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-1438753676573638734	Conductor (rail)	Conductor ( Rail ) - wikipedia Conductor ( Rail ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the railroad or tram crew member . For the power system often called the `` conductor rail '' , see Third rail . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A conductor on an Amtrak train A conductor ( American and Canadian English ) or guard ( Commonwealth English ) is a train crew member responsible for operational and safety duties that do not involve actual operation of the train . The conductor title is most common in North American railway operations , but the role is common worldwide under various job titles . In Commonwealth English , a conductor is also known as guard or train manager . The responsibilities of a conductor in North America and of a guard in Commonwealth English typically include the following : Making sure the train stays on schedule Ensuring that any cars and cargo are picked up and dropped off properly Completing en - route paperwork Ensuring the train follows applicable safety rules and practices Controlling the train 's movement while operating in reverse Coupling or uncoupling cars Assisting with setting out or picking up of rolling stock Carrying out running repairs Ticket collection and other customer service duties Opening and closing train doors Some rapid transit systems employ conductors to make announcements and open and close doors -- as opposed to a train operator performing those duties . The conductor often stays in the center of the train where they can best view the platform . While advances in automation allow most transit systems to use one person train operation ( OPTO ) , a few , such as the New York City Subway , Toronto Transit Commission and Sydney Trains continue to employ conductors . Conductor is also a crew member in some bus , trolleybus or tram operations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Conductors in North America 1.1 Remote control locomotives 1.2 Train hosts 2 Train guard ( United Kingdom , Australia , and New Zealand ) 2.1 United Kingdom 2.2 Australia 2.2. 1 New South Wales 2.2. 1.1 Greater Sydney area 2.2. 1.2 Regional trains 2.2. 2 Queensland 2.2. 3 Victoria 2.2. 4 South Australia 2.2. 5 Western Australia 2.3 New Zealand 3 Conductors / guards in Europe 3.1 Switzerland 3.2 Netherlands / Belgium 3.3 Hungary 4 Railway guards in Asia 4.1 India 5 Tram ( streetcar ) conductor 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 Further reading Conductors in North America ( edit ) In North America , the conductor manages a freight , passenger , or other types of train , and directly supervises the train crew , which can include a brakeman , flagman , ticket collector , assistant conductor , and on board service personnel . All crew members work under the conductor . The conductor , engineer , and additional engine crew members ( fireman , pilot engineer ) share responsibility for safe and efficient train operation and adherence to railway rules and procedures . On some railroads , union contracts specify that conductors must progress to engineer . Other conductors duties include : Jointly coordinate with the engineer and dispatcher the train 's movement authority , and verifying this authority is not exceeded Communicate and coordinating with other parties -- yardmasters , trainmasters , dispatchers , on board service personnel , etc . Be alert to wayside signals , switch position , and other conditions that affect safe train movement Mechanically inspect rolling stock Assist the engineer in testing the train 's air brakes Signal the engineer when to start or stop moving Keep a log of the journey Check tickets and collect fares on passenger trains Attend to passenger needs Keep records of consignment notes and waybills Direct , coordinate , and usually manually perform , shunting or switching Passenger trains may employ one or more assistant conductors who assist the conductor and engineer in the safe and prompt movement of the train , to share the workload , and accept delegated responsibility . If a train crew 's route , or tour of duty , exceeds a single shift , or conflicts with a legal or contractual limit on the number of work hours , more than one crew may be assigned , each with its own conductor . Onboard service crew members on passenger trains normally remain on duty for the entire run , including assigned meal and sleep breaks . Since nearly the beginning of railroading in North America , the conductor on freight trains rode aboard a caboose , along with the rear flagman and the rear brakeman , and performed duties from there . Advances in technology and pressure to reduce operating costs made cabooses redundant , and in most cases they have been eliminated . This relocated the conductor from the rear of the train to the locomotive ( or locomotives ) at the head of the train . In most cases , these same conditions gradually eliminated members of the train crew under the conductor -- head and rear brakemen , flagmen , and others . Most freight trains on most railroads today have a crew of two : one conductor and one engineer . Railroad companies continue to press for reduced operating and labor costs and this threatens to eliminate conductors . Railroads rationalize that since the engineer is already qualified as a conductor , he can easily assume the duties of a conductor . In fact , on most railroads , engineers begin as brakemen / assistant conductors , then become conductors , and finally engineers . Some railroads already implement such a strategy , notably the Montana Rail Link , and operate with an engineer , and an assistant engineer . However , most railroads are contractually obligated to employ at least one conductor in addition to the engineer , via crew consist agreements negotiated with the major rail unions , primarily the United Transportation Union ( UTU ) . Therefore , eliminating the conductor position would require that the railroads and unions negotiate a new agreement . If the railroads were successful , conductors already trained and certified as engineers would theoretically be able to work as engineers . Those that have not yet progressed to engineer would have to be trained as engineers as positions became available . Others would have to accept other positions or possibly lose their jobs . The primary union for engineers , the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers does not support this movement , claiming that requiring its members to operate trains alone would be unsafe . The conductors ' union , the United Transportation Union , also opposes this initiative , despite historical differences with the engineers ' union . Remote control locomotives ( edit ) By the late 1990s , remote control locomotives were increasingly popular on North American railroads for switching duties in rail yards . This system allows the conductor to directly control the locomotive ( s ) via a wireless remote unit , as opposed to radioing commands to an engineer in the cab . Some Class I Rail Yards utilize RCO packs for their conductors , while others do not , depending on the size and type of Yard . Class I Railroads train conductors on the use of RCO packs with classroom and hands - on instruction , culminating with on - the - job training and certification as a RCO operator . Currently , Class I railroads such as Norfolk Southern require RCO qualified conductors to work from job boards that perform RCO operations exclusively ( when in a yard that utilizes RCO switching ) . This ensures the extra training and pay these conductors receive will provide the company with maximum value for the investment . Train hosts ( edit ) As there is no explicit Federal requirement for a two - person train crew in the United States , the Utah Transit Authority originally planned their FrontRunner service to be operated by an operator only , with revenue collected by a proof - of - payment system . Before operation began , the FRA required FrontRunner to employ a second crewmember on each train to assist with emergency evacuation , disabled access , and other safety - sensitive situations . FrontRunner classified this job as a train host , with a focus on customer service rather than railroad operations . Some other services , such as Amtrak 's Downeaster , also use train hosts ( paid or volunteer ) to assist the conductor with non-revenue - related customer service duties . Train guard ( United kingdom , Australia , and New Zealand ) ( edit ) See also : Revenue protection inspector In the UK , Australia and New Zealand , the person with ultimate responsibility for operation of a train is usually called the guard , a term that derives from stagecoach days . Until the latter part of the 20th century , guards on passenger trains in these countries did not have routine responsibilities for ticket inspection or sale . Their jobs focused more on safe operation of their trains , timekeeping , handling parcels , and other consignments . A dedicated ' travelling ticket inspector ' handled fare duties . In recent years , passenger train guards have been assigned more responsibility for on - train revenue collection and ticket inspection . As well as ticketing and customer care , guards must be trained in `` emergency protection '' duties , should an emergency arise , along with other operational roles . This involves using emergency kit such as detonators , track circuit clips and flags to prevent other trains colliding with , for example a derailed train . If in a crash the driver became incapacitated , the guard is the only person left who can protect the train . Other day - to - day duties include operating the public address system and train doors . United kingdom ( edit ) Under British Railways , there were several grades of guard , depending on whether the guard worked on freight or passenger trains -- and a purely operational guard grade worked freight and passenger trains without customer contact . When the guard has significant customer contact , the position is usually classified as conductor - guard or conductor . Since British Rail , there have been a number of titles for a guard 's grade but , with a few exceptions , all now perform some sort of customer - facing role . On long - distance expresses , the conductor 's title is sometimes enhanced to senior conductor , in line with the implied prestige of operating these trains . Historically , under British Rail , long distance intercity trains were normally worked by the most senior guards at the depot , hence the name senior conductor . Several more recent private UK passenger train operators have further renamed the senior conductor 's passenger facing title to `` train manager '' . In the UK , technological improvements and economic pressure have made some trains lose their guards and become driver - only operated ( DOO ) . British Rail first brought this in on some commuter services in London and Glasgow , as well as on almost all non-passenger trains . In 2003 , a controversial amendment to the UK operational rule book moved part of the guard 's safety and operational role to the driver . With rail service privatisation , train operating companies ( TOC ) attempted to bring in DOO to other network areas -- c2c operating from London Fenchurch Street is an example of this . Pressure after several fatal train crashes reversed this trend to the point that some TOCs have restored guards to services previously stripped of them , First Great Western did this to certain services it acquired when it took over operation of Thames Trains . Currently , several titles describe a guard : train manager , train host , conductor , and South West Trains and Merseyrail still use the term guard . The role of the guard is set out by a mixture of the Railway Rule Book and train operating companies . Australia ( edit ) In Australia , there is today a mixture of driver - only operated trains and trains with a guard depending largely on state - based railway legislation . New South Wales ( edit ) All passenger trains in New South Wales operate with a driver and guard . Guards were removed from freight trains in the 1980s , but these still operate with a two - man locomotive crew . Greater Sydney area ( edit ) Sydney Trains -- which operates all metropolitan trains -- and NSW TrainLink intercity trains have a train guard . The guard is ultimately responsible for the safety of all passengers on the train . They control the operation of doors and Public Address , perform platform duties , provide basic customer service , operate the train to timetable and accept and deliver internal mail . On Sydney Trains , the guard is normally located in the middle of the train , but on the newer Waratah trains , and on NSW TrainLink intercity services they normally work from the rear . The guard is not responsible for inspecting tickets - this role is performed by Transport Officers and NSW Police . Regional trains ( edit ) On NSW TrainLink regional Xplorer and XPT services the train guard is known as a Passenger Service Supervisor ( PSS ) . While still responsible for the safety of passengers , the PSS is also in charge of delivering customer service and a number of value - add functions on the train including ticket inspections and manning the cafe alongside Passenger Attendants . On Xplorer trains , the driver operates the doors when the PSS gives clearance to depart . On XPT trains , the PSS performs the platform duties of a guard in conjunction with the driver . Queensland ( edit ) Passenger trains are operated by Queensland Rail , and all operate with both driver and guard for suburban passenger services , or Passenger Services Supervisor for long distance passenger services . Victoria ( edit ) Trains in metropolitan Melbourne have been driver - only since the early 1990s . When the city 's rail franchise was offered to the current operator , Metro Trains Melbourne , a proposal existed to reinstate guards on some peak train services , however this option was spurned in favour of hiring additional platform staff . Regional trains operated by V / Line are operated by a driver and conductor . The conductor performs platform duties and -- on locomotive - hauled trains -- operates the train doors . They are responsible for passenger safety and also perform ticket inspection duties . South Australia ( edit ) Adelaide Metro 's metropolitan rail network is configured for driver - only operation , but also operate with Passenger Service Assistants ( PSA ) . This is safety role , but with a focus on customer service and revenue protection . Normally , the train driver operates the doors , but PSAs are also able to . Western Australia ( edit ) TransPerth trains are all driver - only operated . New Zealand ( edit ) In New Zealand , inner - city commuter rail networks are staffed by a driver and a train manager ( guard ) as a minimum . In Wellington , where ticketing is still paper - based , each train has between one and three passenger operators ( ticket collectors ) . The exact number of passenger operators depends on how many multiple units or carriages make up the train . In Auckland , off - board ticketing and smartcard systems have reduced the staff level to driver and train manager only . Auckland train managers are now not responsible for revenue on trains , as Revenue Protection officers carry out these roles . Conductors / guards in europe ( edit ) A Russian train conductor in front of the express train `` Repin '' Switzerland ( edit ) In general , conductors in Switzerland collect or punch tickets , fine people the first charge of 100 CHF for not having a valid fare , and make announcements on the public address system . They also may fine passengers if they take a longer trip than normal . For example , if one takes a train to Bern via Biel , having departed from Geneva , which is a longer trip than taking the InterCity via Lausanne , the conductor can fine the passenger a supplementary fare . They sound a warning when the train 's doors are going to close . Many conductors , especially those on night shift and on isolated regional lines , are being trained in self - defence against would - be assailants . Netherlands / Belgium ( edit ) In Belgium and The Netherlands , train conductors have multiple tasks involving train safety and customer services . Belgian / Dutch train conductors are responsible for the departure of the train . In each station they give the permission to move on by giving a ready signal to the train driver . Therefore , train conductors in Belgium and The Netherlands always close ( and in some scenarios also open ) the doors . They are also responsible for performing safety tasks in case of an emergency or accident , such as fire , evacuation , etc . Because of these tasks , there has to be at least one conductor on each passenger train ; a train without a conductor is uncommon , but still appears on some regional Dutch trains . The departure trains always have one conductor who is conductor - in - chief . He is responsible for the entire train , the on - board crew and the passengers . Some longer trains may have additional conductors who are under command of the conductor - in - chief . Besides the safety tasks , conductors also collect and punch tickets , fine people for not having a valid fare and make announcements to the passengers . Hungary ( edit ) Hungarian conductor Hungarian MÁV conductor In Hungary a conductor may assist the train driver in testing the train 's air brakes , and sometimes they have to lead the shunting , mostly when the trains are switching lines . Hungarian train conductors are responsible for the departure of the trains . In each station they give the permission to move on by giving a ready signal to the train driver . During the day they use a disc ( which is white and has a green border ) to give the ready signal to the train driver . After sunset they give signals with flashlights . Train drivers are not allowed to move the train without the conductor in chief giving them the ready signal . Conductors , along with train drivers , are responsible for keeping the trains on schedule . There is always at least one conductor in chief on passenger trains in Hungary . No passenger trains may depart without one , as only they have the right to give the departure signal . Some longer trains may have additional conductors who are under the command of the conductor in chief . If there is more than one conductor on a train , then the signal procedure is as follows : After all passengers have left or entered the train and the departure time has arrived , the conductor in chief asks the other conductor for his ready signal . If it is safe to depart he gives a ready signal to the conductor in chief who then gives the same signal to the train driver . As in Belgium and in the Netherlands conductors also collect and punch tickets , fine people for not having a valid fare and make announcements to the passengers . They also sell tickets on the trains ; if the passengers have entered the train at a station where a ticket office is operating they can buy a ticket only with payment of a fine . However , if the passengers got on at a station or stop where they did n't have an option to buy a ticket , they can buy from the conductor without having to pay a fine . Railway guards in asia ( edit ) India ( edit ) In India guards are posted on all passenger trains and goods trains and no passenger - carrying train is allowed to move without a guard . The passenger train guard , generally called a mail guard , is completely responsible for the train , its schedule , and safety of passengers and the locomotive pilot . These guards wear a specific uniform ( generally white ) . During the day , the guard uses the traditional green flag to signal the pilot to depart , and the red flag to stop , assisted by two - way radios . After sunset , the guard uses lamp signals in place of the flags . A couple of minutes before signalling departure to the pilot , the guard blows a whistle to warn passengers to board the train . After ensuring all passengers are safe to travel , the guard signals the green flag by waving it from the brake van . In an emergency , the guard uses the red flag to indicate a stop , and may directly apply brakes to stop the train . The pilot is not allowed to move the train without a signal from the guard , as the guard is in charge of the train . Passenger guards also accept heavy parcels and luggage boxes that passengers can not carry in coaches . Some perishable goods like vegetables and milk are also transported under the guard 's supervision , and he is responsible for their proper loading and unloading . Keeping the passenger train on schedule is an important guard function . Guards carry a first aid box with their belongings , along with other important items , all in a medium - sized duty box ( generally painted red ) . The name , designation and base location of the Guard are printed in white on the box . A designated passenger train , halting at all stations , carries a large heavy cast iron cash safe in the guard 's brake van , where cash receipts from ticket sales is deposited in a leather pouch by the station manager ( earlier called the station master ) . Since the late 1990s , all guards are provided with two - way radios so that they can communicate with the locomotive pilot , and other trains if required . The radio has not yet replaced the traditional red and green flags . Tram ( streetcar ) conductor ( edit ) Streetcar conductor 1919 in Flint , Michigan Many antique or heritage trams ( streetcars ) , which operated through the earlier part of the 20th century , were designed for operation by a crew of two or more . The conductor primarily collected fares and signaled the driver when safe to depart from stopping places . The conductor also assisted with shunting when necessary , changing the trolley pole and attended to passengers ' needs . Modern vehicle design and ticketing arrangements have largely eliminated the need for conductors on street railways and Light Rail systems . In recent years a number of modern tram or Light Rail systems have introduced ( or re-introduced ) conductors to minimise fare evasion and to provide customer care , supervision and security functions , even in situations where a second crew member is not strictly needed . In Britain , The Midland Metro and Sheffield Supertram modern Light Rail systems have both started using conductors due to problems with ticket machine reliability . Nottingham Express Transit started with conductors . Manchester Metrolink and Croydon Tramlink both rely on ticket machines at stops . Systems of ticket checking and selling by a conductor : takes place while entering , the vehicle can not leave until this is ( almost ) finished takes place after entering an entrance lobby , while the vehicle already moves , after which the passenger moves to the seating area of the car the passengers get seated and the conductor comes to them Modern mass transit systems which operate with conductors on trams include : - System Location Glenelg Tram Adelaide , Australia GVB Amsterdam Amsterdam , Netherlands Midland Metro Birmingham / Wolverhampton , United Kingdom Blackpool tramway Blackpool , United Kingdom - on pre-World War II vehicles Nottingham Express Transit Nottingham , United Kingdom RET Rotterdam , Netherlands Sheffield Supertram Sheffield , United Kingdom Sydney Light Rail Sydney , Australia See also ( edit ) Freight conductor Manual fare collection Railroad engineer Revenue Protection Inspector AEC Routemaster New Routemaster Bus conductor Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Further reading ( edit ) William P. Daniels ( ed . ) , Proceedings of the Grand Division of the Order of Railway Conductors ( Formerly Conductors ' Brotherhood ) : From Organization to the Eighteenth Session , Inclusive , 1868 - 1885 . Cedar Rapids , IA : Standard Co. for the Order of Railway Conductors , 1888 . Railway Conductor 's Monthly / The Railway Conductor Vol. 1 ( 1884 ) Vol. 2 ( 1885 ) Vol. 3 ( 1886 ) Vol. 4 ( 1887 ) Vol. 5 ( 1888 ) Vol. 6 ( 1889 ) Vol. 7 ( 1890 ) Vol. 8 ( 1891 ) Vol. 9 ( 1892 ) Vol. 10 ( 1893 ) Vol. 11 ( 1894 ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Railway conductors . