Commenting on Hahn 's abrupt departure from the show , Dorothy Snarker , writing for AfterEllen.com , observed of Torres and Robbins ' relationship : `` I ( ... ) ca n't help but be wary of how the Grey 's writers will handle this relationship . Jessica has proven lovely and likable in her brief screen time so far . But it 's not how the romance starts , but what happens next that really matters . '' Speaking of the musical episode , Nicole Golden of TV Fanatic called Ramirez 's rendition of `` Chasing Cars '' `` amazing '' and referred to her performance in Kate Havnevik 's `` Grace '' as `` beautiful '' . Margaret Lyons of New York Magazine was happy with the evolution of Bailey and Torres ' friendship in the first half of the ninth season , calling it `` the one bright spot '' : `` They joke , they tease each other , they offer sage love advice to one another , now that they 're both on their second marriages . '' Ramirez was nominated for Outstanding Actress in a Drama Television Series at the Alma Awards , in 2007 and 2008 . Also in 2007 , at the 13th Screen Actors Guild Awards , Ramirez and the cast of Grey 's Anatomy , were the recipients of the Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series . She and the cast were nominated for the same award , in 2008 . In 2011 , at the 42nd NAACP Image Awards , Ramirez was nominated for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series . She was ranked at no . 7 in AfterEllen.com 's list of `` Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters '' References ( edit ) Specific ^ Jump up to : Yuan , Jada ( September 18 , 2006 ) . `` Belle Curves : Sara Ramirez '' . Bustle . New York Media , LLC . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ De Leon , Kris ( September 25 , 2006 ) . `` Sara Ramirez '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sara Ramirez , Kate Walsh , Chandra Wilson , Oprah Winfrey ( April 5 , 2008 ) . Sara Ramirez Chandra Wilson Kate Walsh OP . Los Angeles , California : Oprah Winfrey . Jump up ^ Hendrickson , Paula ( May 6 , 2009 ) . `` Casting chemistry keeps ' Grey 's ' fresh '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( November 16 , 2005 ) . `` Spamalot 's Ramirez Lands Role on TV 's `` Grey 's Anatomy '' `` . Playbill . Philip S Birsh . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2012 . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gay Groups Praise ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . StarPulse . World Entertainment News Network . November 5 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2013 . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Callie Torres ( Sarah Ramirez ) Bio '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2013 . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Crook , John ( April 30 , 2006 ) . `` Sara Ramirez '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Company . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rice , Lynette ( May 23 , 2008 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Shonda Rhimes on her plans for Erica and Callie '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2008 . Retrieved June 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( November 3 , 2008 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Discharges Erica Hahn '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time , Inc . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2008 . Retrieved November 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Huver , Scott ( March 30 , 2011 ) . `` Sara Ramirez Is ' Amazing ' in Grey 's Musical Episode , Says Costar '' . People . Time , Inc . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rhimes , Shonda ( May 22 , 2008 ) . `` The End of the Beginning ... '' Grey Matter . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2008 . Retrieved June 29 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : D. Williams ( 15 June 2008 ) . `` Behind the Lesbian Story Line on `` Grey 's Anatomy '' `` . AfterEllen.com . Archived from the original on 1 July 2008 . Retrieved June 29 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Snarker , Dorothy ( February 11 , 2009 ) . `` '' Grey 's Anatomy '' processes the Calzona kiss `` . AfterEllen.com . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2010 . Retrieved August 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 15 , 2009 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Grey 's ' boss on finale 's Izzie - George shocker , Mer - Der ' wedding , ' and more ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time , Inc . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2009 . Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Keveney , Bill ( April 30 , 2009 ) . `` TV is a ' journey ' for ' Grey 's ' creator Shonda Rhimes '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rhimes , Shonda ( May 8 , 2009 ) . `` Shonda Rhimes on `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' ... '' Grey Matter . ABC . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2013 . Retrieved August 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 31 , 2009 ) . `` What 's Next for ' Grey 's ' ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hautman , Nicholas ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` Shonda Rhimes Did n't Know Sara Ramirez Was Leaving ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Until After They Finished the Season Finale '' . US Weekly . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Sabienna ( 21 May 2016 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy 's Callie Torres Was The Show 's Most Progressive Character '' . New York Magazine . New York Media , LLC . Retrieved 4 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( September 22 , 2006 ) . `` ' Grey 's ' is back , baby ! '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Company . Retrieved August 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Krause , Staci ( February 7 , 2007 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` . IGN . News Corporation . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AfterEllen. com 's Top 50 Lesbian and Bisexual Characters '' . AfterEllen.com . March 15 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2013 . Retrieved June 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AfterEllen. com 's Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters '' . AfterEllen.com . February 27 , 2012 . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Martin , Rebecca ( December 31 , 2012 ) . `` The 10 Hottest Female Doctors on TV '' . Wetpaint . The Cambio Network . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Golden , Nicole ( March 31 , 2011 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Review : The Musical Episode '' . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2012 . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Margaret ( January 23 , 2013 ) . `` Now That Private Practice Is Over , Addison Should Go Back to Grey 's Anatomy '' . New York . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Past ALMA Recipients '' . AlmaAwards.com . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2012 . Retrieved May 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 13th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild Awards . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 14th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild Awards . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 42nd NAACP Image Awards '' . NAACP Image Awards . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2012 . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AfterEllen. com 's Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters '' . AfterEllen.com. 27 February 2012 . Retrieved 18 May 2016 . General `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode Recap Guide '' . ABC . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy portal Fictional characters portal Callie Torres at ABC.com Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Preston Burke Derek Shepherd Addison Montgomery Callie Torres Mark Sloan Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Nathan Riggs Spin - offs Private Practice Station 19 Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Callie_Torres&oldid=853437133 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy characters Fictional characters introduced in 2006 Fictional surgeons Fictional bisexual females Fictional American people of Greek descent Fictional female doctors Hidden categories : Good articles Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Македонски Polski Português Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 4 August 2018 , at 19 : 58 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	what season does callie leave grey's anatomy	[ "Ramirez's portrayal of Torres has been widely praised by television critics and the character gained significant popularity as the series progressed. Ramirez was nominated for several awards for her portrayal of Torres, including the Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series, and the ALMA Award for Outstanding Actress in a Drama Television Series. The character was ranked at no. 7 by AfterEllen.com in the list of \"Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters.\" At the end of the show's twelfth season, Ramirez departed the show after ten years, desiring to take a break.\n" ]	[ "the end of the show's twelfth season" ]
-4377926438672298122	List of most-subscribed YouTube channels	List of Most - Subscribed YouTube Channels - wikipedia List of Most - Subscribed YouTube Channels Jump to : navigation , search Swedish Let 's Player and vlogger PewDiePie is the most subscribed user on YouTube , with over 59 million subscribers as of January 2018 . American singer Taylor Swift is the most subscribed female user on YouTube , with over 26 million subscribers as of December 2017 . This article lists the fifty most - subscribed channels on the video platform YouTube . The ability to `` subscribe '' to a user 's channel was added to YouTube by late October 2005 , and the `` most subscribed '' list on YouTube began as a chart by May 2006 , at which time Smosh was number one with fewer than three thousand subscribers . Since December 22 , 2013 , the most subscribed user has been PewDiePie , whose channel has over 59 million subscribers as of January 4 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Top channels 1.1 All - time 1.2 By country 2 Historical most subscribed channels 2.1 Timeline 3 Reactions 4 See also 5 References Top Channels All - time The following table lists the fifty most subscribed channels on YouTube , with each total rounded down to the nearest million subscribers , as well as the network , country of origin and language of each channel . Channels marked as `` Auto - generated by YouTube '' ( such as Music , Gaming , Sports and Movies ) are not included . As of December 26 , 2017 , 39 of these channels produce content in English ; 22 of them are American or originate from the United States . Vevo channel Self - owned channel ( without a network ) Rank Chg Channel name Network Country Primary language ( s ) Subscribers ( millions ) Content 1 . PewDiePie N / A SWE English 59 Comedy 2 . JustinBieberVEVO Vevo CAN 33 Music 3 . HolaSoyGerman . HolaSoyGerman CHI Spanish 32 Entertainment 4 . T - Series T - Series IND Hindi , Tamil , and Telugu 31 Music 5 . YouTube Spotlight Google USA English 27 News 6 . elrubiusOMG TalentWeb ESP Spanish 26 Comedy 7 . TaylorSwiftVEVO Vevo USA English Music 8 . RihannaVEVO BAR 9 . KatyPerryVEVO USA 10 . whinderssonnunes N / A BRA Portuguese Comedy 11 . Ed Sheeran WMG GBR English 25 Music 12 . Fernanfloo BroadbandTV ESA Spanish Games 13 . EminemVEVO Vevo USA English Music 14 . Dude Perfect Whistle Sports Entertainment 15 . Canal KondZilla ONErpm BRA Portuguese Music 16 . JuegaGerman HolaSoyGerman CHI Spanish 23 17 . OneDirectionVEVO Vevo GBR English 18 . Smosh Defy USA 22 Comedy 19 . TheEllenShow Time Warner Entertainment 20 . VanossGaming JETPAK CAN Games 21 . WWE WWE USA 20 Sports 22 . nigahiga N / A Entertainment 23 . VEGETTA777 TalentWeb ESP Spanish Games 24 . Yuya N / A MEX English Howto 25 . Spinnin ' Records Spinnin Records NED 19 Music 26 . Markiplier Maker Studios USA Games 27 . ArianaGrandeVevo Vevo 18 Music 28 . Bruno Mars WMG 29 . shakiraVEVO Vevo COL English and Spanish 31 . SET India Sony Pictures IND Hindi 17 Entertainment 30 . JennaMarbles N / A USA English Comedy 32 . Felipe Neto Freedom ! BRA Entertainment 33 . jacksepticeye Maker Studios IRL 34 . KSI StyleHaul GBR 35 . DanTDM Games 36 . Trap Nation The District USA Music 37 . Skrillex WMG 16 38 . LuisFonsiVEVO Vevo PUR Spanish 39 . FBE FullScreen USA English Entertainment 40 . WatchMojo.com WatchMojo CAN 41 . enchufetv N / A ECU Spanish 15 Comedy 42 . AdeleVEVO Vevo GBR English Music 43 . Logan Paul Vlogs Studio71 USA 44 . Vevo Vevo 45 . David Guetta WMG FRA 46 . The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon FullScreen USA Entertainment 47 . SelenaGomezVEVO Vevo Music 48 . Get Movies XMedia Digital RUS Russian Shows 49 . CanalCanalha N / A BRA Portuguese Entertainment 50 . Maroon5VEVO Vevo USA English Music As of January 5 , 2018 By country The following table lists the most subscribed YouTube channel from each of 58 countries and territories according to social media statistics aggregator VidStatsX . Country Channel Subscribers ( millions ) Algeria Dzjoker Chemsou Argentina DrossRotzank 12 Australia Wengie 10 Austria Red Bull 6 Barbados Rihanna 0.8 Belarus LaGGeR Belgium Tomorrowland 6 Brazil whinderssonnunes 26 Bulgaria Bodil40 Canada VanossGaming 22 Chile HolaSoyGerman . 32 China 湖南卫视芒果 TV 官方频道 China HunanTV Official Channel Colombia enchufetv 15 Czech Republic ViralBrothers Denmark Crainer 5 Dominican Republic Carlos Montesquieu Ecuador Imparable.Tv Egypt Rotana 5 El Salvador Fernanfloo 25 Finland Clash of Clans 11 France Cyprien Germany freekickerz 6 Greece Zouzounia TV Hong Kong GEMblog 0.7 Hungary Drawing 3D Art 0.9 India T - Series 31 Indonesia Raditya Dika Ireland jacksepticeye 17 Israel TuTiTuTV Italy Marzia 7 Japan はじめしゃちょー ( hajime ) 5 Jersey ChrisMD Jordan toyoraljanahtv قناة طيور الجنة 6 Kenya Freeze Lists Kuwait Basim Karbalaei / باسم الكربلائي Malaysia Les ' Copaque Production Mexico Yuya 20 Morocco Saad Lamjarred سعد لمجرد Netherlands Trap City 9 New Zealand Shaaanxo Norway SaraBeautyCorner - DIY , Comedy , Makeup , Nail Art 6 Peru whatdafaqshow Philippines Guava Juice 8 Poland SA Wardega Puerto Rico NickyJamTV 10 Russia Get Movies 15 Saudi Arabia MrMrSnB2 Singapore Oddbods - Official Channel South Africa YellowBrickCinema - Relaxing Music South Korea SMTOWN 12 Spain elrubiusOMG 26 Sweden PewDiePie 59 Switzerland Typhoon Cinema Taiwan TGOP ( This Group Of People ) Ukraine EeOneGuy 12 United Arab Emirates MBC GROUP United Kingdom Ed Sheeran 25 United States JustinBieberVEVO 33 As of January 9 , 2018 Historical Most Subscribed Channels The following table lists the last 16 channels to become YouTube 's most subscribed channel , from May 2006 to present . Current record Former record Channel name Network / owner Country Date achieved Days held Reference PewDiePie Felix Kjellberg SWE Dec 22 , 2013 1,479 YouTube Spotlight Google USA Dec 12 , 2013 10 PewDiePie Felix Kjellberg SWE Dec 8 , 2013 YouTube Spotlight Google USA Nov 2 , 2013 36 PewDiePie Felix Kjellberg SWE Aug 15 , 2013 80 Smosh Defy Media USA Jan 12 , 2013 215 Ray William Johnson Ray Johnson Jun 28 , 2011 564 nigahiga Ryan Higa Aug 20 , 2009 677 Fяᴇᴅ Lucas Cruikshank Oct 6 , 2008 318 nigahiga nigahiga Sep 24 , 2008 12 Smosh Defy Media Apr 26 , 2007 517 lonelygirl15 Mesh Flinders Sep 17 , 2006 221 geriatric1927 Peter Oakley GBR Aug 17 , 2006 31 Brookers Brooke Brodack USA Jul 3 , 2006 45 Judson Laipply Judson Laipply Jun 12 , 2006 21 Smosh Defy Media May 17 , 2006 26 As of January 9 , 2018 Timeline Timeline of Most Subscribed Channels ( May 2006 -- Dec 2017 ) Reactions This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In late 2006 , when Peter Oakley , also known as Geriatric1927 , became most subscribed , a number of TV channels wanted to interview him on his rise to fame . The Daily Mail and TechBlog published an article about him and his success . In 2009 , the FRED channel was the first to have over one million subscribers . Following the third time that Smosh became most subscribed , Ray William Johnson collaborated with the duo . A flurry of top YouTubers including Ryan Higa , Shane Dawson , Felix Kjellberg , Michael Buckley , Kassem Gharaibeh , The Fine Brothers , and Johnson himself , congratulated the duo shortly after they surpassed Johnson as the most subscribed channel . See also Internet portal Lists portal List of most - viewed YouTube videos List of most - viewed Vevo videos List of most - liked YouTube videos List of most - disliked YouTube videos List of most viewed online videos in the first 24 hours List of most viewed online trailers in the first 24 hours References Jump up ^ Clarke , Donald . `` The Superstar You 've Never Heard Of -- At Least , Not from Us '' . The Irish Times . Archived from the original on 19 February 2017 . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` YouTube Top 100 Most Subscribed Channels List - Top by Subscribers '' . VidStatsX . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 sorted by Subscribers . YouTubers sorted by Subscribers - Socialblade YouTube Stats YouTube Statistics '' . socialblade.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` It 's been awhile since our last update '' . Official YouTube Blog . Blogspot . October 25 , 2005 . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Most Subscribed Members - May 17 , 2020 , youtube.com Jump up ^ `` Track YouTube analytics , future predictions , & live subscriber counts - Social Blade '' . socialblade.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` PewDiePie '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` JustinBieberVEVO '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` HolaSoyGerman '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` T - Series '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` YouTube Spotlight '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` elrubiusOMG '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TaylorSwiftVEVO '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RihannaVEVO '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` KatyPerryVEVO '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` whinderssonnunes '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fernanfloo '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EminemVEVO '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dude Perfect '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canal KondZilla '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` JuegaGerman '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` OneDirectionVEVO '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Smosh '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TheEllenShow '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VanossGaming '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WWEFanNation '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` nigahiga '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VEGETTA777 '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yuya '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spinnin ' Records '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Markiplier '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ArianaGrandeVevo '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bruno Mars '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` shakiraVEVO '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SET India '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` JennaMarbles '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Felipe Neto '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` jacksepticeye '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` KSI '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DanTDM '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TrapNation '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Skrillex '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LuisFonsiVEVO '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fine Brothers Entertainment '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WatchMojo.com '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` enchufetv '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AdeleVEVO '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Logan Paul Vlogs '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vevo '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` David Guetta '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SelenaGomezVEVO '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Get Movies '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CanalCanalha '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Maroon5VEVO '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube Top 100 Most Subscribed Channels List - Top by Subscribers '' . VidStatsX . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . 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Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` YouTube Spotlight - YouTube '' . 2013 - 12 - 22 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ joshuajcohen ( 2013 - 11 - 04 ) . `` YouTube Is Now The Most Subscribed Channel On YouTube '' . Tubefilter . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ joshuajcohen ( 2013 - 08 - 16 ) . `` It 's Official : PewDiePie Becomes # 1 Most Subscribed Channel On YouTube '' . Tubefilter . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ joshuajcohen ( 2013 - 01 - 12 ) . `` Smosh Passes Ray William Johnson as # 1 Most Subscribed YouTube Channel '' . Tubefilter . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` SMOSH Becomes The # 1 Most - Subscribed YouTube Channel - New Media Rockstars '' . 2013 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Ray William Johnson '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Humphrey , Michael . `` Ray William Johnson : = 3 Adds Up To Most - Subscribed On YouTube '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Ray William Johnson Surpasses Nigahiga To Become The Most Subscribed YouTuber Of All Time '' . socialtimes.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Parr , Ben . `` DETHRONED : Fred No Longer # 1 on YouTube '' . Mashable . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ William Hyde ( 2009 - 08 - 21 ) , YouTube Winners & Losers ! NigaHiga and Fred , retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 Jump up ^ `` FRED '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : BuckHollywood ( 2008 - 10 - 06 ) , Fred , Smosh or Nigahiga ? ! , retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 Jump up ^ Heffernan , Virginia . `` A Big Deal : The Run - Off on YouTube ! ! '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` lonelygirl15 '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube Stars ! : The Lonelygirl15 Story '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Jr , Tom Zeller ( 2006 - 09 - 17 ) . `` Lonelygirl15 : Prank , Art or Both '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Greatest Internet Memes of All Time12 . Lonelygirl15 '' . Complex . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` geriatric1927 '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The meteoric rise of geriatric1927 '' . 2006 - 08 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Brookers '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brooke BRODACK EMC '' . www.entertainment-masterclass.tv . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube - Most Subscribed Channels '' . 2006 - 07 - 03 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 07 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Judson Laipply '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gutelle , Sam ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` The History Of YouTube 's Most - Subscribed Channels Is A Fun Nostalgia Trip '' . tubefilter . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . In the early days , anyone who made a big viral video could enter the top ten , with `` Evolution of Dance '' performer Judson Laipply even holding the top spot for a bit . Jump up ^ `` YouTube - Most Subscribed Members ( This Month ) '' . 2006 - 05 - 04 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Ray William Johnson ( January 15 , 2013 ) . `` RWJ vs SMOSH '' . YouTube . = 3 . Retrieved August 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Joshua Cohen ( January 12 , 2013 ) . `` YouTubers Respond to Smosh Becoming # 1 Most - Subscribed YouTube Channel '' . Tubefilter . Retrieved August 9 , 2013 . 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651137575588073032	England at the FIFA World Cup	England at the FIFA World Cup - wikipedia England at the FIFA World Cup The England national football team has competed at the FIFA World Cup since 1950 . The FIFA World Cup is the premier competitive international football tournament , first played in 1930 , whose finals stage has been held every four years since , except 1942 and 1946 , due to the Second World War . The tournament consists of two parts , the qualification phase and the final phase ( officially called the World Cup Finals ) . The qualification phase , which currently take place over the three years preceding the finals , is used to determine which teams qualify for the finals . The current format of the finals involves thirty - two teams competing for the title , at venues within the host nation ( or nations ) over a period of about a month . The World Cup Finals is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world , with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the 2006 Final . England did not enter the competition until 1950 , but have entered all eighteen subsequent tournaments . They have failed to qualify for the finals on three occasions , 1974 ( West Germany ) , 1978 ( Argentina ) and 1994 ( United States ) , and have failed to advance from the group stages on three occasions ; at the 1950 FIFA World Cup , the 1958 FIFA World Cup and the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Their best ever performance is winning the Cup in the 1966 tournament held in England , whilst they also finished in fourth place in 1990 , in Italy , and in 2018 in Russia . Other than that , the team have reached the quarter - finals on nine occasions , the latest of which were at the 2002 ( South Korea / Japan ) and the 2006 ( Germany ) . England are the only team not representing a sovereign state to win the World Cup , which they did in 1966 when they hosted the finals . They defeated West Germany 4 -- 2 after extra time to win the World Cup title . Since then , they have generally reached the knockout stages of almost every competition they have qualified for , including a fourth - place finish in the 1990 and 2018 World Cups . At the world cup , England have had more goalless draws than any other team . Contents 1 History 1.1 Brazil 1950 1.1. 1 1950 Finals 1.2 Switzerland 1954 1.2. 1 1954 Finals 1.3 Sweden 1958 1.4 Chile 1962 1.5 England 1966 1.6 Mexico 1970 1.7 West Germany 1974 1.8 Argentina 1978 1.9 Spain 1982 1.10 Mexico 1986 1.11 Italy 1990 1.12 United States 1994 1.13 France 1998 1.14 South Korea / Japan 2002 1.15 Germany 2006 1.16 South Africa 2010 1.17 Brazil 2014 1.18 Russia 2018 1.18. 1 2018 Finals 2 Records 2.1 By match 2.2 By opponent 3 Players ' honours 3.1 List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups 3.2 List of England top goalscorers at World Cups 3.3 List of England goals by tournament 3.4 List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup 4 Team awards and records 5 Refereeing 6 Notes and references 6.1 Notes 6.2 References History ( edit ) Brazil 1950 ( edit ) Main article : 1950 FIFA World Cup See also : 1949 -- 50 British Home Championship England 's first qualifying campaign for the FIFA World Cup doubled as the 1950 British Home Championship . The series kicked off for England on 15 October 1949 at Ninian Park , Cardiff , against Wales . Stan Mortensen gave England the lead after twenty two minutes , and just seven minutes later , Jackie Milburn doubled the lead . This was the first goal of Milburn 's hat trick , which left England 4 -- 0 up with 20 minutes to play . Mal Griffiths scored a consolation goal for Wales ten minutes from time , but England held on for a comfortable victory . A month later , England welcomed Ireland to Maine Road , and it began well for the home side as Jack Rowley scored inside six minutes . England were already 6 -- 0 up , thanks to Jack Froggatt , two for Stan Pearson , Stan Mortensen and a second from Rowley , by the time Ireland struck back through Samuel Smyth after 55 minutes . Rowley added a third and a fourth to his tally in the three minutes following Smyth 's goal , however , leaving the score at 8 -- 1 at the hour mark . The frantic scoring rate calmed down after that , with only one apeice before the final whistle , with Stan Pearson completing his brace for England 's ninth , and Bobby Brennan scoring for Ireland . It was not until May 1950 that England travelled to Hampden Park to face Scotland , who were also undefeated after their games against Ireland and Wales . With the top two from the group qualifying , both teams were guaranteed progression to the finals , and the game was solely for the honour of winning the British Home Championship , and the seeding advantage to be enjoyed upon reaching Brazil . A solitary goal from Roy Bentley gave England the victory , the title and the top spot in the group . 1950 finals ( edit ) England were seeded in pot one for the finals , which meant they were the favourites to progress from Group 2 , which also contained Spain , Chile and the United States . England 's campaign kicked off against Chile in Rio de Janeiro , and , as was expected , England cruised to a 2 -- 0 victory , courtesy of goals from Stan Mortensen and Wilf Mannion . Main article : United States v England ( 1950 FIFA World Cup ) Their troubles began four days later when they faced the Americans in Belo Horizonte in what has become one of the most famous matches of all time . Joe Gaetjens scored the only goal of the match to give the United States an unlikely victory , which has gone down as one of the World Cup 's greatest upsets . A myth arose that the English newspapers were so confident of an English victory that when the result was telegrammed back , they assumed a misprint and printed the score as 10 -- 1 in England 's favour . However , this has proven to be untrue . This left England in a sticky situation prior to their final match , against Spain in Rio . They needed to win , and for Chile to beat the United States to stand any chance of going through , and even then they would need the goal averages to fall in their favour . As it turned out , no such calculations were necessary , despite Chile 's victory , as Spain 's Zarra scored the only goal of the game , eliminating England from the competition . Switzerland 1954 ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main articles : 1954 FIFA World Cup and 1953 -- 54 British Home Championship As with their first World Cup , England 's qualifying for the 1954 edition also constituted the 1953 -- 54 British Home Championship . They played Wales at Ninian Park as their first match once again , and the 4 -- 1 result was the same . However , unlike four years earlier , it was the home side that went into the lead , after twenty two minutes through Ivor Allchurch . Despite being 1 -- 0 down at half time , England scored four within eight minutes of the restart ; two each for Dennis Wilshaw and Nat Lofthouse . Goodison Park was the venue for England 's home clash against Ireland , who were newly renamed Northern Ireland . Harold Hassall got England off to a good start with a goal after just ten minutes . Eddie McMorran put the Irish back on terms just before the hour mark , but Hassall completed his brace six minutes later . Lofthouse completed a comfortable 3 -- 1 win for England . With the top two in the group qualifying for the finals , the final game between England and Scotland , at Hampden Park , settled nothing except the placings within the group , despite Scotland having dropped a point with a 3 -- 3 draw at home to Wales . Allan Brown put the home side ahead after just seven minutes , but it was all square again thanks to Ivor Broadis just four minutes later . Johnny Nicholls gave England the lead for the first time just after half time , and they began to extend a lead after Ronnie Allen 's 68th - minute goal . Jimmy Mullen made the game all but certain seven minutes from time , and although Willie Ormond scored a consolation for Scotland with just 1 minute to play , England topped the competition for the second time in a row . 1954 finals ( edit ) England were drawn in Group 4 for the finals , with hosts Switzerland , Italy and Belgium . In an odd twist , unique to the 1954 tournament , England and Italy , as the two seeded teams in the group , did not have to play each other . Equally , Switzerland and Belgium did not have to play each other . England 's first game in Switzerland was against Belgium in Basel , and they suffered a shock as Léopold Anoul put the Belgians into the lead after just five minutes . Ivor Broadis put the favourites back on terms just over twenty minutes later , and although Nat Lofthouse gave England the lead 10 minutes later , it was proving to be tougher than they had expected against the Belgians . Broadis scored his second just after the hour , but Henri Coppens hit back four minutes later to keep Belgium in the game at only 3 -- 2 down . Anoul completed his brace another four minutes after that to level the scores again . In another oddity peculiar to this World Cup , drawn matches in the group stage would go to extra time , and as such the teams played on with the score at 3 -- 3 . Just one minute into the added period , Lofthouse added a fourth for England and they seemed to have won it , but Jimmy Dickinson scored an own goal three minutes later to put the score back at 4 -- 4 . It stayed this way until the extra period was up , and as penalty shoot - outs were yet to be invented and replays were not used in the group , the match was recorded as a draw . England 's second and final group game was against the hosts in Bern . This proved to be an easier game for the Three Lions , and they scored one goal in each half ( from Jimmy Mullen and Dennis Wilshaw respectively ) to give them a comfortable win of 2 -- 0 . As Switzerland ( against England ) , Italy ( against Switzerland ) and Belgium ( against Italy ) had all lost one game , England progressed as group winners , along with Switzerland , who won a play - off against Italy . England faced the winners of group three and defending champions Uruguay in the quarter - finals . Carlos Borges gave the South Americans the lead inside 5 minutes , but Lofthouse put England back on terms ten minutes later . England were clearly struggling , but held on until just before half time , when Obdulio Varela gave the lead back Uruguay . Juan Alberto Schiaffino doubled the lead just after the break , but Tom Finney kept England 's foot in the door with his sixty seventh - minute goal . However , it was all over after Javier Ambrois restored the two goal lead with twelve minutes to play . The score remained at 4 -- 2 , and England were eliminated from the cup . Sweden 1958 ( edit ) Main article : 1958 FIFA World Cup For the first time , England had to play against countries other than the Home Nations to reach the Finals in Sweden . They were drawn against the Republic of Ireland and Denmark . In the qualifying round , England won three out of the four games and drew the other . Four months before the World Cup , Roger Byrne , Duncan Edwards , David Pegg and Tommy Taylor all lost their lives in the Munich air disaster while playing for Manchester United . At the finals , which is the only tournament to have seen all Home Nations take part , the Home Nations were all drawn in different groups . England were drawn against the Soviet Union ( 2 -- 2 ) , Brazil ( 0 -- 0 ) and Austria ( 2 -- 2 ) , who finished third in the 1954 World Cup . At the end of the group stage , Soviet Union and England each had three points , and had scored four goals and conceded four goals . This meant there was a play - off to decide the second - placed team in the group , the winner to qualify . England lost the play - off 1 -- 0 and were thus knocked out . The only consolation for England was that they were the only team to play the eventual winners Brazil and not lose . Chile 1962 ( edit ) Main article : 1962 FIFA World Cup The third World Cup which took place in South America , saw England qualify by successfully qualifying from the group , which contained Portugal and Luxembourg , defeating Luxembourg on both occasions , and defeating Portugal at home , and drawing in Lisbon . At the finals , England were drawn in a group with Hungary , Argentina and Bulgaria . England defeated Argentina 3 - 1 , thanks to goals from Ron Flowers , Bobby Charlton and Jimmy Greaves , before playing out a goalless draw with Bulgaria , and a 2 -- 1 defeat to Hungary . England finished in second place behind Hungary and played the winners of group 3 , defending champions Brazil , in the quarter - finals . Brazil scored first through Garrincha , before an equaliser for Gerry Hitchens before half time . However , second - half goals from Garrincha and Vavá meant Brazil won the game 3 -- 1 , and eliminated England from the competition . This defeat was manager Walter Winterbottom 's last game in charge . Winterbottom had led England to four World Cup Finals . From May 1963 , Alf Ramsey became the manager of England . England 1966 ( edit ) Main article : 1966 FIFA World Cup This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2018 ) In the 1966 World Cup Finals , England used their home advantage and , under Ramsey , won their first , and only , World Cup title . England played all their games at Wembley Stadium in London , which became the last time that the hosts were granted this privilege . After drawing 0 -- 0 in the opening game against former champions Uruguay , which started a run of four games all ending goalless . England then beat both France and Mexico 2 -- 0 and qualified for the quarter - finals . The quarter - finals saw England play Argentina , which ended in a 1 -- 0 win to England . This match saw the start of the rivalry between England and Argentina , when Argentinian Antonio Rattín was dismissed by German referee Rudolf Kreitlein in a very fierce game . A 2 -- 1 win against Portugal in the semi-final then followed . Portugal were the first team to score against England in the tournament . The final saw England play West Germany , with the result finishing in a 4 -- 2 win for England , after extra time . Mexico 1970 ( edit ) Main article : 1970 FIFA World Cup 1970 saw the first World Cup finals take place in North America and England qualified automatically for the tournament by winning the 1966 FIFA World Cup . England were drawn in a group with Romania , former world champions Brazil and Czechoslovakia . Each of the matches only saw one goal , with England defeating Romania and Czechoslovakia , and losing to Brazil . The quarter - final saw a repeat of the 1966 final , with England playing West Germany . England were hampered by the fact that first - choice goalkeeper Gordon Banks was ill , and Peter Bonetti played instead . England led 2 -- 0 with goals by Alan Mullery and Martin Peters , but in the 70th minute , Franz Beckenbauer pulled one goal back for West Germany . After Beckenbauer 's goal , Ramsey substituted Bobby Charlton , who overtook Billy Wright as England 's most capped player ever , with caps totalling 106 . Uwe Seeler equalised for the Germans in the eighty first minute , thereby taking the game into extra time . During extra time , Gerd Müller scored the winning goal for West Germany which saw the German side win 3 -- 2 . This turned out to be Charlton 's last game for England . West Germany 1974 ( edit ) Main article : 1974 FIFA World Cup qualification For the first time , England did not qualify for a World Cup . In a group with Olympic champions Poland and Wales , England could not overtake Poland . After only drawing at home to Wales 1 -- 1 and losing the first leg 2 -- 0 to Poland , meant that England had to beat Poland at home , whilst Poland only needed to draw . Poland managed to withstand England 's attacks in the first half , who had Martin Peters playing for them . Poland took the lead in the 57th minute with a goal from Jan Domarski . England equalised six minutes later , with a penalty converted by Allan Clarke . England were unable to score any more goals with goalkeeper Jan Tomaszewski keeping England at bay . Brian Clough had previously called Tomaszewski a `` clown '' . The commentator of the game then said `` it 's all over '' . Poland took this good form to the finals and ended in third place . After failing to qualify , Alf Ramsey resigned from his post and after a time , where Ramsey and his predecessor had lasted a total of 29 years , no manager was able to last in the job for longer than eight years . This ended when Bobby Robson became England manager . Argentina 1978 ( edit ) See also : 1978 FIFA World Cup qualification This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) England also did not qualify for the fourth World Cup which took place in South America . This time , England were denied by Italy , who had scored three more goals than England after both teams finished on the same points . Goals scored dictated who qualified after the head - to - head record between the two sides finished the same , following a 2 -- 0 home win for each team . The lower - ranked teams in the group were Finland and Luxembourg , but the size of the wins against them proved to be decisive . Nevertheless , Ron Greenwood was given a second chance in charge of England , after taking the role in 1977 . Spain 1982 ( edit ) Main article : 1982 FIFA World Cup 1982 saw the first time where the European Qualifying Rounds were divided into groups of five teams , where the top two teams qualify for the World Cup . Greenwood used his second chance and took England to Spain by finishing second behind Hungary and above Romania , Switzerland and Norway . At the finals , England won all three group games , defeating France 3 - 1 , with a brace from Bryan Robson , before beating Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 , with a Jozef Barmos own goal , and World Cup newcomers Kuwait 1 -- 0 , thanks to a Trevor Francis goal . The next round saw a second group stage consisting of three teams , a first time event at the World Cup . England drew with West Germany 0 -- 0 and after the Germans beat Spain 2 -- 1 , England then had to beat Spain with a two - goal difference to progress to the next round . England , however , only managed a 0 -- 0 draw against the Spanish . England remained unbeaten at the end of the tournament . After the World Cup , Ron Greenwood 's time as England manager ended , and he was replaced by Bobby Robson . Mexico 1986 ( edit ) Main article : 1986 FIFA World Cup This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1986 saw the second World Cup to take place in Mexico . England qualified for Mexico 1986 by winning four games and drawing four times against Northern Ireland , who qualified in second place , Romania , Finland and Turkey . In Mexico , England lost their opening game to Portugal 1 -- 0 and could only manage a goalless draw against Morocco . The final group game , however , saw England beat Poland 3 -- 0 , which is one of the three highest scores for England at the World Cup , with Gary Lineker scoring a hat - trick . This result took England to second place and finished behind Morocco . England then also beat Paraguay 3 -- 0 in the Round of 16 . In the quarter - finals , England renewed their rivalry with Argentina in a game that has become notorious for the Argentina goals , both scored by Diego Maradona . Maradona 's first goal , known as the Hand of God , was illegal and should not have counted , as he used his hand to punch the ball into the net . However , the referee missed this infringement , and ruled that the goal should stand . Maradona then made the score 2 - 0 , famously dribbling from inside Argentina 's half and around several English players before scoring . Gary Lineker pulled back the score to 2 - 1 , but England ran out of time to equalise , and were eliminated . Nevertheless , Lineker finished with the Golden Boot by scoring six goals and thereby becoming England 's first Golden Boot winner . Italy 1990 ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup By winning three and drawing three , England qualified for Italia ' 90 , the second World Cup to be held in Italy , scoring ten goals and conceding none . England were unbeaten through qualification , winning three games , and drawing the remaining three , but still finished second to Sweden , whom they drew with twice . England profited from Romania 's 3 -- 1 win over Denmark , who , had they won , would have qualified as the third - best second - placed team . West Germany and England were able to qualify for Italia ' 90 as the best second - placed teams in the groups with four teams . Because a few years previously saw English hooligans at European competition matches , England were forced to play their group games on Sardinia and Sicily . In group F , was the European champions Netherlands , the Republic of Ireland and Egypt and England . After opening the tournament with a 1 -- 1 draw against Ireland and a 0 -- 0 draw against the Dutch , England then beat Egypt 1 -- 0 . This was Egypt 's first appearance since the 1934 World Cup . England won the group with four points . In the next round , England had to play Belgium . The game went to extra time , and in the hundredth and nineteenth minute , David Platt scored the winning goal . England also had to play extra time against Cameroon in the quarter - finals . Cameroon were the first African team to have reached the quarter - finals . England opened the scoring through David Platt , but Cameroon quickly turned around the game to lead 2 - 1 . Lineker subsequently won and scored a penalty in the 83rd minute to ensure the game went to extra time . He then scored a second penalty , to see England reach the semi-finals . In the semi-finals , England met West Germany . There was no separating the two teams after 90 minutes , which made England the first team to have played extra time in three successive World Cup games . There was also no separating the two teams after extra time , thereby taking the game to penalties . Although English goalkeeper Peter Shilton dived the right way for every penalty , he was unable to save any . German goalkeeper Bodo Illgner , having failed to save any of England 's first three penalties , saved England 's fourth penalty , taken by Stuart Pearce . Olaf Thon then scored for Germany , meaning that England 's Chris Waddle would have to score his fifth penalty and hope that Shilton saved the Germans ' fifth penalty . However , Waddle 's penalty missed completely , going high over the crossbar , thereby resulting in England 's being knocked out of the competition . The third - place playoff between England and Italy saw England lose their only game of the tournament in normal time . Even though this was England 's best finish since the 1966 World Cup , Bobby Robson 's time as England manager had come to an end . United States 1994 ( edit ) Main article : 1994 FIFA World Cup qualification For the 1994 World Cup in the United States , under the leadership of new manager Graham Taylor , England surprisingly did not qualify for the tournament . In a group with six teams , England lost to Norway and the Netherlands , finishing third above Poland , Turkey and San Marino . England went into their final game with San Marino knowing they would need a seven - goal victory and for Poland to beat the Netherlands in the other match in order to qualify . In the game against San Marino , Davide Gualtieri scored against England after nine seconds , taking the lead for the outsiders . England went on to win 7 -- 1 , which was too small a goal margin . Additionally , despite the half - time score between the Poles and the Dutch being 1 - 1 , the Dutch went on to win 3 - 1 , meaning that however many goals England scored , they could still not qualify . Taylor 's tenure in charge ended and he was replaced by Terry Venables , who was dismissed after England lost the semi-final of Euro 1996 , hosted in England . France 1998 ( edit ) Main article : 1998 FIFA World Cup After missing out on the World Cup in 1994 , England , managed by Glenn Hoddle , qualified for the World Cup in France . England were drawn in Group 2 of UEFA qualifying with Italy , Poland , Georgia and Moldova . England beat Poland , Georgia and Moldova both home and away , but a home defeat to Italy in their fourth match meant they went into the final qualifier at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome just a point ahead of the Azzurri and only needing a draw to qualify automatically ; defeat would see them have to navigate a play - off to secure qualification . The match finished as a goalless draw and England finished top of the group . At the finals in France , England played in Group G. England defeated Tunisia 2 -- 0 in the first game , with goals from Alan Shearer and Paul Scholes . Their second match saw England lose 2 -- 1 to Romania ; despite an 81st - minute equaliser from Michael Owen , Dan Petrescu scored a winner shortly before injury time . In their final group game , England defeated Colombia 2 -- 0 in the decisive match , thanks to goals from midfielders Darren Anderton and David Beckham . England finished second in Group G , which saw them qualify for the last 16 phase , and play the winner of 1998 FIFA World Cup Group H , Argentina . In a fiery game containing six yellow cards and two penalties , David Beckham was controversially sent off in the 47th minute for what many felt was at most a yellow card offence , knocking over Diego Simeone . Gabriel Batistuta opened the scoring from the penalty spot in the fifth minute of the game , before an equaliser also from the spot by Alan Shearer four minutes later . England took the lead through Owen , in the 16th minute . Argentina drew level through Javier Zanetti in injury time of the first half . The game finished 2 - 2 , and , as neither team were able to find a winner in extra time , penalties were needed to decide the team that qualified to the next round . While David Seaman did save one penalty , Argentine goalkeeper Carlos Roa managed to save two , including the vital one from David Batty , thereby knocking England out of the World Cup . Beckham subsequently received death threats and was sent bullets in the post . South Korea / Japan 2002 ( edit ) Main article : 2002 FIFA World Cup In 2002 the World Cup took place in Asia for the first time . England , under its first ever foreign manager in Swedish Sven - Göran Eriksson , were able to qualify for the tournament . England were drawn in Group 9 , alongside Germany , Finland , Greece and Albania . In the last ever game in the original Wembley Stadium , ( which closed after the match ) England played Germany , losing 1 -- 0 , the only goal scored by Dietmar Hamann . The match was the last under the management of Kevin Keegan , who resigned at the end of the match , and was replaced by Eriksson . By beating Germany 5 -- 1 in Munich , England 's qualifying campaign was revitalised , and they qualified automatically , by drawing 2 -- 2 with Greece . Germany , who could only draw 0 -- 0 with Finland , had to play a play - off game against Ukraine , with England qualifying ahead winning the group . In Japan , England had to play against Eriksson 's homeland , Sweden , and both settled out for a 1 -- 1 draw . England and Beckham gained a measure of revenge for their previous 1998 defeat in defeating Argentina 1 - 0 , thanks to a Beckham penalty . However , England could only manage a disappointing 0 - 0 draw against Nigeria , meaning that although they were able to qualify for the second round , where they played Denmark , they qualified as runners up , which meant that they would meet favourites Brazil in the quarter - finals if they qualified . England played Denmark in the round of 16 defeating Denmark 3 -- 0 , thanks to goals from Micheal Owen , Rio Ferdinand , and Emile Heskey . England played four - time World Cup winners and 1998 runners - up Brazil in the quarter - finals . Despite leading through a Michael Owen goal , a mistake by David Seaman saw England lose 2 -- 1 , and Brazil won their fourth World Cup match against England , and went on to win the tournament . Germany 2006 ( edit ) Main article : 2006 FIFA World Cup England were drawn into Group 6 of European qualifying for the 2006 World Cup . The group featured other home nations in Wales , and Northern Ireland , as well as Poland ( who had eliminated England the last time the World Cup took place in Germany ) , Azerbaijan and Austria . England won eight of the 10 games , and qualified as group winners , in front of Portugal , despite drawing to Austria in Vienna , and losing to Northern Ireland in Belfast . In Germany , however , England were less convincing . England played in Group B , alongside Paraguay , Trinidad and Tobago , and Sweden . England started with a 1 -- 0 win against Paraguay ; which was won due to a 3rd minute own goal . The second game against first time qualifiers Trinidad and Tobago saw England have to wait until the 83rd minute for England to take the lead , with Peter Crouch opened the scoring with a goal many felt was illegal , and the second goal of the game coming in added time from Steven Gerrard . The last group game saw England play against Sweden , where an eventual 2 - 2 draw saw them qualify for the next round as group winners , thereby avoiding playing hosts Germany . In the last 16 stage , a free kick from David Beckham saw England win 1 -- 0 against Ecuador and reach the quarter - finals , where they faced Portugal . The game finished goalless , and England once again were knocked out on penalties and Portuguese goalkeeper Ricardo became the first goalkeeper to save three penalties in a penalty shoot - out . Ricardo saved from Frank Lampard , Steven Gerrard , and Jamie Carragher ; the only England player who successfully converted his penalty was Owen Hargreaves . Portugal won the shoot - out 3 - 1 , despite misses from Petit and Hugo Viana . This game was also Erickson 's final match as England manager . South africa 2010 ( edit ) Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Qualification for the first African World Cup went successfully for new England manager Fabio Capello , after previous manager Steve McClaren was unable to secure qualification to the Euro 2008 . By winning nine times and only losing to Ukraine , England qualified ahead of Croatia , Belarus , Kazakhstan and Andorra . England 's group was seen as a favourable one , containing comparatively much weaker teams . However , England opened up their campaign with a 1 -- 1 draw against the United States , thanks to a major error by goalkeeper Robert Green . They then drew 0 -- 0 against Algeria and were booed off the field by their own fans , drawing the ire of striker Wayne Rooney . England eventually qualified for the next round by beating Slovenia 1 -- 0 , but only qualified as runners up to the United States , thereby meaning they would draw favourites Germany . In the second round match , Germany took the lead after 20 minutes after goalkeeper Manuel Neuer played the ball down the pitch to Miroslav Klose , who opened the scoring . The score became 2 -- 0 to Germany after 32 minutes . Shortly after , England defender Matthew Upson scored a header . Later , Frank Lampard had a shot at goal which was disallowed despite crossing the line ; which was confirmed on replays . German goalkeeper Manuel Neuer admitted subsequently he knew the ball had crossed the line , but decided to deceive the referee . The German media reported it was `` revenge for Wembley '' , while the English media criticised FIFA 's refusal to implement goal - line technology . Ironically , despite his earlier opposition to goal - line technology , Sepp Blatter said that it should be introduced after a Ukrainian goal against England at Euro 2012 was ruled out . As England tried to equalise , Germany used this to their advantage and scored two more goals . This became Germany 's biggest win against England in a World Cup , winning 4 - 1 . Brazil 2014 ( edit ) Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup Under Roy Hodgson , who replaced Fabio Capello after Euro 2012 after a disagreement between Capello and The FA , England qualified for the second World Cup to be held in Brazil . Ukraine were again one of the opponents in the qualifying rounds . The other opponents included Montenegro , Poland , Moldova and San Marino . After winning six games and drawing four , England qualified unbeaten . The draw for the finals saw England have to play against Italy and Uruguay , both former world champions , which meant that it was the first ever time three World Champions were drawn in the same group , along with Costa Rica . England lost to Italy and Uruguay , and were thus knocked out after two games . The final match against Costa Rica finished as a goalless draw . This performance was statistically their worst ever performance at a World Cup , ending up with just one point after two losses to Uruguay and Italy and a goalless draw with Costa Rica in the dead rubber match , their lowest points total in the group stage of a world cup . Russia 2018 ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup England played in UEFA Group F in qualification for the 2018 World Cup , in a group of six with Slovakia , Slovenia , Scotland , Lithuania and Malta , with only the winner of the group guaranteed qualification . England went into the qualification process under manager Sam Allardyce , only for Allardyce to leave the post after just one game due to controversy regarding discussing breaking FIFA rules . Under Allardyce 's replacement , Gareth Southgate , England went undefeated throughout qualification , winning eight matches out of 10 , drawing with Slovenia 0 -- 0 in Ljubljana , and drawing 2 -- 2 with Scotland in Glasgow thanks to a 90th - minute equaliser from Harry Kane . This was the third successive major tournament that England were undefeated , having been undefeated in 2014 World Cup , and Euro 2016 qualifying . 2018 finals ( edit ) England national team at the 2018 World Cup in Russia Under Gareth Southgate , the England team began their tournament in group G against Tunisia . The game started well for England with a goal from Harry Kane in the 11th minute . Tunisia equalised through Sassi from the penalty spot in the 35th minute following a foul by Kyle Walker . Some controversy followed as various potential offences against Harry Kane , inside the penalty area were ignored by the referee and no VAR checks were carried out . England persevered and scored a second goal in the 91st minute , again by Harry Kane , resulting in a 2 -- 1 victory . In the second group stage match , England surpassed their record for goals scored in a World Cup match by beating Panama 6 - 1 . Jesse Lingard scored the third goal , John Stones scored the first and fourth goals and Harry Kane scored a hat - trick with the second , fifth and sixth goals . In the final group stage match , England narrowly lost 1 - 0 to Belgium . Adnan Januzaj scored the sole goal of the game ; but with both teams having fielded reserve teams , with England specificially making 9 changes . Before the game media outlets stating that a loss could potentially become beneficial , as the winner would be in the half of the draw with four of the top seven sides in the world . The result that meant Belgium topped the group and England finished second , setting up a last 16 clash with Group H winners Colombia . England played their last 16 match in the Otkritie Arena , Moscow , with the same team as against Tunisia . Harry Kane scored his sixth goal of the tournament , and the third penalty , after once again being fouled in the box from a corner , similarly as against Panama . The score remained at 1 - 0 , until stoppage time , where a header from Yerry Mina beat Jordan Pickford in goal to bring the game to extra time . Neither team managed to score in extra time , and the match went to penalties , which England won 4 - 3 . As well as being the first knockout match England had won at a major tournament since 2006 ( last defeating Ecuador in the last 16 ) ; it was the first time England won a World Cup penalty shoot - out . The match was notable for the heated atmosphere the game was played in , with a total of eight yellow cards being shown in the match . England played against Sweden in their quarter - final at Cosmos Arena , Samara on 7 July 2018 . They won the match 2 -- 0 , with defender Harry Maguire scoring his first England goal , a header scored from a corner , and Dele Alli a second header from close range . This would send them through to their third World Cup semi-final and their first since 1990 , and third overall . The team played Croatia in the semi-final , resulting in a 2 -- 1 loss after extra time . England would later finish fourth in the competition , the best result since 1990 . England would lose again to Belgium in the 3rd place playoff , thanks to goals from Thomas Meunier and Eden Hazard , despite a Eric Dier shot being cleared off the line by Toby Alderweireld . The tournament would see England score nine goals from set - pieces -- the most by a team in a single World Cup tournament since 1966 . Records ( edit ) Year Round Position GP D * GF GA GD 1930 Not a FIFA member 1934 1938 1950 Group stage 8th 0 0 1954 Quarter - finals 7th 8 8 0 1958 Group stage 11th 0 5 - 1 1962 Quarter - finals 8th 5 6 - 1 1966 Champions 1st 6 5 0 11 8 1970 Quarter - finals 8th 0 0 Did not qualify 1978 1982 Second group stage 6th 5 0 6 5 1986 Quarter - finals 8th 5 7 1990 Semi finals 4th 7 8 6 1994 Did not qualify 1998 Round of 16 9th 7 2002 Quarter - finals 6th 5 6 2006 Quarter - finals 7th 5 0 6 Round of 16 13th 5 - 2 2014 Group stage 26th 0 - 2 2018 Semi-finals 4th 7 12 8 2022 TBD 2026 Total 15 / 21 1 title 69 29 21 19 91 64 27 * Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks By match ( edit ) Year Round Against Score Scorers 1950 Group 2 Chile 2 -- 0 Mortensen , Mannion United States 0 -- 1 Spain 0 -- 1 1954 Group 4 Belgium 4 -- 4 ( aet ) Broadis ( 2 ) , Lofthouse ( 2 ) Switzerland 2 -- 0 Mullen , Wilshaw Quarter - final Uruguay 2 -- 4 Lofthouse , Finney 1958 Group 4 Soviet Union 2 -- 2 Kevan , Finney Brazil 0 -- 0 Austria 2 -- 2 Haynes , Kevan Play - off Soviet Union 0 -- 1 1962 Group 4 Hungary 1 -- 2 Flowers Argentina 3 -- 1 Flowers , Charlton , Greaves Bulgaria 0 -- 0 Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 3 Hitchens 1966 Group 1 Uruguay 0 -- 0 Mexico 2 -- 0 Charlton , Hunt France 2 -- 0 Hunt ( 2 ) Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 0 Hurst Semi-final Portugal 2 -- 1 Charlton ( 2 ) Final West Germany 4 -- 2 ( aet ) Hurst ( 3 ) , Peters 1970 Group 3 Romania 1 -- 0 Hurst Brazil 0 -- 1 Czechoslovakia 1 -- 0 Clarke Quarter - final West Germany 2 -- 3 ( aet ) Mullery , Peters 1982 Group 4 France 3 -- 1 Robson ( 2 ) , Mariner Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 Francis , Barmoš ( o.g. ) Kuwait 1 -- 0 Francis Group B Round 2 West Germany 0 -- 0 Spain 0 -- 0 1986 Group F Portugal 0 -- 1 Morocco 0 -- 0 Poland 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 3 ) Round of 16 Paraguay 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 2 ) , Beardsley Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 2 Lineker 1990 Group F Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 Lineker Netherlands 0 -- 0 Egypt 1 -- 0 Wright Round of 16 Belgium 1 -- 0 ( aet ) Platt Quarter - final Cameroon 3 -- 2 ( aet ) Platt , Lineker ( 2 ) Semi-final West Germany 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Lineker Third - place play - off Italy 1 -- 2 Platt 1998 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 0 Shearer , Scholes Romania 1 -- 2 Owen Colombia 2 -- 0 Anderton , Beckham Round of 16 Argentina 2 -- 2 ( aet ) Shearer , Owen 2002 Group F Sweden 1 -- 1 Campbell Argentina 1 -- 0 Beckham Nigeria 0 -- 0 Round of 16 Denmark 3 -- 0 Ferdinand , Owen , Heskey Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 2 Owen 2006 Group B Paraguay 1 -- 0 Gamarra ( o.g. ) Trinidad and Tobago 2 -- 0 Crouch , Gerrard Sweden 2 -- 2 Cole , Gerrard Round of 16 Ecuador 1 -- 0 Beckham Quarter - final Portugal 0 -- 0 ( aet ) Group C United States 1 -- 1 Gerrard Algeria 0 -- 0 Slovenia 1 -- 0 Defoe Round of 16 Germany 1 -- 4 Upson 2014 Group D Italy 1 -- 2 Sturridge Uruguay 1 -- 2 Rooney Costa Rica 0 -- 0 2018 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 1 Kane ( 2 ) Panama 6 -- 1 Stones ( 2 ) , Kane ( 3 ) , Lingard Belgium 0 -- 1 Round of 16 Colombia 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Kane Quarter - final Sweden 2 -- 0 Maguire , Alli Semi-final Croatia 1 -- 2 ( aet ) Trippier Third - place play - off Belgium 0 -- 2 By opponent ( edit ) Country Played Won Drawn Lost GF GA GD Argentina 5 8 5 + 3 Germany 5 8 10 - 2 Brazil 0 6 - 4 Sweden 0 5 + 2 Belgium 5 7 - 2 Portugal 0 Uruguay 0 6 - 3 France 0 0 5 + 4 Paraguay 0 0 0 + 4 Tunisia 0 0 + 3 Czechoslovakia 0 0 0 + 3 Colombia 0 + 2 Romania 0 0 Soviet Union 0 - 1 United States 0 - 1 Spain 0 0 - 1 Italy 0 0 - 2 Panama 0 0 6 + 5 Poland 0 0 0 + 3 Denmark 0 0 0 + 3 Chile 0 0 0 + 2 Switzerland 0 0 0 + 2 Mexico 0 0 0 + 2 Trinidad and Tobago 0 0 0 + 2 Cameroon 0 0 + 1 Kuwait 0 0 0 + 1 Egypt 0 0 0 + 1 Ecuador 0 0 0 + 1 Slovenia 0 0 0 0 + 1 Austria 0 0 0 Republic of Ireland 0 0 0 Bulgaria 0 0 0 0 0 Morocco 0 0 0 0 0 Netherlands 0 0 0 0 0 Nigeria 0 0 0 0 0 Algeria 0 0 0 0 0 Costa Rica 0 0 0 0 0 Hungary 0 0 - 1 Croatia 0 0 - 1 Last update : 14 July 2018 Players ' honours ( edit ) List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups ( edit ) No . Name Matches World Cups Peter Shilton 17 1982 , 1986 , 1990 Terry Butcher 14 1982 , 1986 , 1990 Bobby Charlton 14 1958 , 1962 , 1966 , 1970 Ashley Cole 14 2002 , 2006 , 2010 Bobby Moore 14 1962 , 1966 , 1970 6 David Beckham 13 1998 , 2002 , 2006 7 Steven Gerrard 12 2006 , 2010 , 2014 Gary Lineker 12 1986 , 1990 Michael Owen 12 1998 , 2002 , 2006 10 Chris Waddle 11 1986 , 1990 List of England top goalscorers at World Cups ( edit ) No . Name Goals World Cups Gary Lineker 10 1986 ( 6 ) and 1990 ( 4 ) Harry Kane 6 2018 Geoff Hurst 5 1966 ( 4 ) and 1970 ( 1 ) Bobby Charlton 1962 ( 1 ) and 1966 ( 3 ) Michael Owen 1998 ( 2 ) and 2002 ( 2 ) 6 Nat Lofthouse 1954 Roger Hunt 1966 David Platt 1990 David Beckham 1998 , 2002 and 2006 Steven Gerrard 2006 ( 2 ) and 2010 11 Nine players Current as of 3 July 2018 after the match against Colombia List of England goals by tournament ( edit ) World Cup Goalscorer ( s ) 1950 Wilf Mannion , Stan Mortensen 1954 Nat Lofthouse ( 3 ) , Ivor Broadis ( 2 ) , Tom Finney , Jimmy Mullen , Dennis Wilshaw 1958 Derek Kevan ( 2 ) , Tom Finney , Johnny Haynes 1962 Ron Flowers ( 2 ) , Bobby Charlton , Jimmy Greaves , Gerry Hitchens 1966 Geoff Hurst ( 4 ) , Roger Hunt ( 3 ) , Bobby Charlton ( 3 ) , Martin Peters 1970 Allan Clarke , Geoff Hurst , Alan Mullery , Martin Peters 1982 Trevor Francis ( 2 ) , Bryan Robson ( 2 ) , Paul Mariner , Own Goal 1986 Gary Lineker ( 6 ) , Peter Beardsley 1990 Gary Lineker ( 4 ) , David Platt ( 3 ) , Mark Wright 1998 Michael Owen ( 2 ) , Alan Shearer ( 2 ) , Darren Anderton , David Beckham , Paul Scholes 2002 Michael Owen ( 2 ) , David Beckham , Sol Campbell , Rio Ferdinand , Emile Heskey 2006 Steven Gerrard ( 2 ) , David Beckham , Joe Cole , Peter Crouch , Own Goal Jermain Defoe , Steven Gerrard , Matthew Upson 2014 Wayne Rooney , Daniel Sturridge 2018 Harry Kane ( 6 ) , John Stones ( 2 ) , Jesse Lingard , Harry Maguire , Dele Alli , Kieran Trippier List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup ( edit ) Historically , very few English World Cup squad members were playing for a club in a foreign league at the time of their selection to the national squad . Year Number ( Country ) Players ( Apps ) 1950 -- 1958 0 1962 1 ( Italy ) Gerry Hitchens ( 2 ) 1966 -- 1970 0 1982 1 ( West Germany ) Tony Woodcock ( 2 ) 1986 2 ( Italy ) Mark Hateley ( 3 ) , Ray Wilkins 1990 5 ( 4 in Scotland , 1 in France ) Terry Butcher ( 5 ) , Trevor Steven ( 3 ) , Gary Stevens ( 2 ) , Chris Woods ( 0 ) ; Chris Waddle ( 7 ) 1998 0 2002 1 ( Germany ) Owen Hargreaves ( 2 ) 2006 2 ( 1 Spain , 1 Germany ) David Beckham ( 5 ) ; Owen Hargreaves ( 4 ) 0 2014 1 ( Scotland ) Fraser Forster ( 0 ) 2018 0 Team awards and records ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Team Awards World Champions 1966 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1990 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1998 ( shared ) Individual Awards Golden Ball 1966 : Bobby Charlton Silver Ball 1966 : Bobby Moore Golden Boot 1986 : Gary Lineker Golden Boot 2018 : Harry Kane Bronze Boot 1966 : Geoff Hurst Golden Glove 1966 : Gordon Banks Best Young Player Award 1998 : Michael Owen Team Records Most penalty shoot - outs lost : 3 ( shared with Italy and Spain ) Biggest World Cup victory : 6 - 1 vs Panama , 2018 Group Stage Individual Records Only hattrick in a final : Geoff Hurst ( 1966 v West Germany ) Oldest captain : Peter Shilton ( age 40 years and 292 days , 1990 v Italy ) Most clean sheets : Peter Shilton ( 10 , 1982 - 1990 ) ( shared with Fabien Barthez ) Refereeing ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Four FIFA World Cup finals were officiated by English referees , more than by any other football association . The first Englishman to officiate a final , George Reader , is also the oldest World Cup referee to date , as he was 53 years and 236 days old at the 1950 decisive match between Uruguay and Brazil . The other final referees are William Ling ( 1954 ) , Jack Taylor ( 1974 ) and Howard Webb ( 2010 ) . Arthur Ellis , who was a linesman at the 1950 final , is part of an elite group of referees who has been called up for three consecutive World Cups ( 1950 -- 1958 ) . Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ England declined the chance , created and given to them when Austria withdrew from the tournament following the Anschluss , to take part in the 1938 FIFA World Cup . Jump up ^ Excluding the 1982 FIFA World Cup , which did not have formal quarter - finals , but instead had a second group stage that determined who would qualify for the semi-finals . Jump up ^ Belgium were ranked third , and Germany had already been eliminated . Only Switzerland ( 6 ) and Spain ( 10 ) would be on the loser 's half of the draw from the top 10 of the FIFA World Rankings Jump up ^ England had previously lost World Cup penalty shoot - outs in 1990 to West Germany , 1998 to Argentina and Portugal in 2006 . England 's penalty shoot - out record before the match was 1 -- 6 , with their only win against Spain in EURO 96 . 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England national football squads England squad -- 1950 FIFA World Cup GK Ditchburn GK Williams DF Aston DF Eckersley DF Ramsey DF Scott DF Taylor DF Wright ( c ) MF Baily MF Cockburn MF Dickinson MF Hughes MF Nicholson MF Watson FW Bentley FW Finney FW Mannion FW Matthews FW Milburn FW Mortensen FW Mullen Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1954 FIFA World Cup 1 Merrick 2 Staniforth 3 Byrne 4 Wright ( c ) 5 Owen 6 Dickinson 7 Matthews 8 Broadis 9 Lofthouse 10 Taylor 11 Finney 12 Burgin 13 Green 14 McGarry 15 Wilshaw 16 Quixall 17 Mullen 18 Chilton 19 Armstrong 20 Jezzard 21 Haynes 22 Hooper Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1958 FIFA World Cup 1 McDonald 2 Howe 3 Banks 4 Clamp 5 Wright ( c ) 6 Slater 7 Douglas 8 Robson 9 Kevan 10 Haynes 11 Finney 12 Hopkinson 13 Hodgkinson 14 Sillett 15 Clayton 16 Norman 17 Brabrook 18 Broadbent 19 Smith 20 Charlton 21 A'Court 22 Setters Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1962 FIFA World Cup 1 Springett 2 Armfield 3 Wilson 4 Robson 5 Swan 6 Flowers 7 Connelly 8 Greaves 9 Hitchens 10 Haynes ( c ) 11 Charlton 12 Hodgkinson 13 Kevan 14 Anderson 15 Norman 16 Moore 17 Douglas 18 Hunt 19 Peacock 20 Eastham 21 Howe 22 Adamson Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1966 FIFA World Cup winners ( 1st title ) 1 Banks 2 Cohen 3 Wilson 4 Stiles 5 J. Charlton 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Ball 8 Greaves 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Connelly 12 Springett 13 Bonetti 14 Armfield 15 Byrne 16 Peters 17 Flowers 18 Hunter 19 Paine 20 Callaghan 21 Hunt 22 Eastham Coach : Ramsey England squad -- 1970 FIFA World Cup 1 Banks 2 Newton 3 Cooper 4 Mullery 5 Labone 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Lee 8 Ball 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Peters 12 Bonetti 13 Stepney 14 Wright 15 Stiles 16 Hughes 17 J. Charlton 18 Hunter 19 Bell 20 Osgood 21 Clarke 22 Astle Coach : Ramsey England squad -- 1982 FIFA World Cup 1 Clemence 2 Anderson 3 Brooking 4 Butcher 5 Coppell 6 Foster 7 Keegan 8 Francis 9 Hoddle 10 McDermott 11 Mariner 12 Mills ( c ) 13 Corrigan 14 Neal 15 Rix 16 Robson 17 Sansom 18 Thompson 19 Wilkins 20 Withe 21 Woodcock 22 Shilton Coach : Greenwood England squad -- 1986 FIFA World Cup 1 Shilton 2 G.M. Stevens 3 Sansom 4 Hoddle 5 Martin 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Wilkins 9 Hateley 10 Lineker 11 Waddle 12 Anderson 13 Woods 14 Fenwick 15 G.A. Stevens 16 Reid 17 Steven 18 Hodge 19 Barnes 20 Beardsley 21 Dixon 22 Bailey Coach : R. Robson England squad -- 1990 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Shilton 2 Stevens 3 Pearce 4 Webb 5 Walker 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Waddle 9 Beardsley 10 Lineker 11 Barnes 12 Parker 13 Woods 14 Wright 15 Dorigo 16 McMahon 17 Platt 18 Hodge 19 Gascoigne 20 Steven 21 Bull 22 Beasant Coach : R. Robson England squad -- 1998 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Campbell 3 Le Saux 4 Ince 5 Adams 6 Southgate 7 Beckham 8 Batty 9 Shearer ( c ) 10 Sheringham 11 McManaman 12 Neville 13 Martyn 14 Anderton 15 Merson 16 Scholes 17 Lee 18 Keown 19 L. Ferdinand 20 Owen 21 R. Ferdinand 22 Flowers Coach : Hoddle England squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Mills 3 A. Cole 4 Sinclair 5 Ferdinand 6 Campbell 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Scholes 9 Fowler 10 Owen 11 Heskey 12 Brown 13 Martyn 14 Bridge 15 Keown 16 Southgate 17 Sheringham 18 Hargreaves 19 J. Cole 20 Vassell 21 Butt 22 James 23 Dyer Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup 1 Robinson 2 Neville 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard 5 Ferdinand 6 Terry 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Lampard 9 Rooney 10 Owen 11 J. Cole 12 Campbell 13 James 14 Bridge 15 Carragher 16 Hargreaves 17 Jenas 18 Carrick 19 Lennon 20 Downing 21 Crouch 22 Carson 23 Walcott Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup 1 James 2 Johnson 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Dawson 6 Terry 7 Lennon 8 Lampard 9 Crouch 10 Rooney 11 J. 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-8153467218739927479	Benidorm (TV series)	Benidorm ( TV series ) - wikipedia Benidorm ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Benidorm ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Benidorm Genre Comedy Created by Derren Litten Starring See List of characters Theme music composer Mark Thomas Opening theme `` Benidorm Theme '' Composer ( s ) Mark Thomas Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series 10 No. of episodes 74 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Sophie Clarke - Jervoise Ben Cavey Derren Litten Paul Jackson Producer ( s ) Geoffrey Perkins Jo Willet Ben Carvey Francis Matthews Lucy Armitage Simon Bird Location ( s ) Benidorm , Spain Cinematography Andy Hollis John Ignutius Alisdar Walker Running time 23 -- 25 minutes ( 2007 -- 2008 ) 44 -- 46 minutes ( 2009 -- ) Production company ( s ) Tiger Aspect Productions Distributor Endemol UK Release Original network ITV , STV , UTV Picture format 16 : 9 576i SDTV ( 2007 -- 09 ) 16 : 9 1080i HDTV ( 2010 -- ) Audio format Stereo Original release 1 February 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 01 ) -- present Benidorm is a British sitcom written by Derren Litten and produced by Tiger Aspect for ITV that has currently aired for ten series from 1 February 2007 to present . The series featured an ensemble cast of holiday makers and staff at the Solana all - inclusive hotel in Benidorm , Spain over the course of a week each year . The show first aired on 1 February 2007 . Critically acclaimed , Benidorm has received two National Television Awards and nominations at the British Comedy Awards and BAFTAs . On 31 July 2017 , Benidorm creator Derren Litten confirmed that he is due to begin writing a stage adaptation of the show which will start in Newcastle on 15 September 2018 and is scheduled to end in Canterbury on 20 April 2019 . On 30 April 2018 , creator Derren Litten hinted the tenth series would be its last with the finale airing on 2 May 2018 . Litten later stated that no decision on the future of the show has been made and he was merely commenting that this was the last episode of the season . ITV confirmed that `` No decision has been made regarding any further series of Benidorm '' , suggesting that further series may yet be commissioned . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 1.1 Series 1 ( 2007 ) 1.2 Series 2 ( 2008 ) 1.3 Summer Special ( 2009 ) 1.4 Series 3 ( 2009 ) 1.5 Christmas Special ( 2010 ) 1.6 Series 4 ( 2011 ) 1.7 Series 5 ( 2012 ) 1.8 Series 6 ( 2014 ) 1.9 Series 7 ( 2015 ) 1.10 Series 8 ( 2016 ) 1.11 Series 9 ( 2017 ) 1.12 Series 10 ( 2018 ) 1.13 2018 - 19 : Touring Stage Show 2 Cast and characters 3 Production 3.1 Solana 3.2 Neptune 's 4 American adaptation 5 Awards 6 References 7 External links Series overview ( edit ) Main article : List of Benidorm episodes Series 1 ( 2007 ) ( edit ) Main article : Benidorm ( series 1 ) Series 1 introduced the main characters , the Garvey family : parents Mick ( Steve Pemberton ) and Janice ( Siobhan Finneran ) , teenage daughter Chantelle ( ' Telle ' -- Hannah Hobley ) and seven - year - old son Michael ( Oliver Stokes ) . They are on their first holiday abroad , paid for by Janice 's mother -- the sun - worshipping , chain - smoking Madge ( Sheila Reid ) , who does n't have a kind word for anyone . Jacqueline ( Janine Duvitski ) and Donald ( Kenny Ireland ) have been coming to Benidorm for twenty years and are enthusiastic , middle - aged swingers . Kate ( Abigail Cruttenden ) and Martin Weedon ( Nicholas Burns ) are going through a rough patch during their third year of marriage . Within seconds of arriving they realise that the Solana is the worst place for them to make a fresh start . Geoff Maltby ( Johnny Vegas ) , who calls himself ' The Oracle ' , has an irritating computer - like knowledge of trivia , he claims to be the Lancashire pub quiz champion , and is prone to fits of competitive behaviour ; he has always come on holiday with his mother , Noreen ( Elsie Kelly ) . Gavin ( Hugh Sachs ) and Troy ( Paul Bazely ) are on their first holiday together after setting up a successful hair salon . They consider themselves superior to the other guests but are happy enough to get drunk and snigger at them ; later in the series their relationship hits rock bottom when Troy is caught with another series regular . Also introduced in Series 1 are barman Mateo ( Jake Canuso ) , who flirts with anything that breathes , and Janey ( Crissy Rock ) the hotel manager and cabaret M.C. at Neptune 's bar . Guest cast members include Ella Kenion , playing a fake fee - collector , conning the Garveys out of money at the beach ; but is caught when she turns up at Neptune 's - and Niky Wardley , playing Kelly , Mateo 's ex-lover . Series 2 ( 2008 ) ( edit ) Series 2 was broadcast in April 2008 and saw all the main characters from series 1 return to the Solana Resort for eight new episodes . However , there were two new arrivals for the Garvey family : Mel ( Geoffrey Hutchings ) - the owner of five sun bed shops and `` Didsbury 's answer to Julio Iglesias '' ; plus 17 - year - old Chantelle 's new baby . Niky Wardley returned as Kelly this time with her mother Sylvia ( Wendy Richard ) who was a wheelchair - riding love rival for Madge , Margi Clarke made a brief appearance as Dorothy , Gavin 's estranged mother , and Elliott Jordan played Jack , a British bar - owner in whom Janice found temptation . Summer special ( 2009 ) ( edit ) Benidorm returned for a one - hour summer special which featured all the regular cast plus Jack ( Elliott Jordan ) and a wanted murderer named Enrique ( Christopher Sciueref ) . Starting with a recap of Mel and Madge 's wedding , the main plotline involved the abduction of Janice and Madge by Enrique , and the hostage - taking of them , Mick , Donald , Troy , Mateo and Gavin - leading to a helicopter rescue from the Solana rooftop . The crew took the opportunity to shoot some aerial footage of Benidorm from the helicopter , used as scene bridges in subsequent episodes . Series 3 ( 2009 ) ( edit ) With ratings rising , Series 3 followed in October in a new 45 - minute format . It was set one year after the summer special as the holidaymakers took up the offer of a free holiday given to them by the Solana Resort . The regulars from series 2 returned but this time Martin did not bring Kate , instead he brought mischievous Brandy ( Sheridan Smith ) who was not all she seemed . The featuring of well - known guest stars was becoming something of a tradition with Keith Barron playing a very English Deputy Mayor , Tim Healy playing Geoff 's transvestite blind date Les / Lesley , Robin Askwith playing Gary , a conman and a thief who was revealed as Brandy 's lover , and Una Stubbs making an appearance in the final episode as Martin 's mother Diana . Cast regular Kate ( Abigail Cruttenden ) made her only Series 3 appearance in the same episode , flying out to help Martin in the aftermath of a mass robbery by Gary and Brandy . It was later revealed she was seeing someone else , dashing Martin 's hopes for a reconciliation . Stuart McGugan played Donald 's practical - joking friend Wink , who electrocuted himself to death on - stage at Neptune 's , and Lorraine Bruce appeared as one of Madge 's estranged daughters . By the end of Series 3 the show was regularly attracting 6 million viewers and had won two National TV Awards and been nominated for both a BAFTA and a British Comedy Award . Series 4 was commissioned a few days after Series 3 finished airing . Christmas special ( 2010 ) ( edit ) As filming was just about to begin on the new Christmas special that would precede the fourth series , the production was thrown into chaos . Geoffrey Hutchings who played Mel , died suddenly from a suspected viral infection . As result of his untimely death the scripts had to be heavily re-written , and the storyline became that Mel had died off - screen on a business trip abroad . Johnny Vegas , Paul Bazely , Hannah Hobley , Abigail Cruttenden , and Nicholas Burns all did not return . The Christmas special , however , aired on Boxing Day 2010 and had some special guests including Marvin ( Louie Spence ) , who was a member of the Middlesbrough Swingers Association , and Su Pollard played herself as a guest star . Tim Healy returned as Les / Lesley this time working for Mel and directing the Garveys to Madge 's villa . Asa Eliott made a small appearance singing for the Benidorm Palace . Roy Wood made a brief appearance at the end of the special singing their big hit `` I Wish It Could Be Christmas Every Day '' which played as the Garveys received news of Mel 's death . Brian Murphy appeared as Noreen 's love interest Clive Mitchell ; he proposed to her but did not return in series four . Series 4 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : Benidorm ( series 4 ) A number of new characters were created for Series 4 to fill out the cast list again . Following his guest appearances in Series 3 Tim Healy became a full - time cast member as barman Les , with his son Liam ( Adam Gillen ) tagging along to Benidorm for a cheap holiday . A whiff of a Benidorm holiday romance was soon in the air for Liam , as he took an immediate shine to new girl Natalie ( Kathryn Drysdale ) - but her friend Sam ( Shelley Longworth ) has other ideas on their potential romance . Gavin was given a new holiday companion , Kenneth ( Tony Maudsley ) . Plus , Noreen brought her stressed - out daughter Pauline ( Selina Griffiths ) on holiday in place of Geoff . Pauline , having spent the past few years in South Africa with her husband but now going through a messy divorce , is irritable and does n't make friends easily and later throughout the series became an alcoholic , which annoyed and upset some of the regulars Returning characters for the fourth series included the Garvey family , who start the series embroiled in a typical Garvey holiday disaster . Meanwhile , the legendary Middlesbrough Swingers Association lost its two most popular members for the summer as Benidorm once again welcomed back Donald and Jacqueline . Hotel staff Mateo and Janey continued to watch on through it all as the holiday chaos unfolds around them . There were a few special appearances such as Lucky Kev ( Neil Fitzmaurice ) who appeared in a number of episodes and there were one - off appearances , Cilla Black playing herself but now living in Madge 's previous villa and Scary Mary ( Denise Welch ) and Mr Pink ( Melvyn Hayes ) , both Madge 's enemies and looking for her to pay up her debts . Michael Fenton Stevens made a brief appearance on the last episode playing the head of the British consulate . Ian Reddington made an appearance as Johnny Neptune , who was an old flame of Janice Garvey and friend of Janey . This was the last series to feature Janey , the old manager ( Crissy Rock ) as a regular character . She returned for one episode in Series 5 and two episodes in Series 7 . The last episode of the series saw the last appearance of Troy until series 8 in January 2016 . The character was making the holiday after his father died in the USA . Series 5 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : Benidorm ( series 5 ) Fifth series cast Litten , the writer , claimed at the end of the previous series that he was not willing to write any more episodes . However , due to high viewing rates and public reaction , Litten agreed to write another series and continue with the show . Janey York ( Crissy Rock ) only returned briefly in this series , but not as manageress of the Solana - a new manageress , Joyce Temple - Savage ( Sherrie Hewson ) , was taken on . Mick , Janice , Michael and Madge all returned for another holiday . Jacqueline and Donald also returned following their false insurance claim ( in where Donald faked his own suicide ) Kenneth is now a Benidorm businessman with his popular new hair salon based at the Solana resort - and a new colleague , Carmen ( Alba Ortega ) . Gavin flies out to join him on holiday , but without Troy - the couple had previously had an argument and temporarily separated . Noreen ( Elsie Kelly ) was back to the resort and flying solo without her son or daughter for the first time , whilst Liam ( Adam Gillen ) was now a caretaker at the Solana . Meanwhile , Sam returned with new Liverpudlian friend in tow , Trudy ( Michelle Butterly ) . Asa Eliott reprised his role since the Christmas special , now regularly appearing as the singer in Neptune 's Bar . Elliott Jordan reprised his role as Jack briefly , only this time he was revealed to be Liam 's new flatmate and made a failed attempt to get with Janice Garvey . Michael Fenton Stevens reprised his role as a member of the British Consulate to help Donald and Jacqueline . This was the first and only series to feature Trudy ( Michelle Butterly ) , and it was the last time Sam ( Shelley Longworth ) featured until Series 9 . This was also the last series to feature Gavin ( Hugh Sachs ) . Series 6 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) A new family was added to the show at this point . The Dykes , a lively family from Watford , consist of father Clive ( Perry Benson ) firmly under the thumb of his no nonsense wife Tonya ( Hannah Waddingham ) - both bring their son Tiger ( Danny Walters ) with them , and further in the series , their daughter Bianca ( Bel Powley ) shows up , claiming that her rich boyfriend dumped her while they were holidaying in the Maldives . Both Tiger and Bianca are young , single and looking for fun . Returning to enjoy the newly announced four - star hotel treatment are Mick and Janice Garvey , with acid - tongued Madge not far behind . The Garveys also brought Michael , their son , with them again , who has now grown into an adventurous teenager . With Michael and Tiger off on trouble - making adventures around the resort , it is n't long before the Dykes and the Garveys begin to argue . Other favourites returning to the Solana Resort include popular swingers Donald and Jacqueline Stewart , who intended to claim their free holiday that manageress Joyce Temple - Savage promised them at the end of the last series . Mateo and Lesley are still working at the hotel , however , Liam is now working with Kenneth at his ' Blow & Go ' salon - the very discreet and selective hair and beauty emporium within the Solana resort . Series 6 also saw the return of Martin Weedon ( Nicholas Burns ) who arrives on the loud and drunken stag do of his rich friend . This time he 's very single and finds himself having a ' drunken encounter ' with one of the known female holidaymakers . The Stewarts , the Garveys , and Mateo are the only original cast left . Returning guest stars include Matthew Kelly returning as Cyril Babcock , a former dance prodigy and teacher who was living rough in Benidorm . He was subsequently made into Assistant Manager . Elliott Jordan returns to play Jack . He plays a practical joke on Michael and Tiger which leads to Michael punching him in the face . Asa Elliott made further guest appearances in Neptunes . Guest stars include Ken Morley playing the Head of a local Hairdressing Mafia and Kenneth 's uncle , Philip Olivier as Jason - a sexy new barman . Also featured in the series are The Krankies and Rustie Lee appearing as friends of swingers Donald and Jacqueline , legendary Hollywood star Joan Collins arrives as Crystal Hennessy - Vass , the CEO of the Solana Hotel Group , and also Joyce 's high maintenance boss , Janet Street Porter making a cameo appearance as a news reporter and Holly Earl who plays a local girl called Elena catching the eye of Michael Garvey and Tiger Dyke . It is revealed that she likes Michael more than Tiger , who is reluctant to accept this and attempts to steal Elena from Michael . Series 6 was the first since Series 1 to air on Thursdays . Series 7 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) After the sixth series had aired , ITV confirmed that a seventh series would air in 2015 . It was filmed at the Sol Pelicanos Ocas and different locations around Benidorm between March and late June 2014 . Perry Benson , Jake Canuso , Janine Duvitski , Adam Gillen , Tim Healy , Sherrie Hewson , Tony Maudsley and Danny Walters all returned as regulars from series 6 . Siobhan Finneran , Steve Pemberton , Sheila Reid and Oliver Stokes also returned , but only appeared in the first two episodes which were written specifically to end their time on the show . Hannah Waddingham and Bel Powley did not return . Following Kenny Ireland 's death , his character Donald Stewart did not appear but his voice was heard in a phone call to Jacqueline , played by Duvitski , in the last episode of the series . Jacqueline continued to appear in the series , and was joined by Alan David , as reluctant swinger Glynn Flint ; Glynn 's wife Rhiannon ( played by Ruth Madoc ) was holidaying in France with Donald . Leslie Jordan guest starred as Buck A. Roo for two episodes , playing an attorney who revealed the Garveys had inherited $30,000,000 , before whisking them off to Las Vegas . In episode three , Geoff Maltby / The Oracle ( Johnny Vegas ) and his mum Noreen ( Elsie Kelly ) returned for a darts quiz hosted by Les / Lesley , where Geoff quickly made enemies with Clive ( Perry Benson ) and Tiger Dyke ( Danny Walters ) . In the fourth episode Denise Black guest starred as Gloria , Liam 's mother , who came to Benidorm to try and persuade him to return home , while Kenneth was on the lookout to find something to cure Joyce 's facial expressions . In the fifth episode , Crystal Hennessy - Vass ( Joan Collins ) returned to the Solana to take Joyce out for lunch , only to give Joyce a week 's notice as part of an economy drive to cut staff costs . Joyce then discovered her job had been taken by Janey York ( Crissy Rock ) , who was prepared to work for half Joyce 's salary . The last episode in the series was dedicated to Kenny Ireland . In the final episode , legendary Spanish actress Loles León appeared as Dolores , the overbearing and violent mother - in - law of Mateo . Series 7 began airing on ITV on 2 January 2015 and finished on 13 February . In Series 7 the show went back to airing on Fridays , as it had done from Series 2 -- 5 , excluding Specials . Series 8 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) The eighth series of the show consisting of 7 episodes was commissioned on 6 February 2015 , with all episodes being written solely by the show 's creator , Derren Litten . Jake Canuso , Janine Duvitski , Tim Healy , Tony Maudsley , Sherrie Hewson and Danny Walters all returned . Perry Benson , Charlotte Eaton and Alan David did not return . Julie Graham , Steve Edge , Bobby Knutt , Josh Bolt and Honor Kneafsey appeared as new family , the Dawsons . Jessica Ellerby and Nathan Bryon joined the cast as Amber Platt and Joey Ellis , respectively . Paul Bazely and Selina Griffiths returned , both having not appeared since Series 4 . Sheila Reid is returning for one episode , however Siobhan Finneran , Steve Pemberton and Oliver Stokes did not return . Several previous guest stars returned , Louis Emerick , Paul Chan , John Challis , Milanka Brooks and Joan Collins all returned , and Kevin Bishop and Shane Richie appeared guest starred . Series 8 began airing on ITV on 11 January 2016 and ended on 22 February . For the first time , the show began airing on Mondays . Series 9 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) In February 2016 , during the airing of the eighth series , a ninth series was commissioned . Filming began on 14 March 2016 and ended on 14 July 2016 . It began airing on 1 March 2017 and ended on 3 May . The news was confirmed by Pere Agullo - a spokesperson for Filming Spain , the local production company in Spain for Tiger Aspect Productions . The series will consist of 9 episodes . Sherrie Hewson ( Joyce Temple - Savage ) , Jake Canuso ( Mateo Castellanos ) and Tim Healy ( Les / Lesley Conroy ) were the first characters announced to make a return to the show . In May 2016 , Healy fell ill whilst filming , resulting in him being written out of half of the series . Tony Maudsley ( Kenneth Du Beke ) , Danny Walters ( Tiger Dyke ) , Josh Bolt ( Rob Dawson ) , Paul Bazely ( Troy Ramsbottom ) , Nathan Bryon ( Joey Ellis ) , Adam Gillen ( Liam Conroy ) , Johnny Vegas ( Geoff Maltby ) , Elsie Kelly ( Noreen Maltby ) , Janine Duvitski ( Jacqueline Stewart ) and Selina Griffiths ( Pauline Maltby ) all returned . Shelley Longworth reprised her role as Sam Wood for the ninth series having not appeared since Series 5 , however is now a holiday rep , not a holidaymaker . Series 10 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In March 2017 , the tenth series was commissioned . The series began airing on 28 February 2018 and ended on 2 May 2018 on ITV , introducing new characters Cyd ( Laila Zaidi ) and Callum ( Julian Moore - Cooke ) . In September 2017 , actor Bobby Knutt died however filming had already finished . The first episode was dedicated to him . On 20 February 2018 , a week before the new series commenced , a documentary called Benidorm : 10 Years On Holiday was aired to celebrate the ten - year anniversary of the show . The show 's creator and writer , Derren Litten , guided viewers around the set and Benidorm itself to reveal how the show was created . Past and present cast members discussed their roles on the show , alongside outtakes and behind the scenes footage of the 10th series being filmed . 2018 - 19 : touring stage show ( edit ) In 2018 a touring stage show of Benidorm was announced with various performances around the UK from September 2018 until April 2019 . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Benidorm cast and characters Production ( edit ) Solana ( edit ) The Solana is the hotel featured in the show , where most of the characters stay . The pool scenes are filmed at the Sol Pelicanos Ocas Hotel in Benidorm , and the room scenes are filmed in the Acuariam II Apartments ( which overlook the pool ) . The reception area and the salon is filmed in a studio set in a building opposite Benidorm Palace , known as `` The Pink House '' . Neptune 's ( edit ) Neptune 's is an all - inclusive bar / restaurant featured in the show , and owned by The Solana . Most of the characters are seen here in the evening , where seemingly there is karaoke and live entertainment every night . Occasional guest appearances take place from singer Asa Elliott , and previously Shaun Foster Conley. Neptune 's is filmed in Morgan 's Tavern , nearby to Sol Pelicanos Ocas , where the pool scenes are filmed . American adaptation ( edit ) Television network FOX have commissioned an American adaptation of the sitcom , named The Big Package . The adaptation will be set in a Mexican holiday resort , with the plot revolving around a Bostonian family , similar to the Garvey family , who go on holiday to escape their financial issues . The title of the adaptation derives from the three - star resort it is set at , which offers a `` big package deal '' . Writers Chris Alberghini and Mike Chessler will be adapting Derren Litten 's scripts for the show . Awards ( edit ) Year Group Award Result 2008 National Television Awards Best Comedy Programme Won BAFTA Best Situation Comedy Won 2011 National Television Awards Most Popular Comedy Programme Won 2012 National Television Awards Most Popular Situation Comedy Programme Won 2013 National Television Awards Most Popular Situation Comedy Won 2014 TV Choice Awards Best Comedy Show Won 2015 National Television Awards Comedy Won TV Choice Awards Best Comedy Show Won 2016 National Television Awards Comedy Won References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Winners - The National Television Awards 2008 '' . Nationaltvawards.com . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Winners - The National Television Awards 2011 '' . Nationaltvawards.com . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` British Comedy Awards : Awards 2013 : Chortle : The UK Comedy Guide '' . Chortle. 2013 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Tara Conlan . `` ITV : Third series of Benidorm commissioned by Fincham Media '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Litten , Derren ( 2017 - 07 - 31 ) . `` Looking forward to next week when I start writing Benidorm again . But not for the TV . For the stage . You heard it here first ... '' @ DerrenLitten . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ https://www.thesun.co.uk/tvandshowbiz/6197492/benidorm-fans-uproar-show-ends/ Jump up ^ https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv-news/itv-confirms-benidorm-not-been-12472721 Jump up ^ Sandy Johnson , Director , DVD Commentary , S3 Ep1 Jump up ^ derrenlittens.blogspot.co.uk Jump up ^ Jackson , Marc ( 2013 - 09 - 17 ) . `` Kenny Ireland dead aged 68 following battle with cancer Mail Online '' . Dailymail.co.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Benidorm - Episode 7.1 . Episode One - British Comedy Guide '' . Comedy.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Wightman , Catriona ( 2015 - 02 - 06 ) . `` Benidorm commissioned for eighth series by ITV '' . Digitalspy.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Sandwell , Ian ( 2015 - 04 - 14 ) . `` Julie Graham joins Benidorm as head of new Dawson family '' . Digitalspy.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ James Parkes . `` ' Benidorm ' comes back '' . Costa News . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Benidorm series 9 goes in production '' . Itv.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Maudsley , Tony ( March 10 , 2016 ) . `` Big , Blonde & Beautiful ! ! ! ( well definitely big & blonde ) The b * t * * is back ! ! @ BenidormTVshow # Kenneth # BlowNGo # S9 '' . Twitter . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Walters , Danny ( March 10 , 2016 ) . `` Gym and omelette @ jakecanuso '' . Instagram . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bolt , Josh ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` haha thanks dude Flying out next week to start stopped off in Liverpool for a week to see fam defo drink soonX '' . Twitter . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bazely , Paul ( March 10 , 2016 ) . `` I 'm letting Tony warm it up a bit for me '' . Twitter . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Telly News : New fella for Nessa in Emmerdale '' . 31 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Bullock , Andrew ( 19 October 2016 ) . `` ITV 's Benidorm is being adapted for America - but will be set in MEXICO instead '' . Jump up ^ `` Fox Adapting ITV Comedy ' Benidorm ' for Possible Summer Run ( Exclusive ) '' . Jump up ^ `` TV Choice awards 2014 '' . TV Choice . ( Bauer Media Group ) . Archived from the original on 26 October 2014 . Retrieved 17 October 2014 . Jump up ^ National Television Awards . `` Vote - National Television Awards '' . nationaltvawards.com . Jump up ^ `` TV Choice awards 2015 '' . TV Choice . ( Bauer Media Group ) . Archived from the original on 26 May 2015 . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vote National Television Awards '' . Nationaltvawards.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 22 . External links ( edit ) Benidorm at itv.com Benidorm on IMDb Benidorm at British Comedy Guide Benidorm at TV.com Benidorm at epguides.com Benidorm at British TV Comedy Benidorm at TigerAspect.co.uk The Solana at Sol Pelícanos Ocas Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benidorm_(TV_series)&oldid=843281145 '' Categories : 2007 British television programme debuts 2018 British television programme endings 2000s British sitcoms 2010s British sitcoms Benidorm ( TV series ) ITV sitcoms Television series by Endemol Television shows set in Spain Television series by Tiger Aspect Productions English - language television programs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2013 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from May 2014 Use British English from May 2014 Articles needing additional references from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 03 : 06 . 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7637066676092794344	Great Sphinx of Giza	Great Sphinx of Giza - wikipedia Great Sphinx of Giza Jump to : navigation , search This article may have too many section headers dividing up its content . Please help improve the article by merging similar sections and removing unneeded subheaders . ( January 2017 ) Great Sphinx of Giza Shown within Egypt Location Giza , Egypt Region Egypt Coordinates 29 ° 58 ′ 31 '' N 31 ° 08 ′ 16 '' E / 29.97528 ° N 31.13778 ° E / 29.97528 ; 31.13778 Coordinates : 29 ° 58 ′ 31 '' N 31 ° 08 ′ 16 '' E / 29.97528 ° N 31.13778 ° E / 29.97528 ; 31.13778 History Material limestone Views , Objects : Egypt . Gizeh ( selected images ) . View 06 : Sphinx and Pyramid. , n.d. Brooklyn Museum Archives The Great Sphinx of Giza ( Arabic : أبو الهول ‎ ‎ Abū al - Haul , English : The Terrifying One ; literally : Father of Dread ) , commonly referred to as the Sphinx of Giza or just the Sphinx , is a limestone statue of a reclining sphinx , a mythical creature with the body of a lion and the head of a human . Facing directly from West to East , it stands on the Giza Plateau on the west bank of the Nile in Giza , Egypt . The face of the Sphinx is generally believed to represent the Pharaoh Khafre . Cut from the bedrock , the original shape of the Sphinx has been restored with layers of blocks . It measures 238 feet ( 73 m ) long from paw to tail , 66.3 ft ( 20.21 m ) high from the base to the top of the head and 62.6 feet ( 19 m ) wide at its rear haunches . It is the oldest known monumental sculpture in Egypt and is commonly believed to have been built by ancient Egyptians of the Old Kingdom during the reign of the Pharaoh Khafre ( c. 2558 -- 2532 BC ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Construction 2 Origin and identity 2.1 Names of the Sphinx 2.2 Builder and timeframe 2.3 Dissenting hypotheses 2.3. 1 Early Egyptologists 2.3. 2 Modern dissenting hypotheses 2.4 Fringe hypotheses 2.4. 1 Orion correlation theory 2.4. 2 Water erosion hypothesis 2.4. 3 The Great Sphinx as Anubis 2.4. 4 Racial characteristics 3 Restoration 4 Missing nose and beard 5 Mythology 6 Reception 6.1 Legacy 7 Gallery 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Construction The Sphinx is a monolith carved into the bedrock of the plateau , which also served as the quarry for the pyramids and other monuments in the area . The nummulitic limestone of the area consists of layers which offer differing resistance to erosion ( mostly caused by wind and windblown sand ) , leading to the uneven degradation apparent in the Sphinx 's body . The lowest part of the body , including the legs , is solid rock . The body of the lion up to its neck is fashioned from softer layers that have suffered considerable disintegration . The layer in which the head was sculpted is much harder . Origin and identity The Great Sphinx partly under the sand , ca . 1870s Auguste Mariette ( seated , far left ) and Emperor Pedro II of Brazil ( seated , far right ) with others in front of the Sphinx , 1871 The Great Sphinx partially excavated , ca . 1878 . The Spinx circa 1880s , by Beniamino Facchinelli . The Sphinx against the Pyramid of Khafre , 2005 . The Great Sphinx is one of the world 's largest and oldest statues , but basic facts about it are still subject to debate , such as when it was built , by whom and for what purpose . Names of the Sphinx It is impossible to identify what name the creators called their statue , as the Great Sphinx does not appear in any known inscription of the Old Kingdom and there are no inscriptions anywhere describing its construction or its original purpose . In the New Kingdom , the Sphinx was called Hor - em - akhet ( English : Horus of the Horizon ; Hellenized : Harmachis ) , and the pharaoh Thutmose IV ( 1401 -- 1391 or 1397 -- 1388 BC ) specifically referred to it as such in his `` Dream Stele . '' The commonly used name `` Sphinx '' was given to it in classical antiquity , about 2000 years after the commonly accepted date of its construction by reference to a Greek mythological beast with a lion 's body , a woman 's head and the wings of an eagle ( although , like most Egyptian sphinxes , the Great Sphinx has a man 's head and no wings ) . The English word sphinx comes from the ancient Greek Σφίγξ ( transliterated : sphinx ) apparently from the verb σφίγγω ( transliterated : sphingo / English : to squeeze ) , after the Greek sphinx who strangled anyone who failed to answer her riddle . The name may alternatively be a linguistic corruption of the phonetically different ancient Egyptian word Ssp - anx ( in Manuel de Codage ) . This name is given to royal statues of the Fourth dynasty of ancient Egypt ( 2575 -- 2467 BC ) and later in the New Kingdom ( c. 1570 -- 1070 BC ) to the Great Sphinx more specifically . Medieval Arab writers , including al - Maqrīzī , call the Sphinx balhib and bilhaw , which suggest a Coptic influence . The modern Egyptian Arabic name is أبو الهول ( Abū al Hūl , English : The Terrifying One ) . Builder and timeframe Though there have been conflicting evidence and viewpoints over the years , the view held by modern Egyptology at large remains that the Great Sphinx was built in approximately 2500 BC for the pharaoh Khafra , the builder of the Second Pyramid at Giza . Selim Hassan , writing in 1949 on recent excavations of the Sphinx enclosure , summed up the problem : Taking all things into consideration , it seems that we must give the credit of erecting this , the world 's most wonderful statue , to Khafre , but always with this reservation : that there is not one single contemporary inscription which connects the Sphinx with Khafre ; so , sound as it may appear , we must treat the evidence as circumstantial , until such time as a lucky turn of the spade of the excavator will reveal to the world a definite reference to the erection of the Sphinx . The `` circumstantial '' evidence mentioned by Hassan includes the Sphinx 's location in the context of the funerary complex surrounding the Second Pyramid , which is traditionally connected with Khafra . Apart from the Causeway , the Pyramid and the Sphinx , the complex also includes the Sphinx Temple and Valley Temple , both of which display similar design of their inner courts . The Sphinx Temple was built using blocks cut from the Sphinx enclosure , while those of the Valley Temple were quarried from the plateau , some of the largest weighing upwards of 100 tons . A diorite statue of Khafre , which was discovered buried upside down along with other debris in the Valley Temple , is claimed as support for the Khafra theory . The Dream Stele , erected much later by the pharaoh Thutmose IV ( 1401 -- 1391 or 1397 -- 1388 BC ) , associates the Sphinx with Khafra . When the stele was discovered , its lines of text were already damaged and incomplete , and only referred to Khaf , not Khafra . An extract was translated : which we bring for him : oxen ... and all the young vegetables ; and we shall give praise to Wenofer ... Khaf ... the statue made for Atum - Hor - em - Akhet . The Egyptologist Thomas Young , finding the Khaf hieroglyphs in a damaged cartouche used to surround a royal name , inserted the glyph ra to complete Khafra 's name . When the Stele was re-excavated in 1925 , the lines of text referring to Khaf flaked off and were destroyed . Dissenting hypotheses Theories held by academic Egyptologists regarding the builder of the Sphinx and the date of its construction are not universally accepted , and various persons have proposed alternative hypotheses about both the builder and dating . Early Egyptologists Some early Egyptologists and excavators of the Giza pyramid complex believed the Great Sphinx and associated temples to predate the fourth dynasty rule of Khufu , Khafre , and Menkaure . Petrie wrote in 1883 regarding the state of opinion regarding the age of the nearby temples , and by extension the Sphinx : `` The date of the Granite Temple ( Valley Temple ) has been so positively asserted to be earlier than the fourth dynasty , that it may seem rash to dispute the point '' . In 1857 , Auguste Mariette , founder of the Egyptian Museum in Cairo , unearthed the much later Inventory Stela ( estimated Dynasty XXVI , c. 678 -- 525 BC ) , which tells how Khufu came upon the Sphinx , already buried in sand . Although certain tracts on the Stela are considered good evidence , this passage is widely dismissed as Late Period historical revisionism , a purposeful fake , created by the local priests with the attempt to certify the contemporary Isis temple an ancient history it never had . Such an act became common when religious institutions such as temples , shrines and priest 's domains were fighting for political attention and for financial and economic donations . Gaston Maspero , the French Egyptologist and second director of the Egyptian Museum in Cairo , conducted a survey of the Sphinx in 1886 . He concluded that because the Dream stela showed the cartouche of Khafre in line thirteen , it was he who was responsible for the excavation and therefore the Sphinx must predate Khafre and his predecessors -- possibly Dynasty IV , c. 2575 -- 2467 BC . English Egyptologist E.A. Wallis Budge agreed that the Sphinx predated Khafre 's reign , writing in The Gods of the Egyptians ( 1914 ) : `` This marvelous object ( the Great Sphinx ) was in existence in the days of Khafre , or Khephren , and it is probable that it is a very great deal older than his reign and that it dates from the end of the archaic period ( c. 2686 BC ) . '' Maspero believed the Sphinx to be `` the most ancient monument in Egypt '' . Modern dissenting hypotheses Rainer Stadelmann , former director of the German Archaeological Institute in Cairo , examined the distinct iconography of the nemes ( headdress ) and the now - detached beard of the Sphinx and concluded the style is more indicative of the Pharaoh Khufu ( 2589 -- 2566 BC ) , builder of the Great Pyramid of Giza and Khafra 's father . He supports this by suggesting Khafra 's Causeway was built to conform to a pre-existing structure , which , he concludes , given its location , could only have been the Sphinx . Colin Reader , an English geologist who independently conducted a more recent survey of the enclosure , agrees the various quarries on the site have been excavated around the Causeway . Because these quarries are known to have been used by Khufu , Reader concludes that the Causeway ( and the temples on either end thereof ) must predate Khufu , thereby casting doubt on the conventional Egyptian chronology . Frank Domingo , a forensic scientist in the New York City Police Department and an expert forensic anthropologist , used detailed measurements of the Sphinx , forensic drawings and computer imaging to conclude the face depicted on the Sphinx is not the same face as is depicted on a statue attributed to Khafra . In 2004 , Vassil Dobrev of the Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale in Cairo announced he had uncovered new evidence the Great Sphinx may have been the work of the little - known Pharaoh Djedefre ( 2528 -- 2520 BC ) , Khafra 's half brother and a son of Khufu . Dobrev suggests Djedefre built the Sphinx in the image of his father Khufu , identifying him with the sun god Ra in order to restore respect for their dynasty . Dobrev also notes , like Stadelmann and others , the causeway connecting Khafre 's pyramid to the temples was built around the Sphinx suggesting it was already in existence at the time . Fringe hypotheses Orion correlation theory Main article : Orion correlation theory The Orion correlation theory , as expounded by popular authors Graham Hancock and Robert Bauval , is based on the proposed exact correlation of the three pyramids at Giza with the three stars ζ Ori , ε Ori and δ Ori , the stars forming Orion 's Belt , in the relative positions occupied by these stars in 10500 BC . The authors argue that the geographic relationship of the Sphinx , the Giza pyramids and the Nile directly corresponds with Leo , Orion and the Milky Way respectively . Sometimes cited as an example of pseudoarchaeology , the theory is at variance with mainstream scholarship . Water erosion hypothesis Main article : Sphinx water erosion hypothesis The Sphinx water erosion hypothesis contends that the main type of weathering evident on the enclosure walls of the Great Sphinx could only have been caused by prolonged and extensive rainfall , and must therefore predate the time of the pharaoh Khafra . The hypothesis is championed primarily by Robert M. Schoch , a geologist and associate professor of natural science at the College of General Studies at Boston University , and John Anthony West , an author and alternative Egyptologist . Colin Reader , a British geologist , studied the erosion patterns and noticed that they are found predominantly on the western enclosure wall and not on the Sphinx itself . He proposed the rainfall water runoff hypothesis , which also recognizes climate change transitions in the area . The Great Sphinx as Anubis Author Robert K.G. Temple proposes that the Sphinx was originally a statue of the Jackal - Dog Anubis , the God of the Necropolis , and that its face was recarved in the likeness of a Middle Kingdom pharaoh , Amenemhet II . Temple bases his identification on the style of the eye make - up and style of the pleats on the headdress . Racial characteristics Over the years several authors have commented on what they perceive as `` Negroid '' characteristics in the face of the Sphinx . This issue has become part of the Ancient Egyptian race controversy , with respect to the ancient population as a whole . The face of the Sphinx has been damaged over the millennia . Restoration At some unknown time the Giza Necropolis was abandoned , and the Sphinx was eventually buried up to its shoulders in sand . The first documented attempt at an excavation dates to c. 1400 BC , when the young Thutmose IV ( 1401 -- 1391 or 1397 -- 1388 BC ) gathered a team and , after much effort , managed to dig out the front paws , between which he placed a granite slab , known as the Dream Stele , inscribed with the following excerpt : ... the royal son , Thothmos , being arrived , while walking at midday and seating himself under the shadow of this mighty god , was overcome by slumber and slept at the very moment when Ra is at the summit ( of heaven ) . He found that the Majesty of this august god spoke to him with his own mouth , as a father speaks to his son , saying : Look upon me , contemplate me , O my son Thothmos ; I am thy father , Harmakhis - Khopri - Ra - Tum ; I bestow upon thee the sovereignty over my domain , the supremacy over the living ... Behold my actual condition that thou mayest protect all my perfect limbs . The sand of the desert whereon I am laid has covered me . Save me , causing all that is in my heart to be executed . Later , Ramesses II the Great ( 1279 -- 1213 BC ) may have undertaken a second excavation . Mark Lehner , an Egyptologist who has excavated and mapped the Giza plateau , originally asserted that there had been a far earlier renovation during the Old Kingdom ( c. 2686 -- 2184 BC ) , although he has subsequently recanted this `` heretical '' viewpoint . In AD 1817 the first modern archaeological dig , supervised by the Italian Giovanni Battista Caviglia , uncovered the Sphinx 's chest completely . One of the people working on clearing the sands from around the Great Sphinx was Eugène Grébaut , a French Director of the Antiquities Service In the beginning of the year 1887 , the chest , the paws , the altar , and plateau were all made visible . Flights of steps were unearthed , and finally accurate measurements were taken of the great figures . The height from the lowest of the steps was found to be one hundred feet , and the space between the paws was found to be thirty - five feet long and ten feet wide . Here there was formerly an altar ; and a stele of Thûtmosis IV was discovered , recording a dream in which he was ordered to clear away the sand that even then was gathering round the site of the Sphinx . The entire Sphinx was finally excavated in 1925 to 1936 , in digs led by Émile Baraize . In 1931 engineers of the Egyptian government repaired the head of the Sphinx . Part of its headdress had fallen off in 1926 due to erosion , which had also cut deeply into its neck . This questionable repair was by the addition of a concrete collar between the headdress and the neck , creating an altered profie . Many renovations to the stone base and raw rock body were done in the 1980s , and then redone in the 1990s . Panoramic view of the Sphinx and the Great Pyramid of Giza , 2010 Missing nose and beard The Sphinx profile in 2010 Limestone fragments of the Sphinx 's beard in the British Museum , 14th Century BC . The one - metre - wide nose on the face is missing . Examination of the Sphinx 's face shows that long rods or chisels were hammered into the nose , one down from the bridge and one beneath the nostril , then used to pry the nose off towards the south . The Arab historian al - Maqrīzī , writing in the 15th century , attributes the loss of the nose to iconoclasm by Muhammad Sa'im al - Dahr -- a Sufi Muslim from the khanqah of Sa'id al - Su'ada -- in AD 1378 , upon finding the local peasants making offerings to the Sphinx in the hope of increasing their harvest . Enraged , he destroyed the nose , and was later hanged for vandalism . Al - Maqrīzī describes the Sphinx as the `` talisman of the Nile '' on which the locals believed the flood cycle depended . There is a story that the nose was broken off by a cannonball fired by Napoleon 's soldiers . Other variants indict British troops , the Mamluks , and others . Sketches of the Sphinx by the Dane Frederic Louis Norden , made in 1738 and published in 1757 , show the Sphinx missing its nose . This predates Napoleon 's birth in 1769 . In addition to the lost nose , a ceremonial pharaonic beard is thought to have been attached , although this may have been added in later periods after the original construction . Egyptologist Vassil Dobrev has suggested that had the beard been an original part of the Sphinx , it would have damaged the chin of the statue upon falling . The lack of visible damage supports his theory that the beard was a later addition . Residues of red pigment are visible on areas of the Sphinx 's face . Traces of yellow and blue pigment have been found elsewhere on the Sphinx , leading Mark Lehner to suggest that the monument `` was once decked out in gaudy comic book colors '' . Mythology Colin Reader has proposed that the Sphinx was probably the focus of solar worship in the Early Dynastic Period , before the Giza Plateau became a necropolis in the Old Kingdom ( c. 2686 -- 2134 BC ) . He ties this in with his conclusions that the Sphinx , the Sphinx temple , the Causeway and the Khafra mortuary temple are all part of a complex which predates Dynasty IV ( c. 2613 -- 2494 BC ) . The lion has long been a symbol associated with the sun in ancient Near Eastern civilizations . Images depicting the Egyptian king in the form of a lion smiting his enemies date as far back as the Early Dynastic Period . In the New Kingdom , the Sphinx became more specifically associated with the god Hor - em - akhet ( Hellenized : Harmachis ) or `` Horus - at - the - Horizon '' , which represented the pharaoh in his role as the Shesep - ankh ( English : Living Image ) of the god Atum . Pharaoh Amenhotep II ( 1427 -- 1401 or 1397 BC ) built a temple to the north east of the Sphinx nearly 1000 years after its construction , and dedicated it to the cult of Hor - em - akhet . Reception In the last 700 years , there has been a proliferation of travellers and reports from Lower Egypt , unlike Upper Egypt , which was seldom reported from prior to the mid-18th century . Alexandria , Rosetta , Damietta , Cairo and the Giza Pyramids are described repeatedly , but not necessarily comprehensively . Many accounts were published and widely read . These include those of George Sandys , André Thévet , Athanasius Kircher , Balthasar de Monconys , Jean de Thévenot , John Greaves , Johann Michael Vansleb , Benoît de Maillet , Cornelis de Bruijn , Paul Lucas , Richard Pococke , Frederic Louis Norden and others . But there is an even larger set of more anonymous people who wrote obscure and little - read works , sometimes only unpublished manuscripts in libraries or private collections , including Henry Castela , Hans Ludwig von Lichtenstein , Michael Heberer von Bretten , Wilhelm von Boldensele , Pierre Belon du Mans , Vincent Stochove , Christophe Harant , Gilles Fermanel , Robert Fauvel , Jean Palerne Foresien , Willian Lithgow , Joos van Ghistele , etc . Over the centuries , writers and scholars have recorded their impressions and reactions upon seeing the Sphinx . The vast majority were concerned with a general description , often including a mixture of science , romance and mystique . A typical description of the Sphinx by tourists and leisure travelers throughout the 19th and 20th century was made by John Lawson Stoddard : It is the antiquity of the Sphinx which thrills us as we look upon it , for in itself it has no charms . The desert 's waves have risen to its breast , as if to wrap the monster in a winding - sheet of gold . The face and head have been mutilated by Moslem fanatics . The mouth , the beauty of whose lips was once admired , is now expressionless . Yet grand in its loneliness , -- veiled in the mystery of unnamed ages , -- the relic of Egyptian antiquity stands solemn and silent in the presence of the awful desert -- symbol of eternity . Here it disputes with Time the empire of the past ; forever gazing on and on into a future which will still be distant when we , like all who have preceded us and looked upon its face , have lived our little lives and disappeared . From the 16th century far into the 19th century , observers repeatedly noted that the Sphinx has the face , neck and breast of a woman . Examples included Johannes Helferich ( 1579 ) , George Sandys ( 1615 ) , Johann Michael Vansleb ( 1677 ) , Benoît de Maillet ( 1735 ) and Elliot Warburton ( 1844 ) . Most early Western images were book illustrations in print form , elaborated by a professional engraver from either previous images available or some original drawing or sketch supplied by an author , and usually now lost . Seven years after visiting Giza , André Thévet ( Cosmographie de Levant , 1556 ) described the Sphinx as `` the head of a colossus , caused to be made by Isis , daughter of Inachus , then so beloved of Jupiter '' . He , or his artist and engraver , pictured it as a curly - haired monster with a grassy dog collar . Athanasius Kircher ( who never visited Egypt ) depicted the Sphinx as a Roman statue , reflecting his ability to conceptualize ( Turris Babel , 1679 ) . Johannes Helferich 's ( 1579 ) Sphinx is a pinched - face , round - breasted woman with a straight haired wig ; the only edge over Thevet is that the hair suggests the flaring lappets of the headdress . George Sandys stated that the Sphinx was a harlot ; Balthasar de Monconys interpreted the headdress as a kind of hairnet , while François de La Boullaye - Le Gouz 's Sphinx had a rounded hairdo with bulky collar . Richard Pococke 's Sphinx was an adoption of Cornelis de Bruijn 's drawing of 1698 , featuring only minor changes , but is closer to the actual appearance of the Sphinx than anything previous . The print versions of Norden 's careful drawings for his Voyage d'Egypte et de Nubie , 1755 are the first to clearly show that the nose was missing . However , from the time of the Napoleonic invasion of Egypt onwards , a number of accurate images were widely available in Europe , and copied by others . Legacy Mystery of the Sphinx , narrated by Charlton Heston , a documentary presenting the theories of John Anthony West , was shown as an NBC Special on 10 November 1993 ( winning an Emmy award for Best Research ) A 95 - minute DVD , Mystery of the Sphinx : Expanded Edition , was released in 2007 . Age of the Sphinx , a BBC Two Timewatch documentary presenting the theories of John Anthony West and critical to both sides of the argument , was shown on 27 November 1994 . In 2008 , the film 10,000 BC showed a supposed original Sphinx with a lion 's head . Before this film , this lion head theory had been published in documentary films about the origin of the Sphinx . Gallery André Thévet , Cosmographie de Levant ( 1556 ) Hogenberg and Braun ( map ) , Cairus , quae olim Babylon ( 1572 ) , exists in various editions , from various authors , with the Sphinx looking different . Jan Sommer , ( unpublished ) Voyages en Egypte des annees 1589 , 1590 & 1591 , Institut de France , 1971 ( Voyageurs occidentaux en Égypte 3 ) George Sandys , A relation of a journey begun an dom. 1610 ( 1615 ) François de La Boullaye - Le Gouz , Les Voyages et Observations ( 1653 ) Balthasar de Monconys , Journal des voyages ( 1665 ) Olfert Dapper , Description de l'Afrique ( 1665 ) , note the two different displays of the Sphinx . Cornelis de Bruijn , Reizen van Cornelis de Bruyn door de vermaardste Deelen van Klein Asia ( 1698 ) The Sphinx as seen by Frederic Louis Norden ( 1755 ) Frederic Louis Norden , Voyage d'Égypte et de Nubie ( 1755 ) Description de l'Egypte ( Panckoucke edition ) , Planches , Antiquités , volume V ( 1823 ) , also published in the Imperial edition of 1822 . Description de l'Egypte ( Panckoucke edition ) , Planches , Antiquités , volume V ( 1823 ) , also published in the Imperial edition of 1822 . Members of the Second Japanese Embassy to Europe ( 1863 ) in front of the Sphinx , 1864 . Jean - Léon Gérôme 's Bonaparte Before the Sphinx , 1867 -- 1868 . Johanne Baptista Homann ( map ) , Aegyptus hodierna ( 1724 ) Lantern Slide Collection : Views , Objects : Egypt . Gizeh ( selected images ) . View 04 : Pyramids and Sphinx. , n.d. , Kay C. Lenskold . Floral Park , N.Y. Brooklyn Museum Archives See also Giza Lion ( heraldry ) List of colossal sculpture in situ List of statues by height Notes Jump up ^ Early Egyptologists were inconsistent in their transliteration of pharaonic names : Khafre and Khephren are both references to Khafra . References ^ Jump up to : `` The Great Sphinx of Giza '' . Ancient History Encyclopedia . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Pyramids of Giza - New World Encyclopedia '' . www.newworldencyclopedia.org . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Saving the Sphinx -- NOVA PBS '' . www.pbs.org . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Rigano , Charles ( 2014 ) . Pyramids of the Giza Plateau . p. 148 . Jump up ^ Dunford , Jane ; Fletcher , Joann ; French , Carole ( ed. , 2007 ) . Egypt : Eyewitness Travel Guide Archived 2009 - 02 - 18 at the Wayback Machine ... London : Dorling Kindersley , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7566 - 2875 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Zuberbühler , Franz Löhner , Teresa . `` Stone quarries in ancient Egypt . Details about the Giza quarries , the granite quarries in Assuan and the Tura limestone quarries '' . www.cheops-pyramide.ch . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` How old is the Sphinx ? '' . msnbc.com. 1999 - 02 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Great Sphinx Geology of a Statue Dating the Sphinx Ancient Egypt Research Associates '' . www.aeraweb.org . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ Christiane Zivie - Coche , Sphinx : History of a Monument , pages 99 -- 100 ( Cornell University Press , 2002 ) . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 3962 - 0 Jump up ^ See Thutmose IV # Dates and length of reign Jump up ^ `` sphinx mythology '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Sphinx Project : Why Sequence is Important '' . 2007 . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2010 . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hassan , Selim ( 1949 ) . The Sphinx : Its history in the light of recent excavations . Cairo : Government Press , 1949 . Jump up ^ Lehner , Mark ( Spring 2002 ) . `` Giza As Is : Unfinished Business Reveals the Human Hand '' in Aeragram , 5 : 2 ( Spring 2002 ) , 10 -- 14 . Retrieved 23 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sphinx - Khafre 's Giza Monuments as a Unit - Mark Lehner - Ancient Egypt Research Associates '' . www.aeraweb.org . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Colavito , Jason ( 2001 ) . `` Who Built the Sphinx ? '' at Lost Civilizations Discovered . Retrieved 19 December 2008 . Jump up ^ The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh , Flinders Petrie London 1883 , p133 Jump up ^ Hawass , Zahi . ( The Khufu at The Plateau . Retrieved 6 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Colin , Reader ( 2002 ) . `` Giza Before the Fourth Dynasty '' . Journal of the Ancient Chronology Forum. 9 . pp. 5 -- 21 . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2013 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Verner , Miroslav ( 2007 ) . The Pyramids : The Mystery , Culture , and Science of Egypt 's Great Monuments . Grove / Atlantic Inc. p. 212 . ISBN 0802198635 . Jump up ^ Jánosi , Peter ( 1996 ) . Die Pyramidenanlagen der Königinnen ( = Denkschriften der Gesamtakademie , Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften , volume 13 . pp. 11 , 125 . ISBN 3700122071 . Jump up ^ `` Giza Sphinx & Temples Page 3 - The Great Sphinx - Spirit & Stone '' . Theglobaleducationproject.org . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wallis Budge , E.A. ( 1904 ) . The Gods of the Egyptians : Studies in Egyptian Mythology . Courier Dover Publications . ISBN 0 - 486 - 22055 - 9 . Jump up ^ The Sphinx Its History in the Light of Recent Excavations , Selim Hassan Government Press Cairo 1949 , p17 ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Nic ( 2004 - 12 - 14 ) . `` I have solved riddle of the Sphinx , says Frenchman '' in The Daily Telegraph . Updated 14 December 2004 . Retrieved 28 June 2005 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Karen T. , History of the IAI Forensic Art Discipline at the International Association for Identification . Retrieved 5 January 2009 . Jump up ^ West , John Anthony ( 1993 ) . Serpent in the Sky : The High Wisdom of Ancient Egypt , 232 . Wheaton : Quest Books , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 8356 - 0691 - 0 . Jump up ^ Riddle of the Sphinx Retrieved 6 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Hancock , Graham ; Bauval , Robert ( 2000 - 12 - 14 ) . Atlantis Reborn Again . Horizon . BBC . Aired 2000 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Orser , Charles E. ( 2003 ) . Race and practice in archaeological interpretation . University of Pennsylvania Press . p. 73 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 3750 - 4 . Jump up ^ Hancock , Graham ; Bauval , Robert ( 1997 ) . The Message of the Sphinx : A Quest for the Hidden Legacy of Mankind . Three Rivers Press . p. 271 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 517 - 88852 - 0 . Jump up ^ Fagan , Garrett G. ( ed . ) ( 2006 ) . Archaeological fantasies : how pseudoarchaeology misrepresents the past and misleads the public . Routledge . pp. 20 , 38 -- 40 , 100 -- 103 , 127 , 197 -- 201 , 238 , 241 -- 255 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 30593 - 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Schoch , Robert M. ( 1992 ) . Redating the Great Sphinx of Giza . Archived from the original on 2016 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , Chris `` The Age of the Sphinx ? Reader versus Schoch , '' http://ancientaliensdebunked.com/how-old-is-the-sphinx-colin-reader-vs-robert-schoch/ Jump up ^ Reader , C.D. ( February 2001 ) . A Geomorphological Study of the Giza Necropolis , with Implications for the Development of the Site. 43 . pp. 149 -- 165 . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2011 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robert K.G. Temple , The Sphinx Mystery : The Forgotten Origins of The Sanctuary of Anubis ( Rochester , Vermont : Inner Traditions , 2009 ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59477 - 271 - 9 Jump up ^ Regier , Willis G. ( ed . ) ( 2004 ) . Book of the Sphinx . U of Nebraska Press . p. 157 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 3956 - 2 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Irwin , Graham W. ( 1977 ) . Africans abroad , Columbia University Press , p. 11 Jump up ^ Mallet , Dominique , The Stele of Thothmes IV : A Translation , at harmakhis.org . Retrieved 3 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The ARCE Sphinx Project -- A Preliminary Report '' . Hall of Maat . Retrieved May 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ' Khufu Knew the Sphinx ' by Colin Reader '' . Ianlawton.com . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2009 . Retrieved May 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of the Supreme Council of Antiquities ( SCA ) : 1858 to present '' . SCA - Egypt . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Rappoport , S . The Project Gutenberg EBook of History Of Egypt From 330 B.C. To The Present Time , Volume 12 ( of 12 ) , by S. Rappoport . The Grolier Society Publishers , London . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Popular Science Monthly , July 1931 , page 56 . Jump up ^ `` Filmed in 1897 , THIS is the OLDEST footage of the Great Sphinx of Giza - Ancient Code '' . www.ancient-code.com . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Hawass , Zahi . `` HISTORY OF THE CONSERVATION OF THE SPHINX '' . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British Museum - Fragment of the beard of the Great Sphinx '' . britishmuseum.org . Jump up ^ Lehner , Mark ( 1997 ) . The Complete Pyramids . Thames & Hudson . p. 41 . ISBN 0 - 500 - 05084 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Faq # 11 : Who shot off the nose of the Sphinx ? '' . napoleon-series.org . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Joseph E Lowry ; Shawkat M Toorawa ; Everett K Rowson ( 2017 ) . Arabic Humanities , Islamic Thought : Essays in Honor of Everett K. Rowson . Boston Brill . p. 263 . ISBN 9789004343245 . OCLC 992515269 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` F.L. Norden . Travels in Egypt and Nubia , 1757 . Plate 47 , Profil de la tête colossale du Sphinx '' . Brooklyn Museum . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Evan Hadingham ( February 2010 ) . `` Uncovering Secrets of the Sphinx '' . Smithsonian Magazine . Jump up ^ Reader , Colin ( 2000 - 03 - 17 ) . Further considerations on the Age of the Sphinx Archived 2015 - 06 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . at Rational Spirituality . Retrieved 6 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` John L. Stoddard 's Lectures '' . 2 . 1898 : 111 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Great Sphinx of Giza . Riddle of the Sphinx Egyptian and Greek Sphinxes Egypt -- The Lost Civilization Theory The Sphinx 's Nose What happened to the Sphinx 's nose ? 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-8048974337703390404	Milky Way	Milky Way - wikipedia Milky Way Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the galaxy . For other uses , see Milky Way ( disambiguation ) . Milky Way Galaxy The Milky Way 's Galactic Center in the night sky above Paranal Observatory ( the laser creates a guide - star for the telescope ) . Observation data Type Sb , Sbc , or SB ( rs ) bc ( barred spiral galaxy ) Diameter 100 -- 180 kly ( 31 -- 55 kpc ) Thickness of thin stellar disk ≈ 2 kly ( 0.6 kpc ) Number of stars 100 -- 400 billion ( 2.5 × 10 ± 1.5 × 10 ) Oldest known star ≥ 13.7 Gyr Mass 0.8 -- 1.5 × 10 M Angular momentum ≈ 7067100000000000000 ♠ 1 × 10 J s Sun 's distance to Galactic Center 26.4 ± 1.0 kly ( 8.09 ± 0.31 kpc ) Sun 's Galactic rotation period 240 Myr Spiral pattern rotation period 220 -- 360 Myr Bar pattern rotation period 100 -- 120 Myr Speed relative to CMB rest frame 631 ± 20 km / s Escape velocity at Sun 's position 550 km / s Dark matter density at Sun 's position 0.0088 + 0.0024 − 0.0018 M pc or 0.35 + 0.08 − 0.07 GeV cm See also : Galaxy , List of galaxies The Milky Way is the galaxy that contains our Solar System . The descriptive `` milky '' is derived from the appearance from Earth of the galaxy -- a band of light seen in the night sky formed from stars that can not be individually distinguished by the naked eye . The term Milky Way is a translation of the Latin via lactea , from the Greek γαλαξίας κύκλος ( galaxías kýklos , `` milky circle '' ) . From Earth , the Milky Way appears as a band because its disk - shaped structure is viewed from within . Galileo Galilei first resolved the band of light into individual stars with his telescope in 1610 . Until the early 1920s , most astronomers thought that the Milky Way contained all the stars in the Universe . Following the 1920 Great Debate between the astronomers Harlow Shapley and Heber Curtis , observations by Edwin Hubble showed that the Milky Way is just one of many galaxies . The Milky Way is a barred spiral galaxy with a diameter between 100,000 and 180,000 light - years . The Milky Way is estimated to contain 100 -- 400 billion stars . There are probably at least 100 billion planets in the Milky Way . The Solar System is located within the disk , about 26,000 light - years from the Galactic Center , on the inner edge of one of the spiral - shaped concentrations of gas and dust called the Orion Arm . The stars in the inner ≈ 10,000 light - years form a bulge and one or more bars that radiate from the bulge . The very center is marked by an intense radio source , named Sagittarius A * , which is likely to be a supermassive black hole . Stars and gases at a wide range of distances from the Galactic Center orbit at approximately 220 kilometers per second . The constant rotation speed contradicts the laws of Keplerian dynamics and suggests that much of the mass of the Milky Way does not emit or absorb electromagnetic radiation . This mass has been termed `` dark matter '' . The rotational period is about 240 million years at the position of the Sun . The Milky Way as a whole is moving at a velocity of approximately 600 km per second with respect to extragalactic frames of reference . The oldest stars in the Milky Way are nearly as old as the Universe itself and thus probably formed shortly after the Dark Ages of the Big Bang . The Milky Way has several satellite galaxies and is part of the Local Group of galaxies , which is a component of the Virgo Supercluster , which is itself a component of the Laniakea Supercluster . Contents ( hide ) 1 Appearance 2 Size and mass 3 Contents 4 Structure 4.1 Galactic quadrants 4.2 Galactic Center 4.3 Spiral arms 4.4 Halo 4.4. 1 Gaseous halo 4.5 Sun 's location and neighborhood 4.6 Galactic rotation 5 Formation 5.1 Age and cosmological history 6 Environment 7 Velocity 8 Etymology and mythology 9 Astronomical history 9.1 Mapping 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Appearance A view of the Milky Way toward the constellation Sagittarius ( including the Galactic Center ) as seen from an area not polluted by light ( the Black Rock Desert , Nevada ) . The bright object on the right is Jupiter , just above Antares . Play media This time - lapse video captures the Milky Way circling over ALMA . The `` Milky Way '' can be seen as a hazy band of white light some 30 degrees wide arcing across the sky . Although all the individual naked - eye stars in the entire sky are part of the Milky Way , the light in this band originates from the accumulation of unresolved stars and other material located in the direction of the galactic plane . Dark regions within the band , such as the Great Rift and the Coalsack , are areas where light from distant stars is blocked by interstellar dust . The area of the sky obscured by the Milky Way is called the Zone of Avoidance . The Milky Way has a relatively low surface brightness . Its visibility can be greatly reduced by background light such as light pollution or stray light from the Moon . The sky needs to be darker than about 20.2 magnitude per square arcsecond in order for the Milky Way to be seen . It should be visible when the limiting magnitude is approximately + 5.1 or better and shows a great deal of detail at + 6.1 . This makes the Milky Way difficult to see from any brightly lit urban or suburban location , but very prominent when viewed from a rural area when the Moon is below the horizon . The new world atlas of artificial night sky brightness shows that more than one - third of Earth 's population can not see the Milky Way from their homes due to light pollution . As viewed from Earth , the visible region of the Milky Way 's Galactic plane occupies an area of the sky that includes 30 constellations . The center of the Galaxy lies in the direction of the constellation Sagittarius ; it is here that the Milky Way is brightest . From Sagittarius , the hazy band of white light appears to pass around to the Galactic anticenter in Auriga . The band then continues the rest of the way around the sky , back to Sagittarius . The band divides the night sky into two roughly equal hemispheres . The Galactic plane is inclined by about 60 degrees to the ecliptic ( the plane of Earth 's orbit ) . Relative to the celestial equator , it passes as far north as the constellation of Cassiopeia and as far south as the constellation of Crux , indicating the high inclination of Earth 's equatorial plane and the plane of the ecliptic , relative to the Galactic plane . The north Galactic pole is situated at right ascension 12 49 , declination + 27.4 ° ( B1950 ) near β Comae Berenices , and the south Galactic pole is near α Sculptoris . Because of this high inclination , depending on the time of night and year , the arc of the Milky Way may appear relatively low or relatively high in the sky . For observers from approximately 65 degrees north to 65 degrees south on Earth 's surface , the Milky Way passes directly overhead twice a day . The Milky Way arching at a high inclination across the night sky ( fish - eye mosaic shot at Paranal , Chile ) . The bright object is Jupiter in the constellation Sagittarius , and the Magellanic Clouds can be seen on the left . Galactic north is downwards . Size and mass A photograph of galaxy UGC 12158 , which is thought to resemble the Milky Way in appearance . The Milky Way is the second - largest galaxy in the Local Group , with its stellar disk approximately 100,000 ly ( 30 kpc ) in diameter , and , on average , approximately 1,000 ly ( 0.3 kpc ) thick . As a guide to the relative physical scale of the Milky Way , if the Solar System out to Neptune were the size of a US quarter ( 24.3 mm ( 0.955 in ) ) , the Milky Way would be approximately the size of the continental United States . A ring - like filament of stars wrapping around the Milky Way may belong to the Milky Way itself , rippling above and below the relatively flat galactic plane . If so , that would mean a diameter of 150,000 -- 180,000 light - years ( 46 -- 55 kpc ) . Schematic profile of the Milky Way . Estimates of the mass of the Milky Way vary , depending upon the method and data used . At the low end of the estimate range , the mass of the Milky Way is 5.8 × 10 solar masses ( M ) , somewhat less than that of the Andromeda Galaxy . Measurements using the Very Long Baseline Array in 2009 found velocities as large as 254 km / s ( 570,000 mph ) for stars at the outer edge of the Milky Way . Because the orbital velocity depends on the total mass inside the orbital radius , this suggests that the Milky Way is more massive , roughly equaling the mass of Andromeda Galaxy at 7 × 10 M within 160,000 ly ( 49 kpc ) of its center . In 2010 , a measurement of the radial velocity of halo stars found that the mass enclosed within 80 kilo parsecs is 7 × 10 M. According to a study published in 2014 , the mass of the entire Milky Way is estimated to be 8.5 × 10 M , which is about half the mass of the Andromeda Galaxy . Much of the mass of the Milky Way appears to be dark matter , an unknown and invisible form of matter that interacts gravitationally with ordinary matter . A dark matter halo is spread out relatively uniformly to a distance beyond one hundred kiloparsecs from the Galactic Center . Mathematical models of the Milky Way suggest that the mass of dark matter is 1 -- 1.5 × 10 M. Recent studies indicate a range in mass , as large as 4.5 × 10 M and as small as 8 × 10 M . The total mass of all the stars in the Milky Way is estimated to be between 4.6 × 10 M and 6.43 × 10 M. In addition to the stars , there is also interstellar gas , comprising 90 % hydrogen and 10 % helium by mass , with two thirds of the hydrogen found in the atomic form and the remaining one - third as molecular hydrogen . The mass of this gas is equal to between 10 % and 15 % of the total mass of the galaxy 's stars . Interstellar dust accounts for an additional 1 % of the total mass of the gas . Contents Further information : Exoplanet The Milky Way contains between 200 and 400 billion stars and at least 100 billion planets . The exact figure depends on the number of very - low - mass stars , which are hard to detect , especially at distances of more than 300 ly ( 90 pc ) from the Sun . As a comparison , the neighboring Andromeda Galaxy contains an estimated one trillion ( 10 ) stars . Filling the space between the stars is a disk of gas and dust called the interstellar medium . This disk has at least a comparable extent in radius to the stars , whereas the thickness of the gas layer ranges from hundreds of light years for the colder gas to thousands of light years for warmer gas . The disk of stars in the Milky Way does not have a sharp edge beyond which there are no stars . Rather , the concentration of stars decreases with distance from the center of the Milky Way . For reasons that are not understood , beyond a radius of roughly 40,000 ly ( 13 kpc ) from the center , the number of stars per cubic parsec drops much faster with radius . Surrounding the galactic disk is a spherical Galactic Halo of stars and globular clusters that extends further outward but is limited in size by the orbits of two Milky Way satellites , the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds , whose closest approach to the Galactic Center is about 180,000 ly ( 55 kpc ) . At this distance or beyond , the orbits of most halo objects would be disrupted by the Magellanic Clouds . Hence , such objects would probably be ejected from the vicinity of the Milky Way . The integrated absolute visual magnitude of the Milky Way is estimated to be around − 20.9 . Both gravitational microlensing and planetary transit observations indicate that there may be at least as many planets bound to stars as there are stars in the Milky Way , and microlensing measurements indicate that there are more rogue planets not bound to host stars than there are stars . The Milky Way contains at least one planet per star , resulting in 100 -- 400 billion planets , according to a January 2013 study of the five - planet star system Kepler - 32 with the Kepler space observatory . A different January 2013 analysis of Kepler data estimated that at least 17 billion Earth - sized exoplanets reside in the Milky Way . On November 4 , 2013 , astronomers reported , based on Kepler space mission data , that there could be as many as 40 billion Earth - sized planets orbiting in the habitable zones of Sun - like stars and red dwarfs within the Milky Way . 11 billion of these estimated planets may be orbiting Sun - like stars . The nearest such planet may be 4.2 light - years away , according to a 2016 study . Such Earth - sized planets may be more numerous than gas giants . Besides exoplanets , `` exocomets '' , comets beyond the Solar System , have also been detected and may be common in the Milky Way . 360 - degree panorama view of the Milky Way ( an assembled mosaic of photographs ) by ESO . The galactic centre is in the middle of the view , with galactic north up . Structure Play media An artist 's impression that shows how the Milky Way would look from very different perspectives than from Earth . From some angles , the central bulge shows up as a peanut - shaped glowing ball of stars , and from above , the central narrow bar appears clearly . The many spiral arms and their associated dust clouds are also clearly seen . Artist 's conception of the spiral structure of the Milky Way with two major stellar arms and a bar Spitzer reveals what can not be seen in visible light : cooler stars ( blue ) , heated dust ( reddish hue ) , and Sgr A * as bright white spot in the middle . Bright X-ray flares from Sagittarius A * , location of the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way . The Milky Way consists of a bar - shaped core region surrounded by a disk of gas , dust and stars . The mass distribution within the Milky Way closely resembles the type Sbc in the Hubble classification , which represents spiral galaxies with relatively loosely wound arms . Astronomers began to suspect that the Milky Way is a barred spiral galaxy , rather than an ordinary spiral galaxy , in the 1990s . Their suspicions were confirmed by the Spitzer Space Telescope observations in 2005 that showed the Milky Way 's central bar to be larger than previously thought . Galactic quadrants Main article : Galactic quadrant A galactic quadrant , or quadrant of the Milky Way , refers to one of four circular sectors in the division of the Milky Way . In actual astronomical practice , the delineation of the galactic quadrants is based upon the galactic coordinate system , which places the Sun as the origin of the mapping system . Quadrants are described using ordinals -- for example , `` 1st galactic quadrant '' , `` second galactic quadrant '' , or `` third quadrant of the Milky Way '' . Viewing from the north galactic pole with 0 degrees ( ° ) as the ray that runs starting from the Sun and through the Galactic Center , the quadrants are as follows : 1st galactic quadrant -- 0 ° ≤ longitude ( l ) ≤ 90 ° 2nd galactic quadrant -- 90 ° ≤ l ≤ 180 ° 3rd galactic quadrant -- 180 ° ≤ l ≤ 270 ° 4th galactic quadrant -- 270 ° ≤ l ≤ 360 ° ( 0 ° ) Galactic Center Main article : Galactic Center The Sun is 25,000 -- 28,000 ly ( 7.7 -- 8.6 kpc ) from the Galactic Center . This value is estimated using geometric - based methods or by measuring selected astronomical objects that serve as standard candles , with different techniques yielding various values within this approximate range . In the inner few kpc ( around 10,000 light - years radius ) is a dense concentration of mostly old stars in a roughly spheroidal shape called the bulge . It has been proposed that the Milky Way lacks a bulge formed due to a collision and merger between previous galaxies , and that instead it has a pseudobulge formed by its central bar . The Galactic Center is marked by an intense radio source named Sagittarius A * ( pronounced Sagittarius A-star ) . The motion of material around the center indicates that Sagittarius A * harbors a massive , compact object . This concentration of mass is best explained as a supermassive black hole ( SMBH ) with an estimated mass of 4.1 -- 4.5 million times the mass of the Sun . The rate of accretion of the SMBH is consistent with an inactive galactic nucleus , being estimated at around 6995100000000000000 ♠ 1 × 10 M y . Observations indicate that there are SMBH located near the center of most normal galaxies . The nature of the Milky Way 's bar is actively debated , with estimates for its half - length and orientation spanning from 1 to 5 kpc ( 3,000 -- 16,000 ly ) and 10 -- 50 degrees relative to the line of sight from Earth to the Galactic Center . Certain authors advocate that the Milky Way features two distinct bars , one nestled within the other . However , RR Lyrae variables do not trace a prominent Galactic bar . The bar may be surrounded by a ring called the `` 5 - kpc ring '' that contains a large fraction of the molecular hydrogen present in the Milky Way , as well as most of the Milky Way 's star formation activity . Viewed from the Andromeda Galaxy , it would be the brightest feature of the Milky Way . X-ray emission from the core is aligned with the massive stars surrounding the central bar and the Galactic ridge . Illustration of the two gigantic X-ray / gamma - ray bubbles ( blue - violet ) of the Milky Way ( center ) In 2010 , two gigantic spherical bubbles of high energy emission were detected to the north and the south of the Milky Way core , using data from the Fermi Gamma - ray Space Telescope . The diameter of each of the bubbles is about 25,000 light - years ( 7.7 kpc ) ; they stretch up to Grus and to Virgo on the night - sky of the southern hemisphere . Subsequently , observations with the Parkes Telescope at radio frequencies identified polarized emission that is associated with the Fermi bubbles . These observations are best interpreted as a magnetized outflow driven by star formation in the central 640 ly ( 200 pc ) of the Milky Way . Later , on January 5 , 2015 , NASA reported observing an X-ray flare 400 times brighter than usual , a record - breaker , from Sagittarius A * . The unusual event may have been caused by the breaking apart of an asteroid falling into the black hole or by the entanglement of magnetic field lines within gas flowing into Sagittarius A * . Spiral arms For more details on this topic , see Spiral galaxy . Outside the gravitational influence of the Galactic bars , the structure of the interstellar medium and stars in the disk of the Milky Way is organized into four spiral arms . Spiral arms typically contain a higher density of interstellar gas and dust than the Galactic average as well as a greater concentration of star formation , as traced by H II regions and molecular clouds . The Milky Way 's spiral structure is uncertain , and there is currently no consensus on the nature of the Milky Way 's spiral arms . Perfect logarithmic spiral patterns only crudely describe features near the Sun , because galaxies commonly have arms that branch , merge , twist unexpectedly , and feature a degree of irregularity . The possible scenario of the Sun within a spur / Local arm emphasizes that point and indicates that such features are probably not unique , and exist elsewhere in the Milky Way . Estimates of the pitch angle of the arms range from about 7 ° to 25 ° . There are thought to be four spiral arms that all start near the Milky Way 's center . These are named as follows , with the positions of the arms shown in the image at right : Observed ( normal lines ) and extrapolated ( dotted lines ) structure of the spiral arms . The gray lines radiating from the Sun 's position ( upper center ) list the three - letter abbreviations of the corresponding constellations . Color Arm ( s ) cyan 3 - kpc Arm ( Near 3 kpc Arm and Far 3 kpc Arm ) and Perseus Arm purple Norma and Outer arm ( Along with extension discovered in 2004 ) green Scutum -- Centaurus Arm pink Carina -- Sagittarius Arm There are at least two smaller arms or spurs , including : orange Orion -- Cygnus Arm ( which contains the Sun and Solar System ) Two spiral arms , the Scutum -- Centaurus arm and the Carina -- Sagittarius arm , have tangent points inside the Sun 's orbit about the center of the Milky Way . If these arms contain an overdensity of stars compared to the average density of stars in the Galactic disk , it would be detectable by counting the stars near the tangent point . Two surveys of near - infrared light , which is sensitive primarily to red giants and not affected by dust extinction , detected the predicted overabundance in the Scutum -- Centaurus arm but not in the Carina -- Sagittarius arm : the Scutum - Centaurus Arm contains approximately 30 % more red giants than would be expected in the absence of a spiral arm . This observation suggests that the Milky Way possesses only two major stellar arms : the Perseus arm and the Scutum -- Centaurus arm . The rest of the arms contain excess gas but not excess old stars . In December 2013 , astronomers found that the distribution of young stars and star - forming regions matches the four - arm spiral description of the Milky Way . Thus , the Milky Way appears to have two spiral arms as traced by old stars and four spiral arms as traced by gas and young stars . The explanation for this apparent discrepancy is unclear . Clusters detected by WISE used to trace the Milky Way 's spiral arms The Near 3 kpc Arm ( also called Expanding 3 kpc Arm or simply 3 kpc Arm ) was discovered in the 1950s by astronomer van Woerden and collaborators through 21 - centimeter radio measurements of HI ( atomic hydrogen ) . It was found to be expanding away from the central bulge at more than 50 km / s . It is located in the fourth galactic quadrant at a distance of about 5.2 kpc from the Sun and 3.3 kpc from the Galactic Center . The Far 3 kpc Arm was discovered in 2008 by astronomer Tom Dame ( Harvard - Smithsonian CfA ) . It is located in the first galactic quadrant at a distance of 3 kpc ( about 10,000 ly ) from the Galactic Center . A simulation published in 2011 suggested that the Milky Way may have obtained its spiral arm structure as a result of repeated collisions with the Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy . It has been suggested that the Milky Way contains two different spiral patterns : an inner one , formed by the Sagittarius arm , that rotates fast and an outer one , formed by the Carina and Perseus arms , whose rotation velocity is slower and whose arms are tightly wound . In this scenario , suggested by numerical simulations of the dynamics of the different spiral arms , the outer pattern would form an outer pseudoring , and the two patterns would be connected by the Cygnus arm . The long filamentary molecular cloud dubbed `` Nessie '' probably forms a dense `` spine '' of the Scutum -- Centarus Arm Outside of the major spiral arms is the Monoceros Ring ( or Outer Ring ) , a ring of gas and stars torn from other galaxies billions of years ago . However , several members of the scientific community recently restated their position affirming the Monoceros structure is nothing more than an over-density produced by the flared and warped thick disk of the Milky Way . Halo The Galactic disk is surrounded by a spheroidal halo of old stars and globular clusters , of which 90 % lie within 100,000 light - years ( 30 kpc ) of the Galactic Center . However , a few globular clusters have been found farther , such as PAL 4 and AM1 at more than 200,000 light - years from the Galactic Center . About 40 % of the Milky Way 's clusters are on retrograde orbits , which means they move in the opposite direction from the Milky Way rotation . The globular clusters can follow rosette orbits about the Milky Way , in contrast to the elliptical orbit of a planet around a star . Although the disk contains dust that obscures the view in some wavelengths , the halo component does not . Active star formation takes place in the disk ( especially in the spiral arms , which represent areas of high density ) , but does not take place in the halo , as there is little gas cool enough to collapse into stars . Open clusters are also located primarily in the disk . Discoveries in the early 21st century have added dimension to the knowledge of the Milky Way 's structure . With the discovery that the disk of the Andromeda Galaxy ( M31 ) extends much further than previously thought , the possibility of the disk of the Milky Way extending further is apparent , and this is supported by evidence from the discovery of the Outer Arm extension of the Cygnus Arm and of a similar extension of the Scutum - Centaurus Arm . With the discovery of the Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy came the discovery of a ribbon of galactic debris as the polar orbit of the dwarf and its interaction with the Milky Way tears it apart . Similarly , with the discovery of the Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy , it was found that a ring of galactic debris from its interaction with the Milky Way encircles the Galactic disk . The Sloan Digital Sky Survey of the northern sky shows a huge and diffuse structure ( spread out across an area around 5,000 times the size of a full moon ) within the Milky Way that does not seem to fit within current models . The collection of stars rises close to perpendicular to the plane of the spiral arms of the Milky Way . The proposed likely interpretation is that a dwarf galaxy is merging with the Milky Way . This galaxy is tentatively named the Virgo Stellar Stream and is found in the direction of Virgo about 30,000 light - years ( 9 kpc ) away . Gaseous halo In addition to the stellar halo , the Chandra X-ray Observatory , XMM - Newton , and Suzaku have provided evidence that there is a gaseous halo with a large amount of hot gas . The halo extends for hundreds of thousand of light years , much further than the stellar halo and close to the distance of the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds . The mass of this hot halo is nearly equivalent to the mass of the Milky Way itself . The temperature of this halo gas is between 1 and 2.5 million K ( 1.8 and 4.5 million F ) . Observations of distant galaxies indicate that the Universe had about one - sixth as much baryonic ( ordinary ) matter as dark matter when it was just a few billion years old . However , only about half of those baryons are accounted for in the modern Universe based on observations of nearby galaxies like the Milky Way . If the finding that the mass of the halo is comparable to the mass of the Milky Way is confirmed , it could be the identity of the missing baryons around the Milky Way . Sun 's location and Neighborhood Diagram of the Sun 's location in the Milky Way . The angles represent longitudes in the galactic coordinate system . Diagram of the stars in the Solar neighborhood The Sun is near the inner rim of the Orion Arm , within the Local Fluff of the Local Bubble , and in the Gould Belt , at a distance of 26.4 ± 1.0 kly ( 8.09 ± 0.31 kpc ) from the Galactic Center . The Sun is currently 5 -- 30 parsecs ( 16 -- 98 ly ) from the central plane of the Galactic disk . The distance between the local arm and the next arm out , the Perseus Arm , is about 2,000 parsecs ( 6,500 ly ) . The Sun , and thus the Solar System , is located in the Milky Way 's galactic habitable zone . There are about 208 stars brighter than absolute magnitude 8.5 within a sphere with a radius of 15 parsecs ( 49 ly ) from the Sun , giving a density of one star per 69 cubic parsecs , or one star per 2,360 cubic light - years ( from List of nearest bright stars ) . On the other hand , there are 64 known stars ( of any magnitude , not counting 4 brown dwarfs ) within 5 parsecs ( 16 ly ) of the Sun , giving a density of about one star per 8.2 cubic parsecs , or one per 284 cubic light - years ( from List of nearest stars ) . This illustrates the fact that there are far more faint stars than bright stars : in the entire sky , there are about 500 stars brighter than apparent magnitude 4 but 15.5 million stars brighter than apparent magnitude 14 . The apex of the Sun 's way , or the solar apex , is the direction that the Sun travels through space in the Milky Way . The general direction of the Sun 's Galactic motion is towards the star Vega near the constellation of Hercules , at an angle of roughly 60 sky degrees to the direction of the Galactic Center . The Sun 's orbit about the Milky Way is expected to be roughly elliptical with the addition of perturbations due to the Galactic spiral arms and non-uniform mass distributions . In addition , the Sun passes through the Galactic plane approximately 2.7 times per orbit . This is very similar to how a simple harmonic oscillator works with no drag force ( damping ) term . These oscillations were until recently thought to coincide with mass lifeform extinction periods on Earth . However , a reanalysis of the effects of the Sun 's transit through the spiral structure based on CO data has failed to find a correlation . It takes the Solar System about 240 million years to complete one orbit of the Milky Way ( a galactic year ) , so the Sun is thought to have completed 18 -- 20 orbits during its lifetime and 1 / 1250 of a revolution since the origin of humans . The orbital speed of the Solar System about the center of the Milky Way is approximately 220 km / s ( 490,000 mph ) or 0.073 % of the speed of light . The Sun moves through the heliosphere at 84,000 km / h ( 52,000 mph ) . At this speed , it takes around 1,400 years for the Solar System to travel a distance of 1 light - year , or 8 days to travel 1 AU ( astronomical unit ) . The Solar System is headed in the direction of the zodiacal constellation Scorpius , which follows the ecliptic . Galactic rotation Galaxy rotation curve for the Milky Way . Vertical axis is speed of rotation about the Galactic Center . Horizontal axis is distance from the Galactic Center in kpcs . The Sun is marked with a yellow ball . The observed curve of speed of rotation is blue . The predicted curve based upon stellar mass and gas in the Milky Way is red . Scatter in observations roughly indicated by gray bars . The difference is due to dark matter . The stars and gas in the Milky Way rotate about its center differentially , meaning that the rotation period varies with location . As is typical for spiral galaxies , the orbital speed of most stars in the Milky Way does not depend strongly on their distance from the center . Away from the central bulge or outer rim , the typical stellar orbital speed is between 210 and 240 km / s ( 470,000 and 540,000 mph ) . Hence the orbital period of the typical star is directly proportional only to the length of the path traveled . This is unlike the situation within the Solar System , where two - body gravitational dynamics dominate , and different orbits have significantly different velocities associated with them . The rotation curve ( shown in the figure ) describes this rotation . Toward the center of the Milky Way the orbit speeds are too low , whereas beyond 7 kpcs the speeds are too high to match what would be expected from the universal law of gravitation . If the Milky Way contained only the mass observed in stars , gas , and other baryonic ( ordinary ) matter , the rotation speed would decrease with distance from the center . However , the observed curve is relatively flat , indicating that there is additional mass that can not be detected directly with electromagnetic radiation . This inconsistency is attributed to dark matter . The rotation curve of the Milky Way agrees with the universal rotation curve of spiral galaxies , the best evidence for the existence of dark matter in galaxies . Alternatively , a minority of astronomers propose that a modification of the law of gravity may explain the observed rotation curve . Formation Nature timeline view discuss edit - 13 -- -- - 12 -- -- - 11 -- -- - 10 -- -- - 9 -- -- - 8 -- -- - 7 -- -- - 6 -- -- - 5 -- -- - 4 -- -- - 3 -- -- - 2 -- -- - 1 -- -- 0 -- cosmic expansion Earliest light cosmic speed - up Solar System water Single - celled life photosynthesis Multicellular life Land life Earliest gravity Dark energy Dark matter ← Earliest universe ( − 13.80 ) ← Earliest galaxy ← Earliest quasar ← Omega Centauri forms ← Andromeda Galaxy forms ← Milky Way Galaxy spiral arms form ← Alpha Centauri forms ← Earliest Earth ( − 4.54 ) ← Earliest life ← Earliest oxygen ← Atmospheric oxygen ← Earliest sexual reproduction ← Cambrian explosion ← Earliest humans i f r i m o r d i l Axis scale : billions of years ago . Also see : Human timeline and Life timeline Main article : Galaxy formation and evolution The Milky Way began as one or several small overdensities in the mass distribution in the Universe shortly after the Big Bang . Some of these overdensities were the seeds of globular clusters in which the oldest remaining stars in what is now the Milky Way formed . Nearly half the matter in the Milky Way may have come from other distant galaxies . Nonetheless , these stars and clusters now comprise the stellar halo of the Milky Way . Within a few billion years of the birth of the first stars , the mass of the Milky Way was large enough so that it was spinning relatively quickly . Due to conservation of angular momentum , this led the gaseous interstellar medium to collapse from a roughly spheroidal shape to a disk . Therefore , later generations of stars formed in this spiral disk . Most younger stars , including the Sun , are observed to be in the disk . Since the first stars began to form , the Milky Way has grown through both galaxy mergers ( particularly early in the Milky Way 's growth ) and accretion of gas directly from the Galactic halo . The Milky Way is currently accreting material from two of its nearest satellite galaxies , the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds , through the Magellanic Stream . Direct accretion of gas is observed in high - velocity clouds like the Smith Cloud . However , properties of the Milky Way such as stellar mass , angular momentum , and metallicity in its outermost regions suggest it has undergone no mergers with large galaxies in the last 10 billion years . This lack of recent major mergers is unusual among similar spiral galaxies ; its neighbour the Andromeda Galaxy appears to have a more typical history shaped by more recent mergers with relatively large galaxies . According to recent studies , the Milky Way as well as the Andromeda Galaxy lie in what in the galaxy color -- magnitude diagram is known as the `` green valley '' , a region populated by galaxies in transition from the `` blue cloud '' ( galaxies actively forming new stars ) to the `` red sequence '' ( galaxies that lack star formation ) . Star - formation activity in green valley galaxies is slowing as they run out of star - forming gas in the interstellar medium . In simulated galaxies with similar properties , star formation will typically have been extinguished within about five billion years from now , even accounting for the expected , short - term increase in the rate of star formation due to the collision between both the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy . In fact , measurements of other galaxies similar to the Milky Way suggest it is among the reddest and brightest spiral galaxies that are still forming new stars and it is just slightly bluer than the bluest red sequence galaxies . Age and cosmological History Night sky from a hypothetical planet within the Milky Way 10 billion years ago . Globular clusters are among the oldest objects in the Milky Way , which thus set a lower limit on the age of the Milky Way . The ages of individual stars in the Milky Way can be estimated by measuring the abundance of long - lived radioactive elements such as thorium - 232 and uranium - 238 , then comparing the results to estimates of their original abundance , a technique called nucleocosmochronology . These yield values of about 12.5 ± 3 billion years for CS 31082 - 001 and 13.8 ± 4 billion years for BD + 17 ° 3248 . Once a white dwarf is formed , it begins to undergo radiative cooling and the surface temperature steadily drops . By measuring the temperatures of the coolest of these white dwarfs and comparing them to their expected initial temperature , an age estimate can be made . With this technique , the age of the globular cluster M4 was estimated as 12.7 ± 0.7 billion years . Age estimates of the oldest of these clusters gives a best fit estimate of 12.6 billion years , and a 95 % confidence upper limit of 16 billion years . Several individual stars have been found in the Milky Way 's halo with measured ages very close to the 13.80 - billion - year age of the Universe . In 2007 , a star in the galactic halo , HE 1523 - 0901 , was estimated to be about 13.2 billion years old . As the oldest known object in the Milky Way at that time , this measurement placed a lower limit on the age of the Milky Way . This estimate was made using the UV - Visual Echelle Spectrograph of the Very Large Telescope to measure the relative strengths of spectral lines caused by the presence of thorium and other elements created by the R - process . The line strengths yield abundances of different elemental isotopes , from which an estimate of the age of the star can be derived using nucleocosmochronology . Another star , HD 140283 , is 14.5 ± 0.7 billion years old . The age of stars in the galactic thin disk has also been estimated using nucleocosmochronology . Measurements of thin disk stars yield an estimate that the thin disk formed 8.8 ± 1.7 billion years ago . These measurements suggest there was a hiatus of almost 5 billion years between the formation of the galactic halo and the thin disk . Recent analysis of the chemical signatures of thousands of stars suggests that stellar formation might have dropped by an order of magnitude at the time of disk formation , 10 to 8 billion years ago , when interstellar gas was too hot to form new stars at the same rate as before . The satellite galaxies surrounding the Milky way are not randomly distributed , but seemed to be the result of a break - up of some larger system producing a ring structure 500,000 light years in diameter and 50,000 light years wide . Close encounters between galaxies , like that expected in 4 billion years with the Andromeda Galaxy rips off huge tails of gas , which , over time can coalesce to form dwarf galaxies in a ring at right angles to the main disc . Environment Diagram of the galaxies in the Local Group relative to the Milky Way The position of the Local Group within the Virgo Supercluster Main article : Local Group The Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy are a binary system of giant spiral galaxies belonging to a group of 50 closely bound galaxies known as the Local Group , surrounded by a Local Void , itself being part of the Virgo Supercluster . Surrounding the Virgo Supercluster are a number of voids , devoid of many galaxies , the Microscopium Void to the `` north '' , the Sculptor Void to the `` left '' , the Bootes Void to the `` right '' and the Canes - Major Void to the South . These voids change shape over time , creating filamentous structures of galaxies . The Virgo Supercluster , for instance , is being drawn towards the Great Attractor , which in turn forms part of a greater structure , called Laniakea . Two smaller galaxies and a number of dwarf galaxies in the Local Group orbit the Milky Way . The largest of these is the Large Magellanic Cloud with a diameter of 14,000 light - years . It has a close companion , the Small Magellanic Cloud . The Magellanic Stream is a stream of neutral hydrogen gas extending from these two small galaxies across 100 ° of the sky . The stream is thought to have been dragged from the Magellanic Clouds in tidal interactions with the Milky Way . Some of the dwarf galaxies orbiting the Milky Way are Canis Major Dwarf ( the closest ) , Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy , Ursa Minor Dwarf , Sculptor Dwarf , Sextans Dwarf , Fornax Dwarf , and Leo I Dwarf . The smallest dwarf galaxies of the Milky Way are only 500 light - years in diameter . These include Carina Dwarf , Draco Dwarf , and Leo II Dwarf . There may still be undetected dwarf galaxies that are dynamically bound to the Milky Way , which is supported by the detection of nine new satellites of the Milky Way in a relatively small patch of the night sky in 2015 . There are also some dwarf galaxies that have already been absorbed by the Milky Way , such as Omega Centauri . In 2014 researchers reported that most satellite galaxies of the Milky Way actually lie in a very large disk and orbit in the same direction . This came as a surprise : according to standard cosmology , the satellite galaxies should form in dark matter halos , and they should be widely distributed and moving in random directions . This discrepancy is still not fully explained . In January 2006 , researchers reported that the heretofore unexplained warp in the disk of the Milky Way has now been mapped and found to be a ripple or vibration set up by the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds as they orbit the Milky Way , causing vibrations when they pass through its edges . Previously , these two galaxies , at around 2 % of the mass of the Milky Way , were considered too small to influence the Milky Way . However , in a computer model , the movement of these two galaxies creates a dark matter wake that amplifies their influence on the larger Milky Way . Current measurements suggest the Andromeda Galaxy is approaching us at 100 to 140 km / s ( 220,000 to 310,000 mph ) . In 3 to 4 billion years , there may be an Andromeda -- Milky Way collision , depending on the importance of unknown lateral components to the galaxies ' relative motion . If they collide , the chance of individual stars colliding with each other is extremely low , but instead the two galaxies will merge to form a single elliptical galaxy or perhaps a large disk galaxy over the course of about a billion years . Velocity Although special relativity states that there is no `` preferred '' inertial frame of reference in space with which to compare the Milky Way , the Milky Way does have a velocity with respect to cosmological frames of reference . One such frame of reference is the Hubble flow , the apparent motions of galaxy clusters due to the expansion of space . Individual galaxies , including the Milky Way , have peculiar velocities relative to the average flow . Thus , to compare the Milky Way to the Hubble flow , one must consider a volume large enough so that the expansion of the Universe dominates over local , random motions . A large enough volume means that the mean motion of galaxies within this volume is equal to the Hubble flow . Astronomers believe the Milky Way is moving at approximately 630 km / s ( 1,400,000 mph ) with respect to this local co-moving frame of reference . The Milky Way is moving in the general direction of the Great Attractor and other galaxy clusters , including the Shapley supercluster , behind it . The Local Group ( a cluster of gravitationally bound galaxies containing , among others , the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy ) is part of a supercluster called the Local Supercluster , centered near the Virgo Cluster : although they are moving away from each other at 967 km / s ( 2,160,000 mph ) as part of the Hubble flow , this velocity is less than would be expected given the 16.8 million pc distance due to the gravitational attraction between the Local Group and the Virgo Cluster . Another reference frame is provided by the cosmic microwave background ( CMB ) . The Milky Way is moving at 552 ± 6 km / s ( 1,235,000 ± 13,000 mph ) with respect to the photons of the CMB , toward 10.5 right ascension , − 24 ° declination ( J2000 epoch , near the center of Hydra ) . This motion is observed by satellites such as the Cosmic Background Explorer ( COBE ) and the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe ( WMAP ) as a dipole contribution to the CMB , as photons in equilibrium in the CMB frame get blue - shifted in the direction of the motion and red - shifted in the opposite direction . Etymology and mythology Main articles : List of names for the Milky Way and Milky Way ( mythology ) In Babylonia , the Milky Way was said to be the tail of Tiamat , set in the sky by Marduk after he had slain the salt water goddess . It is believed this account , from the Enuma Elish had Marduk replace an earlier Sumerian story when Enlil of Nippur had slain the goddess . Llys Dôn ( literally `` The Court of Dôn '' ) is the traditional Welsh name for the constellation Cassiopeia . At least three of Dôn 's children also have astronomical associations : Caer Gwydion ( `` The fortress of Gwydion '' ) is the traditional Welsh name for the Milky Way , and Caer Arianrhod ( `` The Fortress of Arianrhod '' ) being the constellation of Corona Borealis . In western culture the name `` Milky Way '' is derived from its appearance as a dim un-resolved `` milky '' glowing band arching across the night sky . The term is a translation of the Classical Latin via lactea , in turn derived from the Hellenistic Greek γαλαξίας , short for γαλαξίας κύκλος ( galaxías kýklos , `` milky circle '' ) . The Ancient Greek γαλαξίας ( galaxias ) -- from root γαλακτ - , γάλα ( `` milk '' ) + - ίας ( forming adjectives ) -- is also the root of `` galaxy '' , the name for our , and later all such , collections of stars . In Greek mythology it was supposedly made from the forceful suckling of Heracles , when Hera acted as a wetnurse for the hero . The Milky Way , or `` milk circle '' , was just one of 11 `` circles '' the Greeks identified in the sky , others being the zodiac , the meridian , the horizon , the equator , the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn , Arctic and Antarctic circles , and two colure circles passing through both poles . Astronomical History See also : Galaxy § Observation history The shape of the Milky Way as deduced from star counts by William Herschel in 1785 ; the Solar System was assumed near center In Meteorologica ( DK 59 A80 ) , Aristotle ( 384 -- 322 BC ) wrote that the Greek philosophers Anaxagoras ( c. 500 -- 428 BC ) and Democritus ( 460 -- 370 BC ) proposed that the Milky Way might consist of distant stars . However , Aristotle himself believed the Milky Way to be caused by `` the ignition of the fiery exhalation of some stars which were large , numerous and close together '' and that the `` ignition takes place in the upper part of the atmosphere , in the region of the world which is continuous with the heavenly motions . '' The Neoplatonist philosopher Olympiodorus the Younger ( c. 495 -- 570 A.D. ) criticized this view , arguing that if the Milky Way were sublunary , it should appear different at different times and places on Earth , and that it should have parallax , which it does not . In his view , the Milky Way is celestial . This idea would be influential later in the Islamic world . The Persian astronomer Abū Rayhān al - Bīrūnī ( 973 -- 1048 ) proposed that the Milky Way is `` a collection of countless fragments of the nature of nebulous stars '' . The Andalusian astronomer Avempace ( d 1138 ) proposed the Milky Way to be made up of many stars but appears to be a continuous image due to the effect of refraction in Earth 's atmosphere , citing his observation of a conjunction of Jupiter and Mars in 1106 or 1107 as evidence . Ibn Qayyim Al - Jawziyya ( 1292 -- 1350 ) proposed that the Milky Way is `` a myriad of tiny stars packed together in the sphere of the fixed stars '' and that these stars are larger than planets . According to Jamil Ragep , the Persian astronomer Naṣīr al - Dīn al - Ṭūsī ( 1201 -- 1274 ) in his Tadhkira writes : `` The Milky Way , i.e. the Galaxy , is made up of a very large number of small , tightly clustered stars , which , on account of their concentration and smallness , seem to be cloudy patches . Because of this , it was likened to milk in color . '' Actual proof of the Milky Way consisting of many stars came in 1610 when Galileo Galilei used a telescope to study the Milky Way and discovered that it is composed of a huge number of faint stars . In a treatise in 1755 , Immanuel Kant , drawing on earlier work by Thomas Wright , speculated ( correctly ) that the Milky Way might be a rotating body of a huge number of stars , held together by gravitational forces akin to the Solar System but on much larger scales . The resulting disk of stars would be seen as a band on the sky from our perspective inside the disk . Kant also conjectured that some of the nebulae visible in the night sky might be separate `` galaxies '' themselves , similar to our own . Kant referred to both the Milky Way and the `` extragalactic nebulae '' as `` island universes '' , a term still current up to the 1930s . The first attempt to describe the shape of the Milky Way and the position of the Sun within it was carried out by William Herschel in 1785 by carefully counting the number of stars in different regions of the visible sky . He produced a diagram of the shape of the Milky Way with the Solar System close to the center . In 1845 , Lord Rosse constructed a new telescope and was able to distinguish between elliptical and spiral - shaped nebulae . He also managed to make out individual point sources in some of these nebulae , lending credence to Kant 's earlier conjecture . Photograph of the `` Great Andromeda Nebula '' from 1899 , later identified as the Andromeda Galaxy In 1917 , Heber Curtis had observed the nova S Andromedae within the Great Andromeda Nebula ( Messier object 31 ) . Searching the photographic record , he found 11 more novae . Curtis noticed that these novae were , on average , 10 magnitudes fainter than those that occurred within the Milky Way . As a result , he was able to come up with a distance estimate of 150,000 parsecs . He became a proponent of the `` island universes '' hypothesis , which held that the spiral nebulae were actually independent galaxies . In 1920 the Great Debate took place between Harlow Shapley and Heber Curtis , concerning the nature of the Milky Way , spiral nebulae , and the dimensions of the Universe . To support his claim that the Great Andromeda Nebula is an external galaxy , Curtis noted the appearance of dark lanes resembling the dust clouds in the Milky Way , as well as the significant Doppler shift . The controversy was conclusively settled by Edwin Hubble in the early 1920s using the Mount Wilson observatory 2.5 m ( 100 in ) Hooker telescope . With the light - gathering power of this new telescope , he was able to produce astronomical photographs that resolved the outer parts of some spiral nebulae as collections of individual stars . He was also able to identify some Cepheid variables that he could use as a benchmark to estimate the distance to the nebulae . He found that the Andromeda Nebula is 275,000 parsecs from the Sun , far too distant to be part of the Milky Way . Mapping The ESA spacecraft Gaia provides distance estimates by determining the parallax of a billion stars and is mapping the Milky Way with four planned releases of maps in 2022 . See also Baade 's Window Oort constants List of galaxies Galactic astronomy Notes Jump up ^ Jay M. Pasachoff in his textbook Astronomy : From the Earth to the Universe states the term Milky Way should refer exclusively to the band of light that the galaxy forms in the night sky , while the galaxy should receive the full name Milky Way Galaxy . See : Pasachoff , Jay M. ( 1994 ) . Astronomy : From the Earth to the Universe . Harcourt School . p. 500 . ISBN 0 - 03 - 001667 - 3 . Jump up ^ See also Bortle Dark - Sky Scale . 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( 2007 ) . `` The Milky Way , an Exceptionally Quiet Galaxy : Implications for the Formation of Spiral Galaxies '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 662 ( 1 ) : 322 -- 334 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0702585 . Bibcode : 2007ApJ ... 662 ... 322H . doi : 10.1086 / 516727 . Jump up ^ Mutch , S.J. ; Croton , D.J. ; Poole , G.B. ( 2011 ) . `` The Mid-life Crisis of the Milky Way and M31 '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 736 ( 2 ) : 84 . arXiv : 1105.2564 . Bibcode : 2011ApJ ... 736 ... 84M . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 637X / 736 / 2 / 84 . Jump up ^ Licquia , T. ; Newman , J.A. ; Poole , G.B. ( 2012 ) . `` What Is The Color Of The Milky Way ? '' . American Astronomical Society . Bibcode : 2012AAS ... 21925208L . Jump up ^ `` A firestorm of star birth ( artist 's illustration ) '' . www.spacetelescope.org . ESA / Hubble . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2015 . Retrieved 14 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Cayrel ; et al. ( 2001 ) . `` Measurement of stellar age from uranium decay '' . 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The Astrophysical Journal . 660 ( 2 ) : L117 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0703414 . Bibcode : 2007ApJ ... 660L. 117F . doi : 10.1086 / 518122 . Jump up ^ `` Hubble Finds Birth Certificate of Oldest Known Star in the Milky Way '' . NASA . March 7 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ del Peloso , E.F. ( 2005 ) . `` The age of the Galactic thin disk from Th / Eu nucleocosmochronology . III . Extended sample '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 440 ( 3 ) : 1153 -- 1159 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0506458 . Bibcode : 2005A&A ... 440.1153 D . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 : 20053307 . Jump up ^ Skibba , Ramon ( 2016 ) , `` Milky Way retired early from star making '' ( New Scientist , 5 Mar , 2016 ) , p. 9 Jump up ^ Lynden - Bell , D. ( 1976 - 03 - 01 ) . `` Dwarf Galaxies and Globular Clusters in High Velocity Hydrogen Streams '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 174 ( 3 ) : 695 -- 710 . Bibcode : 1976MNRAS. 174 ... 695L . doi : 10.1093 / mnras / 174.3. 695 . ISSN 0035 - 8711 . Jump up ^ Kroupa , P. , C. Theis and C.M. Boily ( 2005 ) `` The great disk of Milky - Way satellites and cosmological sub-structures '' ( Astronomy and Astrophysics , Volume 431 , Number 2 , February IV 2005 ) pp. 517 -- 521 Jump up ^ Hadhazy , Adam ( 2016 ) , `` Nothing Really Matters : Gaping Cosmic Voids '' ( Discover , Dec 2016 ) Jump up ^ R. Brent Tully ; Helene Courtois ; Yehuda Hoffman ; Daniel Pomarède ( September 2 , 2014 ) . `` The Laniakea supercluster of galaxies '' . Nature ( published September 4 , 2014 ) . 513 ( 7516 ) : 71 -- 73 . arXiv : 1409.0880 . Bibcode : 2014Natur. 513 ... 71T . doi : 10.1038 / nature13674 . PMID 25186900 . Jump up ^ Putman , M.E. ; Staveley ‐ Smith , L. ; Freeman , K.C. ; Gibson , B.K. ; Barnes , D.G. ( 2003 ) . `` The Magellanic Stream , High ‐ Velocity Clouds , and the Sculptor Group '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 586 : 170 -- 194 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0209127 . Bibcode : 2003ApJ ... 586 ... 170P . doi : 10.1086 / 344477 . Jump up ^ Sergey E. Koposov ; Vasily Belokurov ; Gabriel Torrealba ; N. Wyn Evans ( 10 March 2015 ) . `` Beasts of the Southern Wild . Discovery of a large number of Ultra Faint satellites in the vicinity of the Magellanic Clouds '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 805 : 130 . arXiv : 1503.02079 . Bibcode : 2015ApJ ... 805 ... 130K . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 637X / 805 / 2 / 130 . Jump up ^ Noyola , E. ; Gebhardt , K. ; Bergmann , M. ( April 2008 ) . `` Gemini and Hubble Space Telescope Evidence for an Intermediate - Mass Black Hole in ω Centauri '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 676 ( 2 ) : 1008 -- 1015 . arXiv : 0801.2782 . Bibcode : 2008ApJ ... 676.1008 N . doi : 10.1086 / 529002 . Jump up ^ Lea Kivivali ( 11 June 2014 ) . `` Nearby satellite galaxies challenge standard model of galaxy formation '' . Swinburne University of Technology . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pawlowski ; et al. ( 10 June 2014 ) . `` Co-orbiting satellite galaxy structures are still in conflict with the distribution of primordial dwarf galaxies '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 442 : 2362 -- 2380 . arXiv : 1406.1799 . Bibcode : 2014MNRAS. 442.2362 P . doi : 10.1093 / mnras / stu1005 . Jump up ^ `` Milky Way Galaxy is warped and vibrating like a drum '' ( Press release ) . University of California , Berkeley . January 9 , 2006 . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2014 . Retrieved October 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Junko Ueda ; et al. `` Cold molecular gas in merger remnants . I. Formation of molecular gas disks '' . The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series . 214 ( 1 ) . arXiv : 1407.6873 . Bibcode : 2014ApJS ... 214 ... 1U . doi : 10.1088 / 0067 - 0049 / 214 / 1 / 1 . Jump up ^ Wong , Janet ( April 14 , 2000 ) . `` Astrophysicist maps out our own galaxy 's end '' . University of Toronto . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2007 . Retrieved January 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mark H. Jones ; Robert J. Lambourne ; David John Adams ( 2004 ) . An Introduction to Galaxies and Cosmology . Cambridge University Press . p. 298 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 54623 - 0 . Jump up ^ Kocevski , D.D. ; Ebeling , H. ( 2006 ) . `` On the origin of the Local Group 's peculiar velocity '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 645 ( 2 ) : 1043 -- 1053 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0510106 . Bibcode : 2006ApJ ... 645.1043 K . doi : 10.1086 / 503666 . Jump up ^ Peirani , S ; Defreitaspacheco , J ( 2006 ) . `` Mass determination of groups of galaxies : Effects of the cosmological constant '' . New Astronomy . 11 ( 4 ) : 325 -- 330 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0508614 . Bibcode : 2006NewA ... 11 ... 325P . doi : 10.1016 / j. newast. 2005.08. 008 . ^ Jump up to : Kogut , A. ; et al. ( 1993 ) . `` Dipole anisotropy in the COBE differential microwave radiometers first - year sky maps '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 419 : 1 . arXiv : astro - ph / 9312056 . Bibcode : 1993ApJ ... 419 ... 1K . doi : 10.1086 / 173453 . Jump up ^ Jankowski , Connie ( 2010 ) . Pioneers of Light and Sound . Compass Point Books . p. 6 . ISBN 0 - 7565 - 4306 - 1 . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schiller , Jon ( 2010 ) . Big Bang & Black Holes . CreateSpace . p. 163 . ISBN 1 - 4528 - 6552 - 3 . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Simpson , John ; Weiner , Edmund , eds . ( March 30 , 1989 ) . The Oxford English Dictionary ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0198611862 . See the entries for `` Milky Way '' and `` galaxy '' . Jump up ^ Eratosthenes ( 1997 ) . Condos , Theony , ed . Star Myths of the Greeks and Romans : A Sourcebook Containing the Constellations of Pseudo-Eratosthenes and the Poetic Astronomy of Hyginus . Red Wheel / Weiser . ISBN 1890482935 . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Aristotle with W.D. Ross , ed. , The Works of Aristotle ... ( Oxford , England : Clarendon Press , 1931 ) , vol . III , Meteorologica , E.W. Webster , trans. , Book 1 , Part 8 , pp. 39 -- 40 Archived April 11 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . : `` ( 2 ) Anaxagoras , Democritus , and their schools say that the milky way is the light of certain stars . '' Jump up ^ ( Aristotle with Ross , 1931 ) , p. 41 : Archived April 11 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . `` For it is natural to suppose that , if the motion of a single star excites a flame , that of all the stars should have a similar result , and especially in that region in which the stars are biggest and most numerous and nearest to one another . '' Jump up ^ ( Aristotle with Ross , 1931 ) , p. 43 : Archived April 11 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . `` We have now explained the phenomena that occur in that part of the terrestrial world which is continuous with the motions of the heavens , namely , shooting - stars and the burning flame , comets and the milky way , these being the chief affections that appear in that region . '' ^ Jump up to : Montada , Josep Puig ( September 28 , 2007 ) . `` Ibn Bajja '' . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2012 . Retrieved July 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Heidarzadeh , Tofigh ( 2008 ) . A history of physical theories of comets , from Aristotle to Whipple . Springer . pp. 23 -- 25 . ISBN 1 - 4020 - 8322 - X . Jump up ^ O'Connor , John J. ; Robertson , Edmund F. , `` Abu Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al - Biruni '' , MacTutor History of Mathematics archive , University of St Andrews . Jump up ^ Livingston , John W. ( 1971 ) . `` Ibn Qayyim al - Jawziyyah : A Fourteenth Century Defense against Astrological Divination and Alchemical Transmutation '' . Journal of the American Oriental Society . American Oriental Society . 91 ( 1 ) : 96 -- 103 ( 99 ) . doi : 10.2307 / 600445 . JSTOR 600445 . Jump up ^ Ragep , Jamil ( 1993 ) . Nasir al - Din al - Tusi 's Memoir on Astronomy ( al - Tadhkira fi ` ilm al - hay ' a ) . New York : Springer - Verlag . p. 129 . Jump up ^ Galileo Galilei , Sidereus Nuncius ( Venice , ( Italy ) : Thomas Baglioni , 1610 ) , pages 15 and 16 . Archived March 16 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . English translation : Galileo Galilei with Edward Stafford Carlos , trans. , The Sidereal Messenger ( London , England : Rivingtons , 1880 ) , pages 42 and 43 . Archived December 2 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ O'Connor , J.J. ; Robertson , E.F. ( November 2002 ) . `` Galileo Galilei '' . University of St. Andrews . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2012 . Retrieved January 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Thomas Wright , An Original Theory or New Hypothesis of the Universe ... ( London , England : H. Chapelle , 1750 ) . On page 57 Archived November 20 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Wright stated that despite their mutual gravitational attraction , the stars in the constellations do n't collide because they are in orbit , so centrifugal force keeps them separated : `` ... centrifugal force , which not only preserves them in their orbits , but prevents them from rushing all together , by the common universal law of gravity , ... '' On page 48 Archived November 20 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Wright stated that the form of the Milky Way is a ring : `` ... the stars are not infinitely dispersed and distributed in a promiscuous manner throughout all the mundane space , without order or design , ... this phænomenon ( is ) no other than a certain effect arising from the observer 's situation , ... To a spectator placed in an indefinite space , ... it ( i.e. the Milky Way ( Via Lactea ) ) ( is ) a vast ring of stars ... '' On page 65 Archived November 20 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Wright speculated that the central body of the Milky Way , around which the rest of the galaxy revolves , might not be visible to us : `` ... the central body A , being supposed as incognitum ( i.e. an unknown ) , without ( i.e. outside of ) the finite view ; ... '' On page 73 Archived November 20 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Wright called the Milky Way the Vortex Magnus ( the great whirlpool ) and estimated its diameter to be 8.64 × 10 miles ( 13.9 × 10 km ) . On page 33 Archived November 20 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Wright speculated that there are a vast number of inhabited planets in the galaxy : `` ... ; therefore we may justly suppose , that so many radiant bodies ( i.e. stars ) were not created barely to enlighten an infinite void , but to ... display an infinite shapeless universe , crowded with myriads of glorious worlds , all variously revolving round them ; and ... with an inconceivable variety of beings and states , animate ... '' Jump up ^ Immanuel Kant , Allgemeine Naturgeschichte und Theorie des Himmels ... Archived November 20 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . ( Universal Natural History and Theory of Heaven ... ) , ( Koenigsberg and Leipzig , ( Germany ) : Johann Friederich Petersen , 1755 ) . On pages 2 -- 3 , Kant acknowledged his debt to Thomas Wright : `` Dem Herrn Wright von Durham , einen Engeländer , war es vorbehalten , einen glücklichen Schritt zu einer Bemerkung zu thun , welche von ihm selber zu keiner gar zu tüchtigen Absicht gebraucht zu seyn scheinet , und deren nützliche Anwendung er nicht genugsam beobachtet hat . Er betrachtete die Fixsterne nicht als ein ungeordnetes und ohne Absicht zerstreutes Gewimmel , sondern er fand eine systematische Verfassung im Ganzen , und eine allgemeine Beziehung dieser Gestirne gegen einen Hauptplan der Raume , die sie einnehmen . '' ( To Mr. Wright of Durham , an Englishman , it was reserved to take a happy step towards an observation , which seemed , to him and to no one else , to be needed for a clever idea , the exploitation of which he has n't studied sufficiently . He regarded the fixed stars not as a disorganized swarm that was scattered without a design ; rather , he found a systematic shape in the whole , and a general relation between these stars and the principal plane of the space that they occupy . ) Jump up ^ Kant ( 1755 ) , pages xxxiii -- xxxvi of the Preface ( Vorrede ) : Archived November 20 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . `` Ich betrachtete die Art neblichter Sterne , deren Herr von Maupertuis in der Abhandlung von der Figur der Gestirne gedenket , und die die Figur von mehr oder weniger offenen Ellipsen vorstellen , und versicherte mich leicht , daß sie nichts anders als eine Häufung vieler Fixsterne seyn können . Die jederzeit abgemessene Rundung dieser Figuren belehrte mich , daß hier ein unbegreiflich zahlreiches Sternenheer , und zwar um einen gemeinschaftlichen Mittelpunkt , müste geordnet seyn , weil sonst ihre freye Stellungen gegen einander , wohl irreguläre Gestalten , aber nicht abgemessene Figuren vorstellen würden . Ich sahe auch ein : daß sie in dem System , darinn sie sich vereinigt befinden , vornemlich auf eine Fläche beschränkt seyn müßten , weil sie nicht zirkelrunde , sondern elliptische Figuren abbilden , und daß sie wegen ihres blassen Lichts unbegreiflich weit von uns abstehen . '' ( I considered the type of nebulous stars , which Mr. de Maupertuis considered in his treatise on the shape of stars , and which present the figures of more or less open ellipses , and I readily assured myself , that they could be nothing else than a cluster of fixed stars . That these figures always measured round informed me that here an inconceivably numerous host of stars , ( which were clustered ) around a common center , must be orderly , because otherwise their free positions among each other would probably present irregular forms , not measurable figures . I also realized : that in the system in which they find themselves bound , they must be restricted primarily to a plane , because they display not circular , but elliptical figures , and that on account of their faint light , they are located inconceivably far from us . ) Jump up ^ Evans , J.C. ( November 24 , 1998 ) . `` Our Galaxy '' . George Mason University . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2012 . Retrieved January 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ The term Weltinsel ( island universe ) appears nowhere in Kant 's book of 1755 . The term first appeared in 1850 , in the third volume of von Humboldt 's Kosmos : Alexander von Humboldt , Kosmos , vol. 3 ( Stuttgart & Tübingen , ( Germany ) : J.G. Cotta , 1850 ) , pages 187 , 189 . From page 187 : Archived November 20 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . `` Thomas Wright von Durham , Kant , Lambert und zuerst auch William Herschel waren geneigt die Gestalt der Milchstraße und die scheinbare Anhäufung der Sterne in derselben als eine Folge der abgeplatteten Gestalt und ungleichen Dimensionen der Weltinsel ( Sternschict ) zu betrachten , in welche unser Sonnensystem eingeschlossen ist . '' ( Thomas Wright of Durham , Kant , Lambert and first of all also William Herschel were inclined to regard the shape of the Milky Way and the apparent clustering of stars in it as a consequence of the oblate shape and unequal dimensions of the world island ( star stratum ) , in which our solar system is included . ) In the English translation -- Alexander von Humboldt with E.C. Otté , trans. , Cosmos ... ( New York City : Harper & Brothers , 1897 ) , vols. 3 -- 5 -- see page 147 . Jump up ^ William Herschel ( 1785 ) `` On the Construction of the Heavens , '' Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London , 75 : 213 -- 266 . Herschel 's diagram of the Milky Way appears immediately after the article 's last page . See : Google Books Archived November 20 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . The Royal Society of London Archived April 6 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Abbey , Lenny . `` The Earl of Rosse and the Leviathan of Parsontown '' . The Compleat Amateur Astronomer . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2013 . Retrieved January 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Curtis , H.D. ( 1988 ) . `` Novae in spiral nebulae and the Island Universe Theory '' . Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific . 100 : 6 -- 7 . Bibcode : 1988PASP ... 100 ... 6C . doi : 10.1086 / 132128 . Jump up ^ Weaver , Harold F. `` Robert Julius Trumpler '' . National Academy of Sciences . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2012 . Retrieved January 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sandage , Allan ( 1989 ) . `` Edwin Hubble , 1889 -- 1953 '' . Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada . 83 ( 6 ) . Bibcode : 1989JRASC ... 83 ... 351S . Jump up ^ Hubble , E.P. ( 1929 ) . `` A spiral nebula as a stellar system , Messier 31 '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 69 : 103 -- 158 . Bibcode : 1929ApJ ... 69 ... 103H . doi : 10.1086 / 143167 . Jump up ^ `` New Milky Way Map Is a Spectacular Billion - Star Atlas '' . 2016 - 09 - 14 . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Gaia > Gaia DR1 '' . www.cosmos.esa.int . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 15 . Further reading Thorsten Dambeck in Sky and Telescope , `` Gaia 's Mission to the Milky Way '' , March 2008 , p. 36 -- 39 . Cristina Chiappini , The Formation and Evolution of the Milky Way , American Scientist , November / December 2001 , pp. 506 -- 515 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Milky Way Galaxy . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Milky Way Milky Way -- 3D Map Milky Way -- Basic plan map -- Includes spiral arms and Orion spur Milky Way -- IRAS ( infrared ) survey -- wikisky.org Milky Way -- H - Alpha survey -- wikisky.org Milky Way -- MultiWavelength -- Images and VRML models ( NASA ) Milky Way -- Panorama ( 9 billion pixels ) . Milky Way -- Animated tour , University of South Wales Milky Way -- SEDS Messier website Milky Way -- Infrared Images Milky Way Video ( 02 : 37 ) -- VISTA IR Telescope Image ( October 24 , 2012 ) Milky Way Video ( 06 : 37 ) -- in RealTime ( Oregon ; September 17 , 2016 ) All - Sky Map -- CMB radiation ( Planck ; one - year survey ) The Milky Way Location Milky Way → Milky Way subgroup → Local Group → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Pisces -- Cetus Supercluster Complex → Observable universe → Universe Each arrow ( → ) may be read as `` within '' or `` part of '' . Galactic core Center of the Milky Way Sagittarius A Sagittarius A * Supermassive black hole Spiral arms Carina -- Sagittarius Norma -- Cygnus Orion -- Cygnus Perseus Scutum -- Centaurus Satellite galaxies Magellanic Clouds Large Magellanic Cloud Small Magellanic Cloud Magellanic Stream Magellanic Bridge Sagittarius Spheroidal Sagittarius Stream Boötes II Coma Berenices Messier 54 Palomar 12 Segue 1 Segue 2 Terzan 7 Dwarfs Boötes I Boötes III Canes Venatici I Canes Venatici II Canis Major Carina Crater 2 Draco Fornax Hercules Leo I Leo II Leo IV Leo V Leo T Phoenix Pisces I Pisces II Sculptor Sextans Triangulum II Ursa Major I Ursa Major II Ursa Minor Virgo I Other Monoceros Ring Virgo Stream Koposov I Koposov II Segue 3 Willman 1 Related Andromeda -- Milky Way collision Astronomy portal Earth 's location in the Universe Included Earth → Solar System → Local Interstellar Cloud → Local Bubble → Gould Belt → Orion Arm → Milky Way → Milky Way subgroup → Local Group → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Pisces -- Cetus Supercluster Complex → Observable universe → Universe Each arrow ( → ) may be read as `` within '' or `` part of '' . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does most star formation take place in the milky way	[ "Although the disk contains dust that obscures the view in some wavelengths, the halo component does not. Active star formation takes place in the disk (especially in the spiral arms, which represent areas of high density), but does not take place in the halo, as there is little gas cool enough to collapse into stars.[18] Open clusters are also located primarily in the disk.[133]", "Although the disk contains dust that obscures the view in some wavelengths, the halo component does not. Active star formation takes place in the disk (especially in the spiral arms, which represent areas of high density), but does not take place in the halo, as there is little gas cool enough to collapse into stars.[18] Open clusters are also located primarily in the disk.[133]" ]	[ "the spiral arms", "the disk" ]
267118572549418233	Causes of the Great Depression	Causes of the Great Depression - wikipedia Causes of the Great Depression Jump to : navigation , search USA annual real GDP from 1910 to 1960 , with the years of the Great Depression ( 1929 -- 39 ) highlighted Money supply decreased significantly between Black Tuesday , October 24 , 1929 , and the Bank Holiday in March 1933 when there were massive bank runs across the United States . The causes of the Great Depression in the early 20th century have been extensively discussed by economists and remain a matter of active debate . They are part of the larger debate about economic crises . The specific economic events that took place during the Great Depression are well established . There was an initial stock market crash that triggered a `` panic sell - off '' of assets . This was followed by a deflation in asset and commodity prices , dramatic drops in demand and credit , and disruption of trade , ultimately resulting in widespread unemployment ( over 13 million people were unemployed by 1932 ) and impoverishment . However , economists and historians have not reached a consensus on the causal relationships between various events and government economic policies in causing or ameliorating the Depression . Current mainstream theories may be broadly classified into two main points of view . The first are the demand - driven theories , from Keynesian and institutional economists who argue that the depression was caused by a widespread loss of confidence that led to underconsumption . The demand - driven theories argue that the financial crisis following the 1929 crash led to a sudden and persistent reduction in consumption and investment spending . Once panic and deflation set in , many people believed they could avoid further losses by keeping clear of the markets . Holding money therefore became profitable as prices dropped lower and a given amount of money bought ever more goods , exacerbating the drop in demand . Second , there are the monetarists , who believe that the Great Depression started as an ordinary recession , but that significant policy mistakes by monetary authorities ( especially the Federal Reserve ) caused a shrinking of the money supply which greatly exacerbated the economic situation , causing a recession to descend into the Great Depression . Related to this explanation are those who point to debt deflation causing those who borrow to owe ever more in real terms . There are also several various heterodox theories that reject the explanations of the Keynesians and monetarists . Some new classical macroeconomists have argued that various labor market policies imposed at the start caused the length and severity of the Great Depression . The Austrian school of economics focuses on the macroeconomic effects of money supply and how central banking decisions can lead to malinvestment . Marxian economists view the Great Depression , with all other economic crises , as a symptom of the classism and instability inherent in the capitalist model . Contents ( hide ) 1 General theoretical reasoning 1.1 Mainstream theories 1.1. 1 Keynesian 1.1. 2 Monetarist 1.1. 3 Additional modern nonmonetary explanations 1.1. 3.1 Debt deflation 1.1. 3.2 Expectations hypothesis 1.2 Heterodox theories 1.2. 1 Austrian School 1.2. 2 Marxian 2 Specific theories of cause 2.1 Non-debt deflation 2.2 Productivity or technology shock 2.3 Disparities in wealth and income 2.4 Gold Standard system 2.5 Financial institution structures 2.6 Protectionism 2.7 International debt structure 2.8 Population dynamics 3 Role of economic policy 3.1 Calvin Coolidge ( 1923 -- 29 ) 3.2 Leave - it - alone liquidationism ( 1929 -- 33 ) 3.2. 1 Overview 3.2. 2 Criticism 3.3 Herbert Hoover ( 1929 -- 33 ) 3.3. 1 Economic policy 3.3. 2 Federal spending 3.3. 3 Tax policy 3.4 Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 1933 -- 45 ) 3.4. 1 Arguments for key to recovery 3.4. 2 Arguments for prolongation of the Great Depression 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 7.1 World 7.2 United States 7.3 Role of the United States Federal Reserve General theoretical reasoning ( edit ) The two classical competing theories of the Great Depression are the Keynesian ( demand - driven ) and the monetarist explanation . There are also various heterodox theories that downplay or reject the explanations of the Keynesians and monetarists . Economists and economic historians are almost evenly split as to whether the traditional monetary explanation that monetary forces were the primary cause of the Great Depression is right , or the traditional Keynesian explanation that a fall in autonomous spending , particularly investment , is the primary explanation for the onset of the Great Depression . Today the controversy is of lesser importance since there is mainstream support for the debt deflation theory and the expectations hypothesis that building on the monetary explanation of Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz add non-monetary explanations . There is consensus that the Federal Reserve System should have cut short the process of monetary deflation and banking collapse . If the Fed had done that , the economic downturn would have been far less severe and much shorter . Mainstream theories ( edit ) Keynesian ( edit ) In his book The General Theory of Employment , Interest and Money ( 1936 ) , British economist John Maynard Keynes introduced concepts that were intended to help explain the Great Depression . He argued that there are reasons why the self - correcting mechanisms that many economists claimed should work during a downturn might not work . One argument for a non-interventionist policy during a recession was that if consumption fell due to savings , the savings would cause the rate of interest to fall . According to the classical economists , lower interest rates would lead to increased investment spending and demand would remain constant . However , Keynes argues that there are good reasons why investment does not necessarily increase in response to a fall in the interest rate . Businesses make investments based on expectations of profit . Therefore , if a fall in consumption appears to be long - term , businesses analyzing trends will lower expectations of future sales . Therefore , the last thing they are interested in doing is investing in increasing future production , even if lower interest rates make capital inexpensive . In that case , the economy can be thrown into a general slump due to a decline in consumption . According to Keynes , this self - reinforcing dynamic is what occurred to an extreme degree during the Depression , where bankruptcies were common and investment , which requires a degree of optimism , was very unlikely to occur . This view is often characterized by economists as being in opposition to Say 's Law . The idea that reduced capital investment was a cause of the depression is a central theme in secular stagnation theory . Keynes argued that if the national government spent more money to help the economy to recover the money normally spent by consumers and business firms , then unemployment rates would fall . The solution was for the Federal Reserve System to `` create new money for the national government to borrow and spend '' and to cut taxes rather than raising them , in order for consumers to spend more , and other beneficial factors . Hoover chose to do the opposite of what Keynes thought to be the solution and allowed the federal government to raise taxes exceedingly to reduce the budget shortage brought upon by the depression . Keynes proclaimed that more workers could be employed by decreasing interest rates , encouraging firms to borrow more money and make more products . Employment would prevent the government from having to spend any more money by increasing the amount at which consumers would spend . Keynes ' theory was then confirmed by the length of the Great Depression within the United States and the constant unemployment rate . Employment rates began to rise in preparation for World War II by increasing government spending . `` In light of these developments , the Keynesian explanation of the Great Depression was increasingly accepted by economists , historians , and politicians '' . Monetarist ( edit ) The Great Depression in a monetary view . In their 1963 book A Monetary History of the United States , 1867 -- 1960 , Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz laid out their case for a different explanation of the Great Depression . Essentially , the Great Depression , in their view , was caused by the fall of the money supply . Friedman and Schwartz write : `` From the cyclical peak in August 1929 to a cyclical trough in March 1933 , the stock of money fell by over a third . '' The result was what Friedman calls the `` Great Contraction '' -- a period of falling income , prices , and employment caused by the choking effects of a restricted money supply . Friedman and Schwartz argue that people wanted to hold more money than the Federal Reserve was supplying . As a result , people hoarded money by consuming less . This caused a contraction in employment and production since prices were not flexible enough to immediately fall . The Fed 's failure was in not realizing what was happening and not taking corrective action . After the Depression , the primary explanations of it tended to ignore the importance of the money supply . However , in the monetarist view , the Depression was `` in fact a tragic testimonial to the importance of monetary forces . '' In their view , the failure of the Federal Reserve to deal with the Depression was not a sign that monetary policy was impotent , but that the Federal Reserve implemented the wrong policies . They did not claim the Fed caused the depression , only that it failed to use policies that might have stopped a recession from turning into a depression . The U.S. economy during this period went through a number of cycles of boom and bust . The depressions often seemed to be set off by bank panics , the most significant occurring in 1873 , 1893 , 1901 , 1907 , and 1920 . Before the 1913 establishment of the Federal Reserve , the banking system had dealt with these crises in the U.S. ( such as in the Panic of 1907 ) by suspending the convertibility of deposits into currency . Starting in 1893 , there were growing efforts by financial institutions and business men to intervene during these crises , providing liquidity to banks that were suffering runs . During the banking panic of 1907 , an ad - hoc coalition assembled by J.P. Morgan successfully intervened in this way , thereby cutting off the panic , which was likely the reason why the depression that would normally have followed a banking panic did not happen this time . A call by some for a government version of this solution resulted in the establishment of the Federal Reserve . But in 1928 -- 32 , the Federal Reserve did not act to provide liquidity to banks suffering runs . In fact , its policy contributed to the banking crisis by permitting a sudden contraction of the money supply . During the Roaring Twenties , the central bank had set as its primary goal `` price stability '' , in part because the governor of the New York Federal Reserve , Benjamin Strong , was a disciple of Irving Fisher , a tremendously popular economist who popularized stable prices as a monetary goal . It had kept the number of dollars at such an amount that prices of goods in society appeared stable . In 1928 , Strong died , and with his death this policy ended , to be replaced with a real bills doctrine requiring that all currency or securities have material goods backing them . This policy permitted the US money supply to fall by over a third from 1929 to 1933 . When this money shortage caused runs on banks , the Fed maintained its true bills policy , refusing to lend money to the banks in the way that had cut short the 1907 panic , instead allowing each to suffer a catastrophic run and fail entirely . This policy resulted in a series of bank failures in which one - third of all banks vanished . According to Ben Bernanke , the subsequent credit crunches led to waves of bankruptcies . Friedman said that if a policy similar to 1907 had been followed during the banking panic at the end of 1930 , perhaps this would have stopped the vicious circle of the forced liquidation of assets at depressed prices . Consequently , the banking panics of 1931 , 1932 , and 1933 might not have happened , just as suspension of convertibility in 1893 and 1907 had quickly ended the liquidity crises at the time . '' Monetarist explanations had been rejected in Samuelson 's work Economics , writing `` Today few economists regard Federal Reserve monetary policy as a panacea for controlling the business cycle . Purely monetary factors are considered to be as much symptoms as causes , albeit symptoms with aggravating effects that should not be completely neglected . '' According to Keynesian economist Paul Krugman , the work of Friedman and Schwartz became dominant among mainstream economists by the 1980s but should be reconsidered in light of Japan 's Lost Decade of the 1990s . The role of monetary policy in financial crises is in active debate regarding the 2007 -- 12 global financial crisis ; see Causes of the 2007 -- 12 global financial crisis . Additional modern non-monetary explanations ( edit ) The monetary explanation has two weaknesses . First it is not able to explain why the demand for money was falling more rapidly than the supply during the initial downturn in 1930 -- 31 . Second it is not able to explain why in March 1933 a recovery took place although short term interest rates remained close to zero and the Money supply was still falling . These questions are addressed by modern explanations that build on the monetary explanation of Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz but add non-monetary explanations . Debt deflation ( edit ) Crowd at New York 's American Union Bank during a bank run early in the Great Depression . Crowd gathering on Wall Street after the 1929 crash . Main article : Debt deflation Total debt to GDP levels in the U.S. reached a high of just under 300 % by the time of the Depression . This level of debt was not exceeded again until near the end of the 20th century . Jerome ( 1934 ) gives an unattributed quote about finance conditions that allowed the great industrial expansion of the post WW I period : Probably never before in this country had such a volume of funds been available at such low rates for such a long period . Furthermore , Jerome says that the volume of new capital issues increased at a 7.7 % compounded annual rate from 1922 -- 29 at a time when the Standard Statistics Co. 's index of 60 high grade bonds yielded from 4.98 % in 1923 to 4.47 % in 1927 . There was also a real estate and housing bubble in the 1920s , especially in Florida , which burst in 1925 . Alvin Hansen stated that housing construction during the 1920s decade exceeded population growth by 25 % . See also : Florida land boom of the 1920s Statistics kept by Cook County , Illinois show over 1 million vacant plots for homes in the Chicago area , despite only 950,000 plots being occupied , the result of Chicago 's explosive population growth in combination with a real estate bubble . Irving Fisher argued the predominant factor leading to the Great Depression was over-indebtedness and deflation . Fisher tied loose credit to over-indebtedness , which fueled speculation and asset bubbles . He then outlined nine factors interacting with one another under conditions of debt and deflation to create the mechanics of boom to bust . The chain of events proceeded as follows : Debt liquidation and distress selling Contraction of the money supply as bank loans are paid off A fall in the level of asset prices A still greater fall in the net worths of business , precipitating bankruptcies A fall in profits A reduction in output , in trade and in employment . Pessimism and loss of confidence Hoarding of money A fall in nominal interest rates and a rise in deflation adjusted interest rates . During the Crash of 1929 preceding the Great Depression , margin requirements were only 10 % . Brokerage firms , in other words , would lend $90 for every $10 an investor had deposited . When the market fell , brokers called in these loans , which could not be paid back . Banks began to fail as debtors defaulted on debt and depositors attempted to withdraw their deposits en masse , triggering multiple bank runs . Government guarantees and Federal Reserve banking regulations to prevent such panics were ineffective or not used . Bank failures led to the loss of billions of dollars in assets . Outstanding debts became heavier , because prices and incomes fell by 20 -- 50 % but the debts remained at the same dollar amount . After the panic of 1929 , and during the first 10 months of 1930 , 744 US banks failed . ( In all , 9,000 banks failed during the 1930s ) . By April 1933 , around $7 billion in deposits had been frozen in failed banks or those left unlicensed after the March Bank Holiday . Bank failures snowballed as desperate bankers called in loans , which the borrowers did not have time or money to repay . With future profits looking poor , capital investment and construction slowed or completely ceased . In the face of bad loans and worsening future prospects , the surviving banks became even more conservative in their lending . Banks built up their capital reserves and made fewer loans , which intensified deflationary pressures . A vicious cycle developed and the downward spiral accelerated . The liquidation of debt could not keep up with the fall of prices it caused . The mass effect of the stampede to liquidate increased the value of each dollar owed , relative to the value of declining asset holdings . The very effort of individuals to lessen their burden of debt effectively increased it . Paradoxically , the more the debtors paid , the more they owed . This self - aggravating process turned a 1930 recession into a 1933 great depression . Fisher 's debt - deflation theory initially lacked mainstream influence because of the counter-argument that debt - deflation represented no more than a redistribution from one group ( debtors ) to another ( creditors ) . Pure re-distributions should have no significant macroeconomic effects . Building on both the monetary hypothesis of Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz as well as the debt deflation hypothesis of Irving Fisher , Ben Bernanke developed an alternative way in which the financial crisis affected output . He builds on Fisher 's argument that dramatic declines in the price level and nominal incomes lead to increasing real debt burdens which in turn leads to debtor insolvency and consequently leads to lowered aggregate demand , a further decline in the price level then results in a debt deflationary spiral . According to Bernanke , a small decline in the price level simply reallocates wealth from debtors to creditors without doing damage to the economy . But when the deflation is severe falling asset prices along with debtor bankruptcies lead to a decline in the nominal value of assets on bank balance sheets . Banks will react by tightening their credit conditions , that in turn leads to a credit crunch which does serious harm to the economy . A credit crunch lowers investment and consumption and results in declining aggregate demand which additionally contributes to the deflationary spiral . Economist Steve Keen revived the debt - reset theory after he accurately predicted the 2008 recession based on his analysis of the Great Depression , and recently advised Congress to engage in debt - forgiveness or direct payments to citizens in order to avoid future financial events . Some people support the debt - reset theory . Expectations hypothesis ( edit ) Expectations have been a central element of macroeconomic models since the economic mainstream accepted the new neoclassical synthesis . While not rejecting that it was inadequate demand that sustained the depression , according to Peter Temin , Barry Wigmore , Gauti B. Eggertsson and Christina Romer the key to recovery and the end of the Great Depression was the successful management of public expectations . This thesis is based on the observation that after years of deflation and a very severe recession , important economic indicators turned positive in March 1933 , just as Franklin D. Roosevelt took office . Consumer prices turned from deflation to a mild inflation , industrial production bottomed out in March 1933 , investment doubled in 1933 with a turnaround in March 1933 . There were no monetary forces to explain that turnaround . Money supply was still falling and short term interest rates remained close to zero . Before March 1933 , people expected a further deflation and recession so that even interest rates at zero did not stimulate investment . But when Roosevelt announced major regime changes people began to expect inflation and an economic expansion . With those expectations , interest rates at zero began to stimulate investment as planned . Roosevelt 's fiscal and monetary policy regime change helped to make his policy objectives credible . The expectation of higher future income and higher future inflation stimulated demand and investments . The analysis suggests that the elimination of the policy dogmas of the gold standard , a balanced budget in times of crises and small government led to a large shift in expectation that accounts for about 70 -- 80 percent of the recovery of output and prices from 1933 to 1937 . If the regime change had not happened and the Hoover policy had continued , the economy would have continued its free fall in 1933 , and output would have been 30 percent lower in 1937 than in 1933 . The recession of 1937 -- 38 , which slowed down economic recovery from the great depression , is explained by fears of the population that the moderate tightening of the monetary and fiscal policy in 1937 would be first steps to a restoration of the pre March 1933 policy regime . Heterodox theories ( edit ) Austrian school ( edit ) Austrian economists argue that the Great Depression was the inevitable outcome of the monetary policies of the Federal Reserve during the 1920s . In their opinion , the central bank 's policy was an `` easy credit policy '' which led to an unsustainable credit - driven boom . In the Austrian view , the inflation of the money supply during this period led to an unsustainable boom in both asset prices ( stocks and bonds ) and capital goods . By the time the Federal Reserve belatedly tightened monetary policy in 1928 , it was too late to avoid a significant economic contraction . Austrians argue that government intervention after the crash of 1929 delayed the market 's adjustment and made the road to complete recovery more difficult . Acceptance of the Austrian explanation of what primarily caused the Great Depression is compatible with either acceptance or denial of the Monetarist explanation . Austrian economist Murray Rothbard , who wrote America 's Great Depression ( 1963 ) , rejected the Monetarist explanation . He criticized Milton Friedman 's assertion that the central bank failed to sufficiently increase the supply of money , claiming instead that the Federal Reserve did pursue an inflationary policy when , in 1932 , it purchased $1.1 billion of government securities , which raised its total holding to $1.8 billion . Rothbard says that despite the central bank 's policies , `` total bank reserves only rose by $212 million , while the total money supply fell by $3 billion '' . The reason for this , he argues , is that the American populace lost faith in the banking system and began hoarding more cash , a factor very much beyond the control of the Central Bank . The potential for a run on the banks caused local bankers to be more conservative in lending out their reserves , which , according to Rothbard 's argument , was the cause of the Federal Reserve 's inability to inflate . Friedrich Hayek had criticised the FED and the Bank of England in the 1930s for not taking a more contractionary stance . However , in 1975 , Hayek admitted that he made a mistake in the 1930s in not opposing the Central Bank 's deflationary policy and stated the reason why he had been ambivalent : `` At that time I believed that a process of deflation of some short duration might break the rigidity of wages which I thought was incompatible with a functioning economy . In 1978 , he made it clear that he agreed with the point of view of the Monetarists , saying , `` I agree with Milton Friedman that once the Crash had occurred , the Federal Reserve System pursued a silly deflationary policy '' , and that he was as opposed to deflation as he was to inflation . Concordantly , economist Lawrence White argues that the business cycle theory of Hayek is inconsistent with a monetary policy which permits a severe contraction of the money supply . Hans Sennholz argued that most boom and busts that plagued the American economy in 1819 -- 20 , 1839 -- 43 , 1857 -- 60 , 1873 -- 78 , 1893 -- 97 , and 1920 -- 21 , were generated by government creating a boom through easy money and credit , which was soon followed by the inevitable bust . The spectacular crash of 1929 followed five years of reckless credit expansion by the Federal Reserve System under the Coolidge Administration . The passing of the Sixteenth Amendment , the passage of The Federal Reserve Act , rising government deficits , the passage of the Hawley - Smoot Tariff Act , and the Revenue Act of 1932 , exacerbated the crisis , prolonging it . Marxian ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2017 ) See also : Marxian criticisms of capitalism Marxists generally argue that the Great Depression was the result of the inherent instability of the capitalist model . Specific theories of cause ( edit ) Non-debt deflation ( edit ) In addition to the debt deflation there was a component of productivity deflation that had been occurring since The Great Deflation of the last quarter of the 19th century . There may have also been a continuation of the correction to the sharp inflation caused by WW I . Oil prices reached their all - time low in the early 1930s as production began from the East Texas Oil Field , the largest field ever found in the lower 48 states . With the oil market oversupplied prices locally fell to below ten cents per barrel . Productivity or technology shock ( edit ) In the first three decades of the 20th century productivity and economic output surged due in part to electrification , mass production and the increasing motorization of transportation and farm machinery . Electrification and mass production techniques such as Fordism permanently lowered the demand for labor relative to economic output . By the late 1920s the resultant rapid growth in productivity and investment in manufacturing meant there was a considerable excess production capacity . Sometime after the peak of the business cycle in 1923 , more workers were displaced by productivity improvements than growth in the employment market could meet , causing unemployment to slowly rise after 1925 . Also , the work week fell slightly in the decade prior to the depression . Wages did not keep up with productivity growth , which led to the problem of underconsumption . Henry Ford and Edward A. Filene were among prominent businessmen who were concerned with overproduction and underconsumption . Ford doubled wages of his workers in 1914 . The over-production problem was also discussed in Congress , with Senator Reed Smoot proposing an import tariff , which became the Smoot -- Hawley Tariff Act . The Smoot -- Hawley Tariff was enacted in June , 1930 . The tariff was misguided because the U.S. had been running a trade account surplus during the 1920s . Another effect of rapid technological change was that after 1910 the rate of capital investment slowed , primarily due to reduced investment in business structures . The depression led to additional large numbers of plant closings . It can not be emphasized too strongly that the ( productivity , output and employment ) trends we are describing are long - time trends and were thoroughly evident prior to 1929 . These trends are in nowise the result of the present depression , nor are they the result of the World War . On the contrary , the present depression is a collapse resulting from these long - term trends . -- M. King Hubbert In the book Mechanization in Industry , whose publication was sponsored by the National Bureau of Economic Research , Jerome ( 1934 ) noted that whether mechanization tends to increase output or displace labor depends on the elasticity of demand for the product . In addition , reduced costs of production were not always passed on to consumers . It was further noted that agriculture was adversely affected by the reduced need for animal feed as horses and mules were displaced by inanimate sources of power following WW I. As a related point , Jerome also notes that the term `` technological unemployment '' was being used to describe the labor situation during the depression . Some portion of the increased unemployment which characterized the post-War years in the United States may be attributed to the mechanization of industries producing commodities of inelastic demand . -- Fredrick C. Wells , 1934 The dramatic rise in productivity of major industries in the U.S. and the effects of productivity on output , wages and the work week are discussed by a Brookings Institution sponsored book . Corporations decided to lay off workers and reduced the amount of raw materials they purchased to manufacture their products . This decision was made to cut the production of goods because of the amount of products that were not being sold . Joseph Stiglitz and Bruce Greenwald suggested that it was a productivity - shock in agriculture , through fertilizers , mechanization and improved seed , that caused the drop in agricultural product prices . Farmers were forced off the land , further adding to the excess labor supply . The prices of agricultural products began to decline after WW I and eventually many farmers were forced out of business , causing the failure of hundreds of small rural banks . Agricultural productivity resulting from tractors , fertilizers and hybrid corn was only part of the problem ; the other problem was the change over from horses and mules to internal combustion transportation . The horse and mule population began declining after WW 1 , freeing up enormous quantities of land previously used for animal feed . The rise of the internal combustion engine and increasing numbers of motorcars and buses also halted the growth of electric street railways . The years 1929 to 1941 had the highest total factor productivity growth in the history of the U.S. , largely due to the productivity increases in public utilities , transportation and trade . Disparities in wealth and income ( edit ) Economists such as Waddill Catchings , William Trufant Foster , Rexford Tugwell , Adolph Berle ( and later John Kenneth Galbraith ) , popularized a theory that had some influence on Franklin D. Roosevelt . This theory held that the economy produced more goods than consumers could purchase , because the consumers did not have enough income . According to this view , in the 1920s wages had increased at a lower rate than productivity growth , which had been high . Most of the benefit of the increased productivity went into profits , which went into the stock market bubble rather than into consumer purchases . Thus workers did not have enough income to absorb the large amount of capacity that had been added . According to this view , the root cause of the Great Depression was a global overinvestment while the level of wages and earnings from independent businesses fell short of creating enough purchasing power . It was argued that government should intervene by an increased taxation of the rich to help make income more equal . With the increased revenue the government could create public works to increase employment and ' kick start ' the economy . In the USA the economic policies had been quite the opposite until 1932 . The Revenue Act of 1932 and public works programmes introduced in Hoover 's last year as president and taken up by Roosevelt , created some redistribution of purchasing power . The stock market crash made it evident that banking systems Americans were relying on were not dependable . Americans looked towards insubstantial banking units for their own liquidity supply . As the economy began to fail , these banks were no longer able to support those who depended on their assets -- they did not hold as much power as the larger banks . During the depression , `` three waves of bank failures shook the economy . '' The first wave came just when the economy was heading in the direction of recovery at the end of 1930 and the beginning of 1931 . The second wave of bank failures occurred `` after the Federal Reserve System raised the rediscount rate to staunch an outflow of gold '' around the end of 1931 . The last wave , which began in the middle of 1932 , was the worst and most devastating , continuing `` almost to the point of a total breakdown of the banking system in the winter of 1932 -- 1933 . '' The reserve banks led the United States into an even deeper depression between 1931 and 1933 , due to their failure to appreciate and put to use the powers they withheld -- capable of creating money -- as well as the `` inappropriate monetary policies pursued by them during these years '' . Gold standard system ( edit ) According to the gold standard theory of the Depression , the Depression was largely caused by the decision of most western nations after World War I to return to the gold standard at the pre-war gold price . Monetary policy , according to this view , was thereby put into a deflationary setting that would over the next decade slowly grind away at the health of many European economies . This post-war policy was preceded by an inflationary policy during World War I , when many European nations abandoned the gold standard , forced by the enormous costs of the war . This resulted in inflation because the supply of new money that was created was spent on war , not on investments in productivity to increase demand that would have neutralized inflation . The view is that the quantity of new money introduced largely determines the inflation rate , and therefore , the cure to inflation is to reduce the amount of new currency created for purposes that are destructive or wasteful , and do not lead to economic growth . After the war , when America and the nations of Europe went back on the gold standard , most nations decided to return to the gold standard at the pre-war price . When Britain , for example , passed the Gold Standard Act of 1925 , thereby returning Britain to the gold standard , the critical decision was made to set the new price of the Pound Sterling at parity with the pre-war price even though the pound was then trading on the foreign exchange market at a much lower price . At the time , this action was criticized by John Maynard Keynes and others , who argued that in so doing , they were forcing a revaluation of wages without any tendency to equilibrium . Keynes ' criticism of Winston Churchill 's form of the return to the gold standard implicitly compared it to the consequences of the Treaty of Versailles . One of the reasons for setting the currencies at parity with the pre-war price was the prevailing opinion at that time that deflation was not a danger , while inflation , particularly the inflation in the Weimar Republic , was an unbearable danger . Another reason was that those who had loaned in nominal amounts hoped to recover the same value in gold that they had lent . Because of the reparations that Germany had to pay France , Germany began a credit - fueled period of growth in order to export and sell enough goods abroad to gain gold to pay the reparations . The U.S. , as the world 's gold sink , loaned money to Germany to industrialize , which was then the basis for Germany paying back France , and France paying back loans to the U.K. and the U.S. This arrangement was codified in the Dawes Plan . In some cases , deflation can be hard on sectors of the economy such as agriculture , if they are deeply in debt at high interest rates and are unable to refinance , or that are dependent upon loans to finance capital goods when low interest rates are not available . Deflation erodes the price of commodities while increasing the real liability of debt . Deflation is beneficial to those with assets in cash , and to those who wish to invest or purchase assets or loan money . More recent research , by economists such as Temin , Ben Bernanke , and Barry Eichengreen , has focused on the constraints policy makers were under at the time of the Depression . In this view , the constraints of the inter-war gold standard magnified the initial economic shock and were a significant obstacle to any actions that would ameliorate the growing Depression . According to them , the initial destabilizing shock may have originated with the Wall Street Crash of 1929 in the U.S. , but it was the gold standard system that transmitted the problem to the rest of the world . According to their conclusions , during a time of crisis , policy makers may have wanted to loosen monetary and fiscal policy , but such action would threaten the countries ' ability to maintain their obligation to exchange gold at its contractual rate . The gold standard required countries to maintain high interest rates to attract international investors who bought foreign assets with gold . Therefore , governments had their hands tied as the economies collapsed , unless they abandoned their currency 's link to gold . Fixing the exchange rate of all countries on the gold standard ensured that the market for foreign exchange can only equilibrate through interest rates . As the Depression worsened , many countries started to abandon the gold standard , and those that abandoned it earlier suffered less from deflation and tended to recover more quickly . Richard Timberlake , economist of the free banking school and protégé of Milton Friedman , specifically addressed this stance in his paper Gold Standards and the Real Bills Doctrine in U.S. Monetary Policy , wherein he argued that the Federal Reserve actually had plenty of lee - way under the gold standard , as had been demonstrated by the price stability policy of New York Fed governor Benjamin Strong , between 1923 and 1928 . But when Strong died in late 1928 , the faction that took over dominance of the Fed advocated a real bills doctrine , where all money had to be represented by physical goods . This policy , forcing a 30 % deflation of the dollar that inevitably damaged the US economy , is stated by Timberlake as being arbitrary and avoidable , the existing gold standard having been capable of continuing without it : This shift in control was decisive . In accordance with the precedent Strong had set in promoting a stable price level policy without heed to any golden fetters , real bills proponents could proceed equally unconstrained in implementing their policy ideal . System policy in 1928 -- 29 consequently shifted from price level stabilization to passive real bills . `` The '' gold standard remained where it had been -- nothing but formal window dressing waiting for an opportune time to reappear . Financial Institution structures ( edit ) New York stock market index Economic historians ( especially Friedman and Schwartz ) emphasize the importance of numerous bank failures . The failures were mostly in rural America . Structural weaknesses in the rural economy made local banks highly vulnerable . Farmers , already deeply in debt , saw farm prices plummet in the late 1920s and their implicit real interest rates on loans skyrocket . Their land was already over-mortgaged ( as a result of the 1919 bubble in land prices ) , and crop prices were too low to allow them to pay off what they owed . Small banks , especially those tied to the agricultural economy , were in constant crisis in the 1920s with their customers defaulting on loans because of the sudden rise in real interest rates ; there was a steady stream of failures among these smaller banks throughout the decade . The city banks also suffered from structural weaknesses that made them vulnerable to a shock . Some of the nation 's largest banks were failing to maintain adequate reserves and were investing heavily in the stock market or making risky loans . Loans to Germany and Latin America by New York City banks were especially risky . In other words , the banking system was not well prepared to absorb the shock of a major recession . Economists have argued that a liquidity trap might have contributed to bank failures . Economists and historians debate how much responsibility to assign the Wall Street Crash of 1929 . The timing was right ; the magnitude of the shock to expectations of future prosperity was high . Most analysts believe the market in 1928 -- 29 was a `` bubble '' with prices far higher than justified by fundamentals . Economists agree that somehow it shared some blame , but how much no one has estimated . Milton Friedman concluded , `` I do n't