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conductor_(rail)&oldid=824982376 '' Categories : Transport occupations Railway occupations Public transport fare collection Bus transport Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2013 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Français Norsk Polski Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 10 February 2018 , at 19 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the conductor sit on a train	[ "Since nearly the beginning of railroading in North America, the conductor on freight trains rode aboard a caboose, along with the rear flagman and the rear brakeman, and performed duties from there. Advances in technology and pressure to reduce operating costs made cabooses redundant, and in most cases they have been eliminated. This relocated the conductor from the rear of the train to the locomotive (or locomotives) at the head of the train. In most cases, these same conditions gradually eliminated members of the train crew under the conductor—head and rear brakemen, flagmen, and others." ]	[ "the locomotive (or locomotives) at the head of the train" ]
-3773356443725332768	Kennedy (surname)	Kennedy ( surname ) - wikipedia Kennedy ( surname ) Jump to : navigation , search Kennedy Pronunciation / ˈkɛnɪdi / Language ( s ) Gaelic , Irish Origin Meaning Derived either from Ó Cinnéide meaning grandson of Cinnédidh , or ceann and éidigh meaning `` ugly head . '' Region of origin Ireland and Scotland Other names Related names O'Kennedy and Kennedie Kennedy , alternately O'Kennedy and Kennedie , is a surname of Irish and Scottish origin that has also been used as a given name . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 People surnamed Kennedy 3 Name lists 4 In arts and entertainment 5 In politics and government 5.1 Members of the US Kennedy political family 5.2 Other Kennedys involved in politics 6 In sports 7 In other fields 8 See also 9 References Origins ( edit ) There have been several different etymologies given for the surname . One is that the name is an Anglicisation of the Gaelic Ó Ceannéidigh meaning `` grandson of Ceannéidigh '' . Ceannéidigh is a given name derived from the Gaelic words ceann , meaning `` head '' , and éidigh , meaning `` ugly '' . In some etymologies , the element ceann is given as `` chief '' or `` leader '' . Another possibility is that Kennedy is an Anglicisation of Ó Cinnéide , meaning `` grandson of Cinnédidh '' or `` grandson of Cinnéidigh '' , with both of these personal names meaning `` helmet headed . '' Ceanéidigh could be related to the old Gaelic name Cennétig , which is known from Cennétig Mac Lorcáin , the father of the Irish high king Brian mac Cennétig , who himself was also known as Brian Bóruma or Brian Boru . There are also an Irish Kennedy family and a Scottish Kennedy clan of Carrick in Ayrshire , which are unrelated to one another . People surnamed Kennedy ( edit ) Name lists ( edit ) Alan Kennedy , several people Andrew Kennedy ( disambiguation ) , several people Arthur Kennedy , several people Jack Kennedy , several people James Kennedy , several people John Kennedy , several people Martin Kennedy , several people Matthew Kennedy , several people Terry Kennedy , several people Walter Kennedy , several people In arts and entertainment ( edit ) A.L. Kennedy ( Alison Louise Kennedy , born 1965 ) , Scottish novelist Adam Kennedy ( actor ) ( 1922 -- 1997 ) , actor , screenwriter , novelist , painter Andrew Karpati Kennedy ( 1931 -- 2016 ) , author and literary critic Arthur Kennedy ( actor ) ( 1914 -- 1990 ) , American actor Betty Kennedy , retired Canadian senator , television personality Bill Kennedy ( actor ) ( 1908 -- 1997 ) , American actor and television personality Carl Kennedy , stage actor Cory Kennedy , American Internet celebrity Darren Kennedy , Irish television presenter , fashion writer and stylist Douglas Kennedy , UK - based American novelist Edgar Kennedy ( 1890 -- 1948 ) , American actor George Kennedy ( 1925 -- 2016 ) , American actor Graeme K. ( Graeme Kennedy ) , American musician Graham Kennedy , Australian comedian and television presenter Jamie Kennedy , American comedian and actor Jon Kennedy , British drummer and electronic musician Kathleen Kennedy ( film producer ) ( born 1953 ) , film producer Lena Kennedy , English romantic novelist Leon S. Kennedy , frequent character in the Resident Evil franchise Lisa Kennedy Montgomery ( born 1972 ) , stage name Kennedy , American political satirist and former MTV VJ Lucy Napaljarri Kennedy , indigenous Australian artist Ludovic Kennedy , British journalist , broadcaster , and author Margaret Kennedy ( 1896 -- 1967 ) , English novelist Mary Kennedy , Irish television personality Merna Kennedy ( 1908 -- 1944 ) , American actress Mr. Kennedy , the ring name used by American professional wrestler Ken Anderson ( born 1976 ) during his time in WWE Myles Kennedy ( born 1969 ) , American rock singer and guitarist Nigel Kennedy , English violinist Patrick Kennedy , British theatre director Sarah Kennedy British television and radio broadcaster Sean J. Kennedy American drumset player , percussionist , author and educator Sheila Kennedy , Penthouse model in the early 1980s Sheila Kennedy ( architect ) American architect Tom Kennedy ( television presenter ) ( born 1927 ) , stage name of American game show host James Narz William Kennedy ( author ) ( born 1928 ) , American writer and journalist William J. Kennedy , American writer , winner of the 1984 Pulitzer Prize for fiction In politics and government ( edit ) Members of the us Kennedy political family ( edit ) Main article : Kennedy family Caroline Kennedy ( born 1957 ) , attorney ; daughter of John and Jacqueline Kennedy Ted Kennedy ( 1932 -- 2009 ) , senior US senator from Massachusetts , married twice and father of three Ethel Kennedy ( born 1928 ) , widow of Robert Francis Kennedy and mother of Joseph Patrick Kennedy II , Robert Francis Kennedy Jr. and other nine Eunice Kennedy Shriver ( 1921 -- 2009 ) , sister of President John F. Kennedy ; wife of Robert Sargent Shriver , Jr . Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis ( 1929 -- 1994 ) , First Lady of the United States ; widow of John F. Kennedy Jean Kennedy Smith ( born 1928 ) , ambassador to Ireland ; sister of President John F. Kennedy John F. Kennedy ( 1917 -- 1963 ) , 35th President of the United States John F. Kennedy , Jr. ( 1960 -- 1999 ) , attorney , publisher ; son of John and Jacqueline Joseph P. Kennedy , Sr. ( 1888 -- 1969 ) , former Ambassador to the United Kingdom ; father of President John F. Kennedy Joseph P. Kennedy , Jr. ( 1915 -- 1944 ) , WWII pilot ; eldest son of Joseph P. Kennedy , Sr . Joseph P. Kennedy II ( born 1952 ) , former US representative from Massachusetts ; son of Robert F. Kennedy Kathleen Cavendish , Marchioness of Hartington ( 1920 -- 1948 ) , widow of the heir to the Devonshire dukedom ; sister of President John F. Kennedy Patrick J. Kennedy ( born 1967 ) , US representative from Rhode Island , son of Ted Kennedy Patricia Kennedy Lawford ( 1924 -- 2006 ) , sister of president John F. Kennedy , wife of Peter Lawford and mother of four Robert F. Kennedy ( 1925 -- 1968 ) , US senator from New York ; US Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy , Jr. ( born 1954 ) , attorney , environmentalist , activist Rose Kennedy ( 1890 -- 1995 ) , Kennedy family matriarch ; mother of President John F. Kennedy Rosemary Kennedy ( 1918 -- 2005 ) , oldest sister of President John F. Kennedy Other Kennedys involved in politics ( edit ) Alfred J. Kennedy ( 1877 -- 1944 ) , New York politician Ambrose Jerome Kennedy , American politician Anthony Kennedy , US Supreme Court Associate Justice Arthur Kennedy , British colonial administrator Betty Kennedy , retired Canadian senator , television personality Charles Kennedy , Scottish politician , former leader of the Liberal Democrats Claudia J. Kennedy , first female lieutenant general in the US Army , noted intelligence officer David Kennedy ( Australian politician ) ( born 1940 ) , Australian politician David M. Kennedy , 60th Secretary of the Treasury of the United States of America , and US Ambassador to NATO Edward Joseph Kennedy ( born 1851 ) , Irish nationalist politician , Member of Parliament for South Sligo Gerard Kennedy , Canadian politician Helena Kennedy , Baroness Kennedy of The Shaws , Scottish barrister , writer and politician Hiram Raleigh Kennedy , American politician John Neely Kennedy , Louisiana United States Senator and Republican politician John Pendleton Kennedy ( born 1795 ) , Maryland author and politician , Secretary of the Navy in the Filmore administration Leland T. Kennedy , US Air Force pilot twice awarded the Air Force Cross Mark Kennedy , British undercover policeman Mark Kennedy , American politician Neil Kennedy , Lord Kennedy ( 1854 -- 1918 ) , was a Scottish advocate and legal academic , Chairman of the Scottish Land Court 1912 -- 18 Nigel Kennedy ( politician ) ( 1889 -- 1964 ) , British barrister , army officer and politician Sir Paul Kennedy , British judge Seema Kennedy ( born 1974 ) , British Conservative Party politician , Member of Parliament ( MP ) for South Ribble since May 2015 Thomas Laird Kennedy , Premier of Ontario ( 1948 -- 1949 ) Sir William Rann Kennedy , British judge ( 1846 - 1915 ) In sports ( edit ) Adam Kennedy , Major League Baseball player Allan Kennedy ( born 1958 ) , Canadian - born American football player Ben Kennedy , Australian rugby league footballer Bob Kennedy , Major League Baseball player and manager Bob Kennedy ( 1921 -- 2010 ) , American football player Bob Kennedy ( 1928 -- 1991 ) , American football player Bob Kennedy , distance runner Callum Kennedy , English footballer Clem Kennedy , Australian rugby league footballer Cortez Kennedy ( 1968 -- 2017 ) , American football player Courtney Kennedy , dual Olympic medal winner in women 's ice hockey Dave Kennedy ( footballer ) ( born 1949 ) , English footballer David Kennedy ( racing driver ) ( born 1953 ) , Irish racing driver Edward Shirley Kennedy , British alpinist Fred Kennedy ( 1902 -- 1963 ) English football player . Gilbert G. Kennedy ( 1844 -- 1909 ) , Scottish footballer Ian Kennedy ( born 1984 ) , American baseball player Jeremy Kennedy , UFC Fighter Jim Kennedy , American baseball player , brother of Junior Kennedy Joshua Kennedy , Australian soccer player Junior Kennedy , American baseball player , brother of Jim Kennedy Kenneth Kennedy , the first Winter Olympian for Australia Kevin Kennedy ( baseball ) ( born 1954 ) , American baseball manager and broadcaster Marcus Kennedy , American basketball player Mark Kennedy , Irish football ( soccer ) player Mike Kennedy , American college baseball coach Nery Kennedy , Paraguayan javelin thrower Nick Kennedy , English rugby player Pat Kennedy , American college basketball coach Patrick Kennedy ( swimmer ) ( born 1964 ) , American swimmer Ray Kennedy , English footballer Ron Kennedy ( 1953 -- 2009 ) , Canadian ice hockey player Simon Kennedy ( born 1967 ) , English sports agent Ted Kennedy ( ice hockey ) ( 1925 -- 2009 ) , Canadian ice hockey player Tim Kennedy , mixed martial arts fighter Tim Kennedy , hockey player In other fields ( edit ) Adrian Kennedy , Irish radio host Alexander Kennedy , British civil engineer Benjamin Hall Kennedy , English classical scholar Betty Ann Kennedy , American bridge player D. James Kennedy , American Presbyterian pastor and theologian Diane Kennedy , American CPA , speaker , financial writer Donald Kennedy , American scientist , public administrator , and academic Duncan Kennedy , Carter Professor of General Jurisprudence , Harvard Law School Edmund Kennedy ( 1818 - 48 ) , Australian explorer Edmund P. Kennedy ( 1785 - 1844 ) , officer in United States Navy Edward Kennedy ( c. 1905 - 63 ) , American journalist who first reported the German surrender in World War II Edward Stewart Kennedy ( 1912 - 2009 ) , American historian of science Ian Kennedy , Irish landscape architect Joseph W. Kennedy , American physicist Jonny Kennedy , subject of the documentary The Boy Whose Skin Fell Off Julian Kennedy , American engineer and inventor Kathryn Kennedy , California wine maker Margrit Kennedy , German architect and author Myles Burton Kennedy , Furness ironmaster Paul Kennedy , British historian of international relations Rita Shugart , née Kennedy , American bridge player Robert Cobb Kennedy ( 1835 -- 1865 ) , Confederate operative who attempted to burn down New York City Stetson Kennedy ( 1916 -- 2011 ) , American human rights activist and folklore collector Thomas Francis Kennedy ( bishop ) ( 1858 -- 1917 ) , American Catholic archbishop See also ( edit ) Clan Kennedy of Scotland Kennedy family of Ireland Kennedy ( given name ) Kennedy ( disambiguation ) O'Kennedy References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kennedy ( surname ) . Jump up ^ `` Kennedy Name Meaning and History '' . Ancestry.com . Retrieved 6 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Henry ; Harrison , Gyda ( 1996 ) . Surnames of the United Kingdom : A Concise Etymological Dictionary . Genealogical Publishing Com . p. 246 . ISBN 0 - 8063 - 0171 - 6 . Jump up ^ Neafsey , Edward ( 2002 ) . The Surnames of Ireland : Origins and Numbers of Selected Irish Surnames . Irish Roots Cafe . p. 117 . ISBN 0 - 940134 - 97 - 7 . This page lists people with the surname Kennedy . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page , you may wish to change that link by adding the person 's given name ( s ) to the link . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kennedy_(surname)&oldid=811106951 '' Categories : Surnames Celtic - language surnames Anglicised Irish - language surnames Surnames of Irish origin Surnames of Scottish origin Hidden categories : EngvarB from July 2016 Use dmy dates from July 2016 All set index articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Italiano Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 19 November 2017 , at 15 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what does the name kennedy mean in english	[]	[]
-4297126143194822481	Voting rights in the United States	Voting rights in the United States - wikipedia Voting rights in the United States Jump to : navigation , search U.S. presidential election popular vote totals as a percentage of the total U.S. population . Note the surge in 1828 ( extension of suffrage to non-property - owning white men ) , the drop from 1890 -- 1910 ( when Southern states disenfranchised most African Americans and many poor whites ) , and another surge in 1920 ( extension of suffrage to women ) . The issue of voting rights in the United States , specifically the enfranchisement and disenfranchisement of different groups , has been contested throughout United States history . Eligibility to vote in the United States is established both through the federal constitution and by state law . Several constitutional amendments ( the 15th , 19th , and 26th specifically ) require that voting rights can not be abridged on account of race , color , previous condition of servitude , sex , or age for those above 18 ; the constitution as originally written did not establish any such rights during 1787 -- 1870 . In the absence of a specific federal law or constitutional provision , each state is given considerable discretion to establish qualifications for suffrage and candidacy within its own respective jurisdiction ; in addition , states and lower level jurisdictions establish election systems , such as at - large or single member district elections for county councils or school boards . Beyond qualifications for suffrage , rules and regulations concerning voting ( such as the poll tax ) have been contested since the advent of Jim Crow laws and related provisions that indirectly disenfranchised racial minorities . Since the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the 24th Amendment to the Constitution , and related laws , voting rights have been legally considered an issue related to election systems . The Supreme Court ruled in 1964 that both houses of all state legislatures had to be based on election districts that were relatively equal in population size , under the `` one man , one vote '' principle . In 1972 , the Court ruled that state legislatures had to redistrict every ten years based on census results ; at that point , many had not redistricted for decades , often leading to a rural bias . In other cases , particularly for county or municipal elections , at - large voting has been repeatedly challenged when found to dilute the voting power of significant minorities in violation of the Voting Rights Act . In the early 20th century , numerous cities established small commission forms of government in the belief that `` better government '' could result from the suppression of ward politics . Commissioners were elected by the majority of voters , excluding candidates who could not afford large campaigns or who appealed to a minority . Generally the solution to such violations has been to adopt single - member districts ( SMDs ) but alternative election systems , such as limited voting or cumulative voting , have also been used since the late 20th century to correct for dilution of voting power and enable minorities to elect candidates of their choice . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Milestones of national franchise changes 3 Removal of exclusions 3.1 Native American people 3.2 Religious test 3.3 Poor whites and free African Americans 3.3. 1 Legal challenges to disfranchisement 3.4 Women 3.5 Washington , D.C. 3.6 Young people 3.7 Prisoners 3.8 Durational residency 3.9 Homelessness 3.9. 1 Obstacles homeless citizens face during voter registration 3.9. 2 Court cases involving homeless voting 3.9. 3 Special interest elections 4 Current status 4.1 By region 4.1. 1 District of Columbia 4.1. 2 Overseas and nonresident citizens 4.1. 