doubt for a moment that the collapse of the stock market in 1929 played a role in the initial recession '' . The idea of owning government bonds initially became ideal to investors when Liberty Loan drives encouraged this possession in America during World War I . This strive for dominion persisted into the 1920s . After World War I , the United States became the world 's creditor and was depended upon by many foreign nations . `` Governments from around the globe looked to Wall Street for loans '' . Investors then started to depend on these loans for further investments . Chief counsel of the Senate Bank Committee , Ferdinand Pecora , disclosed that National City executives were also dependent on loans from a special bank fund as a safety net for their stock losses while American banker , Albert Wiggin , `` made millions selling short his own bank shares '' . Economist David Hume stated that the economy became imbalanced as the recession spread on an international scale . The cost of goods remained too high for too long during a time where there was less international trade . Policies set in selected countries to `` maintain the value of their currency '' resulted in an outcome of bank failures . Governments that continued to follow the gold standard were led into bank failure , meaning that it was the governments and central bankers that contributed as a stepping stool into the depression . The debate has three sides : one group says the crash caused the depression by drastically lowering expectations about the future and by removing large sums of investment capital ; a second group says the economy was slipping since summer 1929 and the crash ratified it ; the third group says that in either scenario the crash could not have caused more than a recession . There was a brief recovery in the market into April 1930 , but prices then started falling steadily again from there , not reaching a final bottom until July 1932 . This was the largest long - term U.S. market decline by any measure . To move from a recession in 1930 to a deep depression in 1931 -- 32 , entirely different factors had to be in play . Protectionism ( edit ) Protectionism , such as the American Smoot -- Hawley Tariff Act , is often indicated as a cause of the Great Depression , with countries enacting protectionist policies yielding a beggar thy neighbor result . The Smoot -- Hawley Tariff Act was especially harmful to agriculture because it caused farmers to default on their loans . This event may have worsened or even caused the ensuing bank runs in the Midwest and West that caused the collapse of the banking system . A petition signed by over 1,000 economists was presented to the U.S. government warning that the Smoot - Hawley Tariff Act would bring disastrous economic repercussions ; however , this did not stop the act from being signed into law . Governments around the world took various steps into spending less money on foreign goods such as : `` imposing tariffs , import quotas , and exchange controls '' . These restrictions formed a lot of tension between trade nations , causing a major deduction during the depression . Not all countries enforced the same measures of protectionism . Some countries raised tariffs drastically and enforced severe restrictions on foreign exchange transactions , while other countries condensed `` trade and exchange restrictions only marginally '' : `` Countries that remained on the gold standard , keeping currencies fixed , were more likely to restrict foreign trade . '' These countries `` resorted to protectionist policies to strengthen the balance of payments and limit gold losses . '' They hoped that these restrictions and depletions would hold the economic decline . Countries that abandoned the gold standard , allowed their currencies to depreciate which caused their Balance of payments to strengthen . It also freed up monetary policy so that central banks could lower interest rates and act as lenders of last resort . They possessed the best policy instruments to fight the Depression and did not need protectionism . `` The length and depth of a country 's economic downturn and the timing and vigor of its recovery is related to how long it remained on the gold standard . Countries abandoning the gold standard relatively early experienced relatively mild recessions and early recoveries . In contrast , countries remaining on the gold standard experienced prolonged slumps . '' In a 1995 survey of American economic historians , two - thirds agreed that the Smoot - Hawley tariff act at least worsened the Great Depression . However , many economists believe that the Smoot - Hawley tariff act was not a major contributor to the great depression . Economist Paul Krugman holds that , `` Where protectionism really mattered was in preventing a recovery in trade when production recovered '' . He cites a report by Barry Eichengreen and Douglas Irwin : Figure 1 in that report shows trade and production dropping together from 1929 to 1932 , but production increasing faster than trade from 1932 to 1937 . The authors argue that adherence to the gold standard forced many countries to resort to tariffs , when instead they should have devalued their currencies . Peter Temin argues that contrary the popular argument , the contractionary effect of the tariff was small . He notes that exports were 7 percent of GNP in 1929 , they fell by 1.5 percent of 1929 GNP in the next two years and the fall was offset by the increase in domestic demand from tariff . International debt structure ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) When the war came to an end in 1918 , all European nations that had been allied with the U.S. owed large sums of money to American banks , sums much too large to be repaid out of their shattered treasuries . This is one reason why the Allies had insisted ( to the consternation of Woodrow Wilson ) on reparation payments from Germany and Austria -- Hungary . Reparations , they believed , would provide them with a way to pay off their own debts . However , Germany and Austria - Hungary were themselves in deep economic trouble after the war ; they were no more able to pay the reparations than the Allies to pay their debts . The debtor nations put strong pressure on the U.S. in the 1920s to forgive the debts , or at least reduce them . The American government refused . Instead , U.S. banks began making large loans to the nations of Europe . Thus , debts ( and reparations ) were being paid only by augmenting old debts and piling up new ones . In the late 1920s , and particularly after the American economy began to weaken after 1929 , the European nations found it much more difficult to borrow money from the U.S. At the same time , high U.S. tariffs were making it much more difficult for them to sell their goods in U.S. markets . Without any source of revenue from foreign exchange to repay their loans , they began to default . Beginning late in the 1920s , European demand for U.S. goods began to decline . That was partly because European industry and agriculture were becoming more productive , and partly because some European nations ( most notably Weimar Germany ) were suffering serious financial crises and could not afford to buy goods overseas . However , the central issue causing the destabilization of the European economy in the late 1920s was the international debt structure that had emerged in the aftermath of World War I . The high tariff walls such as the Smoot -- Hawley Tariff Act critically impeded the payment of war debts . As a result of high U.S. tariffs , only a sort of cycle kept the reparations and war - debt payments going . During the 1920s , the former allies paid the war - debt installments to the U.S. chiefly with funds obtained from German reparations payments , and Germany was able to make those payments only because of large private loans from the U.S. and Britain . Similarly , U.S. investments abroad provided the dollars , which alone made it possible for foreign nations to buy U.S. exports . The Smoot - Hawley Tariff Act was instituted by Senator Reed Smoot and Representative Willis C. Hawley , and signed into law by President Hoover , to raise taxes on American imports by about 20 percent during June 1930 . This tax , which added to already shrinking income and overproduction in the U.S. , only benefitted Americans in having to spend less on foreign goods . In contrast , European trading nations frowned upon this tax increase , particularly since the `` United States was an international creditor and exports to the U.S. market were already declining '' . In response to the Smoot - Hawley Tariff Act , some of America 's primary producers and largest trading partner , Canada , chose to seek retribution by increasing the financial value of imported goods favoured by the Americans . In the scramble for liquidity that followed the 1929 stock market crash , funds flowed back from Europe to America , and Europe 's fragile economies crumbled . By 1931 , the world was reeling from the worst depression of recent memory , and the entire structure of reparations and war debts collapsed . Population dynamics ( edit ) In 1939 , prominent economist Alvin Hansen discussed the decline in population growth in relation to the Depression . The same idea was discussed in a 1978 journal article by Clarence Barber , an economist at the University of Manitoba . Using `` a form of the Harrod model '' to analyze the Depression , Barber states : In such a model , one would look for the origins of a serious depression in conditions which produced a decline in Harrod 's natural rate of growth , more specifically , in a decline in the rate of population and labour force growth and in the rate of growth of productivity or technical progress , to a level below the warranted rate of growth . Barber says , while there is `` no clear evidence '' of a decline in `` the rate of growth of productivity '' during the 1920s , there is `` clear evidence '' the population growth rate began to decline during that same period . He argues the decline in population growth rate may have caused a decline in `` the natural rate of growth '' which was significant enough to cause a serious depression . Barber says a decline in the population growth rate is likely to affect the demand for housing , and claims this is apparently what happened during the 1920s . He concludes : the rapid and very large decline in the rate of growth of non-farm households was clearly the major reason for the decline that occurred in residential construction in the United States from 1926 on . And this decline , as Bolch and Pilgrim have claimed , may well have been the most important single factor in turning the 1929 downturn into a major depression . The decline in housing construction that can be attributed to demographics has been estimated to range from 28 % in 1933 to 38 % in 1940 . Among the causes of the decline in the population growth rate during the 1920s were a declining birth rate after 1910 and reduced immigration . The decline in immigration was largely the result of legislation in the 1920s placing greater restrictions on immigration . In 1921 , Congress passed the Emergency Quota Act , followed by the Immigration Act of 1924 . Factors that majorly contributed to the failing of the economy since 1925 , was a decrease in both residential and non-residential buildings being constructed . It was the debt as a result of the war , less families being formed , and an imbalance of mortgage payments and loans in 1928 -- 29 that mainly contributed to the decline in the number of houses being built . This ( What ? ) caused the population growth rate to decelerate ( How ? ) . Though non-residential units continued to be built `` at a high rate throughout the decade '' , the demand for such units was actually very low Role of economic policy ( edit ) Calvin Coolidge ( 1923 -- 29 ) ( edit ) There is an ongoing debate between historians as to what extent President Calvin Coolidge 's laissez - faire hands - off attitude has contributed to the Great Depression . Despite a growing rate of bank failures he did not heed voices that predicted the lack of banking regulation as potentially dangerous . He did not listen to members of Congress warning that stock speculation had gone too far and he ignored criticisms that workers did not participate sufficiently in the prosperity of the Roaring Twenties . Leave - it - alone liquidationism ( 1929 -- 33 ) ( edit ) Overview ( edit ) The Great Depression in an international context . From the point of view of today 's mainstream schools of economic thought , government should strive to keep some broad nominal aggregate on a stable growth path ( for proponents of new classical macroeconomics and monetarism , the measure is the nominal money supply ; for Keynesian economists it is the nominal aggregate demand itself ) . During a depression the central bank should pour liquidity into the banking system and the government should cut taxes and accelerate spending in order to keep the nominal money stock and total nominal demand from collapsing . The United States government and the Federal Reserve did not do that during the 1929 ‐ 32 slide into the Great Depression The existence of `` liquidationism '' played a key part in motivating public policy decisions not to fight the gathering Great Depression . An increasingly common view among economic historians is that the adherence of some Federal Reserve policymakers to the liquidationist thesis led to disastrous consequences . Regarding the policies of President Hoover , economists Barry Eichengreen and J. Bradford DeLong point out that the Hoover administration 's fiscal policy was guided by liquidationist economists and policy makers , as Hoover tried to keep the federal budget balanced until 1932 , when Hoover lost confidence in his Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon and replaced him . Hoover wrote in his memoirs he did not side with the liquidationists , but took the side of those in his cabinet with `` economic responsibility '' , his Secretary of Commerce Robert P. Lamont and Secretary of Agriculture Arthur M. Hyde , who advised the President to `` use the powers of government to cushion the situation '' . But at the same time he kept Andrew Mellon as Secretary of the Treasury until February 1932 . It was during 1932 that Hoover began to support more aggressive measures to combat the Depression . In his memoirs , President Hoover wrote bitterly about members of his Cabinet who had advised inaction during the downslide into the Great Depression : The leave - it - alone liquidationists headed by Secretary of the Treasury Mellon ... felt that government must keep its hands off and let the slump liquidate itself . Mr. Mellon had only one formula : `` Liquidate labor , liquidate stocks , liquidate the farmers , liquidate real estate ... It will purge the rottenness out of the system . High costs of living and high living will come down . People will work harder , live a more moral life . Values will be adjusted , and enterprising people will pick up the wrecks from less competent people . '' Before the Keynesian Revolution , such a liquidationist theory was a common position for economists to take and was held and advanced by economists like Friedrich Hayek , Lionel Robbins Joseph Schumpeter , Seymour Harris and others . According to the liquidationists a depression is good medicine . The function of a depression is to liquidate failed investments and businesses that have been made obsolete by technological development in order to release factors of production ( capital and labor ) from unproductive uses . These can then be redeployed in other sectors of the technologically dynamic economy . They pointed to the short duration of the Depression of 1920 -- 21 was due to the policy of letting the liquidation occur and argued that the crisis had laid the groundwork for the prosperity of the later 1920s . They pushed for deflationary policies ( which were already executed in 1921 ) which -- in their opinion -- would assist the release of capital and labor from unproductive activities to lay the groundwork for a new economic boom . The liquidationists argued that even if self - adjustment of the economy took mass bankruptcies , then so be it . Postponing the liquidation process would only magnify the social costs . Schumpeter wrote that it ... leads us to believe that recovery is sound only if it does come of itself . For any revival which is merely due to artificial stimulus leaves part of the work of depressions undone and adds , to an undigested remnant of maladjustment , new maladjustment of its own which has to be liquidated in turn , thus threatening business with another ( worse ) crisis ahead . Despite liquidationist expectations , a large proportion of the capital stock was not redeployed and vanished during the first years of the Great Depression . According to a study by Olivier Blanchard and Lawrence Summers , the recession caused a drop of net capital accumulation to pre-1924 levels by 1933 . Criticism ( edit ) Economists such as John Maynard Keynes and Milton Friedman suggested that the do - nothing policy prescription which resulted from the liquidationist theory contributed to deepening the Great Depression . With the rhetoric of ridicule Keynes tried to discredit the liquidationist view in presenting Hayek , Robbins and Schumpeter as ... austere and puritanical souls ( who ) regard ( the Great Depression ) ... as an inevitable and a desirable nemesis on so much `` overexpansion '' as they call it ... It would , they feel , be a victory for the mammon of unrighteousness if so much prosperity was not subsequently balanced by universal bankruptcy . We need , they say , what they politely call a ' prolonged liquidation ' to put us right . The liquidation , they tell us , is not yet complete . But in time it will be . And when sufficient time has elapsed for the completion of the liquidation , all will be well with us again ... Milton Friedman stated that at the University of Chicago such `` dangerous nonsense '' was never taught and that he understood why at Harvard -- where such nonsense was taught -- bright young economists rejected their teachers ' macroeconomics , and become Keynesians . He wrote : I think the Austrian business - cycle theory has done the world a great deal of harm . If you go back to the 1930s , which is a key point , here you had the Austrians sitting in London , Hayek and Lionel Robbins , and saying you just have to let the bottom drop out of the world . You 've just got to let it cure itself . You ca n't do anything about it . You will only make it worse. ... I think by encouraging that kind of do - nothing policy both in Britain and in the United States , they did harm . Economist Lawrence White , while acknowledging that Hayek and Robbins did not actively oppose the deflationary policy of the early 1930s , nevertheless challenges the argument of Milton Friedman , J. Bradford DeLong et al. that Hayek was a proponent of liquidationism . White argues that the business cycle theory of Hayek and Robbins ( which later developed into Austrian business cycle theory in its present - day form ) was actually not consistent with a monetary policy which permitted a severe contraction of the money supply . Nevertheless , White says that at the time of the Great Depression Hayek `` expressed ambivalence about the shrinking nomimal income and sharp deflation in 1929 -- 32 '' . In a talk in 1975 , Hayek admitted the mistake he made over forty years earlier in not opposing the Central Bank 's deflationary policy and stated the reason why he had been `` ambivalent '' : `` At that time I believed that a process of deflation of some short duration might break the rigidity of wages which I thought was incompatible with a functioning economy . '' 1979 Hayek strongly criticized the Fed 's contractionary monetary policy early in the Depression and its failure to offer banks liquidity : I agree with Milton Friedman that once the Crash had occurred , the Federal Reserve System pursued a silly deflationary policy . I am not only against inflation but I am also against deflation . So , once again , a badly programmed monetary policy prolonged the depression . Herbert Hoover ( 1929 -- 33 ) ( edit ) Unemployment rate in the US 1910 -- 60 , with the years of the Great Depression ( 1929 -- 39 ) highlighted ; accurate data begins in 1939 . Economic policy ( edit ) Historians gave Hoover credit for working tirelessly to combat the depression and noted that he left government prematurely aged . But his policies are rated as simply not far - reaching enough to address the Great Depression . He was prepared to do something , but nowhere near enough . Hoover was no exponent of laissez - faire . But his principal philosophies were voluntarism , self - help , and rugged individualism . He refused direct federal intervention . He believed that government should do more than his immediate predecessors ( Warren G. Harding , Calvin Coolidge ) believed . But he was not willing to go as far as Franklin D. Roosevelt later did . Therefore , he is described as the `` first of the new presidents '' and `` the last of the old '' . Hoover 's first measures were based on voluntarism by businesses not to reduce their workforce or cut wages . But businesses had little choice and wages were reduced , workers were laid off , and investments postponed . The Hoover administration extended over $100 million in emergency farm loans and some $915 million in public works projects between 1930 and 1932 . Hoover urged bankers to set up the National Credit Corporation so that big banks could help failing banks survive . But bankers were reluctant to invest in failing banks , and the National Credit Corporation did almost nothing to address the problem . In 1932 Hoover reluctantly established the Reconstruction Finance Corporation , a Federal agency with the authority to lend up to $2 billion to rescue banks and restore confidence in financial institutions . But $2 billion was not enough to save all the banks , and bank runs and bank failures continued . Federal spending ( edit ) Federal spending in millions of dollars ( 1910 -- 60 ) . The time period of the Hoover administration , the New Deal and World War II are highlighted . J. Bradford DeLong explained that Hoover would have been a budget cutter in normal times and continuously wanted to balance the budget . Hoover held the line against powerful political forces that sought to increase government spending after the Depression began for fully two and a half years . During the first two years of the Depression ( 1929 and 1930 ) Hoover actually achieved budget surpluses of about 0.8 % of gross domestic product ( GDP ) . In 1931 , when the recession significantly worsened and GDP declined by 15 % , the federal budget had only a small deficit of 0.6 % of GDP . It was not until 1932 ( when GDP declined by 27 % compared to 1929 - level ) that Hoover pushed for measures ( Reconstruction Finance Corporation , Federal Home Loan Bank Act , direct loans to fund state Depression relief programs ) that increased spending . But at the same time he pushed for the Revenue Act of 1932 that massively increased taxes in order to balance the budget again . Uncertainty was a major factor , argued by several economists , that contributed to the worsening and length of the depression . It was also said to be responsible `` for the initial decline in consumption that marks the '' beginning of the Great Depression by economists Paul R. Flacco and Randall E. Parker . Economist Ludwig Lachmann argues that it was pessimism that prevented the recovery and worsening of the depression President Hoover is said to have been blinded from what was right in front of him . Economist James Deusenberry argues economic imbalance was not only a result of World War I , but also of the structural changes made during the first quarter of the Twentieth Century . He also states the branches of the nation 's economy became smaller , there was not much demand for housing , and the stock market crash `` had a more direct impact on consumption than any previous financial panic '' Economist William A. Lewis describes the conflict between America and its primary producers : Misfortunes ( of the 1930 's ) were due principally to the fact that the production of primary commodities after the war was somewhat in excess of demand . It was this which , by keeping the terms of trade unfavourable to primary producers , kept the trade in manufactures so low , to the detriment of some countries as the United Kingdom , even in the twenties , and it was this which pulled the world economy down in the early thirties .... If primary commodity markets had not been so insecure the crisis of 1929 would not have become a great depression ... It was the violent fall of prices that was deflationary . The stock market crash was not the first sign of the Great Depression . `` Long before the crash , community banks were failing at the rate of one per day '' . It was the development of the Federal Reserve System that misled investors in the ' 20s into relying on federal banks as a safety net . They were encouraged to continue buying stocks and to overlook any of the fluctuations . Economist Roger Babson tried to warn the investors of the deficiency to come , but was ridiculed even as the economy began to deteriorate during the summer of 1929 . While England and Germany struggled under the strain on gold currencies after the war , economists were blinded by an unsustainable ' new economy ' they sought to be considerably stable and successful . Since the United States decided to no longer comply with the gold standard , `` the value of the dollar could change freely from day to day '' . Although this imbalance on an international scale led to crisis , the economy within the nation remained stable . The depression then affected all nations on an international scale . `` The German mark collapsed when the chancellor put domestic politics ahead of sensible finance ; the bank of England abandoned the gold standard after a subsequent speculative attack ; and the U.S. Federal Reserve raised its discount rate dramatically in October 1931 to preserve the value of the dollar '' . The Federal Reserve drove the American economy into an even deeper depression . Tax policy ( edit ) In 1929 the Hoover administration responded to the economic crises by temporarily lowering income tax rates and the corporate tax rate . At the beginning of 1931 , tax returns showed a tremendous decline in income due to the economic downturn . Income tax receipts were 40 % less than in 1930 . At the same time government spending proved to be a lot greater than estimated . As a result , the budget deficit increased tremendously . While Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon urged to increase taxes , Hoover had no desire to do so since 1932 was an election year . In December 1931 , hopes that the economic downturn would come to an end vanished since all economic indicators pointed to a continuing downward trend . On January 7 , 1932 , Andrew Mellon announced that the Hoover administration would end a further increase in public debt by raising taxes . On June 6 , 1932 , the Revenue Act of 1932 was signed into law . Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 1933 -- 45 ) ( edit ) USA GDP annual pattern and long - term trend , 1920 -- 40 , in billions of constant dollars . Roosevelt won the 1932 presidential election promising to promote recovery with a New Deal for the American people . He enacted a series of programs , including Social Security , banking reform , and suspension of the gold standard . The majority of historians and economists argue that the New Deal was beneficial to recovery , however some argue that it prolonged the Great Depression . In a survey of economic historians conducted by Robert Whaples , Professor of Economics at Wake Forest University , anonymous questionnaires were sent to members of the Economic History Association . Members were asked to either disagree , agree , or agree with provisos with the statement that read : `` Taken as a whole , government policies of the New Deal served to lengthen and deepen the Great Depression . '' While only 6 % of economic historians who worked in the history department of their universities agreed with the statement , 27 % of those that work in the economics department agreed . Almost an identical percent of the two groups ( 21 % and 22 % ) agreed with the statement `` with provisos '' ( a conditional stipulation ) , while 74 % of those who worked in the history department , and 51 % in the economic department disagreed with the statement outright . Arguments for key to recovery ( edit ) According to Peter Temin , Barry Wigmore , Gauti B. Eggertsson and Christina Romer the biggest primary impact of the New Deal on the economy and the key to recovery and to end the Great Depression was brought about by a successful management of public expectations . Before the first New Deal measures people expected a contractionary economic situation ( recession , deflation ) to persist . Roosevelt 's fiscal and monetary policy regime change helped to make his policy objectives credible . Expectations changed towards an expansionary development ( economic growth , inflation ) . The expectation of higher future income and higher future inflation stimulated demand and investments . The analysis suggests that the elimination of the policy dogmas of the gold standard , balanced budget and small government led to a large shift in expectation that accounts for about 70 -- 80 percent of the recovery of output and prices from 1933 to 1937 . If the regime change would not have happened and the Hoover policy would have continued , the economy would have continued its free fall in 1933 , and output would have been 30 percent lower in 1937 than in 1933 . Arguments for prolongation of the Great Depression ( edit ) In the new classical macroeconomics view of the Great Depression large negative shocks caused the 1929 -- 33 downturn -- including monetary shocks , productivity shocks , and banking shocks -- but those developments become positive after 1933 due to monetary and banking reform policies . According to the model Cole - Ohanian impose , the main culprits for the prolonged depression were labor frictions and productivity / efficiency frictions ( perhaps , to a lesser extent ) . Financial frictions are unlikely to have caused the prolonged slump . In the Cole - Ohanian model there is a slower than normal recovery which they explain by New Deal policies which they evaluated as tending towards monopoly and distribution of wealth . The key economic paper looking at these diagnostic sources in relation to the Great Depression is Cole and Ohanian 's work . Cole - Ohanian point at two policies of New Deal : the National Industrial Recovery Act and National Labor Relations Act ( NLRA ) , the latter strengthening NIRA 's labor provision . According to Cole - Ohanian New Deal policies created cartelization , high wages , and high prices in at least manufacturing and some energy and mining industries . Roosevelts policies against the severity of the Depression like the NIRA , a `` code of fair competition '' for each industry were aimed to reduce cutthroat competition in a period of severe deflation , which was seen as the cause for lowered demand and employment . The NIRA suspended antitrust laws and permitted collusion in some sectors provided that industry raised wages above clearing level and accepted collective bargaining with labor unions . The effects of cartelization can be seen as the basic effect of monopoly . The given corporation produces too little , charges too high of a price , and under - employs labor . Likewise , an increase in the power of unions creates a situation similar to monopoly . Wages are too high for the union members , so the corporation employs fewer people and , produces less output . Cole - Ohanian show that 60 % of the difference between the trend and realized output is due to cartelization and unions . Chari , Kehoe , McGrattan also present a nice exposition that 's in line with Cole - Ohanian ... This type of analysis has numerous counterarguments including the applicability of the equilibrium business cycle to the Great Depression . See also ( edit ) Book : Great Depression Political philosophy Timeline of the Great Depression Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Field , Alexander J. ( 2011 ) . A Great Leap Forward : 1930s Depression and U.S. Economic Growth . New Haven , London : Yale University Press . p. 182 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 15109 - 1 < Field cites Freeman & Schwartz ( 1963 ) , Temin ( 1976 ) , Bernanke ( 1983 ) , Field ( 1984 ) , Romer ( 1990 ) , Eighengreen ( 1992 ). > Jump up ^ Robert Whaples , Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians ? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions. , Journal of Economic History , Vol. 55 , No. 1 ( March 1995 ) , p. 150 in JSTOR . Jump up ^ Robert Whaples , Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians ? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions. , Journal of Economic History , Vol. 55 , No. 1 ( March 1995 ) , p. 143 in JSTOR . Jump up ^ Keen 2000 , p. 198 . ^ Jump up to : Caldwell , J. , & O'Driscoll , T.G. ( 2007 ) . What Caused the Great Depression ? . Social Education , 71 ( 2 ) , 70 - 74 Jump up ^ Paul Krugman , `` Who Was Milton Friedman ? '' New York Review of Books Volume 32 , Number 32 February 3 , 2007 online community Jump up ^ Friedman 1965 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ The History of Economic Downturns in the US -- But Now You Know.net Jump up ^ * Bruner , Robert F. ; Carr , Sean D. ( 2007 ) . The Panic of 1907 : Lessons Learned from the Market 's Perfect Storm . Hoboken , New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 15263 - 8 Jump up ^ Gold Standards and the Real Bills Doctrine in US Monetary Policy , Richard H Timberlake , published in Econ Journal Watch , August 2005 -- http://www.econjournalwatch.org/pdf/TimberlakeIntellectualTyrannyAugust2005.pdf Jump up ^ Randall E. Parker , Reflections on the Great Depression , Elgar publishing , 2003 , ISBN 978 - 1843763352 , p. 11 Jump up ^ Ben Bernanke , `` Non-monetary effects of the financial crisis in the propagation of the Great Depression '' , ( 1983 ) American Economic Review . Am 73 # 3 257 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Friedman 2007 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ ( Samuelson 1948 , p. 353 ) Jump up ^ Samuelson , Friedman , and monetary policy , Paul Krugman , New York Times Blog , December 14 , 2009 Jump up ^ Robert Whaples , Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians ? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions. , Journal of Economic History , Vol. 55 , No. 1 ( March 1995 ) , p. 150 , in JSTOR Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Several graphs of total debt to GDP can be found on the Internet . ^ Jump up to : Jerome , Harry ( 1934 ) . Mechanization in Industry , National Bureau of Economic Research . Jump up ^ Hansen , Alvin ( 1939 ) . `` Economic Progress and Declining Population Growth '' . American Economic Review . 29 ( March ) . ^ Jump up to : Fisher , Irving ( October 1933 ) . `` The Debt - Deflation Theory of Great Depressions '' . Econometrica . The Econometric Society . 1 ( 4 ) : 337 -- 357 . doi : 10.2307 / 1907327 . JSTOR 1907327 . Jump up ^ Fortune , Peter ( Sep -- Oct 2000 ) . `` Margin Requirements , Margin Loans , and Margin Rates : Practice and Principles -- analysis of history of margin credit regulations -- Statistical Data Included '' . New England Economic Review . ^ Jump up to : `` Bank Failures '' . Living History Farm . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Friedman and Schwartz , Monetary History of the United States '' , 352 Jump up ^ Randall E. Parker , Reflections on the Great Depression , Edward Elgar Publishing , 2003 , ISBN 9781843765509 , p. 14 - 15 Jump up ^ Bernanke , Ben S ( June 1983 ) . `` Non-Monetary Effects of the Financial Crisis in the Propagation of the Great Depression '' . The American Economic Review . The American Economic Association . 73 ( 3 ) : 257 -- 276 . JSTOR 1808111 . Jump up ^ Mishkin , Fredric ( December 1978 ) . `` The Household Balance and the Great Depression '' . Journal of Economic History . 38 ( 4 ) : 918 -- 37 . doi : 10.1017 / S0022050700087167 . Jump up ^ Keen , Steve ( 2012 - 12 - 06 ) . `` Briefing for Congress on the Fiscal Cliff : Lessons from the 1930s - Steve Keen 's Debtwatch '' . Debtdeflation.com . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ http://libertyloveandjusticeforall.com/2012/12/08/debt-reset-is-inevitable/ Jump up ^ Friedersdorf , Conor ( 2012 - 12 - 05 ) . `` What If the Fiscal Cliff Is the Wrong Cliff ? '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Private Debt Caused The Current Great Depression , Not Public Debt - Michael Clark '' . Seeking Alpha . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Gauti B. Eggertsson , Great Expectations and the End of the Depression , American Economic Review 2008 , 98 : 4 , 1476 -- 1516 ^ Jump up to : The New York Times , Christina Romer , The Fiscal Stimulus , Flawed but Valuable , October 20 , 2012 Jump up ^ Peter Temin , Lessons from the Great Depression , MIT Press , 1992 , ISBN 9780262261197 , p. 87 - 101 Jump up ^ Gauti B. Eggertsson , Great Expectations and the End of the Depression , The American Economic Review , Vol. 98 , No. 4 ( Sep. , 2008 ) , S. 1476 - 1516 , p. 1480 Jump up ^ Murray Rothbard , America 's Great Depression ( Ludwig von Mises Institute , 2000 ) , pp. 159 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Rothbard , America 's Great Depression , pp. 19 -- 21 '' Jump up ^ Mises , Ludwig von ( 2006 ) . The Causes of the Economic Crisis ; and Other Essays Before and After the Great Depression . Ludwig von Mises Institute . p. 207 . ISBN 978 - 1933550039 . Jump up ^ Rothbard , A History of Money and Banking in the United States , pp. 293 -- 94 . Jump up ^ John Cunningham Wood , Robert D. Wood , Friedrich A. Hayek , Taylor & Francis , 2004 , ISBN 9780415310574 , p. 115 ^ Jump up to : White , Clash of Economic Ideas , p. 94 . See also White , Lawrence ( 2008 ) . `` Did Hayek and Robbins Deepen the Great Depression ? '' . Journal of Money , Credit and Banking . 40 ( 40 ) : 751 -- 768 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1538 - 4616.2008. 00134. x . ^ Jump up to : F.A. Hayek , interviewed by Diego Pizano July , 1979 published in : Diego Pizano , Conversations with Great Economists : Friedrich A. Hayek , John Hicks , Nicholas Kaldor , Leonid V. Kantorovich , Joan Robinson , Paul A. Samuelson , Jan Tinbergen ( Jorge Pinto Books , 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Sennholz , Hans ( October 1 , 1969 ) . `` The Great Depression '' . Foundation for Economic Education . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lewis Corey : The Decline of American Capitalism ( 1934 ) '' . Marxists.org. 2007 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Bell , Spurgeon ( 1940 ) . `` Productivity , Wages and National Income , The Institute of Economics of the Brookings Institution '' . Jump up ^ Yergin , Daniel ( 1992 ) . The Prize : The Epic Quest for Oil , Money $ Power . ^ Jump up to : Beaudreau , Bernard C. ( 1996 ) . Mass Production , the Stock Market Crash and the Great Depression . New York , Lincoln , Shanghi : Authors Choice Press . ^ Jump up to : Vatter , Harold G. ; Walker , John F. ; Alperovitz , Gar ( 2005 ) . `` The onset and persistence of secular stagnation in the U.S. economy : 1910 - 1990 , Journal of Economic Issues '' . Jump up ^ Beaudreau ( 1996 ) cites capacity utilization at 84 - 86 % , which would be a decent number today ; however , there were some industrial leaders who complained of overcapacity , as did Senator Smoot . Jump up ^ Jerome , Harry ( 1934 ) . Mechanization in Industry , National Bureau of Economic Research < For the several industries studied industry expansion offset most of the productivity gains that would otherwise have resulted in many more job losses than actually occurred . To prevent rising unemployment the laid off workers would have to have changed industries , but it was noted that even if workers were successful at such a change the time typically took 18 months or more . The employment statistics for the 1930 census reflect conditions after the start of the depression so the actual employment situation prior to the depression is unknown. > Jump up ^ `` Hours of Work in U.S. History '' . 2010 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Whaples , Robert ( June 1991 ) . `` The Shortening of the American Work Week : An Economic and Historical Analysis of Its Context , Causes , and Consequences , The Journal of Economic History , Vol. 51 , No. 2 ; pp. 454 -- 57 '' . Jump up ^ Field , Alexander ( 2004 ) . `` Technological Change and Economic Growth the Interwar Years and the 1990s '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Hubbert , M. King ( 1940 ) . `` Man Hours and Distribution , Derived from Man Hours : A Declining Quantity , Technocracy , Series A , No. 8 , August 1936 '' . Jump up ^ Stiglitz , Joseph ( 2011 ) . `` The Book of Jobs '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 Jump up ^ Ayres , R.U. ; Ayres , L.W. ; Warr , B. ( 2002 ) . `` Exergy , Power and Work in the U.S. Economy 1900 -- 1998 , Insead 's Center For the Management of Environmental Resources , 2002 / 52 / EPS / CMER '' ( PDF ) < Fig. 4 in Appendix > From one - sixth to one - quarter of all land had been used to grow animal feed . Jump up ^ Atack , Jeremy ; Passell , Peter ( 1994 ) . A New Economic View of American History . New York : W.W. Norton and Co. pp. 574 -- 6 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 96315 - 2 . Jump up ^ General Motors and the Decline of Streetcars Jump up ^ Field , Alexander J. ( 2011 ) . A Great Leap Forward : 1930s Depression and U.S. Economic Growth . New Haven , London : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 15109 - 1 . Jump up ^ David M. Kennedy , ' Freedom From Fear , The American People in Depression and War 1929 -- 1945 , Oxford University Press , 1999 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 503834 - 7 , pp. 122 , 123 Jump up ^ Dorfman , 1959 Jump up ^ Allgoewer , Elisabeth ( May 2002 ) . `` Underconsumption theories and Keynesian economics . Interpretations of the Great Depression '' ( PDF ) . Discussion paper no . 2002 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Peter Clemens , Prosperity , Depression and the New Deal : The USA 1890 -- 1954 , Hodder Education , 2008 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 340 - 965887 , p. 108 Jump up ^ The Road to Plenty ( 1928 ) ^ Jump up to : Chapter 15 : The Great Depression . ( 1999 ) . Growth of the International Economy 1820 -- 2000 ( pp. 226 -- 34 ) . Taylor & Francis Ltd / Books . Jump up ^ Ben Bernanke , Studies on the Great Depression , Princeton University Press , 2009 . Jump up ^ Eichengreen 1992 , p. xi Jump up ^ Bernanke 2002 , p. 80 Jump up ^ Gold Standards and the Real Bills Doctrine in U.S. Monetary Policy , RICHARD H. TIMBERLAKE http://www.econjournalwatch.org/pdf/TimberlakeIntellectualTyrannyAugust2005.pdf Jump up ^ Parker , p. 49 . ^ Jump up to : Chernow , R. ( 2009 , Oct 23 ) . Everyman 's financial meltdown . New York Times ( 1923 - Current File ) . Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1030683641 ^ Jump up to : Temin , P. ( 2010 ) . The Great Recession & the Great Depression . Daedalus , 139 ( 4 ) , 115 -- 24 . Jump up ^ White , 1990 . Jump up ^ Protectionism and the Great Depression , Paul Krugman , New York Times , November 30 , 2009 Jump up ^ The protectionist temptation : Lessons from the Great Depression for today , VOX , Barry Eichengreen , Douglas Irwin , 17 March 2009 ^ Jump up to : EICHENGREEN , B. , & IRWIN , D.A. ( 2010 ) . The Slide to Protectionism in the Great Depression : Who Succumbed and Why ? . Journal of Economic History , 70 ( 4 ) , 871 -- 97 . ^ Jump up to : Robert Whaples , `` Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians ? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions '' , Journal of Economic History , Vol. 55 , No. 1 ( Mar. , 1995 ) , pp. 139 -- 54 in JSTOR Jump up ^ `` Protectionism and the Great Depression '' . Paul Krugman Blog . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Temin , P. 1989 . Lessons from the Great Depression , MIT Press , Cambridge , Mass ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Hansen , Alvin ( 1939 ) . `` Economic Progress and Declining Population Growth '' . ISBN 978 - 1162557823 < Originally printed in a journal . Reprinted 2004 , 2010 > ^ Jump up to : Barber , Clarence L. `` On the Origins of the Great Depression '' , Southern Economic Journal , January , 1978 , 44 ( 3 ) , pp. 432 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Barber , Clarence L. `` On the Origins of the Great Depression '' , Southern Economic Journal , January 1978 , 44 ( 3 ) , pp. 432 -- 56 . See also Bolch , B.W. and J.D. Pilgrim , `` A Reappraisal of Some Factors Associated with Fluctuations in the United States in the Interwar Period . '' Southern Economic Journal , January 1973 , pp. 327 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Atack , Jeremy ; Passell , Peter ( 1994 ) . A New Economic View of American History . New York : W.W. Norton and Co. p. 599 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 96315 - 2 . Jump up ^ Longman , Philip ( 2004 ) . The Empty Cradle : How Falling Birthrates Threaten World Prosperity And What to Do About It . p. 87 . ISBN 0 - 465 - 05050 - 6 . Jump up ^ Melvin I. Urofsky , The American Presidents : Critical Essays , ISBN 0 - 8153 - 2184 - 8 , p. 391 ^ Jump up to : J. Bradford De Long , `` Liquidation '' Cycles : Old Fashioned Real Business Cycle Theory and the Great Depression , National Bureau of Economic Research , Working Paper No. 3546 , p. 1 Jump up ^ White , Lawrence ( 2008 ) . `` Did Hayek and Robbins Deepen the Great Depression ? '' . Journal of Money , Credit , and Banking . 40 ( 40 ) : 751 -- 768 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1538 - 4616.2008. 00134. x . ^ Jump up to : White , Lawrence ( 2008 ) . `` Did Hayek and Robbins Deepen the Great Depression ? '' . Journal of Money , Credit and Banking . 40 ( 40 ) : 751 -- 768 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1538 - 4616.2008. 00134. x . Jump up ^ J. Bradford De Long , `` Liquidation '' Cycles : Old Fashioned Real Business Cycle Theory and the Great Depression , National Bureau of Economic Research , Working Paper No. 3546 , p. 5 ^ Jump up to : Randall E. Parker , Reflections on the Great Depression , Elgar publishing , 2003 , ISBN 978 - 1843763352 , p. 9 Jump up ^ Hoover , Herbert . The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover , p. 31 Archived December 17 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Bradford DeLong , What Was Herbert Hoover 's Fiscal Policy ? Jump up ^ J. Bradford De Long , `` Liquidation '' Cycles : Old Fashioned Real Business Cycle Theory and the Great Depression , National Bureau of Economic Research , Working Paper No. 3546 , p. 33 Jump up ^ Lawrence White , The Clash of Economic Ideas : The Great Policy Debates and Experiments of the 20th Century ( Cambridge University Press ) , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Peter Clemens , Prosperity , Depression and the New Deal : The USA 1890 -- 1954 , Hodder Education , 4 . Auflage , 2008 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 340 - 965887 , pp. 110 -- 11 Jump up ^ Peter Clemens , Prosperity , Depression and the New Deal : The USA 1890 -- 1954 , Hodder Education , 4 . Auflage , 2008 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 340 - 965887 , p. 120 Jump up ^ Peter Clemens , Prosperity , Depression and the New Deal : The USA 1890 -- 1954 , Hodder Education , 4 . Auflage , 2008 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 340 - 965887 , p. 113 Jump up ^ `` Reconstruction Finance Corporation '' . EH.net Encyclopedia . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Peter Clemens , Prosperity , Depression and the New Deal : The USA 1890 -- 1954 , Hodder Education , 4 . Auflage , 2008 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 340 - 965887 , p. 114 Jump up ^ Houck , D.W. ( 2000 ) . RHETORIC AS CURRENCY : HERBERT HOOVER AND THE 1929 STOCK MARKET CRASH . Rhetoric & Public Affairs , 3 ( 2 ) , 155 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Barber , C.L. ( 1978 ) . `` On the Origins of the Great Depression '' . Southern Economic Journal , 44 ( 3 ) , 432 . Jump up ^ Lewis , W.A. Economic Survey , 1919 -- 1929 . London : Allen and Unwin , 1949 . ^ Jump up to : Roy G. Blakey , Gladys C. Blakey , The Federal Income Tax , 2006 , p. 301 Jump up ^ Roy G. Blakey , Gladys C. Blakey , The Federal Income Tax , 2006 , pp. 302 -- 03 Jump up ^ Roy G. Blakey , Gladys C. Blakey , The Federal Income Tax , 2006 , p. 304 Jump up ^ Roy G. Blakey , Gladys C. Blakey , The Federal Income Tax , 2006 , p. 305 Jump up ^ Walsh , Kenneth T. ( September 10 , 2008 ) The Most Consequential Elections in History : Franklin Delano Roosevelt and the Election of 1932 -- US News and World Report . Usnews.com . Retrieved on July 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Cole , Harold L. , and Lee E. Ohanian . `` The Great Depression from a Neoclassical Perspective . '' N.p. , n.d. Web . < https://www.minneapolisfed.org/research/qr/qr2311.pdf > . ^ Jump up to : Chari , V.V. , Patrick J. Kehoe , and Ellen R. McGrattan . `` Accounting for the Great Depression . '' N.p. , n.d. Web . < https://www.minneapolisfed.org/research/qr/qr2721.pdf > . Jump up ^ De Vroey , Michel R. `` Real Business Cycle Theory and the Great Depression : The Abandonment of the Abstentionist Viewpoint . '' N.p. , n.d. Web . < http://www.econ.umn.edu/~tkehoe/classes/DevroeyPensieroso.pdf > . References ( edit ) Dorfman , Joseph ( 1959 ) . `` Economic Mind in American Civilization '' vol 4 and 5 cover the ideas of all American economists of 1918 - 1933 . Friedman , Milton and Anna Jacobson Schwartz , A Monetary History of the United States , 1867 -- 1960 ( 1963 ) Meltzer , Allan H. 2003 A History of the Federal Reserve Volume I : 1913 -- 1951 Chicago University Press , Chicago , IL Rothbard , Murray N. 1963 America 's Great Depression D. Van Nostrand Company , Princeton , NJ Rothbard , Murray N. A History of Money and Banking in the United States : The Colonial Era to World War II ( 2002 ) Samuelson , Paul ( 1948 ) . `` Economics '' . White , Eugene N. `` The Stock Market Boom and Crash of 1929 Revisited '' Journal of Economic Perspectives , Vol. 4 , No. 2 ( Spring , 1990 ) , pp. 67 -- 83 ; examines different theories Further reading ( edit ) World ( edit ) Ambrosius , G. and W. Hibbard . A Social and Economic History of Twentieth - Century Europe ( 1989 ) Barber , Clarence Lyle ( University of Manitoba ) `` On the Origins of the Great Depression '' ( 1978 ) Bordo , Michael , and Anna J. Schwartz , eds . A Retrospective on the Classical Gold Standard , 1821 -- 1931 ( 1984 ) ( National Bureau of Economic Research Conference Report ) Bordo , Michael et al. eds . The Gold Standard and Related Regimes : Collected Essays ( 1999 ) Brown , Ian . The Economies of Africa and Asia in the Inter-War Depression ( 1989 ) Davis , Joseph S . The World Between the Wars , 1919 -- 39 : An Economist 's View ( 1974 ) Eichengreen , Barry . Golden Fetters : The Gold Standard and the Great Depression , 1919 -- 1939 ( NBER Series on Long - Term Factors in Economic Development ) , 1996 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 510113 - 8 Eichengreen , Barry , and Marc Flandreau , eds . The Gold Standard in Theory and History ( 1997 ) Feinstein , Charles H. The European Economy Between the Wars ( 1997 ) Garraty , John A . The Great Depression : An Inquiry into the Causes , Course , and Consequences of the Worldwide Depression of the Nineteen - Thirties , as Seen by Contemporaries and in Light of History ( 1986 ) Garraty , John A. Unemployment in History ( 1978 ) Garside , William R. Capitalism in Crisis : International Responses to the Great Depression ( 1993 ) Haberler , Gottfried . The World Economy , Money , and the Great Depression 1919 -- 1939 ( 1976 ) Hall , Thomas E. and J. David Ferguson . The Great Depression : An International Disaster of Perverse Economic Policies ( 1998 ) Kaiser , David E. Economic Diplomacy and the Origins of the Second World War : Germany , Britain , France and Eastern Europe , 1930 -- 1939 ( 1980 ) Kindleberger , Charles P . The World in Depression , 1929 -- 1939 ( 1983 ) ; Tipton , F. and R. Aldrich . An Economic and Social History of Europe , 1890 -- 1939 ( 1987 ) United States ( edit ) Ben S. Bernanke . Essays on the Great Depression ( 2000 ) Bernstein , Michael A . The Great Depression : Delayed Recovery and Economic Change in America , 1929 -- 1939 ( 1989 ) focus on low - growth and high - growth industries Bordo , Michael D. , Claudia Goldin , and Eugene N. White , eds . The Defining Moment : The Great Depression and the American Economy in the Twentieth Century ( 1998 ) . Advanced economic history . Chandler , Lester . America 's Greatest Depression ( 1970 ) . economic history overview . De Long , Bradford . Liquidation Cycles and the Great Depression ( 1991 ) Jensen , Richard J. `` The Causes and Cures of Unemployment in the Great Depression , '' Journal of Interdisciplinary History 19 ( 1989 ) 553 -- 83 . online at JSTOR in most academic libraries McElvaine , Robert S . The Great Depression ( 2nd ed 1993 ) social history Mitchell , Broadus . Depression Decade : From New Era through New Deal , 1929 -- 1941 ( 1964 ) , standard economic history overview . Warren , Harris Gaylord . Herbert Hoover and the Great Depression ( 1959 ) . Role of the United States Federal Reserve ( edit ) Chandler , Lester V. American Monetary Policy , 1928 -- 41 . ( 1971 ) . Epstein , Gerald and Thomas Ferguson . `` Monetary Policy , Loan Liquidation and Industrial Conflict : Federal Reserve System Open Market Operations in 1932 . '' Journal of Economic History 44 ( December 1984 ) : 957 -- 84 . in JSTOR Kubik , Paul J. , `` Federal Reserve Policy during the Great Depression : The Impact of Interwar Attitudes regarding Consumption and Consumer Credit . '' Journal of Economic Issues . Vo : 30 . Issue : 3 . Publication Year : 1996 . pp 829 + . Mayhew , Anne . `` Ideology and the Great Depression : Monetary History Rewritten . '' Journal of Economic Issues 17 ( June 1983 ) : 353 -- 60 . Meltzer , Allan H. A History of the Federal Reserve , Volume 1 : 1913 -- 1951 ( 2004 ) the standard scholarly history Steindl , Frank G. Monetary Interpretations of the Great Depression . ( 1995 ) . Temin , Peter . Did Monetary Forces Cause the Great Depression ? ( 1976 ) . Wicker , Elmus R. `` A Reconsideration of Federal Reserve Policy during the 1920 -- 1921 Depression , '' Journal of Economic History ( 1966 ) 26 : 223 -- 38 , in JSTOR Wicker , Elmus . Federal Reserve Monetary Policy , 1917 -- 33 . ( 1966 ) . Wells , Donald R . The Federal Reserve System : A History ( 2004 ) Wueschner , Silvano A. Charting Twentieth - Century Monetary Policy : Herbert Hoover and Benjamin Strong , 1917 -- 1927 Greenwood Press . ( 1999 ) ( hide ) Great Depression Topics Causes Wall Street Crash of 1929 Smoot - Hawley Tariff Act Dust Bowl New Deal Recession of 1937 -- 1938 Effects by area Australia Canada Chile Central Europe France Germany India Japan Latin America Netherlands South Africa United Kingdom United States Cities Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Causes_of_the_Great_Depression&oldid=826325363 '' Categories : 1920s economic history Great Depression Causes of events Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats Webarchive template wayback links All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from October 2013 Articles to be expanded from April 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2007 Articles needing additional references from June 2015 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español עברית 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 13 : 55 . 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6065563989884501561	Bordeaux wine regions	Bordeaux wine regions - wikipedia Bordeaux wine regions This article is about the various different regions , or AOCs , which lie within the wine region of Bordeaux . For the wine generally , see Bordeaux wine . The wine regions of Bordeaux are a large number of wine growing areas , differing widely in size and sometimes overlapping , which lie within the overarching wine region of Bordeaux , centred on the city of Bordeaux and covering the whole area of the Gironde department of Aquitaine . The Bordeaux region is naturally divided by the Gironde Estuary into a Left Bank area which includes the Médoc and Graves and a Right Bank area which includes the Libournais , Bourg and Blaye . The Médoc is itself divided into Haut - Médoc ( the upstream or southern portion ) and Bas - Médoc ( the downstream or northern portion , often referred to simply as `` Médoc '' ) . There are various sub-regions within the Haut - Médoc , including St - Estèphe , Pauillac , St. - Julien and Margaux and the less well known areas of AOC Moulis and Listrac . Graves includes the sub-regions of Pessac - Léognan and Sauternes ( among others ) , and Sauternes in turn includes the sub-region of Barsac . The Libournais includes the sub-regions of Saint - Émilion and Pomerol ( among others ) . There is an additional wine region of Entre - Deux - Mers , so called because it lies between the Garonne and Dordogne rivers , which combine to form the Gironde . This region contains several less well known sweet wine areas of Cadillac and St. Croix de Mont . All of these regions ( except the Libournais ) have their own appellation and are governed by Appellation d'origine contrôlée laws which dictate the permissible grape varieties , alcohol level , methods of pruning and picking , density of planting and appropriate yields as well as various winemaking techniques . Bordeaux wine labels will usually include the region on the front if all the grapes have been harvested in a specific region and the wine otherwise complies with the AOC requirements . There are about 50 AOCs applicable to the Bordeaux region . Both red and white Bordeaux wines are almost invariably blended . The permissible grape varieties in red Bordeaux are : Cabernet Sauvignon , Merlot , Cabernet Franc , Malbec and Petit Verdot . While wine making styles vary , a rule of thumb is that the Left Bank is predominantly Cabernet Sauvignon based with the Right Bank being more Merlot based . The Graves area produces both red wine ( from the grapes previously mentioned ) and white wine from the Sauvignon blanc , Sémillon and Muscadelle grapes . The area of Sauternes ( including Barsac ) is known for its botrytized dessert wines . Bordeaux wine regions of Gironde department and its appellations Contents ( hide ) 1 Classifications 2 Generic Bordeaux 3 Left Bank 3.1 The Médoc 3.1. 1 The Médoc appellations 3.1. 2 Bas - Médoc 3.1. 3 Haut - Médoc 3.1. 3.1 St - Estèphe 3.1. 3.2 Pauillac 3.1. 3.3 St - Julien 3.1. 3.4 Central Médoc 3.1. 3.5 Margaux 3.1. 3.6 Southern Médoc 3.2 Graves 3.2. 1 The Graves appellations 3.2. 2 Pessac - Léognan 3.2. 3 Sauternes and Barsac 4 Right Bank 4.1 The Libournais 4.1. 1 The Libournais appellations 4.1. 2 Pomerol 4.1. 3 Saint - Émilion 4.2 Bourg and Blaye 4.2. 1 The Blayais - Bourgeais appellations 4.2. 2 Côtes - de-Bourg 5 Entre - Deux - Mers 5.1 The Entre - Deux - Mers appellations 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Classifications ( edit ) There are a number of classifications of Bordeaux wines , covering different regions . None of these attempts to be a comprehensive classification of all the producers within a given area : rather , only the producers ( universally known as châteaux , although not usually possessing the architectural grandeur that might imply ) perceived as being of an unusually high standard are included in the classification . The châteaux included in the classification are referred to as classed or classé , and those not included are referred to as unclassed . Some classifications sub-divide the classed châteaux , according to the perceived quality . On the Left Bank , the Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855 is the starting point for classification . Although this purports to be a classification of all Bordeaux wine , it in fact exclusively lists red wine producers from the Haut - Médoc plus Château Haut - Brion of Graves , and ( in a separate list ) sweet white wine producers from Sauternes ( including Barsac ) . Estates in the Médoc which were not classified in that listing may be classified under the Cru Bourgeois label . In 1953 , a Classification of Graves wine was produced . Although this purports to classify the whole of Graves , it exclusively lists châteaux in Pessac - Léognan . In 1954 , a separate classification of Saint - Émilion wine was set up for this Right Bank region . Generic Bordeaux ( edit ) Main article : Regional Bordeaux AOCs A dry white Bordeaux made under the generic Bordeaux AOC . There are eight AOCs that cover the entire department of Gironde . Any producer within the region is entitled to use these appellations , whether or not they are also entitled to use a more specific regional appellation . These appellations are : Bordeaux , Bordeaux Supérieur , Bordeaux Sec , Bordeaux Moelleux , Bordeaux Clairet , Crémant - de-Bordeaux , Bordeaux Rosé and Vin de Pays de l'Atlantique . Where these appellations are used for wines which would otherwise be entitled to use a more specific appellation , they are generally used for wines of lower quality made by a négociant or co-operative . Many of Bordeaux 's supermarket brands like Mouton Cadet , Dourthe Numero 1 and Sichel Sirius utilise these generic Bordeaux AOCs . More than half of Bordeaux 's production uses these generic appellations . Red wine produced under the Bordeaux AOC is made mostly from Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot , with the addition of Cabernet Franc and small amounts of Petit Verdot , Malbec and Carmenère . This appellation covers around 42,600 hectares of vines and produces around 223 million litres of wine ( which is nearly a third of the total wine production of Bordeaux ) . White wine produced under the Bordeaux Sec AOC is made mostly from Sauvignon blanc and Sémillon , with the addition of some Muscadelle , Colombard , Mauzac , Merlot blanc , Ondenc and Ugni blanc . It must contain no more than 4g / l of residual sugar . This appellation covers around 6500 hectares of vines and 38 million litres of wine . If it has more than 4g / l of residual sugar , then it may be labelled as Bordeaux Molleux AOC , but little wine is in fact produced under this AOC . Bordeaux Supérieur AOC covers both red and white wines , and the grapes used are the same , but permitted yields are slightly lower , minimum alcohol content is slightly higher and slightly longer aging is required . The amount of red wine produced under this appellation ( around 45 million litres , from 10,000 hectares of vines ) is much greater than the amount of white wine produced ( around 170,000 litres from 60 hectares ) . Rosé wine produced under the Bordeaux Rosé AOC is made from Cabernet Sauvignon , Merlot and Cabernet Franc . As is usual for Rosé , the grape skins are briefly left in contact with the must , but are removed prior to fermentation . This appellation covers around 4725 hectares of vines and 17 million litres of wine . Bordeaux Clairet AOC is intermediate between red and rosé wine , and is made from the same grapes as Bordeaux Rosé but undergoes a longer maceration ( between 24 and 48 hours ) . Production is around 5 million litres from 925 hectares of vines . Note that , although the description ' clairet ' may be derived from the English ' claret ' , ' claret ' in fact refers exclusively to red Bordeaux . A small amount of sparkling wine is made in the Bordeaux region , under the appellation Crémant - de-Bordeaux AOC ( known before 1990 as Bordeaux Mousseux ) . This is made using the methode traditionelle from the same grapes as white Bordeaux if white and the same grapes as red Bordeaux if rosé . The great majority is white , accounting for around 900,000 litres of production , as opposed to 20,000 litres of rosé . The appellation Vin de Pays de l'Atlantique was introduced in 2006 , as a complement to the existing range of Bordeaux appellations , and covers grape varieties not permitted in classic Bordeaux , notably Chardonnay for white wines and Syrah for red wines . Nearly 4 million litres of wine is produced under this appellation , 62 % of it red . Left Bank ( edit ) The wine regions of the Left bank of the Gironde estuary are bordered by large coniferous forest land that have a tempering effect on the maritime climate of the area . The Médoc ( edit ) Main article : Médoc AOC The region spans the left bank of the Gironde from the mouth of the river to the city of Bordeaux and includes the four famous communes of St - Estephe , Pauillac , St. Julien and Margaux . It is about 60 km north to south , and about 10 km wide , with around 10,600 hectares under vines and a production of about 50 million litres per year . All the wine made here is red . The Médoc appellations ( edit ) Médoc AOC Haut - Médoc AOC Saint - Estèphe AOC Pauillac AOC Saint - Julien AOC Listrac - Médoc AOC Moulis - en - Médoc AOC Margaux AOC Bas - Médoc ( edit ) The northern or down - stream part was formerly known as the Bas - Médoc ( lower Médoc ) , but is now simply ( but confusingly ) labeled as Médoc . This region is some 34 km long , by 10 km wide , stretching from the mouth of the Gironde to St - Estèphe , and includes some 5800 hectares of vines , producing around 28.5 million litres of wine annually . Although the region does not have any classified growths , there are a number of Crus Bourgeois located in the soft clay soil of the Médoc . As Merlot favors the clay more than Cabernet Sauvignon , the wines from this region tend to resemble the right bank style of St. - Emilion more than other left bank wines . Haut - Médoc ( edit ) Main article : Haut - Médoc AOC The southern or up - stream part is known as the Haut - Médoc ( upper Médoc ) . This region is some 45 km long , by 10 km wide . The total area under vines is around 4800 hectares , producing 22 million litres of wine a year . 6 villages have their own appellations : Margaux , St - Julien , Pauillac , St - Estèphe , Listrac and Moulis . The remainder is classified simply as Haut - Médoc . The predominant grape planted here is Cabernet Sauvignon , although before 1800 it was Malbec . St - Estèphe ( edit ) Main article : Saint - Estèphe AOC Among the four famous Left Bank communes , St - Estèphe is the northernmost region with the jalle du Breuil dividing it from Pauillac to the south . The soil of St - Estèphe is a heavy composite of clay washed ashore from the Gironde . This soil type drains slowly and gives St - Estèphe estates an advantage during dry summers . The wines produced here tend to have more acidity than other red Bordeaux and with less perfume . While Cabernet Sauvignon is still the dominant grape , this sub-region has more planting of Merlot than any other area in the Haut - Médoc . St - Estèphe has five classified estates and numerous Cru Bourgeois . The area is also home to several independent vignerons who produce wine as various co-operatives such as the Marquis de Saint - Estèphe and Canterayne . The Château Latour tower in Pauillac is featured on every bottle of this First Growth wine Pauillac ( edit ) Main article : Pauillac AOC Located south of St - Estèphe , the area around Pauillac has the highest elevation of the Médoc with the estates of Château Mouton Rothschild and Château Pontet - Canet sitting on a summit of 30m . Vineyards in Pauillac are not as fragmented as most of the Médoc , with entire slopes and plateaus belonging to a single estate . The area of Pauillac contains three of the five first growth estates of Bordeaux . These are Château Lafite - Rothschild , Château Latour and Château Mouton Rothschild . It also includes 15 other classed growths . St - Julien ( edit ) Main article : Saint - Julien AOC Situated on two plateaus between Pauillac and Margaux , the wine region of St - Julien has the smallest wine production of the four major regions in the Médoc . The region is divided into essentially two areas - the riverside estates around the village of St. Julien and the southern estates around the village of Beychevelle where the areas Cru Bourgeois are also grouped . The waters of the Gironde estuary have a warming influence on the climate which , coupled with the south - easterly exposure of most vineyards , helps to fully ripen the Cabernet Sauvignon vines in this area . St - Julien has the highest proportion of classified estates of all the regions in Bordeaux . These eleven classed growths account for nearly 80 percent of the entire region 's wine production . Just to the west of St - Julien is the village of St - Laurent , with three further classed growths : Château La Tour Carnet , Château Belgrave and Château Camensac . Vineyard of Moulis - en - Médoc Central Médoc ( edit ) This includes the area between St. Julien and Margaux . This area is home to many Crus Bourgeois . Within the Central Medoc there are the appellations Listrac - Médoc and Moulis - en - Médoc . Within Moulis , some wines estates near the village of Grand Poujeaux have added that name to their labels . The Listrac appellation is located on a limestone based plateau and produced highly tannic wines that require a bit of aging before they soften . Margaux ( edit ) Main article : Margaux AOC The Margaux appellation encompasses the village of Margaux and the neighboring villages of Arsac , Labarde , Soussans and Cantenac . It is the most southerly of Médoc 's appellations . This region has the thinnest soil in the region with the highest proportion of gravel that allows the soil to drain very well . The wines from this area are very susceptible to weather effects during the growing season and harvest . The area is home to more 21 classified growths , more than any other appellation , with numerous second and third growths as well as one first growth , Château Margaux . Southern Médoc ( edit ) The area just south of Margaux is called Southern Médoc with wines produced in this area using the Haut - Médoc designation . This area includes the classified growths of Château La Lagune in Ludon and Château Cantemerle in Macau . Graves ( edit ) Main article : Graves This region is bordered on the north by the Garonne river and contains the sub regions of Pessac - Léognan , Sauternes and Barsac . It is known for its intensely gravelly soil . The soil is the result glaciers from the Ice Age which also left white quartz deposits that can still be found in the soil of some of the top wine making estates . While Château Haut - Brion was included in the 1855 classification of the Médoc , the Graves appellation itself was classified in 1953 for its red wine producers . White wine were included in an updated 1959 classification . The Graves is considered the birthplace of claret . In the Middle Ages , the wines that were first exported to England were produced in this area . Château Pape Clément , founded at the turn of the fourteenth century by the future Pope Clement V , was the first named chateaux in all of Bordeaux . In 1663 , Samuel Pepys ' mention of Château Haut - Brion was the first recorded mention of French Claret in London . The Graves appellations ( edit ) Graves AOC / Graves Supérieures AOC Pessac - Léognan AOC Cérons AOC Sauternes AOC Barsac AOC Pessac - Léognan ( edit ) Main article : Pessac - Léognan This area of the Graves , located just south of the city of Bordeaux , is home to the first growth estate Château Haut - Brion , as well as all the 1953 classified Graves Growths , including Château La Mission Haut - Brion and Château Laville Haut - Brion . In addition to wine production , the area is known for its crops of pine trees and vineyards are often separated by rows of forest trees . The soil of Pessac - Léognan is composed of gravel terraces with sediments from different geological eras . The area received appellation status in 1987 and produces both red and white wines . All of the estates named in the 1959 Graves classification are located in this appellation . Cabernet Sauvignon is the dominant grape variety , followed by Merlot and the white wine grapes Sauvignon blanc and Sémillon . The white wines of this area are barrel fermented and aged on their lees . Sauternes and Barsac ( edit ) Main article : Sauternes ( wine ) A Sauternes vineyard Sauternes is a subregion of Graves known for its intensely sweet , white , dessert wines such as the Premier Cru Supérieur classified Château d'Yquem . Wines produced in the region of Barsac , such as Premiers Crus Château Climens and Château Coutet are allowed to be labeled either with the commune name or with Sauternes . The intense sweetness is the result of the grapes being affected by Botrytis cinerea , a fungus that is commonly known as noble rot . In the autumn , the Ciron river produces mist that descends upon the area and persists until after dawn . These conditions are conducive to the growth of the fungus which desiccates the grape and concentrates the sugars inside . The three main grapes of this area are Sémillon , Sauvignon blanc and Muscadelle . Production costs for this area 's botrytized wines are comparatively high . The evaporation and fungus produce low yields , five to six times less than in other Bordeaux regions . The grapes are normally harvested individually from the bunch with pickers going through the vineyards several times between September and November to ensure that the grapes are picked at their optimal points . The wine is then fermented in small oak barrels , further adding to the cost . Even with half bottles of the First Growths priced at several hundred dollars , these wines still have difficulties turning a profit and in the mid 20th century a string of bad vintages drove many growers in the region out of business . Right Bank ( edit ) The Libournais ( edit ) The area of Libournais encompasses much of what is referred to as the Right Bank . Named for its historical capital , Libourne , this area sits on the right bank of the Dordogne river and expands west past the convergence of the Isle river . Further west , after the Garonne and Dordogne rivers meet , the region of Bourg and Blaye is found the right bank of the Garonne . The expression Right Bank typically refers to wines from the Pomerol and St - Emilion areas of Libournais . The Libournais appellations ( edit ) Saint - Émilion AOC Montagne - Saint - Émilion AOC Saint - Georges - Saint - Émilion AOC Lussac - Saint - Émilion AOC Puisseguin - Saint - Émilion AOC Pomerol AOC Lalande - de-Pomerol AOC Fronsac AOC Canon - Fronsac AOC Castillon - Côtes - de-Bordeaux AOC ( formerly Côtes - de-Castillon AOC ) , a sub-appellation of Côtes - de-Bordeaux AOC Francs - Côtes - de-Bordeaux AOC ( formerly Bordeaux Cotes - de-Francs AOC ) , a sub-appellation of Côtes - de-Bordeaux AOC Pomerol ( edit ) Main article : Pomerol AOC The area of Pomerol was first cultivated by the Romans during their occupation of the area . Up until the early 20th century the area was known mostly for its white wine production . This area within Libournais does n't have a distinct city center with several villages spread across an area about the same size as St. - Julien . The area overall has gravel - based soil that is typical of Bordeaux , with western and southern sections having more sandy soil while the northern and eastern sections toward St. - Emilion have more clay composition . The wines of Pomerol have a high composition of Merlot in their blends and are considered the gentlest and least tannic and acidic of Bordeaux wines . Cabernet Franc , known in this area as Bouchet is the second leading grape and helps to contribute to the dark , deep coloring that is typical of Pomerol wines . Due to the reduced tannins found in these wines , they can typically be drunk much younger than other red Bordeaux . The chateaux in the area are not classified , with the winemakers seemingly disinclined to devise one , although Château Pétrus is often unofficially grouped with the First Growths of Bordeaux . Saint - Émilion ( edit ) Saint - Émilion Main article : Saint - Émilion AOC The wine region of Saint - Émilion centres on the commune of the same name . There are several villages around the region that share the Saint - Émilion name , such as Montagne - Saint - Émilion and St - Georges - Saint - Émilion , and are permitted to label their wines under the same name . The area is bordered to the west by Pomerol . Merlot is the dominant grape in this area , followed by Cabernet Franc . The climate and damper , cool soils of the area makes it difficult for Cabernet Sauvignon grapes to fully ripen and as such is less often used . The wines take a little longer to mature than the ones in Pomerol but are still able to be drunk relatively young for a Bordeaux ( 4 -- 8 years ) . In favorable vintages the wines have a good aging potential . Saint - Émilion wines were first classified in 1878 and have been continuously revised with the most recent revision occurring in 2006 . Chateaux are divided into two First Growth classification - Premiers Grands Crus Classés A , which currently includes Château Ausone and Château Cheval Blanc , and Premiers Grands Crus Classés B which currently includes 13 chateaux such as Château Angélus and Château Figeac . Below the Premiers crus are the Grands Crus Classés which currently includes 55 chateaux . Estates can apply for classification by passing two tasting panels . Vineyards in Saint - Émilion Bourg and Blaye ( edit ) The Garonne and Dordogne rivers meet near Bourg North of Libournais , this area sits on the Right Bank of the Garonne and Dordogne rivers and is one of the oldest wine producing regions in Bordeaux , exporting wine long before the Médoc was even planted . Merlot is the main grape of the area followed by Cabernet Sauvignon , Cabernet Franc and Malbec . The area around Bourg also has sizable Sauvignon blanc planting for sparkling wines and Ugni blanc for cognac . The Blayais - Bourgeais appellations ( edit ) Blaye AOC Blaye - Côtes - de-Bordeaux AOC ( formerly Premières - côtes - de-Blaye AOC ) , a sub-appellation of Côtes - de-Bordeaux AOC Côtes - de-Bourg Côtes - de-Bourg ( edit ) Main article : Côtes - de-Bourg Historians date the first vineyards from the 2nd century AD , when the Romans planted the first `` Vitis Biturica '' . The appellation has a range of gravel , alluvium , clay and limestone soils . The wine from Côtes - de-Bourg is mostly red made from a combination of Merlot , Cabernet Sauvignon , Malbec and Cabernet Franc grapes . There is only a small amount of white wine made from Ugni blanc and Colombard grapes . There are around 200 Chateaux producers in the appellation including Chateau Bujan , Chateau Roc de Cambes , Chateau Nodoz , Chateau Fougas Maldoror , Chateau Falfas , Chateau Civrac , Chateau Tayac , Macay , Chateau Rousette , Chateau Haut Maco , Chateau Guiraud . Pascal Meli shows us the entrance to his cellar at Chateau Bujan in the Cotes de Bourg , Bordeaux , France . Entre - Deux - Mers ( edit ) Main article : Entre - Deux - Mers A white Bordeaux from the Entre - Deux - Mers region . Entre - deux - mers ( literally , between two seas ) is a dry white wine made in Bordeaux . The appellation is one of the largest in the Bordeaux region and is situated between the Garonne and the Dordogne ( which are actually considered inland seas ) . The area is responsible for three quarters of the red wine sold under the generic Bordeaux AOC or Bordeaux supérieur labels . The Entre - Deux - Mers appellations ( edit ) Entre - Deux - Mers AOC Graves de Vayres AOC Premières Côtes de Bordeaux AOC ( now merged into Côtes - de-Bordeaux AOC ) Cadillac AOC Loupiac AOC Sainte - Croix - du - Mont AOC Bordeaux - Haut - Benauge AOC Entre - Deux - Mers Haut - Benauge AOC Côtes - de-Bordeaux - Saint - Macaire AOC Sainte - Foy - Bordeaux AOC See also ( edit ) French wine History of Bordeaux wine References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Clarke , Oz . Oz Clarke 's New Essential Wine Book ( 3rd ed . ) . p. 33 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Oz . Oz Clarke 's New Essential Wine Book ( 3rd ed . ) . pp. 35 -- 36 . Jump up ^ T. Stevenson `` The Sotheby 's Wine Encyclopedia '' pg 67 - 68 Dorling Kindersley 2005 ISBN 0 - 7566 - 1324 - 8 Jump up ^ `` Bordeaux , Bordeaux Supérieur '' . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bordeaux '' ( in French ) . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ P. Saunders Wine Label Language pgs 42 - 43 Firefly Books 2004 ISBN 1 - 55297 - 720 - X Jump up ^ `` Bordeaux Sec '' ( in French ) . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Guide to the Appellations of Bordeaux '' ( PDF ) . p. 23 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 April 2012 . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Hugh ( 2009 ) . Pocket Wine Book 2010 . London : Octopus Publishing Group Ltd. p. 44 . Jump up ^ `` Bordeaux Supérieur '' ( in French ) . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bordeaux Rosé '' ( in French ) . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bordeaux Clairet '' ( in French ) . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Guide to the Appellations of Bordeaux '' ( PDF ) . p. 9 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 April 2012 . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Rowe , David ( 1999 ) . Collins Gem Wine Dictionary . Glasgow : HarperCollins Publishers . p. 87 . Jump up ^ `` Crémant - de-Bordeaux '' ( in French ) . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Vin de Pays de l'Atlantique '' ( in French ) . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bordeaux Médoc '' . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Médoc '' . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ H. Johnson & J. Robinson The World Atlas of Wine pg 86 Mitchell Beazley Publishing 2005 ISBN 1 - 84000 - 332 - 4 Jump up ^ `` Haut Médoc '' . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Hugh ( 1994 ) . World Atlas of Wine ( 4th ed . ) . London : Octopus Publishing Group Ltd. p. 88 . ^ Jump up to : H. Johnson & J. Robinson The World Atlas of Wine pg 88 Mitchell Beazley Publishing 2005 ISBN 1 - 84000 - 332 - 4 Jump up ^ K. MacNeil The Wine Bible pg 133 Workman Publishing 2001 ISBN 1 - 56305 - 434 - 5 ^ Jump up to : H. Johnson & J. Robinson The World Atlas of Wine pg 90 Mitchell Beazley Publishing 2005 ISBN 1 - 84000 - 332 - 4 ^ Jump up to : Clarke , Oz ( 2005 ) . Oz Clarke 's New Essential Wine Book ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Websters International Publishers and Octopus Publishing Group . p. 48 . ^ Jump up to : H. Johnson & J. Robinson The World Atlas of Wine pg 92 Mitchell Beazley Publishing 2005 ISBN 1 - 84000 - 332 - 4 ^ Jump up to : C. Fallis , editor The Encyclopedic Atlas of Wine pg 188 Global Book Publishing 2006 ISBN 1 - 74048 - 050 - 3 Jump up ^ H. Johnson & J. Robinson The World Atlas of Wine pg 94 Mitchell Beazley Publishing 2005 ISBN 1 - 84000 - 332 - 4 ^ Jump up to : H. Johnson & J. Robinson The World Atlas of Wine pg 96 Mitchell Beazley Publishing 2005 ISBN 1 - 84000 - 332 - 4 Jump up ^ H. Johnson & J. Robinson The World Atlas of Wine pg 97 Mitchell Beazley Publishing 2005 ISBN 1 - 84000 - 332 - 4 Jump up ^ H. Johnson & J. Robinson The World Atlas of Wine pg 98 Mitchell Beazley Publishing 2005 ISBN 1 - 84000 - 332 - 4 Jump up ^ K. MacNeil The Wine Bible pg 134 Workman Publishing 2001 ISBN 1 - 56305 - 434 - 5 ^ Jump up to : C. Fallis , editor The Encyclopedic Atlas of Wine pg 194 Global Book Publishing 2006 ISBN 1 - 74048 - 050 - 3 ^ Jump up to : J. Robinson Jancis Robinson Oxford Companion to Wine pg 325 Third Edition Oxford University Press 2006 ISBN 0 - 19 - 860990 - 6 ^ Jump up to : H. Johnson & J. Robinson The World Atlas of Wine pg 100 Mitchell Beazley Publishing 2005 ISBN 1 - 84000 - 332 - 4 ^ Jump up to : H. Johnson & J. Robinson The World Atlas of Wine pg 102 Mitchell Beazley Publishing 2005 ISBN 1 - 84000 - 332 - 4 Jump up ^ H. Johnson & J. Robinson The World Atlas of Wine pg 104 Mitchell Beazley Publishing 2005 ISBN 1 - 84000 - 332 - 4 ^ Jump up to : H. Johnson & J. Robinson The World Atlas of Wine pg 106 Mitchell Beazley Publishing 2005 ISBN 1 - 84000 - 332 - 4 ^ Jump up to : H. Johnson & J. Robinson The World Atlas of Wine pg 108 Mitchell Beazley Publishing 2005 ISBN 1 - 84000 - 332 - 4 Jump up ^ H. Johnson & J. Robinson The World Atlas of Wine pg 111 Mitchell Beazley Publishing 2005 ISBN 1 - 84000 - 332 - 4 Jump up ^ H. Johnson & J. Robinson The World Atlas of Wine pg 82 Mitchell Beazley Publishing 2005 ISBN 1 - 84000 - 332 - 4 External links ( edit ) Bordeaux.com Conseil Interprofessionnel du Vin de Bordeaux ( CIVB ) Bordeaux wine map Bordeaux wine discovery Bordeaux wine guide Académie du vin de Bordeaux Map of The Bordeaux Wine Regions Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bordeaux_wine_regions&oldid=839633591 '' Categories : Bordeaux wine Bordeaux AOCs Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Português Русский Svenska Українська 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 May 2018 , at 17 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	merlot is commonly grown on the right bank of the dordogne river	[]	[]
-6900249664263021306	Say Something	Say Something - wikipedia Say Something Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Say Something ( disambiguation ) . `` Say Something '' Single by A Great Big World and Christina Aguilera from the album Is There Anybody Out There ? Released September 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 03 ) Format CD digital download Recorded 2013 Genre Indie pop Length 3 : 49 Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Ian Axel Chad King Mike Campbell Producer ( s ) Dan Romer A Great Big World singles chronology `` This Is the New Year '' ( 2013 ) `` Say Something '' ( 2013 ) `` Already Home '' ( 2014 ) `` This Is the New Year '' ( 2013 ) `` Say Something '' ( 2013 ) `` Already Home '' ( 2014 ) Christina Aguilera singles chronology `` Hoy Tengo Ganas Ti '' ( 2013 ) Hoy Tengo Ganas Ti 2013 `` Say Something '' ( 2013 ) Say Something2013 `` We Remain '' ( 2013 ) We Remain 2013 `` Say Something '' is a song by American indie pop duo A Great Big World from their debut album , Is There Anybody Out There ? ( 2013 ) . Written by the duo members -- Ian Axel and Chad King -- alongside Mike Campbell , the song was originally recorded by Axel for his solo album This Is the New Year ( 2011 ) . It was later released as a single by the duo on September 3 , 2013 , by Epic Records . Following its usage on American reality TV show So You Think You Can Dance , the track gained attention from singer Christina Aguilera , who wanted to collaborate with A Great Big World on the song . Quickly afterwards , a re-recorded version of `` Say Something '' with Aguilera was released on November 4 , 2013 . `` Say Something '' is a slow - tempo indie pop piano ballad which talks about a breakup , where the lover is implored to make a statement that could potentially cause the singer to change their mind , with the singers expressing humility , sadness and regret . In the single version with Aguilera , she plays a ghost of the lover to whom the song is addressed as she traces the steps of the lead vocal . The song was praised by music critics for its powerful lyrics , the emotional composition and Aguilera 's vocal delivery . At the 57th Annual Grammy Awards , the song earned A Great Big World and Aguilera a Grammy Award for Best Pop Duo / Group Performance . `` Say Something '' did not sell significantly well until the version with Aguilera was available . It debuted at number 16 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart after A Great Big World and Aguilera performed the song on The Voice . It eventually peaked at number four and has since sold over four million copies in the United States . It also topped the singles charts in Australia , Belgium , and Canada . A music video was released on November 19 , 2013 , featuring the trio singing as people `` act out the heartbreaking lyrics . '' To further promote `` Say Something '' , A Great Big World and Aguilera performed the track at the American Music Awards of 2013 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and release 2 Composition and lyrics 3 Critical response 4 Chart performance 4.1 United States 4.2 Australia and Europe 5 Music video 5.1 Reception 6 Live performances 7 Cover versions 8 In other media 9 Track listing and formats 10 Charts 10.1 Weekly charts 10.2 Year - end charts 11 Certifications 12 Release history 13 See also 14 References 15 External links Background and release ( edit ) `` Say Something '' was originally released on February 8 , 2011 on band member Ian Axel 's solo album This Is the New Year with the song featuring harmonies by guest vocalist Jenny Owen Youngs , but the track went largely unnoticed until it received attention after being used on the TV series So You Think You Can Dance on season 10 's semi final episode contemporary dance routine by the eventual champion Amy Yakima . This sparked a chain reaction that eventually made its way to Christina Aguilera . `` ' Say Something ' was danced to on So You Think You Can Dance almost two months ago , and so many people responded to it , '' Axel tells Billboard . `` In that whole process , someone on our team played it for someone on Christina 's team , and we got a call that Christina wanted to record it , and then , literally a week later , we were in L.A. recording it with her . '' The pair considers Aguilera as having `` one of the top voices in the world , '' says Chad King , and re-recorded `` Say Something '' with her in two hours . `` We look at Christina as this icon who can say anything and make it sound amazing . '' says King . About approaching to the duo to re-record the track , Aguilera said , `` Somebody sent me the song ( ... ) and it 's just the most simplest song that does n't have to fit a formula to be heard and to be appreciated , so I just heard it and I 've never done anything like this before and I was just like , ' You know ' , I just started to hear a harmony part over it and I was like , ' get in touch with these guys and see if they wan na get in the studio and sit behind the piano and just vibe together and see what happens ... ' and we did , and they 're so humble , so sweet , so down to earth , and I 'm all about that and supporting that , and we came together so organically and it was fun . '' Aguilera also added , `` It 's so quiet and still and steady and in a way pleading , '' she describes the song . `` I 'm only taking on projects that feel good to me and represent , as always , a purpose of the here and now in my life . '' Composition and lyrics ( edit ) `` Say Something '' A 23 second sample of `` Say Something '' . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Say Something '' was written by Ian Axel , Chad King , and Mike Campbell while production was handled by Dan Romer . Sonically , the indie pop , piano ballad is underlined by a piano and string arrangement , which was performed by Los Angeles string players Mark Robertson , Andrew Duckles , and Vanessa Freebairn - Smith . The lyrics evoke the emotion felt when choosing to leave a failed relationship even though love still remains , imploring the lover to make a statement that could potentially convince the singer to salvage the relationship instead . For Bill Lamb of About.com , the chorus `` Say something , I 'm giving up on you '' , `` is brilliant . '' Lamb also explained the song , writing that , `` instead of being filled with anger and desperation , it is a song expressing a powerful combination of humility , sadness and regret . '' The song was written at a time when both members were experiencing individual heartbreak . `` Writing the song was part of the healing process , '' says Axel . `` Whenever we perform it , it 's like revisiting the scar . It 's always a part of me , and I can always go there and feel it . '' Lewis Corner of Digital Spy noted that with its `` stripped - down melody and emotive lyrics '' , the song becomes the antithesis of the club - thumping blow - outs radio currently prefers . '' Critical response ( edit ) The personal lyrics , written by the band members ( pictured ) , were highly praised by critics . `` Say Something '' received universal acclaim from music critics , with significant acclaim going towards the emotional tone . Rick Florino of Artist Direct gave the song 5 out of 5 stars , calling it `` Oscar - worthy '' , with `` a cinematic heft to the track that makes it utterly vivid and vibrant . '' Florino also praised Aguilera 's performance , calling it `` one of her best ever , fortifying the hook and harmony masterfully . '' Lewis Corner of Digital Spy praised Aguilera for `` reminding us why she always sounds infinitely better when heading up a ballad '' , calling it `` a beautifully simplistic ode to heartache that evidently connects . '' Robert Copsey also of Digital Spy called it `` one of ( Aguilera 's ) most understated outings in recent memory , and it 's all the better for it . '' Jon O'Brien of Yahoo ! Music noted that the song features Aguilera 's `` most restrained and indeed impressive vocal in years '' , calling the song `` as emotive as it is theatrical . '' Melinda Newman of HitFix praised Aguilera for `` show ( ing ) admirable restraint vocally , beautifully pairing with Axel 's vocals . '' Sam Lansky of Idolator wrote that the song `` was already pretty heartrending , but Aguilera 's vocals provide some lovely support and additional pathos ; it 's a relief to hear that she enriches , rather than overwhelms , the track . '' Bradley Stern of MuuMuse praised the `` slow , sad piano melody '' , the `` mournful strings , '' calling it `` a haunting production -- made even better by the Stripped diva , proving once again that less is often more . '' Stern also praised Aguilera for showing a simple side of her voice , writing that she `` does n't even have her own verse or chorus -- she resigns to delivering subtle , yet effective , backing vocals for the entirety of the re-recording . It 's only in the song 's final few moments that she allows that powerhouse pipes to blow in the background . And those whispers at the very end ? ' Say something , I 'm giving up on you ... ' Gulp . '' Chart performance ( edit ) United States ( edit ) `` We still ca n't even believe that this happened . We can hardly put it into words . Not only did we get to perform on The Voice , but we were honored to do so alongside one of the best voices in the world , ' Christina Aguilera ' . We 're grateful to all of our fans around the globe who have connected with the song so closely . '' -- The duo impressed with the success of the song . The original version of the song had sold only 52,000 downloads before the version with Christina Aguilera was released , according to Nielsen SoundScan . `` Say Something '' debuted at number 16 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , following the impact of the performance on The Voice , as the song started at number - one on Digital Songs with 189,000 sold , with the remix featuring Aguilera accounting for 86 % of the song 's overall download sales in the chart 's tracking week . The song was also a success on the Canadian Hot 100 , debuting at number 9 and peaking at number one . After the performance on the AMAs , the song jumped to number 3 on the Digital Songs chart , with 197,000 copies . It also jumped from number 18 to number 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , becoming A Great Big World 's first top - ten single and Aguilera 's 11th top 10 and second in 2013 ( with the other being `` Feel This Moment '' at number eight ) , becoming the second time she achieved multiple top 10s in a single year , with the first being in 2000 , when ' What a Girl Wants ' ( number - one for two weeks ) , ' I Turn To You ' ( number three ) and ' Come On Over Baby ( All I Want Is You ) ' ( number - one for four weeks ) , all from her self - titled debut album , reached the top tier . The song is also Aguilera 's first top 10 with lead billing since October 2008 , when her single `` Keeps Gettin ' Better '' debuted at its number seven peak . `` Say Something '' also became Epic 's first top - ten hit since 2008 with You Found Me by The Fray . `` Say Something '' peaked at number 4 on the chart in the sixth week of release , with 39 million radio plays and sales of 233,000 copies for the week . The following week , the song sold 355,000 downloads and climbed to number 14 on Radio Songs , although it fell to number five . In February 2014 , the song reached the Radio Songs top 10 , becoming the band 's first top 10 and Aguilera 's ninth , marking her first Radio Songs top 10 in a lead role since `` Beautiful '' in 2003 . The song reached its 3 million sales mark in February 2014 , and was certified triple platinum on March 5 , 2014 . In June of the same year , the single was certified 4x Platinum . As of December 2014 , the song had sold about 4 million copies in the US . In May of 2017 the single was certified 6 × platinum in the United States for sales in excess of 6 million units . Australia and Europe ( edit ) In Australia , `` Say Something '' debuted at number 47 on the week of December 29 , 2013 . Later , it re-entered at number 45 , on January 19 , 2014 . The song went to jump from number 50 to number 9 , on the week of February 2 , 2014 , until it reached the top of the ARIA Charts on the week February 16 , 2014 . It became A Great Big World 's first number - one single and Aguilera 's third number - one single ( the last being `` Beautiful '' in 2003 ) . The song became Aguilera 's 18th Top 10 single in Australia , her last entry was on the Pitbull song `` Feel This Moment '' which made it to number six in March 2013 . In New Zealand , the single debuted at number 18 , on December 16 , 2013 , while on February 10 , 2014 , the song reached a peak of number two ; Aguilera 's highest charting - single since her collaboration with Maroon 5 in `` Moves Like Jagger '' ( 2011 ) , and her 14th top - five single . In Europe , the song managed to become a huge success . In Austria , the song peaked at number four on the Austrian Singles Chart , while in Norway , the song peaked at number eight on the Norwegian Singles Chart and in Sweden , `` Say Something '' became a success , peaking at number four on the Swedish Singles Chart . In other countries , `` Say Something '' was a moderate success , where in Spain , it peaked at number 24 , in Switzerland , the song reached a peak of number 31 and in France , the song is currently at number 29 , as of March 1 , 2014 . In the United Kingdom , `` Say Something '' debuted and peaked at number four on the UK Singles Chart , becoming Aguilera 's 24th Top 40 hit in Britain and A Great Big World 's debut there . Music video ( edit ) A music video , directed by Christopher Sims , was already shot on November 8 , 2013 , with Aguilera posting to her Twitter , Facebook and Instagram page a picture of her standing next to a piano , where the duo is playing the track . The music video , which was shot in Los Angeles , was released on November 19 , 2013 , exclusively on Entertainment Tonight , while VEVO premiered the video on November 20 , 2013 . The video features Aguilera in a minimalistic black dress and natural make - up , reminiscent of her `` Beautiful '' days , according to MTV 's Natasha Chandel . In the video , the trio perform the ballad as people -- a child whose parents wo n't stop fighting , a young couple lying coldly side by side , an older man bidding his dying wife goodbye -- act out the heartbreaking lyrics . Reception ( edit ) The scene where Christina Aguilera is shown with tears welling in her eyes was praised by critics and fans alike due to her delivery . The video received widespread acclaim from critics . For Jason Lipshut of Billboard Magazine , `` Aguilera and AGBW 's Ian Axel look utterly sorrowful as they croon the break - up ballad together , with Axel carefully pounding away at the grand piano and Aguilera appearing on the verge of tears as the song reaches its climax . Meanwhile , various tear - inducing images accompany the majestic track , often in slow motion -- most strikingly , an older man climbing into a hospital bed with his peaceful female counterpart and emitting a silent shout . '' Peter Gicas of E ! Online praised Aguilera 's emotion on the video , writing that she `` serves up a certain subtleness to the clip , which is definitely appropriate given the tone of both the ballad and the video itself . '' Bradley Stern of MuuMuse agreed , writing that , `` Armed with nothing else but a piano and an old bed frame by her side , the ' Lotus ' legend bares her soul and gives you pure Stripped - era vulnerability , conjuring the simple - yet - effective one - take video for ' The Voice Within . ' No over-the - top diva theatrics , no wigs -- just raw emotion and a genuinely powerful performance . '' John Walker of MTV Buzzworthy called the video `` equal parts tragically beautiful and beautifully tragic . Like , hand us a bucket , because we are ugly - crying from our eyes , noses , mouths , ears , and at least 17 other places where tear ducts biologically should n't be located . Mike Wass of Idolator also praised the video , writing that , `` In keeping with the song 's soft and subtle tone , the visual is understated and classy . It centers around a bed and the universality of its occupants ' grief . Interspersed with those scenes is footage of the New York - based duo at the piano and Xtina looking utterly perfect in a sleek black dress . Grab a tissue and watch the emotional clip up top . '' Natasha Chandel of MTV praised `` a rare moment , when Xtina breaks down on camera as the hook , ' Say something , I 'm giving up on you ' crescendos , exposing a tender side to the singer that we have n't seen since her album ' Stripped ' . Live performances ( edit ) A Great Big World performing `` Say Something '' at Jonathan Law High School in Milford , Connecticut in May 2013 On November 5 , 2013 , on the 14th episode from the fifth season of The Voice , Christina Aguilera ( one of the competition 's coaches ) performed `` Say Something '' with A Great Big World . The performance consisted of a piano , some strings and a keyboard for instrumentation , while Aguilera `` reining in her voice 's natural power '' , according to Billboard 's Jason Lipshutz . Christina was wearing white t - shirt , jeans and a woolly hat . The performance was lauded by critics and other artists , such as OneRepublic , Christina Perri , Ingrid Michaelson , Cee Lo Green and Carson Daly . Caila Ball of Idolator wrote that , `` She was legendary , obviously . '' Michelle Stark of Tampa Bay Times wrote the performance `` gives us all of the goosebumps . '' British newspaper Daily Mail wrote that Christina `` gave the competitors a master class in subtlety in her touching duet . '' Douglas Cobb of Las Vegas Guardian Express called it `` a very emotional , low - key , cool performance . It was a very tender , touching song -- Christina did great , as usual , singing it . '' Bradley Stern of MuuMuse called the performance `` perfect '' , writing that , `` Christina keeps it as stripped as the studio version , allowing her naturally beautiful vocals to sound a whole lot more vulnerable than usual . The result ? One powerful , devastating performance -- you 'll be seeing your reflejo in the tears streaming down your face in no time . '' A Great Big World and Aguilera also performed the song at the 2013 American Music Awards on November 24 , 2013 . With her hair in a braid and wearing a muted black dress , Aguilera sang an original verse midway through the performance , which included a string section and a fairly bare stage . With A Great Big World 's Chad King manning the keyboard , the group 's Ian Axel sat at the grand piano and stamped his feet furiously as ' Say Something ' approached its emotional climax , '' according to Billboard 's Jason Lipshutz . Lindsay Dreyer of Wetpaint wrote that `` Taking her rightful place center stage in a floor - length black dress and braided updo , the 32 - year - old pop diva harmonized perfectly with the group 's lead singer Ian Axel , who worked the piano with passion and poise . Xtina 's rich yet breathy tone offered just the right amount of strength and vulnerability -- a side of Christina we have n't seen in a really long time . '' Dreyer finished the review stating , `` If tonight 's AMA performance is any indication , Christina is on the brink of a major music comeback -- and we ca n't wait ! . '' The band also performed the song at the 2013 Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show on December 10 , 2013 . However , Aguilera did not perform the song with them as a duet , due to scheduling conflicts of The Voice . Aguilera also performed the song in Malaysia in a private concert without the band on March 28 . The duo and Aguilera also performed the song during the New Orleans Jazz Festival . She gave a one - and - a-half - hour - long show and then invited the band to perform the song in front of a large crowd on May 2 , 2014 . The band ( sans Aguilera ) sang the song on the September 6 episode of Last Week Tonight in a duet with comedian John Oliver to mourn the loss of the Russian space geckos . The song was performed live on the premiere episode of Late Night with Seth Meyers Cover versions ( edit ) American indie pop duo Alex & Sierra performed the song twice on third season of The X Factor ( U.S. ) , where they were contestants and eventually won the show . During the sixth week , the duo performed the song for the first time , with Sierra on the piano and Alex on guitar . The performance was praised by the judges , with Kelly Rowland , one of them , feeling like she was watching an awards show performance . Catriona Wightman of Digital Spy called it `` pretty simple , but showed how genuinely talented they are . '' The cover version of the song surpassed A Great Big World and Aguilera 's version on iTunes , climbing to number 1 the morning after they sang it onstage . Series creator and head judge Simon Cowell , who mentored the group , claimed that the duo success is proof that the show is still capable of turning small - town kids into bankable stars . The duo performed the song once again on the finale of the show , eventually winning the competition . On January 19 , 2014 , The Voice of the Philippines coaches Sarah Geronimo and Bamboo performed their own rendition of the song on ABS - CBN 's Sunday variety show ASAP 19 . Right after the performance , the hashtag ' SaySomethingAshBoo ' trended on Twitter . Joe Brooks and Tammin Sursok released a pop rock version of the song on March 29 , 2014 , as a single . The song was released under Independent record label Fantastik Music and was distributed by TuneCore . Jackie Evancho and Cheyenne Jackson performed the song on August 10 , 2014 at Longwood Gardens , the last stop on Evancho 's `` Songs from the Silver Screen '' tour . Collabro , the winners of the 2014 edition of Britain 's Got Talent , performed the song at the Royal Variety Performance on 8 December 2014 . Polish singer Łukasz Tokarski covered the song in 2017 . In other Media ( edit ) The original version of the song is featured in NCIS -- the episode number 291 ( S13E09 ) , ( `` Day In Court '' ) . The song is featured in the episode 13 of season 5 of The Vampire Diaries . The instrumental version and first version of the song appears in the series finale episode , ( `` Stiiiiiiill Horny '' ) of Suburgatory . The song is featured in the movie , Perdona Si Te Llamo Amor , released on June 19 , 2014 . The song is heard in the first theatrical trailer for the film adaptation of Gayle Forman 's novel , If I Stay . The song was used in the season 5 finale of Rookie Blue , a Canadian television police drama . The song is heard in the episode 4 of season one of Red Band Society . The original version of the song , without Christina Aguilera , is used in a season 19 episode of South Park ; the episode was entitled : `` Tweek x Craig '' . The song is featured in a trailer for the movie , The 33 . The original version of the song is featured at the end of episode 4 , titled `` Secrets and Lies '' , from season 8 of Heartland ( Canadian TV series ) . Pentatonix did an a cappella cover of the song . Stellenbosch University Choir did an a capella cover as well on the base of the arrangement by Pentatonix . The song is featured at the end of the Season Five finale , `` Buried '' , of `` Republic of Doyle '' Track listing and formats ( edit ) Solo version digital download `` Say Something '' -- 3 : 53 Duet version digital download `` Say Something '' -- 3 : 53 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 -- 14 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 15 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 8 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 91 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 18 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 11 France ( SNEP ) 29 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 36 Ireland ( IRMA ) 6 Israel ( Media Forest ) 5 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 67 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 6 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 8 Portugal Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 8 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 95 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 24 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 20 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 7 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 13 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 38 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 10 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 7 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 31 US Billboard Hot 100 17 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 12 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 18 US Hot Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 29 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 34 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 4 × Platinum 280,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 15,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 15,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 6 × Platinum 480,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Platinum 30,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) streaming Platinum 2,600,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 150,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 30,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) Gold 30,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 2 × Platinum 30,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) 4 × Platinum 40,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 2 × Platinum 80,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Gold 15,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) 6 × Platinum 6,000,000 Venezuela ( APFV ) Platinum 10,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Version ( s ) Format Distributor Belgium 000000002013 - 09 - 03 - 0000 September 3 , 2013 Solo Digital download Epic Records Finland Luxembourg Portugal Switzerland Spain United States Belgium 000000002013 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 2013 Duet Finland Germany Sony Music Entertainment Portugal Epic Records Sweden Switzerland Spain United States Germany 000000002013 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 2013 Duet and solo CD single Sony BMG United Kingdom 000000002014 - 02 - 16 - 0000 February 16 , 2014 Digital download Epic Records See also ( edit ) List of number - one dance singles of 2014 ( U.S. ) List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 2013 List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 2014 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lipshut , Jason ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` A Great Big World Talks ' Say Something ' & Answering Christina Aguilera 's Call '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Christina Aguilera Talks Collaborating on Say Something ; Blake Shelton on His Mom Putting Him in Beauty Pageants '' . Access Hollywood . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wass , Mike ( November 1 , 2013 ) . `` Christina Aguilera Teams Up with a Great Big World for a New Version Of `` Say Something '' : Watch `` . Idolator . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lamb , Bill . `` Review : A Great Big World -- Say Something featuring Christina Aguilera '' . About.com . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift '' . Billboard . ^ Jump up to : McCabe , Kathy ( March 26 , 2014 ) . `` A Great Big World chase their Say Something success with Christina Aguilera to Australia '' . News Corp Australia . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Lansky , Sam ( November 4 , 2013 ) . `` Christina Aguilera Lends Her Vocals to a Great Big World 's `` Say Something '' : Listen `` . Idolator . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Corner , Lewis ( January 16 , 2014 ) . `` A Great Big World ft . Christina Aguilera : Say Something review -- Digital Spy '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Florino , Rick ( November 7 , 2013 ) . `` A Great Big World `` Say Something '' Featuring Christina Aguilera Song Review -- 5 out of 5 stars `` . Artist Direct . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Robert ( November 4 , 2013 ) . `` Playlist : 10 tracks you need to hear '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : O'Brien , Jon ( February 17 , 2014 ) . `` Weekly Singles Review -- A Great Big World ft . Christina Aguilera , Sam Smith & David Guetta '' . Yahoo ! Music . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Newman , Melinda ( November 20 , 2013 ) . `` A Great Big World and Christina Aguilera 's stirring ' Say Something ' video : Watch '' . HitFix . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stern , Bradley . `` CHRISTINA AGUILERA KEEPS IT ( SHOCKINGLY ) SIMPLE ON GORGEOUS RE-RECORDING OF A GREAT BIG WORLD 'S `` SAY SOMETHING '' `` . MuuMuse . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` Eminem Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard 200 , Celine Dion and Avril Lavigne in Top Five '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` Lorde 's ' Royals ' Leads Hot 100 , Lady Gaga 's ' Dope ' Debuts At No. 8 '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard -- Canadian Hota 100 : Page 1 '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( December 4 , 2013 ) . `` One Direction Scores Historic Third No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( December 4 , 2013 ) . `` Miley Cyrus ' ' Wrecking Ball ' Swings Back To No. 1 On Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . 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Jump up ^ https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?artist=%22Aguilera,+Christina%22 ^ Jump up to : `` Australian-charts.com -- A Great Big World and Christina Aguilera -- Say Something '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( January 25 , 2014 ) . `` ARIA Take 40 Chart Facts 25th January 2014 '' . take40.com . MCM Media . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charts.org.nz -- A Great Big World and Christina Aguilera -- Say Something '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Austriancharts.at -- A Great Big World and Christina Aguilera -- Say Something '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Norwegiancharts.com -- A Great Big World and Christina Aguilera -- Say Something '' . VG - lista . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Swedishcharts.com -- A Great Big World & Christina Aguilera -- Say Something '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Spanishcharts.com -- A Great Big World and Christina Aguilera -- Say Something '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Swisscharts.com -- A Great Big World and Christina Aguilera -- Say Something '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lescharts.com -- A Great Big World and Christina Aguilera -- Say Something '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( February 24 , 2014 ) . `` Sam Smith becomes first BRITs Critics Choice winner to debut at Number 1 '' . officialcharts.com . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` On set yesterday at the Say Something music video shoot with Christina Aguilera ! '' . A Great Big World . November 9 , 2013 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Shooting the # SaySomething video with @ AGreatBigWorld ! XoXtina '' . Twitter . November 9 , 2013 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Shot : Christina Aguilera Shoots ' Say Something ' Music Video '' . That Grape Juice . November 9 , 2013 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pace , Robert ( November 19 , 2013 ) . `` World Premiere : ' Say Something ' Music Video '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Chandel , Natasha ( November 20 , 2013 ) . `` Watch Christina Aguilera ' Say Something ' ( And Cry ) With A Great Big World '' . MTV . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` WATCH : Christina Aguilera and A Great Big World 's `` Say Something '' Music Video `` . Gossip Cop . November 19 , 2013 . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lipshut , Jason ( November 20 , 2013 ) . `` A Great Big World , Christina Aguilera Shine In ' Say Something ' Video : Watch '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gicas , Peter ( November 20 , 2013 ) . `` News : Christina Aguilera Keeps Things Understated for A Great Big World 's `` Say Something '' Music Video -- Watch ! `` . E ! Online . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stern , Bradley ( November 19 , 2013 ) . `` The Video for A Great Big World 's `` Say Something '' with Christina Aguilera Will Also Make You Cry `` . MuuMuse . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Walker , John ( November 20 , 2013 ) . `` Christina Aguilera 's ' Say Something ' Video With A Great Big World Should Be Titled ' Weep Everything ' '' . MTV Buzzworthy . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wass , Mike ( November 20 , 2013 ) . `` Christina Aguilera And A Great Big World 's `` Say Something '' Video Will Make You Cry : Watch `` . Idolator . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` It 's not all about you , Christina ! Aguilera takes over The Voice with another show stealing performance as live rounds continue '' . Daily Mail . November 6 , 2013 . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Great Big World 's `` Say Something '' With Christina Aguilera Ascends To No. 1 on iTunes Pop Songs Chart `` . Yahoo !. Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ball , Caila ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Voice ' : Christina Aguilera Performs `` Say Something '' With A Great Big World `` . Idolator . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stark , Michelle ( November 10 , 2013 ) . `` How Christina Aguilera became the best part of ' The Voice ' '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cobb , Douglas ( November 5 , 2013 ) . `` The Voice The Live Shows Premiere Part 2 November 5 ( Review ) '' . Las Vegas Guardian Express . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stern , Bradley ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` A GREAT BIG WORLD 'S PERFORMANCE OF `` SAY SOMETHING '' ON THE VOICE WITH CHRISTINA AGUILERA WILL MAKE YOU CRY ALL OF THE TEARS `` . MuuMuse . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gallo , Phil ( November 20 , 2013 ) . `` Christina Aguilera , A Great Big World and Ariana Grande to Perform at American Music Awards '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lipshutz , Jason ( November 24 , 2013 ) . `` A Great Big World , Christina Aguilera Combine To ' Say Something ' At American Music Awards : Watch '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dreyer , Lindsay ( November 24 , 2013 ) . `` Christina Aguilera Sings `` Say Something '' With A Great Big World at 2013 American Music Awards ( VIDEO ) `` . Wetpaint . Retrieved November 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ DelliCarpini Jr. , Gregory ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` Taylor Swift , Fall Out Boy and More Perform at Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show : Watch '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / AGreatBigWorld : @ xtinaculture @ xtina Unfortunately no she ca n't make it ! '' . Twitter . November 13 , 2013 . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.nola.com/jazzfest/index.ssf/2014/05/christina_aguilera_played_the.html ^ Jump up to : Wightman , Catriona ( December 5 , 2013 ) . `` The X Factor USA Diva & Unplugged week : Five best performances -- video '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Wills , Cortney ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` ' X Factor ' Finalists Alex & Sierra Notch iTunes No. 1 , Show Sales Potential '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alex & Sierra Win ' X Factor ' Season Three '' . Billboard Magazine . December 20 , 2013 . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ trixie0826 ( January 19 , 2014 ) . `` Trending : Sarah and Bamboo ASAP duet `` Say Something '' ( Video ) `` . Philippine Showbiz . Jump up ^ `` VIDEO : Sarah - Bamboo vs KZ - Sam : Who Sang ' Say Something ' Better ? '' . abs-cbn.com . Jump up ^ `` BIDA KAPAMILYA : Sarah Geronimo and Bamboo ' Say Something ' Duet on ASAP 19 ( Video ) - January 19 '' . bidakapamilya.blogspot.com . Jump up ^ `` Say Something -- Single -- Joe Brooks & Tammin Sursok '' . iTunes . Retrieved 26 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Say Something ' by Joe Brooks & Tammin Sursok '' . Emusic . Retrieved 26 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jackie Evancho , Cheyenne Jackson - Say Something '' . Jump up ^ `` Collabro - Say Something - Royal Variety '' . Jump up ^ Łukasz Tokarski − Powiedz coś ( A Great Big World & Christina Aguilera − Say Something ) . Jump up ^ `` If I Stay -- Official Trailer ( 2014 ) Chloë Grace Moretz ( HD ) '' . YouTube . April 15 , 2014 . Retrieved June 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Say Something -- Single '' . iTunes Store ( BE ) . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Say Something feat . Christina Aguilera : A Great Big World : Amazon.de '' ( in German ) . Amazon.de . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- A Great Big World and Christina Aguilera -- Say Something '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- A Great Big World and Christina Aguilera -- Say Something '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Great Big World -- Chart history '' Canadian Hot 100 for A Great Big World . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201414 into search . Retrieved January 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201425 into search . Retrieved July 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- A Great Big World feat . Christina Aguilera -- Say Something '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Christina Aguilera , A Great Big World : Say Something '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- A Great Big World feat . Christina Aguilera Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 10 , 2014 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Great Big World feat . Christina Aguilera -- Say Something Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Great Big World -- Chart history '' Japan Hot 100 for A Great Big World . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- A Great Big World and Christina Aguilera -- Say Something '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Great Big World -- Chart history '' Billboard Portugal Digital Songs for A Great Big World . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201415 into search . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201439 into search . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved February 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Great Big World -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for A Great Big World . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Great Big World -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for A Great Big World . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Great Big World -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Pop Songs for A Great Big World . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Great Big World -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs for A Great Big World . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Great Big World -- Chart history '' Billboard Pop Songs for A Great Big World . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts -- ARIA Top 100 Singles 2014 '' . ARIA Charts . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian Singles -- Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 -- Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2014 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Selling Singles of 2014 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 5 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 -- Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Year End -- Adult Contemporary Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Year End -- Adult Pop Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Year End -- Dance Club Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Year End -- Pop Music -- Top Pop Songs Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2014 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- A Great Big World and Christina Aguilera -- Say Something '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Enter A Great Big World and Christina Aguilera in the field Interpret . Enter Say Something in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2014 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- A Great Big World -- Say Something '' . Music Canada . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer '' ( in Danish ) . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Great Big World Feat . Christina Aguilera -- Say Something '' ( in Danish ) . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( A Great Big World ; ' Say Something ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- A Great Big World -- Say Something '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones -- A Great Big World '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- A Great Big World -- Say Something '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved August 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Norge '' . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sverigetopplistan : A Great Big World & Christina Aguilera -- Say Something '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Grammofonleverantörernas förening . Archived from the original ( To access certification , one must search ( Sök ) for `` Say Something '' or `` Say Something A Great Big World '' and click the `` Visa '' button . ) on May 21 , 2013 . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( A Great Big World ; ' Say Something ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- A Great Big World -- Say Something '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Enter Say Something in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- A Great Big World & Christina Aguilera -- Say Something '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones De Venezuela Del 2013 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . APFV . November 30 , 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved May 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Say Something -- Single '' . iTunes Store ( FI ) . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Say Something -- Single '' . iTunes Store ( LU ) . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Say Something -- Single '' . iTunes Store ( PT ) . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Say Something -- Single '' . iTunes Store ( CH ) . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Say Something -- Single '' . iTunes Store ( ES ) . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Say Something : A Great Big World : MP3 Downloads '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Say Something ( 2013 ) A Great Big World & Christina Aguilera '' . 7digital ( NL - BE ) . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Say Something ( 2013 ) A Great Big World & Christina Aguilera '' . 7digital ( FI ) . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Say Something ( 2013 ) A Great Big World & Christina Aguilera '' . 7digital ( PT ) . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Say Something ( 2013 ) A Great Big World & Christina Aguilera '' . 7digital ( SE ) . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Say Something ( 2013 ) A Great Big World & Christina Aguilera '' . 7digital ( DE-CH ) . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Say Something ( 2013 ) A Great Big World & Christina Aguilera '' . 7digital ( ES ) . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Say Something feat . Christina Aguilera : A Great Big World '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Say Something -- Single -- Musik '' ( in German ) . Amazon.de . Retrieved December 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Say Something -- Single '' . iTunes Store ( GB ) . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) `` Say Something '' audio ( solo version ) on YouTube `` Say Something '' music video ( duet version ) on YouTube A Great Big World Ian Axel Chad King Studio albums Is There Anybody Out There ? When the Morning Comes Singles `` Say Something '' `` Hold Each Other '' `` Wo n't Stop Running '' Christina Aguilera songs Discography Christina Aguilera `` Genie in a Bottle '' `` What a Girl Wants '' `` I Turn to You '' `` Come On Over Baby ( All I Want Is You ) '' `` Reflection '' Mi Reflejo `` Genio Atrapado '' `` Falsas Esperanzas '' `` Pero Me Acuerdo de Ti '' `` Ven Conmigo ( Solamente Tú ) '' `` Si No Te Hubiera Conocido '' `` Contigo en la Distancia '' `` Por Siempre Tú '' `` Una Mujer '' `` Mi Reflejo '' My Kind of Christmas `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' `` Angels We Have Heard on High '' `` This Christmas '' `` The Christmas Song '' Stripped `` Dirrty '' `` Beautiful '' `` Fighter '' `` Ca n't Hold Us Down '' `` The Voice Within '' `` Walk Away '' Back to Basics `` Ai n't No Other Man '' `` Hurt '' `` Candyman '' `` Oh Mother '' `` Slow Down Baby '' Keeps Gettin ' Better : A Decade of Hits `` Keeps Gettin ' Better '' `` Genie 2.0 '' `` You Are What You Are ( Beautiful ) '' Bionic `` Bionic '' `` Not Myself Tonight '' `` Woohoo '' `` Elastic Love '' `` Glam '' `` Lift Me Up '' `` You Lost Me '' `` I Hate Boys '' Burlesque `` Something 's Got a Hold on Me '' `` Express '' `` Show Me How You Burlesque '' `` The Beautiful People ( from Burlesque ) '' Lotus `` Lotus Intro '' `` Army of Me '' `` Red Hot Kinda Love '' `` Make the World Move '' `` Your Body '' `` Let There Be Love '' `` Sing for Me '' `` Blank Page '' `` Around the World '' `` Circles '' `` Just a Fool '' Collaborations `` Lady Marmalade '' `` Nobody Wants to Be Lonely '' `` What 's Going On '' `` El Ultimo Adios ( The Last Goodbye ) '' `` Car Wash '' `` Tilt Ya Head Back '' `` A Song for You '' `` Somos Novios ( It 's Impossible ) '' `` Tell Me '' `` Castle Walls '' `` Moves like Jagger '' `` Feel This Moment '' `` Hoy Tengo Ganas de Ti '' `` Say Something '' `` Do What U Want '' Other songs `` Miss Independent '' `` Falling in Love Again ( Ca n't Help It ) '' `` We Remain '' `` Shotgun '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' `` Change '' `` Telepathy '' The X Factor ( U.S. ) Discography Controversy and criticism Seasons Winners Melanie Amaro Tate Stevens Alex & Sierra Finalists Season 1 Winners songs `` Listen '' `` Tomorrow '' `` Say Something '' Related articles X Factor Around the World Tammin Sursok Studio albums Whatever Will Be Singles `` Pointless Relationship '' `` Whatever Will Be '' `` It 's a Beautiful Thing '' Collaborations `` Say Something '' Filmography Home and Away Aquamarine Mary Sunshine Rules of Engagement The Young and the Restless Crossing Over Albino Farm Spectacular ! Pretty Little Liars Related Discography Dani Sutherland Colleen Carlton Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Say_Something&oldid=806484236 '' Categories : 2011 songs 2013 songs 2013 singles A Great Big World songs Christina Aguilera songs Epic Records singles Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Pop ballads 2010s ballads Sony Music Entertainment singles Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use mdy dates from November 2013 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Irish Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Portugaldigitalsongs Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Certification Table Entry usages for unsupported region Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Հայերեն Italiano Polski Português Suomi Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2017 , at 09 : 31 . 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About Wikipedia	who sings say something i give up on you	[ "\n\n\"Say Something\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by A Great Big World and Christina Aguilera\n\n\nfrom the album Is There Anybody Out There?\n\n\nReleased\nSeptember 3, 2013 (2013-09-03)\n\n\nFormat\n\n\n\nCD\ndigital download\n\n\n\n\n\nRecorded\n2013\n\n\nGenre\nIndie pop\n\n\nLength\n3:49\n\n\nLabel\nEpic\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nIan Axel\nChad King\nMike Campbell\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\nDan Romer\n\n\nA Great Big World singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"This Is the New Year\"\n(2013)\n\"Say Something\"\n(2013)\n\"Already Home\"\n(2014)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"This Is the New Year\"\n(2013)\n\"Say Something\"\n(2013)\n\"Already Home\"\n(2014)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nChristina Aguilera singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Hoy Tengo Ganas Ti\"\n(2013) Hoy Tengo Ganas Ti2013\n\"Say Something\"\n(2013) Say Something2013\n\"We Remain\"\n(2013) We Remain2013\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "\n\n\"Say Something\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by A Great Big World and Christina Aguilera\n\n\nfrom the album Is There Anybody Out There?\n\n\nReleased\nSeptember 3, 2013 (2013-09-03)\n\n\nFormat\n\n\n\nCD\ndigital download\n\n\n\n\n\nRecorded\n2013\n\n\nGenre\nIndie pop\n\n\nLength\n3:49\n\n\nLabel\nEpic\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nIan Axel\nChad King\nMike Campbell\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\nDan Romer\n\n\nA Great Big World singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"This Is the New Year\"\n(2013)\n\"Say Something\"\n(2013)\n\"Already Home\"\n(2014)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"This Is the New Year\"\n(2013)\n\"Say Something\"\n(2013)\n\"Already Home\"\n(2014)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nChristina Aguilera singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Hoy Tengo Ganas Ti\"\n(2013) Hoy Tengo Ganas Ti2013\n\"Say Something\"\n(2013) Say Something2013\n\"We Remain\"\n(2013) We Remain2013\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "A Great Big World", "Christina Aguilera" ]