3 Puerto Rico 4.2 Accessibility 4.3 Candidacy requirements 4.4 Noncitizen voting 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) The United States Constitution did not originally define who was eligible to vote , allowing each state to determine who was eligible . In the early history of the U.S. , most states allowed only white male adult property owners to vote . Freed slaves could vote in four states . Men without property and women were largely prohibited from voting . Women could vote in New Jersey until 1807 ( provided they could meet the property requirement ) and in some local jurisdictions in other northern states . Non-white Americans could also vote in these jurisdictions , provided they could meet the property requirement . By 1856 , white men were allowed to vote in all states regardless of property ownership , although requirements for paying tax remained in five states . On the other hand several states , including Pennsylvania and New Jersey stripped the free black males of the right to vote in the same period . Four of the fifteen post-Civil War constitutional amendments were ratified to extend voting rights to different groups of citizens . These extensions state that voting rights can not be denied or abridged based on the following : `` Race , color , or previous condition of servitude '' ( 15th Amendment , 1870 ) `` On account of sex '' ( 19th Amendment , 1920 ) `` By reason of failure to pay any poll tax or other tax '' for federal elections ( 24th Amendment , 1964 ) `` Who are eighteen years of age or older , to vote , shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of age '' ( 26th Amendment , 1971 ) Following the Reconstruction Era until the culmination of the Civil Rights Movement , Jim Crow laws such as literacy tests , poll taxes , and religious tests were some of the state and local laws used in various parts of the United States to deny immigrants ( including legal ones and newly naturalized citizens ) , non-white citizens , Native Americans , and any other locally `` undesirable '' groups from exercising voting rights granted under the constitution . Because of such state and local discriminatory practices , over time , the federal role in elections has increased , through amendments to the Constitution and enacted legislation ( e.g. , the Voting Rights Act of 1965 ) . The `` right to vote '' is not explicitly stated in the U.S. Constitution except in the above referenced amendments , and only in reference to the fact that the franchise can not be denied or abridged based solely on the aforementioned qualifications . In other words , the `` right to vote '' is perhaps better understood , in layman 's terms , as only prohibiting certain forms of legal discrimination in establishing qualifications for suffrage . States may deny the `` right to vote '' for other reasons . For example , many states require eligible citizens to register to vote a set number of days prior to the election in order to vote . More controversial restrictions include those laws that prohibit convicted felons from voting , even those who have served their sentences . Another example , seen in Bush v. Gore , are disputes as to what rules should apply in counting or recounting ballots . A state may choose to fill an office by means other than an election . For example , upon death or resignation of a legislator , the state may allow the affiliated political party to choose a replacement to hold office until the next scheduled election . Such an appointment is often affirmed by the governor . The Constitution , in Article VI , clause ( paragraph ) 3 , states that `` no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States '' . However , as described in the sections below , voting rights reforms have significantly expanded access to the ballot to include non-Protestants , non-whites , those who lack wealth , women , and those 18 -- 21 years old . Milestones of national franchise changes ( edit ) Further information : Timeline of voting rights in the United States 1789 : The Constitution grants the states the power to set voting requirements . Generally , states limited this right to property - owning or tax - paying white males . 1790 : The Naturalization Act of 1790 allows white men born outside of the United States to become citizens with the right to vote . 1792 : Beginning of the abolition of property qualifications for white men , from 1792 ( Kentucky ) to 1856 ( North Carolina ) during the periods of Jeffersonian and Jacksonian democracy . 1792 - 1838 : Free black males lose the right to vote in several Northern states including Pennsylvania and New Jersey 1868 : Citizenship is guaranteed to all persons born or naturalized in the United States , setting the stage for future expansions to voting rights . 1870 : Non-white men and freed male slaves are guaranteed the right to vote by the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution . However , for many years , some states were very successful at suppressing this vote ( see Jim Crow Laws ) . 1887 : Citizenship is granted to Native Americans who are willing to disassociate themselves from their tribe by the Dawes Act , making the men technically eligible to vote . 1913 : Direct election of Senators , established by the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , gave voters rather than state legislatures the right to elect senators . 1920 : Women are guaranteed the right to vote by the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution . In practice , the same restrictions that hindered the ability of non-white men to vote now also applied to non-white women . 1924 : All Native Americans are granted citizenship and the right to vote , regardless of tribal affiliation . By this point , approximately two thirds of Native Americans were already citizens . 1943 : Chinese immigrants given the right to citizenship and the right to vote by the Magnuson Act . 1961 : Residents of Washington , D.C. are granted the right to vote in U.S. Presidential Elections by the Twenty - third Amendment to the United States Constitution . 1964 : Tax payment prohibited from being used as a condition for voting in federal elections by the Twenty - fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution . 1965 : Protection of voter registration and voting for racial minorities , later applied to language minorities , is established by the Voting Rights Act of 1965 . This has also been applied to correcting discriminatory election systems and districting . 1966 : Tax payment and property requirements for voting are prohibited in all U.S. elections by the Supreme Court in Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections . 1971 : Adults aged 18 through 21 are granted the right to vote by the Twenty - sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution . This was enacted in response to Vietnam War protests , which argued that soldiers who were old enough to fight for their country should be granted the right to vote . 1986 : United States Military and Uniformed Services , Merchant Marine , other citizens overseas , living on bases in the United States , abroad , or aboard ship are granted the right to vote by the Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act . Removal of exclusions ( edit ) Each extension of voting rights has been a product of , and also brought about , social change . Extension of voting rights happened through movements and a need for the US to adapt to its growing population . Native American people ( edit ) From 1778 to 1871 , the government tried to resolve its relationship with the various native tribes by negotiating treaties . These treaties formed agreements between two sovereign nations , stating that Native American people were citizens of their tribe , living within the boundaries of the United States . The treaties were negotiated by the executive branch and ratified by the U.S. Senate . It said that native tribes would give up their rights to hunt and live on huge parcels of land that they had inhabited in exchange for trade goods , yearly cash annuity payments , and assurances that no further demands would be made on them . Most often , part of the land would be `` reserved '' exclusively for the tribe 's use . Throughout the 1800s , many native tribes gradually lost claim to the lands they had inhabited for centuries through the federal government 's Indian Removal policy to relocate tribes from the Southeast and Northwest to west of the Mississippi River . European - American settlers continued to encroach on western lands . Only in 1879 , in the Standing Bear trial , were American Indians recognized as persons in the eyes of the United States government . Judge Elmer Scipio Dundy of Nebraska declared that Indians were people within the meaning of the laws , and they had the rights associated with a writ of habeas corpus . However , Judge Dundy left unsettled the question as to whether Native Americans were guaranteed US citizenship . Although Native Americans were born within the national boundaries of the United States , those on reservations were considered citizens of their own tribes , rather than of the United States . They were denied the right to vote because they were not considered citizens by law and were thus ineligible . Many Native Americans were told that they would become citizens if they gave up their tribal affiliations in 1887 under the Dawes Act , which allocated communal lands to individual households and was intended to aid in the assimilation of Native Americans into majority culture . This still did not guarantee their right to vote . In 1924 the remaining Native Americans , estimated at about one - third , became United States citizens . But , many western states continued to restrict Native American ability to vote through property requirements , economic pressures , hiding the polls , and condoning of physical violence against those who voted . Since the late 20th century , they have been protected under provisions of the Voting Rights Act as a racial minority , and in some areas , language minority , gaining election materials in their native languages . Religious test ( edit ) In several British North American colonies , before and after the 1776 Declaration of Independence , Jews , Quakers and / or Catholics were excluded from the franchise and / or from running for elections . The Delaware Constitution of 1776 stated that `` Every person who shall be chosen a member of either house , or appointed to any office or place of trust , before taking his seat , or entering upon the execution of his office , shall ( ... ) also make and subscribe the following declaration , to wit : I , A B. do profess faith in God the Father , and in Jesus Christ His only Son , and in the Holy Ghost , one God , blessed for evermore ; and I do acknowledge the holy scriptures of the Old and New Testament to be given by divine inspiration . '' . This was repealed by Article I , Section II. of the 1792 Constitution : `` No religious test shall be required as a qualification to any office , or public trust , under this State '' . The 1778 Constitution of the State of South Carolina stated , `` No person shall be eligible to sit in the house of representatives unless he be of the Protestant religion '' , the 1777 Constitution of the State of Georgia ( art . VI ) that `` The representatives shall be chosen out of the residents in each county ( ... ) and they shall be of the Protestant religion '' . With the growth in the number of Baptists in Virginia before the Revolution , who challenged the established Anglican Church , the issues of religious freedom became important to rising leaders such as James Madison . As a young lawyer , he defended Baptist preachers who were not licensed by ( and were opposed by ) the established state Anglican Church . He carried developing ideas about religious freedom to be incorporated into the constitutional convention of the United States . In 1787 , Article One of the United States Constitution stated that `` the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature '' . More significantly , Article Six disavowed the religious test requirements of several states , saying : `` ( N ) o religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States . '' But , in Maryland , Jewish Americans were excluded from State office until the law requiring candidates to affirm a belief in an afterlife was repealed in 1828 . Poor whites and free African Americans ( edit ) See also : Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era At the time of ratification of the Constitution in the late 18th century , most states had property qualifications which restricted the franchise ; the exact amount varied by state , but by some estimates , more than half of white men were disenfranchised . Several states granted suffrage to free men of color after the Revolution , including North Carolina . This fact was noted by Justice Benjamin Robbins Curtis ' dissent in Dred Scott v. Sandford ( 1857 ) , as he emphasized that blacks had been considered citizens at the time the Constitution was ratified : Of this there can be no doubt . At the time of the ratification of the Articles of Confederation , all free native - born inhabitants of the States of New Hampshire , Massachusetts , New York , New Jersey , and North Carolina , though descended from African slaves , were not only citizens of those States , but such of them as had the other necessary qualifications possessed the franchise of electors , on equal terms with other citizens . In the 1820s , New York State enlarged its franchise to white men by dropping the property qualification , but maintained it for free blacks . The Supreme Court of North Carolina had upheld the ability of free African Americans to vote in that state . In 1835 , because of fears of the role of free blacks after Nat Turner 's Slave Rebellion of 1831 , they were disenfranchised by decision of the North Carolina Constitutional Convention . At the same time , convention delegates relaxed religious and property qualifications for whites , thus expanding the franchise for them . Alabama entered the union in 1819 with universal white suffrage provided in its constitution . When the Fourteenth Amendment was ratified in 1868 after the Civil War , it granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to its jurisdiction . In 1869 , the Fifteenth Amendment prohibited the government from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen 's `` race , color , or previous condition of servitude '' . The major effect of these amendments was to enfranchise African American men , the overwhelming majority of whom were freedmen in the South . After the war , some southern states passed `` Black Codes '' , state laws to restrict the new freedoms of African Americans . They attempted to control their movement , assembly , working conditions and other civil rights . Some states also prohibited them from voting . The Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution , one of three ratified after the American Civil War to grant freedmen full rights of citizenship , prevented any state from denying the right to vote to any citizen based on race . This was primarily related to protecting the franchise of freedmen , but it also applied to non-white minorities , such as Mexican Americans in Texas . The state governments under Reconstruction adopted new state constitutions or amendments designed to protect the ability of freedmen to vote . The white resistance to black suffrage after the war regularly erupted into violence as white groups tried to protect their power . Particularly in the South , in the aftermath of the Civil War whites made efforts to suppress freedmen 's voting . In the 1860s , secret vigilante groups such as the Ku Klux Klan ( KKK ) used violence and intimidation to keep freedmen in a controlled role and reestablish white supremacy . But , black freedmen registered and voted in high numbers , and many were elected to local offices through the 1880s . In the mid-1870s , the insurgencies continued with a rise in more powerful white paramilitary groups , such as the White League , originating in Louisiana in 1874 after a disputed gubernatorial election ; and the Red Shirts , originating in Mississippi in 1875 and developing numerous chapters in North and South Carolina ; as well as other `` White Line '' rifle clubs . They operated openly , were more organized than the KKK , and directed their efforts at political goals : to disrupt Republican organizing , turn Republicans out of office , and intimidate or kill blacks to suppress black voting . They worked as `` the military arm of the Democratic Party '' . For instance , estimates were that 150 blacks were killed in North Carolina before the 1876 elections . Economic tactics such as eviction from rental housing or termination of employment were also used to suppress the black vote . White Democrats regained power in state legislatures across the South by the late 1870s , and the federal government withdrew its troops as a result of a national compromise related to the presidency , officially ending Reconstruction . African Americans were a majority in three southern states following the Civil War , and represented over 40 % of the population in four other states . While they did not elect a majority of African Americans to office in any state legislature during Reconstruction , whites still feared and resented the political power exercised by freedmen . After ousting the Republicans , whites worked to restore white supremacy . Although elections were often surrounded by violence , blacks continued to vote and gained many local offices in the late 19th century . In the late 19th century , a Populist - Republican coalition in several states gained governorships and some congressional seats in 1894 . To prevent such a coalition from forming again and reduce election violence , the Democratic Party , dominant in all southern state legislatures , took action to disfranchise most blacks and many poor whites outright . From 1890 to 1908 , ten of the eleven former Confederate states completed political suppression and exclusion of these groups by ratifying new constitutions or amendments which incorporated provisions to make voter registration more difficult . These included such requirements as payment of poll taxes , complicated record keeping , complicated timing of registration and length of residency in relation to elections , with related record - keeping requirements ; felony disenfranchisement focusing on crimes thought to be committed by African Americans , and a literacy test or comprehension test . Prospective voters had to prove the ability to read and write the English language to white voter registrars , who in practice applied subjective requirements . Blacks were often denied the right to vote on this basis . Even well - educated blacks were often told they had `` failed '' such a test , if in fact , it had been administered . On the other hand , illiterate whites were sometimes allowed to vote through a `` grandfather clause , '' which waived literacy requirements if one 's grandfather had been a qualified voter before 1866 , or had served as a soldier , or was from a foreign country . As most blacks had grandfathers who were slaves before 1866 and could not have fulfilled any of those conditions , they could not use the grandfather clause exemption . Selective enforcement of the poll tax was frequently also used to disqualify black and poor white voters . As a result of these measures , at the turn of the century voter rolls dropped markedly across the South . Most blacks and many poor whites were excluded from the political system for decades . Unable to vote , they were also excluded from juries or running for any office . In Alabama , for example , its 1901 constitution restricted the franchise for poor whites as well as blacks . It contained requirements for payment of cumulative poll taxes , completion of literacy tests , and increased residency at state , county and precinct levels , effectively disenfranchised tens of thousands of poor whites as well as most blacks . Historian J. Morgan Kousser found , `` They disfranchised these whites as willingly as they deprived blacks of the vote . '' By 1941 , more whites than blacks in total had been disenfranchised . Legal challenges to disfranchisement ( edit ) Although African Americans quickly began legal challenges to such provisions in the 19th century , it was years before any were successful before the U.S. Supreme Court . Booker T. Washington , better known for his public stance of trying to work within societal constraints of the period at Tuskegee University , secretly helped fund and arrange representation for numerous legal challenges to disfranchisement . He called upon wealthy Northern allies and philanthropists to raise funds for the cause . The Supreme Court 's upholding of Mississippi 's new constitution , in Williams v. Mississippi ( 1898 ) , encouraged other states to follow the Mississippi plan of disfranchisement . African Americans brought other legal challenges , as in Giles v. Harris ( 1903 ) and Giles v. Teasley ( 1904 ) , but the Supreme Court upheld Alabama constitutional provisions . In 1915 Oklahoma was the last state to append a grandfather clause to its literacy requirement due to Supreme Court cases . From early in the 20th century , the newly established National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) took the lead in organizing or supporting legal challenges to segregation and disfranchisement . Gradually they planned the strategy of which cases to take forward . In Guinn v. United States ( 1915 ) , the first case in which the NAACP filed a brief , the Supreme Court struck down the grandfather clause in Oklahoma and Maryland . Other states in which it was used had to retract their legislation as well . The challenge was successful . But , nearly as rapidly as the Supreme Court determined a specific provision was unconstitutional , state legislatures developed new statutes to continue disenfranchisement . For instance , in Smith v. Allwright ( 1944 ) , the Supreme Court struck down the use of state - sanctioned all - white primaries by the Democratic Party in the South . States developed new restrictions on black voting ; Alabama passed a law giving county registrars more authority as to which questions they asked applicants in comprehension or literacy tests . The NAACP continued with steady progress in legal challenges to disenfranchisement and segregation . In 1957 , Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 to implement the Fifteenth Amendment . It established the United States Civil Rights Commission ; among its duties is to investigate voter discrimination . As late as 1962 , programs such as Operation Eagle Eye in Arizona attempted to stymie minority voting through literacy tests . The 24th Amendment was ratified in 1964 to prohibit poll taxes as a condition of voter registration and voting in federal elections . Many states continued to use them in state elections as a means of reducing the number of voters . The American Civil Rights Movement , through such events as the Selma to Montgomery marches and Freedom Summer in Mississippi , gained passage by the United States Congress of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , which authorized federal oversight of voter registration and election practices and other enforcement of voting rights . Congress passed the legislation because it found `` case by case litigation was inadequate to combat widespread and persistent discrimination in voting '' . Activism by African Americans helped secure an expanded and protected franchise that has benefited all Americans , including racial and language minorities . The bill provided for federal oversight , if necessary , to ensure just voter registration and election procedures . The rate of African - American registration and voting in Southern states climbed dramatically and quickly , but it has taken years of federal oversight to work out the processes and overcome local resistance . In addition , it was not until the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 6 - 3 in Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections ( 1966 ) that all state poll taxes ( for both state and federal elections ) were officially declared unconstitutional as violating the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . This removed a burden on the poor . Legal challenges have continued under the Voting Rights Act , primarily in areas of redistricting and election systems , for instance , challenging at - large election systems that effectively reduce the ability of minority groups to elect candidates of their choice . Such challenges have particularly occurred at the county and municipal level , including for school boards , where exclusion of minority groups and candidates at such levels has been persistent in some areas of the country . This reduces the ability of women and minorities to participate in the political system and gain entry - level experience . Women ( edit ) See also : History of women 's suffrage in the United States A parallel , yet separate , movement was that for women 's suffrage . Leaders of the suffrage movement included Susan B. Anthony , Elizabeth Cady Stanton , and Alice Paul . In some ways this , too , could be said to have grown out of the American Civil War , as women had been strong leaders of the abolition movement . Middle - and upper - class women generally became more politically active in the northern tier during and after the war . In 1848 , the Seneca Falls Convention , the first women 's rights convention , was held in Seneca Falls , New York . Of the 300 present , 68 women and 32 men signed the Declaration of Sentiments which defined the women 's rights movement . The first National Women 's Rights Convention took place in 1850 in Worcester , Massachusetts , attracting more than 1,000 participants . This national convention was held yearly through 1860 . When Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton formed the National Women Suffrage Association , their goal was to help women gain voting rights through reliance on the Constitution . Also , in 1869 Lucy Stone and Henry Blackwell formed the American Woman Suffrage Association ( AWSA ) . However , AWSA focused on gaining voting rights for women through the amendment process . Although these two organization were fighting for the same cause , it was not until 1890 that they merged to form the National American Woman Suffrage Association ( NAWSA ) . After the merger of the two organizations , the ( NAWSA ) waged a state - by - state campaign to obtain voting rights for women . Wyoming was the first state in which women were able to vote , although it was a condition of the transition to statehood . Utah was the second territory to allow women to vote , but the federal Edmunds -- Tucker Act of 1887 repealed woman 's suffrage in Utah . Colorado was the first established state to allow women to vote on the same basis as men . Some other states also extended the franchise to women before the Constitution was amended to this purpose . During the 1910s Alice Paul , assisted by Lucy Burns and many others , organized such events and organizations as the 1913 Women 's Suffrage Parade , the National Woman 's Party , and the Silent Sentinels . At the culmination of the suffragists ' requests and protests , ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote in time to participate in the Presidential election of 1920 . Another political movement that was largely driven by women in the same era was the anti-alcohol Temperance movement , which led to the Eighteenth Amendment and Prohibition . Washington , D.C. ( edit ) Washington , D.C. , was created from a portion of the states of Maryland and Virginia in 1801 . The Virginia portion was retroceded ( returned ) to Virginia upon request of the residents , by an Act of Congress in 1846 to protect slavery , and restore state and federal voting rights in that portion of Virginia . When Maryland delegated a portion of its land to Congress so that it could be used as the Nation 's capital , Congress did not continue Maryland Voting Laws . It canceled all state and federal elections starting with 1802 . Local elections limped on in some neighborhoods , until 1871 , when local elections were also forbidden by the U.S. Congress . The U.S. Congress is the National Legislature . Under Article I , Section 8 , Clause 17 , Congress has the sole authority to exercise `` Exclusive Legislature in all cases whatsoever '' over the nation 's capital and over federal military bases . Active disfranchisement is typically a States Rights Legislative issue , where the removal of voting rights is permitted . At the national level , the federal government typically ignored voting rights issues , or affirmed that they were extended . Congress , when exercising `` exclusive legislation '' over U.S. Military Bases in the United States , and Washington , D.C. , viewed its power as strong enough to remove all voting rights . All state and federal elections were canceled by Congress in D.C. and all of Maryland 's voting Rights laws no longer applied to D.C. when Maryland gave up that land . Congress did not pass laws to establish local voting processes in the District of Columbia . This omission of law strategy to disfranchise is contained in the Congressional debates in Annals of Congress in 1800 and 1801 . In 1986 , the US Congress voted to restore voting rights on U.S. Military bases for all state and federal elections . D.C. , citizens were granted the right to vote in Presidential elections in 1961 , after the ratification of the twenty - third amendment . Amendment 23 is the only known limit to U.S. Congressional powers , forcing Congress to enforce Amendments 14 , 15 , 19 , 24 , and 26 for the first time in Presidential elections . The Maryland citizens and territory converted in Washington , D.C. , in 1801 were represented in 1801 by U.S. Rep. John Chew Thomas from Maryland 's 2nd , and U.S. Rep. William Craik from Maryland 's 3rd Congressional Districts . These Maryland U.S. Congressional Districts were redrawn and removed from Washington , D.C. No full Congressional elections have been held since in D.C. , a gap continuing since 1801 . Congress created a non-voting substitute for a U.S. Congressman , a Delegate , between 1871 -- 1875 , but then abolished that post as well . Congress permitted restoration of local elections and home rule for the District on December 24 , 1973 . In 1971 , Congress still opposed restoring the position of a full U.S. Congressman for Washington , D.C. That year it re-established the position of non-voting Delegate to the U.S. Congress . Young people ( edit ) See also : Twenty - sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution States ( shown in blue ) allow 17 - year - olds to vote in primaries / caucuses if their 18th birthday is before the general election . A third voting rights movement was won in the 1960s to lower the voting age from twenty - one to eighteen . Activists noted that most of the young men who were being drafted to fight in the Vietnam War were too young to have any voice in the selection of the leaders who were sending them to fight . Some states had already lowered the voting age : notably Georgia , Kentucky , and Hawaii , had already permitted voting by persons younger than twenty - one . The Twenty - sixth Amendment , ratified in 1971 , prohibits federal and state laws which set a minimum voting age higher than 18 years . As of 2008 , no state has opted for an earlier age , although some state governments have discussed it . California has , since the 1980s , allowed persons who are 17 to register to vote for an election where the election itself will occur on or after their 18th birthday , and several states including Indiana allow 17 - year - olds to vote in a primary election provided they will be 18 by the general election . Prisoners ( edit ) See also : Felony disenfranchisement Prisoner voting rights are defined by individual states , and the laws are different from state to state . Some states allow only individuals on probation to vote . Others allow individuals on parole and probation . As of 2012 , only three states , Florida , Kentucky and Virginia , continue to impose a lifelong denial of the right to vote to all citizens with a felony record , absent a restoration of rights granted by the Governor or state legislature . However , in Kentucky , a felon 's rights can be restored after the completion of a restoration process to regain civil rights . In 2007 , Florida legislature restored voting rights to convicted felons who had served their sentences . In March 2011 , however , Governor Rick Scott reversed the 2007 reforms . He signed legislation that permanently disenfranchises citizens with past felony convictions . In July 2005 , Iowa Governor Tom Vilsack issued an executive order restoring the right to vote for all persons who have completed supervision . On October 31 , 2005 , Iowa 's Supreme Court upheld mass reenfranchisement of convicted felons . Nine other states disenfranchise felons for various lengths of time following the completion of their probation or parole . Other than Maine and Vermont , all U.S. states prohibit felons from voting while they are in prison . In Puerto Rico , felons in prison are allowed to vote in elections . Practices in the United States are in contrast to some European nations , such as Norway . Some nations allow prisoners to vote . Prisoners have been allowed to vote in Canada since 2002 . The United States has a higher proportion of its population in prison than any other Western nation , and more than Russia or China . The dramatic rise in the rate of incarceration in the United States , a 500 % increase from the 1970s to the 1990s , has vastly increased the number of people disenfranchised because of the felon provisions . According to the Sentencing Project , as of 2010 an estimated 5.9 million Americans are denied the right to vote because of a felony conviction , a number equivalent to 2.5 % of the U.S. voting - age population and a sharp increase from the 1.2 million people affected by felony disenfranchisement in 1976 . Given the prison populations , the effects have been most disadvantageous for minority and poor communities . Durational residency ( edit ) The Supreme Court of the United States struck down one - year residency requirements to vote in Dunn v. Blumstein 405 U.S. 330 ( 1972 ) . The Court ruled that limits on voter registration of up to 30 to 50 days prior to an election were permissible for logistical reasons , but that residency requirements in excess of that violated the equal protection clause , as granted under the Fourteenth Amendment , according to strict scrutiny . Homelessness ( edit ) Obstacles homeless citizens face during voter registration ( edit ) In the 1980s homelessness was recognized as an increasing national problem . By the early 21st century , there have been numerous court cases to help protect the voting rights of persons without a fixed address . Low income and homeless citizens face some obstacles in registering to vote . These obstacles include establishing residency , providing a mailing address , and showing proof of identification . A residency requirement varies from state to state . States can not require citizens to show residency of more than 30 days before Election Day . The states of Idaho , Maine , Minnesota , Wisconsin , and Wyoming allow voters to register on Election Day . North Dakota does not require voters to register . In the 21st century , homeless persons in all states have the right to register and vote if they satisfy other conditions . In most states , when registering to vote , homeless voters may designate any place of residence , including a street corner , a park , a shelter , or any other location where an individual stays at night . A citizen may only have one residency during registration , but they may switch their registration each time they change locations . Designating residency is needed to prove that the citizen lives within the district where he or she wishes to vote . Some states also require a mailing address in order to send out the voter ID card , which the individual must show on Election Day . Some states allow individuals to use PO Boxes as mailing addresses ; other states allow the address to be that of a local shelter , advocacy organization , outreach center , or anywhere else that accepts mail on behalf of a person registering to vote . States such as Arizona and Nebraska allow homeless citizens to use county court houses or county clerks ' offices as mailing address . States that do not require a mailing address include Alaska , Connecticut , Delaware , Florida , Georgia , Idaho , Montana , New Jersey , Vermont , West Virginia , Wisconsin , and Wyoming . All potential voters face new requirements since 2002 , when President Bush signed the Help America Vote Act ( HAVA ) . It requires voters to provide their driver 's license numbers , or the last four digits of their Social Security Number on their voter registration form . This has been enforced . The National Coalition for the Homeless ( NCH ) assists nonprofit organizations , in getting lower income and homeless citizens registered to vote . In 1992 , the NCH created a campaign called `` You do n't need a home to vote '' . This campaign provided useful resources and guidelines for nonprofit organizations to follow when assisting citizens to register . Nonprofits , like homeless shelters and food banks , set up a voter registration party to help homeless citizens to register . The nonprofit workers must remain nonpartisan when assisting in the registration process . Court cases involving homeless voting ( edit ) Voting rights of the American homeless is an issue that has been addressed in the courts since the 1980s . Each state is responsible for voting regulations in their area ; however , many states throughout America have adopted similar laws regarding homeless citizen voting . Disenfranchising the homeless is considered a violation of their rights under the Fourteenth Amendment 's Equal Protection Clause . Many arguments have been made against homeless people being able to vote . Their status of true citizenship has been called into question because of their lack of residency . However , the courts have ruled on more than one occasion in favor of the homeless voting . One of the first court cases regarding homeless voting was Pitts v. Black in New York . The US district court ruled that disenfranchising homeless citizens is a direct violation of the Equal Protection clause found in the Fourteenth Amendment . Pitts v. Black ( 1984 ) : This case heard by the US District Court of Southern New York case involved the New York Election Board and homeless individuals assisted by the Coalition for the Homeless , among others . The Election Board denied the individuals the right to vote because they resided on the street or in shelters . The Election Board contended that residency required some claim ( such as rent ) or ownership of the area that they resided on . Before the court decision was made , the Election Board relented slightly and allowed those living in shelters the right to vote . The District Court defined the meaning of `` residence '' as any fixed location which the individual intends to inhabit regularly . This ruling encompassed all homeless , including those residing on streets and in parks . Two California court rulings , Collier v. Menzel , and Walters v. Weed , also addressed the residency question of homeless voters : Collier v. Menzel ( 1985 ) : The Santa Barbara District Court case established that a residence could be a certain location rather than a specific address . Howard Menzel , the county clerk , rejected three voter registration applications on the grounds that proper addresses were not provided . The applications simply stated a public park as the applicants ' residence . The court overruled the clerk 's decision and defined a residence as any fixed location where a person habitually sleeps and where living quarters are set up . In their final decisions , the court stated that denying a citizen the right to vote due to residence in a public park , is a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment 's Equal Protection clause . Walters v. Weed ( 1988 ) : In 1988 , the California Supreme Court judged a case concerning voter precincts of those who are between residences . The court ruled that when a person leaves his former place of residence and has not yet settled in another permanent living place , then the individual may vote in the precinct of his former residence . Special interest elections ( edit ) Several locales retained restrictions for specialized local elections , such as for school boards , special districts , or bond issues . Property restrictions , duration of residency restrictions , and , for school boards , restrictions of the franchise to voters with children , remained in force . In a series of rulings from 1969 to 1973 , the Court ruled that the franchise could be restricted in some cases to those `` primarily interested '' or `` primarily affected '' by the outcome of a specialized election , but not in the case of school boards or bond issues , which affected taxation to be paid by all residents . In Ball v. James 451 U.S. 335 ( 1981 ) , the Court further upheld a system of plural voting , by which votes for the board of directors of a water reclamation district were allocated on the basis of a person 's proportion of land owned in the district . The Court has overseen operation of political party primaries to ensure open voting . While states were permitted to require voters to register for a political party 30 days before an election , or to require them to vote in only one party primary , the state could not prevent a voter from voting in a party primary if the voter has voted in another party 's primary in the last 23 months . The Court also ruled that a state may not mandate a `` closed primary '' system and bar independents from voting in a party 's primary against the wishes of the party . ( Tashijan v. Republican Party of Connecticut 479 U.S. 208 ( 1986 ) ) The Office of Hawaiian Affairs of the state of Hawaii , created in 1978 , limited voting eligibility and candidate eligibility to native Hawaiians on whose behalf it manages 1,800,000 acres ( 7,300 km ) of ceded land . The Supreme Court of the United States struck down the franchise restriction under the Fifteenth Amendment in Rice v. Cayetano 528 U.S. 495 ( 2000 ) , following by eliminating the candidate restriction in Arakaki v. State of Hawai'i a few months later . Current status ( edit ) By region ( edit ) District of Columbia ( edit ) Main article : District of Columbia voting rights Citizens of the nation 's capital , Washington , D.C. , have not been apportioned a representative or US senator in Congress . This is because D.C. is a federal district and not a state and under the Constitution , only states are apportioned congresspersons . District of Columbia citizens had voting rights removed in 1801 by Congress , when Maryland delegated that portion of its land to Congress . Congress incrementally removed effective local control or home rule by 1871 . It restored some home rule in 1971 , but maintained the authority to override any local laws . Washington , D.C. , does not have full representation in the U.S. House or Senate . The Twenty - third Amendment , restoring U.S. Presidential Election after a 164 - year - gap , is the only known limit to Congressional `` exclusive legislature '' from Article I - 8 - 17 , forcing Congress to enforce for the first time Amendments 14 , 15 , 19 , 24 , and 26 . Amendment 23 gave the District of Columbia three electors and hence the right to vote for President , but not full U.S. Congresspersons nor U.S. Senators . In 1978 , Congress proposed a constitutional amendment that would have restored to the District a full seat for representation in the Congress as well . This amendment failed to receive