-8658381894452503990	Chandelier (song)	Chandelier ( song ) - Wikipedia Chandelier ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search For other songs , see Chandelier ( disambiguation ) `` Chandelier '' Single by Sia from the album 1000 Forms of Fear Released 17 March 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 17 ) Format CD single digital download Recorded 2013 Genre Electropop Length 3 : 36 Label Inertia Monkey Puzzle RCA Songwriter ( s ) Sia Furler Jesse Shatkin Producer ( s ) Greg Kurstin Jesse Shatkin Sia singles chronology `` Battle Cry '' ( 2014 ) `` Chandelier '' ( 2014 ) `` Big Girls Cry '' ( 2014 ) `` Battle Cry '' ( 2014 ) `` Chandelier '' ( 2014 ) `` Big Girls Cry '' ( 2014 ) `` Chandelier '' is a song by Australian singer Sia from her sixth studio album , 1000 Forms of Fear ( 2014 ) . Written by Sia and Jesse Shatkin and produced by Shatkin and Greg Kurstin , the song was released on 17 March 2014 as the lead single from the album . It 's an electropop song , featuring electronica , R&B and reggae influences . Lyrically , the song has a melancholic theme , detailing the demoralisation and rationalisation of alcoholism through the typical thought process of a `` party girl '' . The single reached the top 5 on record charts in 20 countries including France , Italy , Poland , Norway , Australia and New Zealand . In the United States , the single peaked at number 8 on the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming Sia 's first single as a lead artist to appear on the Hot 100 , and has sold over 2 million copies in the country . The song received 4 nominations at the 57th Grammy Awards for Song of the Year , Record of the Year and Best Pop Solo Performance , with its video receiving a nomination for Best Music Video . A music video for the song , directed by Sia and Daniel Askill , and choreographed by Ryan Heffington , features dancer Maddie Ziegler . It has been viewed on YouTube more than 1.8 billion times , becoming one of the most viewed YouTube videos ever posted . In support of the single and 1000 Forms of Fear , Sia , often with Ziegler , performed `` Chandelier '' on a number of television shows , including The Ellen DeGeneres Show , Late Night with Seth Meyers , Jimmy Kimmel Live ! , Saturday Night Live , Dancing With the Stars , and at 57th Grammy Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Critical reception 3.1 Year - end lists 4 Commercial performance 5 Music video 6 Live performances 7 Covers and parodies 8 Appearances in other media 9 Track listing 10 Credits and personnel 11 Charts 11.1 Weekly charts 11.2 All - time charts 11.3 Year - end charts 12 Certifications 13 Release history 14 See also 15 References 16 External links Background ( Edit ) In 2010 , Sia released her fifth studio album We Are Born , which ended up at number two on the Australian Albums Chart . Following the release , Sia took a hiatus from performing and co-wrote songs for other recording artists , including Beyoncé , Rihanna , Christina Aguilera , Flo Rida and David Guetta . In 2013 , Sia recorded the track `` Elastic Heart '' for The Hunger Games : Catching Fire soundtrack . In May 2014 , Sia announced her sixth studio album 1000 Forms of Fear and released `` Chandelier '' as its lead single . Sia revealed that she initially wrote the track for Rihanna or Beyoncé , but decided to record the song herself . The melody was formed after Sia played the piano , while Greg Kurstin and Jesse Shatkin played the marimba in the studio . In the United States , `` Chandelier '' was released for digital download onto iTunes Stores on 17 March 2014 through Monkey Puzzle , with distribution by RCA Records . In the United Kingdom , `` Chandelier '' was released digitally on 29 June 2014 . A day later , it was sent by RCA Records to US hot adult contemporary radio . Composition ( Edit ) `` Chandelier '' A 21 - second sample of `` Chandelier '' , an electropop ballad featuring electronica , contemporary R&B and reggae influences Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Chandelier '' was written by Sia and Shatkin and was produced by Kurstin and Shatkin . It was described as an electropop ballad , featuring `` soaring '' synthesisers , `` militant '' drums , and hip hop beats with electronica , R&B , and reggae influences . The song features Sia 's `` jaw - dropping '' vocal performance . The song is written in the key of B ♭ minor and it follows the chord progression of Bbm -- Gbmaj7 -- Ab -- Fm in the verses , Gbmaj7 -- Bbm - Ab in the pre-chorus , and Gbmaj7 -- Ab -- Db / F -- Gbmaj7 in the chorus . Lyrically , `` Chandelier '' has a sad theme talking about `` the glitter and fatigue of a party girl 's life '' . John Walker from MTV Buzzworthy opined that the song has a dark theme , `` toeing the line between celebration and self - destruction as it becomes increasingly more blurred '' . The song 's opening lyrics , `` Party girls do n't get hurt , ca n't feel anything ... I push it down '' , are sung over a reggae - influenced background . Walker noted that during the chorus , Sia sings , `` I 'm gon na swing from the chandelier , from the chandelier / I 'm gon na live like tomorrow does n't exist , like it does n't exist '' . A few critics compared the song 's musical style to works done by Rihanna , including Jeremy Gordon from Pitchfork Media , and Melinda Newman of HitFix . Critical reception ( Edit ) ' Chandelier ' has received critical acclaim . Andrew Trendall from Gigwise wrote that the song `` springboards Sia from a behind - the - scenes genius into a superstar in her own right '' . Gordon from Pitchfork Media praised Sia 's vocal performance on the track and commented that the track `` is enough to make you want to swing from a chandelier '' . Bradley Stern from the website MuuMuse labelled `` Chandelier '' the best pop single of 2014 , complimenting Sia 's songwriting credits and her voice on the song . In a VH1 article , Emily Exton shared that thought , deeming it the best song Sia had ever written . Writing for Time magazine , Jamieson Cox deemed `` Chandelier '' a `` disarming , unforgettable listen that 'll make you glad Sia kept this one for herself . '' In a less enthusiastic review , Melinda Newman from HitFix thought that Sia `` can do a lot better than this '' . Billboard listed `` Chandelier '' as the best song of 2014 . The song received nominations at the 57th Grammy Awards for Song of the Year , Record of the Year and Best Pop Solo Performance , with its video receiving a nomination for Best Music Video . Year - end lists ( edit ) Publication Accolade Rank Consequence of Sound Top 50 Songs of 2014 5 Rolling Stone 50 Best Songs of 2014 15 Complex The 50 Best Songs of 2014 31 Spin The 101 Best Songs of 2014 8 Wondering Sound 75 Best Songs of 2014 74 Time Out The 50 Best Songs of 2014 19 Slant Magazine The 25 Best Singles of 2014 14 Pazz & Jop Single of the Year 2014 7 Commercial performance ( Edit ) In the United States , `` Chandelier '' debuted at number 75 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart dated 31 May 2014 . It peaked at number eight on the chart , becoming the first top ten single by Sia to appear on the chart as a lead artist . The song reached one million units sold in the US in August 2014 , and surpassed the 2 million mark in sales in January 2015 . The song also reached number six on the Canadian Hot 100 . In June 2014 , the single was certified platinum by Music Canada . `` Chandelier '' was successful in Oceania and Europe , peaking in the top five on 20 national record charts including : France , and Poland ( number one ) ; Australia , Italy and Norway ( number two ) ; New Zealand and Slovakia ( number three ) ; and Norway and Scotland ( number five ) . The single was certified quadruple platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) , and platinum by the Recorded Music NZ ( RMNZ ) . In the United Kingdom , `` Chandelier '' charted at number six on the UK Singles Chart . In France , the single was the third best - selling single of 2014 , according to Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Music video ( Edit ) A shot of the music video , featuring dancer Maddie Ziegler . The music video for `` Chandelier '' was released on 6 May 2014 , featuring then - 11 - year - old dancer Maddie Ziegler . In the video , Ziegler wears a medium - length blonde wig matching the one that Sia used to promote the album . Throughout the video , Ziegler performs an interpretive dance in a deserted , dirty apartment `` while spinning , kicking , leaping , crawling , falling , twirling and hiding herself behind window drapes '' . An alternative one - take version of the clip was released in June 2014 . Sia had seen Ziegler on Dance Moms and asked her to appear in the video via Twitter . The video was directed by Sia and Daniel Askill , shot by cinematographer Sebastian Wintero and was choreographed by Ryan Heffington . Ziegler shared her thoughts about the choreography with New York magazine : I like the whole dance . It was really different and weird for me , because I usually do n't , you know , be a crazy person every time . It was so fun to do and it was really out of the box and it expanded me a lot , because I 'm used to competition dances where you 're like , `` Point your toes ! '' But this time it was like , you just need to let go and feel it . The choreography was praised by media outlets ; an editor from The Guardian wrote that Ziegler `` dances with such impressive flexibility '' . Nolan Feenay from Time magazine commented that the dance moves in the video could be the best dance routine of 2014 . `` Chandelier '' received nominations at the MTV Video Music Awards for Video of the Year and Best Choreography , and ultimately won the latter . It was also nominated for a 2015 Grammy Award for Best Music Video . The video went viral on YouTube and became the seventh most - watched video on the video - sharing website of 2014 . As of March 2018 , it has received over 1.8 billion views and was , at one point , the 13th most viewed YouTube video of all time . It has since moved down to 25th on the list of YouTube 's Most Viewed Videos of All Time . As of January 2015 , Billboard ranked the video at number 12 on the list of the 20 best of the 2010s ( so far ) . Both Rolling Stone magazine and Spin magazine named it the Best Music Video of 2014 . VH1 listed it first among the `` most groundbreaking '' videos of 2014 . In 2016 , several items related to the `` Chandelier '' video were introduced into the `` Right Here , Right Now '' exhibit of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Live performances ( Edit ) Sia performed `` Chandelier '' on The Ellen DeGeneres Show on 19 May 2014 , with Ziegler recreating the choreography in the music video . Sia also performed the song on Late Night with Seth Meyers on 9 June 2014 , with Girls star Lena Dunham performing new choreography . In July 2014 , Sia performed the song on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! , and Ziegler taught host Jimmy Kimmel and his sidekick Guillermo some of the dance moves from the music video . In July 2014 , Sia performed the song on the VH1 's show `` SoundClash '' , along with her songs `` Elastic Heart '' and `` Big Girls Cry '' from the album . Sia sang the song on Dancing with the Stars , with Ziegler dancing a duet with Allison Holker , and at the 2014 We Can Survive Concert at the Hollywood Bowl . In February 2015 , Sia sang the song in a cluttered apartment set for the 2015 Grammy Awards telecast . Ziegler danced in a cluttered apartment with actress Kristen Wiig . For all of these performances , Sia sang the track with her back to the camera . She performed the song on Saturday Night Live in January 2015 , veiled , with a sad - looking mime who performed the lyrics in American sign language . Covers and parodies ( Edit ) Sara Bareilles ( pictured in 2008 ) covered `` Chandelier '' on her Little Black Dress Tour in 2014 . In May 2014 , Puddles , the `` sad clown with the golden voice '' performed a version with Postmodern Jukebox that by December 2017 has had over 7 million views on YouTube . He also performed the song on the 12th - season premiere of America 's Got Talent , stunning the judges and gaining the four votes needed to move to the next round . In July 2014 , Sara Bareilles performed an acoustic version of `` Chandelier '' during her Little Black Dress Tour . Reut Odinak from the Seattle Weekly lauded Bareilles ' vocals on the cover . Likewise , MuchMusic 's Evan Desouza wrote that `` The song sounds almost ( unrecognisable ) with the stripped , acoustic cover . Of course no one can match Sia 's insane voice , but Sara does a decent job . Her vocals sound amazing . '' Later that month , contestant Emily West from the ninth season of America 's Got Talent performed the song with an orchestral background to advance past the quarterfinals . The song was covered on BBC Radio 1 's Live Lounge on 5 August 2014 by Scottish band Twin Atlantic and again in September 2014 by Irish band The Script ; Music and Lyrics praised the latter group 's three - man harmonies . Reigan Derry performed the song the third live show of the sixth series of The X Factor Australia in August 2014 , gaining a standing ovation by the judges . In March 2015 , British singer - songwriter and 2012 X Factor winner James Arthur recorded a highly acclaimed acoustic version of the song , which he also later performed for MTV International . Also Andrea Faustini performed the song on The X Factor UK in November 2014 . The tenth episode of Selfie , `` Imperfect Harmony '' , featured Karen Gillan singing a karaoke version of the song that segued into a cover by The Wind and The Wave and a sequence mimicking the original video . In the Glee episode `` We Built This Glee Club '' ( 119th episode overall ) , in March 2015 , Samantha Marie Ware , Becca Tobin , and Laura Dreyfuss perform the song while J.J. Totah does Ziegler 's dance routine and Marshall Williams swings on a chandelier . Keegan Joyce sings the song in the third - season episode `` Simple Carbohydrates '' of the Australian TV series Please Like Me . In January 2015 , Swiss singer Mélanie René performed a slower version of the song at the Swiss national final for the Eurovision Song Contest 2015 , winning the right to represent her country in Vienna . The Belgian representative in the European contest Loïc Nottet also released a cover of the song on YouTube in November 2014 , later praised by Sia on Twitter . Months later , he danced the song twice ( including one in the final ) in the French Dancing with the Stars , winning the competition . On 22 June 2015 , Punk Goes Pop 6 was re-released with three new songs , one being a cover of `` Chandelier '' by PVRIS . In October 2014 , the dance moves on the music video for `` Chandelier '' were parodied on Saturday Night Live by Jim Carrey , Kate McKinnon and Iggy Azalea in a sketch . Other parodies include Miranda Sings ' parody video , which has accumulated more than 9 million views . Derek Hough lip - synced the song while performing a parody of Ziegler 's routine on the eighth episode of Lip Sync Battle . `` Chandelier '' was played as the background music in the closing scene of the episode `` Truth '' on the TV show UnREAL . Jordan Smith covered it in his audition for The Voice in September 2015 . Trent Harmon covered it in his Top 4 performance for the American Idol in March 2016 . Also in March , English close harmony trio The Puppini Sisters covered the song in a mash up with Rappers Delight for their 5th studio album The High Life ( The Puppini Sisters album ). The song was covered by Pentatonix on the May 19 , 2016 episode of Bones entitled `` The Strike in the Chord '' . Kim Yewon from Pledis Entertainment trainee group Pledis Girlz sang a cover of this song . Also in 2016 , Finnish singer Saara Aalto covered the song twice during the 13th series of the UK version of The X Factor , first as her initial audition piece and later in the live semi-final round . In March 2017 , Elha Nympha covered it in the season 2 premiere of Little Big Shots . American alternative rock band They Might Be Giants sometimes perform part of this song during their song Particle Man . Appearances in other Media ( Edit ) The song is also featured in the television shows Hit the Floor , Wonderland , Selfie , Unreal , Please Like Me , Transparent , Shades of Blue , American Dad ! , and Dance Moms . A karaoke version was briefly played in the 2016 movie Sing . The 2017 film Happy End written and directed by Michael Haneke includes a karaoke cover of the song that has been described as `` the movie 's most indelible scene '' . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` Chandelier '' 3 : 36 ( show ) Digital download -- Remixes EP No . Title Length 1 . `` Chandelier '' ( Four Tet Remix ) 4 : 31 2 . `` Chandelier '' ( Plastic Plates Remix ) 4 : 27 3 . `` Chandelier '' ( Cutmore Club Remix ) 5 : 08 4 . `` Chandelier '' ( Hector Fonseca Remix ) 6 : 27 5 . `` Chandelier '' ( Liam Keegan Remix ) 5 : 16 6 . `` Chandelier '' ( Dev Hynes Remix ) 3 : 44 Total length : 29 : 33 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Credits for `` Chandelier '' are adapted from CD single liner notes Recording locations Vocals recorded at Hot Closet Studios , Echo Park , California Engineered at Echo Studios , Los Angeles , California Mixed at Larrabee Sound Studios , North Hollywood , California Personnel Songwriter , Lead vocals -- Sia Furler Songwriter -- Jesse Shatkin Producers -- Greg Kurstin , Jesse Shatkin Drums , guitar , mellotron , piano -- Greg Kurstin Drums , keyboards -- Jesse Shatkin Programming -- Jesse Shatkin Engineering -- Greg Kurstin , Jesse Shatkin Additional engineering -- Alex Pasco , Delbert Bowers Mixing -- Manny Marroquin Assistant mixing -- Chris Galland , Delbert Bowers Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 -- 17 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 8 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 6 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 25 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 6 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 5 France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 10 Greece Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) Iceland ( RÚV ) 6 Ireland ( IRMA ) 5 Israel ( Media Forest ) Israel ( Media Forest TV Airplay ) Italy ( FIMI ) Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 39 Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 27 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 17 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 5 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) Switzerland ( Romandie ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 6 US Billboard Hot 100 8 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 17 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 10 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 11 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 37 All - time charts ( edit ) Chart Position France ( SNEP ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 6 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 27 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) 43 Belgium ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 5 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 26 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 15 France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 43 Hungary ( MAHASZ ) 76 Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) 15 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 56 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 11 Poland ( ZPAV ) 19 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 13 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 15 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 9 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 32 US Billboard Hot 100 25 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 49 US Hot Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 9 US Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 43 Chart ( 2015 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 94 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 38 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 62 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 94 France ( SNEP ) 27 Hungary ( MAHASZ ) 44 Italy ( FIMI ) 31 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 37 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 73 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 48 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 42 US Billboard Hot 100 90 Chart ( 2016 ) Position France ( SNEP ) 71 Hungary ( MAHASZ ) 73 South Korean International Singles ( Gaon ) 100 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 81 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 5 × Platinum 350,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 15,000 Belgium ( BEA ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 3 × Platinum 240,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 30,000 France ( SNEP ) Diamond 250,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 300,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 5 × Platinum 250,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) Platinum + Gold 90,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) 5 × Platinum 50,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 3 × Platinum 120,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 4 × Platinum 160,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Platinum 30,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,200,000 United States ( RIAA ) 3 × Platinum 3,000,000 Streaming Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) 2 × Platinum 2,600,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Release date Format Label Ref . Belgium 17 March 2014 Digital download Monkey Puzzle RCA Brazil France Norway Portugal Spain Sweden United States Australia 18 March 2014 Inertia United Kingdom 29 June 2014 Monkey Puzzle RCA United States 30 June 2014 Hot adult contemporary RCA Belgium 22 July 2014 Digital remixes EP Monkey Puzzle RCA Brazil Canada Germany Norway Switzerland United States Australia 25 July 2014 Inertia New Zealand Italy Contemporary hit radio Monkey Puzzle Germany 19 September 2014 CD single RCA United Kingdom 22 September 2014 Canada 30 September 2014 France See also ( Edit ) List of best - selling singles in Australia List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 2014 List of number - one dance singles of 2014 ( U.S. ) References ( Edit ) ^ Jump up to : Trendall , Andrew ( 14 March 2013 ) . `` Sia unveils teaser of brand new single ' Chandelier ' '' . Gigwise . 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Retrieved 27 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Utwory , których słuchaliśmy w radiu -- Airplay 2014 '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TOP 100 Canciones Anual 2014 '' . promusicae.es. 2014 - 12 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar -- År 2014 '' ( in Swedish ) . Hitlistan.se . Archived from the original on 11 February 2015 . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jahreshitparade 2014 '' . hitparade.ch . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 6 January 2017 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chart News : The Official Top 100 Biggest Songs of 2014 Revealed ! '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs -- Year End 2014 '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 9 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Year End : ADULT POP SONGS '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dance Club Songs -- Year End 2014 '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pop Songs -- Year End 2014 '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 8 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2015 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on 24 January 2016 . Retrieved 6 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports annuels 2014 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TRACK TOP - 100 2015 '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved 6 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Classement Singles - année 2015 '' ( in French ) . SNEP . Retrieved 9 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Összesített singles - és válogatáslemez - lista -- eladási darabszám alapján - 2015 '' . Mahasz . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Classifiche `` Top of the Music '' 2015 FIMI - GfK : La musica italiana in vetta negli album e nei singoli digitali '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TOP 100 Canciones Anual 2015 '' . promusicae.es. 27 December 2015 . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar -- År 2015 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Swedish Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jahreshitparade 2015 '' . Schweizer Hitparade . Retrieved 6 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Singles Chart - Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 10 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 : Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . billboard.com . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Classement Singles - année 2016 '' ( in French ) . SNEP . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Összesített singles - és válogatáslemez - lista -- eladási darabszám alapján - 2016 '' . Mahasz . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` International Digital Chart '' ( in Korean ) . Gaon Music Chart . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 -- 2016 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Sia -- Chandelier '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Enter Sia in the field Interpret . Enter Chandelier in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2015 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 6 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sia ' Chandelier ' : Track '' . IFPI Denmark . Archived from the original on 22 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Sia -- Chandelier '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Sia ; ' Chandelier ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 21 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Sia -- Chandelier '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones -- Sia '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Retrieved 30 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chandelier ( Liam Keegan Radio Edit ) '' ( in Spanish ) . Novedades y Listas Oficiales de Ventas de Música en España . Retrieved 5 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sia - Chandelier '' ( in Swedish ) . Grammofon Leverantörernas Förening . Retrieved 12 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Sia ; ' Chandelier ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved 14 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Sia -- Chandelier '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 28 February 2015 . Enter Chandelier in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Sia -- Chandelier '' . Recording Industry Association of America . June 19 , 2017 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer '' ( in Danish ) . IFPI Denmark . Archived from the original on 28 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chandelier -- Single '' . Belgium : iTunes Store . Retrieved 16 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chandelier -- Single '' . Brazil : iTunes Store . Retrieved 16 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chandelier -- Single '' . France : iTunes Store . Retrieved 16 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chandelier -- Single '' . Norway : iTunes Store . Retrieved 16 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chandelier -- Single '' . Portugal : iTunes Store . Retrieved 16 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chandelier -- Single '' . Spain : iTunes Store . Archived from the original on 23 August 2014 . Retrieved 16 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chandelier -- Single '' . Sweden : iTunes Store . Retrieved 16 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chandelier -- Single '' . bandit.fm ( Archived from the original at the Wayback Machine on 27 February 2015 ) . Jump up ^ `` Chandelier Remixes -- EP '' . Belgium : iTunes Store . Retrieved 16 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chandelier Remixes -- EP '' . Brazil : iTunes Store . Retrieved 16 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chandelier Remixes -- EP '' . Canada : iTunes Store . Retrieved 16 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chandelier Remixes -- EP '' . Norway : iTunes Store . Retrieved 16 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chandelier Remixes -- EP '' . Switzerland : iTunes Store . Retrieved 16 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chandelier Remixes -- EP '' . United States : iTunes Store . Retrieved 16 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chandelier Remixes -- EP '' . Australia : iTunes Store . Retrieved 17 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chandelier Remixes -- EP '' . New Zealand : iTunes Store . Retrieved 17 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Corradini , Paola . `` Sia -- Chandelier ( Monkey Puzzle ) '' ( in Italian ) . Radio Airplay SRL . Archived from the original on 19 August 2014 . Retrieved 19 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chandelier by Sia '' . Amazon.de . Retrieved 15 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chandelier by Sia '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 15 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chandelier ( Single , Import ) '' . Amazon.ca . Retrieved 15 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chandelier : Sia '' . Amazon.fr . Retrieved 15 November 2014 . External links ( Edit ) `` Chandelier '' music video on YouTube `` Chandelier '' audio on YouTube Chandelier on IMDb Sia singles Awards and nominations Discography Songs Healing Is Difficult `` Taken for Granted '' `` Little Man '' `` Drink to Get Drunk '' Colour the Small One `` Do n't Bring Me Down '' `` Breathe Me '' `` Where I Belong '' Some People Have Real Problems `` The Girl You Lost to Cocaine '' `` Soon We 'll Be Found '' `` Buttons '' We Are Born `` You 've Changed '' `` Clap Your Hands '' `` Bring Night '' 1000 Forms of Fear `` Chandelier '' `` Eye of the Needle '' `` Big Girls Cry '' `` Elastic Heart '' `` Fire Meet Gasoline '' This Is Acting `` Bird Set Free '' `` Alive '' `` Unstoppable '' `` Cheap Thrills '' `` Reaper '' `` The Greatest '' `` Move Your Body '' Everyday Is Christmas `` Santa 's Coming for Us '' Soundtrack singles `` You 're Never Fully Dressed Without a Smile ( 2014 Film Version ) '' `` California Dreamin ' '' `` Never Give Up '' `` Angel by the Wings '' `` To Be Human '' `` Rainbow '' `` Helium '' Featured singles `` Destiny '' `` Somersault '' `` I Love It '' `` Titanium '' `` Wild Ones '' `` She Wolf ( Falling to Pieces ) '' `` Battle Cry '' `` Guts Over Fear '' `` Déjà Vu '' `` Golden '' `` Bang My Head '' `` Living Out Loud '' `` Waterfall '' `` Dusk Till Dawn '' Other songs `` Like a River Runs '' `` Start a War '' `` Wolves '' `` Free Me '' `` Flames '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chandelier_(song)&oldid=834342409 '' Categories : 2010s ballads 2014 singles 2014 songs APRA Award winners Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Music videos directed by Daniel Askill Number - one singles in Poland RCA Records singles Sia ( musician ) songs SNEP Top Singles number - one singles Song recordings produced by Greg Kurstin Song recordings produced by Jesse Shatkin Songs about alcohol Songs written by Jesse Shatkin Songs written by Sia ( musician ) Synthpop ballads Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 Hebrew - language sources ( he ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Use dmy dates from January 2016 Use Australian English from August 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Good articles Articles with hAudio microformats Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Irish Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 05 : 57 . 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-6556966919274439489	Sterilization (microbiology)	Sterilization ( microbiology ) - wikipedia Sterilization ( microbiology ) Jump to : navigation , search Sterilization ( or sterilisation ) refers to any process that eliminates , removes , kills , or deactivates all forms of life and other biological agents ( such as fungi , bacteria , viruses , spore forms , prions , unicellular eukaryotic organisms such as Plasmodium , etc . ) present in a specified region , such as a surface , a volume of fluid , medication , or in a compound such as biological culture media . Sterilization can be achieved through various means , including : heat , chemicals , irradiation , high pressure , and filtration . Sterilization is distinct from disinfection , sanitization , and pasteurization , in that sterilization kills , deactivates , or eliminates all forms of life and other biological agents which are present . Contents ( hide ) 1 Applications 1.1 Foods 1.2 Medicine and surgery 1.3 Spacecraft 2 Quantification 3 Heat 3.1 Steam 3.2 Dry heat 3.3 Flaming 3.4 Incineration 3.5 Tyndallization 3.6 Glass bead sterilizers 4 Chemical sterilization 4.1 Ethylene oxide 4.2 Nitrogen dioxide 4.3 Ozone 4.4 Glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde 4.5 Hydrogen peroxide 4.6 Peracetic acid 4.6. 1 Potential for chemical sterilization of prions 5 Radiation sterilization 5.1 Non-ionizing radiation sterilization 5.2 Ionizing radiation sterilization 6 Sterile filtration 7 Preservation of sterility 8 See also 9 References 10 Other references Applications ( edit ) Foods ( edit ) One of the first steps toward sterilization was made by Nicolas Appert who discovered that thorough application of heat over a suitable period slowed the decay of foods and various liquids , preserving them for safe consumption for a longer time than was typical . Canning of foods is an extension of the same principle and has helped to reduce food borne illness ( `` food poisoning '' ) . Other methods of sterilizing foods include food irradiation and high pressure ( pascalization ) . Medicine and surgery ( edit ) Joseph Lister was a pioneer of antiseptic surgery . Apparatus to sterilize surgical instruments , Verwaltungsgebäude der Schweiz . Kranken - und Hilfsanstalt , 1914 - 1918 In general , surgical instruments and medications that enter an already aseptic part of the body ( such as the bloodstream , or penetrating the skin ) must be sterile . Examples of such instruments include scalpels , hypodermic needles , and artificial pacemakers . This is also essential in the manufacture of parenteral pharmaceuticals . Preparation of injectable medications and intravenous solutions for fluid replacement therapy requires not only sterility but also well - designed containers to prevent entry of adventitious agents after initial product sterilization . Most medical and surgical devices used in healthcare facilities are made of materials that are able to go under steam sterilization . However , since 1950 , there has been an increase in medical devices and instruments made of materials ( e.g. , plastics ) that require low - temperature sterilization . Ethylene oxide gas has been used since the 1950s for heat - and moisture - sensitive medical devices . Within the past 15 years , a number of new , low - temperature sterilization systems ( e.g. , hydrogen peroxide gas plasma , peracetic acid immersion , ozone ) have been developed and are being used to sterilize medical devices . Steam sterilization is the most widely used and the most dependable . Steam sterilization is nontoxic , inexpensive , rapidly microbicidal , sporicidal , and rapidly heats and penetrates fabrics . Spacecraft ( edit ) There are strict international rules to protect the contamination of Solar System bodies from biological material from Earth . Standards vary depending on both the type of mission and its destination ; the more likely a planet is considered to be habitable , the stricter the requirements are . Many components of instruments used on spacecraft can not withstand very high temperatures , so techniques not requiring excessive temperatures are used as tolerated , including heating to at least 120 ° C , chemical sterilization , oxidization , ultraviolet , and irradiation . Quantification ( edit ) The aim of sterilization is the reduction of initially present microorganisms or other potential pathogens . The degree of sterilization is commonly expressed by multiples of the decimal reduction time , or D - value , denoting the time needed to reduce the initial number N 0 ( \ displaystyle N_ ( 0 ) ) to one tenth ( 10 − 1 ( \ displaystyle 10 ^ ( - 1 ) ) ) of its original value . Then the number of microorganisms N ( \ displaystyle N ) after sterilization time t ( \ displaystyle t ) is given by : N N 0 = 10 ( − t D ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( N ) ( N_ ( 0 ) ) ) = 10 ^ ( \ left ( - ( \ frac ( t ) ( D ) ) \ right ) ) ) . The D - value is a function of sterilization conditions and varies with the type of microorganism , temperature , water activity , pH etc ... For steam sterilization ( see below ) typically the temperature ( in ° Celsius ) is given as index . Theoretically , the likelihood of survival of an individual microorganism is never zero . To compensate for this , the overkill method is often used . Using the overkill method , sterilization is performed by sterilizing for longer than is required to kill the bioburden present on or in the item being sterilized . This provides a sterility assurance level ( SAL ) equal to the probability of a non-sterile unit . For high - risk applications such as medical devices and injections , a sterility assurance level of at least 10 is required by the United States Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) . Heat ( edit ) Steam ( edit ) See also : Moist heat sterilization A widely used method for heat sterilization is the autoclave , sometimes called a converter or steam sterilizer . Autoclaves use steam heated to 121 - 134 ° C under pressure . To achieve sterility , the article is placed in a chamber and heated by injected steam until the article reaches a time and temperature setpoint . Almost all the air is removed from the chamber , because air is undesired in the moist heat sterilization process ( this is one trait that differ from a typical pressure cooker used for food cooking ) . The article is held at the temperature setpoint for a period of time which varies depending on what bioburden is present on the article being sterilized and its resistance ( D - value ) to steam sterilization . A general cycle would be anywhere between 3 and 15 minutes , ( depending on the generated heat ) at 121 ° C at 100 kPa , which is sufficient to provide a sterility assurance level of 10 for a product with a bioburden of 10 and a D - value of 2.0 minutes . Following sterilization , liquids in a pressurized autoclave must be cooled slowly to avoid boiling over when the pressure is released . This may be achieved by gradually depressurizing the sterilization chamber and allowing liquids to evaporate under a negative pressure , while cooling the contents . Proper autoclave treatment will inactivate all resistant bacterial spores in addition to fungi , bacteria , and viruses , but is not expected to eliminate all prions , which vary in their resistance . For prion elimination , various recommendations state 121 - 132 ° C for 60 minutes or 134 ° C for at least 18 minutes . The 263K scrapie prion is inactivated relatively quickly by such sterilization procedures ; however , other strains of scrapie , and strains of CJD and BSE are more resistant . Using mice as test animals , one experiment showed that heating BSE positive brain tissue at 134 - 138 ° C for 18 minutes resulted in only a 2.5 log decrease in prion infectivity . Most autoclaves have meters and charts that record or display information , particularly temperature and pressure as a function of time . The information is checked to ensure that the conditions required for sterilization have been met . Indicator tape is often placed on packages of products prior to autoclaving , and some packaging incorporates indicators . The indicator changes color when exposed to steam , providing a visual confirmation . Bioindicators can also be used to independently confirm autoclave performance . Simple bioindicator devices are commercially available based on microbial spores . Most contain spores of the heat resistant microbe Geobacillus stearothermophilus ( formerly Bacillus stearothermophilus ) , which is extremely resistant to steam sterilization . Biological indicators may take the form of glass vials of spores and liquid media , or as spores on strips of paper inside glassine envelopes . These indicators are placed in locations where it is difficult for steam to reach to verify that steam is penetrating there . For autoclaving , cleaning is critical . Extraneous biological matter or grime may shield organisms from steam penetration . Proper cleaning can be achieved through physical scrubbing , sonication , ultrasound , or pulsed air . Pressure cooking and canning is analogous to autoclaving , and when performed correctly renders food sterile . Moist heat causes the destruction of microorganisms by denaturation of macromolecules , primarily proteins . This method is a faster process than dry heat sterilization . Dry heat ( edit ) See also : Dry heat sterilization Dry heat sterilizer Dry heat was the first method of sterilization and is a longer process than moist heat sterilization . The destruction of microorganisms through the use of dry heat is a gradual phenomenon . With longer exposure to lethal temperatures , the number of killed microorganisms increases . Forced ventilation of hot air can be used to increase the rate at which heat is transferred to an organism and reduce the temperature and amount of time needed to achieve sterility . At higher temperatures , shorter exposure times are required to kill organisms . This can reduce heat - induced damage to food products . The standard setting for a hot air oven is at least two hours at 160 ° C. A rapid method heats air to 190 ° C for 6 minutes for unwrapped objects and 12 minutes for wrapped objects . Dry heat has the advantage that it can be used on powders and other heat - stable items that are adversely affected by steam ( e.g. it does not cause rusting of steel objects ) . Flaming ( edit ) Flaming is done to loops and straight - wires in microbiology labs . Leaving the loop in the flame of a Bunsen burner or alcohol lamp until it glows red ensures that any infectious agent is inactivated . This is commonly used for small metal or glass objects , but not for large objects ( see Incineration below ) . However , during the initial heating infectious material may be sprayed from the wire surface before it is killed , contaminating nearby surfaces and objects . Therefore , special heaters have been developed that surround the inoculating loop with a heated cage , ensuring that such sprayed material does not further contaminate the area . Another problem is that gas flames may leave carbon or other residues on the object if the object is not heated enough . A variation on flaming is to dip the object in 70 % or higher ethanol , then briefly touch the object to a Bunsen burner flame . The ethanol will ignite and burn off rapidly , leaving less residue than a gas flame . Incineration ( edit ) Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of organic substances contained in waste materials . This method also burns any organism to ash . It is used to sterilize medical and other biohazardous waste before it is discarded with non-hazardous waste . Bacteria incinerators are mini furnaces that incinerate and kill off any microorganisms that may be on an inoculating loop or wire . Tyndallization ( edit ) Named after John Tyndall , Tyndallization is an obsolete and lengthy process designed to reduce the level of activity of sporulating bacteria that are left by a simple boiling water method . The process involves boiling for a period ( typically 20 minutes ) at atmospheric pressure , cooling , incubating for a day , and then repeating the process a total of three to four times . The incubation periods are to allow heat - resistant spores surviving the previous boiling period to germinate to form the heat - sensitive vegetative ( growing ) stage , which can be killed by the next boiling step . This is effective because many spores are stimulated to grow by the heat shock . The procedure only works for media that can support bacterial growth , and will not sterilize non-nutritive substrates like water . Tyndallization is also ineffective against prions . Glass bead sterilizers ( edit ) Glass bead sterilizers work by heating glass beads to 250 ° C. Instruments are then quickly doused in these glass beads , which heat the object while physically scraping contaminants off their surface . Glass bead sterilizers were once a common sterilization method employed in dental offices as well as biological laboratories , but are not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) to be used as a sterilizers since 1997 . They are still popular in European and Israeli dental practices although there are no current evidence - based guidelines for using this sterilizer . Chemical sterilization ( edit ) Chemiclav Chemicals are also used for sterilization . Heating provides a reliable way to rid objects of all transmissible agents , but it is not always appropriate if it will damage heat - sensitive materials such as biological materials , fiber optics , electronics , and many plastics . In these situations chemicals , either as gases or in liquid form , can be used as sterilants . While the use of gas and liquid chemical sterilants avoids the problem of heat damage , users must ensure that article to be sterilized is chemically compatible with the sterilant being used . In addition , the use of chemical sterilants poses new challenges for workplace safety , as the properties that make chemicals effective sterilants usually make them harmful to humans . Ethylene oxide ( edit ) Ethylene oxide ( EO , EtO ) gas treatment is one of the common methods used to sterilize , pasteurize , or disinfect items because of its wide range of material compatibility . It is also used to process items that are sensitive to processing with other methods , such as radiation ( gamma , electron beam , X-ray ) , heat ( moist or dry ) , or other chemicals . Ethylene oxide treatment is the most common sterilization method , used for approximately 70 % of total sterilizations , and for over 50 % of all disposable medical devices . Ethylene oxide treatment is generally carried out between 30 ° C and 60 ° C with relative humidity above 30 % and a gas concentration between 200 and 800 mg / l . Typically , the process lasts for several hours . Ethylene oxide is highly effective , as it penetrates all porous materials , and it can penetrate through some plastic materials and films . Ethylene oxide kills all known microorganisms such as bacteria ( including spores ) , viruses , and fungi ( including yeasts and moulds ) , and is compatible with almost all materials even when repeatedly applied . It is flammable , toxic , and carcinogenic ; however , with a reported potential for some adverse health effects when not used in compliance with published requirements . Ethylene oxide sterilizers and processes require biological validation after sterilizer installation , significant repairs or process changes . The traditional process consists of a preconditioning phase ( in a separate room or cell ) , a processing phase ( more commonly in a vacuum vessel and sometimes in a pressure rated vessel ) , and an aeration phase ( in a separate room or cell ) to remove ethylene oxide residues and lower by - products such as ethylene chlorohydrin ( EC or ECH ) and , of lesser importance , ethylene glycol ( EG ) . An alternative process , known as all - in - one processing , also exists for some products whereby all three phases are performed in the vacuum or pressure rated vessel . This latter option can facilitate faster overall processing time and residue dissipation . The most common ethylene oxide processing method is the gas chamber method . To benefit from economies of scale , ethylene oxide has traditionally been delivered by filling a large chamber with a combination of gaseous ethylene oxide either as pure ethylene oxide , or with other gases used as diluents ( chlorofluorocarbons ( CFCs ) , hydrochlorofluorocarbons ( HCFCs ) , or carbon dioxide ) . Ethylene oxide is still widely used by medical device manufacturers . Since ethylene oxide is explosive at concentrations above 3 % , ethylene oxide was traditionally supplied with an inert carrier gas such as a CFC or HCFC . The use of CFCs or HCFCs as the carrier gas was banned because of concerns of ozone depletion . These halogenated hydrocarbons are being replaced by systems using 100 % ethylene oxide because of regulations and the high cost of the blends . In hospitals , most ethylene oxide sterilizers use single use cartridges because of the convenience and ease of use compared to the former plumbed gas cylinders of ethylene oxide blends . It is important to adhere to patient and healthcare personnel government specified limits of ethylene oxide residues in and / or on processed products , operator exposure after processing , during storage and handling of ethylene oxide gas cylinders , and environmental emissions produced when using ethylene oxide . The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( OSHA ) has set the permissible exposure limit ( PEL ) at 1 ppm calculated as an eight - hour time weighted average ( TWA ) ( 29 CFR 1910.1047 ) and 5 ppm as a 15 - minute excursion limit ( EL ) . The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ( NIOSH ) immediately dangerous to life and health limit ( IDLH ) for ethylene oxide is 800 ppm . The odor threshold is around 500 ppm , so ethylene oxide is imperceptible until concentrations well above the OSHA PEL . Therefore , OSHA recommends that continuous gas monitoring systems be used to protect workers using ethylene oxide for processing . Employees ' health records must be maintained during employment and after termination of employment for 30 years . Nitrogen dioxide ( edit ) Nitrogen dioxide ( NO ) gas is a rapid and effective sterilant for use against a wide range of microorganisms , including common bacteria , viruses , and spores . The unique physical properties of NO gas allow for sterilant dispersion in an enclosed environment at room temperature and ambient pressure . The mechanism for lethality is the degradation of DNA in the spore core through nitration of the phosphate backbone , which kills the exposed organism as it absorbs NO . This degradation occurs at even very low concentrations of the gas . NO has a boiling point of 21 ° C at sea level , which results in a relatively high saturated vapour pressure at ambient temperature . Because of this , liquid NO may be used as a convenient source for the sterilant gas . Liquid NO is often referred to by the name of its dimer , dinitrogen tetroxide ( N O ) . Additionally , the low levels of concentration required , coupled with the high vapour pressure , assures that no condensation occurs on the devices being sterilized . This means that no aeration of the devices is required immediately following the sterilization cycle . NO is also less corrosive than other sterilant gases , and is compatible with most medical materials and adhesives . The most - resistant organism ( MRO ) to sterilization with NO gas is the spore of Geobacillus stearothermophilus , which is the same MRO for both steam and hydrogen peroxide sterilization processes . The spore form of G. stearothermophilus has been well characterized over the years as a biological indicator in sterilization applications . Microbial inactivation of G. stearothermophilus with NO gas proceeds rapidly in a log - linear fashion , as is typical of other sterilization processes . Noxilizer , Inc. has commercialized this technology to offer contract sterilization services for medical devices at its Baltimore , Maryland ( U.S. ) facility . This has been demonstrated in Noxilizer 's lab in multiple studies and is supported by published reports from other labs . These same properties also allow for quicker removal of the sterilant and residuals through aeration of the enclosed environment . The combination of rapid lethality and easy removal of the gas allows for shorter overall cycle times during the sterilization ( or decontamination ) process and a lower level of sterilant residuals than are found with other sterilization methods . Ozone ( edit ) Ozone is used in industrial settings to sterilize water and air , as well as a disinfectant for surfaces . It has the benefit of being able to oxidize most organic matter . On the other hand , it is a toxic and unstable gas that must be produced on - site , so it is not practical to use in many settings . Ozone offers many advantages as a sterilant gas ; ozone is a very efficient sterilant because of its strong oxidizing properties ( E = 2.076 vs SHE ) capable of destroying a wide range of pathogens , including prions without the need for handling hazardous chemicals since the ozone is generated within the sterilizer from medical grade oxygen . The high reactivity of ozone means that waste ozone can be destroyed by passing over a simple catalyst that reverts it to oxygen and ensures that the cycle time is relatively short . The disadvantage of using ozone is that the gas is very reactive and very hazardous . The NIOSH immediately dangerous to life and health limit for ozone is 5 ppm , 160 times smaller than the 800 ppm IDLH for ethylene oxide . Documentation for Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations ( IDLH ) : NIOSH Chemical Listing and Documentation of Revised IDLH Values ( as of 3 / 1 / 95 ) and OSHA has set the PEL for ozone at 0.1 ppm calculated as an 8 hour time weighted average ( 29 CFR 1910.1000 , Table Z - 1 ) . The Canadian Center for Occupation Health and Safety provides an excellent summary of the health effects of exposure to ozone . The sterilant gas manufacturers include many safety features in their products but prudent practice is to provide continuous monitoring to below the OSHA PEL to provide a rapid warning in the event of a leak . Monitors for determining workplace exposure to ozone are commercially available . Glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde solutions ( also used as fixatives ) are accepted liquid sterilizing agents , provided that the immersion time is sufficiently long . To kill all spores in a clear liquid can take up to 22 hours with glutaraldehyde and even longer with formaldehyde . The presence of solid particles may lengthen the required period or render the treatment ineffective . Sterilization of blocks of tissue can take much longer , due to the time required for the fixative to penetrate . Glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde are volatile , and toxic by both skin contact and inhalation . Glutaraldehyde has a short shelf life ( < 2 weeks ) , and is expensive . Formaldehyde is less expensive and has a much longer shelf life if some methanol is added to inhibit polymerization to paraformaldehyde , but is much more volatile . Formaldehyde is also used as a gaseous sterilizing agent ; in this case , it is prepared on - site by depolymerization of solid paraformaldehyde . Many vaccines , such as the original Salk polio vaccine , are sterilized with formaldehyde . Hydrogen peroxide ( edit ) Hydrogen peroxide , in both liquid and as vaporized hydrogen peroxide ( VHP ) , is another chemical sterilizing agent . Hydrogen peroxide is strong oxidant , which allows it to destroy a wide range of pathogens . Hydrogen peroxide is used to sterilize heat or temperature sensitive articles such as rigid endoscopes . In medical sterilization hydrogen peroxide is used at higher concentrations , ranging from around 35 % up to 90 % . The biggest advantage of hydrogen peroxide as a sterilant is the short cycle time . Whereas the cycle time for ethylene oxide may be 10 to 15 hours , some modern hydrogen peroxide sterilizers have a cycle time as short as 28 minutes . Drawbacks of hydrogen peroxide include material compatibility , a lower capability for penetration and operator health risks . Products containing cellulose , such as paper , can not be sterilized using VHP and products containing nylon may become brittle . The penetrating ability of hydrogen peroxide is not as good as ethylene oxide and so there are limitations on the length and diameter of lumens that can be effectively sterilized and guidance is available from the sterilizer manufacturers . Hydrogen peroxide is primary irritant and the contact of the liquid solution with skin will cause bleaching or ulceration depending on the concentration and contact time . It is relatively non-toxic when diluted to low concentrations , but is a dangerous oxidizer at high concentrations ( > 10 % w / w ) . The vapour is also hazardous , primarily affecting the eyes and respiratory system . Even short term exposures can be hazardous and NIOSH has set the Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health Level ( IDLH ) at 75 ppm , less than one tenth the IDLH for ethylene oxide ( 800 ppm ) . Prolonged exposure to lower concentrations can cause permanent lung damage and consequently , OSHA has set the permissible exposure limit to 1.0 ppm , calculated as an 8 - hour time weighted average . Sterilizer manufacturers go to great lengths to make their products safe through careful design and incorporation of many safety features , though there are still workplace exposures of hydrogen peroxide from gas sterilizers are documented in the FDA MAUDE database . When using any type of gas sterilizer , prudent work practices will include good ventilation , a continuous gas monitor for hydrogen peroxide and good work practices and training . Vaporized hydrogen peroxide ( VHP ) is used to sterilize large enclosed and sealed areas such as entire rooms and aircraft interiors . Although toxic , VHP breaks down in a short time from H2O2 to water H2O + O2 . Peracetic acid ( edit ) Peracetic acid ( 0.2 % ) is a recognized sterilant by the FDA for use in sterilizing medical devices such as endoscopes . Potential for chemical sterilization of prions ( edit ) Prions are highly resistant to chemical sterilization . Treatment with aldehydes such as formaldehyde have actually been shown to increase prion resistance . Hydrogen peroxide ( 3 % ) for one hour was shown to be ineffective , providing less than 3 logs ( 10 ) reduction in contamination . Iodine , formaldehyde , glutaraldehyde , and peracetic acid also fail this test ( one hour treatment ) . Only chlorine , phenolic compounds , guanidinium thiocyanate , and sodium hydroxide ( NaOH ) reduce prion levels by more than 4 logs ; chlorine ( too corrosive to use on certain objects ) and NaOH are the most consistent . Many studies have shown the effectiveness of sodium hydroxide . Radiation sterilization ( edit ) Sterilization can be achieved using electromagnetic radiation such as electron beams , X-rays , gamma rays , or irradiation by subatomic particles . Electromagnetic or particulate radiation can be energetic enough to ionize atoms or molecules ( ionizing radiation ) , or less energetic ( non-ionizing radiation ) . Non-ionizing radiation sterilization ( edit ) Ultraviolet light irradiation ( UV , from a germicidal lamp ) is useful for sterilization of surfaces and some transparent objects . Many objects that are transparent to visible light absorb UV . UV irradiation is routinely used to sterilize the interiors of biological safety cabinets between uses , but is ineffective in shaded areas , including areas under dirt ( which may become polymerized after prolonged irradiation , so that it is very difficult to remove ) . It also damages some plastics , such as polystyrene foam if exposed for prolonged periods of time . Further information : Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation Ionizing radiation sterilization ( edit ) Efficiency illustration of the different radiation technologies ( electron beam , X-ray , gamma rays ) The safety of irradiation facilities is regulated by the United Nations International Atomic Energy Agency and monitored by the different national Nuclear Regulatory Commissions . The incidents that have occurred in the past are documented by the agency and thoroughly analyzed to determine root cause and improvement potential . Such improvements are then mandated to retrofit existing facilities and future design . Gamma radiation is very penetrating , and is commonly used for sterilization of disposable medical equipment , such as syringes , needles , cannulas and IV sets , and food . It is emitted by a radioisotope , usually cobalt - 60 ( Co ) or caesium - 137 ( Cs ) , which have photon energies of up to 1.3 and 0.66 MeV respectively . Use of a radioisotope requires shielding for the safety of the operators while in use and in storage . With most designs , the radioisotope is lowered into a water - filled source storage pool , which absorbs radiation and allows maintenance personnel to enter the radiation shield . One variant keeps the radioisotope under water at all times and lowers the product to be irradiated into the water towards the source in hermetic bells ; no further shielding is required for such designs . Other uncommonly used designs use dry storage , providing movable shields that reduce radiation levels in areas of the irradiation chamber . An incident in Decatur Georgia , US , where water - soluble caesium - 137 leaked into the source storage pool , requiring NRC intervention has led to use of this radioisotope being almost entirely discontinued in favour of the more costly , non-water - soluble cobalt - 60 . Cobalt - 60 gamma photons have about twice the energy , and hence greater penetrating range , of Caesium - 137 radiation . Electron beam processing is also commonly used for sterilization . Electron beams use an on - off technology and provide a much higher dosing rate than gamma or x-rays . Due to the higher dose rate , less exposure time is needed and thereby any potential degradation to polymers is reduced . Because electrons carry a charge , electron beams are less penetrating than either gamma or x-rays . Facilities rely on substantial concrete shields to protect workers and the environment from radiation exposure . X-rays : high - energy X-rays ( produced by bremsstrahlung ) allow irradiation of large packages and pallet loads of medical devices . They are sufficiently penetrating to treat multiple pallet loads of low - density packages with very good dose uniformity ratios . X-ray sterilization does not require chemical or radioactive material : high - energy X-rays are generated at high intensity by an X-ray generator that does not require shielding when not in use . X-rays are generated by bombarding a dense material ( target ) such as tantalum or tungsten with high - energy electrons in a process known as bremsstrahlung conversion . These systems are energy - inefficient , requiring much more electrical energy than other systems for the same result . Irradiation with X-rays , gamma rays , or electrons does not make materials radioactive , because the energy used is too low . Generally an energy of at least 10 MeV is needed to induce radioactivity in a material . Neutrons and very high - energy particles can make materials radioactive , but have good penetration , whereas lower energy particles ( other than neutrons ) can not make materials radioactive , but have poorer penetration . Sterilization by irradiation with gamma rays may however in some cases affect material properties . Irradiation is used by the United States Postal Service to sterilize mail in the Washington , D.C. area . Some foods ( e.g. spices , ground meats ) are sterilized by irradiation . Subatomic particles may be more or less penetrating and may be generated by a radioisotope or a device , depending upon the type of particle . Sterile filtration ( edit ) Fluids that would be damaged by heat , irradiation or chemical sterilization , such as drug products , can be sterilized by microfiltration using membrane filters . This method is commonly used for heat labile pharmaceuticals and protein solutions in medicinal drug processing . A microfilter with pore size 0.2 μm will usually effectively remove microorganisms . Some staphylococcal species have , however , been shown to be flexible enough to pass through 0.22 μm filters . In the processing of biologics , viruses must be removed or inactivated , requiring the use of nanofilters with a smaller pore size ( 20 - 50 nm ) are used . Smaller pore sizes lower the flow rate , so in order to achieve higher total throughput or to avoid premature blockage , pre-filters might be used to protect small pore membrane filters . Tangential flow filtration ( TFF ) and alternating tangential flow ( ATF ) systems also reduce particulate accumulation and blockage . Membrane filters used in production processes are commonly made from materials such as mixed cellulose ester or polyethersulfone ( PES ) . The filtration equipment and the filters themselves may be purchased as pre-sterilized disposable units in sealed packaging or must be sterilized by the user , generally by autoclaving at a temperature that does not damage the fragile filter membranes . To ensure proper functioning of the filter , the membrane filters are integrity tested post-use and sometimes before use . The nondestructive integrity test assures the filter is undamaged and is a regulatory requirement . Typically , terminal pharmaceutical sterile filtration is performed inside of a cleanroom to prevent contamination . Preservation of sterility ( edit ) A curette in sterile packaging . Instruments that have undergone sterilization can be maintained in such condition by containment in sealed packaging until use . Aseptic technique is the act of maintaining sterility during procedures . See also ( edit ) Antibacterial soap Asepsis Aseptic processing Contamination control Electron irradiation Food packaging Food preservation Food safety Sterilant gas monitoring References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` WHO Glossary '' . Jump up ^ Frerichs , Ralph R. `` Definitions '' . www.ph.ucla.edu . Jump up ^ Molins , Ricardo A. ( 2001 ) . Food irradiation : principles and applications . Wiley - IEEE . p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 35634 - 9 . Jump up ^ Brown , Amy Christian ( 2007 ) . Understanding Food : Principles and Preparation ( 3 ed . ) . Cengage Learning . p. 546 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 10745 - 3 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Jump up ^ `` No bugs please , this is a clean planet ! '' . European Space Agency . 30 July 2002 . Retrieved 7 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guidance for Industry : Biological Indicators '' . United States Food and Drug Administration . 4 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Guidance for Industry : Sterile Drug Products Produced by Aseptic Processing '' ( PDF ) . United States Food and Drug Administration . September 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Steam Sterilization for Medical Devices - ISO 17665 - Sterilization Validation Services '' . www.lso-inc.com . Jump up ^ `` Steam Sterilization Principles '' . STERIS Life Sciences . November 2013 . Jump up ^ http://web.tma.uz/gps/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/09/ASEPSIS-ANTISEPTICS-INTRODUCTION.pdf Jump up ^ `` Decontamination and Sterilization '' . NIH . Jump up ^ Casolari , A. `` FOOD STERILIZATION BY HEAT '' . Liberty Knowledge Reason . Jump up ^ `` -- Alberta Health and Wellness '' ( PDF ) . Health.gov.ab.ca . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Chemical Vapor Sterilization '' . www.tpub.com . Jump up ^ Incineration Jump up ^ Thiel , Theresa ( 1999 ) . `` Sterilization of Broth Media by Tyndallization '' ( PDF ) . Science in the Real World . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Zadik Y , Peretz A ( Apr 2008 ) . `` The effectiveness of glass bead sterilizer in the dental practice '' . J Isr Dent Assoc. 25 ( 2 ) : 36 -- 9 . PMID 18780544 . Jump up ^ http://www.CDC.gov/OralHealth/InfectionControl/faq/bead.htm 2008 - 09 - 11 Jump up ^ `` Ethylene oxide '' ( PDF ) . Occupational Safety and Health Administration . OSHA . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Sterilization NASP '' . North American Sterilization & Packaging . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` ATSDR - Medical Management Guidelines ( MMGs ) : Ethylene Oxide '' . www.atsdr.cdc.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Substitute Sterilants under SNAP as of September 28 , 2006 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` NIOSH : Documentation for Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations ( IDLH ) / NIOSH Chemical Listing and Documentation of Revised IDLH Values ( as of 3 / 1 / 95 ) - intridl4 '' . Cdc.gov . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` ATSDR - MMG : Ethylene Oxide '' . Atsdr.cdc.gov. 2007 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Hospital eTool : Central Supply Module '' . Osha.gov . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ Görsdorf S , Appel KE , Engeholm C , Obe G. ; Nitrogen dioxide induces DNA single - strand breaks in cultured Chinese hamster cells : Carcinogenesis. 1990 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mechanism Overview , June 2012 '' ( PDF ) . noxilizer.com . Noxilizer , Inc . Retrieved 2 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Noxilizer Contract Sterilization Services '' . noxilizer.com . Noxilizer , Inc . Retrieved 2 July 2013 . Jump up ^ CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics , 76th Ed . 1995 . Jump up ^ `` CDC - Index of Chemicals - NIOSH Publications and Products '' . www.cdc.gov . Jump up ^ `` Sterrad NX '' . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Guidelines for Disinfection '' ( PDF ) . Center for Disease Control . 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 29 CFR 1910.1000 Table Z - 1 '' . Occupational Safety and Health Administration . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MAUDE - Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience '' . Accessdata.fda.gov . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Occupational Safety and Health Guideline for Hydrogen Peroxide '' . Osha.gov . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` ATSDR - MMG : Hydrogen Peroxide '' . Atsdr.cdc.gov. 2007 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Cleared Sterilants and High Level Disinfectants with General Claims for Processing Reusable Medical and Dental Devices '' . United States Food and Drug Administration . March 2015 . Jump up ^ Bauman , PA ; Lawrence LA ; Biesert L ; Dichtelmüller H ; Fabbrizzi F ; Gajardo R ; Gröner A ; Jorquera JI ; Kempf C ; Kreil TR ; von Hoegen I ; Pifat DY ; Petteway SR Jr ; MCai K ( July 2006 ) . `` Critical factors influencing prion inactivation by sodium hydroxide '' . Vox Sang. 91 ( 1 ) : 34 -- 40 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1423 - 0410.2006. 00790. x . PMID 16756599 . Jump up ^ Trends in Radiation Sterilization of Health Care Products , IAEA , Vienna , 24 September 2008 Jump up ^ `` NRC : Information Notice No. 89 - 82 : Recent Safety - Related Incidents at Large Irradiators '' . www.nrc.gov . Jump up ^ Thomadsen , Bruce ; Nath , Ravinder ; Bateman , Fred B. ; Farr , Jonathan ; Glisson , Cal ; Islam , Mohammad K. ; LaFrance , Terry ; Moore , Mary E. ; George Xu , X. ; Yudelev , Mark ( 2014 ) . `` Potential Hazard Due to Induced Radioactivity Secondary to Radiotherapy '' . Health Physics. 107 ( 5 ) : 442 -- 460 . doi : 10.1097 / HP. 0000000000000139 . ISSN 0017 - 9078 . Jump up ^ Bharati , S ; Soundrapandian C ; Basu D ; Datta S ( 2009 ) . `` Studies on a novel bioactive glass and composite coating with hydroxyapatite on titanium based alloys : Effect of γ - sterilization on coating '' . J. Eur . Ceram . Soc. 29 ( 12 ) : 2527 -- 35 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jeurceramsoc. 2009.02. 013 . Jump up ^ `` Employing Ionizing Radiation to Enhance Food Safety -- a Review The Purpose of Food Irradiation In recent decades , food irradia '' . scholar.googleusercontent.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Guidance for Industry , Sterile Drug Products Produced by Aseptic Processing -- Current Good Manufacturing Practice '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of Health and Human Services . 2004 Jump up ^ Onyango LA , Dunstan RH , Roberts TK ( 2010 ) . `` Filterability of staphylococcal species through membrane filters following application of stressors '' . BMC Res Notes . 3 : 152 . doi : 10.1186 / 1756 - 0500 - 3 - 152 . PMC 2896367 . PMID 20509961 . Jump up ^ `` Guidance for Industry : Sterile Drug Products Produced by Aseptic Processing '' ( PDF ) . United States Food and Drug Administration . September 2004 . Other references ( edit ) WHO - Infection Control Guidelines for Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies . Retrieved Jul 10 , 2010 Ninemeier J. Central Service Technical Manual ( 6th ed . ) . International Association of Healthcare Central Service Materiel Management . Control of microbes Raju GK , Cooney CL ( 1993 ) . `` Media and air sterilization '' . In Stephanopoulos G. Biotechnology , 2E , Vol. 3 , Bioprocessing . Weinheim : Wiley - VCH . pp. 157 -- 84 . ISBN 3 - 527 - 28313 - 7 . Innovative Technologies for the Biofunctionalisation and Terminal Sterilisation of Medical Devices Pharmaceutical Filtration - The Management of Organism Removal , Meltzer TH , Jornitz MW , PDA / DHI 1998 `` Association for Advancement of Medical Instrumentation ANSI / AAMI ST41 - Ehylene Oxyde Sterilization in Healthcare facilities : Safety and Effectiveness . Arlington , VA : Association for Advancement of Medical Instrumentation ; 2000 . '' ISBN 1 - 57020 - 420 - 9 `` US Department of Labor , Occupational Safety and Health Administration. 29 CFR 1910.1020 . Access to Employee Medical Records . '' . October 26 , 2007 . Perioperative Standards and Recommended Practices , AORN 2013 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 888460 - 77 - 3 NDL : 00570052 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sterilization_(microbiology)&oldid=832141789 '' Categories : Biocides Electron beam Hygiene Microbiology Sterilization ( microbiology ) Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Ligure Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Runa Simi Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 36 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 March 2018 , at 02 : 11 . 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364750149357531837	Audience measurement	Audience measurement - wikipedia Audience measurement Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may contain too much repetition or redundant language . Please help improve it by merging similar text or removing repeated statements . ( January 2017 ) This article duplicates the scope of other articles . Please discuss this issue on the talk page and edit it to conform with Wikipedia 's Manual of Style . ( January 2017 ) This article 's factual accuracy is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Look up listenership , readership , or viewership in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Audience measurement measures how many people are in an audience , usually in relation to radio listenership and television viewership , but also in relation to newspaper and magazine readership and , increasingly , web traffic on websites . Sometimes , the term is used as pertaining to practices which help broadcasters and advertisers determine who is listening rather than just how many people are listening . In some parts of the world , the resulting relative numbers are referred to as audience share , while in other places the broader term market share is used . This broader meaning is also called audience research . Measurements are broken down by media market , which for the most part corresponds to metropolitan areas , both large and small . Contents ( hide ) 1 Methods 1.1 Diaries 1.2 Electronic 1.3 Software 2 New media 3 Demographics 4 Ratings point 4.1 GRPs / TRPs 5 Terminology 5.1 Demographics 5.2 Dayparts 6 Criticisms 7 Measurement conferences 8 Measurement companies 9 See also 10 Notes and references Methods ( edit ) Diaries ( edit ) The diary was one of the first methods of recording information . However , this is prone to mistakes and forgetfulness , as well as subjectivity . Data is also collected down to the level of listener opinion of individual songs , cross referenced against their age , race , and economic status in listening sessions sponsored by oldies and mix formatted stations . IBOPE was the first realtime service for audience measurement of the world , it started in São Paulo in 1942 . Electronic ( edit ) See also : Nielsen ratings The audience measurement of U.S. television has relied on sampling to obtain estimated audience sizes in which advertisers determine the value of such acquisitions . According to The Television Will Be Revolutionized , Amanda D. Lotz states that during the 1960s and 1970s , Nielsen introduced the Storage Instantaneous Audimeter , a device that daily sent viewing information to the company 's computers using phone lines and made national daily ratings available by 1973 . Although the audimeters did not supply sufficient information regarding demographics of the audience , it did however allow Nielsen to establish diary reports that presented some insight on the audience . According to Lotz , the Nielsen sample included approximately 1,700 audimeter homes and a rotating panel of approximately 850 diary respondents . Nielsen was the controlling factor of audience measurement for national network television . In the mid-2000s , networks cried foul , blaming Nielsen for inaccurate rating measurements . This public attention was just the beginning , as Nielsen implemented its automated Local People Meter ( LPM ) technology . The LPM marked the shift from active , diary based local measurement to more passive , meter - monitored measurement of local markets . Technologically , the LPM is very similar to the original Nielsen People Meter . The key advancement was that the LPM provided accurate measurements of particular local markets . The LPM system has also allowed the industry to measure year - round , rather than the quarterly `` sweeps '' periods . Researchers believed that the LPM more accurately reported the full range of programming viewers watched , including that while channel - surfing . Arbitron 's Portable People Meter uses a microphone to pick up and record subaudible tones embedded in broadcasts by an encoder at each station or network . It has even been used to track in - store radio . The introduction of the digital terrestrial television ( DTT ) around the world brings new problems to the television audience measurement process . In a multisignal context , with the emergence of new contents and squarely in front of the contemporary technological convergence , the correct representation of the viewing behaviors faces methodological challenges . New methodologies ( Audio or Video Matching , Water Marketing ) are needed in order to measure the digital television audiences. The measurement using audimeters enters a new era , facing the dual challenge of analog and digital measurement in a mixed television broadcast . Because of the internet , many businesses are no longer constrained to establishing sales to just their local markets , but alternatively can serve customers across much larger territories . The arising development of markets boosts the likelihood of offering low - occurrence niche items that would go through challenges in order to encounter the ideal customers in a specific area of markets . In his Journal of Advertising Research , author Chris Anderson remarks : `` for some internet - based businesses , locality no longer regulates the market . '' When consumers obtain access to a greater range of choices , they gravitate toward exercising those choices , awarding fewer of their `` votes '' to the big hits and more of their `` votes '' to specialized niche choices . Anderson argues that people always wanted more choices , but their desires previously were obscured by distributional bottlenecks imposed by cost or locality . Software ( edit ) New digital technologies initially complicated in - home measurement systems . The DVR , for example , initially seemed incompatible with a Nielsen box , which was designed to register the frequency of the television signal in order to measure the channel being viewed . As a DVR always produces the same frequency , an A / P or active / passive meter could be developed to read audio tracks of a particular program rather than the frequency of the television . Another challenge to the industry was consumers ' turning to digital cable , the internet and devices other than their television sets to view entertainment content . As new ways of measurement were becoming readily available and people could easily be tracked and monitored for content and use , the industry worried that traditional sampling techniques might become obsolete . Furthermore , the increasing fragmentation of viewing across different technologies posed difficulties in reporting actual viewer numbers for a content piece . In 2010 Nielsen began rolling out its `` anytime anywhere media measurement '' initiative , which includes DVR views in the television figures . Dubbed `` GTAM , '' which stands for Global Television Audience Metering , is based on the development of new audience metering technologies aimed at dealing with all of the conceivable challenges involved in measuring the video viewing behavior of contemporary consumer households across multiple platforms ( TV , Internet , mobile devices ) . Existing A / P meters will be replaced by so - called GTAM meters which are expected to utilize a combination of active and passive measurement technologies . However , unlike A / P meters , they will not require a physical connection to any media devices to function . New media ( edit ) Nielsen / / NetRatings measures Internet and digital media audiences through a telephone and Internet survey . Nielsen BuzzMetrics measures consumer - generated media . Other companies collecting information on internet usage include comScore , Wakoopa , and Hitwise , who measure hits on internet pages . Companies like Visible Measures focus on measuring specific types of media ; in the case of Visible Measures , they measure online video consumption and distribution across all video advertising and content . GfK offers Cross Media Measurement Solutions that allows to attribute offline sales to media exposure across TV , Internet and Mobile utilizing its proprietary LEOtrace technology . Sightcorp , TruMedia , Quividi , relEYEble , stickyPiXEL , Cognitec , goCount and CognoVision provide real - time audience data including size , attention span and demographics by using video analytics technology to automatically detect , track and classify viewers watching digital displays . Networked Insights measures online audiences , and released a report ranking television shows , based on people 's interactions within social media . The study showed that half of the shows on Networked Insights ' top 10 list did not appear on the Nielsen Media Research ( NMR ) list . According to `` The Television Will Be Revolutionized '' by Amanda D. Lotz , one of the most challenging aspects of audience measurement during the multi-channel transition resulted from the intermediary nature of new technologies and distribution systems . The sampling techniques that most audience research relied upon were based on a fairly uniform nationwide availability of technologies and programming , and thus reflected a network - era experience with television . The arrival of varied programming tiers of cable channels challenged the system as US television homes began having highly descriptive access to technology and programming and consequently began using television in significantly different ways . Although the A / P meter solved the problem of DVR use , programming on video on demand systems did not include the `` audio watermark '' used by the device . The nation 's many cable providers also limited access to the proprietary data recorded by their set top boxes , which reduced the informational gain offered by this technology . Video on demand desperately needed to establish measurement matrices to prove its economic viability , but the lack of shared and consistent information further confounded knowledge about use . Likewise , the erosion of the thirty - second advertisement 's dominance and the new advertising strategies that became increasingly common required the creation of new methods and matrices to determine value and pricing . The goal of these leading providers in automated audience measurement solutions is to deliver results to inquiries such as : The nature of the audience , the number of viewers , the content viewed , the amount of time spent on viewing , the type of display utilized and the audience interest in those displays . In `` The Television Will be Revolutionized '' , Amanda Lotz clearly indicates how technological development in the audience measurement practice provides a multitude of technological advancements such as the DVR , Video - On - Demand portable devices such as the iPod and even a boost in mobile phone proficiencies . These improvements comply with television viewing not to be restrained to be `` home - watched '' . Internet measurement is taken to the next level through its sophistication and high tech distribution . This allows several audiences measurement companies to refer to the Internet as the most measurable media . Demographics ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2011 ) The demographic of a particular show 's audience is also measured . This is often notated in an abbreviated form , e.g. : P2+ = Persons aged 2 or more P12 -- 34 = Persons aged 12 to 34 P18 -- 49 = Persons aged 18 to 49 A18 -- 34 = Adults aged 18 to 34 Men 18 -- 34 Women 18 -- 34 Ratings point ( edit ) Ratings point is a measure of viewership of a particular television programme . One single television ratings point ( Rtg or TVR ) represents 1 % of television households in the surveyed area in a given minute . As of 2004 , there are an estimated 109.6 million television households in the United States . Thus , a single national ratings point represents 1 % , or 1,096,000 television households for the 2004 -- 05 season . When used for the broadcast of a program , the average rating across the duration of the show is typically given . Ratings points are often used for specific demographics rather than just households . For example , a ratings point among the key 18 - to 49 - year - olds demographic is equivalent to 1 % of all 18 - to 49 - year - olds in the country . A Rtg / TVR is different from a share point in that it is the percentage of all possible households , while a share point is 1 % of all households watching television at the time . Hence the share of a broadcast is often significantly higher than the rating , especially at times when overall TV viewing is low . A low TRP can have an adverse effect on a TV program eventually leading to its closure . GRPs / TRPs ( edit ) Gross rating points ( GRPs ) or target rating points ( TRPs ) are chiefly used to measure the performance of TV - based advertising campaigns , and are the sum of the TVRs of each commercial spot within the campaign . An ad campaign might require a certain number of GRPs among a particular demographic across the duration of the campaign . The GRP of a campaign is equal to the percentage of people who saw , multiplied by the average number of spots that these viewers saw . Targeted Rating Points are a refinement of GRPs to express the reach time frequency of only the most likely prospects . For example , if a campaign buys 150 GRPs for a television spot , but only half of that audience is actually in the market for the campaign 's product , then the TRP would be stated as 75 to calculate the net effective buy ( 1 ) . Gross rating point , a standard measure in advertising , it measures advertising impact . It is a percent of the target market reached multiplied by the exposure frequency . Thus , a program which advertises to 30 % of the target market and gives them 4 exposures , will have 120 GRP . GRPs as a measure has some limitations . People like to think of it as a measure of impact , but that is really overstated . Impact should measure sales ; this measures exposures , which is in fact assumed not actual exposures . Basics of TAM ( television advertising measurement ) : Universe : Universe is the total or actual number of people in a defined target audience . Reach : Reach is the number of individuals from the universe who are exposed to the medium or vehicle . Reach is normally expressed in terms of % ( percentages ) Calculation of reach : If universe is : 1,000,000 individuals ( this is approx . data , it is usually defined through sampling through people - meter ) : For a single episode of a program ( 30 minutes or 1 hour ) If out of above 1,000,000 of individuals 600,000 saw at least 1 minute of programme then : Reach = ( 600,000 / 1,000,000 ) x 100 Reach = 60 % Variations of the reach concept : Gross reach Gross reach is the summation of all audiences who have been exposed to the vehicle . Week 1 : 1,000 Week 2 : 2,000 Week 3 : 1,500 Week 4 : 1,200 Hence , gross reach = Week 1 + Week 2 + Week 3 + Week 4 Gross reach = 5,700 Cumulative reach This section 's factual accuracy is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on Talk : Audience measurement . Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Cumulative reach : The audiences accumulate over the time The number of individuals within the TG who are exposed to the medium or vehicle over a certain period of time Total time = Total average minutes ( universe ) x Universe Total time / reach = Avg minutes viewers Net reach Net reach Net reach is the summation of all audiences who have been exposed to the vehicle and excludes the duplication of the viewership . Weeks Gross reach Total reach Duplication Total duplication Net reach Week 1 1,000 1,000 -- -- 1,000 Week 2 2,000 3,000 ( 300 ) ( 300 ) 2,700 Week 3 1,500 4,500 ( 900 ) ( 1,200 ) 3,300 Week 4 1,200 5,700 ( 1,000 ) ( 2,200 ) 3,500 What is a TVR ( television rating point ) : TVR = Reach x Time spent TVR = ( minutes viewed / minutes available ) + ( minutes viewed / minutes available ) / N X100 N = Number of individuals Gross rating points ( GRPs ) The sum of all ratings achieved in a campaign GRP levels are generally measured and reported on a 4 - week basis It is a measure of the media plan 's trust CPRP Measurement used in planning a television media buy based on the cost of a commercial time slot and the rating of the program where the time slot is positioned . If , for example , the cost of a commercial time slot during prime time was $1000 and the program rating for that time was 10 ( which means that 10 % of the total potential audience was tuned to that program ) , then the cost per GRP would be $1000 divided by 10 % , or $100 . The CPGRP measurement is a way of measuring the efficiency of media cost , as compared to measuring the cost per thousand ( CPT ) and is generally used when making comparisons of the various broadcast vehicles . When the actual buy is made , the advertiser will still want to know the cost of reaching people on a cost - per - thousand basis . Programme name Time Secondages Effective rate Total amt TVR GRP 10 : 00 am -- 11 : 00 am 150 6,000 90,000 5.4 81 21 : 00 -- 22 : 00 200 30,000 600,000 9.8 196 Total - 350 - 690,000 - 277 CPRP = 2,491 ( i.e. , Total amt / Total GRPs ) Terminology ( edit ) The ratings industry breaks their statistics down in several ways , to express different measurements : Share The Share is the percentage of radio listeners tuned into a given station at a given time . For example -- a `` 1.4 Share '' means that 1.4 % of all people listening to the radio at a specified time are tuned into the specified station or program . Rating Rating is the percentage of potential audience members -- whether tuned into any program or not -- who are tuned into a particular program or station at a given time . Cume Cume or Cumulative Audience is the number of unique people tuned into a program or station at a given time . Cume is usually expressed as the estimated number of listeners in any given quarter - hour . Average Quarter Hour ( AQH ) Main article : AQH Share The AQH figure is the average number of audience members during a typical quarter - hour ( measured as quarters of the hour from : 00 to : 15 , : 15 to : 30 , : 30 to : 45 , and : 45 after the hour to the top of the hour , respectively . Time Spent Listening ( TSL ) The amount of time an average listener spends listening to the station or program before channel surfing . This measurement drives both the frequency of radio commercial breaks , as well as the station 's programming strategy . Stations whose radio formats tend to have short TSLs ( music stations ) as well as dayparts ( see below ) with short TSLs ( morning drive time , for example ) will have more frequent commercial breaks ; formats and times with longer TSLs will schedule breaks less frequently . Demographics ( edit ) All of the other ratings are broken down by demographics . Stations that might have weak overall ( `` 12 + '' ) demographics may have strong enough ratings within a given , desired `` demographic '' to be attractive to advertisers , and thus profitable . For example , talk radio stations frequently have lower - than - average `` 12 + '' ratings , but much higher numbers among males age 35 - 54 . Since the 35 - 54 male demographic is highly coveted by advertisers , such a station can be quite profitable . Dayparts ( edit ) Main articles : Dayparting and Broadcast programming In addition to demographics , a key breakdown in ratings is the `` Daypart '' , or segment of the broadcast day . In radio ( and to a lesser extent television ) , the key dayparts are : Morning Drive : characterized by short TSLs ( the time a person spends in their car ) and , for the well - programmed station , high cumes , Morning Drive ( usually from 5AM to around 9AM ) is a key revenue generator . Mid-Mornings , Mid-Days : With lower listenership ( measured by lower average quarter hours ) but generally longer TSLs , the middle of the day is a place where stations frequently experiment with longer music , television programming , and longer television commercial sets . Afternoon Drive : Again , high listenership but short TSL , combined with a more - tired listenership that is driving home from work , combines to make afternoon drive time ( usually from 3PM to 7PM ) a time of short sweeps and , in talk radio , brief conversational snips . Evenings and Overnights : Lower listenership means lower revenues -- but a standout program frequently can draw a niche audience that , if it shows up in the ratings book , can mean solid revenue . Criticisms ( edit ) There have been many criticisms of audience measurement . These criticisms tend to refer to methodological problems , sampling issues and reporting issues . A major issue for media owners and advertisers is that the standard audience surveys only collect data on audience size and basic demographic composition . Audience quality is inferred from the demographic profile of an audience . However , current metrics fail to capture audience engagement . Increasingly advertisers are demanding better measures of media engagement . In the 1990s , audience research methods generally were thrown into question with the arrival of new media , especially digital media and changes to the public 's media habits . People meters , which recorded the household 's viewing by noting the station to which a TV was tuned , failed to capture new viewing habits such as recording programs for playback at a later time or watching a podcast / download on another device such as a tablet or computer . The proliferation of new media has given consumers much greater control over where and when they access content . For instance , Video on Demand ( VoD ) enables consumers to decide when to watch programs while smartphones enable consumers to decide where to access content . Media research companies have been forced to devise new methologies capable of tracking new and unprecedented viewing habits across a diverse range of different platforms . Another issue which has presented challenges for media measurement is the consumer habit of simultaneous media consumption . Modern audiences are often consuming multiple media at the same time . For example , a teeanger might be plugged into radio via earphones while working on the Internet , where he or she is scanning online newspapers and magazines . Thus the user may be consuming three or more media alternatives at the same time . Media research companies , which historically specialised in a single media such as radio or TV , were poorly equipped to respond to the challenge of simultaneous consumption across multiple platforms . However , media research is slowly devising methods designed to capture simultaneous media consumption habits . The timing of audience reports is a major issue for both the networks and advertisers . Data collected by people - meters is available on the morning after programs have aired . However , data collected by diary methods requires much more time to collate and analyse . Radio surveys , for example , which are still used for radio ratings in many countries , are normally only available on a quarterly basis . The time lag in reporting fails to provide advertisers with sufficient lead times to take corrective action during a campaign . Other questions have been raised about diary - based data collection methods . The expectation that diarists participating in the radio sample will accurately record their listening at 15 minute intervals has been challenged by many analysts . Many analysts suspect that diarists only fill in their diaries at the end of each week , or perhaps less often which forces them to recall their radio usage thereby raising concerns about reliability . In addition the diary based method appears to inflate average audience size , because the total audience is captured by recording any person who was listening during a quarter - hour counts as listening for the entire duration , even if the actual time was just for a minute or two . The process of surveying listeners for their preferences has also been criticised for its lack of flexibility . Listeners complain that modern radio lacks variety and depth but the measurement methods only facilitate further refinement of already minutely programmed formats rather than the overhaul that many listeners are asking for . Radio in the US , is where listeners hear their old favorites rather than are exposed to new music . Data obtained by some audience measurement methods is detailed to individual songs and how they are reacted to by each age , racial , and economic group the station is seeking to attract . This statistical approach leads to highly recognizable songs ( such as those from the Beatles ) which score well with a cross-section of listeners . Measurement conferences ( edit ) The world 's largest audience measurement conference , AM X. 0 , is presented annually by the Advertising Research Foundation . Each year , hundreds of attendees from around the world gather to hear a collection of experts speak on Social Media , Mobile and Cross-Platform issues . Measurement companies ( edit ) In most countries the advertising industry , via its peak industry associations , endorses a single media research company as the official provider of audience measurement . The methodology used by the official provider then becomes known as the industry currency in audience measurement . Industry members fund the audience research and share the findings . In a few countries , where the industry is more fragmented or where there is no clear peak industry association , two or more competing organisations may provide audience measurement services . In such countries , there is said to be no industry currency . Four basic methods of data collection are used to survey broadcast audiences , namely interviews , diaries , meters or scanning and modelling . Research companies employ different methodologies depending on where and when media is used and the cost of data collection . All these methods involve sampling -- that is taking a representative sample of the population and recording their media usage which is then extrapolated to the general population . The Kantar Media network ( including TNS ) currently measures TV , radio , and internet audiences in over 40 countries . Nielsen Media Research is also very active in the provision of radio survey data globally , collecting TV audience measures in 27 countries , people meter technology in more than 58,000 homes . GfK , a global market research company , provides similar Media Measurement services in Europe and other parts of the world . In Australia , television ratings are collected by three main organizations . OzTAM serves metropolitan areas , Regional TAM serves regional areas serviced by three commercial networks . Ratings are collected year round , but findings are not made public for a period of around 10 weeks over summer which allows the networks to experiment with schedules . Radio surveys are carried out by Nielsen Media Research Australia . In Argentina , radio and television measurement is done by Ibope and Infortecnica . In Austria the measurement is done by GfK at the request of Verein Arbeitsgemeinschaft TELETEST ( AGTT ) . In Belgium TV and radio measurements are handled by GfK at the request of Centrum voor Informatie over de Media ( CIM ) . In Bosnia and Herzegovina , Mareco Index Bosnia is the provider of TAM ratings ( TV Meters ) . This company also provides Radio & Print Measurement data ( Diary ) . In Brazil , IBOPE provide measurement services for TV . The provider of Bulgarian TAM ratings is Taylor Nelson Sofres TV PLAN ; this company uses TV meters . In Canada , Numeris measures both TV and radio while its subsidiary NLogic is one of several companies that provide software for analyzing the data . In Colombia , television measurement is done by IBOPE and Nielsen . In Radio , measurements are handled by ECAR Finnpanel measures both radio and TV in Finland . In Czech Republic , television ratings are collected by Mediaresearch . In Denmark , radio measurement is handled by TNS Gallup . In France , radio and television measurement is handled by Médiamétrie . Newspaper readership is handled by EPIQ . In Germany TV audience measurement is done by Gesellschaft für Konsumforschung ( known as GfK ) . In India , television ratings are collected by two main organizations -- TAM Media Research and Audience Measurement Analytics Limited ( aMap ) . Audience Measurement and Analytics Ltd. ( aMap ) entered the market in 2005 , with more coverage and latest technology from Telecontrol - Switzerland . Audience Measurement and Analytics Ltd. ( aMap ) polls the meters ( 6000 households ) using GSM network and provides ratings overnight . TAM India collects data manually ( physical visits ) and releases data weekly . Audience Measurement and Analytics Ltd. ( aMap ) also has a stand - alone digital panel ( aMapDigital ) to measure TV viewing and Interactive engagement in direct - broadcast satellite ( DBS ) homes . In 2015 , Reverberate Digital Pvt. Ltd , India launched Muze Digital -- an omni - channel solution that measures , manages and monetizes audience engagement for broadcast media . Nielsen 's RAM is the industry currency for radio audience measurement . In Japan Video Research Ltd. handles radio and television measurement . IRS ( Indian Readership Survey ) is the industry currency for newspaper and magazine readership In Kazakhstan , TV measurement is handled by TNS . In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia the measurement is done by GfK at the request of Saudi Media Measurement Company ( SMMC ) . In Lithuania , TV and radio measurements are handled by TNS Gallup . In Malaysia , no single , official currency for measuring TV audiences and two competing companies provide data , using different methodologies , namely GfK Malaysia and Kantar Media ; radio surveys are carried out by GfK Malaysia . In the Netherlands Press , TV and radio measurements are handled by GfK . In New Zealand GfK measures radio audiences , while ACB McNair measures TV audiences . In the Philippines , TV measurement is handled by Kantar Media Philippines and AGB Nielsen Media Research Philippines . Kantar Media uses a nationwide panel size of 2,609 urban and rural homes that represent 100 % of the total Philippine TV viewing population , while AGB Nielsen reportedly has only 1,980 homes based solely in urban areas that represent only 57 % of the Philippine TV viewing population . Kantar Media covers 15.135 million households or 75 million individuals while AGB only covers 7.260 million households or 34.4 million individuals . Radio measurement is handled by AGB Nielsen , Kantar Media Philippines ( upon the request of the Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster ng Pilipinas ( KBP , Association of Broadcasters of the Philippines ) and Radio Research Council ( RRC ) ) , and the Philippine Survey and Research Center ( PSRC ) . Print measurement is handled by AGB Nielsen , TNS , and Strategic Consumer and Media Incites Inc . ( SCMI ) . In Pakistan TV audience measurement is done by Gallup BRB & Medialogic Pakistan . In Portugal TV audience measurement is done by GfK . In Poland TV audience measurement is done by Nielsen Audience Measurement . Internet audience measurement is done by Gemius . In Russia TV , Radio , Press and Internet measurements are handled by TNS Gallup , OOH is measured by ESPAR Analytics in cooperation with TNS Gallup , Digital Signage is measured by gocount.net . In Singapore the measurement is done by GfK at the request of Infocomm Media Development Authority ( IMDA ) . In Slovakia TV audience measurement is done by TNS . In South Korea , television measurement is handled by AGB Nielsen ( formerly Media Service Korea ) and TNmS Media ( formerly TNS Korea ) . AGB Nielsen also handles internet content measurement with the help of CJ E&M 's Smart Media division . In Spain , digital signage audience measurement is done by aiTech . Radio and television measurement is done by Infortecnica . In South Africa TNS collects radio survey data while Nielsen Media collects data for television audiences In Sweden TV audience measurement is done by MMS -- Mediamätning i Skandinavien . In Turkey , TV measurement is done by TNS ( Kantar Media ) , radio by Nielsen . In the UK , television measurement is administered by the Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board via a metered panel and radio by RAJAR , using a diary system . The NRS ( National Readership Survey ) measures newspaper and magazine readership . In the United States , TV and radio measurement is carried out Nielsen Media Research ( the radio component was formerly carried out by Arbitron ) , and digital signage by TruMedia and CognoVision. Stratacache uses audience measurement technology to build reports for digital signage . In Vietnam , TV measurement is done by VIETNAM - TAM ( co-oporation of MIC & Nielsen & AMI ) , Kantar Media also carry out measure TV audience since 1995 . See also ( edit ) Internet radio audience measurement Notes and references ( edit ) Lotz , Amanda D. ( 2007 ) `` The Television Will Be Revolutionized '' . New York . NY : New York University Press . p. 196 - 197 Lotz , Amanda D. ( 2007 ) `` The Television Will Be Revolutionized '' . New York . NY : New York University Press . p. 199 Jump up ^ Lotz , Amanda ( 2007 ) . The Television Will Be Revolutionized . New York , NY : New York University Press . Jump up ^ Napoli , Philip M. ( 2003 ) . Audience Economics : Media Institutions and the Audience Marketplace . New York , NY : Columbia University Press . Jump up ^ `` People Meter Technology Brings Miami More Accurate Ratings '' . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Silcock , B. William ; Heider , Don ; Rogus , Mary T. ( 2009 ) . Managing Television News : A Handbook for Ethical and Effective Producing . Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates , Inc . Jump up ^ http://www.soc.northwestern.edu/webster/pubs/Webster%20%282008%29%20People-Meter.pdf Jump up ^ Buzeta , Cristian ; Moyano , Patricio ( 2013 ) . `` The Television Audience Measurement in the Digital Age '' ( 33 ) . Jump up ^ Portilla , Idoia ( 2015 ) . `` Television Audience Measurement : Proposals of the Industry in the Era of Digitalization '' ( 36 ) . Jump up ^ `` Why DVR Ratings Increases Matter , and Why They Do n't -- TVLine '' . TVLine . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dave Zornow Articles : Nielsen 's Active / Passive Digital Meter '' . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Straubhaar , Joseph ; LaRose , Robert ; Davenport , Lucinda ( 2013 ) . Media Now : Understanding Media , Culture , and Technology . Stamford , CT : Cengage Learning . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Unveiling Suite Of Next - Generation TV Meters : Designed To Enhance Compliance , Cross-Platform Measurement Too '' . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Awards case study : The GfK NOP Media Efficiency Panel '' . The Market Research Society . Retrieved 9 December 2014 . Jump up ^ NBC Universal Press release Archived September 23 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , accessed 1 April 2011 . Jump up ^ What is Television Rating Point TRP ? , archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 30 Jump up ^ Moyano , Patricio ; Muñoz , Orlando ; Selman , Elias ( 2005 ) . `` Estimation method for media audience duplication '' ( PDF ) . ESOMAR Worldwide Audience Measurement Cross Media / Television Conference . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Brierly , S. , The Advertising Handbook , London , Routledge , 1995 , pp 123 - 124 Jump up ^ Webster , J. , Phalen , P. and Lichty , L. , `` ' Ratings Analysis : Audience Measurement and Analytics , New York , Routledge , 2014 , p. 35 Jump up ^ Brierly , S. , The Advertising Handbook , London , Routledge , 1995 , p. 126 Jump up ^ Cuneo , A.Z. ( 7 October 2002 ) . `` Exclusive : Simultaneous media use rife , new study finds '' . AdAge . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Marc . Something in the Air . Random House . pp. 271 -- 277 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 50907 - 0 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Marc ( January 21 , 2007 ) , The Songs You Want to Hear , The Washington Post Jump up ^ Brierly , S. , The Advertising Handbook , London , Routledge , 1995 , pp 119 - 120 Jump up ^ Brierly , S. , The Advertising Handbook , London , Routledge , 1995 , p. 123 Jump up ^ `` Indigo FM mobile app powered by Muze '' . Jump up ^ `` Muze Digital -- Listener engagement solutions '' . Jump up ^ `` KBP commissions Kantar Media as radio audience measurement provider '' . adobomagazine.com . Jump up ^ `` Radyo5 92.3 News FM remains number one on the road '' . InterAksyon.com . Jump up ^ `` Summit Media gains market share in latest TNS Survey - '' . SummitMedia.com.ph . Archived from the original on 2015 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` PDI beats combined readership of 2 rivals '' . inquirer.net . Jump up ^ `` Content power is measured by CJ E&M and Nielsen Korea , and the ratings system integrates different types of media and measures consumer activities around a certain product . Three different items are taken into account : the issue ranking that analyzes the number of people who read news related to the program , the search ranking that measures the number of people who searched for the site on portal sites , and a buzz ranking that a program has on SNS . '' See : jennywill ( July 28 , 2014 ) . `` ' High School : Love On ' ranks # 1 in content power for the 2nd week of July '' . Allkpop . Retrieved July 28 , 2014. ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Audience_measurement&oldid=818685566 '' Categories : Audience measurement Broadcasting Market research Promotion and marketing communications Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from February 2008 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing style editing from January 2017 All articles needing style editing Articles in need of internal merging Accuracy disputes from January 2017 All accuracy disputes Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles to be expanded from April 2011 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Română Русский Slovenčina Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 January 2018 , at 00 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the major company measuring radio audiences is nielsen	[]	[]