ratification by sufficient number of states within the seven years required . As of 2013 , a bill is pending in Congress that would treat the District of Columbia as `` a congressional district for purposes of representation in the House of Representatives '' , and permit United States citizens residing in the capital to vote for a member to represent them in the House of Representatives . The District of Columbia House Voting Rights Act , S. 160 , 111th Cong . was passed by the U.S. Senate on February 26 , 2009 , by a vote of 61 - 37 . On April 1 , 1993 , the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights of the Organization of American States received a petition from Timothy Cooper on behalf of the Statehood Solidarity Committee ( the `` Petitioners '' ) against the government of the United States ( the `` State '' or `` United States '' ) . The petition indicated that it was presented on behalf of the members of the Statehood Solidarity Committee and all other U.S. citizens resident in the District of Columbia . The petition alleged that the United States was responsible for violations of Articles II ( right to equality before law ) and XX ( right to vote and to participate in government ) of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man in connection with the inability of citizens of the District of Columbia to vote for and elect a representative to the U.S. Congress . On December 29 , 2003 , The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights having examined the information and arguments provided by the parties on the question of admissibility . Without prejudging the merits of the matter , the Commission decided to admit the present petition in respect of Articles II and XX of the American Declaration . In addition , the Commission concluded that the United States violates the Petitioners ' rights under Articles II and XX of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man by denying District of Columbia citizens an effective opportunity to participate in their federal legislature . Overseas and nonresident citizens ( edit ) U.S. citizens residing overseas who would otherwise have the right to vote are guaranteed the right to vote in federal elections by the Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act ( UOCAVA ) of 1986 . As a practical matter , individual states implement UOCAVA . U.S. citizens who reside in Puerto Rico , Guam , Northern Mariana Islands , or the United States Virgin Islands are not allowed to vote in U.S. national and presidential elections , as these U.S. territories belong to the United States but are not part of the United States . The U.S. Constitution requires a voter to be resident in one of the 50 states or in the District of Columbia to vote in federal elections . To say that the Constitution does not require extension of federal voting rights to U.S. territories residents does not , however , exclude the possibility that the Constitution may permit their enfranchisement under another source of law . A citizen who has never resided in the United States can vote if a parent is eligible to vote in certain states . In some of these states the citizen can vote in local , state and federal elections , in others in federal elections only . Puerto Rico ( edit ) Main article : Voting rights in Puerto Rico Puerto Rico is an insular area -- a United States territory that is neither a part of one of the fifty states nor a part of the District of Columbia , the nation 's federal district . Insular areas , such as Puerto Rico , the U.S. Virgin Islands and Guam , are not allowed to choose electors in U.S. presidential elections or elect voting members to the U.S. Congress . This grows out of Article I and Article II of the United States Constitution , which specifically mandate that electors are to be chosen by `` the People of the several States '' . In 1961 , the 23rd amendment to the constitution extended the right to choose electors to the District of Columbia . Any U.S. citizen who resides in Puerto Rico ( whether a Puerto Rican or not ) is effectively disenfranchised at the national level . Although the Republican Party and Democratic Party chapters in Puerto Rico have selected voting delegates to the national nominating conventions participating in U.S. presidential primaries or caucuses , U.S. citizens not residing in one of the 50 states or in the District of Columbia may not vote in federal elections . Various scholars ( including a prominent U.S. judge in the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit ) conclude that the U.S. national - electoral process is not fully democratic due to U.S. government disenfranchisement of U.S. citizens residing in Puerto Rico . As of 2010 , under Igartúa v. United States , the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ( ICCPR ) is judicially considered not to be self - executing , and therefore requires further legislative action to put it into effect domestically . Judge Kermit Lipez wrote in a concurring opinion , however , that the en banc majority 's conclusion that the ICCPR is non-self - executing is ripe for reconsideration in a new en banc proceeding , and that if issues highlighted in a partial dissent by Judge Juan R. Torruella were to be decided in favor of the plaintiffs , United States citizens residing in Puerto Rico would have a viable claim to equal voting rights . Congress has in fact acted in partial compliance with its obligations under the ICCPR when , in 1961 , just a few years after the United Nations first ratified the ICCPR , it amended our fundamental charter to allow the United States citizens who reside in the District of Columbia to vote for the Executive offices . See U.S. Constitutional Amendment XXIII. 51 . Indeed , a bill is now pending in Congress that would treat the District of Columbia as `` a congressional district for purposes of representation in the House of Representatives '' , and permit United States citizens residing in the capitol to vote for members of the House of Representatives . See District of Columbia House Voting Rights Act , S. 160 , 111th Congress ( passed by the Senate , February 26 , 2009 ) ( 2009 ). 52 However , the United States has not taken similar `` steps '' with regard to the five million United States citizens who reside in the other U.S. territories , of which close to four million are residents of Puerto Rico . This inaction is in clear violation of the United States ' obligations under the ICCPR `` . Accessibility ( edit ) Federal legislation such as the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 ( ADA ) , the National Voter Registration Act of 1993 ( NVRA , or `` Motor - Voter Act '' ) and the Help America Vote Act of 2001 ( HAVA ) help to address some of the concerns of disabled and non-English speaking voters in the United States . Some studies have shown that polling places are inaccessible to disabled voters . The Federal Election Commission reported that , in violation of state and federal laws , more than 20,000 polling places across the nation are inaccessible , depriving people with disabilities of their fundamental right to vote . In 1999 , the Attorney General of the State of New York ran a check of polling places around the state to see if they were accessible to voters with disabilities and found many problems . A study of three upstate counties of New York found fewer than 10 percent of polling places fully compliant with state and federal laws . Many polling booths are set in church basements or in upstairs meeting halls where there are no ramps or elevators . This means problems not just for people who use wheelchairs , but for people using canes or walkers too . And in most states people who are blind do not have access to Braille ballot to vote ; they have to bring someone along to vote for them . Studies have shown that people with disabilities are more interested in government and public affairs than most and are more eager to participate in the democratic process . Many election officials urge people with disabilities to vote absentee , however some disabled individuals see this as an inferior form of participation . Voter turnout is lower among the disabled . In the 2012 United States presidential election 56.8 % of people with disabilities reported voting , compared to the 62.5 % of eligible citizens without disabilities . Candidacy requirements ( edit ) Jurisprudence concerning candidacy rights and the rights of citizens to create a political party are less clear than voting rights . Different courts have reached different conclusions regarding what sort of restrictions , often in terms of ballot access , public debate inclusion , filing fees , and residency requirements , may be imposed . In Williams v. Rhodes ( 1968 ) , the United States Supreme Court struck down Ohio ballot access laws on First and Fourteenth Amendment grounds . However , it subsequently upheld such laws in several other cases . States can require an independent or minor party candidate to collect signatures as high as five percent of the total votes cast in a particular preceding election before the court will intervene . The Supreme Court has also upheld a state ban on cross-party endorsements ( also known as electoral fusion ) and primary write - in votes . Noncitizen voting ( edit ) Main article : Right of foreigners to vote in the United States More than 40 states or territories , including colonies before the Declaration of Independence , have at some time allowed noncitizens who satisfied residential requirements to vote in some or all elections . This in part reflected the strong continuing immigration to the United States . Some cities like Chicago , towns or villages ( in Maryland ) today allow noncitizen residents to vote in school or local elections . In 1875 , the Supreme Court in Minor v. Happersett noted that `` citizenship has not in all cases been made a condition precedent to the enjoyment of the right of suffrage . Thus , in Missouri , persons of foreign birth , who have declared their intention to become citizens of the United States , may under certain circumstances vote '' . Federal law prohibits noncitizens from voting in federal elections . See also ( edit ) United States Public Policy portal Law portal Civil Rights Act of 1960 List of suffragists and suffragettes Lodge Bill Timeline of women 's suffrage Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ For state elections : Taxes ( 14th Amendment ; Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections , 383 U.S. 663 ( 1966 ) ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Expansion of Rights and Liberties -- The Right of Suffrage '' . Online Exhibit : The Charters of Freedom . National Archives . Retrieved 21 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Voting Rights '' . Infoplease . Retrieved 21 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Voting in Early America '' . Colonial Williamsburg . Spring 2007 . Retrieved 21 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Murrin , John M. ; Johnson , Paul E. ; McPherson , James M. ; Fahs , Alice ; Gerstle , Gary ( 2012 ) . Liberty , Equality , Power : A History of the American People ( 6th ed . ) . Wadsworth , Cengage Learning . p. 296 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 90499 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Stanley L. Engerman , University of Rochester and NBER ; Kenneth L. Sokoloff , University of California , Los Angeles and NBER ( February 2005 ) . `` The Evolution of Suffrage Institutions in the New World '' ( PDF ) : 16 , 35 . By 1840 , only three states retained a property qualification , North Carolina ( for some state - wide offices only ) , Rhode Island , and Virginia . In 1856 North Carolina was the last state to end the practice . Tax - paying qualifications were also gone in all but a few states by the Civil War , but they survived into the 20th century in Pennsylvania and Rhode Island . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Janda , Kenneth ; Berry , Jeffrey M. ; Goldman , Jerry ( 2008 ) . The challenge of democracy : government in America ( 9 . ed. , update ed . ) . Houghton Mifflin . p. 207 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 99094 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Voting Guide : How To Cast Your Vote , Participate In Government And Have Your Voice Heard '' . Congress Base . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ George W. Bush , et al. , Petitioners v. Albert Gore , Jr. , et al. , Supreme Court of the United States , December 12 , 2000 , retrieved 2008 - 02 - 22 ^ Jump up to : U.S. Constitution Annotated , Justia , archived from the original on 2006 - 10 - 31 , retrieved 2008 - 04 - 18 ^ Jump up to : `` AP Tests : AP Test Prep : The Expansion of Suffrage '' . CliffsNotes. 10 January 2010 . 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'' , 92 Georgetown Law Journal 259 ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ J. Morgan Kousser. The Shaping of Southern Politics : Suffrage Restriction and the Establishment of the One - Party South , New Haven : Yale University Press , 1974 Jump up ^ Glenn Feldman , The Disfranchisement Myth : Poor Whites and Suffrage Restriction in Alabama , Athens : University of Georgia Press , 2004 , pp. 135 -- 136 Jump up ^ Richard H. Pildes , `` Democracy , Anti-Democracy , and the Canon '' , Constitutional Commentary 17 ( 2000 ) : 13 - 14 , accessed Mar 10 , 2008 Jump up ^ alio , nur . `` women '' . Women 's Rights Movement in the U.S . Retrieved 20 October 2011 . Jump up ^ James , Randy ( 2009 - 02 - 26 ) . `` A Brief History of Washington , D.C. '' . Time . ISSN 0040 - 781X . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Carl Weiser ( April 18 , 2004 ) , Should voting age fall to 16 ? 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Jump up ^ U.S. : 700.23 per 100,000 inhabitants ( 2002 ) ; versus , for example , Belarus ( 516.25 per 100,000 inhabitants ) ; South Africa ( 401.24 per 100,000 inhabitants ) ; Latvia ( 362.83 per 100,000 inhabitants ) Eighth United Nations Survey of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice Systems , covering the period 2001 -- 2002 ( PDF ) , United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime , retrieved 2008 - 10 - 02 ( Table 15.1 , Total persons incarcerated , with incarceration rates for some nations ( e.g. , Russia and China ) unreported ) Jump up ^ `` ICPS : School of Law : King 's College London : World Prison Brief : King 's College London '' . 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Pilkington , Ed ( July 13 , 2012 ) . `` Felon voting laws to disenfranchise historic number of Americans in 2012 '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 07 . 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Román , `` Trying to Fit an Oval Shaped Island into a Square Constitution : Arguments for Puerto Rican Statehood '' , 29 Fordham Urban Law Journal 1681 -- 1713 , 1697 -- 1713 ( April 2002 ) ( 316 Footnotes Omitted ) ) ^ Jump up to : alio , nur . `` People with Disabilities and Voting '' . The Center for an Accessible Society . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Polling Places Found Inaccessible To Disabled '' . New York State Attorney General . 1999 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Encyclopedia of Disability '' . SAGE Reference. 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Disability and Voting Survey Report 2012 Election '' . Rutgers University . Jump up ^ Raskin , Jamin B. ( April 1993 ) , `` Legal aliens , local citizens : The historical , constitutional and theoretical meanings of Alien suffrage '' , University of Pennsylvania Law Review , Southern Oregon University , 141 ( 4 ) : 1391 -- 1470 , JSTOR 3312345 , doi : 10.2307 / 3312345 , archived from the original ( ) on 2008 - 11 - 03 , retrieved 2007 - 12 - 03 Jump up ^ Hayduk , Ronald ( 2006 ) , Democracy For All : Restoring Immigrant Voting Rights In The United States , Routledge , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 95073 - 2 Jump up ^ see also Droit de vote des étrangers aux États - Unis Jump up ^ U.S. Supreme Court , Minor v. Happersett 88 U.S. 162 ( 1874 ) , retrieved 2007 - 12 - 08 Jump up ^ 18 U.S.C. § 611 - Voting by aliens . alio , nur . `` History of Voting Rights in America '' . Cobb - LaMarche . External links ( edit ) Right to Vote Initiative -- resources page at FairVote , regarding effort to ensure that the right of every U.S. citizen to vote is firmly entrenched in the U.S. Constitution National Voting Rights Museum and Institute , Selma , Alabama Voting Rights History Two Centuries of Struggle ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans Voting rights in the United States Constitutional provisions Article I Voter Qualifications Clause Elections Clause 1st Amendment 14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause 15th Amendment 17th Amendment 19th Amendment 23rd Amendment 24th Amendment 26th Amendment Federal laws Voting Rights Act of 1965 Amendments List of covered jurisdictions Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act Military and Overseas Voter Empowerment Act National Voter Registration Act of 1993 Help America Vote Act of 2002 State laws Voter access Absentee ballot Early voting Postal voting Provisional ballot Voter registration in the U.S. Initiatives and referendums Recall election Vote denial Electoral fraud Grandfather clause Literacy test Poll tax Voter caging Voter ID laws Vote dilution Gerrymandering Plurality - at - large voting One man , one vote By group Women Youth Felons Foreigners Transgender people District of Columbia residents Puerto Rico residents Guam residents History Timeline Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era Selma to Montgomery marches Timeline of women 's suffrage Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913 Silent Sentinels U.S. suffragists publications History of direct democracy Related Ballot access Campaign finance Citizenship Disfranchisement Election Election law Elections Electoral reform Electoral College Redistricting Secret ballot Suffrage Voting Voting system Voter registration National Voting Rights Museum Suffrage Basic topics Universal suffrage Women Black Youth Resident foreigners Expatriates in country of origin Voting age Demeny voting Suffragette Compulsory voting Disfranchisement Women 's liberation movement By country Australia 1902 Commonwealth Franchise Act aboriginal women Japan Hong Kong Kuwait New Zealand Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom women Wales laws 1832 1918 1928 United States women Native Americans foreigners District of Columbia Puerto Rico amendments 15th 19th 26th 1965 Voting Rights Act Events International Woman Suffrage Alliance conferences 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th Black Friday 1 July marches 2014 protests US Seneca Falls Convention Declaration of Sentiments Rochester Convention Ohio Women 's Convention National Women 's Rights Convention 1907 Mud March Suffrage Hikes 1913 Woman Suffrage Procession Silent Sentinels Night of Terror `` Give Us the Ballot '' Selma to Montgomery marches Related Age of candidacy US Voting Rights Museum Umbrella Movement Women Suffragists Timeline of women 's suffrage US in majority - Muslim countries Women 's suffrage organizations and publications Women 's rights activists Suffragette Memorial Pankhurst Centre Pankhurst Memorial Belmont - Paul Monument International Women 's Day Justice Bell 1920 US presidential election Leser v. 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-1537985827940131789	Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey	Cosmos : a Spacetime Odyssey - Wikipedia Cosmos : a Spacetime Odyssey Cosmos : A Spacetime Odyssey Genre Science documentary Based on Cosmos : A Personal Voyage by Carl Sagan Ann Druyan Steven Soter Written by Ann Druyan Steven Soter Presented by Neil deGrasse Tyson Composer ( s ) Alan Silvestri Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 13 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Seth MacFarlane Ann Druyan Brannon Braga Mitchell Cannold Producer ( s ) Livia Hanich Steven Holtzman Jason Clark Production location ( s ) Santa Fe , New Mexico Culver City , California Cinematography Bill Pope Editor ( s ) John Duffy Eric Lea Michael O'Halloran Running time 41 -- 44 minutes Production company ( s ) Cosmos Studios Fuzzy Door Productions Santa Fe Studios Distributor 20th Television Release Original network Fox National Geographic Channel Picture format 16 : 9 HDTV Original release March 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 09 ) -- present Chronology Preceded by Cosmos : A Personal Voyage Cosmos : A Spacetime Odyssey is a 2014 American science documentary television series . The show is a follow - up to the 1980 television series Cosmos : A Personal Voyage , which was presented by Carl Sagan on the Public Broadcasting Service and is considered a milestone for scientific documentaries . This series was developed to bring back the foundation of science to network television at the height of other scientific - based television series and films . The show is presented by astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson , who , as a young high school student , was inspired by Sagan . Among the executive producers are Seth MacFarlane , whose financial investment was instrumental in bringing the show to broadcast television , and Ann Druyan , a co-author and co-creator of the original television series and Sagan 's wife . The show is produced by Brannon Braga , and Alan Silvestri composed the backing score . The series loosely follows the same thirteen - episode format and storytelling approach that the original Cosmos used , including elements such as the `` Ship of the Imagination '' and the `` Cosmic Calendar '' , but features information updated since the 1980 series , along with extensive computer - generated graphics and animation footage augmenting the narration . The series premiered on March 9 , 2014 , simultaneously in the United States across ten 21st Century Fox networks . The remainder of the series aired on the Fox Network , with the National Geographic Channel rebroadcasting the episodes the next night with extra content . The series has been rebroadcast internationally in dozens of other countries by local National Geographic and Fox stations . The series concluded on June 8 , 2014 , with home media release of the entire series on June 10 , 2014 . Cosmos has been critically praised , winning several television broadcasting awards and a Peabody Award for educational content . On January 13 , 2018 , it was announced that another season titled Cosmos : Possible Worlds will air in 2019 on Fox and National Geographic channels . Contents 1 Production 1.1 Background 1.2 Development 2 Episodes 3 Cast 4 Broadcast 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Criticism 6 Home media release 7 Sequel series 8 References 9 External links Production ( edit ) Background ( edit ) The original 13 - part Cosmos : A Personal Voyage first aired in 1980 on the Public Broadcasting Service , and was hosted by Carl Sagan . The show has been considered highly significant since its broadcast ; David Itzkoff of The New York Times described it as `` a watershed moment for science - themed television programming '' . The show has been watched by at least 400 million people across 60 different countries , and until the 1990 documentary The Civil War , remained the network 's highest rated program . Following Sagan 's death in 1996 , his widow Ann Druyan , the co-creator of the original Cosmos series along with Steven Soter , and astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson sought to create a new version of the series , aimed to appeal to as wide an audience as possible and not just to those interested in the sciences . They had struggled for years with reluctant television networks that failed to see the broad appeal of the show . Development ( edit ) Seth MacFarlane was instrumental in obtaining network funding for Cosmos : A Spacetime Odyssey , and also serves as an executive producer . Seth MacFarlane had met Druyan through Tyson at the 2008 kickoff event for the Science & Entertainment Exchange , a new Los Angeles office of the National Academy of Sciences , designed to connect Hollywood writers and directors with scientists . A year later , at a 2009 lunch in New York City with Tyson , MacFarlane learned of their interest to re-create Cosmos . He was influenced by Cosmos as a child , believing that Cosmos served to `` ( bridge ) the gap between the academic community and the general public '' . At the time MacFarlane told Tyson , `` I 'm at a point in my career where I have some disposable income ... and I 'd like to spend it on something worthwhile . '' MacFarlane had considered the reduction of effort for space travel in recent decades to be part of `` our culture of lethargy '' . MacFarlane , who has several series on the Fox network , was able to bring Druyan to meet the heads of Fox programming , Peter Rice and Kevin Reilly , and helped secure the greenlighting of the show . MacFarlane admits that he is `` the least essential person in this equation '' and the effort is a departure from work he 's done before , but considers this to be `` very comfortable territory for me personally '' . He and Druyan have become close friends , and Druyan stated that she believed that Sagan and MacFarlane would have been `` kindred spirits '' with their respective `` protean talents '' . In June 2012 , MacFarlane provided funding to allow about 800 boxes of Sagan 's personal notes and correspondences to be donated to the Library of Congress . Interior of the `` Ship of the Imagination '' : top , from the original 1980 Cosmos series , with Carl Sagan in the chair ; bottom , from the 2014 series , with Neil deGrasse Tyson in the chair . In a Point of Inquiry interview , Tyson discussed their goal of capturing the `` spirit of the original Cosmos '' , which he describes as `` uplifting themes that called people to action '' . Druyan describes the themes of wonder and skepticism they are infusing into the scripts , in an interview with Skepticality , `` In order for it to qualify on our show it has to touch you . It still has to be rigorously good science -- no cutting corners on that . But then , it also has to be that equal part skepticism and wonder both . '' In a Big Picture Science interview , Tyson credits the success of the original series for the proliferation of science programming , `` The task for the next generation of Cosmos is a little bit different because I do n't need to teach you textbook science . There 's a lot of textbook science in the original Cosmos , but that 's not what you remember most . What most people who remember the original series remember most is the effort to present science in a way that has meaning to you that can influence your conduct as a citizen of the nation and of the world -- especially of the world . '' Tyson states that the new series will contain both new material and updated versions of topics in the original series , but primarily , will service the `` needs of today 's population '' . `` We want to make a program that is not simply a sequel to the first , but issues forth from the times in which we are making it , so that it matters to those who is this emergent 21st century audience . '' Tyson considered that recent successes of science - oriented shows like The Big Bang Theory and CSI : Crime Scene Investigation , along with films like Gravity , showed that `` science has become mainstream '' and expects Cosmos `` will land on hugely fertile ground '' . Tyson spoke about the `` love - hate relationship '' viewers had with the original series ' Spaceship of the Imagination , but confirmed during production that they were developing `` vehicles of storytelling '' . Tyson affirmed that defining elements of the original series , such as the Spaceship of the Imagination and the Cosmic Calendar with improved special effects , as well as new elements , would be present . Animation for these sequences was ultimately created by a team hand - picked by MacFarlane for the series . Kara Vallow developed and produced the animation , and the animation studio used was Six Point Harness in Los Angeles , California . The sound of the Spaceship of the Imagination , and sound design in general , was created by Rick Steele , who said of the show : `` Cosmos has been , by far , the most challenging show of my career . '' The updated Spaceship was designed to `` remain timeless and very simple '' , according to MacFarlane , using the ceiling to project future events and the floor for those in the past , to allow Tyson , as the host , to `` take ( the viewer ) to the places that he 's talking about '' . Episodes ( edit ) This section 's plot summaries may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve them by removing unnecessary details and making them more concise . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) No . Title Directed by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) `` Standing Up in the Milky Way '' Brannon Braga March 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 09 ) 101 5.77 / 8.5 The Earth 's location within the Virgo Supercluster . The show begins with a brief introduction recorded by then President of the United States Barack Obama describing the `` spirit of discovery '' that the series aspires to give to its viewers . Tyson opens the episode to reflect on the importance of Sagan 's original Cosmos , and the goals of this series . He introduces the viewer to the `` Ship of the Imagination '' , the show 's narrative device to explore the universe 's past , present , and future . Tyson takes the viewer to show where Earth sits in the scope of the known universe , defining the Earth 's `` address '' within the Virgo Supercluster . Tyson explains how humanity has not always seen the universe in this manner , and describes the hardships and persecution of Renaissance Italian Giordano Bruno in challenging the prevailing geocentric model held by the Catholic Church . To show Bruno 's vision of the cosmic order he uses an animated adaptation of the Flammarion engraving , a 19th century illustration that has now become a common meme for the revealing of the mysteries of the Universe . The episode continues onto the scope of time , using the concept of the Cosmic Calendar as used in the original series to provide a metaphor for this scale . The narration describes how if the Big Bang occurred on January 1 , all of humankind 's recorded history would be compressed into the last few seconds of the last minute on December 31 . Tyson concludes the episode by recounting how Sagan inspired him as a student as well as his other contributions to the scientific community . `` Some of the Things That Molecules Do '' Bill Pope March 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 16 ) 102 4.95 The diversity of species as shown via the Tree of Life . The episode covers several facets of the origin of life and evolution . Tyson describes both artificial selection via selective breeding , using the example of humankind 's domestication of wolves into dogs , and natural selection that created species like polar bears . Tyson uses the Ship of the Imagination to show how DNA , genes , and mutation work , and how these led to the diversity of species as represented by the Tree of life , including how complex organs such as the eye came about as a common element . Tyson describes extinction of species and the five great extinction events that wiped out numerous species on Earth , while some species , such as the tardigrade , were able to survive and continue life . Tyson speculates on the possibility of life on other planets , such as Saturn 's moon , Titan , as well as how abiogenesis may have originated life on Earth . The episode concludes with an animation from the original Cosmos showing the evolution of life from a single cell to humankind today . `` When Knowledge Conquered Fear '' Brannon Braga March 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 23 ) 103 4.25 The first page of Isaac Newton 's Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica The episode begins with Tyson describing how pattern recognition manifested in early civilization as using astronomy and astrology to predict the passing of the seasons , including how the passage of a comet was often taken as an omen . Tyson continues to explain that the origin of comets only became known in the 20th century due to the work of Jan Oort and his hypothesis of the Oort cloud . Tyson then continues to relate the collaboration between Edmond Halley and Isaac Newton in the last part of the 17th century in Cambridge . The collaboration would result in the publication of Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica , the first major work to describe the laws of physics in mathematical terms , despite objections and claims of plagiarism from Robert Hooke and financial difficulties of the Royal Society of London . Tyson explains how this work challenged the prevailing notion that God had planned out the heavens , but would end up influencing many factors of modern life , including space flight . Tyson further describes Halley 's contributions based on Newton 's work , including determining Earth 's distance to the sun , the motion of stars and predicting the orbit of then - unnamed Halley 's Comet using Newton 's laws . Tyson contrasts these scientific approaches to understanding the galaxy compared to what earlier civilizations had done , and considers this advancement as humankind 's first steps into exploring the universe . The episode ends with an animation of the Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies ' merging based on the principles of Newton 's laws . `` A Sky Full of Ghosts '' Brannon Braga March 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 30 ) 105 3.91 An artist 's concept of a black hole 's accretion disk . Tyson begins the episode by explaining the nature of the speed of light and how much of what is seen of the observable universe is from light emanated from billions of years in the past . Tyson further explains how modern astronomy has used such analyses via deep time to identify the Big Bang event and the age of the universe . Tyson proceeds to describe how the work of Isaac Newton , William Herschel , Michael Faraday , and James Clerk Maxwell contributed to understanding the nature of electromagnetic waves and gravitational force , and how this work led towards Albert Einstein 's Theory of Relativity , that the speed of light is a fundamental constant of the universe and gravity can be seen as distortion of the fabric of space - time . Tyson describes the concept of dark stars as postulated by John Michell which are not visible but detectable by tracking other stars trapped within their gravity wells , an idea Herschel used to discover binary stars . Tyson then describes the nature of black holes , their enormous gravitational forces that can even capture light , and their discovery via X-ray sources such as Cygnus X-1 . Tyson uses the Ship of Imagination to provide a postulate of the warping of spacetime and time dilation as one enters the event horizon of the black hole , and the possibility that these may lead to other points within our universe or others , or even time travel . Tyson ends on noting that Herschel 's son , John would be inspired by his father to continue to document the known stars as well as contributions towards photography that play on the same nature of deep time used by astronomers . Animated sequences in this episode feature caricatures of William and John Herschel ; Patrick Stewart provided the voice for William in these segments . 5 `` Hiding in the Light '' Bill Pope April 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 06 ) 104 3.98 Representative Fraunhofer lines used in astronomical spectroscopy to determine the composition of distant stellar objects This episode explores the wave theory of light as studied by humankind , noting that light has played an important role in scientific progress , with such early experiments from over 2000 years ago involving the camera obscura by the Chinese philosopher Mozi . Tyson describes the work of the 11th century Arabic scientist Ibn al - Haytham , considered to be one of the first to postulate on the nature of light and optics leading to the concept of the telescope , as well as one of the first researchers to use the scientific method . Tyson proceeds to discuss the nature of light as discovered by humankind . Work by Isaac Newton using diffraction through prisms demonstrated that light was composed of the visible spectrum , while findings of William Herschel in the 19th century showed that light also consisted of infrared rays . Joseph von Fraunhofer would later come to discover that by magnifying the spectrum of visible light , gaps in the spectrum would be observed . These Fraunhofer lines would later be determined to be caused by the absorption of light by electrons in moving between atomic orbitals ( in the show illustrated by the Bohr model ) when it passed through atoms , with each atom having a characteristic signature due to the quantum nature of these orbitals . This since has led to the core of astronomical spectroscopy , allowing astronomers to make observations about the composition of stars , planets , and other stellar features through the spectral lines , as well as observing the motion and expansion of the universe , and the hypothesized existence of dark matter . 6 `` Deeper , Deeper , Deeper Still '' Bill Pope April 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 13 ) 106 3.49 Supernova SN 1987A demonstrated the existence of neutrinos . This episode looks to the nature of the cosmos on the micro and atomic scales , using the Ship of the Imagination to explore these realms . Tyson describes some of the micro-organisms that live within a dew drop , demonstrating parameciums and tardigrades . He proceeds to discuss how plants use photosynthesis via their chloroplasts to convert sunlight into chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy - rich sugars . Tyson then discusses the nature of molecules and atoms and how they relate to the evolution of species . He uses the example set forth by Charles Darwin postulating the existence of the long - tongued Morgan 's sphinx moth based on the nature of the comet orchid with pollen far within the flower . He further demonstrates that scents from flowers are used to trigger olfactory centers in the brain , stimulating the mind to threats as to aid in the survival of the species . Tyson narrates how two Greek philosophers contributed to our understanding of science . Thales was among the first thinkers to examine a `` universe governed by the order of natural laws that we could actually figure out , '' and Democritus postulated that all matter was made up of combinations of atoms in a large number of configurations . He then describes how carbon forms the basic building block for life on Earth due to its unique chemical nature . Tyson explains the basic atomic structure of protons , neutrons , and electrons , and the process of nuclear fusion that occurs in most stars that can overcome the electrostatic forces that normally keeps atoms from touching each other . He then discusses the existence of neutrinos that are created by these nuclear processes , and that typically pass through all matter , making them virtually undetectable . He explains how subterranean water pool facilities lined with special detectors like the Super-Kamiokande are used to detect neutrinos when they collide with water molecules , and how neutrinos from supernova SN 1987A in the Large Magellanic Cloud were detected three hours before the photons of light from the explosion were observed due to the neutrinos ' ability to pass through matter of the dying sun . Tyson concludes by noting that there are neutrinos from the Big Bang still existing in the universe but due to the nature of light , there is a `` wall of infinity '' that can not be observed beyond . 7 `` The Clean Room '' Brannon Braga April 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 20 ) 107 3.74 Meteor fragments from Meteor Crater in Arizona were used to estimate the age of the Earth and other materials in the Solar System . This episode is centered around how science , in particular the work of Clair Patterson ( voiced in animated sequences by Richard Gere ) in the middle of the 20th century , was able to determine the age of the Earth . Tyson first describes how the Earth was formed from the coalescence of matter some millions of years after the formation of the Sun , and while scientists can examine the formations in rock stratum to date some geological events , these can only trace back millions of years . Instead , scientists have used the debris from meteor impacts , such as the Meteor Crater in Arizona , knowing that the material from such meteors coming from the asteroid belt would have been made at the same time as the Earth . Tyson then outlines the work Patterson did as a graduate under his adviser Harrison Brown to provide an accurate count of lead in zircon particles from Meteor Crater , and to work with similar results being collected by George Tilton on uranium counts ; with the established half - life of uranium 's radioactive decay to lead , this would be used to estimate the age of the Earth . Patterson found that his results were contaminated by lead from the ambient environment , compared to Tilton 's results , and required the construction of the first ultra-high cleanroom to remove all traces of environmental lead . With these clean results , Patterson was able to estimate the age of the Earth to 4.5 billion years . Tyson goes on to explain that Patterson 's work in performing lead - free experiments directed him to investigate the sources for lead . Tyson notes how lead does not naturally occur at Earth 's surface but has been readily mined by humans ( including the Roman Empire ) , and that lead is poisonous to humans . Patterson examined the levels of lead in the common environment and in deeper parts of the oceans and Antarctic ice , showing that lead had only been brought to the surface in recent times . He would discover that the higher levels of lead were from the use of tetraethyllead in leaded gasoline , despite long - established claims by Robert A. Kehoe and others that this chemical was safe . Patterson would continue to campaign against the use of lead , ultimately resulting in government - mandated restrictions on the use of lead . Tyson ends by noting that similar work by scientists continues to be used to help alert humankind to other fateful issues that can be identified by the study of nature . 