3888663756456909939	Tool (band)	Tool ( band ) - wikipedia Tool ( band ) This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 12 October 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search Tool Tool performing live in Barcelona in 2006 . Left to right : Jones , Keenan , and Chancellor . Background information Origin Los Angeles , California , U.S. Genres Alternative metal art rock progressive metal progressive rock Years active 1990 -- present Labels Tool Dissectional Volcano Zoo Associated acts A Perfect Circle Green Jellÿ Puscifer Website toolband.com Members Danny Carey Adam Jones Maynard James Keenan Justin Chancellor Past members Paul D'Amour Tool is an American rock band from Los Angeles , California . Formed in 1990 , the group 's line - up includes drummer Danny Carey , guitarist Adam Jones , and vocalist Maynard James Keenan . Justin Chancellor has been the band 's bassist since 1995 , replacing their original bassist Paul D'Amour . Tool has won three Grammy Awards , performed worldwide tours , and produced albums topping the charts in several countries . The band emerged with a heavy metal sound on their first studio album , Undertow ( 1993 ) , and later became a dominant act in the alternative metal movement , with the release of their second album , Ænima in 1996 . Their efforts to unify musical experimentation , visual arts , and a message of personal evolution continued , with Lateralus ( 2001 ) and the most recent album , 10,000 Days ( 2006 ) , gaining the band critical acclaim , and commercial success around the world . Due to Tool 's incorporation of visual arts and very long and complex releases , the band is generally described as a style - transcending act and part of progressive rock , psychedelic rock , and art rock . The relationship between the band and today 's music industry is ambivalent , at times marked by censorship , and the band 's insistence on privacy . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early years ( 1988 -- 1992 ) 1.2 Undertow ( 1993 -- 1995 ) 1.3 Ænima and Salival ( 1996 -- 2000 ) 1.4 Lateralus ( 2001 -- 2005 ) 1.5 10,000 Days ( 2006 -- 2007 ) 1.6 Hiatus and upcoming fifth studio album ( 2008 -- present ) 2 Musical style and influences 2.1 Musical style 2.2 Influences 3 Visual arts 3.1 Music videos 3.2 Album artwork 3.3 Live shows 4 Members 5 Awards and nominations 5.1 Grammy Awards 6 Discography 7 References 7.1 Citations 7.2 Sources 8 External links History ( edit ) Early years ( 1988 -- 1992 ) ( edit ) Main articles : 72826 and Opiate ( EP ) During the 1980s , each of the future members of Tool moved to Los Angeles . Both Paul D'Amour and Adam Jones wanted to enter the film industry , while Maynard James Keenan found employment remodeling pet stores after having studied visual arts in Michigan . Danny Carey and Keenan performed for Green Jellÿ , and Carey played with Carole King and Pigmy Love Circus . Keenan and Jones met through a mutual friend in 1989 . After Keenan played a tape recording for Jones of his previous band project , Jones was so impressed by his voice that he eventually talked his friend into forming their own band . They started jamming together and were on the lookout for a drummer and a bass player . Carey happened to live above Keenan and was introduced to Jones by Tom Morello , an old high school friend of Jones and former member of Electric Sheep . Carey began playing in their sessions because he `` felt kinda sorry for them , '' as other invited musicians were not showing up . Tool 's lineup was completed when a friend of Jones introduced them to bassist D'Amour . Early on , the band fabricated the story that they formed because of the pseudophilosophy `` lachrymology '' . Although `` lachrymology '' was also cited as an inspiration for the band 's name , Keenan later explained their intentions differently : `` Tool is exactly what it sounds like : It 's a big dick . It 's a wrench ... we are ... your tool ; use us as a catalyst in your process of finding out whatever it is you need to find out , or whatever it is you 're trying to achieve . '' After almost two years of practicing and performing locally in the Los Angeles area , the band was approached by record companies , and eventually signed a record deal with Zoo Entertainment . In March 1992 , Zoo published the band 's first effort , Opiate . Described by the band as `` slam and bang '' heavy music and the `` hardest sounding '' six songs they had written to that point , the EP included the singles `` Hush '' and `` Opiate '' . The band 's first music video , `` Hush '' , promoted their dissenting views about the then - prominent Parents Music Resource Center and its advocacy of the censorship of music . The video featured the band members naked with their genitalia covered by parental advisory stickers and their mouths covered by duct tape . The band began touring with Rollins Band , Fishbone , and Rage Against the Machine to positive responses , which Janiss Garza of RIP Magazine summarized in September 1992 as a `` buzz '' and `` a strong start '' . Undertow ( 1993 -- 1995 ) ( edit ) Main article : Undertow ( Tool album ) Prison Sex `` Prison Sex '' was removed from the MTV playlist and deemed too graphic and offensive by MuchMusic . In this sample , Keenan begins his metaphorical treatment of child abuse . Problems playing this file ? See media help . The following year , at a time when alternative rock and grunge was at its height , Tool released their first full - length album , Undertow ( 1993 ) . It expressed more diverse dynamics than Opiate and included songs the band had chosen not to publish on their previous release , when they had opted for a heavier sound . The band began touring again as planned , with an exception in May 1993 . Tool was scheduled to play at the Garden Pavilion in Hollywood but learned at the last minute that the venue belonged to L. Ron Hubbard 's Church of Scientology , which was perceived as a clash with `` the band 's ethics about how a person should not follow a belief system that constricts their development as a human being . '' Keenan `` spent most of the show baa - ing like a sheep at the audience . '' A well known band logo created by longtime collaborator Cam de Leon , this wrench is an example of `` phallic hardware '' in Tool 's imagery . Tool later played several concerts during the Lollapalooza festival tour , and were moved from the second stage to the main stage by their manager and the festival co-founder Ted Gardner . At the last concert of Lollapalooza in Tool 's hometown Los Angeles , comedian Bill Hicks introduced the band . Hicks had become a friend of the band members and an influence on them after being mentioned in Undertow 's liner notes . He jokingly asked the audience of 10,000 people to stand still and help him look for a lost contact lens . The boost in popularity gained from these concerts helped Undertow to be certified gold by the RIAA in September 1993 and to achieve platinum status in 1995 , despite being sold with a censored album cover by distributors such as Wal - Mart . The single `` Sober '' became a hit single by March 1994 and won the band Billboard 's `` Best Video by a New Artist '' award for the accompanying stop motion music video . With the release of Tool 's follow - up single `` Prison Sex '' , the band again became the target of censorship . The song 's lyrics and video dealt with child abuse , which sparked controversial reactions ; Keenan 's lyrics begin with : `` It took so long to remember just what happened . I was so young and vestal then , you know it hurt me , but I 'm breathing so I guess I 'm still alive ... I 've got my hands bound and my head down and my eyes closed and my throat wide open . '' The video was created primarily by guitarist Adam Jones , who saw it as his `` surrealistic interpretation '' of the subject matter . And while some contemporary journalists praised the video and described the lyrics as `` metaphoric '' , the American branch of MuchMusic asked Keenan to represent the band in a hearing . It deemed the music video too graphic and obscene , and MTV stopped airing it after a few showings . In September 1995 , the band started writing and recording their second studio album . At that time Tool experienced its only lineup change to date , with bassist D'Amour leaving the band amicably to pursue other projects . Justin Chancellor , a member of former tourmates Peach , eventually replaced D'Amour , having been chosen over competitors such as Kyuss 's Scott Reeder , Filter 's Frank Cavanaugh , Pigmy Love Circus 's E. Shepherd Stevenson , and ZAUM 's Marco Fox . Ænima and Salival ( 1996 -- 2000 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Ænima and Salival Alternative version of the Ænima artwork shows a dedication to comedian Bill Hicks as `` another dead hero '' . On September 17 , 1996 , Tool released their second full - length album , Ænima ( `` ON - ima '' ) . It was certified triple platinum by the RIAA on March 4 , 2003 . D'Amour left Tool and Chancellor came on board during the recording of the album . The band enlisted the help of producer David Bottrill , who had produced some of King Crimson 's albums , while Jones collaborated with Cam de Leon to create Ænima 's Grammy - nominated artwork . The album was dedicated to stand - up comedian Bill Hicks , who had died two and a half years earlier . The band intended to raise awareness about Hicks 's material and ideas , because they felt that Tool and Hicks `` were resonating similar concepts '' . In particular , Ænima 's final track `` Third Eye '' is preceded by a clip of Hicks ' performances , and the lenticular casing of the Ænima album packaging as well as the chorus of the title track `` Ænema '' make reference to a sketch from Hicks 's Arizona Bay , in which he contemplates the idea of Los Angeles falling into the Pacific Ocean . The first single , `` Stinkfist '' , garnered limited airplay . It was shortened by radio programmers , MTV ( U.S. ) renamed the music video of `` Stinkfist '' to `` Track No. 1 '' due to offensive connotations , and the lyrics of the song were altered . Responding to fan complaints about censorship , Matt Pinfield of MTV 's 120 Minutes expressed regret on air by waving his fist in front of his face while introducing the video and explaining the name change . Ænema This Bill Hicks inspired song won the 1998 Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance . Problems playing this file ? See media help . A tour began in October 1996 , two weeks after Ænima 's release . Following numerous appearances in the United States and Europe , Tool headed for Australia and New Zealand in late March 1997 . April 1 of that year saw the first of several April Fools ' pranks related to the band . Kabir Akhtar , webmaster of the band 's semi-official fanpage , The Tool Page , wrote that `` at least three of the band are listed in critical condition '' after a tour bus accident on a highway . This hoax gained wide attention and was eventually exposed on radio and MTV . Akhtar later posted an apology , claiming that The Tool Page `` will not indulge itself in such outlandish pranks in the future '' -- a claim that would be belied by later April Fools ' pranks . Eventually returning to the United States , Tool appeared at Lollapalooza ' 97 in July , this time as a headliner , where they gained critical praise from The New York Times : Tool was returning in triumph to Lollapalooza after appearing among the obscure bands on the festival 's smaller stage in 1993 . Now Tool is the prime attraction for a festival that 's struggling to maintain its purpose ... Tool uses taboo - breaking imagery for hellfire moralizing in songs that swerve from bitter reproach to nihilistic condemnation . Its music has refined all the troubled majesty of grunge . Bassist Justin Chancellor performing at 2006 's Roskilde Festival Ænima eventually matched Tool 's successful debut album in sales , and the progressive - influenced album landed the band at the head of the alternative metal genre . It featured the Grammy Award - winning `` Ænema '' and appeared on several `` Best Albums of 1996 '' lists , with notable examples being those of Kerrang ! and Terrorizer . A legal battle that began the same year interfered with the band 's working on another release . Volcano Entertainment -- the successor of Tool 's by - then defunct label Zoo Entertainment -- alleged contract violations by Tool and filed a lawsuit . According to Volcano , Tool had violated their contract when the band looked at offers from other record labels . After Tool filed a countersuit stating that Volcano had failed to use a renewal option in their contract , the parties settled out of court . In December 1998 Tool agreed to a new contract , a three - record joint venture deal . In 2000 , the band dismissed their long - time manager Ted Gardner , who then sued the band over his commission on this lucrative agreement . During this time , Keenan joined the band A Perfect Circle , which was founded by long - time Tool guitar tech Billy Howerdel , while Jones joined The Melvins ' Buzz Osborne and Carey drummed with Dead Kennedys ' Jello Biafra on side projects . Although there were rumors that Tool were breaking up , Chancellor , Jones , and Carey were working on new material while waiting for Keenan to return . In 2000 , the Salival box set ( CD / VHS or CD / DVD ) was released , effectively putting an end to the rumors . The CD contained one new original track , a cover of Led Zeppelin 's `` No Quarter '' , a live version of Peach 's `` You Lied '' , and revised versions of old songs . The VHS and the DVD each contained four music videos , plus a bonus music video for `` Hush '' on the DVD . Although Salival did not yield any singles , the hidden track `` Maynard 's Dick '' ( which dates back to the Opiate era ) briefly found its way to FM radio when several DJs chose to play it on air under the title `` Maynard 's Dead '' . Lateralus ( 2001 -- 2005 ) ( edit ) Main article : Lateralus Guitarist Adam Jones performing at Roskilde Festival 2006 . In January 2001 , Tool announced a new album , Systema Encéphale , along with a 12 - song track list containing titles such as `` Riverchrist '' , `` Numbereft '' , `` Encephatalis '' , `` Musick '' , and `` Coeliacus '' . File - sharing networks such as Napster were flooded with bogus files bearing the titles ' names . At the time , Tool members were outspokenly critical of file - sharing networks in general due to their impact on artists that are dependent on record sales to continue their careers . Keenan said during an interview with NY Rock in 2000 , `` I think there are a lot of other industries out there that might deserve being destroyed . The ones who get hurt by MP3s are not so much companies or the business , but the artists , people who are trying to write songs . '' A month later , the band revealed that the new album was actually titled Lateralus ; the name Systema Encéphale and the track list had been a ruse . Lateralus and the corresponding tours would take Tool a step further toward art rock and progressive rock territory . Rolling Stone wrote in an attempt to summarize the album that `` Drums , bass and guitars move in jarring cycles of hyperhowl and near - silent death march ... The prolonged running times of most of Lateralus ' thirteen tracks are misleading ; the entire album rolls and stomps with suitelike purpose . '' Joshua Klein of The A.V. Club expressed his opinion that Lateralus , with its 79 minutes and relatively complex and long songs -- topped by the ten - and - a-half - minute music video for `` Parabola '' -- posed a challenge to fans and music programming alike . Schism `` Schism '' is the Grammy awarded first single off Lateralus . With its abstract lyrics and multi-sectioned , odd - metered structure it has since become a signature song of the band . Problems playing this file ? See media help . The album became a worldwide success , reaching No. 1 on the U.S. Billboard 200 albums chart in its debut week . Tool received their second Grammy Award for the best metal performance of 2001 for the song `` Schism '' . During the band 's acceptance speech , drummer Carey stated that he would like to thank his parents ( for putting up with him ) and Satan , and bassist Chancellor concluded : `` I want to thank my dad for doing my mom . '' Extensive touring throughout 2001 and 2002 supported Lateralus and included a personal highlight for the band : a 10 - show joint mini-tour with King Crimson in August 2001 . Comparisons between the two were made , MTV describing the bands as `` the once and future kings of progressive rock '' . Keenan stated of the minitour : `` For me , being on stage with King Crimson is like Lenny Kravitz playing with Led Zeppelin , or Britney Spears onstage with Debbie Gibson . '' Although the end of the tour in November 2002 seemed to signal the start of another hiatus for the band , they did not become completely inactive . While Keenan recorded and toured with A Perfect Circle , the other band members released an interview and a recording of new material , both exclusive to the fan club . On April 1 , 2005 , the official Tool website announced that `` Maynard has found Jesus '' and would be abandoning the recording of the new Tool album temporarily and possibly permanently . Kurt Loder of MTV contacted Keenan via email to ask for a confirmation and received a nonchalant confirmation . When Loder asked again , Keenan 's response was simply `` heh heh . '' On April 7 the official site announced , `` Good news , April fools fans . The writing and recording is back under way . '' Work continued on the follow - up to Lateralus ; meanwhile , a Lateralus vinyl edition and two DVD singles were released , and the band 's official website received a new splash intro by artist Joshua Davis . The `` double vinyl four - picture disc '' edition of Lateralus was first released as a limited autographed edition exclusively available to fan club members and publicly released on August 23 , 2005 . On December 20 the two DVDs were released , one containing the single `` Schism '' and the other `` Parabola '' , a remix by Lustmord , and a music video with commentary by David Yow and Jello Biafra . 10,000 Days ( 2006 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) Main article : 10,000 Days Tool performing a headline slot at the Roskilde Festival as part of the `` 10,000 Days '' tour Fifteen years into the band 's career , Tool had acquired what Dan Epstein of Revolver described as a devoted `` cult '' following , and as details about the band 's next album emerged , such as the influence of Lateralus tourmates Fantômas and Meshuggah , controversy surrounding the new Tool album surfaced with speculation over song titles and pre-release rumors of leaked songs . Speculation over possible album titles was dismissed with a news item on the official Tool website , announcing that the new album 's name was 10,000 Days . Nevertheless , speculation continued , with allegations that 10,000 Days was merely a `` decoy '' album to fool audiences . The rumor was proven false when a leaked copy of the album was distributed via filesharing networks a week prior to its official release . The album opener , `` Vicarious '' , premiered on U.S. radio stations on April 17 , 2006 . The album premiered on May 2 in the U.S. and debuted at the top spots of various international charts . 10,000 Days sold 564,000 copies in its opening week in the U.S. and was number one on the Billboard 200 charts , doubling the sales of Pearl Jam 's self - titled album , its closest competitor . However , 10,000 Days was received less favorably by critics than its predecessor Lateralus had been . Prior to the release of 10,000 Days , a tour kicked off at Coachella on April 30 . The touring schedule was similar to the Lateralus tour of 2001 ; supporting acts were Isis and Mastodon . During a short break early the next year , after touring Australia and New Zealand , drummer Carey suffered a biceps tear during a skirmish with his girlfriend 's dog , casting uncertainty on the band 's upcoming concerts in North America . Carey underwent surgery on February 21 and several performances had to be postponed . Back on tour by April , Tool appeared on June 15 as a headliner at the Bonnaroo Music Festival with a guest appearance from Rage Against the Machine 's Tom Morello on `` Lateralus '' . Meanwhile , `` Vicarious '' was a nominee for Best Hard Rock Performance and 10,000 Days won Best Recording Package at the 49th Grammy Awards . The music video for `` Vicarious '' was released on DVD on December 18 . Hiatus and upcoming fifth studio album ( 2008 -- present ) ( edit ) Tool in Paris in 2006 Chancellor stated in May 2007 that the band would probably continue their tour until early 2008 and then `` take some time off '' . He added that the band had already written some new material and would surely release another album at some point . He speculated about the possibility of a `` band movie '' , something the band has considered for a long time . Ideas ranged from `` a narrative story in a surreal fashion with as much money and special effects as possible '' to `` pockets of all of that or something that 's live or the band playing '' . Although Carey stated that the necessary know - how was at hand due to the band 's connections to artists working in the movie business , Jones dismissed the idea , saying `` It 's just talk right now . '' The band 's 2009 summer tour began on July 18 in Commerce City , Colorado , at the Mile High Music Festival . They headlined Lollapalooza 2009 and a show on August 22 for the Epicenter Festival in Pomona , California . Their Tool Winter Tour played dates across the U.S. and Canada in January and February 2012 . The band played at Ozzfest Japan on May 12 , 2013 . Meanwhile , Tool members have pursued their own musical projects . Keenan has toured extensively with Puscifer , which he describes as involving a series of musical ideas he did not have an opportunity to explore with Tool or A Perfect Circle . Keenan and Carey offered conflicting reports on whether or not their next album would surface in 2013 , though Carey later conceded that `` early 2014 '' seemed more likely . By May 2013 , Keenan stated that he had actively joined the writing process as enough instrumental material had been written . On March 6 , 2014 , Crave Online reported that Jones had said the new album was complete and on track for a 2014 release . The following day , Tool released an official statement to Rolling Stone , explaining that Jones was joking . On July 15 , 2014 , Carey and Jones informed Rolling Stone that family commitments and an ongoing lawsuit are the key reasons for the delayed fifth album . Carey said to the music publication that one untitled track is `` pretty much done '' and explained in regard to the band 's legal issue : But the point is , we 're fighting the good fight ... We 're going to trial and we want to crush them ( an insurance company ) . But every time we 've gotten close to going to trial , it gets postponed and we 've wasted money and time and it has just drained our creative energy . We bought an insurance policy for peace of mind , but instead we would have been better off if we never had it and just dealt with the original lawsuit . In March 2015 , Jones revealed that the lawsuit had been settled in the band 's favor , and as such , the band was turning their focus towards recording the album . He said that he hoped the album would be finished before the end of 2015 but emphasized that the band would not rush their work to meet an arbitrary deadline . In January 2016 , Tool undertook a tour of the United States . While it was reported in February 2017 that Keenan had entered the studio to work on vocals for the new record , it was later reported that the album was not scheduled for release in 2017 . Still , the band announced a North American tour starting in May . Musical style and influences ( edit ) Tool was described by Patrick Donovan of The Age as `` the thinking person 's metal band . Cerebral and visceral , soft and heavy , melodic and abrasive , tender and brutal , familiar and strange , western and eastern , beautiful and ugly , taut yet sprawling and epic , they are a tangle of contradictions . '' Tool has gained critical praise from the International Herald Tribune 's C.B. Liddell for their complex and ever - evolving sound . Describing their general sound , AllMusic refers to them as `` grinding , post-Jane's Addiction heavy metal '' , and The New York Times sees similarities to `` Led Zeppelin 's heaving , battering guitar riffs and Middle Eastern modes '' . Their 2001 work Lateralus was compared by Allmusic to Pink Floyd 's Meddle ( 1971 ) , but thirty years later and altered by `` Tool 's impulse to cram every inch of infinity with hard guitar meat and absolute dread '' . Tool had been labelled as post-metal in 1993 and 1996 , as well as in 2006 , after the term came into popularity . Musical style ( edit ) A component of Tool 's song repertoire relies on the use of unusual time signatures . For instance , Chancellor describes the time signature employed on the first single from Lateralus , `` Schism '' , as `` six '' and `` six - and - a-half '' and that it later `` goes into all kinds of other times '' . Further examples include the album 's title track , which also displays shifting rhythms , as do 10,000 Days : `` Wings for Marie ( Pt 1 ) '' and `` 10,000 Days ( Wings Pt 2 ) '' . Beyond this aspect of the band 's sound , each band member experiments within his wide musical scope . Bass Player magazine described Chancellor 's bass playing as having a `` thick midrange tone , guitar - style techniques , and elastic versatility '' . As an example of this , the magazine mentioned the use of a wah effect by hammering `` the notes with the left hand and using the bass 's tone controls to get a tone sweep '' , such as on the song `` The Patient '' , from Lateralus . Completing the band 's rhythm section , drummer Carey uses polyrhythms , tabla - style techniques , and the incorporation of custom electronic drum pads to trigger samples , such as prerecorded tabla and octoban sounds . Keenan 's ability as a vocalist has been characterized more subjectively by the Seattle Post-Intelligencer : After his performance during an Alice in Chains reunion concert in 2005 , freelancer Travis Hay saw him as `` a natural fit at replacing Layne Staley '' . Regarding his role in A Perfect Circle and Tool , The New York Times wrote that `` both groups rely on Mr. Keenan 's ability to dignify emotions like lust , anger and disgust , the honey in his voice adding a touch of profundity '' . Lateralus The number of syllables per line in the lyrics to `` Lateralus '' correspond to an arrangement of the Fibonacci numbers . Problems playing this file ? See media help . According to Guitar Player magazine , Jones does not rely on any one particular guitar - playing technique but rather combines many techniques . For example , Allmusic wrote that he `` alternately utiliz ( es ) power chords , scratchy noise , chiming arpeggios , and a quiet minimalism '' in `` Sober '' . Additionally , the band uses forms of instrumental experimentation , like the use of a `` pipe bomb microphone '' ( a guitar pickup mounted inside a brass cylinder ) and a talk box guitar solo on `` Jambi '' . The band puts an emphasis on the sound of their songs and attempts to reduce the effect lyrics can have on the perception of songs by not releasing song lyrics with any album . Lyrical arrangements are often given special attention , such as in `` Lateralus '' . The number of syllables per line in the lyrics to `` Lateralus '' correspond to an arrangement of the Fibonacci numbers and the song `` Jambi '' uses and makes a reference to the common metrical foot iamb . The lyrics on Ænima and Lateralus focus on philosophy and spirituality -- specific subjects range from organized religion in `` Opiate '' , to evolution and Jungian psychology in `` Forty - Six & 2 '' and transcendence in `` Lateralus '' . On 10,000 Days , Keenan wanted to explore issues more personal to him : the album name and title track refer to the twenty - seven years during which his mother suffered from complications of a stroke until her death in 2003 . Influences ( edit ) The band has named the group Melvins as an influence on its development , but the most - publicized influence is progressive rock pioneer group King Crimson . Longtime King Crimson member Robert Fripp has downplayed any influence his band had on Tool . In an interview , Fripp touched on how the two bands relate to each other , stating `` Do you hear the influence ? There 's just one figure where I hear an influence , just one . It was a piece we were developing that we dropped . And it 's almost exactly the same figure : three note arpeggio with a particular accent from the guitar . So I do not think you could have heard it . That 's the only thing . '' He also said , `` I happen to be a Tool fan . The members of Tool have been generous enough to suggest that Crimson has been an influence on them . Adam Jones asked me if I could detect it in their music , and I said I could n't . I can detect more Tool influence in King Crimson , than I can hear King Crimson in Tool . '' In describing their wide range of styles , critics have noted that they are `` influenced as much by Pink Floyd as by the Sex Pistols '' . Other reported influences of the band include Rush , Helmet , Faith No More and Jane 's Addiction . Writers Harvey Newquist and Rich Maloof attribute to Tool an influence on modern metal in their book The New Metal Masters . Sean Richardson of The Boston Phoenix sees System of a Down , Deftones , and Korn as examples of Tool 's `` towering influence '' on the genre . Keenan 's unique style of singing has been seen as heavily influencing artists such as Pete Loeffler of Chevelle , Benjamin Burnley of Breaking Benjamin , Will Martin of Earshot , and Fred Durst of Limp Bizkit . Visual arts ( edit ) Part of Tool 's work as a band is to incorporate influences of other works of art in their music videos , live shows , and album packaging . Adam Jones doubles as the band 's art director and director of their music videos . Another expression of this is an official website `` dedicated to the arts and influences '' on the band . Music videos ( edit ) See also : Tool discography Screenshot from the `` Sober '' music video , directed by Adam Jones and Fred Stuhr The band has released eight music videos but made personal appearances in only the first two , which the band states is to prevent people from `` latching onto the personalities involved rather than listening to the music . '' With the exception of `` Hush '' and `` Vicarious '' all of Tool 's music videos feature stop motion animation to some extent . The videos are created primarily by Adam Jones , often in collaboration with artists such as Chet Zar , Alex Grey , and Osseus Labyrint . The `` Sober '' music video in particular attracted much attention . Jones explained that it does not contain a storyline , but that his intentions were to summon personal emotions with its imagery . Rolling Stone described this imagery as `` evil little men dwell in a dark dungeon with meat coursing through pipes in the wall '' and called it a `` groundbreaking '' , `` epic '' clip . Billboard voted it `` Best Video by a New Artist '' . The video for `` Vicarious '' was released on DVD on December 18 , 2007 . The video is the first by Tool to be produced entirely through the use of CGI . Album artwork ( edit ) Jones is responsible for most of the band 's artwork concepts . Their album Undertow features a ribcage sculpture by Jones on its cover and photos contributed by the band members . Later albums included artwork by collaborating artists : Ænima and Salival featured works by Cam de Leon ; Lateralus and 10,000 Days were created with the help of Alex Grey . The releases garnered positive critical reception , with a music journalist of the Associated Press attributing to the band a reputation for innovative album packaging . Both Ænima and 10,000 Days were nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Recording Package , but while the former failed to win in 1997 , the latter did win in 2007 . Jones created packaging for 10,000 Days that features a pair of stereoscopic lenses for viewing 3 - D artwork and photos . Jones , a lifelong fan of stereoscopic photography , wanted the packaging to be unique and to reflect the 1970s artwork he appreciates . Live shows ( edit ) See also : List of Tool concert tours Tool 's live performances in 2006 included an elaborate light show using 10,000 Days artwork by painter Alex Grey as a backdrop . Following their first tours in the early 1990s , Tool has performed as a headline act in world tours and major festivals such as Lollapalooza ( 1997 and 2009 ) , Coachella ( 1999 and 2006 ) , Voodoo Fest ( 2001 and 2016 ) , Download Festival ( 2006 ) , Roskilde ( 2001 and 2006 ) , Big Day Out ( 2007 and 2011 ) , Bonnaroo ( 2007 ) , All Points West Music & Arts Festival ( 2009 ) , and Epicenter ( 2009 ) . They have been joined on stage by numerous artists such as Buzz Osborne and Scott Reeder on several occasions ; Tom Morello and Zack de la Rocha during their 1991 tour ; Layne Staley in Hawaii , 1993 ; Tricky , Robert Fripp , Mike Patton , Dave Lombardo , Brann Dailor of Mastodon , and experimental arts duo Osseus Labyrint during their 2001 -- 02 Lateralus tour ; and Kirk Hammett , Phil Campbell , Serj Tankian , and Tom Morello during their 2006 -- 07 tour . They have covered songs by Led Zeppelin , Ted Nugent , Peach , Kyuss , the Dead Kennedys , and the Ramones . Live shows on Tool 's headline tour incorporate an unorthodox stage setting and video display . Keenan and Carey line up in the back on elevated platforms , while Jones and Chancellor stand in the front , toward the sides of the stage . Keenan often faces the backdrop or the sides of the stage rather than the audience . No followspots or live cameras are used ; instead , the band employs extensive backlighting to direct the focus away from the band members and toward large screens in the back and the crowd . Breckinridge Haggerty , the band 's live video designer , says that the resulting dark spaces on stage `` are mostly for Maynard '' . He explains , `` ( a ) lot of the songs are a personal journey for him and he has a hard time with the glare of the lights when he 's trying to reproduce these emotions for the audience . He needs a bit of personal space , and he feels more comfortable in the shadows . '' The big screens are used to play back `` looped clips that are n't tracked to a song like a music video . The band has never used any sort of timecode . They 've always made sure the video can change on - the - fly , in a way that can be improvised ... The show is never the same twice . '' During the 10,000 Days tour , the video material consisted of over six hours of material , created by Jones , his wife Camella Grace , Chet Zar , Meats Meier , and Haggerty . Some of the material created by Zar has been released on his DVD Disturb the Normal . Members ( edit ) Current Maynard James Keenan -- vocals ( 1990 -- present ) Adam Jones -- guitar ( 1990 -- present ) Danny Carey -- drums , percussion ( 1990 -- present ) Justin Chancellor -- bass ( 1995 -- present ) Former Paul D'Amour -- bass ( 1990 -- 1995 ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) Grammy Awards ( edit ) Year Nominated work Award Result Reference `` Ænema '' Best Metal Performance Won `` Schism '' Best Metal Performance Won 2006 10,000 Days Best Recording Package ( Adam Jones ) Won 2006 `` Vicarious '' Best Hard Rock Performance Nominated 2007 `` The Pot '' Best Hard Rock Performance Nominated Discography ( edit ) Main article : Tool discography Undertow ( 1993 ) Ænima ( 1996 ) Lateralus ( 2001 ) 10,000 Days ( 2006 ) References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Gennaro , Loraine ( 1997 ) . `` Angry Jung Men ! '' ( transcription ) . Livewire Magazine . 7 ( 3 ) . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tepedelen , Adem ( April 30 , 2004 ) . `` Tool Drummer Goes to Circus '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kitts & Tolinski 2002 , pp. 1965 -- 1969 . ^ Jump up to : Newquist & Maloof 2004 , pp. 11 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Akhtar 2001 , C3 . ^ Jump up to : Turman , Katherine ( May 31 , 1994 ) . `` A Sober Look At Tool '' ( transcrription ) . Circus . Retrieved April 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Blake , Blair MacKenzie . `` Let Not My Tears Fall Unnoticed : Being the Secret Joys of a Lachrymist '' . toolarmy.com . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2012 . Retrieved September 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Zappa , Moon Unit ( April 1994 ) . `` Tool Rules '' ( transcription ) . Ray Gun ( 15 ) . Retrieved August 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Akhtar 2001 , E8 . ^ Jump up to : Gennaro , Loraine ( 1994 ) . `` Tool Guitarist Adam Jones is a Master of Many Trades '' ( transcription ) . Guitar School . 03 : 16 . Retrieved April 7 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Roncon , Theresa ( interviewer ) ( February 1997 ) . Tool Muchmusic spotlight ( TV ) . Canada : MuchMusic . ^ Jump up to : Sokal , Roman ( May 23 , 2001 ) . `` Tool -- Stepping Out From the Shadows '' . Exclaim ! . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2012 . Retrieved September 17 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Garza , Janiss ( 1992 ) . `` Fresh Blood '' ( transcription ) . RIP magazine . 9 . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Tool for the Truly Cool . Big hit of Lollapalooza tour gears up for second album '' . San Francisco Chronicle. 1994 . Retrieved March 2 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Dolan , Jon ( August 2006 ) . `` 33 Things You Should Know About Tool '' . Blender . Archived from the original ( transcription ) on February 13 , 2011 . Retrieved September 18 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Visual Artist Cam De Leon 's Lawsuit Against Rock Band TOOL Allowed to Proceed '' . Lowe Law . 2006 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2007 . Retrieved June 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Over the weekend '' ( fee required ) . Buffalo News . July 7 , 1997 . Retrieved February 2 , 2002 . Tool adds its own ' 90s twist to the genre with unpublishable lyrics , occult tendencies and a love of grotesque imagery -- burning eyeballs , phallic hardware , crippled people . ^ Jump up to : Pettigrew , Jason ( 1997 ) . `` Nobody 's Tool '' ( transcription ) . Alternative Press . Retrieved April 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Garza , Janiss ( April 1997 ) . `` Hard rockers hail comic genius Bill Hicks '' ( transcription ) . High Times . Retrieved September 18 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Question & Answer with Kevin Booth '' . Fade to Black presents : It 's Only a Ride : Bill Hicks . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2006 . Retrieved September 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tool Tool fact kit '' ( transcription ) . Circus . January 1997 . Retrieved December 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Griffin , J.R. ( 1994 ) . `` TOOL on Videos , Censorship , Art , And Why You Should Never Let A Guy Named Maynard Put You in a Cage '' ( transcription ) . Axcess : 52 . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sherry & Aldis 2006 , p. 176 . ^ Jump up to : Jenison , David ( December 1994 ) . `` Tool '' ( transcript ) . HYPNO . Retrieved November 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Fiend , Rob ( October 1996 ) . `` Sink or Swim -- A Conversation With Tool 's Justin Chancellor '' ( transcription ) . Gavin Magazine . Retrieved May 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Akhtar 2001 , G2 . Jump up ^ Theiner , Manny ( September 28 , 2006 ) . `` Concert Review : Tool 's prog pleases populace '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved September 23 , 2012 ... from its triple - platinum 1996 release , `` Aenima . '' Jump up ^ Ænima ( booklet ) . Tool . Kennebunkport , MA : Gelardi Design . 1996 . p. 6 . ^ Jump up to : Akhtar 2001 , D11 . ^ Jump up to : Langer , Andy ( May 1997 ) . `` Another Dead Hero '' ( transcription ) . The Austin Chronicle . Retrieved May 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Zwick , John ( February 25 , 2004 ) . `` Dead 10 years , Hicks still makes us laugh '' . University of Colorado Denver Advocate . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2007 . Retrieved April 9 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Akhtar , Kabir . `` The `` Track No. 1 '' Fiasco `` . toolshed.down.net . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2013 . Retrieved March 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ McIver 2009 , p. 137 . ^ Jump up to : Akhtar , Kabir . `` Tool News : April Fools 1997 '' . toolshed.down.net . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2013 . Retrieved March 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Pareles , Jon ( July 14 , 1997 ) . `` Lollapalooza 's Recycled Hormones : Rebellion by the Numbers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Fruchtman , Edward ( August 1997 ) . `` Never Wanted To Be Rock Stars But They Are '' . Circus . 8 . Retrieved June 25 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` 40th Grammy Awards '' . Rockonthenet.com. 1998 . Retrieved May 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tool -- Aenima '' . acclaimedmusic.net . Retrieved June 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Kerrang ! End of Year Lists '' . Kerrang ! . Retrieved July 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Terrorizer End of Year Lists '' . Terrorizer . Retrieved July 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Akhtar 2001 , C15 . Jump up ^ `` Tool Ends Legal Battle , Plans New Album '' . MTV . December 7 , 1998 . Retrieved May 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Borzillo - Vrenna , Carrie ( November 25 , 2000 ) . `` Tool Gets Sued By Manager For $5 million '' . CDNow / Allstar . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2013 . Retrieved September 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Slater , Rosanna ( August 2001 ) . `` Home Improvement '' . Classic Rock . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kline , Scott ( October 17 , 2002 ) . `` Breslin hosts heavier sound '' . The State News . Retrieved April 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Innovative band playing Beaumont tonight wins new regard from critic '' ( fee required ) . The Beaumont Enterprise . November 15 , 2002 . Retrieved January 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Stout , Alan K. ( September 21 , 2001 ) . `` Rock band Tool is all about music , not image '' . The Miami Herald . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 . Chancellor says Tool , through it all , never stopped working on new music . He says he , Jones and Carey were in the studio every day , experimenting with new sounds and musical ideas . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen Thomas ; Prato , G. `` Tool Biography '' . AllMusic.com . Retrieved April 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Akhtar 2001 , H26 . ^ Jump up to : Akhtar , Kabir ( January -- March 2001 ) . `` Old News '' . toolshed.down.net . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2013 . Retrieved March 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Gabriella ( September 2000 ) . `` Interview with Maynard James Keenan of A Perfect Circle '' . NY Rock . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2012 . Retrieved September 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ D'Angelo , Joe . `` Tool Tinker With Album Title , Set Track List '' . MTV News . Retrieved March 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Lateralus review '' . E ! Online . 2001 . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2003 . Retrieved June 18 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Bond , Laura ( 2001 ) . `` Tool Stretch Out And Slow Down In Show With King Crimson '' . VH1 . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2007 . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brett , Milano ( 2006 ) . `` Power Tool : Maynard James Keenan and band craft epic art - metal '' . Boston Herald . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2007 . Retrieved May 27 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Theakston , Rob ( 2001 ) . `` Lateralus Review '' . AllMusic . Retrieved April 28 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Fricke , David ( 2001 ) . `` Lateralus Review '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ DeRogatis 2003 , p. 562 . Jump up ^ Klein , Joshua ( March 29 , 2002 ) . `` Lateralus review '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2013 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Jonathan ; Martens , Todd ( May 24 , 2001 ) . `` Tool 's ' Lateralus ' Leads Five Top - 10 Debuts '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2008 . Retrieved November 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy Award Winners '' . The Recording Academy . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2007 . Retrieved April 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ D'Angelo , Joe ( 2002 ) . `` Alicia Keys Takes Five , ' O Brother ' Gets Most At 44th Grammy Awards '' . MTV News . Retrieved August 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Hay , Travis ( May 3 , 2006 ) . `` Tool mesmerizes crowd '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved January 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Harris , Chris ( April 7 , 2005 ) . `` Maynard And Jesus Split : The Conclusion '' . MTV News . Retrieved February 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Blake , Blair MacKenzie ( 2005 ) . `` Tool : News '' . Toolband.com . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2005 . Retrieved March 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Joshua Davis -- Projects -- Web -- Tool '' ( FLASH ) . joshuadavis.com . Retrieved April 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Dan ( April 2006 ) . `` Do What You Wilt '' . Revolver . Jump up ^ Wiederhorn , Jon . `` Tool Hammer Away At New Album '' . MTV News . Retrieved April 6 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Donovan , Patrick ( May 5 , 2006 ) . `` Is anyone listening ? '' . The Age . Melbourne . Retrieved May 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Harris , Chris ( May 11 , 2006 ) . `` Tool Planning Summer Tour Around Keenan 's Wine Harvest '' . VH1 . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Harris , Chris ( May 10 , 2006 ) . `` Tool , Pearl Jam Claim Billboard Chart in the Name Of Rock '' . MTV . Retrieved September 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Metacritic calculated an average score of 68 for 10,000 Days compared to 75 for Lateralus . `` Tool : 10,000 Days ( 2006 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic. 2006 . Retrieved September 6 , 2012 . 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Archived from the original on June 30 , 2007 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TOOL Expands Summer Tour '' . blabbermouth.net . May 29 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2009 . Retrieved May 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tool , Widespread Panic and The Fray to Headline Second Annual Mile High Music Festival '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . madisonhousepublicity.com . March 26 , 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 8 , 2012 . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tool at Lollapalooza '' . 2009.lollapalooza.com . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2009 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tool 2012 USA Tour '' . Fourtheye . January 4 , 2012 . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tool Confirm 2012 Tour Dates '' . Audio Ink Radio . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tool , Deftones , Slash , Stone Sour Confirmed For Ozzfest Japan '' . Blabbermouth.net . November 24 , 2012 . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kinski , Klaus . `` Brooklyn Vegan Tours '' . Retrieved September 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tool Drummer Hopeful New Album Will Drop This Year '' . Blabbermouth.net . February 7 , 2013 . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Drummer Danny Carey Says New Tool Album Most Likely to Surface in Early 2014 '' . Loudwire.com . July 15 , 2013 . Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` WTF with Marc Maron Podcast -- Episode 416 -- Maynard James Keenan '' . Wtfpod.com . Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Firecloud , Johnny ( March 6 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : New Tool Album Reportedly Finished , Set For 2014 Release '' . Craveonline.com . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2014 . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kory Grow ( March 7 , 2014 ) . `` Tool Are Continuing to Work on New Album , Despite Internet Rumors That It Is Done '' . Rolling Stone . 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( January 12 , 2007 ) . `` In Sight / Music & Arts Tool frontman : ' I have not smashed up 1 hotel room ' '' . International Herald Tribune / The Asahi Shimbun . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2007 . Retrieved May 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Pareles , Jon ( July 14 , 1997 ) . `` Lollapalooza 's Recycled Hormones : Rebellion by the Numbers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Ferman , Dave ( July 30 , 1993 ) . `` At the main stage ... '' ( fee required ) . Fort Worth Star - Telegram , archived by NewsBank . Retrieved May 9 , 2007 . Tool 's vicious , post-metal attack is one of the more intense offerings of the day ... Jump up ^ Augusto , Troy J. ( October 16 , 1996 ) . `` Live Performances : Tool '' . Variety . Retrieved May 9 , 2007 . The group 's rhythm section , featuring new bassist Justin Chancellor , propelled the group 's post-metal stylings with a twisted , near - jazz approach . Jump up ^ Baca , Ricardo ( September 8 , 2006 ) . `` Reverb , 9 / 01 : Tool '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved May 9 , 2007 ... Tool 's bag of post-metal goodies , and it 's every bit as fear - inducing as it was in 1993 . ^ Jump up to : Shiraki , Scott ; Bradman , E.E. ( May 2001 ) . `` Handy Man : How Justin Chancellor Frames Tool 's Metal Madness '' . Bass Player . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Micallef , Ken ( July 2006 ) . `` 10,000 Days ... and beyond '' . Modern Drummer . Retrieved May 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hay , Travis ( February 21 , 2005 ) . `` Alice in Chains owns stage in tsunami - relief show full of surprises '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved May 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Powers , Ann ( August 22 , 2000 ) . `` Self - Confidence , and a Tattoo '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Wiederhorn , Jon ( June 2001 ) . `` Mysterious Ways '' . Guitar Player . Archived from the original ( transcript ) on May 26 , 2013 . 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Retrieved September 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pareles , Jon ( October 6 , 2001 ) . `` Flailing Wildly to Escape the Darkness '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 9 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tool '' . Rolling Stone . November 21 , 1996 . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2006 . Retrieved September 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Musial , Andy ( July 24 , 1997 ) . `` The circle is unbroken '' ( fee required ) . The Buffalo News . Retrieved January 7 , 2008 ... Keenan was n't facing the audience the whole time . Jump up ^ Dentler , Matt ( July 29 , 2002 ) . `` Tool in need of some repair '' . The Daily Texan . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2008 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Lead singer Maynard James Keenan , as is customary for the enigmatic frontman , loomed in the background with his back facing the audience for most of the show . Jump up ^ Engler , Gavin ( 1993 ) . `` TOOL Concert 101 '' . Law Society Gazette . Keenan ... wore an all - black leather outfit , had his face painted black and stood on a spinning platform some distance from the front stage ; he never seemed to look at the crowd . ^ Jump up to : Ludwig , Rob ( October 16 , 2006 ) . `` 700 Clips for 10,000 Days '' . Projection , Light and Staging News . Retrieved April 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Zar , Chet ( 2006 ) . `` What is it ? '' . Disturb the Normal description . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2006 . Retrieved April 7 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tool Awards AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Maynard James Keenan Hearts Foo Fighters ; Says Tool Will Start Writing LP ' Right Away ' '' . Mtv.com . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Complete list of Grammy nominees '' . Sfgate.com . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Sources ( edit ) Akhtar , Kabir ( July 16 , 2001 ) . `` The Tool FAQ '' . The Tool Page . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . DeRogatis , Jim ( 2003 ) . Turn on Your Mind : Four Decades of Great Psychedelic Rock . Milwaukee , WI : Hal Leonard Corporation . ISBN 0 - 634 - 05548 - 8 . Kitts , Jeff ; Tolinski , Brad ( 2002 ) . Guitar World Presents Nu - Metal . Milwaukee , WI : Hal Leonard . ISBN 0 - 634 - 03287 - 9 . McIver , Joel ( 2009 ) . Unleashed : The Story of Tool . London ; New York : Omnibus Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84772 - 709 - 1 . Newquist , Harvey P. ; Maloof , Rich ( 2004 ) . The New Metal Masters . San Franscisco : Backbeat Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87930 - 804 - 9 . Sherry , James ; Aldis , Neil ( 2006 ) . Heavy Metal Thunder : Kick - Ass Cover Art from Kick - Ass Albums . San Francisco : Chronicle Books . ISBN 0 - 8118 - 5353 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Tool ( band ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tool ( band ) . Official website Art website Tool Maynard James Keenan Adam Jones Danny Carey Justin Chancellor Paul D'Amour Studio albums Undertow Ænima Lateralus 10,000 Days EPs 72826 Opiate Box sets Salival Singles `` Hush '' `` Sober '' `` Prison Sex '' `` Stinkfist '' `` H . '' `` Ænema '' `` Forty Six & 2 '' `` Schism '' `` Parabola '' `` Lateralus '' `` Vicarious '' `` The Pot '' `` Jambi '' Other songs `` Opiate '' `` Hooker with a Penis '' `` Rosetta Stoned '' Related articles Discography List of tours Lobal Orning Caduceus Cellars Bill Hicks Alex Grey Chet Zar The Crybaby Tours Tool 2011 Tour Winter Tour 2012 Tool 2013 Tour Tool 2014 Tour Related bands Children of the Anachronistic Dynasty Puscifer A Perfect Circle Tapeworm Green Jellÿ Pigmy Love Circus Peach Zaum Volto ! Book : Tool Category : Tool Portal : Heavy metal Maynard James Keenan Tool Undertow ( 1993 ) Ænima ( 1996 ) Lateralus ( 2001 ) 10,000 Days ( 2006 ) A Perfect Circle Mer de Noms ( 2000 ) Thirteenth Step ( 2003 ) eMOTIVe ( 2004 ) Puscifer `` V '' Is for Vagina ( 2007 ) Conditions of My Parole ( 2011 ) Money Shot ( 2015 ) Guest appearances Know Your Enemy ( 1992 ) White Pony ( 2000 ) See also Discography Children of the Anachronistic Dynasty Caduceus Cellars GND : 5518499 - 6 MusicBrainz : 66fc5bf8 - daa4 - 4241 - b378 - 9bc9077939d2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tool_(band)&oldid=804931967 '' Categories : Tool ( band ) American alternative metal musical groups American progressive metal musical groups Art rock musical groups American avant - garde metal musical groups Grammy Award winners Heavy metal musical groups from California Musical groups established in 1990 Musical groups from Los Angeles Musical quartets Progressive rock musical groups from California Volcano Entertainment artists Zoo Entertainment ( record label ) artists American post-metal musical groups Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from June 2017 Articles with hCards Articles with hAudio microformats Featured articles Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Sardu Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 00 : 37 . 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-557748532988477546	Siyahamba	Siyahamba - wikipedia Siyahamba Jump to : navigation , search Singing `` Siyahamba '' with the former moderators at the United Reformed Church General Assembly 2007 , Manchester Siyahamba ( Written by Andries Van Tonder ) is a South African hymn that became popular in North American churches in the 1990s . The title means `` We Are Marching '' or `` We are Walking '' in the Zulu language . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Lyrics 2.1 Afrikaans 2.2 Zulu ( original ) 2.3 Swahili 2.4 English 2.5 Deutsch 2.6 French 2.7 Spanish 2.8 Portuguese 2.9 Icelandic 3 Notes History ( edit ) `` Siyahamba '' originated in South Africa , probably as a Zulu folk song . It was rewritten as a Christian hymn by Andries Van Tonder , an elder of the Judith Church , and was passed on to his great grandsons , Andrew and Zachariah O ' Tonder , from Ireland . It was written in 1952 , 3 years before Andries Van Tonder died . In 1978 , the Swedish choral group Fjedur toured South Africa at the invitation of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of South Africa . It was during this tour that Fjedur 's musical director , Anders Nyberg ( sv ) , heard and recorded `` Siyahamba '' at a girls ' school in Appelsbosch , Natal . Subsequently , this song has been used around the world by schools in their prayers . In 1984 , Nyberg arranged `` Siyahamba '' for a four - voice setting and published it in a songbook and recording called Freedom is Coming : Songs of Protest and Praise from South Africa . In 1994 , GIA Publications included the song ( under the title `` We Are Marching in the Light of God '' ) in Gather Comprehensive , a hymnal widely used in American Catholic parishes . A year later , the United Church of Christ included the song , under the same title , in The New Century Hymnal . The Unitarian Universalist Association included the song in its 2005 supplemental hymnbook , Singing the Journey . Today , `` Siyahamba '' is often performed by children 's groups in both sacred and secular environments . Occasionally , the translated lyrics are modified for a secular performance : for example , the English translation `` We are marching in the light of God '' becomes `` We are standing in the light of peace . '' Lyrics ( edit ) The structure of the song is cyclic , rather than sequential : the lyrics consist of one phrase , repeated with permutations . Hawn notes that cyclical forms tend to emphasize a spirit of community and allow for physical response during the performance . This cyclical form , along with the meaning of the lyrics , may explain the song 's popularity as a processional and offertory as well as a protest or marching song . Afrikaans ( edit ) Ons marsjeer nou in die lig van God , Ons marsjeer nou in die lig van God . Ons marsjeer nou in die lig van God , Ons marsjeer nou in die lig van God . ( in die lig van God ) Ons marsjeer nou ... ooh ( Ons marsjeer nou , marsjeer nou , ons marsjeer nou , marsjeer nou , ) Ons marsjeer nou in die lig van God . ( in die lig van God ) Ons marsjeer nou ... ooh ( Ons marsjeer nou , marsjeer nou , ons marsjeer nou , marsjeer nou , ) Ons marsjeer nou in die lig van God . ( Alternative versions of the lyrics may alternate marsjeer with different verbs such as wandel . ) Zulu ( original ) ( edit ) Siyahamb ' ekukhanyeni kwenkos , Siyahamba ekukhanyeni kwenkos ' . Siyahamb ' ekukhanyeni kwenkos ' , Siyahamba ekukhanyeni kwenkos ' . ( ekukhanyeni kwenkos ' ) Siyahamba ... ooh ( Siyahamba , hamba , Siyahamba , hamba ) Siyahamba ekukhanyeni kwenkos ' . ( ekukhanyeni kwenkos ' ) Siyahamba ... ooh ( Siyahamba , hamba , Siyahamba , hamba ) Siyahamba ekukhanyeni kwenkos ' . Swahili ( edit ) Twatembea nuruni mwake , twatembea nuruni mwake . Twatembea nuruni mwake , twatembea nuruni mwake . ( nuruni mwake ) Twatembea ... ooh ( Twatembea , tembea , twatembea , tembea , ) Twatembea nuruni mwake . ( nuruni mwake ) Twatembea ... ooh ( Twatembea , tembea , twatembea , tembea , ) Twatembea nuruni mwake . English ( edit ) We are marching in the light of God We are marching in the light of God . We are marching in the light of God , We are marching in the light of God . ( in the light of God ) We are marching ... ooh ( We are marching , marching , we are marching , marching , ) We are marching in the light of God . ( the light of God ) We are marching ... ooh ( We are marching , marching , we are marching , marching , ) We are marching in the light of God . ( Alternative versions of the lyrics may alternate marching with different verbs such as walking , dancing , singing , living , or praying , holding up , or the word `` God '' for love in a less religious gathering . ) Deutsch ( edit ) Wir marschieren im Lichte Gottes Wir marschieren im Lichte Gottes . Wir marschieren im Lichte Gottes , Wir marschieren im Lichte Gottes . ( im Lichte Gottes ) Wir marschieren ... ooh ( Wir marschieren , marschieren , wir marschieren , marschieren , ) Wir marschieren im Lichte Gottes . ( im Lichte Gottes ) Wir marschieren ... ooh ( Wir marschieren , marschieren , wir marschieren , marschieren , ) Wir marschieren im Lichte Gottes . ( Wobei marschieren hier nicht im Sinne von einem militärischen Marsch verstanden werden soll , sondern die Bedeutung geht hier mehr in Richtung wandern . ) French ( edit ) Nous marchons dans la lumière de Dieu , Nous marchons dans la lumière de Dieu . Nous marchons dans la lumière de Dieu , Nous marchons dans la lumière de Dieu . ( dans la lumière de Dieu ) Nous marchons ... ooh ( Nous marchons , marchons , nous marchons , marchons , ) Nous marchons dans la lumière de Dieu . ( dans la lumière de Dieu ) Nous marchons ... ooh ( Nous marchons , marchons , nous marchons , marchons , ) Nous marchons dans la lumière de Dieu . Spanish ( edit ) Caminamos en la luz de Dios , Caminamos en la luz de Dios . Caminamos en la luz de Dios , Caminamos en la luz de Dios . ( en la luz de Dios ) Caminando ... ooh ( Caminando , vamos caminando , vamos ) Caminando en la luz de Dios . ( en la luz de Dios ) Caminando ... ooh ( Caminando , vamos caminando , vamos ) Caminando en la luz de Dios . Portuguese ( edit ) Caminhando , na luz do Senhor , Caminhando , na luz do Senhor Caminhando , na luz do Senhor , Caminhando , na luz do Senhor . ( com a luz do Senhor ) Caminhando ... ooh ( Caminhando , eu vou caminhando , eu vou ) Caminhando , na luz do Senhor . ( com a luz do Senhor ) Caminhando ... ooh ( Caminhando , eu vou caminhando , eu vou ) Caminhando , na luz do Senhor . Icelandic ( edit ) Við göngum í ljósi Guðs já , við göngum í ljósi Guðs Við göngum í ljósi Guðs já , við göngum í ljósi Guðs Við göngum , já við göngum Úww , já , við göngum í ljósi Guðs Við göngum , já við göngum Úww , já , við göngum í ljósi Guðs Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gather Comprehensive . GIA Publications , 1994 . Jump up ^ A New Century Hymnal . Pilgrim Press , 1995 . Jump up ^ Unitarian Universalist Association of Congregations ( 2005 ) . Singing the Journey : A Supplement to Singing the Living Tradition . Boston : Unitarian Universalist Association of Congregations . p. 1030 . ISBN 9781558964990 . Jump up ^ Unitarian Universalist Association of Congregations . `` UUA : Siyahamba '' . Song Information , Singing the Journey , official website . Unitarian Universalist Association of Congregations . Retrieved 7 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Hawn , C. Michael . `` Singing with the Faithful of Every Time and Place : Thoughts on Liturgical Inculturation and Cross-Cultural Liturgy , '' Yale Institute of Sacred Music , retrieved August 5 , 2006 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siyahamba&oldid=798881560 '' Categories : Protest songs Hymns Hidden categories : Interlanguage link template link number Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 4 September 2017 , at 10 : 30 . About Wikipedia	we are marching in the light of god african lyrics	[]	[]
-6098503775162110197	APA Ethics Code	APA Ethics code - wikipedia APA Ethics code Jump to : navigation , search The American Psychological Association ( APA ) Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct ( for short , the Ethics Code , as referred to by the APA ) includes an introduction , preamble , a list of five aspirational principles and a list of ten enforceable standards that psychologists use to guide ethical decisions in practice , research , and education . The principles and standards are written , revised , and enforced by the APA . The code of conduct is applicable to psychologists in a variety of areas across a variety of contexts . In the event of a violation of the code of conduct , the APA may take action ranging from termination of the APA membership to the loss of licensure , depending on the violation . Other professional organizations and licensing boards may adopt and enforce the code . The first version was published by the APA in 1953 . The need for such a document came after psychologists were taking on more professional and public roles post-World War II . A committee was developed and reviewed situations submitted by psychologists in the field who felt they had encountered ethical dilemmas . The committee organized these situations into themes and included them in the first document which was 170 pages in length . Over the years , a distinction was made between aspirational principles and enforceable standards . Since , there have been nine revisions with the most recent published in 2002 and amended in 2010 . Despite the development and use of a complete ethical code , there have still been ethical violations and controversies . For instance , although the APA takes an explicit stance against conversion therapy , this treatment remains controversial amongst many psychologists and religious groups and is still being practiced by some . There is also some disagreement within the field about the ethical implications of using a treatment that may be less effective than another known treatment , although some psychologists argue that all therapy treatments are equally effective ( see : the Dodo bird verdict ) . The APA has also been implicated in helping the Central Intelligence Agency to continue `` enhanced interrogation techniques '' of detainees under the Bush administration . This presented an obvious violation of the organization 's code of ethics and has been addressed by the APA in the form of reports , responses to media outlets , amendments to policies , and rejections of the allegations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 1.1 Introduction and preamble 1.2 General ethical principles 1.2. 1 Principle A : Beneficence and nonmaleficence 1.2. 2 Principle B : Fidelity and responsibility 1.2. 3 Principle C : Integrity 1.2. 4 Principle D: Justice 1.2. 5 Principle E : Respect for people 's rights and dignity 1.3 Ethical standards 1.3. 1 Resolving ethical issues 1.3. 2 Competence 1.3. 3 Human relations 1.3. 4 Privacy and confidentiality 1.3. 5 Advertising and other public statements 1.3. 6 Record keeping and fees 1.3. 7 Education and training 1.3. 8 Research and publication 1.3. 9 Assessment 1.3. 10 Therapy 2 History 2.1 Origins 2.2 Revision history 3 Ethical controversies 3.1 Conversion therapy 3.2 Animal research 3.3 Evidence - based practice 3.4 Psychologists involved in torture 4 Further reading 5 References Content ( edit ) This article is written like a manual or guidebook . Please help rewrite this article from a descriptive , neutral point of view , and remove advice or instruction . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Introduction and preamble ( edit ) The introduction of the Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct is designed to describe the document 's purpose . It also informs the reader of its organization , applicability , and procedural matters . The introduction states that the code applies to psychologists ' scientific , educational , and professional roles , that may include `` clinical psychology ; counseling psychology ; school psychology ; research ; teaching ; supervision ; public service ; policy development ; social intervention ; development of assessment instruments ; conducting assessments ; educational counseling ; organizational counseling ; forensic activities ; program design and evaluation ; and administration , '' ( pg. 2 ) The introduction also includes information on what contexts these situations apply to , including electronic and face - to - face communication . It provides information on the procedures for filing an ethical complaint , along with a description the investigation process and possible outcomes . The preamble is a description of aspirations which the American Psychological Association expects of psychologists , and reviews the main purpose for having such an ethical code . General ethical principles ( edit ) There are five general principles that serve as the ideals to which psychologists should aspire within the profession . The principles represent ethical goals but do not explicitly inform or instruct adherence to the goals ; instead , the principles aim to influence and to guide professional behavior with respect to the psychologist , research subjects , students , and the individuals who seek psychological services . Principle a : beneficence and nonmaleficence ( edit ) The beneficence and non maleficence principle of the APA general principles guides psychologists to perform work that is beneficial to others yet does not hurt anyone in the process of carrying out that work . Psychologists are to remain aware of their professional influence and the potential consequences therein on individuals and groups who seek counsel with the psychologist , especially with respect to preventing misuse or abuse , while additionally maintaining awareness of how the psychologist 's own physical and mental health may influence their work . Among professional interactions and research , psychologists ought to respect and protect the rights and welfare of patients and participants . Principle B. : fidelity and responsibility ( edit ) The fidelity and responsibility principle of the APA general principles inspires psychologists to cultivate a professional and scientific environment built upon trust , accountability , and ethical considerations . Psychologists are bound to the community by way of their profession and must conduct themselves in a responsible and ethical manner while also maintaining a similar check on colleagues . Furthermore , psychologists are expected to altruistically devote some of their time to the community . Principle c : integrity ( edit ) The integrity principle of the APA general principles aims to encourage psychologists to engage in honest , transparent practices within all aspects of the field of psychology . That is , psychologists should not engage in behavior that could be misconstrued as dishonest , exploitative , or otherwise malicious . When deception is appropriately used ( most likely during psychological research ) , psychologists have a responsibility to mitigate the effects of its use on the overall field . Principle d: Justice ( edit ) The justice principle of the APA general principles states that people are entitled to the advances made within the field of psychology and to the services offered by professionals within the field . Furthermore , psychologists should prevent unjust practices by remaining aware of their biases , level of competence , and area and limits of expertise . Principle e : respect for people 's rights and dignity ( edit ) The APA general principle concerning respect for people 's rights and dignity recognizes individuals ' rights to privacy and confidentiality . Psychologists are to respect the individuals ' rights while also acknowledging the worth of the individual by taking judicious precautions and engaging in positive , professional interactions , avoiding the influence of any personal bias towards the individual or group . This entails awareness of the vulnerabilities experienced by any particular population of people and necessitates understanding of and respect for diversity , including , but not limited to , factors concerning gender , race , religion , disability , and socioeconomic status . Ethical standards ( edit ) The ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct put forth by the APA consists of ten ethical standards . The ethical standards are enforceable rules applicable for psychologists in academia and practice . These are written broadly to guide psychologists in varied areas and roles , addressing situations most psychologists may encounter in their professional roles . The types of situations include those related to resolving ethical issues , competence , human relations , privacy and confidentiality , advertising and public statements , record keeping and fees , education and training , research and publication , assessment , and therapy . The ethical standards are enforced for the benefit of the psychologists , clients , students , and other individuals that work with psychologists . Any psychologist that is a member of the APA is expected to adhere to the ethical standards . Any violation of an ethical standard may result in sanctions ranging from termination of APA membership to loss of licensure . Resolving ethical issues ( edit ) The resolving ethical issues section of the APA Ethical Standards is broadly designed to guide psychologists through a variety of ethical issues . One of the first sections describes how to approach when the work of psychologists ' is misused or misrepresented , such as happens in the popular press . Psychological research is often misrepresented . Two of the sections describe how to resolve conflicts between the ethical code of psychologists and a variety of governing bodies , laws , or regulations as well as organizational demands related to working as a psychologist . There is a section related to informal resolution of ethical violations for situations where such a resolution is possible while protecting confidentiality . If the incident extends beyond being able to be resolved informally , there are guidelines for reporting ethical violations as well as working with and cooperating with ethics committees . In regards to ethical complaints , there is also a section outlining what might be considered an improper complaint . Lastly , the Resolving Ethical Issues section describes unfair discrimination against complainants and respondents to protect those involved in ethics related investigations . Competence ( edit ) The competence section of the APA Ethical Standards is designed to guide psychologists in how to define their own competence and how to approach clients or patients that might fall outside of that area of expertise . This ethical standard begins by helping psychologists define the boundaries of their own competence . The different types of mental health related problems and potential treatments are highly varied . It is impossible for a psychologists to be competent in all areas , and in fact , unethical to attempt to portray themselves in such a way . If a psychologist feels that he / she has not been trained to ensure competence in a specific area to treat a client , he / she should make an appropriate referral . This ethical standard also provides psychologists with guidelines on providing services in emergency situations . Although psychologists should refrain from providing service outside of their area of competence , in times of emergency the psychologist is obligated to help where possible . Psychologists are also required to maintain competence . This is usually done through the completion of continuing education credits . This standard also provides the psychologist with a bases from which to make scientific and professional judgment in an ethically consistent manner . Outlines are also provided for delegating work to others and resolving personal problems and conflicts . Human relations ( edit ) The human relations section of the APA Ethical Standards provides psychologists guidance with how to approach situations related to the process of working with people in a helping field . This section outlines how to identify and avoid unfair discrimination , sexual harassment , and other types of verbal and nonverbal harassment . These types of behavior have strong adverse influences on mental health . As such , psychologists must be particularly vigilant in identifying and avoiding these kinds of behavior . This section also outlines how to avoid harm when treating patients . Some treatments have been shown to cause harm , and as such , should be avoided . The section also provides guidance for navigating and avoiding a number of multiple relationships . Situations where a clinician has more than one relationship with the client beyond just being a client can be difficult to navigate , which can also lead to conflicts of interest , which are also covered . Guidance is also provided for how to approach requests for service from third - parties , that is , when someone other than the patient is requesting services for the said patient . Exploitative relationships are also covered and should be avoided , according to the ethical standards . This section provides guidance for cooperating with other professionals , which is often a situation faced in multi-disciplinary treatment teams . Guidance is provided for providing and obtaining informed consent for treatment . Another section outlines how to provide psychological services to or through organizations . And lastly , guidance is provided for how to navigate situations in which there is an interruption of psychological services for various reasons . Privacy and confidentiality ( edit ) The privacy and confidentiality section of the APA Ethical Standards is written to help provide psychologists with guidelines for maintaining appropriate confidentiality and respecting the privacy of the clients and patients under their care . Specific guidelines are provided for maintaining confidentiality for the psychologist 's patients as well as discussing the limits of confidentiality with them . In certain situations where the safety of the patient or others is at risk , confidentiality must be broken as law enforcement needs to be motivated . Guidelines are also provided for how to ethically record therapy sessions for various reasons including training . Steps are covered for the psychologist to minimize intrusions on privacy for patients . Sections on disclosures and consultations provide guidance on how and when psychologists should disclose information and how to ethically consult with other professionals while maintaining appropriate levels of confidentiality . Lastly , this section guides psychologists on how and when to use confidential information for didactic or other purposes while protecting confidentiality of the client . Advertising and other public statements ( edit ) The advertising and other public statements section of the APA Ethical Standards is designed to guide psychologists through the process of advertising their practice and making other types of public statements . This section begins by outlining how to avoid false and deceptive statements , in specific of one 's level of competence . As described in the competence section , it is unethical to provide services outside of your area of expertise . The section also outlines statements by others regarding a psychologist 's work and competence . The section goes on to outline how to accurately and honestly describe workshops and non-degree granting educational programs . Media presentations and testimonials regarding one 's work , and how to do so ethically and accurately , is also covered . This section also states that obtaining testimonials from past or current clients is not acceptable . The section closes by outlining how to ethically navigate situations of in - person solicitation of services . Record keeping and fees ( edit ) The record keeping and fees standard of the APA ethical standards is developed to guide psychologists in maintaining records of professional and scientific work in confidentiality . This standard states that maintaining records allow professionals to share information with other professionals if needed , help replicate research findings , and abide by the requirements of the institution and the law . In an event of an emergency , psychologists are not allowed to withhold records of clients who have failed to make payments . Psychologists are expected to arrange fees and financial arrangements in compliance with the law and accept barter only in situations that doing so , does not negatively impact the treatment . Psychologists are also expected to maintain and provide accurate reports of treatment , funding , and diagnostic details . This standard also emphasizes that psychologists should receive payment based on the services provided rather than the referral . Education and training ( edit ) The education and training standard of the APA ethical standards is designed to help psychologists create high - quality programmes that train future psychologists with appropriate knowledge and practice . Psychologists creating education and training programmes are responsible for presenting clear descriptions of the programmes , including the pre-requirements for acceptance and the requirements for completion of the programme . Psychologists are expected to teach accurate and current material supported by scientific evidence . Psychologists should not require students to disclose any personal information , unless it is listed as a programme requirement , or to evaluate whether such experiences are negatively impacting a student 's performance . If individual or group therapy is a requirement of the programme , the psychologists are responsible for allowing students to attend individual or group therapy outside of the programme . Furthermore , faculty members are not allowed to provide therapy services to the students . Supervisors are required to provide timely feedback to the students and supervisees based on their performance and the requirements of the programme . Psychologists involved in the programme are prohibited from engaging in sexual relationships with students and supervisees . Research and publication ( edit ) The research and publication standard of the APA ethical standards is developed to highlight research and publication ethics that psychologists are expected to adhere to . This standard emphasizes the necessity of approval by the institute prior to carrying out the research , providing accurate information about the research study , and carrying out the research in accordance with the approval . When obtaining informed consent , details of the study should be presented to the participants , including but not limited to , the objective of the study , the procedures , benefits and potential risks associated with the study , and the participants ' right to decline to participate and withdraw from the study without any penalty . However , studies which are not expected to cause any harm , such as observing in a naturalistic environment , using anonymous questionnaires , or if permitted by the law , informed consent may not be necessary to be obtained . Compensation for participation should not be used to persuade an unwilling participant . At the conclusion of the study , each participant should be presented with a summary of the study and the participant should be provided with an opportunity to ask any questions he / she has . Further , if there has been some harm caused to the participant due to participation in the study , necessary steps should be followed to minimize the harm . This standard also provides guidelines and instructions on animal research . Psychologists are responsible for reporting accurate findings and taking necessary steps to correct any errors in research and publication . Psychologists are also required to only present original data as their work and share publication credits based on the contributions rather than authority . Psychologists are also expected to be willing to share research data when required for verification , and maintain confidentiality of the participants during the review process . Assessment ( edit ) The assessment standard of the APA ethical standards is developed to broadly address guidelines on assessments . This standard states that the psychologist 's views should be supported by findings from assessments , while reporting the limitations of assessments . If a viewpoint is not based on assessment results , psychologists should provide evidence to justify their judgment . Psychologists are responsible for using valid and reliable assessments that are administered in a preferred language by the client . Informed consent is expected to be obtained in accordance to the guidelines on the `` Informed Consent '' standard , unless the assessment is required by the law , a routine practice or required to test for the ability to make decisions . Psychologists using an interpreter are expected to obtain informed consent from the client for the use of an interpreter as well as maintain confidentiality and test security . Psychologists may refrain from releasing test data in order to protect a participant . Psychologists are also responsible for developing valid and reliable assessments and interpreting test results by taking other factors that may influence the interpretations while also indicating any limitations associated with the interpretations . Psychologists are required to be appropriately trained in order to administer assessments and are responsible for using current tests . Psychologists are also responsible for providing necessary information when outsourcing interpretation and the interpretation of test results . Psychologists are required to explain the test results to the client or other identified persons , unless otherwise specified . Psychologists are also required to maintain security and integrity in regards to all test material . Therapy ( edit ) The therapy section of the APA ethical standards is broadly written to guide psychologists through various aspects of providing psychological services . Psychologists are required to obtain informed consent from clients prior to treatment by presenting sufficient details about the therapy technique , including how established the treatment is and whether a psychologist in training will be assisting the client . When psychologists are required to provide services in a group setting , psychologists are required to identify the role of the psychologist and notify the clients of the limitations of confidentiality . If a psychologist is required to provide services for a client already receiving mental health services from another professional , the psychologist is required to discuss with the client or other identified persons to minimize conflict and harm . Psychologists should not engage in sexual relationships with current clients or with those closely related to clients . Psychologists should not be sexually engaged with past clients within two years of termination and even after two years of termination , psychologists will have to provide enough details to ensure that this ethical standard is not violated by being involved with a past client . In the event of a termination of employment , necessary steps should be taken in order to ensure client care . Termination of therapy should occur when the client shows significant improvements , does not benefit further from treatment , is being harmed by the treatment , or the clinician is threatened by the client or a person related to the client . Psychologists are expected to prepare clients for termination and provide sources for alternative services . History ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) `` These rules should do much more than help the unethical psychologist keep out of trouble ; they should be of palpable aid to the ethical psychologist in making daily decisions . '' -- Nicholas Hobbs ( 1948 , p. 81 ) The first committee on Ethical Standards for Psychologists was developed in 1947 and chaired by Edward Tolman . The committee was created because psychologists were becoming more involved in professional activities and public works during and following World War II . To gain insight on what to include , the committee sought information from psychologists in the field . Psychologists discussed situations in which they felt they encountered ethical dilemmas . A second committee was formed and headed by Nicholas Hobbs . This 8 - member committee was responsible for the creation of the first document . The committee used contributions from over 2,000 psychologists to create the first principles . The committee reviewed the situations submitted by psychologists to the first committee and attempted to organize the situations into themes . Themes that emerged reflected many of the political and social issues of the time including racial segregation , post-war politics , and the testing industry . The first version of the Ethical Standards of Psychologists was adopted in 1952 and published in 1953 by the American Psychological Association ( APA ) . The document was over 170 pages in length . The first version contained many ethical dilemmas that psychologists had written about and submitted to the first committee as case examples . Revision History ( edit ) Revisions to the 1953 version continued over the decades until the most recent version which was published in 2002 and amended in 2010 . Each revision has been guided by a set of objectives put forth by Hobbs in 1948 : `` to express the best ethical practices in the field as judged by a large representative sample of members of the APA ; to reflect an explicit value system as well as clearly articulated decisional and behavioral rules ; to be applicable to the full range of activities and role relationships encountered in the work of psychologists ; to have the broadest possible participation among psychologists in its development and revisions ; and to influence the ethical conduct of psychologists by meriting widespread identification and acceptance among members of the discipline '' . Revisions occurred over the years pertaining to many changes in society . Culture , politics , the legal system , the economy and the healthcare system have all been influential in the development of the past and current ethical codes . The case examples were also removed . Prior to 1981 , there was no principle or standard that addressed conflict between law and ethics . One of the biggest changes occurred with the 1992 version of the code . Before this version , there was no distinction between principles and standards . This version was the first to make that distinction . The principles are considered to be aspirational while the standards are enforceable by agencies adopting them , including the APA . The current version of the code was developed in 2002 , became effective in 2003 , and was amended in 2010 . Amendments were made to the Introduction and Applicability Sections along with Standard 1.02 Conflicts Between Ethics and Law , Regulations , or Other Governing Legal Authority and Standard 1.03 Conflicts Between Ethics and Organizational Demands . / green / < Ethical steps > Previous revisions with changes indicated : American Psychological Association . ( 1953 ) . Ethical standards of psychologists . Washington , DC : Author . ( first version ; no reference to legal standards ) American Psychological Association . ( 1959 ) . Ethical standards of psychologists . American Psychologist , 14 , 279 - 282 . ( change to Principle 3 : Moral and Legal Standards ) American Psychological Association . ( 1963 ) . Ethical standards of psychologists . American Psychologist , 18 , 56 - 60 . ( no change in language ) American Psychological Association . ( 1968 ) . Ethical standards of psychologists . American Psychologist , 23 , 357 - 361 . ( no change in language ) American Psychological Association . ( 1977 , March ) . Ethical standards of psychologists . APA Monitor , 22 - 23 . ( change to Principle 3 : Moral and Legal Standards ) American Psychological Association . ( 1979 ) . Ethical standards of psychologists . Washington , DC : Author . ( no change in language ) American Psychological Association . ( 1981 ) . Ethical principles of psychologists . American Psychologist , 36 , 633 - 638 . ( change to Principle 3 : Moral and Legal Standards ) American Psychological Association . ( 1990 ) . Ethical principles of psychologists ( Amended June 2 , 1989 ) . American Psychologist , 45 , 390 - 395 . ( no change in language ) American Psychological Association . ( 1992 ) . Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct . American Psychologist , 47 , 1597 - 1611 . ( change to Introduction to the 1992 Ethics Code ( paragraph 5 ) ( aspirational ) ; change to Ethical Standard 1.02 Relationship of Ethics and Law ( enforceable ) ) American Psychological Association . ( 2002 ) . Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct ( Amended February 20 , 2010 ) . American Psychologist , 57 , 1060 - 1073 . ( change to Introduction and Applicability ( paragraph 7 ) ( aspirational ) ; change to 1.02 Conflicts Between Ethics and Law , Regulations , or Other Governing Legal Authority ( enforceable ) ) Ethical controversies ( edit ) It has been suggested that portions of this section be split out into another article titled American Psychological Association . ( Discuss ) ( August 2015 ) Conversion therapy ( edit ) See also : Conversion therapy Conversion therapy ( also referred to as reparative therapy ) is the practice of attempting to change the patient 's sexual orientation to heterosexual . Among the most prominent supporters of conversion therapy is the National Association for Research & Therapy of Homosexuality ( NARTH ) , which continues to characterize homosexuality as a mental disorder , despite the declassification of homosexuality as a disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM ) in 1973 . One of the most notable members of NARTH is founder and former president Dr. Joseph Nicolosi , who practices conversion therapy and has published case studies some of his clients . The American Psychological Association ( APA ) task force report on appropriate therapeutic responses to sexual orientation concluded that conversion therapy was `` unlikely to be successful '' and involved `` some risk of harm '' . Likewise , the U.S. Surgeon General issued a call to action in 2001 , concluding that `` there is no valid scientific evidence that sexual orientation can be changed '' . In the task force 's report , the APA recommends that therapists adopt an affirmative , supportive approach for clients who present for therapy to change their sexual orientation rather than attempting to convert their sexual orientation . Animal research ( edit ) See also : Animal testing Currently , the APA enforces ethical standards to protect nonhuman animal subjects from unnecessary harm during the research process . Some of the requirements for using nonhuman animals in research include : proper justification of the research , maintenance and inspection of appropriate housing for the animals , minimizing discomfort and stress whenever possible , and preference of noninvasive measures . Despite these guidelines , however , many advocacy groups exist to either reduce or eliminate animal research , arguing that it is unethical to capture animals and subject them to research procedures . Indeed , a recent study showed that only 52 % of the public approves of animal research . Some scientists believe that this low approval rate is primarily the result of receiving manipulative misinformation from anti-animal research groups . Evidence - based practice ( edit ) See also : Dodo bird verdict A current controversy among mental health professionals is the use of specific psychological treatments which are not strongly supported by research . Proponents of the evidence - based practice ( EBP ) movement argue that it is unethical to administer a therapeutic intervention with questionable research support ( such as psychoanalysis ) when another treatment 's effectiveness has been demonstrated for the client 's condition , particularly when the intervention in question is potentially harmful ( such as conversion therapy ) . Proponents argue that administration of an empirically questionable treatment violates the general Principle A of the ethical principles of psychologist : Beneficence and nonmaleficence ( or `` do no harm '' ) . Opponents of the movement object that all psychotherapies are equally effective ( termed `` the Dodo bird verdict '' ) and assert that restricting therapists to only evidence - based treatments limits opportunities to discover new techniques . Further complicating the issue is the fact that there is debate about what kind of evidence is needed to constitute `` good research support '' for or against a treatment . Psychologists involved in Torture ( edit ) See also : Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse During the Iraq War , Amnesty International released a series of reports , calling attention to violations of the human rights of prisoners in Abu Ghraib Prison and American detention camps , and the role of the United States and the United Kingdom in enacting these abuses . The reports called on the occupying powers to protect the human rights of any detained civilians by giving them a fair and timely trial , not detaining civilians arbitrarily , and treating all people ethically while in detention . Amnesty International also called for justice , by trying individual perpetrators of abuse for their crimes . Despite these reports , the Bush administration instituted `` enhanced '' interrogation techniques , stating publicly that reported abuses were isolated incidents , and not standard practice . Internal memos from the Federal Bureau of Investigation revealed that an executive order by George W. Bush had sanctioned certain interrogation techniques , such as playing loud music , depriving prisoners of sleep , and stripping prisoners of their clothing . The CIA reportedly required involvement from health professionals to continue its practice of `` enhanced '' interrogations on detainees , to maintain the lawfulness of their practices . Psychiatrists and medical doctors were reluctant to participate in interrogations , however some psychologists participated . A recently released report by a group of psychologists alleges the same , implicating a number of APA officials as well . After the abuses were made public , the APA created a task force called Psychological Ethics and National Security ( PENS ) and released a report stating that the APA Code of Ethics applies to psychologists working in any setting , and that psychologists do not facilitate or participate in any degrading or cruel behavior , referring back to the APA 's 1986 Resolution Against Torture . The report also called on psychologists to report any suspected or observed inhumane treatment to the appropriate authorities and obey federal law . Further reading ( edit ) Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : American Psychological Association . 2010 . OCLC 913028115 . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Adopted August 21 , 2002 . Effective June 1 , 2003 . With the 2010 Amendments . Adopted February 20 , 2010 . Effective June 1 , 2010 . Ethical Standards of Psychologists : A Summary of Ethical Principles . Washington , DC : American Psychological Association . 1953 . OCLC 693011 . Fisher , Celia B. ( 2013 ) ( 2003 ) . `` A Code of Ethics for Psychology : How Did We Get Here ? '' ( PDF ) . Decoding the Ethics Code : A Practical Guide for Psychologists ( 3rd ed . ) . Los Angeles : Sage Publications . pp. 2 -- 14 . ISBN 9781412997607 . OCLC 794176340 . `` Provisions in The APA Ethics Codes That Address Conflicts between Ethics and Law : A History '' ( PDF ) . American Psychological Association . December 2008 . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . Smith , Deborah ( January 2003 ) . `` The First Code '' . Monitor on Psychology . American Psychological Association . 31 ( 1 ) : 63 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2010 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hobbs , Nicholas ( March 1948 ) . `` The development of a code of ethical standards for psychology '' . American Psychologist. 3 ( 3 ) : 80 -- 84 . doi : 10.1037 / h0060281 . ^ Jump up to : American Psychological Association ( 2002 ) . `` Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct '' ( PDF ) . American Psychologist. 57 : 1060 -- 1073 . doi : 10.1037 / 0003 - 066x. 57.12. 1060 . ^ Jump up to : APA Task Force on Appropriate Therapeutic Responses to Sexual Orientation . `` Report of the Task Force on Appropriate Therapeutic Responses to Sexual Orientation '' ( PDF ) . American Psychological Association . Washington , DC : American Psychological Association . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Joseph Nicolosi -- Reparative Therapy '' . Thomas Aquinas Psychological Clinic . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ahn , Hyun - nie & Wampold , Bruce ( July 2001 ) . `` Where oh where are the specific ingredients ? A meta - analysis of component studies in counseling and psychotherapy '' . Journal of Counseling Psychology . 48 ( 3 ) : 251 -- 257 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 0167.48. 3.251 . Jump up ^ American Psychological Association . `` Timeline of APA Policies & Actions Related to Detainee Welfare and Professional Ethics in the Context of Interrogation and National Security '' . American Psychological Association . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Fisher , Celia B. ( 2013 ) ( 2003 ) . `` A Code of Ethics for Psychology : How Did We Get Here ? '' ( PDF ) . Decoding the Ethics Code : A Practical Guide for Psychologists ( 3rd ed . ) . Los Angeles : Sage Publications . pp. 2 -- 14 . ISBN 9781412997607 . OCLC 794176340 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Deborah ( January 2003 ) . `` The First Code '' . Monitor on Psychology . American Psychological Association . 31 ( 1 ) : 63 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2010 . ^ Jump up to : American Psychological Association . `` Provisions in the APA Ethics Codes that Address Conflicts Between Ethics and Law : A History '' . American Psychological Association . American Psychological Association . Retrieved 8 June 2015 . Jump up ^ American Psychological Association ( 2010 ) . `` 2010 Amendments to the 2002 `` Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct '' `` . American Psychologist. 65 ( 5 ) : 493 . doi : 10.1037 / a0020168 . PMID 20642307 . Jump up ^ Office of the Surgeon General ( US ) ; Office of Population Affairs ( US ) ( 2001 ) . `` The Surgeon General 's Call to Action to Promote Sexual Health and Responsible Sexual Behavior '' . U.S. Department of Health and Human Services . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . Jump up ^ American Psychological Association . `` Guidelines for Ethical Conduct in the Care and Use of Nonhuman Animals in Research '' . American Psychological Association . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ The Humane Society of the United States . `` The Humane Society of the United States '' . The Humane Society of the United States . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals . `` People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals '' . PETA . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals . `` The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals '' . The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Pew Research Center ( 9 July 2009 ) . `` Public Praises Science ; Scientists Fault Public , Media '' . Pew Research Center . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Allyson J. `` Animal research : The bigger picture and why we need psychologists to speak out '' . American Psychological Association . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Lilienfeld , Scott O. ( March 2007 ) . `` Psychological Treatments That Cause Harm '' . Perspectives on Psychological Science . 2 ( 1 ) : 53 -- 70 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1745 - 6916.2007. 00029. x . Jump up ^ Division 12 of the APA . `` Do all psychologists agree on which treatments are supported by research ? '' . Society of Clinical Psychology . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Amnesty International ( 15 April 2003 ) . `` Iraq : Responsibilities of the occupying powers '' . Amnesty International . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Khan , Irene ( 19 March 2003 ) . `` Open letter from AI Secretary General , Irene Khan to President George Bush , Prime Minister Tony Blair , Prime Minister José Maria Aznar and President Saddam Hussein '' . Amnesty International . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Amnesty International ( 18 March 2003 ) . `` Iraq : People come first : Amnesty International 's 10 - point appeal to all parties involved in possible military action in Iraq '' . Amnesty International . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ American Civil Liberties Union . `` American Civil Liberties Union : ACLU Interested Persons Memo on FBI documents concerning detainee abuse at Guantanamo Bay '' . ACLU . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Hajjar , Lisa ( 7 May 2015 ) . `` How the World 's Largest Psychological Association Aided the CIA 's Torture Program '' . The Nation . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Stephen Soldz ; Nathaniel Raymond ; Steven Reisner ( April 2015 ) . `` Report on American Psychological Association 's Role in Bush - Era Interrogation Program '' . New York Times . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Presidential Task Force on Psychological Ethics and National Security ( June 2005 ) . `` Report of the American Psychological Association Presidential Task Force on Psychological Ethics and National Security '' ( PDF ) . American Psychological Association . Retrieved 7 June 2015 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=APA_Ethics_Code&oldid=814064089 '' Categories : American Psychological Association Codes of conduct Ethics Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing style editing from June 2015 All articles needing style editing All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Articles to be split from August 2015 All articles to be split Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 December 2017 , at 18 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	ethical principles developed by the american psychological association require psychologists to	[]	[]
-9167859303080803140	Designated survivor	Designated survivor - wikipedia Designated survivor Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the U.S. contingency plan against catastrophic loss of its leadership . For the 2016 TV series , see Designated Survivor ( TV series ) . In the United States , a designated survivor ( or designated successor ) is an individual in the presidential line of succession , usually a member of the United States Cabinet , who is arranged to be at a physically distant , secure , and undisclosed location when the President , the Vice President , and the other officials in the line of succession are gathered at a single location , such as during State of the Union addresses and presidential inaugurations . This is intended to guarantee continuity of government in the event of a catastrophic occurrence that kills the President and many officials in the presidential line of succession , such as a mass shooting , bombing , attack or catastrophic natural disaster . If such an event occurred , killing both the President and Vice President , the surviving official highest in the line , possibly the designated survivor , would become the Acting President of the United States under the Presidential Succession Act . Only Cabinet members who are eligible to succeed to the presidency ( i.e. , natural - born citizens over the age of 35 , who have resided in the United States for at least 14 years ) can be chosen as designated survivors . The designated survivor is provided presidential - level security and transport for the duration of the event . An aide carries a nuclear football with them . However , they are not given a briefing on what to do in the event that the other successors to the presidency are killed . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Presidential 1.2 Legislative 2 List of some designated survivors 3 In popular culture 4 See also 5 Notes and references 6 External links History ( edit ) Presidential ( edit ) The practice of naming a designated survivor originated during the Cold War with its risk of nuclear attack . In 1947 , the Presidential Succession Act established a clear line of succession for the president , but the idea of the designated survivor was part of an action plan to ensure that one of the potential successors is in a secure location . The only limitation was that the designated survivor must be constitutionally qualified to assume the office of president . For the 2010 State of the Union address , Housing and Urban Development Secretary Shaun Donovan was the designated survivor . Secretary of State Hillary Clinton was also absent from the address . However , Secret Service rules prevented Clinton from being named the designated survivor since it was public knowledge that she was at a conference in London during the event . Had a calamity occurred only in Washington and Clinton remained unharmed , she instead of Donovan would have become Acting President , as the Secretary of State is higher in the line of succession than the Housing and Urban Development Secretary . Legislative ( edit ) Since 2005 , members of Congress have also been chosen as legislative designated survivors . In addition to serving as a rump legislature in the event that all of their colleagues were killed , a surviving Representative and Senator could ascend to the ( vacated ) offices of Speaker of the House and President Pro Tempore of the Senate , offices that immediately follow the Vice President in the presidential line of succession . If such a legislative designated survivor were simultaneously the sitting Speaker or President Pro Tempore -- as was the case during the 2005 , 2006 , and 2007 State of the Union addresses , in which Presidents Pro Tempore Ted Stevens ( R - Alaska ) and Sen. Robert Byrd ( D - West Virginia ) were also legislative designated survivors -- he or she would become the acting president in the event of the additional deaths of both the president and the vice-president , rather than the presidential designated survivor Cabinet member . However , it is unclear whether a legislative designated survivor not already holding that house 's leadership position could assume such a position without previously having been elected to it by a quorum of their respective house . List of some designated survivors ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Date Occasion Designee Position Notes January 20 , 1981 Presidential Inauguration Unknown February 18 , 1981 Presidential Address to Joint Session of Congress Terrel Bell Secretary of Education January 26 , 1982 State of the Union Unknown January 25 , 1983 State of the Union Unknown January 25 , 1984 State of the Union Samuel Pierce Secretary of Housing and Urban Development January 21 , 1985 Presidential Inauguration Margaret Heckler Secretary of Health and Human Services February 6 , 1985 State of the Union Malcolm Baldrige Secretary of Commerce February 4 , 1986 State of the Union John Block Secretary of Agriculture January 27 , 1987 State of the Union Richard Lyng Secretary of Agriculture January 25 , 1988 State of the Union Donald Hodel Secretary of the Interior January 20 , 1989 Presidential Inauguration Unknown February 9 , 1989 Presidential Address to Joint Session of Congress Lauro Cavazos Secretary of Education January 31 , 1990 State of the Union Edward J. Derwinski Secretary of Veterans Affairs September 11 , 1990 Presidential Address to Joint Session of Congress ( Gulf War Speech -- text ) Unknown January 29 , 1991 State of the Union Manuel Lujan Secretary of the Interior January 28 , 1992 State of the Union Ed Madigan Secretary of Agriculture January 20 , 1993 Presidential Inauguration Unknown February 17 , 1993 Presidential Address to Joint Session of Congress Bruce Babbitt Secretary of the Interior January 25 , 1994 State of the Union Mike Espy Secretary of Agriculture January 24 , 1995 State of the Union Federico Peña Secretary of Transportation January 23 , 1996 State of the Union Donna Shalala Secretary of Health and Human Services January 20 , 1997 Presidential Inauguration Unknown February 4 , 1997 State of the Union Dan Glickman Secretary of Agriculture January 27 , 1998 State of the Union William Daley Secretary of Commerce January 19 , 1999 State of the Union Andrew Cuomo Secretary of Housing and Urban Development January 27 , 2000 State of the Union Bill Richardson Secretary of Energy January 20 , 2001 Presidential Inauguration Unknown February 27 , 2001 Presidential Address to Joint Session of Congress Anthony Principi Secretary of Veterans Affairs September 20 , 2001 Presidential Address to Joint Session of Congress ( following the September 11 attacks ) Dick Cheney Vice President Tommy Thompson Secretary of Health and Human Services January 29 , 2002 State of the Union Gale Norton Secretary of the Interior January 28 , 2003 State of the Union John Ashcroft Attorney General Norman Mineta Secretary of Transportation January 20 , 2004 State of the Union Donald Evans Secretary of Commerce January 20 , 2005 Presidential Inauguration Gale Norton Secretary of the Interior February 2 , 2005 State of the Union Donald Evans Secretary of Commerce Ted Stevens ( R - AK ) President Pro Tempore of the Senate January 31 , 2006 State of the Union Jim Nicholson Secretary of Veterans Affairs Ted Stevens ( R - AK ) President Pro Tempore of the Senate January 23 , 2007 State of the Union Alberto Gonzales Attorney General January 28 , 2008 State of the Union Dirk Kempthorne Secretary of the Interior January 20 , 2009 Presidential Inauguration Robert Gates Secretary of Defense February 24 , 2009 Presidential Address to Joint Session of Congress Eric Holder Attorney General September 9 , 2009 Presidential Address to Joint Session of Congress ( Health Care Speech to Congress ) Steven Chu Secretary of Energy January 27 , 2010 State of the Union Shaun Donovan Secretary of Housing and Urban Development January 25 , 2011 State of the Union Ken Salazar Secretary of the Interior January 24 , 2012 State of the Union Tom Vilsack Secretary of Agriculture January 21 , 2013 Presidential Inauguration Eric Shinseki Secretary of Veterans Affairs February 12 , 2013 State of the Union Steven Chu Secretary of Energy January 28 , 2014 State of the Union Ernest Moniz Secretary of Energy January 20 , 2015 State of the Union Anthony Foxx Secretary of Transportation January 12 , 2016 State of the Union Orrin Hatch ( R - UT ) President Pro Tempore of the Senate Jeh Johnson Secretary of Homeland Security January 20 , 2017 Presidential Inauguration Orrin Hatch ( R - UT ) President Pro Tempore of the Senate Jeh Johnson Secretary of Homeland Security February 28 , 2017 Presidential Address to Joint Session of Congress David Shulkin Secretary of Veterans Affairs January 30 , 2018 State of the Union Sonny Perdue Secretary of Agriculture In popular culture ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the 1991 HBO original film By Dawn 's Early Light , the US Secretary of the Interior becomes President of the United States following a Soviet nuclear strike on Washington , D.C. In the TV show The West Wing , the episode `` He Shall , from Time to Time ... '' features President Josiah Bartlet talking to Secretary of Agriculture Roger Tribbey in the Oval Office prior to leaving for his State of the Union address . The choosing of the designated survivors is shown at the start of the episode , generating some discussion about how it works . The 2016 TV series Designated Survivor stars Kiefer Sutherland as Tom Kirkman , the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development who becomes President after a terrorist attack during the State of the Union address kills the President , the Vice President , and every individual ahead of him in the line of succession . See also ( edit ) Central Locator System Decapitation strike National Command Authority Operation Looking Glass United States presidential line of succession in fiction Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Vacancy in offices of both President and Vice President ; officers eligible to act : 3 U.S.C. § 19 Jump up ^ Knoller , Mark ( January 30 , 2007 ) . `` One Night Spent A Heartbeat Away '' . CBS News . Jump up ^ Kamen , Al . `` Hillary Clinton will be in London for State of the Union '' . Washington Post . Accessed 3 February 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cabinet Members Who Did Not Attend the State of the Union Address '' . www.presidency.ucsb.edu . ^ Jump up to : 1981 , 1989 , 1993 , 2001 , 2009 and 2017 speeches were given by incoming Presidents and not formal `` State of the Union '' addresses . ^ Jump up to : Hershey , Jr. , Robert D. ( 27 January 1988 ) . `` State of Union : Bewitched by Pageant '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 13 February 2013 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Cabinet members who did not attend the State of the Union Address ( since 1984 ) '' ( PDF ) . United States Senate Historical Office . Jump up ^ 1984 : UPI , `` Washington Dateline . '' Jan 25 , 1984 ^ Jump up to : Rachel Weiner ( February 12 , 2013 ) . `` Steven Chu is the State of the Union ' designated survivor ' '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Gainesville Sun - Google News Archive Search '' . news.google.com . Jump up ^ 1985 : UPI , `` Washington News . '' Feb 6 , 1985 Jump up ^ 1986 : UPI , `` Washington News . '' Feb 4 , 1986 Jump up ^ 1987 : UPI , `` Washington News . '' Jan 28 , 1987 Jump up ^ 1990 : Washington Post , Page C3 . Jan 31 , 1991 Jump up ^ 1991 : Washington Post , Page C3 . Jan 31 , 1991 Jump up ^ 1996 : USA Today , Page A12 . Feb 5 , 1997 Jump up ^ 1997 : Washington Post , `` Agriculture 's Glickman Draws Doomsday Duty for Address . '' Page A13 . Feb 4 , 1997 Jump up ^ 1999 : New York Times , `` Not Being Invited Was the Honor . '' Page B2 . Jan 21 , 1999 Jump up ^ 2000 : Washington Post , `` The Reliable Source . '' Page C3 . Jan 28 , 2000 Jump up ^ 2001 : New York Times , `` Cabinet 's ' Designated Absentee ' Stays Away . '' Page A23 . Jan 30 , 2002 Jump up ^ 2002 : New York Times , `` Cabinet 's ' Designated Absentee ' Stays Away . '' Page A23 . Jan 30 , 2002 Jump up ^ 2003 : New York Times , `` Ashcroft in Secret Spot During Bush Address . '' Jan 29 , 2003 Jump up ^ 2004 : AP , `` Four to Miss Speech Due to Security . '' Jan 20 , 2004 ^ Jump up to : For the 2005 , 2006 , and 2007 State of the Union addresses , the President Pro Tempore of the Senate would have been the highest - ranking survivor . Jump up ^ 2005 : New York Times , `` Five Officials Skip State of the Union Address . '' Feb 2 , 2005 Jump up ^ 2006 : Philadelphia Inquirer , `` A Message of Energy , Strength . '' Feb 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ 2007 : Washington Post , `` The Reliable Source . '' Page C3 . Jan 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ 2008 : AP , `` Interior Secretary Skips Speech , '' Jan 28 , 2008 Jump up ^ 2009 : AFP American Edition , `` Gates to Sit out Obama Inauguration , '' January 19 , 2009 Jump up ^ Gates To Be Designated Successor On Inauguration Day , CBS News , January 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Holder Staying Away From Obama 's Speech , The Washington Post , February 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Energy secretary skips Obama health care address '' . Jump up ^ O'Keefe , Ed ( 25 January 2011 ) . `` State of the Union : Ken Salazar to serve as ' designated survivor ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 26 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 24 January 2012 ) . `` State of the Union : Tom Vilsack to serve as Cabinet 's ' designated survivor '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 24 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Shinseki absent from inaugural '' . Miami Herald . 22 January 2013 . Retrieved 22 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Energy Secretary to be Designated Survivor during State of the Union '' . FOX News . January 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Miller , Zeke J ( 28 January 2014 ) . `` This Man Will Be Your President If The Worst Happens Happens '' . Time . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Obama 's ' designated survivor : ' Anthony Foxx '' . USA Today . January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jackson , David ( 20 January 2015 ) . `` O '' . NationalJournal . Archived from the original on 21 January 2015 . Retrieved 20 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Shalby , Colleen ( 12 January 2016 ) . `` If # SOTU disaster strikes , Jeh Johnson ... or a Republican would become president '' . LA Times . Retrieved 12 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Saenz , Arlette ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` State of the Union : Jeh Johnson Named Designated Survivor '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ Tribune , The Salt Lake . `` Sen. Orrin Hatch acting as a designated survivor during inauguration '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Weaver , Dustin ( 20 January 2017 ) . `` Jeh Johnson is designated survivor for inauguration '' . TheHill . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ DeBonis , Mike ; Johnson , Jenna ( 2017 - 01 - 24 ) . `` Trump to address a joint session of Congress on Feb. 28 '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Philip Rucker on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` VA Secretary David Shulkin chosen as designated survivor '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ Westwood , Sarah . `` Agriculture Secretary Sonny Perdue State of the Union ' designated survivor ' '' . Washington Examiner . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Designated Survivor ( TV Series 2016 - ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . External links ( edit ) U.S. Senate 's list of cabinet members who did not attend the State of the Union Address ( since 1984 ) August , Melissa ( Jan 31 , 1994 ) . `` The President -- Conceivably '' . Time magazine . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 21 . ( hide ) Lists related to the Presidents and Vice Presidents of the United States List of Presidents List of Vice Presidents Presidents Age Autobiographies Burial places Death Historical rankings Lifespan timeline Number living Time in office Portraits Professional careers Approval rating Assassination attempts and plots Campaign slogans Control of Congress Doctrines Inaugurations International trips Judicial appointments Libraries Military rank Military service Other offices held Pardons Previous experience Vetoes Personal life Coats of arms Deaths in office Education Facial hair Firsts Freemasons Multilingualism Net worth Nicknames Pets Home state Previous occupation Religious affiliation Residences Slave owners Vice Presidents Age Burial places Coats of arms Education Number living Other offices held Place of primary affiliation Religious affiliation Tie - breaking votes Time in office Succession Acting President Designated survivor Line of succession Elections Electoral College margin Popular vote margin Summary Winner lost popular vote Candidates Democrat Republican Third party Green Libertarian Progressive National Republican / Whig African American Female Received at least one electoral vote Height Unsuccessful major party candidates Lost their home state Families First Families First Ladies Second Ladies Children Namesakes , honors Memorial sites U.S. postage stamp appearances Educational institution names Currency appearances U.S. county names U.S. Senate vice presidential bust collection In fiction Presidents actors Vice Presidents actors Candidates Line of succession U.S. Government Portal Biography Portal Presidents of the United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Designated_survivor&oldid=831968607 '' Categories : United States presidential succession Disaster preparedness in the United States Continuity of government in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Incomplete lists from April 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Lumbaart 日本語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska اردو 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 March 2018 , at 01 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the designated survivor for the state of the union address	[]	[]
-4956940559972196661	Social influence	Social influence - wikipedia Social influence Jump to : navigation , search Social influence occurs when a person 's emotions , opinions , or behaviors are affected by others . Social influence takes many forms and can be seen in conformity , socialization , peer pressure , obedience , leadership , persuasion , sales , and marketing . In 1958 , Harvard psychologist Herbert Kelman identified three broad varieties of social influence . Compliance is when people appear to agree with others but actually keep their dissenting opinions private . Identification is when people are influenced by someone who is liked and respected , such as a famous celebrity . Internalization is when people accept a belief or behavior and agree both publicly and privately . Morton Deutsch and Harold Gerard described two psychological needs that lead humans to conform to the expectations of others . These include our need to be right ( informational social influence ) and our need to be liked ( normative social influence ) . Informational influence ( or social proof ) is an influence to accept information from another as evidence about reality . Informational influence comes into play when people are uncertain , either because stimuli are intrinsically ambiguous or because there is social disagreement . Normative influence is an influence to conform to the positive expectations of others . In terms of Kelman 's typology , normative influence leads to public compliance , whereas informational influence leads to private acceptance . Contents ( hide ) 1 Types 1.1 Kelman 's varieties 1.1. 1 Compliance 1.1. 2 Identification 1.1. 3 Internalization 1.2 Conformity 1.3 Minority influence 1.4 Self - fulfilling prophecy 1.5 Reactance 1.6 Obedience 1.7 Persuasion 1.8 Psychological manipulation 2 Antecedents 2.1 Social impact theory 2.2 Cialdini 's `` weapons of influence '' 2.3 Unanimity 2.4 Status 2.5 Culture 2.6 Emotions 3 Social structure 3.1 Social networks 4 See also 5 References Types ( edit ) Social Influence is a broad term that relates to many different phenomena . Listed below are some major types of social influence that are being researched in the field of social psychology . For more information , follow the main article links provided . Kelman 's varieties ( edit ) There are three processes of attitude change as defined by Harvard psychologist Herbert Kelman in a 1958 paper published in the Journal of Conflict Resolution . The purpose of defining these processes was to help determine the effects of social influence : for example , to separate public conformity ( behavior ) from private acceptance ( personal belief ) . Compliance ( edit ) Main article : Compliance ( psychology ) Compliance is the act of responding favorably to an explicit or implicit request offered by others . Technically , compliance is a change in behavior but not necessarily in attitude ; one can comply due to mere obedience or by otherwise opting to withhold private thoughts due to social pressures . According to Kelman 's 1958 paper , the satisfaction derived from compliance is due to the social effect of the accepting influence ( i.e. , people comply for an expected reward or punishment - aversion ) . Identification ( edit ) Main article : Identification ( psychology ) Identification is the changing of attitudes or behaviors due to the influence of someone who is admired . Advertisements that rely upon celebrity endorsements to market their products are taking advantage of this phenomenon . According to Kelman , the desired relationship that the identifier relates to the behavior or attitude change . Internalization ( edit ) Main article : Internalization Internalization is the process of acceptance of a set of norms established by people or groups that are influential to the individual . The individual accepts the influence because the content of the influence accepted is intrinsically rewarding . It is congruent with the individual 's value system , and according to Kelman the `` reward '' of internalization is `` the content of the new behavior '' . Conformity ( edit ) Main article : Conformity Conformity is a type of social influence involving a change in behavior , belief , or thinking to align with those of others or with normative standards . It is the most common and pervasive form of social influence . Social psychology research in conformity tends to distinguish between two varieties : informational conformity ( also called social proof , or `` internalization '' in Kelman 's terms ) and normative conformity ( `` compliance '' in Kelman 's terms ) . In the case of peer pressure , a person is convinced to do something that they might not want to do ( such as taking illegal drugs ) but which they perceive as `` necessary '' to keep a positive relationship with other people ( such as their friends ) . Conformity from peer pressure generally results from identification with the group members or from compliance of some members to appease others . Conformity can be in appearance , or may be more complete in nature ; impacting an individual both publicly and privately . Compliance ( also referred to as acquiescence ) demonstrates a public conformity to a group majority or norm , while the individual continues to privately disagree or dissent , holding on to their original beliefs or to an alternative set of beliefs differing from the majority . Compliance appears as conformity , but there is a division between the public and the private self . Conversion includes the private acceptance that is absent in compliance . The individual 's original behaviour , beliefs , or thinking changes to align with that of others ( the influencers ) , both publicly and privately . The individual has accepted the behavior , belief , or thinking , and has internalized it , making it his own . Conversion may also refer to individual members of a group changing from their initial ( and varied ) opinions to adopt the opinions of others , which may differ from their original opinions . The resulting group position may be a hybrid of various aspects of individual initial opinions , or it may be an alternative independent of the initial positions reached through consensus . What appears to be conformity may in fact be congruence . Congruence occurs when an individual 's behavior , belief , or thinking is already aligned with that of the others , and no change occurs . In situations where conformity ( including compliance , conversion , and congruence ) is absent , there are non-conformity processes such as independence and anti-conformity . Independence , also referred to as dissent , involves an individual ( either through their actions or lack of action , or through the public expression of their beliefs or thinking ) being aligned with their personal standards but inconsistent with those of other members of the group ( either all of the group or a majority ) . Anti-conformity , also referred to as counter-conformity , may appear as independence , but it lacks alignment with personal standards and is for the purpose of challenging the group . Actions as well as stated opinions and beliefs are often diametrically opposed to that of the group norm or majority . The underlying reasons for this type of behavior may be rebelliousness / obstinacy or it may be to ensure that all alternatives and view points are given due consideration . Minority influence ( edit ) Main article : Minority influence Minority influence takes place when a majority is influenced to accept the beliefs or behaviors of a minority . Minority influence can be affected by the sizes of majority and minority groups , the level of consistency of the minority group , and situational factors ( such as the affluence or social importance of the minority ) . Minority influence most often operates through informational social influence ( as opposed to normative social influence ) because the majority may be indifferent to the liking of the minority . Self - fulfilling prophecy ( edit ) Main article : Self - fulfilling prophecy A self - fulfilling prophecy is a prediction that directly or indirectly causes itself to become true due to positive feedback between belief and behavior . A prophecy declared as truth ( when it is actually false ) may sufficiently influence people , either through fear or logical confusion , so that their reactions ultimately fulfill the once - false prophecy . This term is credited to sociologist Robert K. Merton from an article he published in 1948 . Reactance ( edit ) Main article : Reactance ( psychology ) Reactance is the adoption of a view contrary to the view that a person is being pressured to accept , perhaps due to a perceived threat to behavioral freedoms . This phenomenon has also been called anticonformity . While the results are the opposite of what the influencer intended , the reactive behavior is a result of social pressure . It is notable that anticonformity does not necessarily mean independence . In many studies , reactance manifests itself in a deliberate rejection of an influence , even if the influence is clearly correct . Obedience ( edit ) Main article : Obedience ( human behavior ) Obedience is a form of social influence that derives from an authority figure . The Milgram experiment , Zimbardo 's Stanford prison experiment , and the Hofling hospital experiment are three particularly well - known experiments on obedience , and they all conclude that humans are surprisingly obedient in the presence of perceived legitimate authority figures . Persuasion ( edit ) Main article : Persuasion Persuasion is the process of guiding oneself or another toward the adoption of an attitude by rational or symbolic means . Robert Cialdini defined six `` weapons of influence '' : reciprocity , commitment , social proof , authority , liking , and scarcity . These `` weapons of influence '' attempt to bring about conformity by directed means . Persuasion can occur through appeals to reason or appeals to emotion . Psychological manipulation ( edit ) Main article : Psychological manipulation Psychological manipulation is a type of social influence that aims to change the behavior or perception of others through abusive , deceptive , or underhanded tactics . By advancing the interests of the manipulator , often at another 's expense , such methods could be considered exploitative , abusive , devious , and deceptive . Social influence is not necessarily negative . For example , doctors can try to persuade patients to change unhealthy habits . Social influence is generally perceived to be harmless when it respects the right of the influenced to accept or reject it , and is not unduly coercive . Depending on the context and motivations , social influence may constitute underhanded manipulation . Antecedents ( edit ) Many factors can affect the impact of social influence . Social impact theory ( edit ) Main article : Social impact theory Social impact theory was developed by Bibb Latané in 1981 . This theory asserts that there are three factors which increase a person 's likelihood to respond to social influence : Strength : The importance of the influencing group to the individual Immediacy : Physical ( and temporal ) proximity of the influencing group to the individual at the time of the influence attempt Number : The number of people in the group Cialdini 's `` weapons of influence '' ( edit ) Robert Cialdini defines six `` weapons of influence '' that can contribute to an individual 's propensity to be influenced by a persuader : Reciprocity : People tend to return a favor . Commitment and consistency : People do not like to be self - contradictory . Once they commit to an idea or behavior , they are averse to changing their minds without good reason . Social proof : People will be more open to things that they see others doing . For example , seeing others compost their organic waste after finishing a meal may influence the subject to do so as well . Authority : People will tend to obey authority figures . Liking : People are more easily swayed by people they like . Scarcity : A perceived limitation of resources will generate demand . Unanimity ( edit ) Social Influence is strongest when the group perpetrating it is consistent and committed . Even a single instance of dissent can greatly wane the strength of an influence . For example , in Milgram 's first set of obedience experiments , 65 % of participants complied with fake authority figures to administer `` maximum shocks '' to a confederate . In iterations of the Milgram experiment where three people administered shocks ( two of whom were confederates ) , once one confederate disobeyed , only ten percent of subjects administered the maximum shocks . Status ( edit ) Main article : Appeal to authority See also : Reputation Those perceived as experts may exert social influence as a result of their perceived expertise . This involves credibility , a tool of social influence from which one draws upon the notion of trust . People believe an individual to be credible for a variety of reasons , such as perceived experience , attractiveness , knowledge , etc . Additionally , pressure to maintain one 's reputation and not be viewed as fringe may increase the tendency to agree with the group . This phenomenon is known as groupthink . Appeals to authority may especially affect norms of obedience . The compliance of normal humans to authority in the famous Milgram experiment demonstrate the power of perceived authority . Those with access to the media may use this access in an attempt to influence the public . For example , a politician may use speeches to persuade the public to support issues that he or she does not have the power to impose on the public . This is often referred to as using the `` bully pulpit . '' Likewise , celebrities do n't usually possess any political power , but they are familiar to many of the world 's citizens and , therefore , possess social status . Power is one of the biggest reasons an individual feels the need to follow through with the suggestions of another . A person who possesses more authority ( or is perceived as being more powerful ) than others in a group is an icon or is most `` popular '' within a group . This person has the most influence over others . For example , in a child 's school life , people who seem to control the perceptions of the students at school are most powerful in having a social influence over other children . Culture ( edit ) Culture appears to play a role in the willingness of an individual to conform to the standards of a group . Stanley Milgram found that conformity was higher in Norway than in France . This has been attributed to Norway 's longstanding tradition of social responsibility , compared to France 's cultural focus on individualism . Japan likewise has a collectivist culture and thus a higher propensity to conformity . However , a 1970 Asch - style study found that when alienated , Japanese students were more susceptible to anticonformity ( giving answers that were incorrect even when the group had collaborated on correct answers ) one third of the time , significantly higher than has been seen in Asch studies in the past . While gender does not significantly affect a person 's likelihood to conform , under certain conditions gender roles do affect such a likelihood . Studies from the 1950s and 1960s concluded that women were more likely to conform than men . But a 1971 study found that experimenter bias was involved ; all of the researchers were male , while all of the research participants were female . Studies thereafter found that the likelihood to conform almost equal between the genders . Furthermore , men conformed more often when faced with traditionally feminine topics , and women conformed more often when presented with masculine topics . In other words , ignorance about a subject can lead a person to defer to `` social proof '' . Emotions ( edit ) Main article : Appeal to emotion Emotion and disposition may affect an individual 's likelihood of conformity or anticonformity . In 2009 , a study concluded that fear increases the chance of agreeing with a group , while romance or lust increases the chance of going against the group . Social structure ( edit ) Social networks ( edit ) Main article : Social network analysis A social network is a social structure made up of nodes ( representing individuals or organizations ) which are connected ( through ties , also called edges , connections , or links ) by one or more types of interdependency ( such as friendship , common interests or beliefs , sexual relations , or kinship ) . Social network analysis uses the lens of network theory to examine social relationships . Social network analysis as a field has become more prominent since the mid-20th century in determining the channels and effects of social influence . For example , Christakis and Fowler found that social networks transmit states and behaviors such as obesity , smoking , drinking and happiness . Identifying the extent of social influence , based on large - scale observational data with a latent social network structure , is pertinent to a variety of collective social phenomena including crime , civil unrest , and voting behavior in elections . For example , methodologies for disentangling social influence by peers from external influences -- with latent social network structures and large - scale observational data -- were applied to US presidential elections , stock markets , and civil unrest . See also ( edit ) Authority bias Bystander effect Impression management Judge -- advisor system Mind shaping Propaganda References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Qualities of a Leader - Online Leadership Guide - Personal MBTI Type Analysis '' . qualities-of-a-leader.com . December 26 , 2011 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2012 . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kelman , H. ( 1958 ) . `` Compliance , identification , and internalization : Three processes of attitude change '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Conflict Resolution . 2 ( 1 ) : 51 -- 60 . doi : 10.1177 / 002200275800200106 . Jump up ^ Deutsch , M. & Gerard , H.B. ( 1955 ) . `` A study of normative and informational social influences upon individual judgment '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology . 51 ( 3 ) : 629 -- 636 . doi : 10.1037 / h0046408 . PMID 13286010 . ^ Jump up to : Aronson , Elliot , Timothy D. Wilson , and Robin M. Akert . Social Psychology . Upper Saddle River , NJ : Prentice Hall , 2010 . Print . Jump up ^ Forsyth , D.R. ( 2010 , 2006 ) . Group Dynamics . Belmont : Wadsworth , Cengage Learning . Jump up ^ Moscovici , S. and Nemeth ( 1974 ) Minority influence . In C. Nemetn ( ed . ) , Social psychology : Classic and contemporary integrations ( pp. 217 - 249 ) , Chicago : Rand McNally Jump up ^ Wood , W. ; Lundgren , S. ; Ouellette , J. ; Busceme , S. & Blackstone , T. ( 1994 ) . `` Minority Influence : A Meta - Analytic Review of Social Influence Processes '' . Psychological Bulletin . 115 ( 3 ) : 323 -- 345 . doi : 10.1037 / 0033 - 2909.115. 3.323 . PMID 8016284 . Jump up ^ Merton , Robert K. ( 1948 ) , `` The Self Fulfilling Prophecy '' , Antioch Review , 8 ( 2 ( Summer ) ) : 193 -- 210 , doi : 10.2307 / 4609267 , JSTOR 4609267 ^ Jump up to : Brehm , J.W. ( 1966 ) . A theory of psychological reactance . Academic Press ^ Jump up to : Frager , R ( 1970 ) . `` Conformity and anti-conformity in Japan '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 15 : 203 -- 210 . doi : 10.1037 / h0029434 . ^ Jump up to : Cialdini , Robert B. ( 2001 ) . Influence : Science and practice ( 4th ed . ) . Boston : Allyn & Bacon . ISBN 0 - 321 - 01147 - 3 Jump up ^ Braiker , Harriet B. ( 2004 ) . Who 's Pulling Your Strings ? How to Break The Cycle of Manipulation . ISBN 0 - 07 - 144672 - 9 . Jump up ^ Latané , B ( 1981 ) . `` The psychology of social impact '' . American Psychologist. 36 : 343 -- 356 . doi : 10.1037 / 0003 - 066x. 36.4. 343 . Jump up ^ `` What are the 6 principles of influence ? '' . conceptually.org . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sussman , R. & Gifford , R. ( 2013 ) . `` Be the Change You Want to See : Modeling Food Composting in Public Places '' . Environment & Behavior . 45 ( 3 ) : 323 -- 343 . doi : 10.1177 / 0013916511431274 . Jump up ^ Milgram , Stanley ( 1963 ) . `` Behavioral Study of Obedience '' . Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology . 67 ( 4 ) : 371 -- 378 . doi : 10.1037 / h0040525 . PMID 14049516 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 17 . Full - text PDF . Archived June 11 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Ivory Tower Unswayed by Crashing Economy . New York Times . Jump up ^ C. Mugny ; L Souchet ; C Codaccioni ; A Quiamzade ( 2008 ) . Social Representation and Social Influence. 53 ( 2 ) , pg 223 - 237 . Jump up ^ Blass , T. ( 2004 ) . The man who shocked the world : The life and legacy of Stanley Milgram . New York : Basic Books . Jump up ^ Sistrunk , Frank ; McDavid , John W. ; Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , Vol 17 ( 2 ) , Feb , 1971 . pp. 200 - 207 . Jump up ^ EurekAlert. ( 2009 ) . Fear or romance could make you change your mind , U of Minnesota study finds . Jump up ^ Christakis , N.A. ; Fowler , J.H. ( 2007 ) . `` The Spread of Obesity in a Large Social Network Over 32 Years '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 357 ( 4 ) : 370 -- 379 . doi : 10.1056 / nejmsa066082 . PMID 17652652 . Jump up ^ Christakis , N.A. ; Fowler , J.H. ( 2008 ) . `` The Collective Dynamics of Smoking in a Large Social Network '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 358 ( 21 ) : 2249 -- 2258 . doi : 10.1056 / nejmsa0706154 . PMC 2822344 . PMID 18499567 . Jump up ^ Gina Kolata , `` Study Finds Big Social Factor in Quitting Smoking , '' The New York Times , May 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Rosenquist , J.N. ; Murabito , J. ; Fowler , J.H. ; Christakis , N.A. ( 2010 ) . `` The Spread of Alcohol Consumption Behavior in a Large Social Network '' . Annals of Internal Medicine . 152 ( 7 ) : 426 -- 433 . doi : 10.7326 / 0003 - 4819 - 152 - 7 - 201004060 - 00007 . Jump up ^ Fowler , J.H. ; Christakis , N.A. ( 2008 ) . `` The Dynamic Spread of Happiness in a Large Social Network : Longitudinal Analysis Over 20 Years in the Framingham Heart Study '' . British Medical Journal . 337 : a2338 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. a2338 . PMC 2600606 . PMID 19056788 . Jump up ^ Braha , D. , & de Aguiar , M.A. ( 2016 ) . Voting Contagion . arXiv preprint arXiv : 1610.04406 . Jump up ^ Braha , D. , & de Aguiar , M.A. ( 2017 ) . Voting contagion : Modeling and analysis of a century of U.S. presidential elections . PLoS ONE 12 ( 5 ) : e0177970 . https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177970 Jump up ^ Harmon , D. ; Lagi , M. ; de Aguiar , M.A. ; Chinellato , D.D. ; Braha , D. ; Epstein , I.R. ; Bar - Yam , Y. ( 2015 ) . `` Anticipating economic market crises using measures of collective panic '' . PLOS ONE . 10 ( 7 ) : e0131871 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0131871 . Jump up ^ Braha , D ( 2012 ) . `` Global civil unrest : contagion , self - organization , and prediction '' . PLOS ONE . 7 ( 10 ) : e48596 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0048596 . PMC 3485346 . PMID 23119067 . ( hide ) Conformity Group pressures Authoritarian personality Bandwagon effect Collectivism Coercive persuasion Consensus reality Contagion Behavioral Crime Hysterical Suicide Groupthink Hazing Herd mentality Indoctrination Memory conformity Milieu control Mobbing Nationalism Normalization Normative social influence Ostracism Panopticon Patriotism Peer pressure Peer review Pluralistic ignorance Propaganda Right - wing authoritarianism Scapegoating Shunning Social influence Socialization Spiral of silence Teasing Tyranny of the majority Xeer Conforming oneself Compliance Countersignaling Herd behavior Internalisation Social proof Obedience Experiments Asch conformity experiments Milgram experiment Stanford prison experiment Counterconformity Anti-authoritarianism Antisocial tendencies Auto - segregation Civil disobedience Cosmopolitanism Counterculture Culture jamming Deviance Eclecticism Eccentricity Hermit Idiosyncrasy Individualism Rebellion Ritual clown Satire Shock value Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_influence&oldid=815291991 '' Categories : Social status Influence ( social and political ) Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 23 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	socially defined expectations of a person in a given social position are referred to as	[ "Social influence occurs when a person's emotions, opinions, or behaviors are affected by others.[1] Social influence takes many forms and can be seen in conformity, socialization, peer pressure, obedience, leadership, persuasion, sales, and marketing. In 1958, Harvard psychologist Herbert Kelman identified three broad varieties of social influence.[2]" ]	[ "Social influence" ]
-4816846096842250216	Baby, I Love Your Way	Baby , I Love Your Way - wikipedia Baby , I Love Your Way `` Baby , I Love Your Way ( Live ) '' Single cover Single by Peter Frampton from the album Frampton B - side `` It 's a Plain Shame '' Released September 1975 Format 7 '' Recorded Genre Soft rock Length 4 : 43 3 : 31 ( 7 '' version ) Label A&M 1832 Songwriter ( s ) Peter Frampton Producer ( s ) Peter Frampton Peter Frampton singles chronology `` Show Me the Way ( live ) '' ( 1975 ) `` Baby , I Love Your Way ( Live ) '' ( 1975 ) `` Do You Feel Like We Do ( live ) '' ( 1976 ) `` Show Me the Way ( live ) '' ( 1975 ) `` Baby , I Love Your Way ( live ) '' ( 1975 ) `` Do You Feel Like We Do ( live ) '' ( 1976 ) `` Baby , I Love Your Way '' is a song written and performed by English singer Peter Frampton . It was released in September 1975 and was first featured on Frampton 's 1975 album , Frampton . The song segues from the previous track `` Nassau '' . A live version of the song was later released on his 1976 multi-platinum album Frampton Comes Alive ! , where it gained popularity as a hit song , peaking at number 12 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart . It also reached number three in Canada . In 2017 , Frampton discussed this song while talking to Washington D.C. lawmakers about inequitable revenue payments from streaming music services like iTunes and Spotify . `` For 55 million streams of Baby I Love Your Way , I got $1,700 , '' said Frampton . `` Their jaws dropped and they asked me to repeat that for them . '' Contents 1 Track listing 2 Chart performance 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 Will to Power version 3.1 Tracks 3.2 Charts 3.3 Certifications 3.4 See also 4 Big Mountain version 4.1 Critical reception 4.2 Track listing 4.3 Music video 4.4 Charts 4.4. 1 Weekly charts 4.4. 2 Year - end charts 4.5 Certifications 5 Other cover versions 6 References 7 External links Track listing ( edit ) 7 '' single -- United States ( 1975 ) `` Baby , I Love Your Way '' -- 3 : 17 ( Edited from the LP version that runs 4 : 43 ) `` ( I 'll Give You ) Money '' -- 4 : 35 7 '' single -- United States ( 1976 ) `` Baby , I Love Your Way '' -- 3 : 28 ( Edited from the LP version that runs 4 : 43 ) `` It 's a Plain Shame '' -- 4 : 21 Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1975 -- 76 ) Peak position Australia ( KMR ) 65 Brazil ( IBOPE ) 8 Canada ( RPM ) Ireland ( IRMA ) 14 New Zealand ( RIANZ ) 27 United Kingdom ( The Official Charts Company ) 43 US Billboard Hot 100 12 US Billboard Adult Contemporary 28 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1976 ) Rank Canada 47 US Billboard Hot 100 89 US Cash Box 99 Will to Power version ( edit ) `` Baby , I Love Your Way / Freebird Medley '' Single by Will to Power from the album Will to Power B - side `` Anti-Social '' Released November 29 , 1988 Format 7 '' 12 '' CD Recorded 1987 , 1988 Genre Synthpop soft rock Length 4 : 07 Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Peter Frampton Allen Collins Ronnie Van Zant Producer ( s ) Bob Rosenberg Will to Power singles chronology `` Say It 's Gonna Rain '' ( 1988 ) `` Baby , I Love Your Way / Freebird Medley '' ( 1988 ) `` Fading Away '' ( 1989 ) `` Say It 's Gonna Rain '' ( 1988 ) `` Baby , I Love Your Way / Freebird Medley '' ( 1988 ) `` Fading Away '' ( 1989 ) In 1987 the American dance - pop band Will to Power recorded Baby , I Love Your Way / Freebird Medley ( Free Baby ) . The song combines elements of two previously recorded rock songs : `` Baby , I Love Your Way '' and American Southern rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd 's song `` Free Bird '' , which hit # 19 on the Hot 100 chart in 1975 . Will to Power 's medley of these two songs had more of a synthesized dance beat ( as opposed to the rock ballad - like nature of the two original songs ) . It spent one week at # 1 on the Hot 100 chart dated December 3 , 1988 . It also peaked at # 2 on the Billboard adult contemporary chart . Additionally , in the `` Freebird '' section , the line `` and the bird you can not change '' in the original version was changed to `` and this bird will never change '' . In March and April 2009 , VH1 ran a countdown of the 100 Greatest One Hit Wonders of the 80s . Will to Power 's `` Baby , I Love Your Way / Freebird Medley '' placed at # 97 on the countdown despite the fact the group having another Top 10 hit in 1991 with a cover version of the 1975 10cc hit `` I 'm Not in Love . '' Tracks ( edit ) Netherlands 12 `` Single No . Title Length 1 . `` Baby I Love Your Way / Freebird '' 4 : 07 2 . `` Anti-Social '' 4 : 20 3 . `` Say It 's Gonna Rain '' 3 : 53 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1988 -- 89 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 20 Canada The Record Top Singles Canada RPM Top Singles Germany ( Official German Charts ) 18 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 26 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 6 Norway ( VG - lista ) UK ( The Official Charts Company ) 6 US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Adult Contemporary Certifications ( edit ) Country Certification Date Sales certified US Gold January 23 , 1989 500,000 See also ( edit ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1988 Big Mountain version ( edit ) `` Baby , I Love Your Way '' Single by Big Mountain from the album Unity B - side `` Baby , te quiero a tí '' ( Spanish Version ) Released February 1 , 1994 Format CD single 7 '' Recorded Genre Reggae fusion Length 4 : 28 ( Radio version ) Label RCA Songwriter ( s ) Peter Frampton Producer ( s ) Ron Fair Big Mountain singles chronology `` Reggae Inna Summertime '' ( 1993 ) `` Baby , I Love Your Way '' ( 1994 ) `` I Would Find a Way '' ( 1995 ) `` Reggae Inna Summertime '' ( 1993 ) `` Baby , I Love Your Way '' ( 1994 ) `` I Would Find a Way '' ( 1995 ) The song was recorded by the American reggae / pop band Big Mountain in 1994 , reaching number 6 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and number 2 on the UK Singles Chart ( being kept off the top spot by `` Love is All Around '' by Wet Wet Wet ) . Their version achieved major worldwide success , reaching the top ten in many countries across Europe . Their version is featured on the soundtrack for the 1994 movie Reality Bites . In the film itself , Michael Grates ( played by Ben Stiller ) explains that he used to listen to the Frampton song a lot . This version was also played during the 2017 film Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle during two fight sequences . Critical reception ( edit ) Billboard magazine reviewed the song favorably , calling it an `` earthy rendition '' which is `` right in the pocket of current trends . '' Track listing ( edit ) CD single -- Europe ( 1994 ) `` Baby , I Love Your Way '' -- 4 : 28 `` Baby , I Love Your Way '' ( 6 Point 6 on the Richter Scale Mix ) -- 6 : 54 `` Baby , te quiero a tí '' -- 4 : 40 Music video ( edit ) The video was directed by Matti Leshem and premiered in April 1994 . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1994 -- 1995 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 7 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) 12 Denmark ( IFPI ) Europe ( Eurochart Hot 100 ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 13 France ( SNEP ) 7 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 9 Ireland ( IRMA ) 7 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 6 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 5 Spain ( AFYVE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 6 US Billboard Mainstream Top 40 US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks 10 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1994 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 19 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 24 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 38 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 28 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) 94 France ( SNEP ) 24 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 35 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 49 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 18 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 14 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 30 US Billboard Hot 100 21 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 5,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Other cover versions ( edit ) Walter Jackson released a cover of the song in 1977 . It became a hit on the U.S. R&B chart , reaching # 19 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits , 8th Edition ( Billboard Publications ) Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/peterframpton/status/1025584924609400832 Jump up ^ `` Forum - 1970 ( ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts ) '' . australian-charts.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ Billboard . Books.google.com. 1977 - 04 - 09 . p. 81 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts - All there is to know '' . Irishcharts.ie . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Peter Frampton - Baby , I Love Your Way '' . Lescharts.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 12 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Steve Huey . `` Peter Frampton '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 91 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1976 / Top 100 Songs of 1976 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 05 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( 1992 ) . The Billboard Book of Number One Hits -- revised & enlarged . New York : Billboard Books . p. 715 . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 8298 - 9 . Jump up ^ Billboard AC chart info Billboard.com . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Will To Power -- Baby I Love Your Way -- Free Bird '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Singles Chart from Nanda Lwin ; Top 40 Hits : The Essential Chart Guide ( 2000 ) '' Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Will To Power Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Home -- Offizielle Deutsche Charts '' . Officialcharts.de . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ Jaclyn Ward . `` The Irish Charts -- All there is to know '' . Irishcharts.ie . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 03 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Will To Power '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Dutch Charts '' . dutchcharts.nl . Archived from the original on 2016 - 02 - 20 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Will To Power -- Baby I Love Your Way -- Free Bird '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Will To Power -- Baby I Love Your Way -- Free Bird '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 21 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Will to Power -- Will to Power Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ U.S. certifications riaa.com Archived June 26 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . ( Retrieved August 15 , 2009 ) Jump up ^ Billboard , March 5 , 1994 - page 59 Jump up ^ Big Mountain - Baby I Love Your Way mvdbase.com Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Big Mountain -- Baby , I Love Your Way '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Big Mountain -- Baby , I Love Your Way '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Big Mountain -- Baby , I Love Your Way '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 2470 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 2492 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ Billboard . July 23 , 1994 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard - Google Books '' . Books.google.com. 1994 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Pennanen , Timo ( 2006 ) . Sisältää hitin - levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 ( in Finnish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Helsinki : Tammi . ISBN 978 - 951 - 1 - 21053 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Big Mountain -- Baby , I Love Your Way '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Big Mountain -- Baby , I Love Your Way '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Baby I Love Your Way '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 31 , 1994 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Big Mountain -- Baby , I Love Your Way '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Big Mountain -- Baby , I Love Your Way '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Big Mountain -- Baby , I Love Your Way '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ Billboard . Books.google.com. 1994 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Big Mountain -- Baby , I Love Your Way '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Big Mountain -- Baby , I Love Your Way '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End Of Year Charts - Top 50 Singles 1994 '' . ARIA . Retrieved September 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jahreshitparade Singles 1994 '' ( in German ) . Retrieved September 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1994 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Retrieved September 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Hit Tracks of 1994 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved July 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 AC Tracks of 1994 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved July 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Classement Singles - année 1994 '' ( in French ) . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2012 . Retrieved September 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles - Jahrescharts 1994 '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment . Retrieved September 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1994 '' ( in Dutch ) . MegaCharts . Retrieved September 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1994 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss Year - End Charts 1994 '' ( in German ) . Retrieved September 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles 1994 '' . Music Week . 14 January 1995 . p. 9 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 Hits for 1994 '' . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1994 ARIA Singles Chart '' . ARIA . Retrieved October 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Big Mountain -- Baby I Love Your Way '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved July 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Big Mountain -- Baby I Love Your Way '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved July 15 , 2018 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Silver in the Certification field . Type Baby I Love Your Way in the `` Search BPI Awards '' field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Big Mountain -- Baby , I Love Your Way '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved July 15 , 2018 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH . Jump up ^ https://www.discogs.com/Walter-Jackson-Baby-I-Love-Your-Way-What-Would-You-Do/release/4067370 Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1996 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 1995 . Record Research . p. 219 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Peter Frampton Studio albums Wind of Change Frampton 's Camel Somethin 's Happening Frampton I 'm in You Where I Should Be Breaking All the Rules The Art of Control Premonition When All the Pieces Fit Peter Frampton Now Fingerprints Thank You Mr. Churchill Extended plays Rise Up Live albums Frampton Comes Alive ! Frampton Comes Alive ! II Singles `` Show Me the Way '' `` Baby , I Love Your Way '' `` Do You Feel Like We Do '' `` I 'm in You '' `` Signed , Sealed , Delivered I 'm Yours '' Related articles Discography The Herd Humble Pie Mia Rose Frampton Bob Mayo John Siomos Will to Power Studio albums Will to Power ( 1988 ) Journey Home ( 1990 ) Compilation albums Love Power ( 1996 ) Singles `` Dreamin ' '' `` Say It 's Gonna Rain '' `` Baby , I Love Your Way / Freebird Medley '' `` Fading Away '' `` I 'm Not in Love '' `` Boogie Nights '' Related Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baby,_I_Love_Your_Way&oldid=866367873 '' Categories : Peter Frampton songs 1975 songs 1976 singles 1988 singles 1994 singles Number - one singles in Denmark European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Sweden Pop ballads Songs written by Peter Frampton Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Song recordings produced by Peter Frampton Live singles A&M Records singles RCA Records singles Will to Power ( band ) songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles Music medleys Epic Records singles Number - one singles in Spain Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart used with missing parameters Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for UK Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Italiano Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 22 : 38 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	peter frampton baby i love your way original	[]	[]
7695926720865279390	Children's hospital	Children 's hospital - wikipedia Children 's hospital Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Children 's hospital ( disambiguation ) . Child at the St. Louis Children 's Hospital A children 's hospital is a hospital which offers its services exclusively to children and adolescents . Most children 's hospitals can serve children from birth up to the age of 18 , or in some instances , children 's hospitals ' doctors may treat children until they finish high school . The number of children 's hospitals proliferated in the 20th century , as pediatric medical and surgical specialties separated from internal medicine and adult surgical specialties . Children 's hospitals are characterized by greater attention to the psychosocial support of children and their families . Some children and young people have to spend relatively long periods in hospital , so having access to play and teaching staff can also be an important part of their care . With local partnerships this can include trips to local botanical gardens , zoo , and public libraries for instance . In addition to psychosocial support , children 's hospitals have the added benefit of being staffed by professionals who are trained in treating children . A medical doctor that undertakes vocational training in paediatrics must also be accepted for membership by a professional college before they can practice paediatrics . These include the Royal Australasian College of Physicians RACP , Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health RCPCH , and the American Board of Pediatrics . In New Zealand the RACP offers vocational training in paediatrics . Once RACP training is completed the doctor is awarded the Fellowship of the RACP ( FRACP ) in paediatrics . While many normal hospitals can treat children adequately , pediatric specialists may be a better choice when it comes to treating rare afflictions that may prove fatal or severely detrimental to young children , in some cases before birth . Also , many children 's hospitals will continue to see children with rare illnesses into adulthood , allowing for a continuity of care . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early Voluntary Care 1.2 19th - century models 1.3 Professionalization of Children 's Hospitals 2 Utilization 3 Ranking 4 See also 5 References History ( edit ) Early voluntary care ( edit ) Prior to the 19th century hospital reforms , the well - being of the child was thought to be in the hands of the mother ; therefore , there was little discussion of children 's medicine , and as a result next to no widespread formal institutions which focused on healing children . There were however centres which focused on helping abandoned children and offering care in hopes that these children might survive into adulthood . Some examples include orphanages , dispensaries , and foundling hospitals . Florence 's Hospital of the Innocent ( Ospedale degli Innocenti ) was originally a charity based orphanage which opened in 1445 ; its aim was to nurse sick and abandoned infants back to health . A later example and better established institution whose goal it was to help rehabilitate infants was the Foundling Hospital founded by Thomas Coram in 1741 . Foundling hospitals were set up to receive abandoned infants , nurse them back to health , teach them a trade or skill , and integrate them back into society . Coram 's foundling hospital was revolutionary because it was one of the United Kingdoms first children charities . Moreover , it was largely made successful by the powerful people who donated money to the hospital . Coram 's hospital would eventually be faced with the fact that the number of infants needing care outweighed their hospitals capacity . In order to accommodate the number of children in need , there were attempts to set up similar hospitals throughout the UK ; they ultimately were unsuccessful due to the lack of funding . Simultaneously , dispensaries which were also funded by donations were being opened in order to provide medicine and medical attention to those who could not afford private care . Dispensaries and foundling hospitals were the earliest forms of what would later become children 's hospitals . The establishing of the Foundling Hospital by Thomas Coram was a direct response to the high infant mortality rate in London , England . Although foundling hospitals acknowledged the high infant mortality rate , infant mortality would not be addressed in a wide spread way until the early 19th century when children 's hospitals would begin to open in Vienna , Moscow , Prague , Berlin , and various other major cities throughout Europe . 19th - century models ( edit ) In America , by the mid-19th century middle - class women and physicians became increasingly concerned about the well - being of children in poor living conditions . Although infant mortality had begun to decline , it still remained a prominent issue . Social reformers blamed the emergence of the industrial society and poor parents for not properly caring for their children . In response , reformers and physicians founded children 's hospitals across the country . Early children 's hospitals were set up in converted houses not only to help the children transition from leaving their home to being in a hospital , but also because it was often the only space available . Early children 's hospitals focused more on short - term care and treating mild illnesses rather than long - term intensive care . Treating serious diseases and illnesses in early children 's hospitals could result in the disease spreading throughout the hospital which would drain their already limited resources . A serious disease outbreak in a children 's hospital would result in more deaths than lives saved and would therefore reinforce the previous notion that people often died while in the hospital . Like those found in the United States , children 's hospitals in the United Kingdom in the 19th century often resembled middle - class homes . British children 's hospitals introduced rules to which patients and their families were expected to adhere ; these rules carefully lined out middle - class values and expectations . British children 's hospitals , like their American and Canadian counterparts , relied heavily on donations from the rich . Donations came in the form of money , food , toys , and clothes for the children . The United Kingdom 's children 's hospitals were soon faced with the reality that their small and vulnerable patient would soon outnumber their resources . In order to maintain the cost of running these new hospitals throughout the United Kingdom , the upper classes needed to market their hospitals as centres for reform . In order to brand themselves as reformers , they had to contrast themselves against the parents ; this meant they had to portray the poor parents as incompetent . Despite their mission to save children , hospitals in Britain and Glasgow rarely admitted children under the age of two ; such children were deemed costly and needed constant attention . Similar to the American hospitals , those located in Europe were also hesitant to admit children who required long - term care in fear that those lives would be lost or that long - term care would block beds for those in immediate need . The intentions of the hospitals built in Europe were to provide care for those who could not afford care . Care was primarily provided to those who met the age requirements and were willing to adhere to the hospital 's rules . Since early children 's hospitals relied on donations , they were often underfunded , overcrowded , and lacking medical resources . The first formally recognized paediatrics hospital was the Hôpital des Enfants Malades in Paris , France , which opened in 1802 . The United Kingdom was slow to follow and established The Great Ormond Street Hospital in London , England , in 1852 , which marked the opening of the first British children 's hospital . The United States would soon follow and established The Children 's Hospital of Philadelphia in Pennsylvania in 1855 . Canada established their first children 's hospital in 1875 ; The Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto , Ontario , along with the latter all remain open today . By the end of the 19th century , and the during the first two decades of the 20th century , the number of children 's hospitals tripled in both Canada and the United States . The first children 's hospital in Scotland opened in 1860 in Edinburgh . Professionalization of children 's hospitals ( edit ) In the 19th century , there was a societal shift in how children were viewed . This shift took away some of the parents ' control and placed it in the hands of medical professionals . By the early 20th century , a child 's health became increasingly tied to physicians and hospitals . Unlike the professionalization of nursing , the medical field professionalized at a greater speed . This was a result of licensing acts , the formation of medical associations , and new fields of medicine being introduced across countries . These new areas of medicine offered physicians the chance to build their careers by `` overseeing the medical needs of private patients , caring for and trying new therapies on the sick poor , and teaching medical students . '' In order to raise their status further , physicians began organizing children 's hospitals ; by doing so , it also brought attention and importance to their speciality in the modern health care system . This idea brought about the creation of children 's hospitals in Philadelphia , Boston , Washington , D.C , and San Francisco -- all which emphasized children as their focus . Along with specialized physicians , the 20th century brought the removal of voluntary or religiously associated female care and replaced it with professionally trained nurses . In addition to separate institutions for children and a professional staff , both medical and technological advancement helped solidify children 's hospitals as centres of physical healing . The discovery of vaccines , anaesthetics , and surgical improvements made children 's hospitals more reliable and more effective in the treatment of childhood disease and illness . Utilization ( edit ) Using hospital discharge data from 2003 - 2011 , the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality ( AHRQ ) studied trends in aggregate hospital costs , average hospital costs , and hospital utilization . The Agency found that for children aged 0 -- 17 , aggregate costs rose rapidly for the surgical hospitalizations and decreased for injury hospitalizations . Further , average hospital costs , or cost per discharge , increased at least 2 % for all hospitalizations and were expected to grow by at least 4 % through 2013 . The exception to this was mental health hospitalizations , which saw a lower percentage increase of 1.2 % , and was projected to increase only 0.9 % through 2013 . Despite the rising aggregate costs and costs per discharge , hospitalizations ( except for mental health hospitalizations ) for children aged 0 -- 17 decreased over the same time , and were projected to continue decreasing . In 2006 - 2011 , the rate of ED use in the United States was highest for patients aged under one year , but lowest for patients aged 1 -- 17 years . The rate of ED use for patients aged under one year declined over the same time period ; this was the only age group to see a decline . Between 2008 and 2012 , growth in mean hospital costs per stay in the United States was highest for patients aged 17 and younger . In 2012 there were nearly 5.9 million hospital stays for children in the United States , of which 3.9 million were neonatal stays and 104,700 were maternal stays for pregnant teens . Ranking ( edit ) Every year US News & World Report ranks the top children 's hospitals and pediatric specialties in the United States . For the year 2010 - 2011 , eight hospitals ranked in all 10 pediatric specialties . The ranking system used by US News & World Report depends on a variety of factors . In past years ( 2007 was the 18th year of Pediatric Ranking ) , ranking of hospitals has been done solely on the basis of reputation , gauged by random sampling and surveying of pediatricians and pediatric specialists throughout the country . The ranking system used is currently under review . See also ( edit ) List of children 's hospitals Pediatrics Child life specialist References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McLeish , Jean ( 4 September 2009 ) . `` Where special treatment is just what the doctor ordered '' . TES Scotland . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.healthcare-administration-degree.net/50-most-amazing-childrens-hospitals-in-the-world/ Jump up ^ https://www.mcnz.org.nz/get-registered/scopes-of-practice/vocational-registration/types-of-vocational-scope/paediatrics/ Jump up ^ `` About us Coram '' . www.coram.org.uk . ^ Jump up to : Golding , A.M.B. `` The life and times of Thomas Coram 1668 -- 1751 '' . Public Health . 121 ( 2 ) : 154 -- 156 . doi : 10.1016 / j. puhe. 2006.09. 019 . ^ Jump up to : Abreu , Laurinda ( 2013 ) . Hospital Life : Theory and Practice From the Medieval to the Modern . Pieterien : Peter Lang AG . pp. 209 , 210 , 213 , 214 , 220 , 222 . ^ Jump up to : Sloane , David ( October 2005 ) . `` Not Designed Merely to Heal : Women Reformers and the Emergence of Children 's Hospitals '' . The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era . doi : 10.1017 / S1537781400002747 . Jump up ^ `` Great Osmond Street Hospital Charity '' . Jump up ^ `` About the Children 's Hospital of Philadelphia '' . The Children 's Hospital of Philadelphia . Jump up ^ `` History and milestones '' . Jump up ^ Young , D.G. ( August 1999 ) . `` The Mason Brown Lecture : Scots and paediatric surgery '' . Journal of the Royal College of surgeons Edinburgh. 44 : 211 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Duffin , Jacalyn ( 2010 ) . History of Medicine : A Scandalously Short Introduction . Toronto : University of Toronto Press . p. 341 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 9556 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Connolly , Cindy . `` Growth and Development Of a Specialty : The Professionalization of Child Health Care . '' Pediatric Nursing 31 , no . 3 ( May 2005 ) : 211 - 215 . Academic Search Premier , EBSCOhost . Jump up ^ Fass , Paula . Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood : In History and Society . Macmillan Reference USA . p. 176 . Jump up ^ Weiss AJ , Barrett ML , Andrews RM ( July 2014 ) . `` Trends and Projections of U.S. Hospital Costs by Payer , 2003 - 2013 '' . HCUP Statistical Brief # 176 . Rockville , MD : Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality . Jump up ^ Skiner HG , Blanchard J , Elixhauser A ( September 2014 ) . `` Trends in Emergency Department Visits , 2006 - 2011 '' . HCUP Statistical Brief # 179 . Rockville , MD : Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality . Jump up ^ Moore B , Levit K , Elixhauser A ( October 2014 ) . `` Costs for Hospital Stays in the United States , 2012 '' . HCUP Statistical Brief # 181 . Rockville , MD : Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality . Jump up ^ Witt WP , Wiess AJ , Elixhauser A ( December 2014 ) . `` Overview of Hospital Stays for Children in the United States , 2012 '' . HCUP Statistical Brief # 186 . Rockville , MD : Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality . Jump up ^ `` Birth of a New Methodology '' Archived October 10 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Avery Comarow . US News and World Report , August 26 , 2007 . Accessed October 10 , 2007 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Children%27s_hospital&oldid=789422671 '' Categories : Pediatrics Children 's hospitals Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands Suomi ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 July 2017 , at 06 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the first children's hospital built	[ "Prior to the 19th century hospital reforms, the well-being of the child was thought to be in the hands of the mother; therefore, there was little discussion of children's medicine, and as a result next to no widespread formal institutions which focused on healing children. There were however centres which focused on helping abandoned children and offering care in hopes that these children might survive into adulthood. Some examples include orphanages, dispensaries, and foundling hospitals. Florence's Hospital of the Innocent (Ospedale degli Innocenti) was originally a charity based orphanage which opened in 1445; its aim was to nurse sick and abandoned infants back to health. A later example and better established institution whose goal it was to help rehabilitate infants was the Foundling Hospital founded by Thomas Coram in 1741. Foundling hospitals were set up to receive abandoned infants, nurse them back to health, teach them a trade or skill, and integrate them back into society. Coram's foundling hospital was revolutionary because it was one of the United Kingdoms first children charities.[4] Moreover, it was largely made successful by the powerful people who donated money to the hospital.[5] Coram's hospital would eventually be faced with the fact that the number of infants needing care outweighed their hospitals capacity. In order to accommodate the number of children in need, there were attempts to set up similar hospitals throughout the UK; they ultimately were unsuccessful due to the lack of funding.[5] Simultaneously, dispensaries which were also funded by donations were being opened in order to provide medicine and medical attention to those who could not afford private care. Dispensaries and foundling hospitals were the earliest forms of what would later become children's hospitals. The establishing of the Foundling Hospital by Thomas Coram was a direct response to the high infant mortality rate in London, England. Although foundling hospitals acknowledged the high infant mortality rate, infant mortality would not be addressed in a wide spread way until the early 19th century when children's hospitals would begin to open in Vienna, Moscow, Prague, Berlin, and various other major cities throughout Europe.[6]" ]	[ "1741" ]
2887621962497730091	Pariah state	Pariah state - wikipedia Pariah state Jump to : navigation , search A pariah state ( also called an international pariah or a global pariah ) is a nation considered to be an outcast in the international community . A pariah state may face international isolation , sanctions or even an invasion by nations who find its policies , actions , or its very existence unacceptable . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Etymology 3 Definitions 4 Criteria for pariah statehood 4.1 Subjective designation 4.2 Objective designation 5 Common characteristics 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References Background ( edit ) Until the past few centuries , the authority to designate a nation as an outcast , or pariah state , was relatively clear , often resting with religious authorities . ( E.g. , `` the Ottoman Empire for example was regarded as an outcast by European States '' since the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 until the nineteenth century on a `` religious basis . '' ) In more recent times , however , the criteria for and attached implications of pariah statehood , as well as the designating authorities , are the subject of much disagreement . For example , the Nigerian scholar Olawale Lawal has stated : There are so many open questions on the issue of Pariah State . For instance who determines a Pariah State and how a nation becomes a Pariah State ... This becomes more profound when one realizes that a nation that is an outcast in one region , has diplomatic and friendly relations with others . By some criteria , nations can be considered pariahs within their own neighborhood of surrounding states . By others , an international body ( such as the United Nations ) or perhaps a consensus among certain nations may govern the meaning or use of the term . Etymology ( edit ) The word `` pariah '' derives from Paraiyar , a large indigenous tribal group of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu . Under the caste system , the Paraiyar were members of the lowest caste , which were called the `` outcastes '' by the English Imperial rulers of India . Since its first recorded use in English in 1613 , cultures worldwide have accepted the term `` pariah '' to mean `` outcast '' . The etymology meanings of the word `` para '' and `` paraiah '' in Tamil and the Sanskrit are the highest , noble , great ( mahaa ) , etc . Definitions ( edit ) A pariah state , defined in its simplest terms , is an outcast state . This is not a new term in the lexicon of International Relations , nor is it a new historical concept . What is new , however , is what Lawal refers to as `` the basis for Pariahood appellation . '' Other definitions have been advanced that expand this basis ( see next section below ) , or perhaps add more academic nuance , which may vary by author or the author 's field of study . These definitions are here grouped into two categories : definitions focusing on the lack ( or disadvantage ) the pariah state objectively suffers from , and definitions focusing on the political justification - given by other nations - for why that pariah state `` deserves '' their extraordinary attitude towards it . The first type of definitions is well exemplified by Bellany 's definition , according to which a pariah state is `` A state lacking any significant soft power . '' Similarly , The Penguin Dictionary of International Relations , defines the pariah states as `` international States / actors which , by virtue of their political systems , ideological postures , leadership or general behavior , suffer from diplomatic isolation and widespread global moral opprobrium . '' This definition , as the previous one , does not indicate what kind of political system , ideological posture , leadership or general behavior , is ascribed to the pariah state by the other nations . The second type of definitions is most simply exemplified by Weiss 's definition , according to which pariah states are `` states that violate international norms . '' Similarly , Harkavy offers , `` A Pariah State is one whose conduct is considered to be out of line with international norms of behavior . '' Geldenhuys gives a more detailed definition of that type : `` A pariah ( or outcast ) country is one whose domestic or international behaviour seriously offends the world community or at least a significant group of states . '' Marks 's definition elaborates more : a pariah state is `` a state with provocative policies or expansionary territorial ambitions , measures of the absence of diplomatic relations with neighboring states or the situational harm posed to other states if the state in question acquired nuclear weapons . '' Criteria for pariah statehood ( edit ) As of August , 2014 , no internationally accepted criteria exist for designating a nation as a pariah state , nor is there any single accepted authority for doing so . Some criteria are proposed in the definitions offered in the previous section . For example , Harkavy and Marks make reference in their definitions to the international behavior of a nation in order to qualify it for pariahood . Marks goes one step further and includes the question of nuclear weapons in his criteria , while Weiss adds `` a state 's defiant existence in the face of international non-recognition . '' . However , Bellany 's sole criterion is a lack of soft power , while The Penguin Dictionary of International Relations requires that the pariah states also `` suffer from diplomatic isolation and widespread global moral opprobrium '' . Subjective designation ( edit ) No universal standard exists to prevent nations , organizations , or even individuals from referring to nations as pariah states . For example , political commentator and activist Noam Chomsky declared in 2003 and again in 2014 that the United States had become a pariah state . Both declarations were based on results from Gallup polls showing that only 10 percent of people around the world supported the US war in Iraq and that 24 percent of people in the world believed the United States represented the greatest threat to world peace . Such poll results are not listed among objective criteria advanced by academic sources , international authorities or NGOs , or any governing bodies as criteria for designation as a pariah state , and they fly in the face of at least one academic standard put forward by Geldenhuys , that major world powers by definition can not be pariah states because they can not be isolated or harmed politically or economically , or brought into compliance with international norms by pariah designations , whether by individuals or international governing bodies . Subjective designation can also exist on a national level , according to the interests and values of the designating nation . If the designating nation is powerful enough , the designation of pariah statehood can become objective based on the amount of pressure the designating state can apply to gain international consensus . Such was the case , according to Lawal , when the United States used its strength within the Western Bloc to impose pariah status on Fidel Castro 's Cuba instead of acting unilaterally through foreign policy , with no objective need to impose international pariah status . Lawal explains that the United States ' problem with Cuba was geographical more than ideological , as Cuba was no further from the United States on the political spectrum than the Soviet Union was at the time , but the Soviets had attempted to establish nuclear missile launch facilities in Cuba , within 99 miles ( 159 km ) of the United States coastline . Objective designation ( edit ) Many schemes have been proposed to apply objective criteria to the designation of pariah status . Lawal has summarized four primary categories often used for qualification as pariah states : 1 ) nations that possess or use weapons of mass destruction in contravention of existing treaties , 2 ) nations that support terrorism , 3 ) nations lacking democracy , and 4 ) nations with a record of human rights violations . To these four criteria , Geldenhuys adds another two : 5 ) nations that promote radical ideologies at home or even abroad ( clarified as `` exporting revolution '' ) , and 6 ) nations that commit acts of military aggression abroad . In addition to these six categories of state conduct that can result in objective designation as a pariah state , Geldenhuys suggests a seventh category that might gain international consensus : nations that are involved in international drug trafficking . International law can serve as objective criteria . For example , nations who violate the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty are often sanctioned for their actions . Such sanctions can include designation as a pariah state , as has been the approach used by the United States . However , international law can fail in this regard , as under the current international system , most nation states recognize their own legal supremacy over the laws of any international governing body . Thus , according to Lawal , consensus under international law can be problematic . In the case of nuclear arms development , international isolation can have a paradoxical `` push effect '' on a pariah state , motivating accelerated development of nuclear weapons . As of 2012 , there was no provision in international law for pariah status . Common characteristics ( edit ) Geldenhuys has identified four common characteristics shared by many pariah states that are unrelated to any actions of international deviance that might have qualified them as pariahs under the various criteria . The first is that pariah states tend to lack strong identity as a nation . Geldenhuys cites Iraq as an example . Iraq is a relatively young nation state with `` artificial borders . '' Saddam Hussein 's ruling Ba'ath party denied that Iraqis formed a nation . Rather , they maintained that Iraqis were part of a larger Arab nation . ( Iraqi Kurds are not Arabs . ) The second characteristic is that , although they are not necessarily small , pariah states can not be `` regarded as a major power in world terms . '' Geldenhuys says that status as a major world power renders a nation `` virtually untouchable '' in global politics and in the global economy . This , according to Geldenhuys , is why China is not a pariah state , despite its `` appalling human rights record . '' Certainly there are individuals who disagree with this second characteristic , such as Noam Chomsky ( cited above ) and author - journalist Robert Parry , each of whom has applied his own personal criteria to describe the United States as a pariah state . The third characteristic noted by Geldenhuys is that pariah states tend to develop a siege mentality . Similar to the `` push effect '' ( described above regarding sanctions against nations developing nuclear arms ) , this siege mentality can motivate pariah states to develop costly and ambitious arms programs . Finally , pariah states tend to develop resentments against the West and the kind of world order that Western powers have maintained . They may seek to subvert the international status quo . These characteristics are presented as generalizations , and not intended by the author to apply to every pariah state . See also ( edit ) Failed state Rogue state Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This paper was published in 1997 . Therefore , academic consensus on this issue may have been reached ( or failed ) already . Jump up ^ Lawal acknowledges in his paper that there is a great deal of overlap between the definitions of `` pariah states '' and `` rogue states '' . Weiss ( 2012 ) refers to this as `` The US 's Rogue State policy . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Weiss , Ari B. ( 2012 ) . Revolutionary Identities and Competing Legitimacies : Why Pariah States Export Violence ( Thesis ) . Carbondale , IL : Southern Illinois University , Carbondale . pp. 2 , 15 . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Louard , Evan ( 1990 ) . The Globalization of Politics ( as cited in Lawal , 2012 , p. 226 ) ( PDF ) . London : Macmillan . p. 36 . ISBN 9780333521328 . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Olawale , Lawal ( 2012 ) . `` Pariah State System and Enforcement Mechanism of International Law '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Alternative Perspectives in the Social Sciences . 4 ( 1 ) : 226 -- 241 . Retrieved 12 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` pariah '' . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language , Fifth Edition . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Glazier , Stephen ( 2010 ) . Random House Word Menu ( as cited in Lawal , 2012 ) ( PDF ) . Write Brothers , Inc. p. 228 . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ian Bellany ( 2007 ) . Terrorism and Weapons of Mass Destruction : Responding to the Challenge . Routledge . p. 21 . ISBN 9781134115266 . ^ Jump up to : Evans , Graham ; Newnham , Jeffrey ( 1998 ) . The Penguin Dictionary of International Relations ( as cited in Lawal , 2012 ) ( PDF ) . Penguin Books . p. 227 . ISBN 9780140513974 . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Harkavy , Robert ( 1981 ) . `` Pariah states and nuclear proliferation '' . International Organization . Cambridge University Press . 35 ( 1 ) : 136 . doi : 10.1017 / s0020818300004112 . ^ Jump up to : Geldenhuys , Deon ( March 5 , 1997 ) . `` PARIAH STATES IN THE POST-COLD WAR WORLD : A CONCEPTUAL EXPLORATION '' ( PDF ) . SAIIA Reports ( 2 ) . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Michael P. Marks ( 2011 ) . Metaphors in International Relations Theory . Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 129 -- 132 . ISBN 9780230339187 . Jump up ^ Mayer , Dennis ( March 24 , 2003 ) . `` U.S. is now a ' pariah state , ' Chomsky says '' . The Daily Free Press . Back Bay Publishing Co. Inc . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Chomsky , Noam ( May 1 , 2014 ) . `` The Politics of Red Lines '' . In These Times . The Institute for Public Affairs . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2014 . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Amir Hassanpour , `` '' A Stateless Nation 's Quest for Sovereignty in the Sky `` '' . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 20 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , Paper presented at the Freie Universitat Berlin , 7 November 1995 . Jump up ^ Parry , Robert . `` Bush 's ' Global War on Radicals ' '' . consortiumnews.com . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pariah_state&oldid=835356693 '' Categories : States by power status Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Bahasa Indonesia Português Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 05 : 59 . About Wikipedia	which of the following not one of the reasons myanmar is considered a pariah state	[]	[]
-6153105859534320318	A Beautiful Mind (film)	A Beautiful Mind ( film ) - wikipedia A Beautiful Mind ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search A Beautiful Mind Theatrical release poster Directed by Ron Howard Produced by Brian Grazer Ron Howard Screenplay by Akiva Goldsman Based on A Beautiful Mind by Sylvia Nasar Starring Russell Crowe Ed Harris Jennifer Connelly Paul Bettany Adam Goldberg Judd Hirsch Josh Lucas Anthony Rapp Christopher Plummer Music by James Horner Cinematography Roger Deakins Edited by Daniel P. Hanley Mike Hill Production company Imagine Entertainment Distributed by Universal Pictures ( North America ) DreamWorks Pictures ( International ) Release date December 13 , 2001 ( 2001 - 12 - 13 ) ( Beverly Hills premiere ) December 21 , 2001 ( 2001 - 12 - 21 ) ( United States ) Running time 135 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $58 million Box office $313 million A Beautiful Mind is a 2001 American biographical drama film based on the life of John Nash , a Nobel Laureate in Economics . The film was directed by Ron Howard , from a screenplay written by Akiva Goldsman . It was inspired by a bestselling , Pulitzer Prize - nominated 1998 book of the same name by Sylvia Nasar . The film stars Russell Crowe , along with Ed Harris , Jennifer Connelly , Paul Bettany , Adam Goldberg , Judd Hirsch , Josh Lucas , Anthony Rapp , and Christopher Plummer in supporting roles . The story begins in Nash 's days as a graduate student at Princeton University . Early in the film , Nash begins to develop paranoid schizophrenia and endures delusional episodes while painfully watching the loss and burden his condition brings on wife Alicia and friends . The film opened in the United States cinemas on December 21 , 2001 . It went on to gross over $313 million worldwide and won four Academy Awards , for Best Picture , Best Director , Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Supporting Actress . It was also nominated for Best Actor , Best Film Editing , Best Makeup and Best Original Score . It was well received by critics , but has been criticized for its inaccurate portrayal of some aspects of Nash 's life , especially his other family and a son born out of wedlock . However , the filmmakers have stated that the film was not meant to be a literal representation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 4 Release 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Box office 4.3 Awards 5 Home media 6 Soundtrack 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1947 , John Nash ( Crowe ) arrives at Princeton University . He is co-recipient , with Martin Hansen ( Lucas ) , of the prestigious Carnegie Scholarship for mathematics . At a reception , he meets a group of other promising math and science graduate students , Richard Sol ( Goldberg ) , Ainsley ( Jason Gray - Stanford ) , and Bender ( Rapp ) . He also meets his roommate Charles Herman ( Bettany ) , a literature student . Nash is under extreme pressure to publish , but he wants to publish his own original idea . His inspiration comes when he and his fellow graduate students discuss how to approach a group of women at a bar . Hansen quotes Adam Smith and advocates `` every man for himself , '' but Nash argues that a cooperative approach would lead to better chances of success . Nash develops a new concept of governing dynamics and publishes an article on this . On the strength of this , he is offered an appointment at MIT where Sol and Bender join him . Some years later , Nash is invited to the Pentagon to crack encrypted enemy telecommunication . Nash can decipher the code mentally , to the astonishment of other decrypters . He considers his regular duties at MIT uninteresting and beneath his talents , so he is pleased to be given a new assignment by his mysterious supervisor , William Parcher ( Harris ) of the United States Department of Defense . He is to look for patterns in magazines and newspapers in order to thwart a Soviet plot . Nash becomes increasingly obsessive about searching for these hidden patterns and believes he is followed when he delivers his results to a secret mailbox . Meanwhile , a student , Alicia Larde ( Connelly ) , asks him to dinner , and the two fall in love . On a return visit to Princeton , Nash runs into Charles and his niece , Marcee ( Cardone ) . With Charles ' encouragement , he proposes to Alicia and they marry . Nash begins to fear for his life after witnessing a shootout between Parcher and Soviet agents , but Parcher blackmails him into staying on his assignment . While delivering a guest lecture at Harvard University , Nash tries to flee from people he thinks are foreign Russian agents , led by Dr. Rosen ( Plummer ) . After punching Rosen in an attempt to flee , Nash is forcibly sedated and sent to a psychiatric facility he believes is run by the Soviets . Dr. Rosen tells Alicia that Nash has paranoid schizophrenia and that Charles , Marcee , and Parcher exist only in his imagination . Alicia investigates and finally confronts Nash with the unopened documents he had delivered to the secret mailbox . Nash is given a course of insulin shock therapy and eventually released . Frustrated with the side - effects of the antipsychotic medication he is taking , which make him lethargic and unresponsive , he secretly stops taking it . This causes a relapse and he meets Parcher again . Shortly afterward , Alicia discovers Nash is once again working on his `` assignment . '' Realizing he has relapsed , Alicia rushes into the house to find Nash left their baby unsupervised and nearly submerged in the tub , which had been filling with water . Nash claims that Charles was watching the baby . Alicia calls Dr. Rosen , but Nash believes Parcher is trying to kill her . He rushes in to push Parcher away , and accidentally knocks Alicia and the baby to the ground . As Alicia flees the house with their baby , Nash jumps in front of Alicia 's car and begs her to stay . Nash tells her that he realizes that he has never seen Marcee age , even though he 's known her for three years . He finally accepts that Parcher and other figures are hallucinations . Against Dr. Rosen 's advice , Nash decides not to restart his medication , believing that he can deal with his symptoms himself . Alicia decides to stay and support him in this . Nash returns to Princeton and approaches his old rival , Hansen , now head of the mathematics department . He grants Nash permission to work out of the library and to audit classes . Over the next two decades , Nash learns to ignore his hallucinations . By the late 1970s , he is allowed to teach again . In 1994 , Nash wins the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics for his revolutionary work on game theory , and is honored by his fellow professors . The movie ends as Nash , Alicia , and their son leave the auditorium in Stockholm ; Nash sees Charles , Marcee , and Parcher standing to one side and watching him . Cast ( edit ) Russell Crowe as John Nash Ed Harris as William Parcher Jennifer Connelly as Alicia Nash Paul Bettany as Charles Herman Josh Lucas as Martin Hansen Adam Goldberg as Richard Sol Anthony Rapp as Bender Vivien Cardone as Marcee Christopher Plummer as Dr. Rosen Judd Hirsch as Helinger Jason Gray - Stanford as Ainsley Neilson Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) After producer Brian Grazer first read an excerpt of Sylvia Nasar 's book A Beautiful Mind in Vanity Fair magazine , he immediately purchased the rights to the film . He eventually brought the project to director Ron Howard , who had scheduling conflicts and was forced to pass . Grazer later said that many A-list directors were calling with their point of view on the project . He eventually focused on a particular director , who coincidentally was available only when Howard was also available . Grazer chose Howard . Grazer met with a number of screenwriters , mostly consisting of `` serious dramatists '' , but he chose Akiva Goldsman because of his strong passion and desire for the project . Goldsman 's creative take on the project was to avoid having viewers understand they are viewing an alternate reality until a specific point in the film . This was done to rob the viewers of their understanding , to mimic how Nash comprehended his experiences . Howard agreed to direct the film based on the first draft . He asked Goldsman to emphasize the love story of Nash and his wife ; she was critical to his being able to continue living at home . Dave Bayer , a professor of Mathematics at Barnard College , Columbia University , was consulted on the mathematical equations that appear in the film . For the scene where Nash has to teach a calculus class and gives them a complicated problem to keep them busy , Bayer chose a problem physically unrealistic but mathematically very rich , in keeping with Nash as `` someone who really does n't want to teach the mundane details , who will home in on what 's really interesting '' . Bayer received a cameo role in the film as a professor who lays his pen down for Nash in the pen ceremony near the end of the film . Greg Cannom was chosen to create the makeup effects for A Beautiful Mind , specifically the age progression of the characters . Crowe had previously worked with Cannom on The Insider . Howard had also worked with Cannom on Cocoon . Each character 's stages of makeup were broken down by the number of years that would pass between levels . Cannom stressed subtlety between the stages , but worked toward the ultimate stage of `` Older Nash '' . The production team originally decided that the makeup department would age Russell Crowe throughout the film ; however , at Crowe 's request , the makeup was used to push his look to resemble the facial features of John Nash . Cannom developed a new silicone - type makeup that could simulate skin and be used for overlapping applications ; this shortened make - up application time from eight to four hours . Crowe was also fitted with a number of dentures to give him a slight overbite in the film . Howard and Grazer chose frequent collaborator James Horner to score the film because they knew of his ability to communicate . Howard said , regarding Horner , `` It 's like having a conversation with a writer or an actor or another director . '' A running discussion between the director and the composer was the concept of high - level mathematics being less about numbers and solutions , and more akin to a kaleidoscope , in that the ideas evolve and change . After the first screening of the film , Horner told Howard : `` I see changes occurring like fast - moving weather systems . '' He chose it as another theme to connect to Nash 's ever - changing character . Horner chose Welsh singer Charlotte Church to sing the soprano vocals after deciding that he needed a balance between a child and adult singing voice . He wanted a `` purity , clarity and brightness of an instrument '' but also a vibrato to maintain the humanity of the voice . The film was shot 90 % chronologically . Three separate trips were made to the Princeton University campus . During filming , Howard decided that Nash 's delusions should always be introduced first audibly and then visually . This provides a clue for the audience and establishes the delusions from Nash 's point of view . The historic John Nash had only auditory delusions . The filmmakers developed a technique to represent Nash 's mental epiphanies . Mathematicians described to them such moments as a sense of `` the smoke clearing '' , `` flashes of light '' and `` everything coming together '' , so the filmmakers used a flash of light appearing over an object or person to signify Nash 's creativity at work . Two night shots were done at Fairleigh Dickinson University 's campus in Florham Park , New Jersey , in the Vanderbilt Mansion ballroom . Portions of the film set at Harvard were filmed at Manhattan College . Many actors were considered for the role of John Nash , including Bruce Willis , Kevin Costner , John Travolta , Tom Cruise , John Cusack , Charlie Sheen , Robert Downey , Jr. , Nicolas Cage , Johnny Depp , Ralph Fiennes , Jared Leto , Brad Pitt , Alec Baldwin , Mel Gibson , Sean Penn , Guy Pearce , Matthew Broderick , Gary Oldman and Keanu Reeves . Ron Howard ultimately cast Russell Crowe . During production , Ron Howard and Russell Crowe appeared on a video - only webcam stationed at the set 's craft services area and also communicated with Steven Spielberg and Tom Cruise on the set of Minority Report in Los Angeles . Writing ( edit ) The narrative of the film differs considerably from the events of Nash 's life , as filmmakers made choices for the sense of the story . The film has been criticized for this aspect , but the filmmakers said they never intended a literal representation of his life . One difficulty was the portrayal of his mental illness and trying to find a film visual language for this . Sylvia Nasar said that the filmmakers `` invented a narrative that , while far from a literal telling , is true to the spirit of Nash 's story '' . Nash spent his years between Princeton and MIT as a consultant for the RAND Corporation in California , but in the film he is portrayed as having worked for the Department of Defense at the Pentagon instead . His handlers , both from faculty and administration , had to introduce him to assistants and strangers . The PBS documentary A Brilliant Madness tried to portray his life accurately . Few of the characters in the film , besides John and Alicia Nash , correspond directly to actual people . The discussion of the Nash equilibrium was criticized as over-simplified . In the film , Nash suffers schizophrenic hallucinations while he is in graduate school , but in his life he did not have this experience until some years later . No mention is made of Nash 's homosexual experiences at RAND , which are noted in the biography ; though both Nash and his wife deny this occurred . Nash fathered a son , John David Stier ( born June 19 , 1953 ) , by Eleanor Agnes Stier ( 1921 -- 2005 ) , a nurse whom he abandoned when she told him of her pregnancy . The film did not include Alicia 's divorce of John in 1963 . It was not until after Nash won the Nobel Memorial Prize in 1994 that they renewed their relationship . Beginning in 1970 , Alicia allowed him to live with her as a boarder . They remarried in 2001 . Nash is shown to join Wheeler Laboratory at MIT , but there is no such lab . Instead , he was appointed as C.L.E. Moore instructor at MIT . The so - called pen ceremony tradition at Princeton shown in the film is completely fictitious . The film has Nash saying in 1994 : `` I take the newer medications '' , but in fact , he did not take any medication from 1970 onwards , something highlighted in Nasar 's biography . Howard later stated that they added the line of dialogue because they worried that the film would be criticized for suggesting that all people with schizophrenia can overcome their illness without medication . In addition , Nash never gave an acceptance speech for his Nobel prize . Release ( edit ) A Beautiful Mind received a limited release on December 21 , 2001 , receiving positive reviews , with Crowe receiving wide acclaim for his performance . It was later released in the United States on January 4 , 2002 . Critical response ( edit ) Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes polled 205 critics and gave the film a 76 % approval rating , with an average rating of 7.2 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus states , `` The well - acted A Beautiful Mind is both a moving love story and a revealing look at mental illness . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 72 out of 100 , based on 33 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Roger Ebert of Chicago Sun - Times gave the film four out of four stars . Mike Clark of USA Today gave three - and - a-half out of four stars and also praised Crowe 's performance , calling it a welcome follow - up to Howard 's previous film , The Grinch . Desson Thomson of Washington Post found the film to be `` one of those formulaically rendered Important Subject movies '' . The mathematics community praised the portrayal of mathematics in the film , including John Nash himself . John Sutherland of The Guardian noted the film 's biopic distortions , but said : Howard pulls off an extraordinary trick in A Beautiful Mind by seducing the audience into Nash 's paranoid world . We may not leave the cinema with A level competence in game theory , but we do get a glimpse into what it feels like to be mad - and not know it . Box Office ( edit ) During the five - day weekend of the limited release , A Beautiful Mind opened at the # 12 spot at the box office , peaking at the # 2 spot following the wide release . The film went on to gross $170,742,341 in the United States and Canada and $313,542,341 worldwide . Awards ( edit ) In 2002 , the film was awarded four awards at the 74th Academy Awards , for Best Adapted Screenplay ( Akiva Goldsman ) , Best Picture ( Brian Grazer and Ron Howard ) , Best Director ( Ron Howard ) and Best Supporting Actress ( Jennifer Connelly ) . It also received four other nominations for Best Actor ( Russell Crowe ) , Best Film Editing ( Mike Hill and Daniel P. Hanley ) , Best Makeup ( Greg Cannom and Colleen Callaghan ) and Best Original Score ( James Horner ) . At the 55th British Academy Film Awards the film won Best Actor in a Leading Role and Best Actress in a Supporting Role to Russell Crowe and Jennifer Connelly , respectively . It also nominated the film for Best Film , Best Screenplay and the David Lean Award for Direction . At the 2002 AFI Awards , Jennifer Connelly won for Best Featured Female Actor . In 2006 , it was named No. 93 in AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers . In the following year , it was nominated for AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) . The film was also nominated for Movie of the Year , Actor of the Year ( Russell Crowe ) , and Screenwriter of the Year ( Akiva Goldsman ) . Home Media ( edit ) A Beautiful Mind was released on VHS and DVD in the United States on June 25 , 2002 . The DVD set includes audio commentaries , deleted scenes and documentaries . The film was also released on Blu - ray in North America on January 25 , 2011 . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : A Beautiful Mind ( soundtrack ) See also ( edit ) Film in the United States portal 2000s portal A Beautiful Mind : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack List of American films of 2001 List of films about mathematicians Mental illness in films Whitewashing in film , the practice of casting a white actor in a traditionally nonwhite role ; a white actress plays John Nash 's Salvadoran wife References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2012 . Retrieved November 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ A Beautiful Mind on IMDb Jump up ^ `` A Beautiful Partnership : Ron Howard and Brian Grazer '' , from A Beautiful Mind DVD , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Development of the Screenplay '' , from A Beautiful Mind DVD , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Dave Bayer : Professor of Mathematics '' . Barnard College , Columbia University . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2012 . Retrieved May 8 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beautiful Math '' ( PDF ) . June 2 , 2002 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on November 19 , 2012 . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Process of Age Progression '' , from A Beautiful Mind DVD . 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Scoring the Film '' , from A Beautiful Mind DVD , 2002 . ^ Jump up to : A Beautiful Mind DVD commentary featuring Ron Howard , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Fairleigh Dickinson University turned into a ' different place ' '' . CountingDown.com. April 30 , 2001 . Retrieved May 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Movies Filmed in Manhattan College 's Backyard '' . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Beautiful Mind Preview '' , Entertainment Weekly , October 24 , 2001 , archived from the original on October 14 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Set Showdown : Cruise , Spielberg vs. Howard , Crowe '' . YouTube . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2015 . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bagel Cams - Access Hollywood '' . YouTube . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2015 . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Howard Interview '' Archived January 25 , 2012 , at WebCite . About.com . Retrieved September 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Beautiful Mind '' . Mathematical Association of America . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2014 . Retrieved October 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Real Number '' . Slate Magazine . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2007 . Retrieved August 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A Brilliant Madness '' . PBS.org . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2007 . Retrieved August 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sylvia Nasar , A Beautiful Mind , Touchstone 1998 . ^ Jump up to : Nasar , Sylvia ( 1998 ) . A Beautiful Mind : A Biography of John Forbes Nash , Jr . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 81906 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Nash : Film No Whitewash '' . CBS News : 60 Minutes . March 14 , 2002 . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2007 . Retrieved August 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Scott ( April 10 , 2005 ) . `` Eleanor Stier , 84 '' . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2008 . Retrieved December 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` MIT facts meet fiction in ' A Beautiful Mind ' '' . Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2007 . Retrieved August 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ John Nash '' . Seeley G. Mudd Library at Princeton University . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2007 . Retrieved August 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2007 . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Beautiful Mind Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger . `` A Beautiful Mind '' . Chicago Sun - Times . RogerEbert.com . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Clark , Mike ( December 20 , 2001 ) . `` Crowe brings to ' Mind ' a great performance '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2007 . Retrieved August 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Howe , Desson ( December 21 , 2001 ) . `` ' Beautiful Mind ' : A Terrible Thing to Waste '' . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2017 -- via www.washingtonpost.com . Jump up ^ John Sutherland , ' Beautiful mind , lousy character ' Archived October 28 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , The Guardian , 17 March 2002 Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for December 21 -- 25 , 2001 '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2012 . Retrieved May 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for January 4 -- 6 , 2002 '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2012 . Retrieved May 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 74th Academy Awards '' . Oscars.org . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2007 . Retrieved August 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) -- Awards and Nominations '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2007 . Retrieved August 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Awards 2001 '' . American Film Institute . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved August 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) Ballot '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on March 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Awards 2001 : Movies of the Year '' . American Film Institute . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved August 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A Beautiful Mind '' . FilmCritic.com . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2011 . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) '' . ReleasedOn.com . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2011 . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . Further reading ( edit ) Akiva Goldsman . A Beautiful Mind : Screenplay and Introduction . New York , New York : Newmarket Press , 2002 . ISBN 1 - 55704 - 526 - 7 . 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-1589016172424564944	List of Los Angeles Angels no-hitters	List of Los Angeles Angels no - hitters - wikipedia List of Los Angeles Angels no - hitters Jump to : navigation , search The Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim are a Major League Baseball franchise based in Anaheim , California near Los Angeles . Formed in 1961 , they play in the American League West division . Also known in their early years as Los Angeles Angels ( 1961 -- 65 ) , California Angels ( 1966 -- 96 ) , and Anaheim Angels ( 1997 -- 2004 ) , pitchers for the Angels have thrown 10 no - hitters in franchise history . A no - hitter is officially recognized by Major League Baseball only `` when a pitcher ( or pitchers ) retires each batter on the opposing team during the entire course of a game , which consists of at least nine innings '' . No - hitters of less than nine complete innings were previously recognized by the league as official ; however , several rule alterations in 1991 changed the rule to its current form . A no - hitter is rare enough that only one team in Major League Baseball has never had a pitcher accomplish the feat . Mike Witt threw the only perfect game , a special subcategory of no - hitter , in Angels history on September 30 , 1984 . As defined by Major League Baseball , `` in a perfect game , no batter reaches any base during the course of the game . '' Bo Belinsky threw the first no - hitter in Angels history on May 5 , 1962 ; the most recent no - hitter was thrown by Jered Weaver on May 2 , 2012 . Two left - handed starting pitchers have thrown no - hitters in franchise history . The longest interval between no - hitters was between the games pitched by Langston / Witt and Santana , encompassing more than 21 years from April 11 , 1990 till July 27 , 2011 . Conversely , the shortest interval between no - hitters was between the games pitched by Nolan Ryan , encompassing 2 months from May 15 , 1973 to July 15 , 1973 . They no - hit the Baltimore Orioles the most , which occurred twice , which were no - hit by Belinsky in 1962 and Nolan Ryan in 1975 . There has been one no - hitter in which the team allowed at least a run . Ervin Santana 's no - hitter on July 27 , 2011 had an unearned run score on a wild pitch in the first inning , but then Santana settled down and completed his rare feat . The most baserunners allowed in a no - hitter was by Ryan ( in 1974 ) , who allowed eight . Six no - hitters were thrown at home , and four were thrown on the road . They threw one in April , three in May , one in June , three in July , and two in September . Of the 10 no - hitters , three have been won by a score of 1 -- 0 , more common than any other results . The largest margin of victory in a no - hitter was 9 -- 0 win by Jered Weaver on May 2 , 2012 . The smallest margin of victory was 1 -- 0 wins by Ryan in 1975 , Mike Witt in 1984 and a combined no - hitter led by Langston in 1990 . The umpire is also an integral part of any no - hitter . The task of the umpire in a baseball game is to make any decision `` which involves judgment , such as , but not limited to , whether a batted ball is fair or foul , whether a pitch is a strike or a ball , or whether a runner is safe or out ... ( the umpire 's judgment on such matters ) is final . '' Part of the duties of the umpire making calls at home plate includes defining the strike zone , which `` is defined as that area over homeplate ( sic ) the upper limit of which is a horizontal line at the midpoint between the top of the shoulders and the top of the uniform pants , and the lower level is a line at the hollow beneath the kneecap . '' These calls define every baseball game and are therefore integral to the completion of any no - hitter . A different umpire presided over each of the franchise 's ten no - hitters . The manager is another integral part of any no - hitter . The tasks of the manager include determining the starting rotation as well as batting order and defensive lineup every game . Seven different managers have been involved in the franchise 's ten no - hitters . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of no - hitters in Angels history 2 See also 3 Footnotes 4 References 5 External links List of no - hitters in Angels history ( edit ) ¶ Indicates a perfect game £ Pitcher was left - handed * Member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum # Date Pitcher Final score Base - runners Opponent Catcher Plate umpire Manager Notes Ref 000000001962 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 1962 Belinsky , Bo Bo Belinsky 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 -- 0 7 Baltimore Orioles Rodgers , Buck Buck Rodgers Schwarts , Harry Harry Schwarts Rigney , Bill Bill Rigney First no - hitter in franchise history First Angels no - hitter at home First left - handed pitcher to throw a no - hitter in franchise history 000000001970 - 07 - 03 - 0000 July 3 , 1970 Wright , Clyde Clyde Wright 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 -- 0 Oakland Athletics Azcue , Joe Joe Azcue Springstead , Marty Marty Springstead Phillips , Lefty Lefty Phillips In a pre-game ceremony , Wright had been inducted into the NAIA Hall of Fame 000000001973 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15 , 1973 Ryan , Nolan Nolan Ryan * ( 1 ) 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 -- 0 @ Kansas City Royals Torborg , Jeff Jeff Torborg Evans , Jim Jim Evans Winkles , Bobby Bobby Winkles ( 1 ) First Angels no - hitter on the road First right - handed pitcher to throw a no - hitter in franchise history 1st of 7 no - hitters for Ryan 000000001973 - 07 - 15 - 0000 July 15 , 1973 Ryan , Nolan Nolan Ryan * ( 2 ) 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 -- 0 @ Detroit Tigers Kusnyer , Art Art Kusnyer Luciano , Ron Ron Luciano Winkles , Bobby Bobby Winkles ( 2 ) 2nd of 7 no - hitters for Ryan Shortest interval between no - hitters in franchise history Pitched 7 innings of no - hit ball in next start , closest to tying Vander Meer 's back - to - back no - hitters since Ewell Blackwell in 1947 5 000000001974 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 1974 Ryan , Nolan Nolan Ryan * ( 3 ) 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 -- 0 8 Minnesota Twins Egan , Tom Tom Egan Frantz , Art Art Frantz Williams , Dick Dick Williams ( 1 ) 3rd of 7 no - hitters for Ryan Most baserunners allowed in an Angels no - hitter 6 000000001975 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 , 1975 Ryan , Nolan Nolan Ryan * ( 4 ) 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 -- 0 5 Baltimore Orioles Rodriguez , Ellie Ellie Rodriguez Morgenweck , Hank Hank Morgenweck Williams , Dick Dick Williams ( 2 ) 4th of 7 no - hitters for Ryan Smallest margin of victory in an Angels no - hitter ( tie ) 7 000000001984 - 09 - 30 - 0000 September 30 , 1984 Witt , Mike Mike Witt 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 -- 0 0 @ Texas Rangers Boone , Bob Bob Boone Froemming , Bruce Bruce Froemming McNamara , John John McNamara Final game of season First and only perfect game in Angels history and 11th in MLB history Smallest margin of victory in an Angels no - hitter ( tie ) Latest calendar date of an Angels no - hitter 8 000000001990 - 04 - 11 - 0000 April 11 , 1990 Langston , Mark Mark Langston ( 7 IP ) Mike Witt ( 2 IP ) 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 -- 0 5 Seattle Mariners Parrish , Lance Lance Parrish Voltaggio , Vic Vic Voltaggio Rader , Doug Doug Rader Smallest margin of victory in an Angels no - hitter ( tie ) Game 3 of season Earliest calendar date of an Angels no - hitter 9 000000002011 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 , 2011 Santana , Ervin Ervin Santana 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 -- 1 @ Cleveland Indians Wilson , Bobby Bobby Wilson Barrett , Ted Ted Barrett Scioscia , Mike Mike Scioscia ( 1 ) First Angels no - hitter while allowing a run Santana 's first career win against Cleveland First no - hitter at Progressive Field ( formerly Jacobs Field ) 10 000000002012 - 05 - 02 - 0000 May 2 , 2012 Weaver , Jered Jered Weaver 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 -- 0 Minnesota Twins Iannetta , Chris Chris Iannetta Carlson , Mark Mark Carlson Scioscia , Mike Mike Scioscia ( 2 ) Most recent no - hitter in franchise history Largest margin of victory in an Angels no - hitter See also ( edit ) List of Major League Baseball no - hitters Footnotes ( edit ) The only team without a no - hitter in franchise history is the San Diego Padres . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim Franchise History '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` MLB Miscellany : Rules , regulations and statistics '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball . Retrieved February 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kurkjian , Tim ( June 29 , 2008 ) . `` No - hit win makes no sense , except in baseball '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim '' . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved February 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Umpires : Rules of Interest '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball . Retrieved February 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Eric . Baseball and Philosophy : Thinking Outside the Batter 's Box , Pgs 98 -- 99 . ISBN 0 - 8126 - 9556 - 9 . Retrieved February 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` May 5 , 1962 Baltimore Orioles at Los Angeles Angels Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` July 3 , 1970 Oakland Athletics at California Angels Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` May 15 , 1973 California Angels at Kansas City Royals Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` July 15 , 1973 California Angels at Detroit Tigers Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` September 28 , 1974 Minnesota Twins at California Angels Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` June 1 , 1975 Baltimore Orioles at California Angels Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` September 30 , 1984 California Angels at Texas Rangers Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` April 11 , 1990 Seattle Mariners at California Angels Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Angels vs. Cleveland Indians Box Score July 27 , 2011 '' . ESPN.com . ESPN . Retrieved July 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Twins vs. Los Angeles Angels Box Score May 2 , 2012 '' . ESPN.com . ESPN . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim official website List of Major League Baseball no - hitters by franchise American League East Division Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Division Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Division Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Division Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Division Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Division Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Los Angeles Angels Established in 1961 Formerly the California Angels , the Anaheim Angels , and the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim Based in Anaheim , California ( Greater Los Angeles ) Franchise History Expansion draft Seasons Records No - hitters Broadcasters Awards and league leaders Players Managers Owners and executives Opening Day starting pitchers Ballparks Wrigley Field Chávez Ravine ( Dodger Stadium ) Angel Stadium Spring training Angels Stadium Tempe Diablo Stadium Culture Big A Sign Continental League Rally Monkey Thundersticks The Naked Gun : From the Files of Police Squad ! Talent for the Game Angels in the Outfield Los Angels en Acción `` Build Me Up Buttercup '' City of Anaheim v. Angels Baseball LP Lore Mike Witt 's perfect game 1995 AL West tie - breaker game Rivalries Los Angeles Dodgers Minor league affiliates AAA Salt Lake Bees AA Mobile BayBears A Adv . Inland Empire 66ers Burlington Bees Rookie Adv . Orem Owlz Rookie AZL Angels DSL Angels Key personnel Owner : Arte Moreno General Manager : Billy Eppler Manager : Mike Scioscia World Series championships ( 1 ) 2002 American League pennants ( 1 ) 2002 AL West division titles West 1979 1982 1986 2005 2007 2008 2009 2014 Wild Card berths 2002 Broadcasting Broadcasters KLAA - AM 830 Angels Radio Network Fox Sports West Seasons ( 58 ) 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990s 2000s 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Los_Angeles_Angels_no-hitters&oldid=832636329 '' Categories : Los Angeles Angels lists Lists of Major League Baseball no - hitters by franchise Hidden categories : Articles with hCards All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 04 : 23 . About Wikipedia	when was the last time the angels were no hit	[ "\n\n#\nDate\nPitcher\nFinal score\nBase-\nrunners\nOpponent\nCatcher\nPlate umpire\nManager\nNotes\nRef\n\n\n1\n000000001962-05-05-0000May 5, 1962\nBelinsky, BoBo Belinsky\n7000200000000000000♠2–0\n7\nBaltimore Orioles\nRodgers, BuckBuck Rodgers\nSchwarts, HarryHarry Schwarts\nRigney, BillBill Rigney\n\n\nFirst no-hitter in franchise history\nFirst Angels no-hitter at home\nFirst left-handed pitcher to throw a no-hitter in franchise history\n\n\n[7]\n\n\n2\n000000001970-07-03-0000July 3, 1970\nWright, ClydeClyde Wright£\n7000400000000000000♠4–0\n3\nOakland Athletics\nAzcue, JoeJoe Azcue\nSpringstead, MartyMarty Springstead\nPhillips, LeftyLefty Phillips\n\n\nIn a pre-game ceremony, Wright had been inducted into the NAIA Hall of Fame\n\n\n[8]\n\n\n3\n000000001973-05-15-0000May 15, 1973\nRyan, NolanNolan Ryan* (1)\n7000300000000000000♠3–0\n3\n@ Kansas City Royals\nTorborg, JeffJeff Torborg\nEvans, JimJim Evans\nWinkles, BobbyBobby Winkles (1)\n\n\nFirst Angels no-hitter on the road\nFirst right-handed pitcher to throw a no-hitter in franchise history\n1st of 7 no-hitters for Ryan\n\n\n[9]\n\n\n4\n000000001973-07-15-0000July 15, 1973\nRyan, NolanNolan Ryan* (2)\n7000600000000000000♠6–0\n4\n@ Detroit Tigers\nKusnyer, ArtArt Kusnyer\nLuciano, RonRon Luciano\nWinkles, BobbyBobby Winkles (2)\n\n\n2nd of 7 no-hitters for Ryan\nShortest interval between no-hitters in franchise history\nPitched 7 innings of no-hit ball in next start, closest to tying Vander Meer's back-to-back no-hitters since Ewell Blackwell in 1947\n\n\n[10]\n\n\n5\n000000001974-09-28-0000September 28, 1974\nRyan, NolanNolan Ryan* (3)\n7000400000000000000♠4–0\n8\nMinnesota Twins\nEgan, TomTom Egan\nFrantz, ArtArt Frantz\nWilliams, DickDick Williams (1)\n\n\n3rd of 7 no-hitters for Ryan\nMost baserunners allowed in an Angels no-hitter\n\n\n[11]\n\n\n6\n000000001975-06-01-0000June 1, 1975\nRyan, NolanNolan Ryan* (4)\n7000100000000000000♠1–0\n5\nBaltimore Orioles\nRodriguez, EllieEllie Rodriguez\nMorgenweck, HankHank Morgenweck\nWilliams, DickDick Williams (2)\n\n\n4th of 7 no-hitters for Ryan\nSmallest margin of victory in an Angels no-hitter (tie)\n\n\n[12]\n\n\n7\n000000001984-09-30-0000September 30, 1984\nWitt, MikeMike Witt¶\n7000100000000000000♠1–0\n0\n@ Texas Rangers\nBoone, BobBob Boone\nFroemming, BruceBruce Froemming\nMcNamara, JohnJohn McNamara\n\n\nFinal game of season\nFirst and only perfect game in Angels history and 11th in MLB history\nSmallest margin of victory in an Angels no-hitter (tie)\nLatest calendar date of an Angels no-hitter\n\n\n[13]\n\n\n8\n000000001990-04-11-0000April 11, 1990\nLangston, MarkMark Langston£ (7 IP)\nMike Witt (2 IP)\n7000100000000000000♠1–0\n5\nSeattle Mariners\nParrish, LanceLance Parrish\nVoltaggio, VicVic Voltaggio\nRader, DougDoug Rader\n\n\nSmallest margin of victory in an Angels no-hitter (tie)\nGame 3 of season\nEarliest calendar date of an Angels no-hitter\n\n\n[14]\n\n\n9\n000000002011-07-27-0000July 27, 2011\nSantana, ErvinErvin Santana\n7000300000000000000♠3–1\n2\n@ Cleveland Indians\nWilson, BobbyBobby Wilson\nBarrett, TedTed Barrett\nScioscia, MikeMike Scioscia (1)\n\n\nFirst Angels no-hitter while allowing a run\nSantana's first career win against Cleveland\nFirst no-hitter at Progressive Field (formerly Jacobs Field)\n\n\n[15]\n\n\n10\n000000002012-05-02-0000May 2, 2012\nWeaver, JeredJered Weaver\n7000900000000000000♠9–0\n2\nMinnesota Twins\nIannetta, ChrisChris Iannetta\nCarlson, MarkMark Carlson\nScioscia, MikeMike Scioscia (2)\n\n\nMost recent no-hitter in franchise history\nLargest margin of victory in an Angels no-hitter\n\n\n[16]\n\n" ]	[ "May 2, 2012" ]
3480311847691090941	Gospel of John	Gospel of John - wikipedia Gospel of John Jump to : navigation , search For the film , see The Gospel of John ( film ) . Part of a series of articles on John in the Bible Johannine literature Gospel Epistles First Second Third Revelation Events Authorship Apostle Beloved disciple Evangelist Patmos Presbyter Related literature Apocryphon Acts Signs Gospel See also Johannine Christianity Logos Holy Spirit in Johannine literature John 's vision of the Son of Man New Testament people named John Books of the New Testament Gospels Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Acts of the Apostles Epistles Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Apocalypse Revelation New Testament manuscripts The Gospel According to John ( Greek : Τὸ κατὰ Ἰωάννην εὐαγγέλιον , translit . Tò katà Iōánnēn euangélion ; also called the Gospel of John , the Fourth Gospel , or simply John ) is one of the four canonical gospels in the New Testament . It traditionally appears fourth , after the Synoptic Gospels of Matthew , Mark , and Luke . Although the Gospel of John is anonymous , Christian tradition historically has attributed it to John the Apostle , son of Zebedee and one of Jesus ' Twelve Apostles . The gospel is so closely related in style and content to the three surviving Johannine epistles that commentators treat the four books , along with the Book of Revelation , as a single corpus of Johannine literature , albeit not necessarily written by the same author . C.K. Barrett , and later Raymond E. Brown , suggested that a tradition developed around the `` Johannine Community '' , and that this tradition gave rise to the gospel . The discovery of a large number of papyrus fragments of manuscripts with Johannine themes has led more scholars to recognize that the texts were among the most influential in the early Church . The discourses contained with this gospel seem to be concerned with issues of the church -- synagogue debate at the time of composition . It is notable that in John , the community appears to define itself primarily in contrast to Judaism , rather than as part of a wider Christian community . Though Christianity started as a movement within Judaism , it gradually separated from Judaism because of mutual opposition between the two religions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure and content 1.1 Prologue 1.2 Book of Signs 1.3 Book of Glory 1.4 Epilogue 2 Composition and setting 2.1 Authorship , date , and origin 2.2 Sources 2.3 Historical reliability 2.4 Textual history and position in the New Testament 3 Theology 3.1 Christology 3.1. 1 Jesus ' divine role 3.1. 2 Logos 3.2 Cross 3.3 Sacraments 3.3. 1 Frequency of allusion 3.3. 2 Importance to the evangelist 3.4 Individualism 3.5 John the Baptist 3.6 Gnostic elements 4 Comparison with the synoptics 4.1 Material 4.2 Theological emphasis 4.3 Chronology 4.4 Literary style 4.5 Discrepancies 5 Representations 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Notes 7.2 Footnotes 7.3 Bibliography 7.4 Further reading 8 External links Structure and content ( edit ) The Gospel of John can be divided into four sections : a prologue ( 1 : 1 -- 18 ) , a Book of Signs ( 1 : 19 -- 12 : 50 ) , a Book of Glory ( 13 : 1 -- 20 : 31 ) , and an epilogue ( 21 ) . The structure is highly schematic : there are seven `` signs '' culminating in the raising of Lazarus ( foreshadowing the resurrection of Jesus ) , and seven `` I am '' sayings and discourses , culminating in Thomas 's proclamation of Jesus as `` my lord and my God '' -- the same title ( dominus et deus ) claimed by Roman Emperor Domitian . Prologue ( edit ) Main article : Prologue to John Jesus is placed in his cosmic setting as the Logos made flesh who reveals God and gives salvation to believers ; John the Baptist , Andrew , and Nathanael bear witness to him as the Lamb of God , the Son of God , and the Christ . Book of signs ( edit ) Main article : Book of Signs The narrative of Jesus ' public ministry , beginning with the introduction of the first disciples of Jesus . It consists of seven miracles , or `` signs '' , interspersed with long dialogues , discourses , `` Amen , amen '' sayings , and `` I Am '' sayings , culminating with the raising of Lazarus from the dead . In John it is this , and not the cleansing of the Temple , that prompts the authorities to have Jesus executed . The seven signs consist of Jesus ' miracle at the wedding at Cana , his healing the royal official 's son , his healing the paralytic at Bethesda , his feeding the 5,000 , his walking on water , his healing the man born blind , and his raising Lazarus from the dead . Other incidents recounted in this segment of the gospel include the cleansing of the Temple ; Jesus ' conversation with the Pharisee Nicodemus , wherein he explains the importance of spiritual rebirth ; his conversation with the Samaritan woman at the well , wherein he gives the Water of Life Discourse ; the Bread of Life Discourse , which prompted many of his disciples to leave ; the Woman Taken in Adultery ; Jesus ' claims to be the Light of the World ; Jesus ' answer to Pilate ; the Good Shepherd pericope ; Jesus ' rejection by the Jews ; the Jesus wept ; the plot to kill Jesus ; the anointing of Jesus ; Jesus ' triumphal entry into Jerusalem ; the prediction of the glorification of the Son of Man ; and the prediction of the Last Judgment . Book of Glory ( edit ) Jesus giving the Farewell Discourse to his 11 remaining disciples , from the Maestà of Duccio , 1308 -- 1311 . The narrative of Jesus ' Passion , Resurrection , and post-Resurrection appearances . The Passion narrative opens with an account of the Last Supper that differs significantly from that found in the synoptics , with Jesus washing the disciples ' feet instead of ushering in a new covenant of his body and blood . This is followed by Jesus ' Farewell Discourse , an account of his betrayal , arrest , trial , death , burial , post-Resurrection appearances , and final commission for his followers . It also includes Peter 's denial , the institution of the New Commandment and the New Covenant , the promise of the Paraclete , the allegory of the True Vine , the High Priestly Prayer , the ut omnes unum sint , the What is truth ? , Jesus ' mocking and crowning with thorns , the Ecce homo , the discovery of the empty tomb , the noli me tangere , the Great Commission , and the incredulity of Thomas . The section ends with a conclusion on the purpose of the gospel : `` that ( the reader ) may believe that Jesus is the Christ , the Son of God , and that believing you may have life in his name . '' Epilogue ( edit ) Main article : John 21 The narrative of Jesus ' post-Resurrection appearance to his disciples by the lake , the miraculous catch of fish , the prophecy of the crucifixion of Peter , the restoration of Peter , and the fate of the Beloved Disciple . A majority of scholars believes this chapter to be an addition to the gospel . Composition and setting ( edit ) Authorship , date , and origin ( edit ) Main article : Authorship of the Johannine works The Gospel of John is anonymous . Traditionally , Christians have identified the author as `` the Disciple whom Jesus loved '' mentioned in John 21 : 24 , who is understood to be John son of Zebedee , one of Jesus ' Twelve Apostles . These identifications , however , are rejected by many modern biblical scholars . Nevertheless , the author of the fourth Gospel is sometimes called John the Evangelist , often out of convenience since the definitive name of the author is still debated . John is usually dated to AD 90 -- 110 . It arose in a Jewish Christian community in the process of breaking from the Jewish synagogue . Scholars believe that the text went through two to three redactions , or `` editions '' , before reaching its current form . John , which regularly describes Jesus ' opponents simply as `` the Jews '' , is more consistently hostile to `` the Jews '' than any other body of New Testament writing . Historian and former Roman Catholic priest James Carroll states : `` The climax of this movement comes in chapter 8 of John , when Jesus is portrayed as denouncing ' the Jews ' who were gathered at the Temple as the offspring of Satan . '' In John 8 : 44 Jesus tells the Jews : `` You are of your father the devil , and the desires of your father you will do . He was a murderer from the beginning , and he stood not in the truth ; because truth is not in him . '' In 8 : 38 and 11 : 53 , `` the Jews '' are depicted as wishing to kill Jesus . However , Carroll cautions that this and similar statements in the Gospel of Matthew and the 1 Thessalonians should be viewed as `` evidence not of Jew hatred but of sectarian conflicts among Jews '' in the early years of the Christian church . As noted by New Testament scholar Obrey M. Hendricks , Jr. : `` Although its scathing portrayal of the Jews has opened John to charges of anti-Semitism , a careful reading reveals ' the Jews ' to be a class designation , not a religious or ethnic grouping ; rather than denoting adherents to Judaism in general , the term primarily refers to the hereditary Temple religious authorities . '' In later centuries , John was used to support anti-Semitic polemics , but the author of the gospel regarded himself as a Jew , championed Jesus and his followers as Jews , and probably wrote for a largely Jewish community . Sources ( edit ) Rudolf Bultmann , in a seminal work published in 1941 , argued that John 's sources were a hypothetical `` Signs Gospel '' listing Christ 's miracles , a revelation discourse , and a passion narrative . Bultmann 's work , combined with that of other scholars ( the work of Raymond E. Brown was particularly influential in the English - speaking world ) , led to a scholarly consensus in the second half of the 20th century that the Gospel of John was independent of Matthew , Mark , and Luke , known as the synoptic gospels . This agreement broke down in the last decade of the century , and there are now many scholars who believe that John did know the synoptics , especially Mark , while the hypothesis of a `` signs '' source has been increasingly undermined . But theories of either complete independence of or complete dependence on the synoptics are largely rejected in current scholarship : on the one hand , elements such as distinctive Johannine language , the lengthy discourses , and the prologue on the Logos , are clearly unique to John ; on the other , John clearly shares a multitude of episodes with the other three . The most important sources used by the evangelist were the Jewish scriptures ( the Tanakh , more or less identical with the Christian Old Testament ) , probably in the Greek translation . John quotes from them directly , references important figures from them , and uses narratives from them as the basis for several of the discourses . But the author was also familiar with non-Jewish sources : the Logos of the prologue ( the Word that is with God from the beginning of creation ) derives from both the Jewish concept of Lady Wisdom and from the Greek philosophers , while John 6 alludes not only to the exodus but also to Greco - Roman mystery cults , while John 4 alludes to Samaritan messianic beliefs . Historical Reliability ( edit ) Further information : Historicity of the Bible Chapters 19 and 21 of John hint that `` the Disciple whom Jesus loved '' , or `` the Beloved Disciple '' , was an eyewitness to Jesus ' ministry , but the majority of scholars are cautious of accepting this at face value . With the exception of the `` Johannine Thunderbolt '' passages , the teachings of Jesus found in the synoptic gospels are very different from those recorded in John , and since the 19th century some scholars have argued that these discourses in Johannine style are less likely to be historical , and more likely to have been written for theological purposes . Scholars usually agree that John is not entirely without historical value . It has become generally accepted that certain sayings in John are as old or older than their synoptic counterparts . His representation of the topography around Jerusalem is often superior to that of the synoptics , his testimony that Jesus was executed before , rather than on , Passover , might well be more accurate , and his presentation of Jesus in the garden and the prior meeting held by the Jewish authorities are possibly more historically plausible than their synoptic parallels . Textual History and position in the New Testament ( edit ) Further information : Biblical manuscript The Rylands Papyrus is perhaps the earliest New Testament fragment ; dated from its handwriting to about 125 . Rylands Library Papyrus P52 , a Greek papyrus fragment with John 18 : 31 -- 33 on one side and 18 : 37 -- 38 on the other , commonly dated to the first half of the 2nd century , is the oldest New Testament manuscript known . A substantially complete text of John exists from the beginning of the 3rd century at the latest , so that the textual evidence for this gospel is commonly accepted as both earlier and more reliable than that for any other . John stands fourth in the standard ordering of the gospels , after Matthew , Mark and Luke . Theology ( edit ) Christology ( edit ) Further information : Christology The Gospel of John presents a `` high Christology , '' depicting Jesus as divine , and yet , according to some interpretations , subordinate to the one God . However , in his Summa Theologiae , Thomas Aquinas flatly rejects any denial of equality among the persons of the Trinity , including denials based on Johannine passages . John 's gospel gives more focus to the relationship of the Son to the Father than the synoptics , as seen in chapter 17 of the gospel . Jesus ' divine role ( edit ) In the synoptics , Jesus speaks often about the Kingdom of God ; his own divine role is obscured ( see Messianic Secret ) . In John , Jesus talks openly about his divine role . He echoes the Father 's own statement of identity , i.e. `` I Am Who I Am '' , with several `` I Am '' declarations that also identify him with symbols of major significance . He says `` I am '' : `` the bread of life '' `` the light of the world '' `` the gate for the sheep '' `` the good shepherd '' `` the resurrection and the life '' `` the way and the truth and the life '' and `` the true vine '' Logos ( edit ) Main article : Logos ( Christianity ) In the prologue , John identifies Jesus as the Logos ( Word ) . In Ancient Greek philosophy , the term logos meant the principle of cosmic reason . In this sense , it was similar to the Hebrew concept of Wisdom , God 's companion and intimate helper in creation . The Hellenistic Jewish philosopher Philo merged these two themes when he described the Logos as God 's creator of and mediator with the material world . The evangelist adapted Philo 's description of the Logos , applying it to Jesus , the incarnation of the Logos . The opening verse of John is translated as `` the Word was with God and the Word was God '' in all `` orthodox '' English Bibles . There are alternative views . The New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures of Jehovah 's Witnesses has `` The Word was with God , and the Word was a god . '' The Scholars Version of the gospel , developed by the Jesus Seminar , loosely translates the phrase as `` The Logos was what God was , '' offered as a better representation of the original meaning of the evangelist . Cross ( edit ) The portrayal of Jesus ' death in John is unique among the four Gospels . It does not appear to rely on the kinds of atonement theology indicative of vicarious sacrifice ( cf . Mk 10 : 45 , Rom 3 : 25 ) but rather presents the death of Jesus as his glorification and return to the father . Likewise , the three `` passion predictions '' of the Synoptic Gospels ( Mk 8 : 31 , 9 : 31 , 10 : 33 -- 34 and pars . ) are replaced instead in John with three instances of Jesus explaining how he will be exalted or `` lifted up '' ( Jn 3 : 14 , 8 : 28 , 12 : 32 ) . The verb for `` lifted up '' reflects the double entendre at work in John 's theology of the cross , for Jesus is both physically elevated from the earth at the crucifixion but also , at the same time , exalted and glorified . Sacraments ( edit ) Further information : Sacrament Among the most controversial areas of interpretation of John is its sacramental theology . Scholars ' views have fallen along a wide spectrum ranging from anti-sacramental and non-sacramental , to sacramental , to ultra-sacramental and hyper - sacramental . Scholars disagree both on whether and how frequently John refers to the sacraments at all , and on the degree of importance he places upon them . Individual scholars ' answers to one of these questions do not always correspond to their answer to the other . Frequency of allusion ( edit ) According to Rudolf Bultmann , there are three sacramental allusions : one to baptism ( 3 : 5 ) , one to the Eucharist ( 6 : 51 -- 58 ) , and one to both ( 19 : 34 ) . He believed these passages to be later interpolations , though most scholars now reject this assessment . Some scholars on the weaker - sacramental side of the spectrum deny that there are any sacramental allusions in these passages or in the gospel as a whole , while others see sacramental symbolism applied to other subjects in these and other passages . Oscar Cullmann and Bruce Vawter , a Protestant and a Catholic respectively , and both on the stronger - sacramental end of the spectrum , have found sacramental allusions in most chapters . Cullmann found references to baptism and the Eucharist throughout the gospel , and Vawter found additional references to matrimony in 2 : 1 -- 11 , anointing of the sick in 12 : 1 -- 11 , and penance in 20 : 22 -- 23 . Towards the center of the spectrum , Raymond Brown is more cautious than Cullmann and Vawter but more lenient than Bultmann and his school , identifying several passages as containing sacramental allusions and rating them according to his assessment of their degree of certainty . Importance to the evangelist ( edit ) Most scholars on the stronger - sacramental end of the spectrum assess the sacraments as being of great importance to the evangelist . However , perhaps counterintuitively , some scholars who find fewer sacramental references , such as Udo Schnelle , view the references that they find as highly important as well . Schnelle in particular views John 's sacramentalism as a counter to Docetist anti-sacramentalism . On the other hand , though he agrees that there are anti-Docetic passages , James Dunn views the absence of a Eucharistic institution narrative as evidence for an anti-sacramentalism in John , meant to warn against a conception of eternal life as dependent on physical ritual . Individualism ( edit ) In comparison to the synoptic gospels , the Fourth Gospel is markedly individualistic , in the sense that it places emphasis more on the individual 's relation to Jesus than on the corporate nature of the Church . This is largely accomplished through the consistently singular grammatical structure of various aphoristic sayings of Jesus throughout the gospel . According to Richard Bauckham , emphasis on believers coming into a new group upon their conversion is conspicuously absent from John . There is also a theme of `` personal coinherence '' , that is , the intimate personal relationship between the believer and Jesus in which the believer `` abides '' in Jesus and Jesus in the believer . According to C.F.D. Moule , the individualistic tendencies of the Fourth Gospel could potentially give rise to a realized eschatology achieved on the level of the individual believer ; this realized eschatology is not , however , to replace `` orthodox '' , futurist eschatological expectations , but is to be `` only ( their ) correlative . '' Some have argued that the Beloved Disciple is meant to be all followers of Jesus , inviting all into such a personal relationship with Christ . Beyond this , the emphasis on the individual 's relationship with Jesus in the Gospel has suggested its usefulness for contemplation on the life of Christ . John the Baptist ( edit ) Further information : John the Baptist John 's account of the Baptist is different from that of the synoptic gospels . In this gospel , John is not called `` the Baptist . '' The Baptist 's ministry overlaps with that of Jesus ; his baptism of Jesus is not explicitly mentioned , but his witness to Jesus is unambiguous . The evangelist almost certainly knew the story of John 's baptism of Jesus and he makes a vital theological use of it . He subordinates the Baptist to Jesus , perhaps in response to members of the Baptist 's sect who regarded the Jesus movement as an offshoot of their movement . In John 's gospel , Jesus and his disciples go to Judea early in Jesus ' ministry before John the Baptist was imprisoned and executed by Herod . He leads a ministry of baptism larger than John 's own . The Jesus Seminar rated this account as black , containing no historically accurate information . According to the biblical historians at the Jesus Seminar , John likely had a larger presence in the public mind than Jesus . Gnostic elements ( edit ) Further information : Christian Gnosticism Although not commonly understood as Gnostic , many scholars , including Bultmann , have forcefully argued that the Gospel of John has elements in common with Gnosticism . Christian Gnosticism did not fully develop until the mid-2nd century , and so 2nd - century Proto - Orthodox Christians concentrated much effort in examining and refuting it . To say John 's gospel contained elements of Gnosticism is to assume that Gnosticism had developed to a level that required the author to respond to it . Bultmann , for example , argued that the opening theme of the Gospel of John , the pre-existing Logos , was actually a Gnostic theme . Other scholars , e.g. Raymond E. Brown have argued that the pre-existing Logos theme arises from the more ancient Jewish writings in the eighth chapter of the Book of Proverbs , and was fully developed as a theme in Hellenistic Judaism by Philo Judaeus . Comparisons to Gnosticism are based not in what the author says , but in the language he uses to say it , notably , use of the concepts of Logos and Light . Other scholars , e.g. Raymond E. Brown , have argued that the ancient Jewish Qumran community also used the concept of Light versus Darkness . The arguments of Bultmann and his school were seriously compromised by the mid-20th - century discoveries of the Nag Hammadi library of genuine Gnostic writings ( which are dissimilar to the Gospel of John ) as well as the Qumran library of Jewish writings ( which are often similar to the Gospel of John ) . Gnostics read John but interpreted it differently from the way non-Gnostics did . Gnosticism taught that salvation came from gnosis , secret knowledge , and Gnostics did not see Jesus as a savior but a revealer of knowledge . Barnabas Lindars asserts that the gospel teaches that salvation can only be achieved through revealed wisdom , specifically belief in ( literally belief into ) Jesus . Raymond Brown contends that `` The Johannine picture of a savior who came from an alien world above , who said that neither he nor those who accepted him were of this world , and who promised to return to take them to a heavenly dwelling could be fitted into the gnostic world picture ( even if God 's love for the world in 3 : 16 could not ) . '' It has been suggested that similarities between John 's gospel and Gnosticism may spring from common roots in Jewish Apocalyptic literature . Comparison with the synoptics ( edit ) The Gospel of John is significantly different from the synoptic gospels , with major variations in material , theological emphasis , chronology , and literary style . There are also some discrepancies between John and the synoptics , some amounting to contradictions . Material ( edit ) John lacks scenes from the synoptics such as Jesus ' baptism , the calling of the Twelve , exorcisms , parables , the Transfiguration , and the Last Supper . Conversely , it includes scenes not found in the synoptics , including Jesus turning water into wine at the wedding at Cana , the resurrection of Lazarus , Jesus washing the feet of his disciples , and multiple visits to Jerusalem . In the fourth gospel , Jesus ' mother Mary , while frequently mentioned , is never identified by name . John does assert that Jesus was known as the `` son of Joseph '' in 6 : 42 . For John , Jesus ' town of origin is irrelevant , for he comes from beyond this world , from God the Father . While John makes no direct mention of Jesus ' baptism , he does quote John the Baptist 's description of the descent of the Holy Spirit as a dove , as happens at Jesus ' baptism in the synoptics . Major synoptic speeches of Jesus are absent , including the Sermon on the Mount and the Olivet Discourse , and the exorcisms of demons are never mentioned as in the synoptics . John never lists all of the Twelve Disciples and names at least one disciple , Nathanael , whose name is not found in the synoptics . Thomas is given a personality beyond a mere name , described as `` Doubting Thomas '' . Theological emphasis ( edit ) Jesus is identified with the Word ( `` Logos '' ) , and the Word is identified with theos ( `` god '' in Greek ) ; no such identification is made in the synoptics . In Mark , Jesus urges his disciples to keep his divinity secret , but in John he is very open in discussing it , even referring to himself as `` I AM '' , the title God gives himself in Exodus at his self - revelation to Moses . In the synoptics the chief theme is the Kingdom of God and the Kingdom of Heaven ( the latter specifically in Matthew ) , while John 's theme is Jesus as the source of eternal life and the Kingdom is only mentioned twice . In contrast to the synoptic expectation of the Kingdom ( using the term parousia , meaning `` coming '' ) , John presents a more individualistic , realized eschatology . Chronology ( edit ) In the synoptics , the ministry of Jesus takes a single year , but in John it takes three , as evidenced by references to three Passovers . Events are not all in the same order : the date of the crucifixion is different , as is the time of Jesus ' anointing in Bethany , and the cleansing of the temple occurs in the beginning of Jesus ' ministry rather than near its end . Literary style ( edit ) In the synoptics , quotations from Jesus are usually in the form of short , pithy sayings ; in John , longer quotations are often given . The vocabulary is also different , and filled with theological import : in John , Jesus does not work `` miracles '' ( Greek : δῠνάμεις , translit . dynámeis , sing . δύνᾰμῐς , dýnamis ) , but `` signs '' ( Greek : σημεῖᾰ , translit . sēmeia , sing . σημεῖον , sēmeion ) which unveil his divine identity . Most scholars consider John not to contain any parables . Rather it contains metaphorical stories or allegories , such as those of the Good Shepherd and of the True Vine , in which each individual element corresponds to a specific person , group , or thing . Some scholars , however , find some such parables as the short story of the childbearing woman ( 16 : 21 ) or the dying grain ( 12 : 24 ) . Discrepancies ( edit ) According to the synoptics , the arrest of Jesus was a reaction to the cleansing of the temple , while according to John it was triggered by the raising of Lazarus . The Pharisees , portrayed as more uniformly legalistic and opposed to Jesus in the synoptic gospels , are instead portrayed as sharply divided ; they debate frequently in John 's accounts . Some , such as Nicodemus , even go so far as to be at least partially sympathetic to Jesus . This is believed to be a more accurate historical depiction of the Pharisees , who made debate one of the tenets of their system of belief . Representations ( edit ) Bede translating the Gospel of John on his deathbed , by James Doyle Penrose , 1902 . The gospel has been depicted in live narrations and dramatized in productions , skits , plays , and Passion Plays , as well as in film . The most recent such portrayal is the 2014 film ' The Gospel of John ' , directed by David Batty and narrated by David Harewood and Brian Cox , with Selva Rasalingam as Jesus . The 2003 film The Gospel of John , was directed by Philip Saville , narrated by Christopher Plummer , with Henry Ian Cusick as Jesus . Parts of the gospel have been set to music . One such setting is Steve Warner 's power anthem `` Come and See '' , written for the 20th anniversary of the Alliance for Catholic Education and including lyrical fragments taken from the Book of Signs . Additionally , some composers have made settings of the Passion as portrayed in the gospel , most notably the one composed by Johann Sebastian Bach , although some verses are borrowed from Matthew . See also ( edit ) Chronology of Jesus Free Grace theology Gospel harmony Last Gospel Egerton Gospel List of Bible verses not included in modern translations List of Gospels Textual variants in the Gospel of John References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Harris 2006 , p. 479 : `` Most scholars believe that the same person wrote all three documents but that he is not to be identified with either the apostle John or the author of the Gospel . '' Jump up ^ The use of first person plural in John , specially in the letters , is the base of these theories . Barrett quotes on that sense Robinson , who in 1965 asserted `` the gospel is composed in Judea and under the pressure of controversy with `` the jews '' ( sic ) of that area . But in its present form it is an appeal to those outside the Church , to win to the faith that Greek speaking Diaspora Judaism to which the author now finds himself belonging `` . Jump up ^ Chilton & Neusner 2006 , p. 5 : `` by their own word what they ( the writers of the New Testament ) set forth in the New Testament must qualify as a Judaism ... ( T ) o distinguish between the religious world of the New Testament and an alien Judaism denies the authors of the New Testament books their most fiercely held claim and renders incomprehensible much of what they said . '' Jump up ^ The resurrection itself is not detailed in the gospel , though it is entailed from the post-resurrection appearances . Jump up ^ For the circumstances which led to the formation of the tradition , and the reasons why the majority of modern scholars reject it , see Lindars , Edwards & Court 2000 , pp. 41 -- 42 . For arguments in support of the tradition , see Craig , Blomberg ( 2009 ) . Jesus and the Gospels . pp. 197 -- 98 . Jump up ^ For the reasons behind this , see Lincoln 2005 , p. 18 Jump up ^ For details see Dunn 1992 , p. 183 Jump up ^ The term Johannine Thunderbolt refers to the Q source -- derived logion in Matthew 11 : 25 -- 27 and Luke 10 : 21 -- 22 . The phrase was coined by Karl von Hase in an 1823 -- 24 lecture series entitled Geschichte Jesu : `` ... wie ein Aerolith aus dem johanneischen Himmel gefallen ... '' ( `` ... a meteorite fallen from the Johannine sky ... '' ) Jump up ^ Additionally , Aquinas cites the Athanasian Creed , the first ecumenical creed to explicitly outline the Trinitarian doctrine ; the Creed maintains the co-majesty , co-eternality , co-equality of the persons of the Trinity . Jump up ^ That is , the New International Version , Today 's New International Version , the New American Standard Bible , the New American Bible , the New American Bible Revised Edition , the Amplified Bible , the New Living Translation , the Douay -- Rheims Bible , the King James Version , Young 's Literal Translation , the Darby Translation , and the Wycliffe New Testament , to name a few . Jump up ^ Bauckham ( 2015 ) contrasts John 's consistent use of the third person singular ( `` The one who ... '' ; `` If anyone ... '' ; `` Everyone who ... '' ; `` Whoever ... '' ; `` No one ... '' ) with the alternative third person plural constructions he could have used instead ( `` Those who ... '' ; `` '' All those who ... `` ; etc . ) . He also notes that the sole exception occurs in the prologue , serving a narrative purpose , whereas the later aphorisms serve a `` paraenetic function '' . Jump up ^ See John 6 : 56 , 10 : 14 -- 15 , 10 : 38 , and 14 : 10 , 17 , 20 , and 23 . Jump up ^ Realized eschatology is a Christian eschatological theory popularized by C.H. Dodd ( 1884 -- 1973 ) . It holds that the eschatological passages in the New Testament do not refer to future events , but instead to the ministry of Jesus and his lasting legacy . In other words , it holds that Christian eschatological expectations have already been realized or fulfilled . Jump up ^ See Zimmermann 2015 , pp. 333 -- 60 . Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Burkett 2002 , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Lindars 1990 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Barrett 1978 , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Barrett 1978 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Brown 1966 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Ehrman 2009 . Jump up ^ De Santos Otero 1993 , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Lindars 1990 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Lindars 1990 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Köstenberger , Kellum & Quarles 2009 , p. 305 . Jump up ^ Witherington 2004 , p. 83 . ^ Jump up to : Edwards 2015 , p. 171 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 2006 . Jump up ^ Bauckham 2007 , p. 271 . Jump up ^ John 21 : 24 Jump up ^ Lindars , Edwards & Court 2000 , p. 41 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Lincoln 2005 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Burkett 2002 , pp. 215 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Edwards 2015 , p. ix . Jump up ^ Ehrman 2004 , pp. 164 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Dunn 1992 , pp. 182 -- 83 , 195 . Jump up ^ Carroll 2001 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Carroll 2001 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Hendricks 2007 . Jump up ^ Senior 1991 , pp. 155 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Dunn 1992 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Lincoln 2005 , pp. 29 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Porter 2015 , pp. 69 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Reinhartz 2011 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Witherington 2004 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Kysar 2007 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Denaux 1992 , pp. 113 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Sanders 1995 , pp. 57 , 70 -- 71 . ^ Jump up to : Theissen & Merz 1998 , pp. 36 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Metzger & Ehrman 1985 , pp. 55 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Hurtado 2005 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Summa Theologiae , Part I , Question XLII . Jump up ^ Athanasian Creed at New Advent . ^ Jump up to : Harris 2006 , pp. 302 -- 10 . ^ Jump up to : Funk & Jesus Seminar 1998 , pp. 365 -- 440 . Jump up ^ Robert Kysar , `` John : The Maverick Gospel '' ( Louisville : Westminster John Knox ) , 1976 , pp. 49 -- 54 ^ Jump up to : Bauckham 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Moule 1962 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Moule 1962 , p. 174 . Jump up ^ Shea , SJ , Henry J. ( Summer 2017 ) . `` The Beloved Disciple and the Spiritual Exercises '' . Studies in the Spirituality of Jesuits. 49 , no . 2 . ^ Jump up to : Cross & Livingstone 2005 . Jump up ^ Barrett 1978 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Funk & Jesus Seminar 1998 , p. 268 . Jump up ^ Olson 1999 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Kysar 2005 , pp. 88ff . Jump up ^ Brown 1997 . Jump up ^ Van den Broek & Vermaseren 1981 , pp. 467ff . Jump up ^ Combs 1987 . Jump up ^ Most 2005 , pp. 121ff . Jump up ^ Skarsaune 2008 , pp. 247ff . Jump up ^ Lindars 1990 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ John 17 : 14 Jump up ^ John 14 : 2 -- 3 Jump up ^ Brown 1997 , p. 375 . Jump up ^ Kovacs 1995 . ^ Jump up to : Burge 2014 , pp. 236 -- 37 . ^ Jump up to : Funk , Hoover & Jesus Seminar 1993 , pp. 1 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Williamson 2004 , p. 265 . Jump up ^ Michaels 1971 , p. 733 . Jump up ^ Fredriksen 2008 . Jump up ^ Pagels 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson 2006 , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Walvoord , John F. ( 1985 ) . The Bible Knowledge Commentary . Wheaton , IL : Victor Books . p. 313 . Jump up ^ Ehrman 2005 . Jump up ^ Carson , D.A. ( 1991 ) . The Pillar New Testament Commentary : The Gospel According to John . Grand Rapids , MI : Wm . B. Eardmans Publishing Co. p. 117 . Jump up ^ Moule 1962 , pp. 172 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Sander 2015 . Jump up ^ Ladd & Hagner 1993 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Barry 1911 . Jump up ^ Neusner 2003 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 2005 . Bibliography ( edit ) Ambrose , Z . Philip ( 2005 ) . `` BWV 245 '' . J.S. Bach : The Extant Texts of the Vocal Works in English Translations with Commentary. 2 . Translated by Ambrose , Z . Philip . Xlibris Corp . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4134 - 4600 - 5 . Barrett , C.K. ( 1978 ) . The Gospel According to St. John : An Introduction with Commentary and Notes on the Greek Text ( 2nd ed . ) . Philadelphia : Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 22180 - 5 . Barry , William ( 1911 ) . `` Parables '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . 11 . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Bauckham , Richard ( 2007 ) . The Testimony of the Beloved Disciple : Narrative , History , and Theology in the Gospel of John . Baker . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8010 - 3485 - 5 . -- -- ( 2015 ) . Gospel of Glory : Major Themes in Johannine Theology . Grand Rapids : Baker Academic . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4412 - 2708 - 9 . Blomberg , Craig ( 2011 ) . The Historical Reliability of John 's Gospel . InterVarsity Press . ISBN 0 - 8308 - 3871 - 6 . Brown , Raymond E. ( 1966 ) . The Gospel According to John , Volume 1 . Anchor Bible series . 29 . Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 01517 - 2 . Brown , Raymond E. ( 1997 ) . An Introduction to the New Testament . New York : Anchor Bible . ISBN 0 - 385 - 24767 - 2 . Burge , Gary M. ( 2014 ) . `` Gospel of John '' . In Evans , Craig A . The Routledge Encyclopedia of the Historical Jesus . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 72224 - 3 . Burkett , Delbert ( 2002 ) . An introduction to the New Testament and the origins of Christianity . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 00720 - 7 . Carroll , James ( 2001 ) . Constantine 's Sword : The Church and the Jews : A History . Houghton Mifflin . p. 92 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 395 - 77927 - 9 . Carson , D.A. ; Moo , Douglas J. ( 2009 ) . An Introduction to the New Testament . HarperCollins Christian Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 310 - 53955 - 1 . Chilton , Bruce ; Neusner , Jacob ( 2006 ) . Judaism in the New Testament : Practices and Beliefs . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 81497 - 8 . Combs , William W. ( 1987 ) . `` Nag Hammadi , Gnosticism and New Testament Interpretation '' . Grace Theological Journal . 8 ( 2 ) : 195 -- 212 . Cross , Frank Leslie ; Livingstone , Elizabeth A. , eds. ( 2005 ) . `` John , Gospel of St . '' . The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280290 - 3 . Denaux , Adelbert ( 1992 ) . `` The Q - Logion Mt 11 , 27 / Lk 10 , 22 and the Gospel of John '' . In Denaux , Adelbert . John and the Synoptics . Bibliotheca Ephemeridum Theologicarum Lovaniensium. 101 . Leuven University Press . pp. 113 -- 47 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 6186 - 498 - 1 . Dunn , James D.G. , ed. ( 1992 ) . Jews and Christians : The Parting of the Ways -- A.D. 70 to 135 . Grand Rapids , Michigan : Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 4498 - 9 . Alexander , Philip S. ( 1992 ) . ' The Parting of the Ways ' from the Perspective of Rabbinic Judaism . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 4498 - 9 . Dunn , James D.G. ( 1992 ) . The Question of Anti-Semitism in the New Testament Writings of the Period . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 4498 - 9 . Edwards , Ruth B. ( 2015 ) . Discovering John : Content , Interpretation , Reception . Discovering Biblical Texts . Grand Rapids , Michigan : Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 7240 - 1 . Ehrman , Bart D. ( 2004 ) . The New Testament : A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings . New York : Oxford . ISBN 0 - 19 - 515462 - 2 . Ehrman , Bart D. ( 2005 ) . Misquoting Jesus : The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 073817 - 4 . Ehrman , Bart D. ( 2009 ) . Jesus , Interrupted . HarperOne . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 117393 - 6 . Fredriksen , Paula ( 2008 ) . From Jesus to Christ : The Origins of the New Testament Images of Jesus . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 16410 - 7 . Funk , Robert W. ; Hoover , Roy W. ; Jesus Seminar ( 1993 ) . The Five Gospels : The Search for the Authentic Words of Jesus . Polebridge Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 944344 - 57 - 6 . Funk , Robert W. ; Jesus Seminar ( 1998 ) . The Acts of Jesus : The Search for the Authentic Deeds of Jesus . HarperSanFrancisco . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 062978 - 6 . Harris , Stephen L. ( 2006 ) . Understanding the Bible ( 7th ed . ) . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 296548 - 3 . Hendricks , Obrey M. , Jr. ( 2007 ) . `` The Gospel According to John '' . In Coogan , Michael D. ; Brettler , Marc Z. ; Newsom , Carol A. ; Perkins , Pheme . The New Oxford Annotated Bible ( 3rd ed . ) . Peabody , Massachusetts : Hendrickson Publishers , Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59856 - 032 - 9 . Hurtado , Larry W. ( 2005 ) . How on Earth Did Jesus Become a God ? : Historical Questions about Earliest Devotion to Jesus . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 2861 - 3 . Köstenberger , Andreas J. ; Kellum , Leonard Scott ; Quarles , Charles L. ( 2009 ) . `` The Gospel According to John '' . The Cradle , the Cross , and the Crown : An Introduction to the New Testament . Nashville : B&H Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8054 - 4365 - 3 . Kovacs , Judith L. ( 1995 ) . `` Now Shall the Ruler of This World Be Driven Out : Jesus ' Death as Cosmic Battle in John 12 : 20 -- 36 '' . Journal of Biblical Literature. 114 ( 2 ) : 227 -- 47 . doi : 10.2307 / 3266937 . JSTOR 3266937 . Kysar , Robert ( 2005 ) . Voyages with John : Charting the Fourth Gospel . Baylor University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932792 - 43 - 0 . Kysar , Robert ( 2007 ) . `` The Dehistoricizing of the Gospel of John '' . In Anderson , Paul N. ; Just , Felix ; Thatcher , Tom . John , Jesus , and History , Volume 1 : Critical Appraisals of Critical Views . Society of Biblical Literature Symposium series . 44 . Society of Biblical Literature . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58983 - 293 - 0 . Ladd , George Eldon ; Hagner , Donald Alfred ( 1993 ) . A Theology of the New Testament . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8028 - 0680 - 5 . Lincoln , Andrew ( 2005 ) . Gospel According to St John : Black 's New Testament Commentaries . Bloomsbury Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4411 - 8822 - 9 . Lindars , Barnabas ( 1990 ) . John . New Testament Guides. 4 . A&C Black . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85075 - 255 - 4 . Lindars , Barnabas ; Edwards , Ruth ; Court , John M. ( 2000 ) . The Johannine Literature . A&C Black . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84127 - 081 - 4 . Metzger , B.M. ; Ehrman , B.D. ( 1985 ) . The Text of New Testament . Рипол Классик . ISBN 978 - 5 - 88500 - 901 - 0 . Michaels , J. Ramsey ( 1971 ) . `` Verification of Jesus ' Self - Revelation in His passion and Resurrection ( 18 : 1 -- 21 : 25 ) '' . The Gospel of John . Grand Rapids : Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4674 - 2330 - 4 . Most , Glenn W. ( 2005 ) . Doubting Thomas . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 01914 - 0 . Moule , C.F.D. ( July 1962 ) . `` The Individualism of the Fourth Gospel '' . Novum Testamentum ,. 5 ( 2 / 3 ) : 171 -- 90 . doi : 10.2307 / 1560025 . JSTOR 1560025 . Neusner , Jacob ( 2003 ) . Invitation to the Talmud : A Teaching Book . South Florida Studies in the History of Judaism. 169 . Wipf and Stock Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59244 - 155 - 6 . Olson , Roger E. ( 1999 ) . The Story of Christian Theology : Twenty Centuries of Tradition & Reform . Downers Grove , Illinois : InterVarsity Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8308 - 1505 - 0 . De Santos Otero , Aurelio ( 1993 ) . Los Evangelios Apocrifos ( The Apochryphal Gospels ) . Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos ( in Spanish ) . 148 ( 9th ed . ) . Madrid . ISBN 978 - 84 - 7914 - 044 - 1 . Pagels , Elaine H. ( 2003 ) . Beyond Belief : The Secret Gospel of Thomas . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 375 - 50156 - 8 . Porter , Stanley E. ( 2015 ) . John , His Gospel , and Jesus : In Pursuit of the Johannine Voice . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 7170 - 1 . Van den Broek , Roelof ; Vermaseren , Maarten Jozef ( 1981 ) . Studies in Gnosticism and Hellenistic Religions . Études préliminaires aux religions orientales dans l'Empire romain. 91 . Leiden : E.J. Brill . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 06376 - 1 . Reinhartz , Adele ( 2011 ) . `` John '' . In Levine , Amy - Jill ; Brettler , Marc Z . The Jewish Annotated New Testament . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 992706 - 7 . Sanders , E.P. ( 1995 ) . The Historical Figure of Jesus . Penguin UK . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 192822 - 7 . Senior , Donald ( 1991 ) . The Passion of Jesus in the Gospel of John . Passion of Jesus Series . 4 . Liturgical Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8146 - 5462 - 0 . Skarsaune , Oskar ( 2008 ) . In the Shadow of the Temple : Jewish Influences on Early Christianity . InterVarsity Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8308 - 2670 - 4 . Theissen , Gerd ; Merz , Annette ( 1998 ) ( 1996 ) . The Historical Jesus : A Comprehensive Guide . Fortress Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4514 - 0863 - 8 . Thompson , Marianne Maye ( 2006 ) . `` The Gospel According to John '' . In Barton , Stephen C. The Cambridge Companion to the Gospels . Cambridge Companions to Religion . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 80766 - 1 . Williamson , Lamar , Jr. ( 2004 ) . Preaching the Gospel of John : Proclaiming the Living Word . Louisville : Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 22533 - 9 . Witherington , Ben ( 2004 ) . The New Testament Story . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 2765 - 4 . Zimmermann , Ruben ( 2015 ) . Puzzling the Parables of Jesus : Methods and Interpretation . Minneapolis : Fortress Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4514 - 6532 - 7 . Further reading ( edit ) Brown , Raymond E. ( 1965 ) . `` Does the New Testament call Jesus God ? '' . Theological Studies . 26 : 545 -- 73 . Brown , Raymond E. ( 1979 ) . The Community of the Beloved Disciple . Paulist Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8091 - 2174 - 8 . Carson , D.A. ( 1991 ) . The Gospel According to John . Pillar New Testament Commentary Series . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 3683 - 0 . Culpepper , R. Alan ( 1983 ) . Anatomy of the Fourth Gospel : A Study in Literary Design . Minneapolis : Fortress . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8006 - 2068 - 4 . Dodd , C.H. ( 1968 - 05 - 01 ) . The Interpretation of the Fourth Gospel . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 09517 - 4 . Estes , Douglas ( 2008 ) . The Temporal Mechanics of the Fourth Gospel : A Theory of Hermeneutical Relativity in the Gospel of John ( BIS 92 ) . Leiden : Brill . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 16598 - 4 . Fonck , Leopold ( 1910 ) . `` Gospel of St. John '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . 8 . New York : Robert Appleton . Hamid - Khani , Saeed ( 2000 ) . Revelation and Concealment of Christ : A Theological Inquiry into the Elusive Language of the Fourth Gospel ( WUNT 120 ) . Tubingen : Mohr Siebeck . ISBN 978 - 3 - 16 - 147138 - 4 . Hill , Charles E. ( 2006 ) . The Johannine Corpus in the Early Church . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 929144 - 1 . Jensen , Robin M. ( October 2002 ) . The Two Faces of Jesus . Bible Review . p. 42 . M'Cheyne , Robert Murray ( 2007 - 04 - 30 ) . Bethany : Discovering Christ 's Love in Times of Suffering When Heaven Seems Silent ( A Study of John 12 ) . Diggory Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84685 - 702 - 7 . Morris , Leon ( 1995 ) . The Gospel According to St. John . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 2504 - 9 . Robinson , John A.T. ( 1990 ) . Redating the New Testament . Trinity Press International . ISBN 978 - 0 - 334 - 02300 - 5 . OL 9427964M . Sander , Emilie T. ( 2015 ) . `` Biblical Literature : The Fourth Gospel : The Gospel According to John '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Sloyan , Gerard Stephen ( 2006 ) . What are They Saying about John ? . What Are They Saying about ... ? series ( Revised ed . ) . Paulist Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8091 - 4337 - 5 . Smith , D. Moody ( 2010 ) . `` Jesus Tradition in the Gospel of John '' . In Holmén , Tom ; Porter , Stanley E. Handbook for the Study of the Historical Jesus . BRILL . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 16372 - 0 . Thatcher , Tom , ed. ( 2007 ) . What We Have Heard from the Beginning : The Past , Present and Future of Johannine Studies . Waco : Baylor University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60258 - 010 - 7 . Thatcher , Tom ( 2009 ) . `` Aspects of Historicity in the Fourth Gospel : Phase Two of the John , Jesus , and History Project '' . In Anderson , Paul N. ; Just , Felix ; Thatcher , Tom . John , Jesus , and History , Volume 2 : Aspects of Historicity in the Fourth Gospel . Society of Biblical Literature Symposium series . 44 . Society of Biblical Literature . ISBN 1589833929 . Theissen , Gerd ( 2011 ) . The New Testament : A Literary History . Translated by Maloney , Linda M. Fortress Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8006 - 9785 - 3 . Thompson , Marianne Meye ( 1996 ) . `` The Historical Jesus and the Johannine Christ '' . In Smith , Dwight Moody ; Culpepper , R. Alan ; Black , Carl Clifton . Exploring the Gospel of John : In Honor of D. Moody Smith . Old Testament Library . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 22083 - 9 . Thompson , Marianne Meye ( 2011 ) . `` John '' . In Fee , Gordon D. ; Hubbard , Robert L. , Jr . The Eerdmans Companion to the Bible . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 3823 - 0 . Vermes , Geza ( 2004 ) . The Authentic Gospel of Jesus . Penguin UK . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 191260 - 8 . Wansbrough , Henry ( 2015 ) . Introducing the New Testament . Bloomsbury Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 567 - 65670 - 4 . White , L. Michael ( 2010 ) . Scripting Jesus : The Gospels in Rewrite. Harper Collins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 198537 - 9 . A Brief Introduction to the Gospel According to John Gospel According to John , Encyclopædia Britannica Online . A textual commentary on the Gospel of John Detailed text ; critical discussion of the 300 most important variants of the Greek text ( PDF , 376 pages ; archived on 4 March 2016 ) John Rylands papyrus : text , translation , illustration and a bibliography of the discussion John , Gospel of St. in the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica -- collected comments ; archived 4 April 2006 Conflicts Between the Gospel of John & the Remaining Three ( synoptic ) Gospels on ReligiousTolerance.com . John Henry Bernard , Alan Hugh McNeile , A critical and exegetical commentary on the Gospel according to St. John , Continuum International Publishing Group , 2000 . External links ( edit ) Online translations of the Gospel of John : Over 200 versions in over 70 languages at Bible Gateway The Unbound Bible from Biola University David Robert Palmer , Translation from the Greek Text of the Gospel with textual variants The Egerton Gospel text ; compare with Gospel of John Gospel of John Gospel Preceded by Gospel of Luke New Testament Books of the Bible Succeeded by Acts of the Apostles Portals Access related topics Religion portal Christianity portal Bible portal Find out more on Wikipedia 's Sister projects Media from Commons Textbooks from Wikibooks Quotations from Wikiquote Source texts from Wikisource Learning resources from Wikiversity Jesus Historicity Chronology of Jesus Genealogy of Jesus Historical Jesus Quest for the historical Jesus portraits sources Josephus on Jesus Tacitus mention Mara bar Serapion letter Historicity Gospels race and appearance Life events Birth Nativity Mary Joseph Flight into Egypt Childhood Unknown years Baptism 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← Gospel of Luke ( chapter 24 ) Acts of the Apostles ( chapter 1 ) → VIAF : 57145910123927021804 LCCN : n79060414 GND : 4028700 - 2 SELIBR : 269323 SUDOC : 112017258 BNF : cb12008265h ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gospel_of_John&oldid=809280676 '' Categories : Catharism Gospel of John Johannine literature Hidden categories : Good articles Use dmy dates from July 2012 Articles containing Greek - language text Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia without Wikisource reference CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles incorporating text from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia without Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans ܐܪܡܝܐ Aymar aru Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote the gospel of john and when	[]	[]
-7459405283052778654	There Is a Balm in Gilead	There is a balm in Gilead - wikipedia There is a balm in Gilead Jump to : navigation , search `` There Is A Balm in Gilead '' is a traditional United States African American spiritual . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Traditional Lyrics 3 Alternate Lyrics 4 External links History ( edit ) The `` balm in Gilead '' is a reference from the Old Testament , but the lyrics of this spiritual refer to the New Testament concept of salvation through Jesus Christ . The Balm of Gilead is interpreted as a spiritual medicine that is able to heal Israel ( and sinners in general ) . In the Old Testament , the balm of Gilead is taken most directly from Jeremiah chapter 8 v. 22 : `` Is there no balm in Gilead ? Is there no physician there ? Why then is there no healing for the wounds of my ( God 's ) people ? '' ( Another allusion can also be found in Jeremiah chapter 46 , v. 2 and 11 : `` This is the message ( of the Lord ) against the army of Pharaoh Neco ... Go up to Gilead and get balm , O Virgin Daughter of Egypt , but you multiply remedies in vain ; here is no healing for you '' - see also Jeremiah chapter 22 , v. 6 . ) ( 1 ) The first appearance of the spiritual in something close to its current form is uncertain . A version of the refrain can be found in Washington Glass 's 1854 hymn `` The Sinner 's Cure , '' ( see link below ) where it is in 7s. 6s. 7s. 6s rather than the Common Meter of today 's refrain . Glass attributed this hymn to himself , but like several of the hymns so attributed , it is substantially the work of another . He attached to one of John Newton 's Olney hymns ( 2 ) of 1779 this refrain : There is balm in Gilead , To make the wounded whole ; There 's power enough in heaven , To cure a sin - sick soul . There is no mention of the balm of Gilead in Newton 's poem , but it begins : How lost was my condition Till Jesus made me whole ! There is but one Physician Can cure a sin -- sick soul . The similarities in the refrain make it likely that it was written for Newton 's verse . The 1925 7 - shape Primitive Baptist songbook Harp of Ages has an unattributed song `` Balm in Gilead '' with a similar chorus , but verses drawn from a Charles Wesley hymn , `` Father I Stretch My Hands to Thee . '' ( 3 ) The second verse quoted below ( `` If you ca n't ... '' ) is also found in some versions of another well - known spiritual `` ( Walk That ) Lonesome Valley . '' `` Wandering verses , '' as they are often called , are quite common in the camp meeting and revival context , and were already found in by 1800 in the African - American community , as shown by Richard Allen 's 1801 `` A Collection of Hymns and Spiritual Songs Selected from Various Authors . '' In 1845 Edgar Allan Poe mentions it in one of the last stanzas of his poem The Raven : `` Prophet ! '' said I , `` thing of evil ! -- prophet still , if bird or devil ! -- Whether Tempter sent , or whether tempest tossed thee here ashore , Desolate yet all undaunted , on this desert land enchanted -- On this home by Horror haunted -- tell me truly , I implore -- `` Is there -- is there balm in Gilead ? -- tell me -- tell me , I implore ! '' Quoth the Raven `` Nevermore . '' Traditional lyrics ( edit ) Lyrics are as follows : Chorus ( in bold ) : There is a balm in Gilead To make the wounded whole ; There is a balm in Gilead To heal the sin - sick soul . Some times I feel discouraged , And think my work 's in vain , But then the Holy Spirit Revives my soul again . ( Chorus ) If you can not sing like angels , If you ca n't preach like Paul , You can tell the love of Jesus , And say He died for all . ( Chorus ) Alternate lyrics ( edit ) Lyrics are as follows : Chorus ( in bold ) : There is a balm in Gilead , To make the wounded whole ; There is a balm in Gilead , To heal the sin - sick soul . Some times I feel discouraged , And think my work 's in vain , But then the Holy Spirit Revives my hope again . ( Chorus ) If you ca n't preach like Peter , If you ca n't pray like Paul , Just tell the love of Jesus , And say He died for all . ( Chorus ) Do n't ever feel discouraged , ' Cause Jesus is your friend , And if you lack for knowledge , He 'll never fail to lend . External links ( edit ) Hymnal website with lyrics to this spiritual . An early version of the chorus : `` The Sinner 's Cure '' by Washington Glass in The Revivalist , 1854 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=There_Is_a_Balm_in_Gilead&oldid=779240828 '' Categories : American folk songs African - American cultural history Religious music Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 May 2017 , at 20 : 37 . About Wikipedia	what does it mean there is a balm in gilead	[]	[]
-5807914961927758746	Age of consent	Age of consent - wikipedia Age of consent For other uses , see Age of consent ( disambiguation ) . Sex and the law Social issues Age of consent Antisexualism Censorship Circumcision Deviant sexual intercourse Ethics Homophobia Intersex Miscegenation ( interracial relations ) Norms Objectification Pornography Public morality Red - light district Reproductive rights Same - sex marriage Survival sex Specific offences ( Varies by jurisdiction ) Adultery Bestiality Buggery Child grooming Child pornography Child prostitution Criminal transmission of HIV Female genital mutilation Fornication Incest Pimping Prostitution forced procuring Public indecency Rape statutory marital Seduction Sexting Sexual abuse child Sexual assault Sexual harassment Slavery Sodomy UK Section 63 ( 2008 ) Violence Trafficking Voyeurism Sex offender registration Sex offender registry Sex offender registries in the United States Portals Sexuality Criminal justice Law Part of the Politics series on Youth rights Activities ( show ) Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co . 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Hanson David Joseph Henry John Caldwell Holt Alex Koroknay - Palicz Lyn Duff Mike A. Males Neil Postman Sonia Yaco Related ( show ) Animal rights Anti-racism Direct democracy Egalitarianism Feminism Libertarianism Socialism Students rights Youth rights Social movements portal The age of consent is the age below which a minor is considered to be legally incompetent to consent to sexual acts . Consequently , an adult who engages in sexual activity with a minor younger than the age of consent can not claim that the sexual activity was consensual , and such sexual activity may be considered statutory rape . The person below the minimum age is regarded as the victim and his or her sex partner is regarded as the offender , unless both are underage . The purpose of setting an age of consent is to protect an underage person from sexual advances . The term age of consent rarely appears in legal statutes . Generally , a law will instead establish the age below which it is illegal to engage in sexual activity with that person . It has sometimes been used with other meanings , such as the age at which a person becomes competent to consent to marriage , but the meaning given above is the one now generally understood . It should not be confused with other laws regarding age minimums including , but not limited to , the age of majority , age of criminal responsibility , voting age , drinking age , and driving age . Age of consent laws vary widely from jurisdiction to jurisdiction , though most jurisdictions set the age of consent in the range 14 to 18 . The laws may also vary by the type of sexual act , the gender of the participants or other considerations , such as involving a position of trust ; some jurisdictions may also make allowances for minors engaged in sexual acts with each other , rather than a single age . Charges and penalties resulting from a breach of these laws may range from a misdemeanor , such as corruption of a minor , to what is popularly called statutory rape . There are many `` grey areas '' in this area of law , some regarding unspecific and untried legislation , others brought about by debates regarding changing societal attitudes , and others due to conflicts between federal and state laws . These factors all make age of consent an often confusing subject , and a topic of highly charged debates . Contents 1 Age of consent by location 2 History and social attitudes 2.1 Traditional attitudes 2.2 Reforms in the 19th and 20th century 2.3 21st century and present day situation 2.4 Law 2.5 Age 2.6 Defenses and exceptions 2.7 Extraterritoriality 3 Other issues 3.1 Gender of participants 3.2 Marriage and the age of consent 3.3 Prostitution 3.4 Pornography and ' jailbait ' images 3.5 Health 4 Initiatives to change the age of consent 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Age of consent by location ( edit ) Age of consent for heterosexual sex in various countries puberty 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 ( void at present ) varies by state / province / region / territory ( void at present ) must be married no law ( void at present ) no data available / other Ages of consent in Africa Ages of consent in Asia Ages of consent in Europe Ages of consent in North America Ages of consent in the United States Ages of consent in Oceania Ages of consent in South America Age of consent by country Country Region Age of consent Afghanistan Asia Must be married Albania Europe 14 Algeria Africa 16 American Samoa Oceania 16 Andorra Europe 16 Angola Africa 12 Antigua and Barbuda North America 16 Argentina South America 13 Armenia Europe 16 Aruba North America 15 Australia Oceania 16 Austria Europe 14 Azerbaijan Europe 16 Bahamas North America 16 Bahrain Asia 21 Bangladesh Asia 14 Barbados North America 16 Belarus Europe 16 Belgium Europe 16 Belize North America 16 Benin Africa 18 Bhutan Asia 18 Bolivia South America 14 Bosnia and Herzegovina Europe 14 Botswana Africa 16 Brazil South America 14 Brunei Asia 16 Bulgaria Europe 14 Burkina Faso Africa 13 Burundi Africa 18 Cambodia Asia 15 Cameroon Africa 16 Canada North America 16 Cape Verde Africa 14 Caribbean Netherlands North America 16 Central African Republic Africa 18 Chad Africa 14 Chile South America 18 China Asia 14 Colombia South America 14 Comoros Africa 13 Cook Islands Oceania 16 Costa Rica North America 15 Croatia Europe 15 Cuba North America 16 Cyprus Europe 17 Czech Republic Europe 15 Democratic Republic of the Congo Africa 14 Denmark Europe 15 Djibouti Africa 18 Dominica North America 16 Dominican Republic North America 18 East Timor Asia 14 Ecuador South America 14 Egypt Africa 18 El Salvador North America 18 Equatorial Guinea Africa 18 Eritrea Africa 18 Estonia Europe 14 Ethiopia Africa 18 Federated States of Micronesia Oceania 14 Fiji Oceania 16 Finland Europe 16 France Europe 15 Gabon Africa 18 Gambia Africa 18 Georgia Europe 16 Germany Europe 14 Ghana Africa 16 Greece Europe 15 Grenada North America 16 Guam Oceania 16 Guatemala North America 18 Guinea Africa 15 Guinea Bissau Africa 16 Haiti North America 18 Honduras North America 15 Hungary Europe 14 Iceland Europe 15 India Asia 18 Indonesia Asia 16 Iran Asia Must be married Iraq Asia 18 Ireland Europe 17 Israel Asia 16 Italy Europe 14 Ivory Coast Africa 18 Jamaica North America 16 Japan Asia 13 Jordan Asia 16 Kazakhstan Europe 16 Kenya Africa 18 Kiribati Oceania 15 Kuwait Asia Must be married Kyrgyzstan Asia 16 Laos Asia 15 Latvia Europe 16 Lebanon Asia Must be married Lesotho Africa 16 Liberia Africa 18 Libya Africa Must be married Liechtenstein Europe 14 Lithuania Europe 16 Luxembourg Europe 16 Macedonia Europe 14 Madagascar Africa 14 Malawi Africa 14 Malaysia Asia 16 Maldives Asia Must be married Mali Africa 18 Malta Europe 18 Marshall Islands Oceania 16 Mauritania Africa 16 Mauritius Africa 14 Mexico North America 17 Moldova Europe 16 Monaco Europe 15 Mongolia Asia 16 Montenegro Europe 14 Myanmar Asia 14 Namibia Africa 16 Nauru Oceania 17 Nepal Asia 16 Netherlands Europe 16 New Zealand Oceania 16 Nicaragua North America 18 Niger Africa 13 Nigeria Africa 18 Niue Oceania 19 North Korea Asia 15 Northern Cyprus Europe 16 Northern Mariana Islands Oceania 18 Norway Europe 16 Oman Asia Must be married Pakistan Asia Must be married Palau Oceania 16 Gaza Strip Asia Must be married Panama North America 18 Papua New Guinea Oceania 16 Paraguay South America 14 Peru South America 14 Philippines Asia 12 Poland Europe 15 Portugal Europe 14 Qatar Asia Must be married Republic of the Congo Africa 18 Romania Europe 15 Russia Europe 16 Rwanda Africa 18 Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Africa 13 Saint Kitts and Nevis North America 16 Saint Lucia North America 16 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines North America 15 Samoa Oceania 16 San Marino Europe 14 Sao Tome and Principe Africa 14 Saudi Arabia Asia Must be married Senegal Africa 16 Serbia Europe 14 Seychelles Africa 18 Sierra Leone Africa 18 Singapore Asia 16 Slovak Republic Europe 15 Slovenia Europe 15 Solomon Islands Oceania 15 Somalia Africa 18 South Africa Africa 16 South Korea Asia 13 South Sudan Africa 18 Spain Europe 16 Sri Lanka Asia 16 Sudan Africa Must be married Suriname South America 16 Swaziland Africa 16 Sweden Europe 15 Switzerland Europe 16 Syria Asia Must be married Taiwan Asia 16 Tajikistan Asia 16 Tanzania Africa 18 Thailand Asia 15 Togo Africa 16 Tonga Oceania 16 Trinidad and Tobago North America 16 Tunisia Africa 18 Turkey Europe 18 Turkmenistan Asia 16 Uganda Africa 18 Ukraine Europe 16 United Arab Emirates Asia Must be married United Kingdom Europe 16 United States North America 16 Uruguay South America 15 Uzbekistan Asia 16 Vanuatu Oceania 16 Vatican City Europe 18 Venezuela South America 16 Vietnam Asia 18 Yemen Asia Must be married Zambia Africa 16 Zimbabwe Africa 16 History and social attitudes ( edit ) Traditional attitudes ( edit ) In traditional societies , the age of consent for a sexual union was a matter for the family to decide , or a tribal custom . In most cases , this coincided with signs of puberty , menstruation for a woman , and pubic hair for a man . The ancient Greek poet Hesiod in Works and Days ( c. 700 BC ) suggests that a man should marry around the age of thirty , and that he should take a wife who is five years past puberty . Reliable data for ages at marriage is scarce . In England , for example , the only reliable data in the early modern period comes from property records made after death . Not only were the records relatively rare , but not all bothered to record the participants ' ages , and it seems that the more complete the records are , the more likely they are to reveal young marriages . Modern historians have sometimes shown reluctance to accept evidence of young ages of marriage , dismissing it as a ' misreading ' by a later copier of the records . In the 12th century , Gratian , the influential founder of canon law in medieval Europe , accepted the age of puberty for marriage to be around twelve for girls and around fourteen for boys but acknowledged consent to be meaningful if both children were older than seven years of age . There were authorities that said that consent could take place earlier . Marriage would then be valid as long as neither of the two parties annulled the marital agreement before reaching puberty , or if they had already consummated the marriage . Judges sometimes honored marriages based on mutual consent at ages younger than seven : in contrast to established canon , there are recorded marriages of two - and three - year - olds . The first recorded age - of - consent law dates from 1275 in England ; as part of its provisions on rape , the Statute of Westminster 1275 made it a misdemeanor to `` ravish '' a `` maiden within age , '' whether with or without her consent . The phrase `` within age '' was later interpreted by jurist Sir Edward Coke ( England , 17th century ) as meaning the age of marriage , which at the time was twelve years of age . The American colonies followed the English tradition , and the law was more of a guide . For example , Mary Hathaway ( Virginia , 1689 ) was only nine when she was married to William Williams . Sir Edward Coke `` made it clear that the marriage of girls under 12 was normal , and the age at which a girl who was a wife was eligible for a dower from her husband 's estate was 9 even though her husband be only four years old . '' In the 16th century , a small number of Italian and German states set the minimum age for sexual intercourse for girls , setting it at twelve years . Towards the end of the 18th century , other European countries also began to enact similar laws . The first French Constitution of 1791 established the minimum age at eleven years . Portugal , Spain , Denmark and the Swiss cantons initially set the minimum age at ten to twelve years . Age of consent laws were , historically , difficult to follow and enforce : legal norms based on age were not , in general , common until the 19th century , because clear proof of exact age and precise date of birth were often unavailable . In Christian societies , sex outside marriage was forbidden . Older children were themselves often punished for being complicit in sexual interaction with an adult . Western Christianity also deemed that children were born into the original sin , and , as such , were perceived as inherently immoral . Children had very few rights and were considered the chattel of the father . From the late 18th century , and especially in the 19th century , attitudes started to change . By the mid-19th century there was increased concern over child sexual abuse . Reforms in the 19th and 20th century ( edit ) A general shift in social and legal attitudes toward issues of sex occurred during the modern era . Attitudes on the appropriate age of permission for females to engage in sexual activity drifted toward adulthood . While ages from ten to thirteen years were typically regarded as acceptable ages for sexual consent in Western countries during the mid-19th century , by the end of the 19th century changing attitudes towards sexuality and childhood resulted in the raising of the age of consent . Several articles written by investigative journalist William Thomas Stead in the late 19th century on the issue of child prostitution in London led to public outrage and ultimately to the raising of the age of consent to sixteen . English common law had traditionally set the age of consent within the range of ten to twelve years old , but the Offences Against the Person Act 1875 raised this to thirteen in Great Britain and Ireland . Early feminists of the Social Purity movement , such as Josephine Butler and others , instrumental in securing the repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts , began to turn towards the problem of child prostitution by the end of the 1870s . Sensational media revelations about the scourge of child prostitution in London in the 1880s then caused outrage among the respectable middle - classes , leading to pressure for the age of consent to be raised again . The investigative journalist William Thomas Stead of the Pall Mall Gazette was pivotal in exposing the problem of child prostitution in the London underworld through a publicity stunt . In 1885 he `` purchased '' one victim , Eliza Armstrong , the thirteen - year - old daughter of a chimney sweep , for five pounds and took her to a brothel where she was drugged . He then published a series of four exposés entitled The Maiden Tribute of Modern Babylon , which shocked its readers with tales of child prostitution and the abduction , procurement , and sale of young English virgins to Continental `` pleasure palaces '' . The `` Maiden Tribute '' was an instant sensation with the reading public , and Victorian society was thrown into an uproar about prostitution . Fearing riots on a national scale , the Home Secretary , Sir William Harcourt , pleaded in vain with Stead to cease publication of the articles . A wide variety of reform groups held protest meetings and marched together to Hyde Park demanding that the age of consent be raised . The government was forced to propose the Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885 , which raised the age of consent from thirteen to sixteen and clamped down on prostitution . In the United States , as late as the 1880s most states set the minimum age at ten to twelve ( in Delaware , it was seven in 1895 ) . Inspired by the `` Maiden Tribute '' articles , female reformers in the U.S. initiated their own campaign , which petitioned legislators to raise the legal minimum age to at least sixteen , with the ultimate goal to raise the age to eighteen . The campaign was successful , with almost all states raising the minimum age to sixteen to eighteen years by 1920 . In France , Portugal , Denmark , the Swiss cantons and other countries , the minimum age was raised to between thirteen and sixteen years in the following decades . Though the original arguments for raising the age of consent were based on morality , since then the raison d'être of the laws has changed to child welfare and a so - called right to childhood or innocence . In France , under the Napoleonic Code , the age of consent was set in 1832 at eleven , and was raised to thirteen in 1863 . It was increased to fifteen in 1945 . In Spain , it was set in 1822 at `` puberty age '' , and changed to twelve in 1870 , which was kept until 1999 , when it became 13 ; and in 2015 it was raised to 16 . 21st century and present day situation ( edit ) In the 21st century , concerns about child sex tourism and commercial sexual exploitation of children gained international prominence , and have resulted in legislative changes in several jurisdictions , as well as in the adoption of several international instruments . The Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse ( Lanzarote , 25 October 2007 ) , and the European Union 's Directive 2011 / 92 / EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011 on combating the sexual abuse and sexual exploitation of children and child pornography were adopted . The Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children , Child Prostitution and Child Pornography came into force in 2002 . The Protocol to Prevent , Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons , especially Women and Children , which came into force in 2003 , prohibits commercial sexual exploitation of children . The Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings ( which came into force in 2008 ) also deals with commercial sexual exploitation of children . Several Western countries have raised their ages of consent recently . These include Canada ( in 2008 -- from 14 to 16 ) ; and in Europe , Iceland ( in 2007 -- from 14 to 15 ) , Lithuania ( in 2010 -- from 14 to 16 ) , Croatia ( in 2013 -- from 14 to 15 ) , and Spain ( in 2015 -- from 13 to 16 ) . The International Criminal Court Statute does not provide a specific age of consent in its rape / sexual violence statute , but makes reference to sexual acts committed against persons `` incapable of giving genuine consent '' ; and the explicative footnote states , `` It is understood that a person may be incapable of giving genuine consent if affected by natural , induced or age - related incapacity . '' ( see note 51 ) Law ( edit ) Sexual relations with a person under the age of consent is a crime in most countries . Jurisdictions use a variety of terms for the offense , including child sexual abuse , statutory rape , illegal carnal knowledge , corruption of a minor , besides others . The enforcement practices of age - of - consent laws vary depending on the social sensibilities of the particular culture ( see above ) . Often , enforcement is not exercised to the letter of the law , with legal action being taken only when a sufficiently socially - unacceptable age gap exists between the two individuals , or if the perpetrator is in a position of power over the minor ( e.g. a teacher , minister , or doctor ) . The sex of each participant can also influence perceptions of an individual 's guilt and therefore enforcement . Age ( edit ) The threshold age for engaging in sexual activity varies between jurisdictions ( see above ) . Most jurisdictions have set a fixed age of consent . However , some jurisdictions permit sex with a person after the onset of their puberty , such as Yemen , but only in marriage . Ages can also vary based on the type of calendar used , such as the Lunar calendar , how birth dates in leap years are handled , or even the method by which birth date is calculated . Defenses and exceptions ( edit ) The age of consent is a legal barrier to the minor 's ability to consent and therefore obtaining consent is not in general a defense to having sexual relations with a person under the prescribed age , for example : Reasonable belief that the victim is over the age of consent In some jurisdictions it is a defense if the accused can show that he or she reasonably believed the victim was over the age of consent . However , where such a defense is provided , it normally applies only when the victim is close to the age of consent or the accused can show due diligence in determining the age of the victim ( e.g. an underage person who used a fake identification document claiming to be of legal age ) . Marriage In various jurisdictions , age of consent laws do not apply if the parties are legally married to each other . Close - in - age exemptions Some jurisdictions have laws explicitly allowing sexual acts with minors under the age of consent if their partner is close in age to them . For instance , in Canada , the age of consent is 16 , but there are two close - in - age exemptions : sex with minors aged 14 -- 15 is permitted if the partner is less than five years older , and sex with minors aged 12 -- 13 is permitted if the partner is less than two years older . Other countries state that the sexual conduct with the minor is not to be punished if the partners are of a similar age and development : for instance , the age of consent in Finland is 16 , but the law states that the act will not be punished if `` there is no great difference in the ages or the mental and physical maturity of the persons involved '' . Another approach takes the form of a stipulation that sexual intercourse between a minor and an adult is legal under the condition that the latter does not exceed a certain age . For example , the age of consent in the US state of Delaware is 18 , but it is allowed for teenagers aged 16 and 17 to engage in sexual intercourse as long as the older partner is younger than 30 . In Slovenia , the age of consent is 15 , but the law requires that there be `` a marked discrepancy between the maturity of the perpetrator and that of the victim '' . Homosexual and heterosexual age discrepancies Some jurisdictions , such as the Bahamas , Bermuda , Cayman Islands , Chile , Paraguay and Suriname have a higher age of consent for same - sex sexual activity . In both the United Kingdom and Western Australia , for example , the age of consent was originally 21 for same - sex sexual activity between males ( with no laws regarding lesbian sexual activities ) , while it was 16 for heterosexual sexual activity ; this is no longer the case . However , such discrepancies are increasingly being challenged . In Canada , the age of consent for anal sex is officially higher at 18 years , compared with 16 years for vaginal and oral sex . In the Canadian provinces of British Columbia , Nova Scotia , Alberta , Ontario and Quebec , this discrepancy has been declared unconstitutional by courts . Gender - age differentials In some jurisdictions ( such as Indonesia ) , there are different ages of consent for heterosexual sexual activity that are based on the gender of each person . In countries where there are gender - age differentials , the age of consent may be higher for girls -- for example in Papua New Guinea , where the age of consent for heterosexual sex is 16 for girls and 14 for boys , or they may be higher for males , such as in Indonesia , where males must be 19 years old and females must be 16 years old . There are also numerous jurisdictions -- such as Kuwait and the Palestinian Territories -- in which marriage laws govern the gender - age differential . In these jurisdictions , it is illegal to have sexual intercourse outside of marriage , so the de facto age of consent is the marriageable age . In Kuwait , this means that boys must be at least 17 and girls at least 15 years old . Position of authority / trust In most jurisdictions where the age of consent is below 18 ( such as England and Wales ) , in cases where a person aged 18 or older is in a position of trust over a person under 18 , the age of consent usually rises to 18 or higher . Examples of such positions of trust include relationships between teachers and students . For example , in England and Wales the age of consent is 16 , but if the person is a student of the older person it becomes 18 . Circumstances of the relationship In several jurisdictions , it is illegal to engage in sexual activity with a person under a certain age under certain circumstances regarding the relationship in question , such as if it involves taking advantage of or corrupting the morals of the young person . For example , while the age of consent is 14 in Germany and 16 in Canada , it is illegal in both countries to engage in sexual activity with a person under 18 if the activity exploits the younger person . Another example is in Mexico , where there is a crime called `` estupro '' defined as sexual activity with a person over the age of consent but under a certain age limit ( generally 18 ) in which consent of the younger person was obtained through seduction and / or deceit . In Pennsylvania , the age of consent is officially 16 , but if the older partner is 18 or older , he / she may still be prosecuted for corruption of minors if he / she corrupts or tends to corrupt the morals of the younger person . Extraterritoriality ( edit ) See also : Child sex tourism § Extraterritorial jurisdiction A growing number of countries have specific extraterritorial legislation that prosecutes their citizens in their homeland should they engage in illicit sexual conduct in a foreign country with children . In 2008 , ECPAT reported that 44 countries had extraterritorial child sex legislation . For example , PROTECT Act of 2003 , a federal United States law bans sexual activity by its citizens with foreigners or with U.S. citizens from another state , if the partner is under 18 and the activity is illegal under the federal , state , or local law . This applies in cases where any of the partners travels into or out of the United States , or from one state into another , for the purpose of an illegal sexual encounter . Other issues ( edit ) Gender of participants ( edit ) There is debate as to whether the gender of those involved should lead to different treatment of the sexual encounter , in law or in practice . Traditionally , age of consent laws regarding vaginal intercourse were often meant to protect the chastity of unmarried girls . Many feminists and social campaigners in the 1970s have objected to the social importance of virginity , and have also attempted to change the stereotypes of female passivity and male aggression ; demanding that the law protect children from exploitation regardless of their gender , rather than dealing with concerns of chastity . This has led to gender - neutral laws in many jurisdictions . On the other hand , there is an opposing view which argues that the act of vaginal intercourse is an `` unequal act '' for males and females , due to issues such as pregnancy , increased risk of STDs , and risk of physical injury if the girl is too young and not physically ready . In the US , in Michael M. v. Superior Ct. 450 U.S. 464 ( 1981 ) it was ruled that the double standard of offering more legal protection to girls is valid because `` the Equal Protection Clause does not mean that the physiological differences between men and women must be disregarded '' . Traditionally , many age of consent laws dealt primarily with men engaging in sexual acts with underage girls and boys ( the latter acts often falling under sodomy and buggery laws ) . This means that in some legal systems , issues of women having sexual contact with underage partners were rarely acknowledged . For example , until 2000 , in the UK , before the Sexual Offences ( Amendment ) Act 2000 , there was no statutory age of consent for lesbian sex . In New Zealand , before 2005 , there were no age of consent laws dealing with women having sex with underage boys . Previously , in Fiji , male offenders of child sexual abuse could receive up to life imprisonment , whilst female offenders would receive up to seven years . Situations like these have been attributed to societal views on traditional gender roles , and to constructs of male sexuality and female sexuality ; according to E Martellozzo , `` ( V ) iewing females as perpetrators of sexual abuse goes against every stereotype that society has of women : women as mothers and caregivers and not as people who abuse and harm '' . Alissa Nutting argues that women are not acknowledged as perpetrators of sex crimes because society does not accept that women have an autonomous sexuality of their own . Marriage and the age of consent ( edit ) Main articles : Marriageable age and Child marriage The age at which a person can be legally married can differ from the age of consent . In jurisdictions where the marriageable age is lower than the age of consent , those laws usually override the age of consent laws in the case of a married couple where one or both partners are below the age of consent . Some jurisdictions prohibit all sex outside of marriage irrespective of age , as in the case of Yemen . Prostitution ( edit ) Main article : Prostitution of children In many countries , there are specific laws dealing with child prostitution . Pornography and ' Jailbait ' images ( edit ) Main articles : Child pornography and Jailbait images In some countries , states , or other jurisdictions , the age of consent may be lower than the age at which a person can appear in pornographic images and films . In many jurisdictions , the minimum age for participation and even viewing such material is 18 . As such , in some jurisdictions , films and images showing individuals under the age of 18 , but above the age of consent , that meet the legal definition of child pornography are prohibited despite the fact that the sexual acts depicted are legal to engage in otherwise under that jurisdiction 's age of consent laws . In those cases , it is only the filming of the sex act that is the crime as the act itself would not be considered a sex crime . For example , in the United States under federal law it is a crime to film minors below 18 in sexual acts , even in states where the age of consent is below 18 . In those states , charges such as child pornography can be used to prosecute someone having sex with a minor , who could not be otherwise be prosecuted for statutory rape , provided they filmed or photographed the act . Jailbait images can be differentiated from child pornography , as they do not feature minors before the onset of puberty , nor do they contain nudity . The images are , however , usually sexualized , often featuring tween or young teen girls in bikinis , skirts , underwear or lingerie . Whether or not these images are legal is debated . When questioned regarding their legality legal analyst Jeffrey Toobin stated he thought it was not illegal , though legal expert Sunny Hostin was more skeptical , describing jailbait images as `` borderline '' child pornography which may be illegal . Health ( edit ) See also : Sexual intercourse § Health effects The human immune system continues to develop after puberty . The age of exposure has an influence upon if the immune system can fend off infections in general , and this is also true in the case of some sexually transmitted diseases . For example , a risk factor for HPV strains causing genital warts is sexual debut at a young age ; if this extends to the cancer causing strains , then sexual debut at a young age would potentially also increase risk of persistence of HPV infections that cause the very HPV induced cancers that are being diagnosed in spiking numbers of relatively young people . Initiatives to change the age of consent ( edit ) Main article : Age of consent reform Age - of - consent reform refers to the efforts of some individuals or groups , for different reasons , to alter or abolish age - of - consent laws . These efforts advocate five main positions : Introductions of close - in - age exceptions . A change in the way that age - of - consent laws are examined in court . Either increases in the ages of consent or more severe penalties or both . Either decreases in the ages of consent or less severe penalties or both . Abolition of the age - of - consent laws either permanently or as a temporary , practical expedient . See also ( edit ) Sexuality portal Law portal Adult film industry regulations Age disparity in sexual relationships Age of accountability Age of candidacy Age of Consent Act , 1891 ( British India ) Age of consent reform ( UK ) Age of majority Age of reason ( canon law ) Child sexual abuse Comprehensive sex education Convention on the Rights of the Child Emancipation of minors Fitness to plead , law of England and Wales French petition against age of consent laws Legal age Mature minor doctrine Minors and abortion Sexual Morality and the Law Sex - positive movement Sodomy law The Maiden Tribute of Modern Babylon Youth Youth suffrage Youth rights References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Waites , Matthew ( 2005 ) . The Age of Consent : Young People , Sexuality and Citizenship . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 1 - 4039 - 2173 - 3 . OCLC 238887395 . 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Jump up ^ Alfonso III , Fernando ( 11 August 2011 ) . `` A free - speech haven wrestles with violent images '' . The Daily Dot . Retrieved 12 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Chen , Adrian ( 12 October 2012 ) . `` Unmasking Reddit 's Violentacrez , The Biggest Troll on the Web '' . Gawker . Archived from the original on 12 October 2012 . Retrieved 12 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Hachman , Mark ( August 10 , 2011 ) . `` Reddit Closes ' Jailbait ' Pic Site , Allows Others to Remain '' . PC Magazine . Retrieved 12 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Crugnale , James ( September 30 , 2011 ) . `` Anderson Cooper Excoriates Reddit For ' Creepy ' Jailbait Section '' . Mediaite . Retrieved 12 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , David ; Griffin , Drew ( October 19 , 2012 ) . `` Man behind ' Jailbait ' posts exposed , loses job '' . CNN . Retrieved 12 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Medscape : Medscape Access '' . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Brewer , N.T. ; Ng , T.W. ; McRee , A.L. ; Reiter , P.L. ( 2010 ) . `` Men 's beliefs about HPV - related disease '' . Journal of Behavioral Medicine . 33 ( 4 ) : 274 -- 281 . doi : 10.1007 / s10865 - 010 - 9251 - 2 . PMC 4018629 . PMID 20162346 . Further reading ( edit ) Brewer , Holly . By Birth or Consent : Children , Law , & the Anglo - American Revolution in Authority ; Univ. of North Carolina Press ( Chapel Hill , 2005 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 5832 - 5 Robertson , Stephen ( University of Sydney ) . `` Age of Consent Laws . '' In : Children & Youth in History , Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media ( CHNM ) at George Mason University and the University of Missouri -- Kansas City. -- Includes links to primary sources . Waites , Matthew ( 2005 ) . The Age of Consent : Young People , Sexuality and Citizenship , ( New York ( United States ) and Houndmills , Basingstoke ( United Kingdom ) : Palgrave Macmillan ) ISBN 1 - 4039 - 2173 - 3 Schaffner , Laurie ( 2002 ) . `` An Age of Reason : Paradoxes in Legal Constructions of Adulthood '' . International Journal of Children 's Rights . 10 ( 3 ) : 201 -- 232 . doi : 10.1163 / 157181802761586699 . External links ( edit ) Legislation of Interpol member states on sexual offenses against children at the Library of Congress Web Archives ( archived 2001 - 09 - 25 ) ( Some information may be out of date ) Links to the relevant state laws for all 50 States and Washington DC at Archive.is ( archived 2010 - 08 - 31 ) Avert.org list Outline of human sexuality Physiology and biology Erection Insemination Intersex Libido Orgasm Female and male ejaculation Pre-ejaculate Pregnancy Sexual arousal Health and education Birth control Condom Masters and Johnson Reproductive medicine Andrology Gynaecology Urology Safe sex Sex education Sex therapy Sexology Sexual dysfunction Erectile dysfunction Hypersexuality Hyposexuality Sexual medicine Sexual surrogate Sexually transmitted infection Identity and diversity Gender binary Gender identity Men who have sex with men Sexual identity Sexual orientation Women who have sex with women Law Age of consent Criminal transmission of HIV Child sexual abuse Incest Indecent exposure Obscenity Sexual abuse Rape Sexual assault Sexual harassment Sexual misconduct Sexual violence History Blue Movie Counterculture of the 1960s Feminist sex wars Golden Age of Porn History of erotic depictions `` Porno chic '' Sexual revolution Relationships and society Anarchism and love / sex Extramarital sex Family planning Flirting Marriage Modesty Paraphilia Polyamory Premarital sex Promiscuity Romance Sexual abstinence Sexual addiction Sexual attraction Sexual capital Sexual ethics Sexual objectification Sexual slang By country Ancient Rome China India Japan Philippines South Korea United States Sexual activities Anal sex Bareback BDSM Child sex Coprophilia Creampie Gang bang Emetophilia Fetishism Fingering Fisting Group sex Masturbation Mechanics of sex Nipple stimulation Non-penetrative sex Facial Foot fetishism Footjob Frot Handjob Mammary intercourse Sumata Oral sex 69 Anilingus Cunnilingus Fellatio Irrumatio Orgasm control Paraphilia Pompoir Quickie Sex positions Sexual fantasy Sexual fetishism Sexual intercourse Foreplay Sexual penetration Sexual sublimation Swinging Tribadism Urethral intercourse Urolagnia Virtual sex Cybersex Dirty talk Wet T - 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-1373077112848060098	History of telephone numbers in the United Kingdom	History of telephone numbers in the United Kingdom - wikipedia History of telephone numbers in the United Kingdom Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom have a structure that reflects their historical demands , starting from many independent companies to a system that supports many different services including cellular phones which were never initially envisaged . Contents 1 Origins 2 Director system 3 Introduction of area codes 3.1 Director areas 3.2 1968 area code changes 4 All figure dialling 5 Special services 6 Calls to the Republic of Ireland 7 Mixed areas in Northern Ireland 8 Additional codes for mobile , freephone , non-geographic , premium rate and pagers 9 Number shortage 9.1 Splitting 01 for London into 071 and 081 9.2 Initial allocations with 10 digits : freephone 0800 numbers 9.2. 1 Oftel administers number allocation from 1994 9.3 Geographic numbers 9.4 National dialling only numbers 9.5 International calls from the UK 9.6 112 emergency number in addition to 999 9.7 Changes between PhONEday and the Big Number Change 9.7. 1 Geographic numbers 9.7. 2 National dialling only numbers 9.7. 3 New personal numbers with revenue - share start using 070 9.7. 4 New mobile numbers start using 077xx , 078xx , 079xx 9.7. 5 New pager numbers start using 076 9.7. 6 `` 08 '' consumer protection 9.7. 7 New freephone numbers start using 0808 9.7. 8 New non-geographic revenue - share numbers start using 0845 and 0870 10 Recent changes 10.1 1997 to present day : new allocations within existing 011x areas 10.2 2000s 10.2. 1 2000 introduction of 055 corporate numbers 10.2. 2 2000 introduction of 0844 and 0871 non-geographic revenue - share numbers 10.2. 3 2001 introduction of 091x premium rate numbers 10.2. 4 2002 introduction of 118 xxx numbers to replace 192 directory enquiries 10.2. 5 2003 new 0908 numbers for adult services 10.2. 6 2003 area name changes 10.2. 7 2003 responsibility for UK telecommunications passed from Oftel to Ofcom 10.2. 8 2004 additional number ranges within existing ELNS areas 10.2. 9 2004 additional number ranges within existing mixed areas 10.2. 10 2004 introduction of 056 VoIP numbers 10.2. 11 2005 to present day : new allocations within existing 02x areas 10.2. 12 2005 removal of unused 09xx broadband services from number plan 10.2. 13 2005 adult premium rate services begin using 098x numbers 10.2. 14 2005 NHS banned from using 0870 and 09xx numbers 10.2. 15 2006 ASA start taking action against misleading price indications for 084 and 087 numbers 10.2. 16 2006 new 075xx mobile numbers introduced 10.2. 17 2006 introduction of 101 for non-emergency calls to the police 10.2. 18 2007 introduction of 03 non-geographic numbers 10.2. 19 2007 new 0843 and 0872 non-geographic revenue - share numbers 10.2. 20 2008 new area code : 01987 Ebbsfleet 10.2. 21 2009 Reform of 070 personal numbering 10.2. 22 2009 introduction of 116 xxx numbers 10.2. 23 2009 new 074xx mobile numbers introduced 10.2. 24 2009 revenue - share no longer allowed on 0870 non-geographic ( and 070 personal ) numbers 10.2. 25 2009 PhonepayPlus begins regulation of 0871 and 0872 numbers 10.3 2010s 10.3. 1 2010 GPs banned from using 0844 ( and other 084x and 087x ) numbers 10.3. 2 2010 introduction of 111 for non-emergency calls to NHS 10.3. 3 2010 additional number ranges within 0191 area code 10.3. 4 2010 Ofcom propose changes in number conservation areas 10.3. 5 2011 area name changes 10.3. 6 2012 changes in local dialling 10.3. 7 2013 changes in 080 , 084 and 087 non-geographic arrangements 10.3. 8 2014 local number dialing 10.3. 9 2015 UK Calling legislation 11 Expansion of allocations for mobile , non-geographic and premium services 11.1 ELNS areas 11.2 Mixed areas 11.2. 1 NHS direct 11.2. 2 Warnings from Oftel 11.2. 3 Premium rate and mobile problems 11.2. 4 New premium rate services start using 090x 11.2. 5 Internet for schools 11.2. 6 Number conservation 11.2. 7 Broadband services 11.2. 8 Local dialling short codes 11.3 Big Number Change 11.3. 1 Geographic numbers 11.3. 2 National dialling only numbers 11.3. 3 Non-geographic , and mobile and pager numbers 11.3. 4 020 for London 11.3. 5 Misconceptions 12 Notes 13 References Origins ( edit ) The telephone service in the United Kingdom was originally provided by private companies and local councils . But by 1912 -- 13 all except the telephone service of Kingston upon Hull and Guernsey had been bought out by the Post Office . The Post Office also operated telephone services in Jersey until 1923 and the Isle of Man until 1969 when the islands took over responsibility for their own postal and telephone services -- although the Isle of Man system remained part of British Telecom until 1987 . Post Office Telecommunications was reorganised in 1980 -- 81 as British Telecommunications ( British Telecom , or BT ) , and was the first major nationalised industry to be privatised by the Conservative government . The Hull Telephone Department was itself reconstituted as Kingston Communications , in 1987 ; it was sold by Hull City Council in the late 1990s and celebrated its centenary in 2004 . Director system ( edit ) Main article : Director telephone system In November 1922 the General Post Office decided to adopt the Strowger system from the various systems it had tried and it was to include `` Directors '' in the exchanges in London . Demonstration models of the `` Director '' exchange were shown by manufacturer ATM of Liverpool as part of the Post Office exhibits at the British Empire Exhibition at Wembley in 1924 and 1925 . However , it was not until 1927 that the first `` Director '' telephone exchange was brought into service in Holborn , London and rolled out progressively across Greater London . A 3 digit code , represented by letters , identified the local exchange . Director schemes were gradually introduced in the other major cities of the UK -- Birmingham , Edinburgh ( although a relatively small city , it obtained seven - figure dialling for political reasons ) , Glasgow , Liverpool and Manchester . Introduction of area codes ( edit ) Main article : List of dialling codes in the United Kingdom Subscriber Trunk Dialling ( STD ) was introduced in 1958 to allow a caller to call another telephone directly instead of via a manual telephone exchange operator . Uniform exchange codes , usually called STD codes , were allocated for every exchange in the country , progressively as STD was rolled out . This process was not completed until 1979 . The original concept was for STD to be a nationwide Director system , and in common with the Director system , the exchange codes were originally assigned based on two letters of the respective place 's name and the corresponding numbers on a telephone dial . For example Aylesbury was given the STD code 0AY6 , where the letter A can be found on the number 2 and the letter Y on the number 9 . The letter O became a zero , such as for Bournemouth : 0BO2 where BO = 20 . Originally , where a place 's name began with the letter `` O '' the code would begin with two zeros , such as Oxford : 0OX2 where OX = 09 . These codes starting with `` 00 '' were later reallocated , freeing the prefix 00 for use by calls to the Republic of Ireland , to radiophones and to premium rate numbers . Within a single code group area there would usually be multiple exchange buildings in various locations . The smaller exchanges might have only a few hundred lines with three - digit subscriber numbers , e.g. 200 -- 499 . Larger exchanges might have a few thousand lines with four - digit subscriber numbers , e.g. 2000 -- 5999 , or five - digit subscriber numbers , e.g. 20000 -- 49999 . Population growth over the next few decades meant there was a need for more lines . This would see an exchange with existing three - digit numbers open one or more new ranges with four - digit local numbers ( e.g. 5000 - 6999 ) , and exchanges with existing four - digit numbers open one or more new ranges with five - digit local numbers ( e.g. 60000 -- 69999 ) . Since number ranges were being reused in each local exchange within a group , a series of short codes was devised to allow dialling from one local exchange to another at the cheapest ' local ' call rate without the need to dial the full STD code which would almost invariably attract one of the higher ' STD ' call rates based on distance . These short codes usually began with a 7 , 8 or 9 . The code was often only two or three digits , but might be up to five digits long . The last digit of this short code would usually also feature as extra digits on the end of the main STD code in order to differentiate each satellite exchange within a group when dialling from another STD code area . In written form these area codes were split after the third digit to highlight this satellite exchange numbering . e.g. for 0799 , Saffron Walden ( SW ) ( 0799 ) xxxxx Saffron Walden ( 079 982 ) xxx and xxxx Newport ( 079 983 ) xxx and xxxx Great Chesterford ( 079 984 ) xxx Ashdon ( 079 985 ) xxx and xxxx Clavering ( 079 986 ) xxx Great Sampford ( 079 987 ) xxx Radwinter ( 079 988 ) xxx Rickling As time wore on and number shortages became more acute , local numbers were gradually converted to five - figure or six - figure numbers , and the STD code changed to the ( 0xxx ) format . In many cases the initial digits of the new local number would be formed from digits previously at the end of the old STD code e.g. Newport ( 079 982 ) 5678 became Saffron Walden ( 0799 ) 825678 , nowadays ( 01799 ) 825678 . The local number would be padded with extra fixed digits ( if needed ) to make up the new total length e.g. Clavering ( 079 985 ) 345 became Saffron Walden ( 0799 ) 850345 , nowadays ( 01799 ) 850345 . In some cases the initial digits were changed e.g. Radwinter ( 079 987 ) 456 became Saffron Walden ( 0799 ) 500456 , nowadays ( 01799 ) 500456 . Post 2000 , only a dozen places have long STD codes with five - digit local numbers . One area with a long STD code retains four - digit local numbering . Long STD codes are rare . Many people are not familiar with the ( 0xx xx ) , nowadays ( 01xx xx ) format ; or the now discontinued ( 0xx xxx ) format , and often omit the space in written form . Director areas ( edit ) The director areas used a shorter area code , usually in the form 0x1 ( 01 for London ) with a 7 - digit local subscriber number . These were : Area code City Notes 01 London Until 1990 -- see below 021 Birmingham ( 2 = B) 031 Edinburgh ( 3 = E ) 041 Glasgow ( 4 = G ) 051 Liverpool ( 5 = L ) 061 Manchester ( 6 = M ) The codes 071 , 081 , and 091 were reserved for later expansion , with the former two eventually being temporarily allocated to London ( see below ) . Within the director areas , the first three digits of the seven digit subscriber number would relate to the local telephone exchange on which the number could be found . These were usually three - digit letter codes , based on the first three letters of the exchange name e.g. within the Liverpool director area , a number on the Anfield telephone exchange would be dialled as ANField xxxx . Within the London director area , a number on the Frobisher telephone exchange would be dialled as FRObisher xxxx . After the introduction of STD , but before the advent of all - figure dialling , to call a number on an exchange in a director area , the number would be dialled as follows , for example , 051 ANF 1234 . After the advent of all - figure dialling the number would be 051 263 1234 . 1968 area code changes ( edit ) In 1968 , area codes beginning 00 were changed . New area code ( 1968 onwards ) Area code name Old area code ( pre-1968 ) 0301 Arrochar 0022 ( OC ) Arrochar & Lochgoilhead , Dunbarton 0572 Oakham 0023 ( OA ) Oakham ( Rutland ) , Leics . 0631 Oban 0024 ( OB ) Oban , Argyll 0651 Oldmeldrum 0055 ( OL ) Newmachar & Oldmeldrum , Aberdeenshire . 0656 Bridgend , Ogmore Vale 0042 ( OG ) Ogmore , Bridgend , Mid Glam 0662 Omagh 0063 ( OM ) Omagh , Tyrone , Northern Ireland 0689 Orpington ( 68 = OT ) 0072 ( OR ) Orpington & Farnborough , Kent 0691 Oswestry ( 69 = OW ) 0073 ( OS ) Oswestry , Salop 0695 Ormskirk 0074 ( OR ) Ormskirk , Lancs 0801 Thrapston , Oundle 0085 ( OU ) Thrapston , Northants 0830 Kirkwhelpington , Otterburn 0086 ( OT ) Otterburn , Northumberland 0832 Clopton , Oundle 0082 ( OU ) Oundle , Northants 0837 Okehampton 0052 ( OK ) Okehampton , Devon 0850 Callanish , Lewis , Outer Hebrides 0040 ( OH ) Lewis , Hebrides 0044 ( ) Isle of Lewis , Hebrides 0851 0044 ( ) Stornoway 0851 Great Bernera and Stornoway , Outer Hebrides 0041 ( OH ) 0852 Kilmelford , Oban 0025 ( OB ) 0852 Kilmelford 0026 ( OB ) Kilmelford group 0027 ( OB ) Kilmelford , Argyll ( Oban ) 0855 Ballachulish , Onich 0062 ( ON ) Ballachulish Group 0062 ( ) Kinlochleven & Fort William , Argyll - no replacement 0075 ( OR ) Ormskirk , Lancs , outer areas 0856 Orkney 0076 ( OR ) Orkney Islands ( Kirkwall ) 0857 Sanday , Orkney 0077 ( OR ) Orkney Islands ( Eday , N. Orkney ) - no replacement 0078 ( OR ) Orkney Islands ( Kirkwall ) 0859 Harris , Outer Hebrides 0046 ( OH ) 0865 Oxford ( 86 = UN ( iversity ) ) 0092 ( OX ) Oxford 0866 Kilchrenan , Oban 0025 ( OB ) 0025 ( ) Taynuilt , Argyll 0867 Oxford 0096 ( OX ) Oxford , outer areas 0869 Bicester , Oxfordshire 0095 ( OX ) Bicester , Oxon 0870 Isle of Benbecula , Outer Hebrides 0047 ( OH ) Barra or Benbecula , Hebrides 0871 Castlebay , Outer Hebrides 0047 ( OH ) ( Isle of Barra Group ) 0876 Lochmaddy , Outer Hebrides 0047 ( OH ) 0878 Lochboisdale , Outer Hebrides 0047 ( OH ) 0883 Caterham , Oxted 0093 ( OX ) Oxted , Caterham , Surrey 0959 Westerham , Otford 0083 ( OT ) 0967 Strontian 0024 ( OB ) Codes beginning 00 were also used for premium rate numbers or as a short code for dialling calls to various places in the Republic of Ireland over the next few decades . All figure dialling ( edit ) Main article : All figure dialling The use of names was intended to provide a mnemonic for the exchange in the same way as for the Director system , but as more and more places were given STD codes the mnemonic link became more and more obscure , and this system became unworkable . Also , international direct dialling was being introduced and as other countries ( such as the USA ) had different assignments of letters to digits the opportunity for confusion existed . An earlier modification to get round this problem for European dialling was the addition of the letter Q to the digit 0 , which previously represented only the letter O . This was because some French exchanges had alphabetic codes including Q , but in the event France moved to all - digit codes before direct dialling from the UK was introduced . The use of alphabetic exchange ( area ) codes was abandoned in the UK in 1966 in favour of all figure numbering . As such about 60 % of current area codes are still based on the original alphabetic STD . Around 1982 , the 091 code was also brought into use : Area code City Notes 091 Tyne and Wear and Durham See article 0191 for migration details . Special services ( edit ) Until the mid-1980s freephone numbers could be accessed only by ringing the operator on 100 and asking to be connected , e.g. Freephone 8963 for BT customer service . Later on , the 0800 code came into use for freephone services . These numbers often had only 8 digits , e.g. 0800 1111 for ChildLine . From around 1980 , calls to Radiophones could also be direct dialled . 0034 -- Area 1 ( Greater London ) 0036 -- Area 2 ( Severn and Midlands ) 0037 -- Area 3 ( Liverpool and the North - East ) 0033 -- Area 4 ( Southern and Eastern Scotland ) 0039 -- Area 5 ( Southern England ) These covered only a small part of the country . The 0035 and 0038 codes were added later . In the 1980s , these other allocations were also in use : 0055 -- `` Talkabout '' 0066 -- `` Super Call '' 0072 -- Radio Paging 0073 -- Radio Paging 0077 -- `` Super Call '' Calls to the Republic of Ireland ( edit ) Until the late 1980s , calls to major towns and cities in the Republic of Ireland could also be made using short codes starting with 000 : 0001 -- Dublin 01 area 0002 -- Cork 021 area 0004 -- Dundalk 042 area 0005 -- Waterford 051 area 0006 -- Limerick 061 area 0007 -- Letterkenny 074 area 0009 -- Galway 091 area and 0015 -- Sligo This was discontinued in the late 1980s , so that all calls to the Republic of Ireland from the UK had to be dialled in the normal international format using the international access code ( initially 010 until 1995 , and then 00 ) and country code ( 353 ) . Calls could also be made using the full international dialling code since the introduction of International Direct Dialling . While most of the Republic of Ireland could be direct dialled , a small number of rural areas did not have an automated telephone service until the 1980s . As a result , calls from the UK to these areas had to be made through the BT operator who connected the calls to their Irish counterpart for completion . Unlike other international calls , these were handled by the BT national operator , in the same way as UK operator calls . This service was withdrawn at noon on 28 May 1987 when the last manual exchange in Ireland , at Mountshannon , County Clare , was switched over to an Alcatel E10 digital exchange . This completed Telecom Éireann 's ( now called eircom ) rural digitalisation project . Although full international dialling is now used , calls from Northern Ireland landlines to landlines in the Republic are charged at UK national or local rates , and calls from Great Britain to the Republic are charged at a special `` Republic of Ireland '' rate , higher than inland rates , but lower than those for elsewhere in Western Europe . Additionally , calls to Northern Ireland from the Republic of Ireland can be made without an international access code , but instead replacing the British 028 prefix not with the conventional international prefix 00 44 28 but with a shorter Irish 048 area code which specifically covers Northern Ireland . For example , calling Belfast from London would be 028 9xxx xxxx while calling Belfast from Dublin would be 048 9xxx xxxx . However , it is also possible to make calls using the normal international 00 44 28 xxxx xxxx format . In both cases , calls are charged at a much lower rate than calls to Britain . In recent years , these arrangements are becoming less relevant as customers in both countries have access to a wide range of telephone service providers , cable telephony services , mobile operators and alternative services based on VoIP . Some providers include unlimited calls to the UK or Republic of Ireland ( and many other countries ) in various bundled packages . See also : Telephone numbers in the Republic of Ireland Mixed areas in Northern Ireland ( edit ) In Northern Ireland , many of the area codes were created as `` mixed '' areas . There were a number of code changes within Northern Ireland over the years with some exchanges swapping to different area codes . In 1993 , further changes were made throughout Northern Ireland in preparation for PhONEday in 1995 . Many of the changes were eliminating 3 - digit and 4 - digit subscriber numbers in rural exchanges by adding extra digits ; the table below shows the end result . The system of `` mixed '' areas remained in place . Mixed area code ( 1990s ) `` Mixed '' area code name ( 1990s ) Local number length Local numbers begin ( 1990s ) 0247 Bangor 6 2 - 6 , 8 , 9 024 77 Kircubbin 5 2 - 9 0265 Coleraine 5 or 6 2 - 5 , 8 , 9 026 56 Ballymoney 5 2 - 9 026 57 Ballycastle 5 2 - 9 0266 Ballymena 5 or 6 2 - 4 , 6 , 8 , 9 026 65 Kilrea 5 2 - 9 026 67 Martinstown 5 2 - 9 0365 Enniskillen 6 2 - 4 , 8 , 9 036 55 Fivemiletown 5 2 - 9 036 56 Kesh 5 2 - 9 036 57 Lisnaskea 5 2 - 9 0396 Downpatrick 6 2 - 6 , 8 , 9 039 67 Newcastle 5 2 - 9 0504 Derry 6 2 - 6 , 8 , 9 050 47 Limavady 5 2 - 9 0648 Magherafelt 5 or 6 2 - 6 , 8 , 9 064 87 Cookstown 5 2 - 9 0662 Omagh 6 2 - 9 066 25 Ballygawley 5 2 - 9 066 26 Newtownstewart 5 2 - 9 066 27 Carrickmore 5 2 - 9 0693 Newry 5 or 6 2 - 6 , 8 , 9 069 37 Rostrevor 5 2 - 9 0820 Banbridge 5 ? or 6 ? 2 - 4 , 6 - 9 082 06 Banbridge 5 2 - 9 Additional codes for mobile , freephone , non-geographic , premium rate and pagers ( edit ) The prefixes listed in the table below were introduced at various times from the early 1980s to the mid-1990s . The details and timeline of these allocations is complex . 0459 , 0802 , 0831 , 0839 , 0860 , 0881 , 0891 , 0893 , 0897 , 0898 , 0921 , 0941 , 0961 , 0979 , 0987 , 0998 and 0999 had never been used for geographic area codes , so could be used for non-geographic and mobile services as soon as the need arose . Those codes , if used , have since migrated to various 07 , 08 and 09 ranges in the Big Number Change . Other codes had multiple uses over the years . Edinburgh stopped using 0500 and moved to 031 ( 0131 after PhONEday ) . Some years later , 0500 was used for Mercury Freephone services . Langholm was moved from 0541 to the new 038 73 `` mixed '' area ( 0138 73 after PhONEday ) . 0541 5 was then re-allocated as the National Rate non-geographic code for C&WC AreaCall which then became 0870 15 in the Big Number Change . Hornsea was moved from 0401 to join with the existing Patrington allocation at 0964 ( 01964 after PhONEday ) . This created the 0964 Hornsea and Patrington ELNS area . 0401 later went on to be used for Cellnet mobile until moving to 07701 in the Big Number Change . Some prefixes had dual usage when no longer used for geographic area codes . In the former Basildon 0374 area code , the 0374 5 number block was used for National Rate calls while the rest of the 0374 range was used for Vodafone mobile phones . Likewise , in the former Weardale 0956 area code the 0956 7 block was used for personal numbering and the rest of 0956 was used for One - to - One mobile telephones . The area codes 0921 , 0987 , 0998 and 0999 were never used. , the last of which due to possible confusion with the 999 emergency number . Freephone Local Rate National Rate Code Usage Code Usage Code Usage 0321 xxxxxx Vodafone Freephone 0345 xxxxxx BT Lo - Call 0374 5xxxxx National rate 0500 xxxxxx Mercury Freecall 0645 xxxxxx Mercury LocalCall 0541 5xxxxx Mercury AreaCall 0800 xxxxxx BT Freefone 0990 xxxxxx BT NationalCall Premium Rate Services Code Usage Code Usage Code Usage 0331 VoData premium rate 0881 1xxxxx Mercury premium rate 0898 xxxxxx BT premium rate 0336 xxxxxx VoData premium rate 0881 2xxxxx Mercury premium rate 0930 0xxxxx Premium rate 0338 Mercury premium rate 0881 3xxxxx Mercury premium rate 0930 1xxxxx Premium rate 0632 xxxxxx Premium rate 0881 5xxxxx Mercury premium rate 0930 2xxxxx Premium rate 0640 Mercury premium rate 0881 6xxxxx Mercury premium rate 0930 3xxxxx Premium rate 0660 xxxxxx Mercury premium rate 0881 7xxxxx Mercury premium rate 0930 4xxxxx Premium rate 0696 xxxxxx Premium rate 0881 9xxxxx Mercury premium rate 0930 5xxxxx Premium rate 0696 6xxxxx Jersey Telecoms premium rate 0890 xxxxxx Premium rate 0930 6xxxxx Premium rate 0696 8xxxxx Manx Telecoms premium rate 0891 xxxxxx BT ValueCall 0930 8xxxxx Premium rate 0696 9xxxxx Guernsey Telecoms premium rate 0894 BT premium rate 0930 9xxxxx Premium rate 0836 xxxxxx premium rate ? 0895 premium rate ? 0941 xxxxxx Premium rate ( Pagers ? ) 0839 xxxxxx Mercury premium rate ? 0896 Premium rate 0991 Mercury premium rate 0853 Premium rate 0897 BT premium rate Mobile Telephones Pagers Code Usage Code Usage Code Usage 0370 xxxxxx Vodafone 0802 xxxxxx BT Cellnet 0399 0xxxxx → 01399 0xxxxx VodaPage 0374 0xxxxx Vodafone 0831 xxxxxx Vodafone 0399 xxxxxx → 01399 xxxxxx VodaPage 0374 1xxxxx Vodafone 0836 xxxxxx Vodafone 0426 xxxxxx → 01426 xxxxxx BT Paging 0374 2xxxxx Vodafone 0839 xxxxxx Vodafone 0459 2xxxxx → 01459 2xxxxx Mercury / PageOne 0374 3xxxxx Vodafone 0850 xxxxxx BT Cellnet 0459 3xxxxx → 01459 3xxxxx VodaPage 0374 4xxxxx Vodafone 0860 xxxxxx BT Cellnet 0459 4xxxxx → 01459 4xxxxx VodaPage 0374 6xxxxx Vodafone 0930 7xxxxx ( 0961 7xxxxx ) One - to - One 0459 5xxxxx → 01459 5xxxxx VodaPage 0374 7xxxxx Vodafone 0956 1xxxxx One - to - One 0459 6xxxxx → 01459 6xxxxx VodaPage 0374 8xxxxx Vodafone 0956 2xxxxx One - to - One 0459 8xxxxx → 01459 8xxxxx VodaPage 0374 9xxxxx Vodafone 0956 3xxxxx One - to - One 0459 9xxxxx → 01459 9xxxxx Mercury / PageOne 0378 xxxxxx Vodafone 0956 4xxxxx One - to - One 01523 xxxxxx PageOne 0385 xxxxxx Vodafone 0956 5xxxxx One - to - One 01893 xxxxxx BT Paging 0390 xxxxxx Orange 0956 6xxxxx One - to - One 0336 7xxxxx Vodafone 0401 xxxxxx BT Cellnet 0956 8xxxxx One - to - One 0385 4xxxxx Vodata ? 0402 xxxxxx BT Cellnet 0956 9xxxxx One - to - One 0385 6xxxxx Vodata 0403 xxxxxx BT Cellnet 0958 xxxxxx One - to - One 04325 xxxxxx BT Paging 0408 xxxxxx BT mobile Personal Assistant 0961 0xxxxx One - to - One 04624 xxxxxx Isle of Man ? 0410 xxxxxx BT Cellnet 0961 1xxxxx One - to - One 0660 xxxxxx PageOne 0411 xxxxxx BT Cellnet 0961 2xxxxx One - to - One 0839 xxxxxx PageOne 0421 xxxxxx Vodafone 0961 3xxxxx One - to - One 0881 0xxxxx PageOne 0441 xxxxxx Vodafone 0961 4xxxxx One - to - One 0881 4xxxxx PageOne 04481 xxxxxx Guernsey Telecom 0961 5xxxxx One - to - One 0881 8xxxxx PageOne 0456 0xxxxx Orange 0961 6xxxxx One - to - One 0941 xxxxxx Orange ( HPL ) 0456 1xxxxx Orange 0961 8xxxxx One - to - One 0941 1xxxxx Orange ( HPL ) 04624 xxxxxx Isle of Man 0961 9xxxxx One - to - One 0467 xxxxxx Vodafone 0966 xxxxxx Orange 0468 xxxxxx Vodafone 0973 xxxxxx Orange 0498 xxxxxx Vodafone 0976 xxxxxx Orange 0585 xxxxxx BT Cellnet 0979 7xxxxx Jersey Telecom 0589 xxxxxx BT Cellnet ? Vodafone ? Personal numbering Code Usage 0956 7xxxxx FleXtel Personal Numbering Rapid expansion of mobile and premium rate services quickly depleted the number of available area codes . By the early 1990s it was also becoming more difficult to remember the various codes that might cost a lot more to call than a local or national call , and many consumers were caught out with larger than expected bills . A more long - term solution would need to be found as it was clear that mobile usage in particular was going to push demand for new codes even further in the coming years . Number shortage ( edit ) With growth in second phone lines , direct dial - in ( DDI ) lines , fax machines and multiple telecoms operators during the 1980s the demand for telephone numbers exceeded the available number ranges . A number of changes were to be made to the UK numbering plan . All these stages were planned out in one exercise in the early 1980s , though the exact dates for each stage was decided later . Splitting 01 for London into 071 and 081 ( edit ) The first major change was in May 1990 , when the London 01 area code was replaced with 071 and 081 . Local numbers remained seven digits long . Exchanges in central London used the 071 code . The remaining exchanges now used the 081 code and formed a ring around the 071 area . Although this effectively doubled the available numbers from eight to sixteen million , it was not to be the last change for the capital . Area New numbering Old numbering Inner London 071 - xxx xxxx 01 - xxx xxxx Outer London 081 - xxx xxxx 01 - xxx xxxx This change freed up the entire 01 code range for the next step of the plan : converting all geographic area codes to 01 . That operation would then free up the whole of the 02 to 09 range for a future re-organisation of some geographic and all mobile and non-geographic numbers . Most areas would see two code changes over the next decade , whilst London would have a total of three . It would be a decade before this inner / outer London split was eventually nullified . Consumers were already becoming confused as to what they would be charged for any particular call , with for example ( 0404 ) xxxxx being a call to Honiton in Devon and ( 0403 ) xxxxxx being a much more expensive call to a mobile phone . The situation in the early 1990s was as follows : Number prefix Example of geographic use Non-geographic services using other prefixes in same 0x range 01 Not used ; was formerly the area code for London prior to 1990 Freephone , local and premium rate services 02 Aberdeen ( 0224 ) Not used 03 Dover ( 0304 ) Freephone ; mobile ; local , national and premium rate services 04 Gloucester ( 0452 ) Mobile ; national rate 05 Kinross ( 0577 ) Freephone ; mobile ; national rate 06 Newbury ( 0635 ) Local and premium rate services 07 Romford ( 0708 ) Personal numbers 08 Tamworth ( 0827 ) Freephone ; mobile ; local , national and premium rate services 09 York ( 0904 ) Freephone ; mobile ; local , national and premium rate services The next few changes would fix these problems . Initial allocations with 10 digits : freephone 0800 numbers ( edit ) The longest telephone numbers in use until now had been 9 digits long ( not including the 0 trunk code ) , e.g. 051 234 5678 , 0303 456789 , 03873 56789 , 0800 445566 . The long term plan is for migration to 10 digit numbering in the UK and in 1991 this started with new 0800 numbers being allocated with 10 digits . Number range Usage 0500 xxxxxx Original 9 - digit Mercury ( now C&WC ) freephone allocations since 1992 0800 xxxxxx Original 9 - digit BT freephone allocations since 1980s 0800 xxx xxxx Additional 10 - digit freephone numbers Oftel administers number allocation from 1994 ( edit ) With multiple operators joining the market , administration was passed to an independent regulator . Oftel took over administration of the UK 's telephone numbers from BT in 1994 . Geographic numbers ( edit ) On `` PhONEday '' , 16 April 1995 , the digit `` 1 '' was inserted into all UK geographic area codes , including those in the director , all - figure dialling , ELNS and mixed areas . Under the new changes , for example , Inner London 's 071 became 0171 ; Outer London 's 081 became 0181 . A small selection of the codes that changed are shown in the table below : Area New numbering Old numbering Ashford ( 01233 ) xxxxxx ( 0233 ) xxxxxx Coventry ( 01203 ) xxxxxx ( 0203 ) xxxxxx Consett / Stanley ( 01207 ) xxxxxx ( 0207 ) xxxxxx Birmingham ( 0121 ) xxx xxxx 021 - xxx xxxx Cardiff ( 01222 ) xxxxxx ( 0222 ) xxxxxx Buxton ( 01298 ) xxxxx ( 0298 ) xxxxx Edinburgh ( 0131 ) xxx xxxx 031 - xxx xxxx Derby ( 01332 ) xxxxxx ( 0332 ) xxxxxx Dundee ( 01382 ) xxxxxx ( 0382 ) xxxxxx Evesham ( 01386 ) xxxxxx ( 0386 ) xxxxxx Glasgow ( 0141 ) xxx xxxx 041 - xxx xxxx Hull ( 01482 ) xxxxxx ( 0482 ) xxxxxx Liverpool ( 0151 ) xxx xxxx 051 - xxx xxxx Jersey ( 01534 ) xxxxxx ( 0534 ) xxxxxx Hawkshead ( 0153 94 ) xxxxx ( 053 94 ) xxxxx Luton ( 01582 ) xxxxxx ( 0582 ) xxxxxx Manchester ( 0161 ) xxx xxxx 061 - xxx xxxx Brampton ( 0169 77 ) xxxx ( 069 77 ) xxxx Southampton ( 01703 ) xxxxxx ( 0703 ) xxxxxx Inner London ( 0171 ) xxx xxxx 071 - xxx xxxx Reading ( 01734 ) xxxxxx ( 0734 ) xxxxxx Outer London ( 0181 ) xxx xxxx 081 - xxx xxxx Tyne and Wear / County Durham ( 0191 ) xxx xxxx 091 - xxx xxxx This was done with a view to reorganising the numbering plan at a later date , so that the first and second digits would indicate the type of service called : Area code prefix Service type 00 International call prefix 0 Trunk prefix 01 Geographic area codes 02 New geographic area codes 03 Originally reserved for new geographic area codes , but later used for non-geographic number ranges , charged at geographic rates . 04 Reserved 05 Corporate numbering 06 Formerly reserved for future personal numbering 07 Mobile phones , pagers and personal numbering 08 Freephone and shared cost / special rates 09 Premium rate Five new area codes were introduced for cities that were running low on phone numbers -- and a digit was prepended to each existing local number . City New numbering Old numbering Notes Leeds ( 0113 ) 2xx xxxx ( 0532 ) xxxxxx 53 = LE ( 0113 ) 3xx xxxx New phase of numbers , issued from 1997 . ( 0113 ) 8xx xxxx New phase of numbers , issued from 2006 . ( 0113 ) 4xx xxxx New phase of numbers , issued from 2010 . Sheffield ( 0114 ) 2xx xxxx ( 0742 ) xxxxxx 74 = SH ( 0114 ) 3xx xxxx New phase of numbers , issued from 2004 . ( 0114 ) 4xx xxxx New phase of numbers , issued from 2009 . Nottingham ( 0115 ) 9xx xxxx ( 0602 ) xxxxxx 60 = NO ( 0115 ) 8xx xxxx New phase of numbers , issued from 1997 . ( 0115 ) 7xx xxxx New phase of numbers , issued from 2006 . ( 0115 ) 2xx xxxx Small quantity issued late 2009 and early 2010 . Leicester ( 0116 ) 2xx xxxx ( 0533 ) xxxxxx 53 = LE ( 0116 ) 3xx xxxx New phase of numbers , issued from 2004 . ( 0116 ) 4xx xxxx New phase of numbers , issued from 2009 . Bristol ( 0117 ) 9xx xxxx ( 0272 ) xxxxxx 27 = BR ( 0117 ) 2xx xxxx New phase of numbers , issued from 2007 . ( 0117 ) 3xx xxxx New phase of numbers , issued from 1997 . ( 0117 ) 4xx xxxx New phase of numbers , issued from 2012 . Most of the initial local number ranges created by PhONEday were exhausted within just a few years . New local numbers then began to be allocated with a different initial digit . For example , in Sheffield ( 0114 ) when the 2xx xxxx numbers were exhausted , new numbers ( other than old recycled ones ) then began to be issued from the 3xx xxxx range . Similarly , newly allocated numbers in Leeds ( 0113 ) , Leicester ( 0116 ) and Bristol ( 0117 ) also came from the 3xx xxxx range , but in Nottingham ( 0115 ) , the new numbers instead came from the 8xx xxxx range . Less than a decade later , further new ranges were opened in most of these areas , but this time new Reading and Leicester numbers are in the 4xx xxxx range , new Bristol numbers are in the 2xx xxxx range , new Nottingham numbers are in the 7xx xxxx range and new Leeds numbers are in the 4xx xxxx and 8xx xxxx ranges . Since then , other ranges have been opened in these areas . See table above for further details . National dialling only numbers ( edit ) City New numbering Old numbering Notes Leeds 0113 0ax xxxx 0532 0xxxxx 53 = LE 0113 1ax xxxx 0532 1xxxxx Sheffield 0114 0ax xxxx 0742 0xxxxx 74 = SH 0114 1ax xxxx 0742 1xxxxx Nottingham 0115 0ax xxxx 0602 0xxxxx 60 = NO 0115 1ax xxxx 0602 1xxxxx Leicester 0116 0ax xxxx 0533 0xxxxx 53 = LE 0116 1ax xxxx 0533 1xxxxx Bristol 0117 0ax xxxx 0272 0xxxxx 27 = BR 0117 1ax xxxx 0272 1xxxxx International calls from the UK ( edit ) The international access code also changed on `` PhONEday '' , from 010 to 00 thus meeting the international call prefix standard set by the International Telecommunications Union ( ITU ) . 112 emergency number in addition to 999 ( edit ) In 1995 , the United Kingdom adopted the pan-European 112 emergency services number . This new number runs alongside the existing 999 number , first introduced in 1937 . 112 or 999 Emergency services ( police , fire , ambulance , coastguard , mountain rescue , cave rescue ) Changes between PhONEday and the Big number Change ( edit ) Geographic numbers ( edit ) Area New numbering Old numbering Notes Reading ( 0118 ) 9xx xxxx ( 0734 ) xxxxxx → ( 01734 ) xxxxxx 73 = RE ; changed between 1996 and 1998 , not on PhONEday ( 0118 ) 3xx xxxx New phase of numbers , issued from 1998 . ( 0118 ) 4xx xxxx New phase of numbers , issued from 2009 . Reading numbers endured two changes in a very short time . PhONEday , on 16 April 1995 , changed the area code from 0734 to 01734 , and then almost a year later , on 8 April 1996 , it changed again to ( 0118 ) . At that time , local numbers were changed from six to seven digits by inserting a 9 in front of the old local number . Parallel running of the old numbering was withdrawn on 9 January 1998 . National dialling only numbers ( edit ) Area New numbering Old numbering Notes Reading 0118 0ax xxxx 01734 0xxxxx 73 = RE ; changed between 1996 and 1998 , not on PhONEday 0118 1ax xxxx 01734 1xxxxx Around this time , some new number ranges were already being allocated and used for mobile phone numbers . These new ranges already fitted into the new numbering scheme of 07xxx xxxxxx . The rest of the older mobile phone numbers , those already in use for many years ( and at that time , both one - digit shorter , and having codes scattered throughout the 03 to 09 range ) would be brought into this 07x numbering scheme a few years later , both by changing the code to the 07x range , and by adding another digit . New personal numbers with revenue - share start using 070 ( edit ) In 1995 , the 070 prefix began to be allocated for personal numbers ( PNS ) . These new numbers had 10 digits . Number range Usage 070 xxxx xxxx New 10 - digit personal numbers New numbers at 070 107x xxxx were held aside in order for FleXtel personal numbers at 0956 7xxxxx to migrate in the forthcoming Big Number Change in 2000 . The geographic area codes 0700 to 0709 had only recently been moved to 01700 to 01709 on PhONEday . New 070 personal number allocations had to be chosen carefully such that mis - dialled calls for old pre-PhONEday geographic numbers would fail to connect rather than connect the caller to a user of a new personal number . Oftel identified old ( 070x ) xx geographic number ranges that had not been used before and re-allocated those first . For example , The Welwyn Garden City ( 0707 ) 4x range ( now 01707 4x ) had never been used , so 070 74xx quickly came into use for personal numbering in 1996 . However , the ( 0707 ) 3x range ( now 01707 3x ) had been in use within Welwyn Garden City , and these numbers remained protected by Oftel for a number of years . The 070 73xx range of numbers finally came into use for personal numbering in 2007 . 070 numbers initially allowed revenue share . These numbers are easy to mistake for mobile phone numbers and many scams developed . Oftel consulted on various proposals . Eventually revenue share was banned on these lines and they also fell under the jurisdiction of ICSTIS ( nowadays PhonepayPlus ) , the premium rate services regulator . New mobile numbers start using 077xx , 078xx , 079xx ( edit ) Geographic numbers had been moved to begin 01 in the PhONEday changes in 1995 . Pre-existing mobile phone , non-geographic , premium rate and pager services continued to use the same 9 - digit 02xx xxxxxx to 09xx xxxxxx numbers as before . It would be several more years before these would add a digit to become 10 - digit numbers and move to the 07 , 08 and 09 ranges in the Big Number Change in 2000 - 2001 . From May 1997 , new mobile phone services started using numbers beginning 077 , 078 or 079 re-using area codes recently vacated by 9 - digit geographic numbers . These new mobile numbers have 10 digits . Number range Usage 077xx xxxxxx New 10 - digit mobile telephone allocations 078xx xxxxxx New 10 - digit mobile telephone allocations 079xx xxxxxx New 10 - digit mobile telephone allocations BT Cellnet started with 07801 xxxxxx , 07803 xxxxxx , 07808 xxxxxx and 07809 xxxxxx . Vodafone started with 07771 xxxxxx and 07775 xxxxxx in May 1997 . One2One started using 07804 xxxxxx and 07806 xxxxxx numbers in May 1995 . 07xxx codes for new allocations by operators have been issued by Oftel since May 1997 . It would be another few years before older BT Cellnet 0802 xxxxxx numbers were converted to 07802 xxxxxx , Vodafone 0370 xxxxxx numbers were converted to 07770 xxxxxx and One2One 0961 xxxxxx numbers were converted to 07961 xxxxxx in the Big Number Change . New pager numbers start using 076 ( edit ) Pre-existing pager numbers were already scattered under various codes in the 02xx to 09xx range and had 9 digits . Several services used non-standard 01 numbers . These would all eventually be moved to 076 codes and to 10 digits in the Big Number Change in 2000 . From 1998 onwards , new pager numbers began to be issued in parts of the 076 range . These new numbers had 10 digits . Number range Usage 076 xxxx xxxx New 10 - digit pager allocations Various parts of the 076 range were set aside for pager number migration in the forthcoming Big Number Change in 2000 . The number range 07624 xxxxxx was set aside for mobile telephones in the Isle of Man . This would also come into use as a part of the Big Number Change . `` 08 '' Consumer protection ( edit ) The initial plan for the new `` 08 '' number range was such that rates charged to people calling an 08 telephone number would be made more clear by linking the cost of the call to the second digit of the National Significant Number . Numbers starting 080 would be free ( except from mobile phones ) , while 082 would be cheaper than 089 . New freephone numbers start using 0808 ( edit ) In 1997 , Oftel released 10 - digit numbers beginning 0808 designated as freephone services . These calls are free only from a landline or public payphone . Number range Usage 0808 0xx xxxx 10 - digit freephone numbers ( held in reserve for forthcoming 0321 Big Number Change migration ) 0808 1xx xxxx to 0808 8xx xxxx New 10 - digit freephone allocations 0808 9xx xxxx New 10 - digit freephone allocations for internet services Both BT and Mercury issued only 10 - digit freephone numbers to users after 1997 . With the market opened up to competition , many other companies also allocated these numbers to users . Usage of pre-existing 10 - and 9 - digit 0800 numbers and pre-existing 9 - digit 0500 numbers continued as before . Additionally , numbers in the range 0808 80x xxxx are reserved for not - for - profit helplines and as such are usually free to call from most mobile telephones . A number of other numbers can also called for free from mobiles , but this varies by network . New non-geographic revenue - share numbers start using 0845 and 0870 ( edit ) From 1996 onwards , Oftel brought various new 10 - digit non-geographic 0845 and 0870 numbers into use . Number range Usage 0845 xxx xxxx New 10 - digit non-geographic numbers 0870 xxx xxxx New 10 - digit non-geographic numbers Only certain sub-parts of each code were made available for immediate use . Numbers at 0845 7 , 0845 9 , 0870 1 , 0870 4 , 0870 5 and other ranges were set aside for numbers such as 0345 , 0374 , 0541 , 0645 and 0990 that would be migrating from 9 - digits to 10 - digits and to these two 08xx codes in the forthcoming Big Number Change in 2000 . In these early days , the price for calling 0845 numbers from landlines was tied to BT 's price for calls to local geographic numbers . Similarly , the price for calling 0870 numbers from landlines was tied to BT 's price for national calls to geographic numbers . Recent changes ( edit ) 1997 to present day : new allocations within existing 011x areas ( edit ) These are detailed as extra entries within the PhONEday section above . 2000s ( edit ) 2000 introduction of 055 corporate numbers ( edit ) In 2000 , Oftel started allocating 055 numbers for corporate numbering . These numbers have 10 digits . Uptake of these numbers has been low . 055 xxxx xxxx Corporate Numbering 055 114x xxxx numbers have been used for the BT Broadband Voice service since December 2003 , one of their bigger customers being Abbey ( now Santander ) bank . 2000 introduction of 0844 and 0871 non-geographic revenue - share numbers ( edit ) In 2000 , Oftel started allocating non-geographic 0844 and 0871 revenue - share numbers . These numbers have 10 digits . Initially , uptake of these numbers was low , but increased dramatically from 2005 onwards . 0844 00x xxxx Non-geographic special services basic rate ( internet ) 0844 01x xxxx to 0844 09x xxxx currently unused 0844 1xx xxxx currently unused 0844 2xx xxxx to 0844 9xx xxxx Non-geographic special services basic rate ( non-internet ) 0871 0xx xxxx Non-geographic special services higher rate ( internet ) 0871 1xx xxxx currently unused 0871 2xx xxxx to 0871 9xx xxxx Non-geographic special services higher rate ( non-internet ) These numbers look similar to 0845 and 0870 numbers but are often charged at a different rate . From their inception until around 2005 , call costs from landlines looked like this : 080x -- No charge to caller 0844 -- Up to 5p / min from BT landlines , set by terminating operator 0845 -- Originating landline operator 's `` Local Rate '' 0870 -- Originating landline operator 's `` National Rate '' 0871 -- Up to 10p / min from BT landlines , set by terminating operator The call price for 0844 and 0871 numbers from a BT landline is the revenue - share premium and no additional markup , by regulation . From landlines other than BT , the call price for 0844 and 0871 numbers is usually higher than from BT landlines as those other operators add their own unregulated markup on top of the revenue share . From mobiles , 080 numbers cost from 10 to 30 pence per minute and calls to 084 and 087 numbers cost up to 50 pence per minute at that time . The revenue share is only a small proportion of the cost billed to callers when using a mobile . After 2005 , most landline providers no longer differentiated between local and national calls , charging a single geographic rate for calling 01 and 02 numbers nationwide . Many landline providers also started offering inclusive call bundles for 01 and 02 numbers and by 2011 the vast majority of landline phone users were on this type of deal . Bundled minutes from mobiles include 01 , 02 and 07 numbers . Bundles effectively make all calls to 01 and 02 numbers `` free '' for very many people . Since 2005 , it has been illegal to describe 084 numbers as `` local rate '' or `` lo - call '' or 087 numbers as `` national rate '' . A small number of landline providers and a smaller number of mobile providers have allowed 0870 ( and a few landline providers have also allowed 0845 ) numbers to be used in inclusive minutes bundles . However , 0844 and 0871 numbers are never inclusive . From landlines , 084 and 087 numbers cost anything up to 20 pence per minute . From mobile phones , 084 and 087 numbers cost anything up to 45 pence per minute . The price includes a revenue - share `` premium '' or `` service charge '' of up to 5 pence per minute for 0844 numbers and up to 10 pence per minute for 0871 numbers . The premium is passed on to the terminating telecoms company . Due to persistent abuse of 0871 numbers these have been under the remit of PhonepayPlus ( previously known as ICSTIS ) since 2009 . In 2013 / 2014 , the Consumer Rights Directive will make 084 , 087 and other numbers charged at above geographic rate , illegal to use for customer service and complaints lines . 2001 introduction of 091x premium rate numbers ( edit ) In 2001 , additional premium rate numbers in the 091x range started to be allocated . Initially just 0911 , but latterly also 0912 and 0913 . 091x xxx xxxx Premium rate content services 09 numbers were regulated first by ICSTIS and then after 2007 by PhonepayPlus . 2002 introduction of 118 xxx numbers to replace 192 directory enquiries ( edit ) Until 2002 , the domestic directory enquiries service within the UK had been reached by dialling 192 from a landline . The service had been run solely by BT . In December 2002 , the market was opened up by Oftel for new providers to run additional directory enquiries services in competition . BT 's 192 service moved to 118 500 , and dialling 192 ceased working in August 2003 . New providers used 118 118 , 118 247 , 118 855 and many others . Nowadays there are more than a hundred such providers and more than 130 different tariffs . 118 xxx Directory Enquiries ( DQ ) As with 09xx premium rate numbers , the usage of 118 xxx directory enquiry numbers was regulated by ICSTIS ( later PhonepayPlus ) . 2003 new 0908 numbers for adult services ( edit ) In 2003 , the 0908 number range came into use , as 0909 was now almost fully allocated . 0908 xxx xxxx 0909 xxx xxxx Sexual entertainment services 2003 area name changes ( edit ) See also : List telephone area name changes in the United Kingdom In 2003 , Oftel published a proposal to create a National Telephone Numbering Plan . This draft plan proposed changing the names of many areas from whatever name BT had previously used . Following responses from BT , C&W and others , the final plan was published with a number of amendments incorporated , followed by a minor revision a few weeks later . A few months later , the data and the responsibility for maintaining it was passed to Ofcom . Ofcom 's data is contained in two files : the NTNP PDF file ( updated several times per year ) and the SABC CSV file for electronic download ( published weekly ) . Although the data in these files should be identical , there have been and still are very many differences between them . In one background document from 2004 , Ofcom states that In order to conform to the National Telephone Numbering Plan ( NTNP ) , the names of the following Geographic Area Codes have changed - 1248 , 1268 , 1275 , 1276 , 1291 , 1293 , 1306 , 1322 , 1327 , 1334 , 1344 , 1354 , 1356 , 1375 , 1384 , 1394 , 1425 , 1438 , 1442 , 1451 , 1454 , 1461 , 1470 , 1471 , 1477 , 1478 , 1485 , 1488 , 1489 , 1491 , 1543 , 1561 , 1562 , 1582 , 1588 , 1598 , 1661 , 1668 , 1675 , 1680 , 1681 , 1684 , 1688 , 1689 , 1695 , 1707 , 1720 , 1727 , 1737 , 1744 , 1753 , 1770 , 1784 , 1806 , 1821 , 1856 , 1870 , 1877 , 1883 , 1885 , 1889 , 1895 , 1908 , 1920 , 1922 , 1926 , 1928 , 1932 , 1952 , 1953 , 1963 , 1980 , 1983 , 1984 , 1992 . However , several of the above area codes did not see any name change . It had been proposed to change some names but in the end either the original BT name continued to be used or a completely new name suggested by either BT or C&W , or by both , was adopted . The Ofcom proposal also contained a large number of spelling mistakes in the proposed area code names . Some of those errors were rectified within weeks or months , while others have still not been fixed eight years later . Additionally , several other areas changed their name after suggestions by BT and / or C&W , although Ofcom originally had no plans to change them . There are also several areas which changed name but are not listed above . Additionally some names were changed in one Ofcom document but were not updated in the other Ofcom document until several years later . Some have still not been updated or corrected . Nine more place names were fixed in a reissued NTNP PDF document in mid-December 2011 . 2003 responsibility for UK Telecommunications passed from Oftel to Ofcom ( edit ) In 2003 , the Office of Telecommunications ( Oftel ) was disbanded and replaced with the Office of Communications ( Ofcom ) . 2004 additional number ranges within existing ELNS areas ( edit ) In 2004 , Ofcom allocated the remaining number ranges within the 14 existing ELNS areas . `` ELNS '' area code `` ELNS '' area code name Local number length Local numbers begin ( 2004 onwards ) Local numbers begin ( until 2004 ) 01229 Barrow - in - Furness ( BA ) 6 2 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 8 4 , 5 , 6 , 8 Millom 6 3 , 7 , 9 7 01339 Aboyne 6 2 , 3 , 5 , 8 8 Ballater 6 4 , 6 , 7 , 9 7 01388 Bishop Auckland 6 3 , 4 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 3 , 4 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 Stanhope 6 2 , 5 5 01423 Boroughbridge 6 3 , 4 , 9 3 , 9 Harrogate ( HA ) 6 2 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 2 , 5 , 7 , 8 01430 Market Weighton 6 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 8 North Cave 6 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 01434 Bellingham 6 2 , 4 , 9 Haltwhistle 6 3 , 5 Hexham ( HE ) 6 6 , 7 , 8 6 , 7 , 8 01437 Clynderwen ( Clunderwen ) 6 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 5 Haverfordwest ( HF ) 6 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 7 , 8 , 9 01507 Alford ( Lincs ) 6 4 , 8 , 9 4 , 8 Louth ( LO ) 6 3 , 6 , 7 3 , 6 Spilsby ( Horncastle ) 6 2 , 5 5 01686 Llanidloes 6 2 , 3 , 4 , 7 Newtown ( NT ) 6 5 , 6 , 8 , 9 6 , 8 01847 Thurso ( TH ) 6 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 8 5 , 8 Tongue 6 6 , 7 , 9 6 01851 Great Bernera 6 4 , 6 , 9 6 Stornoway 6 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 8 7 , 8 01890 Ayton 6 5 , 6 , 7 , 9 7 Coldstream 6 2 , 3 , 4 , 8 2 , 3 , 8 01964 Hornsea 6 2 , 5 , 8 , 9 5 Patrington 6 3 , 4 , 6 , 7 6 01975 Alford ( Aberdeen ) 6 2 , 4 , 5 , 9 5 Strathdon 6 3 , 6 , 7 , 8 6 2004 additional number ranges within existing mixed areas ( edit ) In 2004 , Ofcom allocated the remaining number ranges within the existing 18 `` mixed '' areas . `` Mixed '' area code `` Mixed '' area code name Local number length Local numbers begin ( 2004 onwards ) Local numbers begin ( until 2004 ) Short local numbers begin 01387 Dumfries ( DU ) 6 2 , 4 - 9 2 , 7 - 9 - 0138 73 Langholm 5 2 - 9 2 - 9 - 01524 Lancaster ( LA ) 5 or 6 3 - 9 3 - 8 32 - 37 , 39 , 60 - 69 0152 42 Hornby - with - Farleton 5 2 - 9 2 - 9 - 01539 Kendal ( KE ) 6 2 - 3 , 7 - 9 7 - 8 - 0153 94 Hawkshead 5 2 - 9 2 - 9 - 0153 95 Grange - over-Sands 5 2 - 9 2 - 9 - 0153 96 Sedbergh 5 2 - 9 2 - 9 - 01697 Brampton - North West ( NW ) 6 2 , 5 - 6 , 8 - 9 none - 0169 73 Wigton 5 2 - 9 2 - 9 - 0169 74 Raughton Head 5 2 - 9 2 - 9 - 0169 77 Brampton 4 or 5 2 - 9 2 - 5 2 - 3 01768 Penrith ( PN ) 5 or 6 2 , 5 - 6 , 8 - 9 2 , 6 , 8 882 - 884 , 886 - 888 0176 83 Appleby - in - Westmorland 5 2 - 9 2 - 9 - 0176 84 Pooley Bridge 5 2 - 9 2 - 9 - 0176 87 Keswick 5 2 - 9 2 - 9 - 01946 Whitehaven ( WH ) 5 or 6 2 - 6 , 8 - 9 5 , 6 , 8 61 - 68 0194 67 Gosforth 5 2 - 9 2 - 9 - 2004 introduction of 056 VoIP numbers ( edit ) In 2004 , Ofcom started allocating 056 numbers for VoIP services . Soon after , VoIP services also appeared on geographic 01 and 02 numbers . Uptake of 056 numbers remains low . These numbers have 10 digits . 056 xxxx xxxx LIECS ( Location Independent Electronic Communications Services ) , e.g. VoIP services 2005 to present day : new allocations within existing 02x areas ( edit ) These are detailed as extra entries within the Big Number Change section above . 2005 removal of unused 09xx broadband services from number plan ( edit ) Some years earlier , 092x to 099x had been designated `` broadband services '' . With changes in technology , this allocation had never been used . It was removed from the plan in 2005 . 092x xxx xxxx to 099x xxx xxxx Broadband services 2005 adult premium rate services begin using 098x numbers ( edit ) With calls for premium rate adult services to be more clearly defined and separated from other premium rate services , the 0908 and 0909 codes were to be no longer issued for new services . Instead , the new 098x range would be used , initially 0982 but latterly also 0983 , 0984 and 0989 . 0908 xxx xxxx 0909 xxx xxxx Sexual entertainment services ( not available for new allocations ) 098x xxx xxxx Sexual entertainment services Some companies had attempted to avoid restrictions placed on Premium Rate Services by instead running adult services on various 070 , 0871 and other number ranges . Regulations were eventually drafted to force these services to use only the designated 098x ( and pre-existing 0908 and 0909 ) numbers . 2005 NHS banned from using 0870 and 09xx numbers ( edit ) Due to concerns raised by patients having to pay unfair costs when calling NHS services by telephone , the usage of 0870 non-geographic numbers was banned by the Department of Health in 2005 . At that time , 0870 numbers often cost more to call than geographic 01 and 02 numbers and were not usually included in bundled minutes . Around 400 GP surgeries used 0870 numbers and were also coming under greater scrutiny with a few reverting to geographic numbers . Many of these services quickly moved to 0845 or 0844 revenue share numbers as they were not specifically banned , even though they also cost more to call than 01 and 02 numbers and in many cases cost more to call than 0870 numbers . The tendency to unlawfully refer to 084x numbers as ' local rate ' or ' lo - call ' numbers hid the true cost of calling them , compared to the price for calling geographic numbers . One supplier of surgery telephone systems opted to use 0844 revenue share numbers paying the surgery 2p / min from the 5p / min `` premium '' paid by callers . Contravening ASA advice , surgeries were told that 0844 numbers were `` lo - call '' numbers and subsequent tariff comparisons ignored both packages with inclusive minutes and users with mobile phones . In December 2006 , Lord Norman Warner sent a letter to all Primary Care Trust Chief Executives drawing attention to the Central Office of Information guidance on telephone numbering , which suggested that healthcare providers consider adopting an 03 telephone number so that people `` do not have to pay over the odds to contact their local services '' . Very few took notice . In July and November 2007 , two Early Day Motions were signed by numerous MPs calling for GPs to no longer use 0844 and other such expensive telephone numbers . In recent years , there has been much discussion in the media about the use of 0844 numbers in the healthcare sector , mainly due to the costs incurred by people who have to dial these numbers as the primary form of contact with their local healthcare services , especially when calling from mobiles . The issue was debated in Parliament in early 2008 . The BMA recommended that GPs publish call costs for 0844 numbers in surgeries . Former Health Secretary Alan Johnson has publicly advocated the use of 03 numbers . By early 2008 there were already more than 800 GPs in England using 0844 telephone numbers . The Department of Health started investigating the use of 084 numbers in the NHS in March 2008 Phone supplier NEG stated their belief that 0844 numbers would not be banned . In 2008 , Leicester City NHS Trust looked into their usage of telephone numbers and revealed a complex set of issues to be solved , some of which were fixed later in the year . Enfield Primary Care Trust wrote to all 62 surgeries in the borough warning them that it does not approve of them using premium rate 0844 numbers . It was revealed that Mid-Yorkshire hospital trust had made more than £ 80,000 from use of a 0844 telephone number in two years . The Department of Health published a consultation at the end of 2008 calling for views on the usage of 084 numbers in the NHS which received more than 3000 responses . In response , the British Medical Association ( BMA ) stated `` GP practices using 084 telephone numbers must be allowed to serve out the terms of their contracts with telephone suppliers if the government decides to ban them from the NHS , '' as many had already mistakenly signed up to long contracts for 0844 numbers . Ofcom recommended the 03 option . In 2009 , Heart of Birmingham Primary Care Trust moved 22 GPs to new 0345 numbers . Although 0870 numbers were banned in 2005 , even as late as 2010 there were NHS bodies only now just getting around to complying with that ban . 2006 ASA start taking action against misleading price indications for 084 and 087 numbers ( edit ) In 2006 , the Advertising Standards Authority ( ASA ) started taking action against companies that falsely represent that `` 084 numbers are ' local rate ' ( sic ) or ' lo - call ' ( sic ) calls '' or `` 087 numbers are ' national rate ' ( sic ) calls '' . By this time , most operators no longer offered a `` local call '' rate , instead charging all calls to 01 and 02 numbers at the same rate , whatever the distance . After 2005 , several operators also offered 01 , 02 and the newly created 03 numbers as `` free minutes '' within an `` evening and weekend '' calls bundle or within an `` anytime '' calls bundle . As 084 and 087 numbers were not usually included in any such bundle , costing up to 20p / min from landlines and up to 41p / min from mobiles , describing these numbers as anything other than `` chargeable with an additional service charge '' ( or `` premium '' by another name ) is a misleading price indication . In comparison , for many callers , calls to 01 , 02 and 03 numbers had effectively become `` free '' . 2006 new 075xx mobile numbers introduced ( edit ) As a result of ever increasing mobile phone ownership , and especially the introduction of mobile broadband in the UK , the 075xx number range was opened in October 2006 . This joined the existing 07624 , 077xx , 078xx and 079xx ranges . 075xx xxxxxx Mobile telephones 2006 introduction of 101 for non-emergency calls to the police ( edit ) In 2006 , the new 101 number for non-emergency calls to the police began trials in several areas with a call cost of 10 pence per call . The number was adopted nationally in 2011 / 2012 . Calls now cost 15 pence per call from landlines and mobiles . 101 Police ( non-emergency ) 2007 introduction of 03 non-geographic numbers ( edit ) In February 2007 , Ofcom announced the 03 range of numbers was being brought into use and the first numbers were issued in May . Although allocated as non-geographic , these were to be charged at the same rate as geographic 01 and 02 numbers from both landline and mobile and were also to be included within `` free minutes '' bundles for subscribers with a call package . Further details are in the 03 numbers section above . 030x xxx xxxx For qualifying public bodies and non-profit organisations as defined by Ofcom 033x xxx xxxx For any end user 034x xxx xxxx Migration range for operators who have 084x numbers 037x xxx xxxx Migration range for operators who have 087x numbers 2007 new 0843 and 0872 non-geographic revenue - share numbers ( edit ) In May 2007 , Ofcom allocated the first 0872 numbers . These follow on from the earlier 0871 code which was now fully allocated . In November 2007 , the first 0843 numbers were allocated . These follow on from the earlier , and now fully allocated , 0844 code . 0843 xxx xxxx Non-geographic special services basic rate 0872 xxx xxxx Non-geographic special services higher rate These are used for revenue share services and are generally not included in bundled minutes from either mobiles or landlines . From landlines these numbers cost anything up to 20 pence per minute and from mobile phones anything up to 45 pence per minute . The price includes a revenue - share `` premium '' or `` service charge '' of up to 5 pence per minute for 0843 numbers and up to 10 pence per minute for 0872 numbers . The premium is passed on to the terminating telecoms company . Ofcom also indicated that 0842 and 0873 will follow on from these allocations at a later date . Due to continued misuse of the 0871 and 0872 number ranges , ICSTIS consulted on additional regulation in 2006 and announced in 2007 that both number ranges were to be regulated from 2008 . After some delay they were eventually taken into the jurisdiction of PhonepayPlus in 2009 . PhonepayPlus replaced ICSTIS in 2007 . 2008 new area code : 01987 Ebbsfleet ( edit ) In 2008 , a new area code was created for Ebbsfleet . Adjacent area codes no longer had enough projected spare capacity for the new development to use , so 01987 was allocated . 01987 xxxxxx Ebbsfleet 2009 reform of 070 personal Numbering ( edit ) Ofcom had previously considered that personal numbers should migrate to 06 , to replace the 070 prefix that is sometimes confused with mobile phone numbers . There is no cap on retail caller charges . Ofcom wanted 070 and 06 numbers to have a price cap , and 07 numbers to be used exclusively for mobile phones . Companies such as Hospedia ( formerly Patientline ) use 070 personal numbers . After an in - depth study to better understand the market , Ofcom has changed its mind and is now proposing to drop the 060 migration concept and decided that the forced migration to 060 is no longer seen to be objectively justifiable . Premium rate and other such services were also banned from using 070 numbers . 2009 introduction of 116 xxx numbers ( edit ) In 2009 , Ofcom introduced the first harmonised European numbers for harmonised services of social value , and additional numbers were allocated in 2010 . Number Usage Year introduced Service provider Communications provider 116 000 Hotline for missing children 2009 Missing People BT 116 006 Helpline for victims of crime 116 111 Child helplines 2009 NSPCC BT 116 117 Non-emergency medical on - call service 116 123 Emotional Support Helplines 2009 Samaritans BT 2009 new 074xx mobile numbers introduced ( edit ) As a result of ever increasing mobile phone and mobile broadband ownership , the 074xx number range was opened in July 2009 . This joined the existing 075xx , 07624 , 077xx , 078xx and 079xx ranges . 074xx xxxxxx Mobile telephones 2009 revenue - share no longer allowed on 0870 non-geographic ( and 070 personal ) numbers ( edit ) After a sustained period of abuse , revenue share was removed from 0870 and 070 numbers . Prices for calling 0870 numbers from landlines fell and some landline providers started to allow calls to 0870 numbers to appear within call - plan inclusive minutes . Revenue - share continued on 0843 , 0844 , 0845 , 0871 and 0872 numbers . It was anticipated that 0845 numbers would also lose their revenue share , leading BT to prematurely include these numbers within call plans . Ofcom changed their mind and the status of 0845 numbers was n't changed . Instead , in 2010 to 2012 , Ofcom eventually consulted on re-organisation of the whole of the 084 and 087 number ranges . 2009 PhonepayPlus begins regulation of 0871 and 0872 numbers ( edit ) After ICSTIS consultation in 2006 and 2007 numbers beginning 0871 ( and 0872 ) began to be regulated by PhonepayPlus , the premium rate services regulator from 1 August 2009 . This brings regulation in line with existing 09xx premium rate services , 070 personal numbers and 118 xxx directory enquiries . ICSTIS became PhonepayPlus on 15 October 2007 . 0871 and 0872 numbers retained their revenue - share status . 2010s ( edit ) 2010 GPs banned from using 0844 ( and other 084x and 087x ) numbers ( edit ) This article may primarily relate to a different subject , or place undue weight on a particular aspect rather than the subject as a whole . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( November 2014 ) This article may lend undue weight to certain ideas , incidents , or controversies . Please help improve it by rewriting it in a balanced fashion that contextualizes different points of view . ( November 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) It had been widely reported in 2009 that 084 numbers were to be banned from the NHS . In December 2009 , the Department of Health published directions to NHS bodies concerning the cost of telephone calls made by patients to the NHS : `` An NHS body must not enter into , renew or extend a contract or other arrangement for telephone services unless it is satisfied that , having regard to the arrangement as a whole , persons will not pay more to make relevant calls to the NHS body then they would to make equivalent calls to a geographic number . '' This reiterated the `` free at the point of delivery '' principle of the NHS and the direction applied to all NHS bodies . The accompanying letter introduced ambiguity : `` These Directions do not prohibit an organisation from using specific number ranges for the purpose of contacting NHS services . Organisations remain free to use non-geographical number ranges such as 084 , providing that patients are not charged more than the equivalent cost of calling a geographical number to do so . '' Simple inspection of the call price lists for all major landline and mobile telephone service providers readily confirmed that 0844 numbers always cost more than 01 and 02 numbers . From this , it is clear that only 01 , 02 and 03 numbers can be used by NHS bodies . The GP committee of the BMA ( British Medical Association ) advised that NEG ( Network Europe Group , a supplier of telephone switchboard equipment to GPs and a reseller of the telephone lines and numbers that GPs use ) had assured both the BMA and the Department of Health that 0844 numbers were `` local rate '' calls charged at rates less than geographic calls , and that GPs could continue using them as long as each GP obtained that assurance from NEG . However , NEG does not have any patients as customers nor does NEG set the prices for calls that patients make , nor does it send out bills to patients , so any such assurance is worthless . Patients are billed by BT , Sky , Virgin , Vodafone , O2 , Orange , T - Mobile , and others , and all of those charge more for calling 0844 numbers than for calling 01 , 02 and 03 numbers . With widespread abuse of non-geographic numbers continuing unabated , Ofcom started a long series of consulatations in April 2010 . Also in April 2010 , the Department of Health introduced new GMS ( General Medical Services ) contracts so that GPs would now also be covered by the earlier direction . From this point on , the more than 6500 GP surgeries in England and Wales were banned from using phone numbers that `` cost more than calling a geographic number '' , and given one year to comply . The GMS contract variation was needed as GPs are not NHS bodies , rather independent contractors . Questions were asked in the Scottish Parliament in June 2010 . A year after the GMS contract variation came into effect , many GPs were continuing to use 0844 numbers in defiance of the ban . In March and May 2011 , more than 1300 GP surgeries were still using the banned 0844 ( and 0845 / 0870 ) numbers . It was becoming clear that local decision makers ( i.e. PCTs and GPs ) had failed to understand the 0844 revenue share mechanism as well as the price regulations that apply uniquely to BT and make their call rates atypical when compared to other providers . At least one PCT claimed that they did not know what patients were paying for calls and further claimed that they had no way of finding out , seemingly unaware that every telecoms supplier publishes a detailed price list on their respective websites . NEG continued to issue a revised version of their `` letter of compliance '' , assuring GPs that calling 0844 numbers does not cost more than calling 01 and 02 numbers . In July 2011 , the BMA advocated that GPs should only consider the call costs for patients calling from BT ( British Telecommunications PLC ) landlines using tariffs without `` inclusive '' call allowances . The BMA advised that GPs should not consider the price of calls for patients calling from landlines other than BT , nor those with inclusive allowances or using mobile phones . This advice directly contradicted the statement recently made in Parliament : `` It is absolutely clear that there is no distinction between landlines , mobiles or payphones . The directions are very clear that patients should not expect to be charged any more . '' PCTs ( Primary Care Trusts ) , en masse , had seemingly misunderstood the regulations or had been misled by the incorrect advice spread by NEG and the BMA as by November 2011 more than 1400 GPs were using the `` banned '' numbers . Protests against the use of 0844 numbers were growing . There are even cases of GPs changing to 0844 numbers a year after the ban started . Only a small number of GPs had complied with the ban . Various GPs using 0844 numbers attempted to justify their position based on demonstratably false information . In some areas , patients took it upon themselves to find and publish geographic numbers for GPs continuing to flout the 0844 ban . In January 2012 , a parliamentary debate took place where it was confirmed that users `` should not pay more than a geographic rate call '' and it was clarified that this applies to `` both landlines and mobiles '' . Additionally , `` bundled '' or `` free minutes '' should also count . The reference provides some additional commentary on the major points . A month later , the Department of Health issued further guidance on the use of 084 numbers in the NHS confirming that GPs should consider `` all means of telephoning the practice -- including from payphones , mobile phones and landlines '' which the BMA disputed . 0844 numbers were mentioned again in a parliamentary debate in March 2012 when the Secretary of State Andrew Lansley confirmed : `` We have made it very clear that GPs should not be using 0844 numbers for that purpose and charging patients for them . '' A small number of surgeries have since complied with the regulation by moving to 01 or 02 numbers but most have not done so . In 2012 , NEG issued several revised documents claiming compliance using non-typical tariffs as a basis for comparison and ignoring bundled minutes and again in 2013 . The Northern Ireland Assembly debated the issue in May 2012 where it was disclosed that 23 of Northern Ireland 's 355 GP surgeries use an 0844 number . A briefing note was produced within , and for the usage of , UK government . This covered some of the history relating to the issue . Campaigners had already produced a simplified timeline . In their response to an ongoing Ofcom consultation on simplifying non-geographic numbers , NEG said `` Under the proposed new structure , Ofcom expects call cost descriptions to follow the format : ' This call will cost you X pence per minute plus your phone company 's access charge . ' We do not believe that it is appropriate for a patient to receive the Service Charge information advised by OFCOM when they contact their surgery as this will only seek to alarm them , and perpetuate the myth that all calls ( to 084 numbers ) are more costly . '' In order to comply , GPs should be using numbers that begin 01 , 02 or 03 and should not be using numbers that begin 070 , 084 , 087 or 09 . The 034 and 037 ranges are reserved specifically for 084 and 087 migration . GPs using 084 and 087 numbers can migrate to the equivalent 034 or 037 version of their number without ending their phone service contracts . Alternatively they can move to brand new 030 or 033 numbers or to a geographic 01 or 02 number . Only a few GPs and NHS services have chosen 03 numbers even though this should be the most obvious solution since 03 numbers allow the same call queueing and call management facilities as 084 and 087 numbers while costing the same as 01 and 02 numbers for all callers . In spite of the ban on 0844 numbers in the NHS since April 2010 , more GPs continue to sign up to use them however PhonepayPlus has also taken an interest in extending regulations that already cover 09 and 087 numbers -- as used for premium rate chat lines , competitions and phone - in voting systems -- to also cover 084 numbers . Multiple PCTs have failed to enforce the terms of the April 2010 variations to the GMS contract and many GPs continue to use the banned numbers . At least one surgery with an 0844 contract and with considerable time remaining time before it ends has adopted Skype as an alternative method of contacting the surgery . Some surgeries have two telephone numbers : one a premium rate 0844 number with a higher level of service and the other a standard geographic 01 or 02 number with a lower level of service , thereby creating a two - tier system for accessing the NHS services . Almost three years after the ban , some GPs within the constituencies of government ministers continue to use 0844 numbers . In the South - East of England , usage of 0844 numbers continues unabated . In any case , in 2013 the Consumer Rights Directive will soon make it illegal to use 084 and 087 numbers , or any number that `` costs more than geographic rate '' , for customer services and complaints . Where contracts are ending , GPs often choose to return to using 01 and 02 numbers even though 03 numbers cost the same for all callers . 2010 introduction of 111 for non-emergency calls to NHS ( edit ) In 2010 , 111 was introduced on a trial basis for non-urgent calls to the NHS . The scheme is planned to roll out nationally in 2013 and at that time may replace the currect NHS Direct 0845 46 47 line ( in England and Wales ) and the NHS 24 08454 24 24 24 line ( in Scotland ) . 111 NHS 111 ( non-emergency calls ) 2010 additional number ranges within 0191 area code ( edit ) Extra capacity assigned in late 2010 , following consultation . Official designation Number ranges 2011 onwards Number ranges 1980s - 2010 Tyneside 2 , 4 , 6 , 8 2 , 4 , 6 Durham 3 , 9 Sunderland 5 , 7 5 In the other 01x1 area codes , only ( 0121 ) 8xx , ( 0121 ) 9xx , ( 0131 ) 9xx and ( 0161 ) 5xx have yet to be allocated . 0171 and 0181 are no longer in use and 0101 and 0111 have never been allocated . 2010 Ofcom propose changes in number conservation areas ( edit ) In November 2010 , Ofcom proposed to abandon renumbering in areas running short of capacity and instead provide extra capacity by starting to use local numbers beginning ' 0 ' and ' 1 ' , and removing the option of dialling locally using just the subscriber number . Once the supply of new numbers released by this measure is exhausted Ofcom propose introducing additional , overlay area codes to run in tandem with current codes . It is anticipated that the overlay codes would not be required before 2022 . 2011 area name changes ( edit ) By way of an Erratum to the National Telephone Numbering Plan , Ofcom started the lengthy process of correcting some very old errors for nine area code names in December 2011 . Some of these errors first appeared in the 2003 version of the number plan while others can also be found in older data originally produced by Oftel several years before . As noted on Ofcom 's site , the name changes still have to go through a formal consultation process , even though they are only correcting obvious spelling , hyphenation and capitalisation mistakes . The corrections are as follows : Area code Corrected geographic area name ( 2012 onwards ) Geographic area names with spelling errors ( before 2003 , until 2011 ) 01271 Barnstaple Barnstable ( sic ) 01284 Bury St Edmunds Bury - St - Edmunds ( sic ) 01286 Caernarfon Caernarvon ( sic ) 01289 Berwick - upon - Tweed Berwick - on - Tweed ( sic ) 0153 95 Grange - over-Sands Grange - Over-Sands ( sic ) 01559 Llandysul Llandyssul ( sic ) 01877 Callander Callandar ( sic ) 01889 Rugeley Rugely ( sic ) 01934 Weston - super-Mare Weston - Super-Mare ( sic ) 2012 changes in local dialling ( edit ) In November 2012 , local dialling was removed for calls within the 01202 area allowing subscriber numbers beginning 0 or 1 to be issued locally and buying more time before an additional area code or code change is required . 2013 changes in 080 , 084 and 087 non-geographic arrangements ( edit ) After initial consultation in 2010 and 2012 , in April 2013 Ofcom published the final consultation on proposals to re-arrange the 080 , 084 and 087 non-geographic allocations in 2014 . The 0870 range is to regain its revenue share status . Where users of 0870 numbers can not justify revenue share they are advised to move to their reserved matching 0370 number . The workings of the 0845 range will broadly align with how 0844 and 0843 revenue share numbers already work . Changes in how call costs for 084 and 087 non-geographic calls should in future be communicated to callers were announced . The callers phone line provider has to list a single Access Charge per tariff for the 084 , 087 , 09 and 118 non-geographic number ranges and the called party has to display the single Service Charge ( or `` premium '' ) details for their non-geographic number . Calls to the ' free to caller ' 080 range will be made free from mobile telephones , not just from landlines . Once the final announcements are made by Ofcom in the summer of 2013 , the changes will have an 18 - month transition period before coming into effect . 2014 local number dialing ( edit ) In October 2014 certain area codes required the full area code even when dialing local numbers . The areas affected were : Aberdeen ( 01224 ) Bradford ( 01274 ) Brighton ( 01273 ) Middlesbrough ( 01642 ) Milton Keynes ( 01908 ) The change was in response to a lack of free numbers in these areas . By requiring the area code for all local calls , Ofcom are able to allocate numbers starting with 1 or 0 . This increases the number of telephone numbers available without requiring a number change . 2015 UK calling legislation ( edit ) On 1 July 2015 , Ofcom made a number of changes to the way phone calls to UK service numbers would be charged . The cost of calls made to service numbers is now split into two parts : an access charge and a service charge . Under the new legislation , which was promoted by an information campaign entitled UK Calling , call charges must be clearly stated on all materials that advertise a service number . The 1 July changes also saw ' freephone numbers ' 0800 and 0808 become free to call from both mobiles and landlines . Meanwhile , 0500 numbers remain chargeable as previously from mobiles ( free from landlines , also as previously ) . Plans are afoot to migrate these to 08085 numbers in mid-2017 , whereupon they will become free from mobiles . Expansion of allocations for mobile , non-geographic and premium services ( edit ) ELNS areas ( edit ) Area codes for mobile phone , local rate , premium rate and other such special numbers originally used ordinary looking area codes in the 02xx to 09xx range . In the early 1980s only a few such codes were in use . Rapid expansion of these services in the late 1980s required many new codes , but there were a diminishing number of codes available for use . In order to free up space for these services , 30 geographic ABC area codes with low number use were condensed into 14 ABC ranges such that each numeric area code would cover multiple charge groups ( these migration figures do not include the similar 091 area code changes ) . Numbers in Barrow - in - Furness already used ( 0229 ) 2 and ( 0229 ) 5 . Millom used the separate 0657 area code . Millom numbers were transferred to the 0229 area code . Millom numbers would begin ( 0229 ) 3 and ( 0229 ) 7 and have 6 digits . Under the new `` ELNS '' ( Extended Linked Numbering Scheme ) arrangement , two charge groups now share the same area code and the leading digit of the local number indicates which charge group the number belongs to . The new area code retains both of the old area code names . A diagram showing the principle is shown on page 9 of Oftel 's telephone numbering guide and these areas are shown in the table below . Some ELNS areas combined three charge groups . Calls within the area code do not require the area code to be dialled , this is true even for calls between the charge groups . `` ELNS '' area code ( 1990s ) `` ELNS '' area code name ( 1990s ) Local number length Local numbers begin ( 1990s ) Old area code ( 1980s ) Old code re-use in 1990s Moved to new code in 2001 091 Tyneside 7 2 , 4 0632 Newcastle upon Tyne ( NE ) 0632 Premium rate 09xx x Durham 7 0385 Durham ( DU ) 0385 Vodafone mobile 07785 Tyneside 7 0894 Tyneside ( TY ) 0894 Premium rate 09xx x Sunderland 7 5 0783 Sunderland ( SU ) ? ? 0229 Barrow - in - Furness ( BA ) 6 4 , 5 , 6 , 8 0229 Barrow - in - Furness ( BA ) - - Millom 6 7 0657 Millom ( ML ) ? ? 0339 Aboyne 6 8 0339 Deeside ( DE ) - - Ballater 6 7 0338 Deeside ( DE ) 0338 Premium rate 09xx x 0388 Bishop Auckland 6 3 , 4 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 0388 Durham ( DU ) - - Stanhope 6 5 0956 Weardale ( WL ) 0956 1 - 6 , 8 - 9 One2One mobile 07956 x 0956 7 FleXtel 070 107 0423 Boroughbridge 6 3 , 9 0901 Boroughbridge , Yorkshire ( YO ) ? ? Harrogate ( HA ) 6 2 , 5 , 7 , 8 0423 Harrogate ( HA ) - - 0430 Market Weighton 6 8 0696 Market Weighton ( MW ) 0696 Premium rate 09xx x North Cave 6 0430 Howden ( HD ) - - 0434 Bellingham 6 0660 Bellingham , Northumberland ( NM ) 0660 Premium rate 09xx x 0660 Premium rate 076 61 Haltwhistle 6 0498 Haltwhistle ( HW ) 0498 Vodafone mobile 07798 Hexham ( HE ) 6 6 , 7 , 8 0434 Hexham ( HE ) - - 0437 Clynderwen ( Clunderwen ) 6 5 0991 Clynderwen , West Wales ( WW ) 0991 Premium rate 09xx x Haverfordwest ( HF ) 6 7 , 8 , 9 0437 Haverfordwest ( HF ) - - 0507 Alford ( Lincs ) 6 4 , 8 0521 Alford , Lincolnshire ( LC ) ? ? Louth ( LO ) 6 3 , 6 0507 Louth ( LO ) - - Spilsby ( Horncastle ) 6 5 0658 Mareham le Fen ( ML ) ? ? 0686 Llanidloes 6 0551 Llanidloes ( LL ) ? ? Newtown ( NT ) 6 6 , 8 0686 Newtown ( NT ) - - 0847 Thurso ( TH ) 6 5 , 8 0847 Thurso ( TH ) - - Tongue 6 6 0800 Tongue ( TO ) 0800 Freephone 0800 0851 Great Bernera 6 6 0850 Callanish , Lewis , Outer Hebrides 0850 Cellnet mobile 07850 Stornoway 6 7 , 8 0851 Stornoway , Outer Hebrides - - 0890 Ayton ( Eyemouth ) 6 7 0390 Eyemouth ( EY ) 0390 Orange mobile 07790 Coldstream 6 2 , 3 , 8 0890 Coldstream , Tweed ( TW ) - - 0964 Hornsea 6 5 0401 Hornsea ( HO ) 0401 Cellnet mobile 07701 Patrington 6 6 0964 Patrington , Withernsea ( WN ) - - 0975 Alford ( Aberdeen ) ( Deeside ) 6 5 0336 Deeside ( DE ) 0336 Premium rate 09xx x ? Strathdon 6 6 0975 Strathdon , Water ( WR ) - - Of the 16 area codes freed up for alternative use in the 1980s , at least 11 were re-used for other services . For example , the 0401 area code was re-allocated to Cellnet mobile services . Five of the area codes remained unused . In 1995 , the PhONEday changes for geographic numbers solved the number shortage problem for mobile and non-geographic services by freeing up the whole 07 , 08 and 09 range for their use from 2000 onwards . On PhONEday in 1995 , 0229 became 01229 and 0964 became 01964 and these codes are still in use today . The remainder of the `` ELNS '' area code allocations and their history are detailed in the table below . The Cellnet mobile 0401 allocation stayed in use for about a decade before these numbers were transferred to the 07701 range in the Big Number Change in 2000 . Nowadays all 16 of the area codes freed up in the 1980s ( albeit now with a 1 prefix , e.g. 0401 is now 01401 ) remain unused and are available for future geographic expansion . Mixed areas ( edit ) Area codes for mobile phone , local rate , premium rate and other such special numbers originally used ordinary looking area codes in the 02xx to 09xx range . In the early 1980s only a few such codes were in use . Rapid expansion of these services in the late 1980s required many new codes , but there were a diminishing number of codes available for use . In order to free up space for these services , 17 geographic ABC area codes with low number use were condensed into 6 ABC ranges under a `` mixed '' scheme . Numbers in Dumfries already used ( 0387 ) 2 and ( 0387 ) 5 . Numbers in Langholm were 4 or 5 digits long and used the 0541 area code . Langholm numbers were changed to 5 digits and transferred to the newly created 03873 area code . Under the new `` mixed '' arrangement , although 0387 and 03873 shared the same ABC digits , they were treated as completely separate area codes . All calls from one area to the other require the area code to be dialled . Local numbers in Dumfries can not begin with a `` 3 '' . `` Mixed '' area code ( 1990s ) `` Mixed '' area code name ( 1990s ) Local number length Local numbers begin ( 1990s ) Short local numbers begin Old area code ( 1980s ) Old code re-use in 1990s Moved to new code in 2001 0387 Dumfries ( DU ) 6 2 , 4 - 9 - 0387 Dumfries ( DU ) - - 038 73 Langholm 5 2 - 9 - 0541 Langholm ( LH ) 0541 5 C&WC AreaCall 0870 15 0524 Lancaster ( LA ) 5 or 6 3 - 9 32 - 37 , 39 , 60 - 69 0524 Lancaster ( LA ) - - 052 42 Hornby - with - Farleton 5 2 - 9 - 0468 Ingleborough ( IN ) 0468 Vodafone mobile 07768 0539 Kendal ( KE ) 6 2 - 3 , 7 - 9 - 0539 Kendal ( KE ) - - 053 94 Hawkshead 5 2 - 9 - 0966 Windermere ( WM ) 0966 Orange mobile 07966 053 95 Grange - over-Sands 5 2 - 9 - 0448 Grange - over-Sands ( GG ) 04481 Guernsey Telecom mobile 07781 053 96 Sedbergh 5 2 - 9 - 0587 Sedbergh , Lune ( LU ) ? ? 0697 n / a n / a n / a n / a n / a n / a n / a 069 73 Wigton 5 2 - 9 - 0965 Wigton ( WN ) ? ? 069 74 Raughton Head 5 2 - 9 - 0699 North West ( NW ) ? ? 069 77 Brampton - North West ( NW ) 4 or 5 2 - 5 2 - 3 0697 North West ( NW ) - - 0768 Penrith ( PN ) 5 or 6 2 , 5 - 6 , 8 - 9 882 - 884 , 886 - 888 0768 Penrith ( PN ) - - 076 83 Appleby - in - Westmorland 5 2 - 9 - 0930 Brough , Westmorland ( WE ) 0930 7 One2One mobile 07930 7 0930 0 - 6 , 8 - 9 Premium rate 09xx xx 076 84 Pooley Bridge 5 2 - 9 - 0853 Ullswater ( UL ) 0853 Premium rate 09xx x 076 87 Keswick 5 2 - 9 - 0596 Keswick ( KW ) ? ? 0946 Whitehaven ( WH ) 5 or 6 2 - 6 , 8 - 9 61 - 68 0946 Whitehaven ( WH ) - - 094 67 Gosforth 5 2 - 9 - 0940 Gosforth , Whitehaven ( WH ) ? ? Of the 11 area codes freed up for alternative use in the 1980s , only 5 were actually re-used for other services . For example , the 0541 area code was re-allocated to C&WC Area Call services . Six of the area codes remained unused . In 1995 , the PhONEday changes for geographic numbers solved the number shortage problem for mobile and non-geographic services by freeing up the whole 07 , 08 and 09 range for their use from 2000 onwards . On PhONEday in 1995 , 0387 became 01387 and 03873 became 013873 and these codes are still in use today . The remainder of the `` mixed '' area code allocations and their history are detailed in the table below . The C&WC 0541 allocation stayed in use for more than a decade before these numbers were transferred to the 0870 1 range in the Big Number Change in 2000 . Nowadays all 11 of the area codes freed up in the 1980s ( albeit now with a 1 prefix , e.g. 0541 is now 01541 ) remain unused and are available for future geographic expansion . NHS direct ( edit ) The short number 0845 1888 was set aside in March 1998 for trials of the new NHS direct service with calls charged at the `` local rate '' . At a later date , the number was changed to 0845 46 47 . Warnings from Oftel ( edit ) After the migration of geographic 0xxx area codes to new 01xxx codes on PhONEday ( also 0xx → 01xx and 0xxxx → 01xxxx of course ) , some of the old area codes had started to be re-used for other purposes . For example , 0870 ( Isle of Benbecula , Outer Hebrides ) had been moved to 01870 and now 0870 started to be re-used for non-geographic services . Oftel had to issue a warning to operators to remove their `` this number has changed , please redial inserting a one after the initial zero '' messages that had been applied on PhONEday so that callers could get through to the new non-geographic numbers . Premium rate and mobile problems ( edit ) With the diverse usage and pricing of similar looking codes there could easily be a nasty shock when the bill arrived . Office phone systems could be set to block various premium rate prefixes , but it was important to regularly review and update the list . For those that did not , problems accessing some numbers were beginning to develop . The 0930 code was mainly used for premium rate services , but 0930 7xxxxx was used by One2One for mobile telephone services . Some people found that calls to all 0930 numbers were barred and hence also those mobile phones . To overcome this , the 0961 7xxxxx range was mirrored on to 0930 7xxxxx . These were all 9 - digit numbers . New premium rate services start using 090x ( edit ) From 1998 onwards , 090x numbers with 10 digits started coming into use for premium rate services . As with 084 and 087 numbers , certain small number blocks within the 090x range were set aside for migration of old premium rate codes in the forthcoming Big Number Change . 090x xxx xxxx New 10 - digit premium rate content services ( `` PRS '' ) The 09 number range was originally subdivided as follows : 0900 xxx xxxx 0901 xxx xxxx Time charged calls up to and including 60ppm and total call cost not greater than £ 5 or fixed fee up to £ 1 per call . 0902 xxx xxxx 0903 xxx xxxx 0904 xxx xxxx 0905 xxx xxxx Protected for PRS expansion . 0906 xxx xxxx Open ended time dependent charge or fixed fee . 0907 xxx xxxx Pay for product that costs more than £ 1 in total . 0908 xxx xxxx Protected for PRS expansion . 0909 xxx xxxx Sexual entertainment services From 23 August 1999 , Oftel added the 0905 range as by then 0906 was almost fully allocated . 0905 xxx xxxx Open ended time dependent charge or fixed fee . Internet for schools ( edit ) Announced in November 1997 and issued from February 1998 onwards the 0820 range was designated `` internet for schools '' . 0820 xxx xxxx Internet for schools ( 10 - digit numbers ) Number conservation ( edit ) As the number of lines in use continued to grow , some areas became close to full capacity . In the late - 1990s , Ofcom signalled a number of areas of concern . By 2005 By 2005 By 2012 01202 Bournemouth 01483 Guildford 01204 Bolton 01203 Coventry 01642 Middlesbrough 01344 Ascot ( Bracknell / Easthampstead ) 01223 Cambridge 01772 Preston 01582 Markyate ( Luton ) 01224 Aberdeen 01782 Stoke - on - Trent 01604 Northampton 01273 Brighton 01865 Oxford 01706 Rochdale 01274 Bradford 01902 Wolverhampton 01733 Peterborough 01332 Derby 01942 Wigan 01753 Iver ( Slough ) Of these , only Coventry was immediately addressed - by migration to the 024 code and eight digit subscriber numbers in the Big Number Change in 2000 . The Bournemouth , Aberdeen , Brighton , Bradford and Middlesbrough ( as well as Milton Keynes , despite not being initially highlighted in the report ) areas were later addressed in 2012 and 2014 by requiring 11 - digit dialling for local calls ( see the 2012 and 2014 local number dialling sections below ) , as an interim measure until shorter area codes and 8 digit local numbers are introduced . Broadband services ( edit ) The 092x to 099x range was designated `` broadband services '' . 092x xxx xxxx to 099x xxx xxxx Broadband services ( 10 - digit numbers ) The allocation was never used and eventually removed from the plan in 2005 . Local dialling short codes ( edit ) Calls between nearby exchanges could previously be dialled using a `` short code '' , often beginning 7 , 8 or 9 . With rising demand for more subscriber numbers , these codes were scrapped in the late 1990s . After a short delay , 6 - digit subscriber numbers beginning 7 or 8 began to be issued in these 01xxx areas , and with 5 - digits in 01xxxx areas . In the mid - and late - 2000s , some of these areas also started issuing subscriber numbers beginning 9 . Big number Change ( edit ) Main article : Big Number Change Geographic numbers ( edit ) On 22 April 2000 the second phase of the plan came into operation , dubbed the `` Big Number Change '' . With 02x area codes freed up by the previous reorganisation , they could be re-used . These areas had already had a code change ( to insert a `` 1 '' ) five years earlier as a part of PhONEday . The Big Number Change altered the area codes again , as well as making the local number two digits longer ( London : one digit longer ) . Area New numbering Old numbering Notes London ( 020 ) 7xxx xxxx 0171 - xxx xxxx Used for existing inner London numbers and new numbers London - wide . ( 020 ) 8xxx xxxx 0181 - xxx xxxx Used for existing outer London numbers and new numbers London - wide . ( 020 ) 3xxx xxxx New phase of numbers , released London - wide from June 2005 . Southampton ( 023 ) 80xx xxxx ( 01703 ) xxxxxx 70 = SO ( 023 ) 81xx xxxx New phase of numbers , released from 2005 . ( 023 ) 82xx xxxx New phase of numbers , released from 2012 . Portsmouth ( 023 ) 92xx xxxx ( 01705 ) xxxxxx 70 = PO ( 023 ) 93xx xxxx New phase of numbers , released from 2005 . Coventry ( 024 ) 76xx xxxx ( 01203 ) xxxxxx 20 = CO ( 024 ) 77xx xxxx New phase of numbers , released from 2005 . ( 024 ) 75xx xxxx New phase of numbers , released from 2012 . Cardiff ( 029 ) 20xx xxxx ( 01222 ) xxxxxx 22 = CA ( 029 ) 21xx xxxx New phase of numbers released from June 2005 . ( 029 ) 22xx xxxx New phase of numbers released from August 2010 . Northern Ireland Example given is Belfast -- see below ( 028 ) 90xx xxxx ( 01232 ) xxxxxx 23 = BE ( 028 ) 95xx xxxx New phase of numbers released from 2005 . Although Southampton and Portsmouth are one code from a code structure and local dialling point of view , calls between them are not treated as local calls for pricing purposes . It is planned that the new codes will eventually cover a larger area than at present . For example , although ( 029 ) currently covers just the Cardiff area , it may in the future cover all of Wales . The code for Northern Ireland is ( 028 ) . The transition codes for Northern Ireland are shown below . These can be accessed from the Republic of Ireland using either the domestic code 048 , or the international prefix 00 44 28 . The prefixes for existing numbers in Northern Ireland are split up into seven groups , roughly based upon the county in which the main exchange is based . The initial digit of each phone number is based on the designated county -- for example , the first county alphabetically is County Antrim so numbers in this county start with 2 . The next county is County Armagh so numbers here start with 3 . One exception to this is the Greater Belfast area , initial digit 9 , which is extended to include each adjacent former STD code area , including the towns of Bangor , ( County Down ) ( 91 ) , Lisburn ( 92 ) , Carrickfergus ( 93 ) , Antrim ( 94 ) and Saintfield ( 97 ) . The encompassed former STD codes at some points extend to over 20 miles from Belfast itself . There is a much more complete list in the Big Number Change article . Town / city Region New numbering Old numbering Larne County Antrim ( 028 ) 28xx xxxx ( 01574 ) xxxxxx Armagh County Armagh ( 028 ) 37xx xxxx ( 01861 ) xxxxxx Newcastle County Down ( 028 ) 437x xxxx ( 013967 ) xxxxx Enniskillen County Fermanagh ( 028 ) 66xx xxxx ( 01365 ) xxxxxx Limavady County Londonderry ( 028 ) 777x xxxx ( 015047 ) xxxxx Omagh County Tyrone ( 028 ) 82xx xxxx ( 01662 ) xxxxxx Belfast Greater Belfast ( 028 ) 90xx xxxx ( 01232 ) xxxxxx Lisburn Greater Belfast ( 028 ) 92xx xxxx ( 01846 ) xxxxxx National dialling only numbers ( edit ) Area New numbering Old numbering Notes London 020 01xx xxxx 0171 - 0xx xxxx A non-trivial relationship maps the old blocks of numbers to the new number blocks . 020 11xx xxxx 0171 - 1xx xxxx 020 00xx xxxx 0181 - 0xx xxxx 020 10xx xxxx 0181 - 1xx xxxx Southampton 023 110x xxxx 01703 0xxxxx 70 = SO 023 111x xxxx 01703 1xxxxx Portsmouth 023 100x xxxx 01705 0xxxxx 70 = PO 023 101x xxxx 01705 1xxxxx Coventry 024 100x xxxx 01203 0xxxxx 20 = CO 024 101x xxxx 01203 1xxxxx Cardiff 029 100x xxxx 01222 0xxxxx 22 = CA 029 101x xxxx 01222 1xxxxx Non-geographic , and mobile and pager numbers ( edit ) In addition , mobile and pager numbers were all moved into the 07xxx range . Pagers moved into 076xx , while personal numbers moved to 070 . Mobile phone numbers moved into the 077xx , 078xx and 079xx ranges ( and more recently , 075xx and 074xx have also been brought into use ) . The exception to this was Manx Telecom mobile phone numbers , where the code became 07624 in order to match the 01624 used for landlines . In addition , lower and higher rate non-geographic numbers ( previously called lo - call or local - rate and national - rate numbers , though these terms are no longer recommended to be used as they can be misleading ) migrated to 08xx and premium rate numbers migrated to 09xx . A summary of the migration path for the existing mobile and pager codes , as they were at the time , is shown below : Mobile phone numbers Pager numbers Code before migration Code after migration Code before migration Code after migration 03AB 077AB 01ABC 076BC 04AB 077AB 04ABC 076BC 05AB 078AB 09AB 076AB 08AB 078AB 09AB 079AB 020 for London ( edit ) Main article : 020 The number change meant that London returned to a single area code again ( as in the old 01 days ) , with no `` inner / outer '' split . Existing London numbers acquired the prefixes 7 or 8 , but from that point on ( 020 ) 7xxx xxxx and ( 020 ) 8xxx xxxx numbers were assigned or reused anywhere in the London area covered by the single ( city - wide ) 020 code . From June 2005 the regulator , Ofcom , ceased to allocate new number blocks to suppliers in the 7xxx xxxx and 8xxx xxxx ranges . From this date onwards all number allocations were in the 3xxx xxxx range and can be used anywhere in the London 020 area . Although new blocks of 7xxx xxxx and 8xxx xxxx range numbers are no longer being allocated to suppliers , those that have not yet exhausted their existing blocks are able to continue to issue and re-issue them to their customers . Numbers in the 020 0xxx xxxx and 020 1xxx xxxx number ranges have also been made available . However , these numbers can not be dialled without the 020 code and are called `` national dialling only '' numbers . A small number of these blocks are used by numbers migrated from old 0171 - 0xx xxxx , 0171 - 1xx xxxx , 0181 - 0xx xxxx , and 0181 - 1xx xxxx `` national dialling only '' numbers . They are mainly used as termination points for non-geographic numbers , and for various alarm and other automated systems where the actual telephone number itself is never called . It is a common misconception that London still has more than one area code ( i.e. `` 0207 '' , `` 0208 '' and even `` 0203 '' , which was the pre-1995 code for Coventry ) . This is incorrect in the sense that omitting the `` 0207 '' or `` 0208 '' ( area ) code will give a local number that can not be connected as it is missing the first digit . Therefore , writing a London number as 020x xxx xxxx is incorrect and can lead to confusion when attempting to dial it . Misconceptions ( edit ) Main article : UK telephone code misconceptions The misconception of area code and number separation is also seen in other areas of the country where the area code length was reduced in the Big Number Change such as Coventry being written as 02476 xxxxxx , whereas the correct number sequence is ( 024 ) 76xx xxxx ( Coventry now has some ( 024 ) 77xx xxxx and ( 024 ) 75xx xxxx numbers ) and Cardiff being written as 02920 xxxxxx whereas the correct number sequence is ( 029 ) 20xx xxxx ( Cardiff now has some ( 029 ) 21xx xxxx and ( 029 ) 22xx xxxx numbers ) . Likewise in Portsmouth , numbers are being incorrectly written as 02392 xxxxxx , whereas the correct number sequence is ( 023 ) 92xx xxxx ( Portsmouth now has some ( 023 ) 93xx xxxx numbers ) . This also occurs in some areas of Northern Ireland , that previously had 5 - digit and 6 - digit local numbers like in Banbridge ( previously ( 018206 ) xxxxx ) , where numbers are still erroneously written as 028406 xxxxx instead of ( 028 ) 406x xxxx . Locals still misquote the area code as 028406 , even now , some twelve years after the change . The same occurs in formerly six - digit code areas , such as Lisburn ( previous ( 01846 ) xxxxxx ) continues to frequently appear as 02892 xxxxxx instead of the correct form ( 028 ) 92xx xxxx . This is also seen in the earlier PhONEday areas , such as in Sheffield , for ( 0114 ) 2xx xxxx numbers , where these are often seen written as 01142 xxxxxx or are missing the leading digit 2 when abbreviated ( 751234 instead of 275 1234 for example ) . This is a particular problem now that ( 0114 ) 3xx xxxx local numbers are being issued . It also affects Reading numbers where these are still being written as 01189 xxxxxx , whereas the correct number sequence is ( 0118 ) 9xx xxxx . Now that Reading has some ( 0118 ) 3xx xxxx and ( 0118 ) 4xx xxxx numbers mis - dialling also occurs when people prefix 3xx xxxx and 4xx xxxx numbers with 01189 instead of just 0118 . In all of these areas , the result of the confusion is that callers are adding an incorrect area code to numbers allocated within the new local number ranges , and that then results in a mis - dialled call . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Includes codes such as 01399 , 01426 , 01459 , 01523 , 01893 , both before and after PhONEday . ^ Jump up to : These areas had added a `` 1 '' to the area code at PhONEday . Previous to that , these codes were 0xxx with six - figure local numbers , except London and parts of NI . London codes were previously 0x1 with seven - figure local numbers . NI codes added a `` 1 '' at PhONEday but some areas previously had longer codes than shown , paired with shorter numbers that were often only four or five digits long . Jump up ^ Area code 01697 first appeared in the 2004 number plan without consultation or announcement . Brampton correctly documented as 5 - digit area code 016977 in all other Oftel / Ofcom data at this time . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Events in Telecommunications History - 1912 '' . BT Group . Archived from the original on 30 October 2013 . Retrieved 21 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Events in Telecommunications History - 1981 '' . BT Group . Archived from the original on 23 September 2013 . Retrieved 21 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kingston Communications - Our History '' . Kingston Communications . Archived from the original on 12 November 2013 . Retrieved 10 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kingston Communications 1904 - 2004 : Communicating for 100 Years '' . Kingston Communications . Archived from the original on 22 June 2009 . Retrieved 29 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Events in Telecommunications History - 1958 '' . BT Group . Archived from the original on 7 October 2013 . Retrieved 21 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Events in Telecommunications History - 1979 '' . BT Group . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 7 August 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Haworth , Roger W. ( 16 December 2004 ) . `` An introduction to UK Local Dialling Codes as they were until the late 1970s '' . Archived from the original on 22 October 2013 . Retrieved 28 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Inman , David ( 3 March 2003 ) . `` UK STD codes '' . London South Bank University . Archived from the original on 10 March 2012 . Retrieved 28 October 2009 . Jump up ^ BT ( 1983 ) . `` 1983 BT code book for Isle of Wight '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 28 April 2013 . Retrieved 11 November 2005 . Jump up ^ Ireland , Catharina Day , Globe Pequot Press , 1987 , page 55 Jump up ^ Committee List , Staff List and Addresses of Offices , Lloyd 's Register of Shipping , The Register , 1981 , page 74 Jump up ^ Hallas , Sam ( 28 May 2010 ) . `` STD Equivalent List '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 7 June 2013 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Pritchard , Stephen ( 19 January 1997 ) . `` We 're talking telephone numbers '' . The Independent . London : Independent Print Limited . Archived from the original on 26 February 2014 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` London Will Divide Its Telephone Prefix , Fraying Composure ( the 1990 split of 01 into 071 and 081 ) '' . New York Times . Associated Press . 6 May 1990 . Retrieved 28 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Director General of Telecommunications ( 1 December 1999 ) . `` Statement on Freephone Numbering '' . Oftel . Office of Telecommunications . Archived from the original on 28 May 2013 . Retrieved 10 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Ofcom . `` The National Numbering Scheme : Telephone Numbers administered by Ofcom '' . Office of Communications . Archived from the original on 10 August 2013 . Retrieved 28 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Oftel ( 26 November 1997 ) . `` Reading Code Change '' . Oftel Numbering Bulletin 34 . Office of Telecommunications . Archived from the original on 28 May 2013 . Retrieved 5 May 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Ofcom . `` Data download - 07 numbers '' . Office of Communications . Archived from the original on 14 October 2013 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ofcom . `` Data download - 01 numbers '' . Office of Communications . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Director General of Telecommunications ( 23 May 2001 ) . `` Restoring trust in Personal Numbering '' . Consultations . Office of Telecommunications . Archived from the original on 28 May 2013 . Retrieved 26 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Oftel ( 18 June 2001 ) . `` Oftel tackles 070 personal numbers scams '' . Press Release . Office of Telecommunications . Archived from the original on 28 May 2013 . Retrieved 26 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Director General of Telecommunications ( 31 October 2001 ) . `` Restoring trust in Personal Numbering '' . Statement . Office of Telecommunications . Archived from the original on 28 May 2013 . Retrieved 26 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Ofcom ( 27 February 2009 ) . `` Personal Numbering - Guidance on the acceptable use of 070 numbers '' . Office of Communications . Archived from the original on 17 December 2013 . Retrieved 26 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Oftel ( 9 September 1999 ) . `` The Big Number - your questions answered '' . Office of Telecommunications . Archived from the original on 21 September 2013 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Oftel ( 12 December 1999 ) . `` Freephone numbering - Statement '' . Office of Telecommunications . Archived from the original on 28 May 2013 . Retrieved 11 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Vodafone ( 28 October 2010 ) . `` Free - to - caller charity numbers '' ( PDF ) . Vodafone Limited . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 22 February 2013 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ O. `` Free numbers '' . Telefónica UK Limited . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Virgin . `` Freephone numbers and Charity Helplines '' . Virgin Mobile Telecoms Ltd . Archived from the original on 1 May 2014 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ T - Mobile ( 30 January 2012 ) . `` Free to Call Helpline Services '' ( PDF ) . Everything Everywhere Limited . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 May 2012 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Orange ( 7 February 2005 ) . `` Orange make it free to call '' . Orange ( UK ) . Archived from the original on 21 April 2013 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Orange ( 7 February 2005 ) . `` Free Charity and Helpline Calls '' . Orange ( UK ) . Archived from the original on 5 March 2005 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ DWP ( 15 January 2010 ) . `` Free mobile calls for benefit claimants starting from 18 January 2010 '' . Department for Work and Pensions . Archived from the original on 3 January 2014 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Orange ( 1 February 2011 ) . `` Free numbers of Department of Work and Pensions '' . Orange ( UK ) . Archived from the original on 12 February 2011 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ofcom . `` Data download - 08 numbers '' . Office of Communications . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Oftel ( 1 May 2000 ) . `` 08 Sub-Ranges for New NTS Arrangements '' . Oftel Numbering Bulletin 40 . Office of Telecommunications . Archived from the original on 28 May 2013 . Retrieved 19 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : ASA ( 6 April 2005 ) . `` Emap Active Ltd '' . Non-broadcast Adjudications . Advertising Standards Authority . Archived from the original on 4 July 2013 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . the claim `` Lo - call '' was misleading , because calls to 0870 numbers were not charged at a low rate as implied . ^ Jump up to : ASA ( 4 January 2006 ) . `` Windsor Telecom plc '' . Non-broadcast Adjudications . Advertising Standards Authority . Archived from the original on 20 March 2013 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . we told Windsor Telecom to stop describing 0845 numbers as ' local rate ' ^ Jump up to : ASA ( 25 April 2007 ) . `` NET Homeworkers '' . Non-broadcast Adjudications . Advertising Standards Authority . Archived from the original on 20 March 2013 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . We therefore concluded that the description of the ' 0845 ' number as a ' local rate ' call was misleading . ^ Jump up to : ASA ( 12 December 2007 ) . `` Datel Group plc '' . Broadcast Adjudications . Advertising Standards Authority . Archived from the original on 20 March 2013 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . We told Max TV not to describe calls to 0845 numbers as ' local rate ' calls . ^ Jump up to : ASA ( 6 April 2005 ) . `` Langley Miniature Models '' . Non-broadcast Adjudications . Advertising Standards Authority . Archived from the original on 10 June 2013 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . The Authority considered that the description `` National Rate Calls '' for an 0870 number was misleading and likely to confuse consumers . The Authority told the advertisers not to refer to 0870 numbers as ' national rate ' . Marketing communications should also state that the price of calls originating from non-BT call providers varies . ^ Jump up to : ASA ( 20 September 2006 ) . `` British Sky Broadcasting Ltd t / a Sky Travel Shop '' . Broadcast Adjudications . Advertising Standards Authority . Archived from the original on 25 September 2006 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . Because most UK callers now paid more for calls to non-geographic 0870 numbers than for calls to geographic national destinations , we considered that the term `` national rate '' was inaccurate . ^ Jump up to : ASA ( 21 May 2008 ) . `` Men at Work Ltd '' . Non-broadcast Adjudications . Advertising Standards Authority . Archived from the original on 20 March 2013 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . ( we ) ruled that the costs of making calls to such numbers ( 0870 ) should be stated in the ad . ^ Jump up to : Committee of Advertising Practice ( 10 March 2005 ) . `` Hanging on the telephone . On and on and on '' . CAP News . Advertising Standards Authority . Archived from the original on 29 June 2006 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Committee of Advertising Practice ( 8 September 2005 ) . `` Stop the call confusion '' . CAP News . Advertising Standards Authority . Archived from the original on 2 January 2006 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . The Committee of Advertising Practice ( CAP ) ... has told advertisers who quote 084 and 087 numbers ... that they must not describe calls to those numbers as being charged at ' local ' or ' national ' rate ... On their introduction , calls to 084 ( 5 ) numbers were charged at the BT standard local rate and those to 087 ( 0 ) numbers were charged at BT standard national rate . Calls made from other phone companies were often more expensive . BT has abolished its standard rate for the majority of its customers , making the description of calls being charged at ' local ' or ' national ' rate meaningless for them . ^ Jump up to : Committee of Advertising Practice ( 8 September 2005 ) . `` Advertising 0845 and 087 numbers '' . CAP Alerts . Advertising Standards Authority . Archived from the original on 18 January 2006 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Committee of Advertising Practice ( 8 August 2012 ) . `` Chargeable 08 numbers : General '' . Advice Online database . Advertising Standards Authority . Archived from the original on 28 March 2013 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Committee of Advertising Practice ( 12 July 2010 ) . `` Chargeable 0845 numbers '' . Advice Online database . Advertising Standards Authority . Archived from the original on 28 March 2013 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Committee of Advertising Practice ( 8 August 2012 ) . `` Chargeable 0870 numbers '' . Advice Online database . Advertising Standards Authority . Archived from the original on 28 March 2013 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Committee of Advertising Practice ( 8 August 2012 ) . `` Chargeable ( 0842 ) 0843 and 0844 numbers '' . Advice Online database . Advertising Standards Authority . Archived from the original on 28 March 2013 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Committee of Advertising Practice ( 7 June 2013 ) . `` Premium - rate Services : 09 , 0871 , 0872 and 0873 numbers '' . Advice Online database . Advertising Standards Authority . Archived from the original on 10 June 2013 . Retrieved 7 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : ASA ( 2 April 2008 ) . `` Zero Gravity Products '' . Non-broadcast Adjudications . Advertising Standards Authority . Archived from the original on 3 April 2013 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . We considered that , because the cost of a call to the 0844 telephone number quoted in the ad cost more than a call to a geographic number the ad should include pricing information for the number ; that information should include the set up cost of the call and the price per minute . ^ Jump up to : ASA ( 2 April 2008 ) . `` Zero Gravity Products '' . Non-broadcast Adjudications . Advertising Standards Authority . Archived from the original on 27 March 2013 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . because the cost of a call to the 0844 telephone number quoted in the ad cost more than a call to a geographic number the ad should include pricing information for the number ^ Jump up to : ASA ( 18 February 2009 ) . `` Abstract Games Ltd '' . Non-broadcast Adjudications . Advertising Standards Authority . Archived from the original on 3 April 2013 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . We considered that , because the cost of a call to the 0844 telephone number quoted in the ad cost more than a call to a geographic number , the ads should have included pricing information for the number ; that information should have included the set - up cost of the call and the price per minute . ^ Jump up to : ASA ( 24 September 2008 ) . `` The Bristol Group Ltd '' . Non-broadcast Adjudications . Advertising Standards Authority . Archived from the original on 28 March 2013 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . We told them to include pricing information for the 0871 number in future and to quote the minimum cost , including the call set up fee , of the call . ^ Jump up to : ASA ( 25 August 2010 ) . `` Unique121 Escorts '' . Non-broadcast Adjudications . Advertising Standards Authority . Archived from the original on 3 April 2013 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . We noted calls to the 0871 numbers cost 10 pence per minute . Because they were charged at a higher rate than standard calls , but the ad did not make that clear , we concluded the ad was misleading . ^ Jump up to : PP . `` PhonepayPlus - the UK premium rate phone number and service regulator '' . PhonepayPlus . Archived from the original on 19 April 2014 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : BIS . `` Consumer Rights Directive '' . Department for Business , Innovation & Skills . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : EU . `` Directive 2011 / 83 / EU on Consumer Rights '' ( PDF ) . European Union . Retrieved 11 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Telecom Tariffs ( 31 October 2012 ) . `` Directory Enquiry Codes '' . Magenta Systems Ltd . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Ofcom . `` Data download - access codes '' . Office of Communications . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ BT . `` ( Section 2 , Part 19 ) Calls to Directory Enquiry 118 Services '' . BT Price List . British Telecommunications . Archived from the original on 27 August 2013 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Director General of Telecommunications ( 7 May 2003 ) . `` Opening up the Premium Rate Services ( '' PRS `` ) Range ' 0908 ' '' ( PDF ) . Oftel . Office of Telecommunications . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 7 January 2009 . Retrieved 11 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Director General of Telecommunications ( 19 March 2003 ) . `` Proposals to publish a National Telephone Numbering Plan : Appendix A : Geographic Area Codes '' ( PDF ) . Oftel . Office of Telecommunications . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 11 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Erdunast , Howard ( 24 March 2003 ) . `` BT 'S response to the consultation by Oftel on proposals to publish a National Telephone Numbering Plan '' ( PDF ) . BT . British Telecommunications PLC . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 5 June 2011 . Retrieved 11 January 2011 . Jump up ^ C&W ( 5 May 2003 ) . `` Consultation on the proposed National Telephone Numbering Plan - Response from Cable & Wireless '' ( PDF ) . Cable and Wireless . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 20 September 2012 . Retrieved 11 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Director General of Telecommunications ( 9 July 2003 ) . `` The National Telephone Numbering Plan : Appendix A : Geographic Area Codes '' ( PDF ) . Oftel . Office of Telecommunications . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 18 May 2006 . Retrieved 11 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Director General of Telecommunications ( 22 July 2003 ) . `` The National Telephone Numbering Plan : Appendix A : Geographic Area Codes ( revised ) '' ( PDF ) . Oftel . Office of Telecommunications . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 19 December 2005 . Retrieved 11 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Ofcom . `` National Telephone Numbering Plan '' . Office of Communications . Archived from the original on 6 April 2014 . Retrieved 11 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ofcom . `` Data download - SABC '' . Office of Communications . Archived from the original on 10 August 2013 . Retrieved 11 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Ofcom ( 5 May 2004 ) . `` Data download - README '' . Office of Communications . Archived from the original on 28 May 2013 . Retrieved 11 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ofcom ( 19 December 2011 ) . `` Errata to National Telephone Numbering Plan , reissued 19 December 2011 '' . Office of Communications . Archived from the original on 15 February 2014 . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ofcom ( 26 April 2007 ) . `` Conditions regulating Sexual Entertainment Services '' ( PDF ) . Office of Communications . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 26 May 2011 . Retrieved 10 October 2010 . Jump up ^ PP ( 23 August 2006 ) . `` PhonepayPlus - Ocfom ( sic ) announces new number range for sexual entertainment services '' . PhonepayPlus . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Ofcom . `` Data download - 09 numbers '' . Office of Communications . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Ofcom ( 10 August 2006 ) . `` Supplying numbers for 09 premium rate services ... '' ( PDF ) . Office of Communications . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 28 April 2013 . Retrieved 10 October 2010 . Jump up ^ DoH ( 2 February 2005 ) . `` 0870 in the NHS '' . Department of Health . Archived from the original on 1 March 2005 . Retrieved 5 May 2005 . Jump up ^ DoH ( 24 February 2005 ) . `` Hutton Rings the Changes on NHS Telephone Numbers -- National and Premium Rate Phone Numbers Banned From April 2005 '' . Wired Gov. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ BBC news ( 24 February 2005 ) . `` NHS ban on top rate phone lines '' . BBC . Archived from the original on 2 December 2008 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Gould , Mark ( 3 March 2005 ) . `` Ministers pull the plug on 0870 '' . Health Service Journal . EMAP Ltd . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . ( registration required ) Jump up ^ `` GPs face 0870 backlash '' . Health Service Journal . EMAP Ltd. 13 January 2005 . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . ( registration required ) Jump up ^ Clarke , Mickey ; Clarke , Michael ( 24 February 2005 ) . `` 0870 phone lines ban for GPs '' . This is Money . Associated Newspapers Limited . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Michael ( 25 February 2005 ) . `` 0870 phone lines ban for GPs '' . London Evening Standard . Evening Standard Limited . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ BBC news ( 10 May 2005 ) . `` Surgeries change number at a cost '' . BBC . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : NEG ( 27 June 2006 ) . `` Kingshurst Medical Practice finds that Surgery Line pays for itself '' ( PDF ) . Case Studies . Network Europe Group Ltd . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 February 2007 . Retrieved 2 December 2007 . With your own 084 number , you keep about 2p from every call to re-invest in your practice , instead of BT making all the profit from calls to your surgery ... Calls to 084 or ' lo - call ' numbers cost patients 4p per minute , the same as the first minute of BT 's standard call rate between 6am and 6pm . ^ Jump up to : NEG ( 4 March 2009 ) . `` Practice Managers have their say over Surgery Line '' ( PDF ) . Network Europe Group Ltd . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 February 2012 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Warner , Norman ( 19 December 2006 ) . `` Use of non-geographical ( 084 ) telephone numbers to contact NHS services '' . Department of Health . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 June 2011 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Practices encouraged to use new 03 numbers '' . eHealthInsider . eHealth Media . 3 January 2007 . Archived from the original on 18 May 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Parliament ( 24 July 2007 ) . `` Early day motion 2006 - 07 / 1989 -- Cost of calling doctors ' surgeries '' . Records of parliamentary business . The Stationery Office . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Parliament ( 6 November 2007 ) . `` Early day motion 2007 - 08 / 108 -- Use of 0844 telephone numbers in GP Surgeries '' . Records of parliamentary business . The Stationery Office . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Bourley , Anika ( 26 January 2007 ) . `` Patients facing pricier calls to GPs '' . Bradford Telegraph and Argus . Newsquest ( Yorkshire & North East ) Ltd . Archived from the original on 25 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Smith , Rebecca ( 23 July 2007 ) . `` GPs criticised over costly phone codes '' . The Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group Limited . Archived from the original on 24 March 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Rose , David ( 23 July 2007 ) . `` Why it will cost more to phone your GP '' . The Times . London : Times Newspapers Limited . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Connell , James ( 22 August 2007 ) . `` Inquiry into cost of calling doctor '' . Worcester News . Newsquest ( Midlands South ) Ltd . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Connell , James ( 27 August 2007 ) . `` Foster to lobby Government over GP premium rate numbers '' . Worcester News . Newsquest ( Midlands South ) Ltd . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Connell , James ( 1 September 2007 ) . `` Doctor defends premium rate lines '' . Worcester News . Newsquest ( Midlands South ) Ltd . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ O'Dowd , Adrian ( 15 September 2007 ) . `` GPs and patients clash over use of premium rate phone lines '' . BMJ. 335 ( 7619 ) : 534 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj.39334.746088.be . PMC 1976496 . Jump up ^ O'Dowd , Adrian ( 15 September 2007 ) . `` GPs and patients clash over use of premium rate phone lines '' . BMJ 2007 ; 335 ( 7619 ) : 534.2 . BMJ Publishing Group . doi : 10.1136 / bmj.39334.746088.BE . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Connell , James ( 5 November 2007 ) . `` Patients to have say on 0844 numbers '' . Worcester News . Newsquest ( Midlands South ) Ltd . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` GP practice asks if it should drop 0844 number '' . eHealthInsider . eHealth Media . 13 November 2007 . Archived from the original on 18 May 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Rose , David ( 16 May 2008 ) . `` Hospitals make money on patient phone calls '' . The Times . London : Times Newspapers Limited . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Rose , David ( 16 May 2008 ) . `` Hospitals make money on patient phone calls '' . The Times Online . HealthSector . Archived from the original on 21 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Gavin ( 13 July 2008 ) . `` The great GP phone rip - off '' . Wales On Sunday . Media Wales Ltd . Archived from the original on 15 October 2012 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Gavin ( 13 July 2008 ) . `` Patients ripped off by GP phone charges '' . Wales On Sunday . Media Wales Ltd . Archived from the original on 31 July 2008 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Reporter ( 13 July 2008 ) . `` Number 's up for GPs using costly codes '' . Bedfordshire on Sunday . LSN Media Ltd . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Parliament ( 21 January 2008 ) . `` 0844 Telephone Numbers '' . Hansard -- House of Commons debates . The Stationery Office . Archived from the original on 30 January 2008 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Practices use of 0844 numbers to be investigated '' . eHealthInsider . eHealth Media . 29 January 2008 . Archived from the original on 12 May 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Barr , Fiona ( 19 February 2008 ) . `` GP practices must publicise 0844 call costs '' . eHealthInsider . eHealth Media . Archived from the original on 18 May 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Johnson steps up pressure on 0844 numbers '' . eHealthInsider . eHealth Media . 11 March 2008 . Archived from the original on 12 May 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ DoH ( 3 March 2008 ) . `` Use of ' 084 ' telephone numbers by local NHS services '' . Department of Health . Archived from the original on 3 July 2008 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` DH ' highly unlikely ' to ban 084 numbers '' . eHealthInsider . eHealth Media . 3 June 2008 . Archived from the original on 18 May 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Sanders , Toby ( 27 March 2008 ) . `` Use and Application of 084 Numbers within General Practice '' . Leicester City PCT Board Meeting . Leicester City Primary Care Trust . Archived from the original ( DOC ) on 20 April 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Stankovska , Simona ( 1 October 2008 ) . `` Trust ditches 0844 number '' . eHealthInsider . eHealth Media . Archived from the original on 12 May 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Reporter ( 23 February 2008 ) . `` Block on top - rate GP lines '' . Enfield Independent . Newsquest ( London ) Ltd . Archived from the original on 23 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mid-Yorkshire earns £ 80,000 from 0844 number '' . eHealthInsider . eHealth Media . 5 August 2008 . Archived from the original on 12 May 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Hodgson , Derek ( 29 October 2008 ) . `` Personal view : Derek Hodgson '' . eHealthInsider . eHealth Media . Archived from the original on 17 August 2012 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ DoH ( 16 December 2008 ) . `` The use of 084 telephone numbers in the NHS '' . Consultation paper . Department of Health . Archived from the original on 1 March 2012 . Retrieved 11 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Dreaper , Jane ( 16 December 2008 ) . `` Doctors ' phone line use reviewed '' . BBC News . BBC . Archived from the original on 22 February 2009 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ DoH ( 16 December 2008 ) . `` The use of 084 telephone numbers in the NHS '' . Department of Health . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 22 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Barr , Fiona ( 16 December 2008 ) . `` Official consultation on 084 numbers '' . eHealthInsider . eHealth Media . Archived from the original on 18 May 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Reporter ( 10 February 2009 ) . `` Campaign to say ' no to 084 ' '' . Daily Gazette . Newsquest ( Essex ) Ltd . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Barr , Fiona ( 24 February 2009 ) . `` BMA says 084 must run its course '' . eHealthInsider . eHealth Media . Archived from the original on 18 May 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Durham , Neil ( 28 January 2009 ) . `` Do n't let DoH off the hook on 084 ban in rush to go green '' . GP . Haymarket Business Media . Archived from the original on 22 May 2010 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Ofcom ( 1 December 2008 ) . `` The 03 alternative '' . Office of Communications . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Dayani , Alison ( 4 July 2009 ) . `` Health trust helps patients save money with campaign on 084 telephone numbers '' . Birmingham Mail . Trinity Mirror Group . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Reporter ( 25 February 2010 ) . `` Local number for GP out of hours '' . Londonderry Sentinel . Johnston Publishing Ltd . Archived from the original on 7 May 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Ofcom ( 13 February 2007 ) . `` Ofcom introduces UK - wide 03 numbers '' . Office of Communications . Archived from the original on 13 August 2013 . Retrieved 28 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Ofcom ( 29 April 2008 ) . `` Telephone Numbering : Creation of New Area Code for Ebbsfleet '' . Office of Communications . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 11 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Ofcom ( 27 February 2009 ) . `` Review of the 070 personal numbering range : Summary '' . Office of Communications . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 28 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Ofcom ( 27 February 2009 ) . `` Review of the 070 personal numbering range '' ( PDF ) . Office of Communications . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 16 July 2011 . Retrieved 28 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Ofcom ( 28 July 2010 ) . `` Harmonised European numbers for harmonised services of social value ( 116XXX numbers ) '' . Office of Communications . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Ofcom ( 28 July 2010 ) . `` Ofcom makes two new 116 helpline numbers available '' . Office of Communications . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Ofcom ( 1 April 2009 ) . `` 0870 numbers '' . Office of Communications . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ PP ( 13 November 2007 ) . `` PhonepayPlus to apply code of practice to 0871 numbers '' . PhonepayPlus . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ PP ( 5 February 2009 ) . `` PhonepayPlus outlines transition to premium rate regulation of 0871 '' . PhonepayPlus . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Reporter ( 13 September 2009 ) . `` Premium rate phone numbers are to be banned across the NHS '' . The Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group Limited . Archived from the original on 25 March 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Reporter ( 13 September 2009 ) . `` 40p - a-min calls to GPs are banned '' . Metro . Associated Newspapers Limited . Archived from the original on 23 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ BBC news ( 14 September 2009 ) . `` NHS premium rate calls are banned '' . BBC . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Smith , Rebecca ( 14 September 2009 ) . `` NHS must not charge more than local rate for phone calls : ministers '' . The Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group Limited . Archived from the original on 24 March 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Reporter ( 14 September 2009 ) . `` Leeds GP welcomes move to halt ' premium ' calls '' . Yorkshire Evening Post . Johnston Publishing Ltd . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Barr , Fiona ( 14 September 2009 ) . `` DH bans use of premium rate phone number '' . eHealthInsider . eHealth Media . Archived from the original on 12 May 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ ePolitix ( 14 September 2009 ) . `` NHS premium rate calls to be banned '' . SalfordOnline . Archived from the original on 21 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ HSJ ( 14 September 2009 ) . `` NHS to ban premium rate numbers '' . Health Service Journal . EMAP Publishing Limited . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . ( registration required ) Jump up ^ Durham , Neil ( 15 September 2009 ) . `` NHS campaigner queries premium rate ban '' . GP . Haymarket Business Media . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Ford , Steve ( 17 September 2009 ) . `` Premium rate call charges to be outlawed in NHS '' . Health Service Journal . EMAP Publishing Limited . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . ( registration required ) ^ Jump up to : Secretary of State for Health ( 18 December 2009 ) . `` Directions to NHS bodies concerning the cost of telephone calls ( 2009 ) '' ( PDF ) . Department of Health . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 February 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Barr , Fiona ( 4 January 2010 ) . `` New directions on 084 numbers '' . eHealthInsider . eHealth Media . Archived from the original on 18 May 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Hall , Nick ( 21 December 2009 ) . `` The use of 084 Numbers - Directions to NHS Bodies '' ( PDF ) . Department of Health . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 February 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ NEG ( 14 September 2009 ) . `` Surgery Line '' ( PDF ) . Press Release . Network Europe Group Ltd . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 17 February 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ NEG ( 14 September 2009 ) . `` Use of 084 Numbers '' ( DOC ) . Statement . Ashley Medical Centre . Archived from the original on 29 April 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ NEG ( 19 January 2010 ) . `` Dear Surgery Line User ( early version , archived ) '' ( PDF ) . Network Europe Group Ltd . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 17 February 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ NEG ( 14 June 2010 ) . `` Cost of Calls - Dear Surgery Line User '' . Newsletter . Churchdown Surgery . Archived from the original on 26 March 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` GPC Guidance : Use of 084 Numbers in the NHS '' ( PDF ) . LLMC Newsletters . Liverpool Local Medical Committee . 1 January 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 February 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Barr , Fiona ( 13 January 2010 ) . `` GPC enters the fray on 084 numbers '' . eHealthInsider . eHealth Media . Archived from the original on 18 May 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Ofcom ( 30 April 2010 ) . `` Review of non geographic calls services - Call for Inputs '' . Office of Communications . Archived from the original on 16 May 2010 . Retrieved 26 May 2010 . Jump up ^ DoH ( 4 April 2010 ) . `` Standard General Medical Services Contract Variation Notice -- April 2010 '' ( PDF ) . GMS contract . Department of Health . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 February 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Parliament ( 3 March 2010 ) . `` The National Health Service ( Primary Medical Services ) ( Miscellaneous Amendments ) Regulations 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Statutory Instruments -- 2010 No. 578 . The Stationery Office . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 27 March 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Sell , Susie ( 4 May 2010 ) . `` GMS contract revision bans use of premium rate numbers '' . GP Online . Haymarket Business Media . Archived from the original on 2 September 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ TheyWorkForYou ( 10 June 2010 ) . `` General Practitioner Practices ( Premium - rate Numbers ) '' . Hansard -- Scottish Parliament -- Scottish Executive Question Time -- General Questions . mySociety . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Reporter ( 18 February 2011 ) . `` Surgery 's phone queue keeps me hanging on '' . Derby Telegraph . Northcliffe Media Limited . Archived from the original on 30 April 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Reporter ( 19 April 2011 ) . `` GPs ' break rules ' on high - rate phone numbers '' . Yorkshire Post . Johnston Publishing Ltd . Archived from the original on 7 May 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Reporter ( 26 April 2011 ) . `` GP surgeries are still using premium rate dialling codes '' . Sheffield Star . Johnston Publishing Ltd . Archived from the original on 23 January 2012 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Perkins , Elizabeth ( 26 April 2011 ) . `` Neath Port Talbot surgeries place a ' toll on sick ' '' . South Wales Evening Post . Northcliffe Media Limited . Archived from the original on 30 April 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Turner , Phil ( 29 April 2011 ) . `` Rotherham doctors accused over phone ' rip - off ' '' . Rotherham Advertiser . Garnett Dickinson Publishing Ltd . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Brindley , Madeleine ( 5 May 2011 ) . `` Sixty GP surgeries asking patients to call them on high - rate numbers '' . Western Mail . Media Wales Ltd . Archived from the original on 1 April 2012 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Reporter ( 18 May 2011 ) . `` GPs still using premium line numbers despite ban '' . Huddersfield Daily Examiner . Trinity Mirror North West & North Wales Limited . Archived from the original on 7 May 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Reporter ( 24 May 2011 ) . `` Premium rate numbers to call the doctor '' . The Reading Post . S&B media . Archived from the original on 3 June 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Reporter ( 24 June 2011 ) . `` 084 number costs some BT callers 13p a minute '' . Ongar Gazette . Northcliffe Media Limited . Archived from the original on 7 May 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Porter , Tom ( 30 June 2011 ) . `` Seriously ill patient unable to afford premium rate call charge '' . Epping Forest Guardian . Newsquest ( London ) Ltd . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Cook , Caroline ( 19 July 2011 ) . `` Anger as surgery keeps premium rate number '' . Reading Post . S&B media . Archived from the original on 3 June 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Knowles , Keeley ( 31 July 2011 ) . `` Surgeries ' call charges are making patients sick '' . Bedfordshire on Sunday . LSN Media Ltd . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Hickson , David ( 31 March 2011 ) . `` NHS GPs using expensive telephone numbers '' . David Hickson Media . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Hickson , David ( 5 May 2011 ) . `` NHS GPs using expensive telephone numbers '' . David Hickson Media . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Hickson , David ( 10 March 2011 ) . `` Time for the NHS to reverse the charges '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian News and Media Limited . Archived from the original on 14 March 2011 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ NEG ( 14 April 2011 ) . `` Dear Surgery Line User ( later version ) '' ( PDF ) . Network Europe Group Ltd . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . NEG ( 14 April 2011 ) . `` Dear Surgery Line User ( later version ) '' ( PDF ) . Network Europe Group Ltd . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 27 March 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ BMA ( 20 July 2011 ) . `` Guidance on 084 numbers '' ( PDF ) . British Medical Association . Retrieved 12 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Parliament ( 12 July 2011 ) . `` GPs ( Premium Rate Telephone Numbers ) '' . Hansard -- House of Commons -- Oral Answers to Questions -- Health . The Stationery Office . Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Simon ( 13 July 2011 ) . `` Patients paying premium for surgery calls , say MPs '' . Health Service Journal . EMAP Publishing Limited . 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Jump up ^ NEG ( 30 September 2011 ) . `` Enhanced Telephony -- The Facts ( later version ) '' ( PDF ) . Network Europe Group Ltd / Daisy Group plc . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 9 April 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jo ( 28 October 2011 ) . `` Letter to Patients '' ( PDF ) . Wye Surgery . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 3 April 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Hickson , David ( 10 July 2011 ) . `` PCTs failing to understand DH Guidance ... on use of expensive telephone numbers to contact NHS providers '' . David Hickson Media . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Hickson , David ( 8 June 2011 ) . `` NHS GPs using expensive telephone numbers - new database ( Updated - 24 November 2011 ) '' . David Hickson Media . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . 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Braintree and Witham Times . Newsquest ( Essex ) Ltd . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` GP phone numbers update '' . Sheffield Local Involvement Network . 27 June 2011 . Archived from the original on 7 May 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Reporter ( 5 August 2011 ) . `` GP phone numbers switch '' . Sheffield Star . Johnston Publishing Ltd . Archived from the original on 7 May 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Reporter ( 20 August 2011 ) . `` Practice responds to patient pressure '' . Billericay Gazette . Northcliffe Media Limited . Archived from the original on 30 April 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Dr Rasheed , who has been with the surgery since 2005 , said the surgery makes about £ 200 a month from the 0844 number , but spends £ 400 making calls to patients . Jump up ^ Reporter ( 25 October 2011 ) . `` Surgery gets rid of that 0844 number '' . Halifax Courier . Johnston Publishing Ltd . Archived from the original on 7 May 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Wye Surgery ( 13 June 2011 ) . `` 084 Telephone Number -- Statement from Wye Surgery '' . WyeWeb . Archived from the original on 30 April 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Reporter ( 16 July 2011 ) . `` GP slammed for forcing public to pay for 084 number '' . Ongar Gazette . Northcliffe Media Limited . Archived from the original on 30 April 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Hickson , David ( 17 July 2011 ) . `` Open letter '' ( PDF ) . WyeWeb . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Jacobs , Ernest ; Hickson , David ( 19 July 2011 ) . `` More on the 0844 issue '' . WyeWeb . Archived from the original on 7 May 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Reporter ( 6 December 2011 ) . `` Scrap premium rate numbers for surgeries '' . The Reading Post . S&B media . Archived from the original on 3 June 2013 . 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Jump up ^ TheyWorkForYou ( 24 January 2012 ) . `` 084 Telephone Numbers ( NHS ) '' . Hansard -- House of Commons debates . mySociety . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Hickson , David ( 25 January 2012 ) . `` Some comments on Government policy , as revealed on debating 084 telephone numbers in the NHS '' . David Hickson Media . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ DoH ( 23 February 2012 ) . `` The use of 084 numbers in the NHS '' ( PDF ) . Department of Health . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 February 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ DoH ( 23 February 2012 ) . `` The use of 084 numbers in the NHS '' . Publications -- Legislation . Department of Health . Archived from the original on 30 September 2012 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ DoH ( 23 February 2012 ) . `` The use of 084 numbers in the NHS -- Further guidance '' ( PDF ) . Essex Local Medical Committee . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 April 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Best , Jo ( 28 February 2012 ) . `` Stop using expensive 084 numbers , Department of Health tells GPs '' . Government Computing . GCN / Progressive Digital Media Group Plc . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Bostock , Nick ( 24 February 2012 ) . `` BMA disputes DH guidance on premium rate practice phone numbers '' . GP Online . Haymarket Business Media . Archived from the original on 3 March 2012 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ TheyWorkForYou ( 27 March 2012 ) . `` NHS 111 telephone service '' . Hansard -- House of Commons -- Oral Answers to Questions -- Health . mySociety . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lansley condemns expensive GP phone calls '' . Health Service Journal . EMAP Ltd . The Press Association . 29 March 2012 . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . ( registration required ) Jump up ^ Reporter ( 15 May 2012 ) . `` MP Winning Campaign Against ' rip - off ' Doctors ' Phone Numbers '' . The Yorkshire Times . Yorkshire Times Ltd . Archived from the original on 7 March 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Reporter ( 11 July 2012 ) . `` Health chiefs respond to outcry over 0845 calls '' . Leicester Mercury . Northcliffe Media Limited . Archived from the original on 15 July 2012 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Reporter ( 19 July 2012 ) . `` New GP phone numbers '' . Dinnington Guardian . Johnston Publishing Ltd . Archived from the original on 7 May 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Gilfillan , Georgie ( 14 August 2012 ) . `` 0844 telephone number '' . NHS UK . Dr. Cloak and partners . Archived from the original on 30 August 2012 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Reporter ( 28 October 2012 ) . `` Surgery hangs up on 08444 number '' . Western Telegraph . Newsquest Media ( Southern ) Ltd . Archived from the original on 21 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Reporter ( 7 November 2012 ) . `` Victory claimed as medical centre ditches `` expensive '' phone number `` . Spalding Guardian . Johnston Publishing Ltd . Archived from the original on 7 May 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Millard , Rachel ( 22 November 2012 ) . `` Croydon doctors ' surgeries to switch from premium numbers to local rate '' . Coulsdon and Purley Advertiser . Northcliffe Media Limited . Archived from the original on 30 April 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Reporter ( 12 March 2012 ) . `` Outrage at surgery 's use of premium lines '' . Spalding Guardian . Johnston Publishing Ltd . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Reporter ( 8 May 2012 ) . `` Horsham patients paying £ 1.60 a minute to call the doctor 's surgery '' . West Sussex County Times . Johnston Publishing Ltd . Archived from the original on 21 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Reporter ( 18 May 2012 ) . `` Concern over cost of phone calls to GPs '' . Crawley and Horley Observer . Johnston Publishing Ltd . Archived from the original on 21 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Reporter ( 20 July 2012 ) . `` Medical centre call - rate protest '' . Kingsbridge , Salcombe and South Hams Gazette . Tindle Newspapers Ltd . Archived from the original on 21 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Reporter ( 20 July 2012 ) . `` Medical centre call - rate protest '' . South Hams Gazette . South Hams Newspapers Ltd . Archived from the original on 21 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ NEG ( 9 February 2012 ) . `` NHS Regulations -- Supporting GPs with Compliance -- February 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Network Europe Group Ltd / Daisy Group plc . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 27 March 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . NEG ( 15 February 2012 ) . `` NHS Regulations -- Supporting GPs with Compliance -- February 2012 ( archived ) '' ( PDF ) . Network Europe Group Ltd / Daisy Group plc . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 10 May 2012 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . NEG ( 15 February 2012 ) . `` NHS Regulations -- Supporting GPs with Compliance -- February 2012 ( archived ) '' ( PDF ) . Network Europe Group Ltd / Daisy Group plc . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 March 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ NEG ( 15 March 2012 ) . `` NHS Regulations -- Supporting GPs with Compliance -- March 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Network Europe Group Ltd / Daisy Group plc . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 17 February 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . NEG ( 15 March 2012 ) . `` NHS Regulations -- Supporting GPs with Compliance -- March 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Network Europe Group Ltd / Daisy Group plc . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 April 2012 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ NEG ( 22 April 2012 ) . `` NHS Regulations -- Supporting GPs with Compliance -- April 2012 ( annotated ) '' ( PDF ) . Network Europe Group Ltd / Daisy Group plc . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 30 March 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . NEG ( 22 April 2012 ) . `` NHS Regulations -- Supporting GPs with Compliance -- April 2012 ( annotated ) '' ( PDF ) . Network Europe Group Ltd / Daisy Group plc . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 27 March 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ NEG ( 4 May 2012 ) . `` NHS Regulations -- Supporting GPs with Compliance -- April 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Network Europe Group Ltd / Daisy Group plc . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 30 March 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ NEG ( 7 December 2012 ) . `` NHS Regulations -- Supporting GPs with Compliance -- November 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Network Europe Group Ltd / Daisy Group plc . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 March 2013 . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . Jump up ^ NEG ( 11 January 2013 ) . `` NHS Regulations -- Supporting GPs with Compliance -- January 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Network Europe Group Ltd / Daisy Group plc . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 15 March 2013 . Retrieved 2 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Democracy Live ( 29 May 2012 ) . `` Use of ' 0844 ' numbers by GP surgeries -- N.I. Assembly debate '' . BBC News ( 51 : 45 running time ) . BBC . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ TheyWorkForYou ( 29 May 2012 ) . `` GP Surgeries : Telephone Numbers '' . Hansard -- Northern Ireland Assembly debates . mySociety . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Reporter ( 7 June 2012 ) . `` Automated GP calls anger Moy patients '' . Tyrone Times . Johnston Publishing Ltd . Archived from the original on 7 May 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Jarrett , Tim ( 11 May 2012 ) . `` Use of non-geographic telephone numbers ( e.g. 0845 ) by the NHS and GPs ' practices '' . Parliamentary briefing papers . The Stationery Office . Archived from the original on 14 April 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ FTC ( 3 March 2012 ) . `` Chronology of the ban on expensive 084 numbers in the NHS '' . Fair Telecoms Campaign . Archived from the original on 23 April 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Surgery Line ( 27 July 2012 ) . `` Simplifying non-geographic numbers '' ( PDF ) . Consultation Responses . Office of Communications . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 20 April 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Under the proposed new structure , Ofcom expects call cost descriptions to follow the format : `` This call will cost you X pence per minute plus your phone company 's access charge . '' We do not believe that it is appropriate for a patient to receive the Service Charge information advised by OFCOM when they contact their surgery as this will only seek to alarm them , and perpetuate the myth that all calls ( to 084 numbers ) are more costly . Jump up ^ Lindsay , Dave ; Hickson , David ( 7 November 2012 ) . `` Evidence of call charges '' ( PDF ) . Fair Telecoms Campaign . Archived from the original on 23 April 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Hickson , David ( 2 May 2012 ) . `` Supporting Surgery Line '' . David Hickson Media . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Mike ( 20 November 2012 ) . `` NHS phone numbers set to change across Gloucestershire '' . The Citizen . Gloucestershire : Northcliffe Media Limited . Archived from the original on 7 May 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Hickson , David ( 21 April 2012 ) . `` NHS GPs are still adopting 084 telephone numbers , 2 years after this was prohibited '' . David Hickson Media . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Curtis , Joe ( 13 May 2012 ) . `` Outrage over surgery call cost hike '' . Waltham Forest Guardian . Newsquest ( London ) Ltd . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Reporter ( 15 May 2012 ) . `` Ill feeling over phone call cost '' . Northamptonshire Telegraph . Johnston Publishing Ltd . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Attlesey , Melanie ( 17 August 2012 ) . `` The Evergreen Surgery 's decision to use a premium rate number is criticised '' . Wanstead and Woodford Guardian . Newsquest ( London ) Ltd . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Todd , Rebecca ( 19 October 2012 ) . `` Two new surgeries get 084 numbers '' . eHealthInsider . eHealth Media . Archived from the original on 7 June 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Hickson , David ( 15 October 2012 ) . `` Breaches of the NHS GP contract continue - new 0844 telephone numbers being adopted '' . David Hickson Media . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ White , Anna ( 25 October 2012 ) . `` GPs will have to find a cure for costly 0844 phone calls '' . Kent Online . KM Group . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Mayhew , Freddy ( 6 November 2012 ) . `` Patients pay a premium to make appointment with GPs by phone '' . Barking and Dagenham Post . Archant Community Media Ltd . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Mayhew , Freddy ( 8 November 2012 ) . `` Patients charged premium rates to call doctor 's surgeries '' . London24 . Archant Community Media Ltd . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ PP ( 12 December 2011 ) . `` PhonepayPlus issues call for inputs on regulation of 08xx numbers '' . PhonepayPlus . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Bamber , Katie ( 4 December 2012 ) . `` Patients hit out as Epping Forest medical practices continue to employ premium rate 0844 numbers '' . Epping Forest Guardian . Newsquest ( London ) Ltd . Archived from the original on 21 October 2013 . Retrieved 4 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hathaway Medical Centre and the use of 0844 numbers '' ( PDF ) . Hathaway Medical Centre . 9 May 2012 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 17 February 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Telephone calls to the surgery '' ( DOC ) . NHS UK . Brockworth Surgery . 26 March 2012 . Archived from the original on 20 April 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New Phone System 2013 '' ( DOC ) . Belmont Hill Surgery . 4 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 26 March 2013 . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Lindsay , Dave ; Hickson , David ( 27 October 2012 ) . `` Two tier telephone access to the NHS '' ( PDF ) . Fair Telecoms Campaign . Archived from the original on 22 October 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Lennon , Simon ( 17 February 2013 ) . `` Patients Forced to Ring Pricey Premium Rate Lines '' . Daily Star . Northern and Shell Media Publication . Retrieved 2 March 2013 . Jump up ^ BBC news ( 27 February 2013 ) . `` South East GPs criticised for phone number charges '' . BBC . Archived from the original on 2 March 2013 . Retrieved 2 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Reporter ( 9 March 2013 ) . `` Calls to GPs cost up to 20p a min '' . West Sussex County Times . Johnston Publishing Ltd . Archived from the original on 21 February 2014 . Retrieved 10 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Basildon ( 21 March 2013 ) . `` Fury over GP 's premium rate phone line '' . Yellow Advertiser . Tindle Newspapers Ltd . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 22 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Karen ( 1 March 2013 ) . `` Surgery drops premium rate phone lines '' . The Reading Post . S&B media . Archived from the original on 6 June 2013 . Retrieved 2 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Karen ( 1 March 2013 ) . `` GP practice ditches controversial Premium Rate phoneline '' . Surrey Advertiser . S&B media . Retrieved 2 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Reporter ( 15 March 2013 ) . `` Doctors ' surgeries to drop premium - rate tariff on phone lines '' . Isle of Thanet Gazette . Northcliffe Media Limited . Archived from the original on 28 April 2013 . Retrieved 18 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Ofcom ( 31 August 2010 ) . `` Telephone Numbering - Proposals for modifications to the National Telephone Numbering Plan , ... '' Office of Communications . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Ofcom ( 9 September 2009 ) . `` Telephone Area Codes Tool '' . Office of Communications . Archived from the original on 29 March 2014 . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Ofcom ( 25 November 2010 ) . `` Ofcom Geographic telephone numbers '' . Office of Communications . Archived from the original on 26 June 2013 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Ofcom ( 1 November 2012 ) . `` Ofcom Dial the 01202 Code '' . Office of Communications . Archived from the original on 27 May 2013 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ofcom ( 15 April 2013 ) . `` Simplifying non-geographic numbers - Policy position on the introduction of the unbundled tariff and changes to 080 and 116 ranges '' . Consultations . Office of Communications . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 16 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` OFCOM Dial the Code '' . Jump up ^ `` 1st July brings clearer call costs '' . Calling 08 Numbers . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UK Calling '' . Ofcom . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Oftel ( 7 May 2003 ) . `` A User 's Guide to Telephone Numbering '' ( PDF ) . Office of Telecommunications . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 7 April 2006 . Retrieved 18 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Ofcom . `` Data download - UK number allocations listed by initial digits '' . Office of Communications . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 11 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Oftel ( 28 March 1998 ) . `` 08 Special Services Range - 0845 1888 for NHS Direct '' . Oftel Numbering Bulletin 35 . Office of Telecommunications . Archived from the original on 28 May 2013 . Retrieved 5 May 2005 . Jump up ^ Oftel ( 28 March 1998 ) . `` Urgent - 01 misdialling '' . Oftel Numbering Bulletin 35 . Office of Telecommunications . Archived from the original on 28 May 2013 . Retrieved 5 May 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Oftel ( 20 March 2001 ) . `` National Code & Number Change Framework Document '' ( DOC ) . Office of Telecommunications . Archived from the original on 4 August 2004 . Retrieved 5 May 2005 . Jump up ^ Oftel ( 1 October 1999 ) . `` Designation and Opening for Allocation of 0905 PRS Sub-Range '' . Oftel Numbering Bulletin 39 . Office of Telecommunications . Archived from the original on 28 May 2013 . Retrieved 19 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Oftel ( 26 November 1997 ) . `` Internet for schools '' . Oftel Numbering Bulletin 34 . Office of Telecommunications . Archived from the original on 28 May 2013 . Retrieved 5 May 2005 . The code 0820 is to be used for schools Internet services . Allocations of numbering capacity will be made in blocks of 10,000 numbers to operators applying for allocation . Jump up ^ Feather , Clive ( 25 June 2009 ) . `` Local call area for 023 area code '' . Telephone charging rates as applied by BT . Archived from the original on 18 December 2012 . Retrieved 10 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Oftel ( 20 March 2001 ) . `` National Code & Number Change Framework Document . Issue 20 March 2001 . 2.14. 3 Use of ( 029 ) code for other areas in Wales '' ( DOC ) . Office of Telecommunications . Archived from the original on 4 August 2004 . Retrieved 28 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Ofcom ( 20 August 2009 ) . `` Telephone numbers -- the facts and figures : ( Boxout ) Is it ( 020 ) 7 or 0207 ? '' . Office of Communications . Archived from the original on 20 January 2014 . Retrieved 28 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Ofcom ( 30 December 2004 ) . `` Q&A : New telephone number range for Greater London ( 020 ) area '' ( PDF ) . Office of Communications . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 May 2011 . Retrieved 28 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Scammell , Ruth ( 5 June 2009 ) . `` Phone wires crossed over new numbers '' . The News . Archived from the original on 24 August 2010 . Retrieved 15 May 2010 . The News article showing people incorrectly dialling area code as 02392 and getting wrong number for new ( 023 ) 93xx xxxx numbers . Jump up ^ `` The 0114 area code '' . Sheffield Forums. 14 June 2003 . Archived from the original on 27 May 2013 . Retrieved 30 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Walsh , David ( 23 June 2009 ) . `` Calling Sheffield ( 0114 ) 3 '' . Sheffield Star . Archived from the original on 26 August 2010 . Retrieved 16 July 2009 . Sheffield Star article showing people incorrectly dialling area code as 01142 and getting wrong number for new ( 0114 ) 3xx xxxx numbers . Jump up ^ Reporter ( 7 April 2007 ) . `` Dialling mix up on hospital calls '' . Newbury Weekly News . Archived from the original on 4 February 2012 . Retrieved 2 September 2009 . Newbury Weekly News article showing people incorrectly dialling area code as 01189 and getting wrong number for new ( 0118 ) 3xx xxxx numbers . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_telephone_numbers_in_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=857484019 '' Categories : History of telecommunications in the United Kingdom Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Pages with login required references or sources Pages containing links to subscription - only content All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Articles needing POV - check from November 2014 Coatrack articles All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from December 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Recent changes Add links This page was last edited on 31 August 2018 , at 23 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what year did 10 digit phone numbers start	[]	[]
-7013822061515303040	Matthew 6:3	Matthew 6 : 3 - wikipedia Matthew 6 : 3 Matthew 6 : 3 is the third verse of the sixth chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament and is part of the Sermon on the Mount . This verse continues the discussion of how one should give to charity . In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads : But when thou doest alms , let not thy left hand know what thy right hand doeth : The World English Bible translates the passage as : But when you do merciful deeds , do n't let your left hand know what your right hand does , For a collection of other versions see here : Matthew 6 : 3 The previous two verses argued that charitable giving should be kept secret , so that it is not done for praise by others . This verse uses a metaphor to build on this argument , but there is some debate over exactly what this metaphor means . This verse is the origin of a common English expression . However `` the left hand does n't know what the right hand is doing '' is generally a term of derision for an organization where different members are pursuing opposing or contradictory goals . This is quite different from this verse where Jesus presents the lack of coordination as an ideal . Since the owner of the hands must know what both are doing , Jesus ' statement here is thus generally considered a humorous hyperbole . One interpretation , outlined by Hendriksen , is that Jesus is here stating that just as we should avoid seeking the praise of others for our good deeds , we should also avoid self - congratulation for our piety . One should not feel smug about our own goodness , but should rather try to forget our own good deeds . Hendriksen feels this view is supported by Matthew 25 : 37 - 39 . An alternate view , expressed by Filson , is that this verse is not a condemnation of smugness , but rather of scheming for public praise . Giving should be an automatic action without need to consider the potential rewards . If one spends too much effort pondering giving , one will scheme to have even secret donations made public so that you might be praised . Thus the verse means that right hand should by reflex be generous without the need for mental calculus , and if the mind is avoided so too is the left hand . This view sees this verse simply of a metaphor explaining the rules already laid out in the previous two verse . Fowler agrees with this second interpretation , and believes that Matthew 6 : 4 bears it out . Lewis takes a third approach , arguing the proverb is a metaphor for secrecy , and that it was earlier used as such by the Stoics . By this interpretation the left hand not knowing what the right is doing is a metaphor for how covert the proper donor should be . Harrington believes that the verse is based on an ancient proverb whose exact meaning is not known . His guess is that it referred to close friendship , and that this verse implies that friends that are even as close as one 's left hand should not be made aware of donations . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hendriksen , William . The Gospel of Matthew . Edinburgh : Banner of Truth Trust , 1976 Jump up ^ Filson , Floyd V. A Commentary on the Gospel According to St. Matthew . London : A. & C. Black , 1960 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Harold . The Gospel of Matthew : Volume One . Joplin : College Press , 1968 Jump up ^ Lewis , Jack P . The Gospel According to Matthew . Austin , Texas : R.B. Sweet , 1976 . Jump up ^ Harrington , Daniel J. The Gospel of Matthew . Liturgical Press , 1991 pg. 94 Preceded by Matthew 6 : 2 Gospel of Matthew Chapter 6 Succeeded by Matthew 6 : 4 Gospel of Matthew chapter 6 Verse Matthew 6 : 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 Places Galilee Terms Lord 's Prayer Sermon on the Mount ← chapter 5 Gospel of Matthew chapter 7 → Gospel of Matthew Bible Chapter Matthew 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Verse Matthew 1 : 1 - 25 2 : 1 - 23 3 : 1 - 17 4 : 1 - 25 5 : 1 - 48 6 : 1 - 34 7 : 1 - 24 27 : 1 - 66 28 : 1 - 16 Places Bethany Bethlehem Bethsaida Capernaum Egypt Galilee Jerusalem Jordan River Judea Samaria Sea of Galilee People Andrew Caiaphas Herod James Jeremiah Jesus Christ John the Baptist Joseph Judas Iscariot Mary Mary Magdalene Matthew Philip Pontius Pilate Rachel Simon Peter Thomas Zebedee Groups Angels Pharisees Sadducees Sanhedrin Events Star of Bethlehem Magi Baptism of Jesus Sermon on the Mount Lord 's Prayer Golden rule Walking on water Last Supper Crucifixion of Jesus Sources Greek Text Latin Vulgate Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version ← Book of Malachi ( chapter 4 ) Gospel of Mark ( chapter 1 ) → Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matthew_6:3&oldid=853488331 '' Categories : Matthew 6 Hidden categories : Pages with numeric Bible version references Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 August 2018 , at 04 : 04 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	let not the right hand know what the left hand is doing	[]	[]

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