8 `` Sisters of the Sun '' Brannon Braga April 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 27 ) 108 3.66 The Harvard Computers that helped to classify the types of stars This episode provides an overview of the composition of stars , and their fate in billions of years . Tyson describes how early humans would identify stars via the use of constellations that tied in with various myths and beliefs , such as the Pleiades . Tyson describes the work of Edward Charles Pickering to capture the spectra of multiple stars simultaneously , and the work of the Harvard Computers or `` Pickering 's Harem '' , a team of women researchers under Pickering 's mentorship , to catalog the spectra . This team included Annie Jump Cannon , who developed the stellar classification system , and Henrietta Swan Leavitt , who discovered the means to measure the distance from a star to the earth by its spectra , later used to identify other galaxies in the universe . Later , this team included Cecilia Payne , who would develop a good friendship with Cannon ; Payne 's thesis based on her work with Cannon was able to determine the composition and temperature of the stars , collaborating with Cannon 's classification system . Tyson then explains the lifecycle of stars , being borne out from interstellar clouds . He explains how stars like the Sun keep their size due to the conflicting forces of gravity that pulls the gases in , and the expansion from escaping gases from the fusion reactions at its core . As the Sun ages , it will grow hotter and brighter to the point where the balance between these reactions will fail , causing the Sun to first expand into a red giant , and then collapse into a white dwarf , the collapse limited by the atomic forces . Tyson explains how larger stars may form even more collapsed forms of matter , creating novas and supernovas depending on their size and leading to pulsars . Massive stars can collapse into black holes . Tyson then describes that stars can only be so large , using the example of Eta Carinae which is considered an unstable solar mass that could become a hypernova in the relatively near future . Tyson ends describing how all matter on Earth is the same stuff that stars are made of , and that light and energy from the stars is what drives life on Earth . 9 `` The Lost Worlds of Planet Earth '' Brannon Braga May 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 04 ) 110 4.08 A map of Earth 's tectonic plates This episode explores the palaeogeography of Earth over millions of years , and its impact on the development of life on the planet . Tyson starts by explaining that the lignin - rich trees evolved in the Carboniferous era about 300 million years ago , were not edible by species at the time and would instead fall over and become carbon - rich coal . Some 50 million years later , near the end of the Permian period , volcanic activity would burn the carbonaceous matter , releasing carbon dioxide and acidic components , creating a sudden greenhouse gas effect that warmed the oceans and released methane from the ocean beds , all leading towards the Permian -- Triassic extinction event , killing 90 % of the species on Earth . Tyson then explains the nature of plate tectonics that would shape the landmasses of the world . Tyson explains how scientists like Abraham Ortelius hypothesized the idea that land masses may have been connected in the past , Alfred Wegener who hypothesized the idea of a super-continent Pangaea and continental drift despite the prevailing idea of flooded land - bridges at the time , and Bruce C. Heezen and Marie Tharp who discovered the Mid-Atlantic Ridge that supported the theory of plate tectonics . Tyson describes how the landmasses of the earth lay atop the mantle , which moves due to the motion and heat of the earth 's outer and inner core . Tyson moves on to explain the asteroid impact that initiated the Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction event , leaving small mammals as the dominant species on earth . Tyson proceeds to describe more recent geologic events such as the formation of the Mediterranean Sea due to the breaking of the natural dam at the Strait of Gibraltar , and how the geologic formation of the Isthmus of Panama broke the free flow of the Atlantic Ocean into the Pacific , causing large - scale climate change such as turning the bulk of Africa from lush grasslands into arid plains and further influencing evolution towards tree - climbing mammals . Tyson further explains how the influence of other planets in the Solar System have small effects on the Earth 's spin and tilt , creating the various ice ages , and how these changes influenced early human 's nomadic behavior . Tyson concludes the episode by noting how Earth 's landmasses are expected to change in the future and postulates what may be the next great extinction event . 10 `` The Electric Boy '' Bill Pope May 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 11 ) 109 3.46 Michael Faraday presenting his experiments with electromagnetism at a Christmas Lecture , 1856 This episode provides an overview of the nature of electromagnetism , as discovered through the work of Michael Faraday . Tyson explains how the idea of another force of nature , similar to gravitational forces , had been postulated by Isaac Newton before . Tyson continues on Faraday , coming from poor beginnings , would end up becoming interested in studying electricity after reading books and seeing lectures by Humphry Davy at the Royal Institution . Davy would hire Faraday after seeing extensive notes he had taken to act as his secretary and lab assistant . After Davy and chemist William Hyde Wollaston unsuccessfully tried to build on Hans Christian Ørsted 's discovery of the electromagnetic phenomena to harness the ability to create motion from electricity , Faraday was able to create his own device to create the first electric motor by applying electricity aligned along a magnet . Davy , bitter over Faraday 's breakthrough , put Faraday on the task of improving the quality of high - quality optical glass , preventing Faraday from continuing his research . Faraday , undeterred , continued to work in the Royal Institution , and created the Christmas Lectures designed to teach science to children . Following Davy 's death , Faraday returned to full time efforts studying electromagnetism , creating the first electrical generator by inserting a magnet in a coil of wires . Tyson continues to note that despite losing some of his mental capacity , Faraday concluded that electricity and magnetism were connected by unseen fields , and postulated that light may also be tied to these forces . Using a sample of the optical glass that Davy had him make , Faraday discovered that an applied magnetic field could affect the polarization of light passing through the glass sample ( a dielectric material ) , leading to what is called the Faraday effect and connecting these three forces . Faraday postulated that these fields existed across the planet , which would later be called Earth 's magnetic field generated by the rotating molten iron inner core , as well as the phenomena that caused the planets to rotate around the sun . Faraday 's work was initially rejected by the scientific community due to his lack of mathematical support , but James Clerk Maxwell would later come to rework Faraday 's theories into the Maxwell 's equations that validated Faraday 's theories . Their combined efforts created the basis of science that drives the principles of modern communications today . 11 `` The Immortals '' Brannon Braga May 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 18 ) 111 3.24 Carl Sagan with a replica of the Mars Viking program lander This episode covers how life may have developed on Earth and the possibility of life on other planets . Tyson begins by explaining how the human development of writing systems enabled the transfer of information through generations , describing how Princess Enheduanna ca . 2280 BC would be one of the first to sign her name to her works , and how Gilgamesh collected stories , including that of Utnapishtim documenting a great flood comparable to the story of Noah 's Ark . Tyson explains how DNA similarly records information to propagate life , and postulates theories of how DNA originated on Earth , including evolution from a shallow tide pool , or from the ejecta of meteor collisions from other planets . In the latter case , Tyson explains how comparing the composition of the Nakhla meteorite in 1911 to results collected by the Viking program demonstrated that material from Mars could transit to Earth , and the ability of some microbes to survive the harsh conditions of space . With the motions of solar systems through the galaxy over billions of years , life could conceivably propagate from planet to planet in the same manner . Tyson then moves on to consider if life on other planets could exist . He explains how Project Diana performed in the 1940s showed that radio waves are able to travel in space , and that all of humanity 's broadcast signals continue to radiate into space from our planet . Tyson notes that projects have since looked for similar signals potentially emanating from other solar systems . Tyson then explains that the development and lifespan of extraterrestrial civilizations must be considered for such detection to be realized . He notes that civilizations can be wiped out by cosmic events like supernovae , natural disasters such as the Toba disaster , or even self - destruct through war or other means , making probability estimates difficult . Tyson describes how elliptical galaxies , in which some of the oldest red dwarf stars exist , would offer the best chance of finding established civilizations . Tyson concludes that human intelligence properly applied should allow our species to avoid such disasters and enable us to migrate beyond the Earth before the Sun 's eventual transformation into a red giant . Princess Enheduanna 's animation is modeled on CNN 's Christiane Amanpour , who also did Enheduanna 's voice . 12 `` The World Set Free '' Brannon Braga June 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 01 ) 112 3.52 The increase in surface temperatures on Earth due to global warming This episode explores the nature of the greenhouse effect ( discovered by Joseph Fourier and Svante Arrhenius ) , and the evidence demonstrating the existence of global warming from humanity 's influence . Tyson begins by describing the long - term history of the planet Venus ; based on readings from the Venera series of probes to the planet , the planet once had an ocean and an atmosphere , but due to the release of carbon dioxide from volcanic eruptions , the runaway greenhouse effect on Venus caused the surface temperatures to increase and boiled away the oceans . Tyson then notes the delicate nature of the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere can influence Earth 's climate due to the greenhouse effect , and that levels of carbon dioxide have been increasing since the start of the 20th century . Evidence has shown this to be from humankind 's consumption of oil , coal , and gas instead of from volcanic eruptions due to the isotopic signature of the carbon dioxide . The increase in carbon dioxide has led to an increase in temperatures , in turn leading to positive feedback loops of the melting polar ice caps and dethawing of the permafrost to increase carbon dioxide levels . Tyson then notes that humans have discovered means of harvesting solar power , such as Augustin Mouchot 's solar - driven motor in the 19th century , and Frank Shuman 's solar - based steam generator in the 1910s . Tyson points out that in both cases , the economics and ease of using cheap coal and oil caused these inventions to be overlooked at the time . Today , solar and wind - power systems would be able to collect enough solar energy from the sun easily . Tyson then compares the motivation for switching to these cleaner forms of energy to the efforts of the Space race and emphasizes that it is not too late for humanity to correct its course . 13 `` Unafraid of the Dark '' Ann Druyan June 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 08 ) 113 3.09 Earth as a pale blue dot in the middle of the band of light , taken by Voyager I from outside the orbit of Neptune Tyson begins the episode by noting how the destruction of the Library of Alexandria lost much of humanity 's knowledge to that point . He then contrasts on the strive for humanity to continue to discover new facts about the universe and the need to not close off further discovery . Tyson then proceeds to describe the discovery of cosmic rays by Victor Hess through high - altitude balloon trips , where radiation increased the farther one was from the surface . Swiss Astronomer Fritz Zwicky , in studying supernovae , postulated that these cosmic rays originated from these events instead of electromagnetic radiation . Zwicky would continue to study supernovae , and by looking at standard candles that they emitted , estimated the movement of the galaxies in the universe . His calculations suggested that there must be more mass in the universe than those apparent in the observable galaxies , and called this dark matter . Initially forgotten , Zwicky 's theory was confirmed by the work of Vera Rubin , who observed that the rotation of stars at the edges of observable galaxies did not follow expected rotational behavior without considering dark matter . This further led to the proposal of dark energy as a viable theory to account for the universe 's increasing rate of expansion . Tyson then describes the interstellar travel , using the two Voyager probes . Besides the abilities to identify several features on the planets of the solar system , Voyager I was able to recently demonstrate the existence of the Sun 's variable heliosphere which helps buffer the Solar System from interstellar winds . Tyson describes Carl Sagan 's role in the Voyager program , including creating the Voyager Golden Record to encapsulate humanity and Earth 's position in the universe , and convincing the program directors to have Voyager I to take a picture of Earth from beyond the orbit of Neptune , creating the image of the Pale Blue Dot . Tyson concludes the series by emphasizing Sagan 's message on the human condition in the vastness of the cosmos , and to encourage viewers to continue to explore and discover what else the universe has to offer . The series concludes with the empty - seated Ship of the Imagination leaving Earth and traveling through space as Tyson looks on from planet Earth . Cast ( edit ) Neil deGrasse Tyson ( host ) Carl Sagan ( archive footage ) Peter Emshwiller as George Tilton Piotr Michael as Edmund Muskie Seth MacFarlane as Giordano Bruno John Steven Rocha as Robert Bellarmine Paul Telfer as an angry scholar Michael Chochol as Jan Oort Kirsten Dunst as Cecilia Payne - Gaposchkin Cary Elwes as Edmond Halley and Robert Hooke Richard Gere as Clair Patterson Jonathan Morgan Heit as John Herschel Martin Jarvis as Humphry Davy Tom Konkle as Samuel Pepys Marlee Matlin as Annie Jump Cannon Alfred Molina as Ibn al - Haytham Heiko Obermoller as Hermann Einstein Julian Ovenden as Michael Faraday Nadia Rochelle Pfarr as Malala Yousafzai Enn Reitel as Albert Einstein Wesley Salter as James Clerk Maxwell Amanda Seyfried as Marie Tharp Alexander Siddig as Isaac Newton André Sogliuzzo as Christopher Wren and Weichelberger Patrick Stewart as William Herschel Oliver Vaquer as Joseph von Fraunhofer Julie Wittner as Sarah Faraday Marc Worden as Harrison Brown Broadcast ( edit ) Play media NASA video : Station Astronauts Do Experiment for Cosmos Astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson hosts and narrates the show . In August 2011 , the show was officially announced for primetime broadcast in the spring of 2014 . The show is a co-production of Druyan 's Cosmos Studios , MacFarlane 's Fuzzy Door Productions , and National Geographic Channel ; Druyan , MacFarlane , Cosmos Studios ' Mitchell Cannold , and director Brannon Braga are the executive producers . Fox 's CEO Kevin Reilly considered that the show would be a risk and outside the network 's typical programming , but that `` we believe this can have the same massive cultural impact that the original series delivered , '' and committed the network 's resources to the show . The show would first be broadcast on Fox , re-airing the same night on the National Geographic Channel . In Canada , it was broadcast simultaneously on Global , National Geographic Channel and Nat Geo Wild . A preview of the show 's first episode was aired for student filmmakers at the White House Student Film Festival on February 28 , 2014 . Cosmos premiered simultaneously in the US across ten Fox networks : Fox , FX , FXX , FXM , Fox Sports 1 , Fox Sports 2 , National Geographic Channel , Nat Geo WILD , Nat Geo Mundo , and Fox Life . According to Fox Networks , this was the first time that a TV show was set to premiere in a global simulcast across their network of channels . The Fox network broadcast averaged about 5.8 million viewers in Nielsen 's affiliate - based estimates for the 9 o'clock hour Sunday , as well as a 2.1 rating / 5 share in adults 18 - 49 . The under - 50 audience was roughly 60 % men . Viewing on other networks raised these totals to 8.5 million and a 2.9 rating in the demo , according to Nielsen . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) The crew of Cosmos at the 74th Annual Peabody Awards . From left to right : Ann Druyan , Neil deGrasse Tyson , Mitchell Cannold and Brannon Braga . Cosmos : A Spacetime Odyssey has received highly positive reviews from critics , receiving a Metacritic rating of 83 out of 100 based on 19 reviews . The miniseries won the 4th Critics ' Choice Television Award for `` Best Reality Series '' , with Tyson awarded for `` Best Reality Host '' . The miniseries was also nominated for `` Outstanding Achievement in News and Information '' for the 30th TCA Awards and 12 Emmy Awards , including `` Outstanding Documentary or Nonfiction Series '' . The program won the Emmy for `` Outstanding Writing for Nonfiction Programming '' and `` Outstanding Sound Editing for Nonfiction Programming ( Single or Multi-Camera ) '' , and Silvestri won the Emmys for both `` Outstanding Original Main Title Theme Music '' and `` Outstanding Music Composition for a Series ( Original Dramatic Score ) '' . The series won a 2014 Peabody Award within the Education category . In 2014 , the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry ( CSICOP ) presented Cosmos with the Robert B. Balles Prize in Critical Thinking . `` Cosmos : A Spacetime Odyssey opened the eyes of a new generation to humanity 's triumphs , its mistakes , and its astounding potential to reach unimagined heights . '' Criticism ( edit ) The new miniseries has been criticized by some Christians and the religious right for some of the things stated during the show . Christian fundamentalists were upset that the scientific theories covered in the show opposed the Genesis creation narrative in the Bible . The Catholic League was upset that the science show `` smears '' Catholicism . A spokesman for the League noted how the show focused on Giordano Bruno , whom the Catholic Church turned over to secular authorities to be burnt at the stake for blasphemy , immoral conduct , and heresy in matters of dogmatic theology , in addition to some of the basic doctrines of his philosophy and cosmology , and stated that the show `` skipped Copernicus and Galileo -- two far more consequential men in proving and disseminating the heliocentric theory -- because in their cases , the Church 's role was much more complicated '' . Home media release ( edit ) Cosmos : A Spacetime Odyssey was released on Blu - ray and DVD on June 10 , 2014 by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment . The set contains all 13 episodes , plus an audio commentary on the first episode , and three featurettes : `` Celebrating Carl Sagan : A Selection from the Library of Congress Dedication '' , `` Cosmos at Comic - Con 2013 '' and `` Cosmos : A Spacetime Odyssey -- The Voyage Continues '' . Exclusive to the Blu - ray version is the interactive Cosmic Calendar . Sequel series ( edit ) On January 13 , 2018 , it was announced that another season titled Cosmos : Possible Worlds will air in the second quarter of 2019 on Fox and National Geographic channels . It will again be hosted by Neil deGrasse Tyson and executive produced by Ann Druyan , Seth MacFarlane , Brannon Braga , and Jason Clark . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Cosmos : A Spacetime Odyssey , Season 1 '' . iTunes . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Overbye , Dennis ( March 4 , 2014 ) . `` A Successor to Sagan Reboots ' Cosmos ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sellers , John ( August 5 , 2011 ) . `` Seth MacFarlane to Produce Sequel to Carl Sagan 's ' Cosmos ' '' . Reuters . Retrieved October 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Alan Silvestri to Score ' Cosmos -- A Spacetime Odyssey ' '' . Film Music Reporter . January 14 , 2014 . Retrieved August 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Library of Congress Officially Opens The Seth MacFarlane Collection of Carl Sagan and Ann Druyan Archive '' . News from the Library of Congress . November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stieber , Zachary ( March 9 , 2014 ) . `` ' Cosmos : A Spacetime Odyssey ' Premiere : Air Date , Time , TV Channel , Live Stream '' . Epoch Times . Retrieved March 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Itzkoff , Dave ( August 5 , 2011 ) . `` ' Family Guy ' Creator Part of ' Cosmos ' Update '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Blake , Meredith ( May 13 , 2013 ) . `` 2013 Upfronts : Fox , Seth MacFarlane to reboot Carl Sagan 's ' Cosmos ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Science geek Seth MacFarlane donates to Carl Sagan 's notes collection '' . Washington Post . November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Shear , Lynn ( January 11 , 2014 ) . `` Neil deGrasse Tyson : Cosmos 's Master of the Universe '' . Parade . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Neil deGrasse Tyson -- Space Chronicles '' . Center for Inquiry. April 2 , 2012 . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ankylosaur of the Cosmos '' . Skepticality . September 27 , 2011 . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Niederhoff , Gary ( March 12 , 2012 ) . `` Big Picture Science -- Seth 's Cabinet of Wonders '' . SETI . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McNally , Victoria ( March 6 , 2014 ) . `` Learn More About the Awesome Animation Sequences in Cosmos From Producer Kara Vallow '' . The Mary Sue . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andersen , Asbjoern ( June 16 , 2014 ) . `` Creating The Breathtaking Sound Of ' COSMOS : A Spacetime Odyssey ' '' . A Sound Effect . Retrieved August 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bierly , Mandi ( March 8 , 2014 ) . `` Seth MacFarlane explains the new ship on ' Cosmos : A Spacetime Odyssey ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cosmos : A Spacetime Odyssey Listings '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved August 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( March 8 , 2014 ) . `` Obama to introduce Fox 's ' Cosmos ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ President Obama 's Intro to Cosmos , 2014 on YouTube Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 11 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Resurrection ' , ' Once Upon a Time ' & ' The Amazing Race ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Collins , Scott ( March 10 , 2014 ) . `` Neil deGrasse Tyson 's ' Cosmos ' premiere ratings : 40M first week ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 18 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon A Time ' , ' Resurrection ' , ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' , ' Cosmos ' , ' American Dad ' & ' Believe ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 25 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' , ' Once Upon a Time ' , ' American Dad ' & ' The Mentalist ' Adjusted Up ; ' 60 Minutes ' , ' Revenge ' & ' The Good Wife ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 1 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Good Wife ' , ' Resurrection ' , ' Crisis ' , ' 60 Minutes ' & ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Mentalist ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 8 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon a Time ' , ' American Dream Builders ' , ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' & ' Resurrection ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 15 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Resurrection ' , ' Once Upon a Time ' , ' The Simpsons ' , ' The Amazing Race ' , ' Cosmos ' , ' The Mentalist ' & ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' Adjusted Up ; ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gannon , Megan ( April 19 , 2014 ) . `` ' Cosmos ' App Puts the Universe in Your Smartphone '' . Space.com . Retrieved April 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 22 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Amazing Race ' Adjusted Up ; ' Dateline ' , ' American Dream Builders ' , ' The Good Wife ' & ' Believe ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 29 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon A Time ' , ' Revenge ' & ' The Simpsons ' Adjusted Up ; ' Believe ' , ' 60 Minutes ' , ' Dateline ' & ' American Dream Builders ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 6 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon a Time ' , ' The Simpsons ' , ' Dateline ' & ' Resurrection ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Good Wife ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 13 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon a Time ' , ' American Dad ' & ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' Adjusted Up ; ' Revenge ' , ' Cosmos ' & ' Dateline ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Amazing Race ' & ' American Dream Builders ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 3 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Bachelorette ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : NBA Finals Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kramer , Miriam ( April 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' Cosmos ' Seeks the Hidden Light of the Universe Sunday Night '' . Space.com . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rose , Lacey ( August 5 , 2011 ) . `` Fox Orders Seth MacFarlane 's ' Cosmos : A Space - Time Odyssey ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cosmos : A Spacetime Odyssey '' . Shaw Media . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Coleman , Miriam ( March 8 , 2014 ) . `` President Obama to Introduce ' Cosmos ' Premiere '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fox Networks Group Announces First - Ever Simultaneous Cross-Network Global Premiere Event For `` COSMOS : A SPACETIME ODYSSEY '' On Sunday , March 9 '' ( Press release ) . National Geographic Channels . February 14 , 2014 . Retrieved August 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 11 , 2014 ) . `` ' Cosmos : A Spacetime Odyssey ' Premieres Out of this World With a Total Audience of 40 Million Expected Worldwide '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cosmos : A Space - Time Odyssey : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice TV Awards 2014 winners and highlights '' . CBS News . June 20 , 2014 . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 19 , 2014 ) . `` TCA Awards 2014 : Good Wife , OITNB , True Detective , Veep , Breaking Bad , RuPaul Among Winners '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Huw ( July 10 , 2014 ) . `` Emmy Awards 2014 : the nominations in full '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mooney , Chris ( July 10 , 2014 ) . `` '' Cosmos '' Just Got Nominated for 12 Emmys `` . Mother Jones . Foundation For National Progress . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Weinstein , Shelli ( August 16 , 2014 ) . `` ' OITNB 's ' Uzo Aduba , Jimmy Fallon Win Emmy Guest Comedy Acting Awards '' . Variety . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Cosmos , ' ' Adventure Time , ' ' Doc McStuffins ' Among Peabody Winners '' . Variety . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cosmos , Joe Schwarcz Win Skeptics ' Critical Thinking Prize '' . Skeptical Inquirer . CSICOP . July 2 , 2016 . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Arel , Dan ( June 14 , 2014 ) . `` 13 ways Neil deGrasse Tyson 's `` Cosmos '' sent the religious right off the deep end `` . Salon . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McElwee , Sean ( June 23 , 2014 ) . `` Neil deGrasse Tyson v. the Right : Cosmos , Christians and the Battle for American Science '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gryboski , Michael ( March 11 , 2014 ) . `` ' Cosmos ' Accused of Taking a Jab at Catholics '' . Christian Post . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kramer , Miriam ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` ' Cosmos : A Spacetime Odyssey ' Warps Into Stores Today '' . Space.com . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( April 23 , 2014 ) . `` Cosmos : A SpaceTime Odyssey - Finalized Box Art , Extras on Press Release for Neil deGrasse Tyson 's Show '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2014 . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( January 13 , 2018 ) . `` Cosmos to return in 2019 with Possible Worlds '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bojalad , Alec ( May 14 , 2018 ) . `` Cosmos Season 2 To Premiere In Spring 2019 '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Look up cosmos in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Cosmos : A Spacetime Odyssey Official website at National Geographic Channel Cosmos : A Spacetime Odyssey on IMDb Cosmos : A Spacetime Odyssey Episodes `` Standing Up in the Milky Way '' `` Some of the Things That Molecules Do '' `` When Knowledge Conquered Fear '' `` A Sky Full of Ghosts '' `` Hiding in the Light '' `` Deeper , Deeper , Deeper Still '' `` The Clean Room '' `` Sisters of the Sun '' `` The Lost Worlds of Planet Earth '' `` The Electric Boy '' `` The Immortals '' `` The World Set Free '' `` Unafraid of the Dark '' Neil deGrasse Tyson Books Death by Black Hole : And Other Cosmic Quandaries ( 2007 ) The Pluto Files : The Rise and Fall of America 's Favorite Planet ( 2009 ) Space Chronicles : Facing the Ultimate Frontier ( 2012 ) Welcome to the Universe : An Astrophysical Tour ( 2016 ) Astrophysics for People in a Hurry ( 2017 ) TV shows 400 Years of the Telescope ( 2009 ) Nova ScienceNow ( 2006 -- 2011 ) The Universe ( 2005 -- 2008 ) Cosmos : A Spacetime Odyssey ( 2014 ) StarTalk ( TV series ) ( 2015 -- present ) Other StarTalk ( podcast ) ( 2009 -- present ) 13123 Tyson Carl Sagan Scientific career Pioneer plaque Faint young Sun paradox Cosmic Calendar Voyager Golden Record ( Contents ) Voyager Family Portrait Pale Blue Dot The Planetary Society Search for extraterrestrial intelligence ( SETI ) Science books Mars and the Mind of Man ( 1971 ) The Cosmic Connection : An Extraterrestrial Perspective ( 1973 ) The Dragons of Eden : Speculations on the Evolution of Human Intelligence ( 1977 ) Murmurs of Earth : The Voyager Interstellar Record ( 1978 ) Broca 's Brain : Reflections on the Romance of Science ( 1979 ) Cosmos ( 1980 ) The Nuclear Winter : The World After Nuclear War ( 1983 ) The Cold and the Dark : The World after Nuclear War ( 1984 ) Comet ( 1985 ) A Path Where No Man Thought : Nuclear Winter and the End of the Arms Race ( 1990 ) Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors : A Search for Who We Are ( 1993 ) Pale Blue Dot : A Vision of the Human Future in Space ( 1994 ) The Demon - Haunted World : Science as a Candle in the Dark ( 1995 ) Billions and Billions : Thoughts on Life and Death at the Brink of the Millennium ( 1997 ) The Varieties of Scientific Experience : A Personal View of the Search for God ( 2006 ) Novels Contact ( 1985 ) Media Cosmos : A Personal Voyage ( 1980 TV series ) God , the Universe and Everything Else ( 1988 ) Contact ( 1997 film ) Cosmos : A Spacetime Odyssey ( 2014 TV series ) Wanderers ( 2014 film narration ) Family Lynn Margulis ( first wife ) Dorion Sagan ( son ) Jeremy Sagan ( son ) Linda Salzman Sagan ( second wife ) Nick Sagan ( son ) Ann Druyan ( third wife ) Sagan Prizes Carl Sagan Memorial Award Carl Sagan Medal Carl Sagan Award for Public Appreciation of Science Carl Sagan Prize for Science Popularization Recognition Carl Sagan Institute Sagan Planet Walk Carl Sagan Memorial Station 2709 Sagan Pale Blue Dot : A Tribute to Carl Sagan Symphony of Science The Sagan series Related Quotes Sagan 's number 900 Stewart Avenue Book Links to related articles Fuzzy Door Productions Seth MacFarlane Television series Animated Family Guy ( 1999 -- 2003 ; since 2005 ) American Dad ! 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-2163605676947432705	Decathlon	Decathlon - wikipedia Decathlon Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the track and field event . For other uses , see Decathlon ( disambiguation ) . Decathlon combines four runs , three jumps and three throws . The decathlon is a combined event in athletics consisting of ten track and field events . The word decathlon is of Greek origin , from δέκα ( déka , meaning `` ten '' ) and ἄθλος ( áthlos , or ἄθλον , áthlon , meaning `` feat '' ) . Events are held over two consecutive days and the winners are determined by the combined performance in all . Performance is judged on a points system in each event , not by the position achieved . The decathlon is contested mainly by male athletes , while female athletes typically compete in the heptathlon . Traditionally , the title of `` World 's Greatest Athlete '' has been given to the person who wins the Olympic decathlon . This began when King Gustav V of Sweden told Jim Thorpe , `` You , sir , are the world 's greatest athlete '' after Thorpe won the decathlon at the Stockholm Olympics in 1912 . The current decathlon world record holder is American Ashton Eaton , who scored 9,045 points at the 2015 IAAF World Championships . The event developed from the ancient pentathlon . Pentathlon competitions were held at the ancient Greek Olympics . Pentathlons involved five disciplines -- long jump , discus throw , javelin throw , sprint and a wrestling match . Introduced in Olympia during 708 BC , the competition was extremely popular for many centuries . By the sixth century BC , pentathlons had become part of religious games . A ten - event competition known as the `` all - around '' or `` all - round '' championship , similar to the modern decathlon , was first contested at the United States amateur championships in 1884 and reached a consistent form by 1890 ; an all - around was held at the 1904 Summer Olympics , though whether it was an official Olympic event has been disputed . The modern decathlon first appeared on the Olympic athletics program at the 1912 Games in Stockholm . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 1.1 Men 's decathlon 1.2 Women 's decathlon 1.3 One hour 1.4 Masters athletics 2 Points system 2.1 Benchmarks 3 Records 3.1 Decathlon bests 4 All - time top 25 athletes 4.1 Men 4.2 Notes 4.3 Women 5 Olympic medalists 6 World Championships medalists 7 Season 's bests 8 National records 9 Junior ( under - 20 ) Decathlon bests 9.1 Other multiple event contests 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Format ( edit ) Men 's decathlon ( edit ) The vast majority of international and top level men 's decathlons are divided into a two - day competition , with the track and field events held in the order below . Traditionally , all decathletes who finish the event , rather than just the winner or medal winning athletes , do a round of honour together after the competition . Day 1 100 metres Long jump Shot put High jump 400 metres Day 2 110 metres hurdles Discus throw Pole vault Javelin throw 1500 metres Women 's decathlon ( edit ) At major championships , the women 's equivalent of the decathlon is the seven - event heptathlon ; prior to 1981 it was the five - event pentathlon . However , in 2001 , the IAAF approved scoring tables for a women 's decathlon ; the current world record holder is Austra Skujytė of Lithuania , with 8,366 . Women 's disciplines differ from men 's in the same way as for standalone events : the shot put , discus and javelin weigh less , and the sprint hurdles uses lower hurdles over 100 m rather than 110 m . The points tables used are the same as for the heptathlon in the shared events . The schedule of events differs from the men 's decathlon , with the field events switched between day one and day two ; this is to avoid scheduling conflicts when men 's and women 's decathlon competitions take place simultaneously . Day 1 100 metres Discus throw Pole vault Javelin throw 400 metres Day 2 100 metres hurdles Long jump Shot put High jump 1500 metres One hour ( edit ) The one - hour decathlon is a special type of decathlon in which the athletes have to start the last of ten events ( 1500 m ) within sixty minutes of the start of the first event . The world record holder is Czech decathlete Robert Změlík , who achieved 7,897 points at a meeting in Ostrava , Czechoslovakia , in 1992 . Masters athletics ( edit ) In Masters athletics , performance scores are age graded before being applied to the standard scoring table . This way , marks that would be competitive within an age division can get rated , even if those marks would not appear on the scale designed for younger age groups . Additionally , like women , the age divisions use different implement weights and lower hurdles . Based on this system , German Rolf Geese in the M60 division and American Robert Hewitt in the M80 divisions have set their respective world records over 8,000 points . Using the same scale , Nadine O'Connor scored 10,234 points in the W65 division , the highest decathlon score ever recorded . Points system ( edit ) Event 100 m 25.4347 18 1.81 Long jump 0.14354 220 1.4 Shot put 51.39 1.5 1.05 High jump 0.8465 75 1.42 400 m 1.53775 82 1.81 110 m hurdles 5.74352 28.5 1.92 Discus throw 12.91 1.1 Pole vault 0.2797 100 1.35 Javelin throw 10.14 7 1.08 1500 m 0.03768 480 1.85 Main article : Decathlon scoring tables The 2001 IAAF points tables use the following formulae : Points = INT ( A ( B -- P ) ) for track events ( faster time produces a better score ) Points = INT ( A ( P -- B ) ) for field events ( greater distance or height produces a better score ) A , B and C are parameters that vary by discipline , as shown in the table on the right , while P is the performance by the athlete , measured in seconds ( running ) , metres ( throwing ) , or centimetres ( jumping ) . The decathlon tables should not be confused with the scoring tables compiled by Bojidar Spiriev , to allow comparison of the relative quality of performances by athletes in different events . On those tables , for example , a decathlon score of 9,006 points equates to 1,265 `` comparison points '' , the same number as a triple jump of 18 m . Benchmarks ( edit ) Split evenly between the events , the following table shows the benchmark levels needed to earn 1,000 , 900 , 800 and 700 points in each sport . Event 1,000 pts 900 pts 800 pts 700 pts Unit 100 m 10.395 10.827 11.278 11.756 Seconds Long jump 7.76 7.36 6.94 6.51 Metres Shot put 18.4 16.79 15.16 13.53 Metres High jump 2.20 2.10 1.99 1.88 Metres 400 m 46.17 48.19 50.32 52.58 Seconds 110 m hurdles 13.8 14.59 15.419 16.29 Seconds Discus throw 56.17 51.4 46.59 41.72 Metres Pole vault 5.28 4.96 4.63 4.29 Metres Javelin throw 77.19 70.67 64.09 57.45 Metres 1500 m 3 : 53.79 4 : 07.42 4 : 21.77 4 : 36.96 Minutes : Seconds Records ( edit ) Further information : Decathlon world record progression The current world record holder for the decathlon is Ashton Eaton of the United States , with a score of 9,045 points set during the 2015 World Championships in Beijing , China . 100m ( wind ) Long jump ( wind ) Shot put High jump 400m 110H ( wind ) Discus Pole vault Javelin 1500m 10.23 ( - 0.4 m / s ) 7.88 m ( + 0.0 m / s ) 14.52 m 2.01 m 45.00 WDB 13.69 ( - 0.2 m / s ) 43.34 m 5.20 m 63.63 m 4 : 17.52 Record Score Athlete Year World 9,045 Ashton Eaton ( USA ) 2015 World junior 8,397 Torsten Voss ( GDR ) 1982 Continental records Africa 8,521 Larbi Bourrada ( ALG ) 2016 Asia 8,725 Dmitriy Karpov ( KAZ ) Europe 9,026 Roman Šebrle ( CZE ) 2001 North , Central America and Caribbean 9,045 Ashton Eaton ( USA ) 2015 Oceania 8,490 Jagan Hames ( AUS ) 1998 South America 8,393 Carlos Chinin ( BRA ) 2013 Decathlon bests ( edit ) The total decathlon score for all world records in the respective events would be 12,560 . The total decathlon score for all the best performances achieved during decathlons is 10,544 . The Difference column shows the difference in points between the decathlon points that the individual current world record would be awarded and the points awarded to the current decathlon record for that event . The % Difference column shows the percentage difference between the time , distance or height of the individual world record and the decathlon record ( other than the Total entry , which shows the percentage difference between awarded decathlon points ) . The relative differences in points are much higher in throwing events than in running and jumping events . Decathlon bests are only recognised when an athlete completes the ten - event competition with a score over 7,000 points . World records ( WR ) compared to decathlon bests ( DB ) Event Type Athlete Record Score Difference % Difference Date Location Ref 100 m WR Usain Bolt ( JAM ) 9.58 s 1,202 143 5.94 16 August 2009 Berlin DB Damian Warner ( CAN ) 10.15 s 1,059 28 May 2016 Götzis Long jump WR Mike Powell ( USA ) 8.95 m 1,312 192 8.04 30 August 1991 Tokyo DB Ashton Eaton ( USA ) 8.23 m 1,120 22 June 2012 Eugene Shot put WR Randy Barnes ( USA ) 23.12 m 1,295 247 17.08 20 May 1990 Westwood DB Edy Hubacher ( SUI ) 19.17 m 1,048 5 October 1969 Bern High jump WR Javier Sotomayor ( CUB ) 2.45 m 1,244 183 7.35 27 July 1993 Salamanca DB Rolf Beilschmidt ( GDR ) & Christian Schenk ( GDR ) 2.27 m 1,061 1 October 1977 28 September 1988 Jena Seoul pending Derek Drouin ( CAN ) 2.28 m 1,071 173 7 April 2017 Montecito 400 m WR Wayde van Niekerk ( RSA ) 43.03 s 1,164 104 4.48 14 August 2016 Rio de Janeiro DB Ashton Eaton ( USA ) 45.00 s 1,060 28 August 2015 Beijing 110 m hurdles WR Aries Merritt ( USA ) 12.80 s 1,135 87 5.00 7 September 2012 Brussels DB Damian Warner ( CAN ) 13.44 s 1,048 23 July 2015 Toronto Discus throw WR Jürgen Schult ( GDR ) 74.08 m 1,383 390 24.58 6 June 1986 Neubrandenburg DB Bryan Clay ( USA ) 55.87 m 993 24 June 2005 Carson Pole vault WR Renaud Lavillenie ( FRA ) 6.16 m 1,284 132 6.49 15 February 2014 Donetsk DB Tim Lobinger ( GER ) 5.76 m 1,152 16 September 1999 Leverkusen Javelin throw WR Jan Železný ( CZE ) 98.48 m 1,331 291 18.96 25 May 1996 Jena DB Peter Blank ( GER ) 79.80 m 1,040 19 July 1992 Emmelshausen 1500 m WR Hicham El Guerrouj ( MAR ) 3 m 26.00 s 1,218 255 15.87 14 July 1998 Rome DB Robert Baker ( USA ) 3 m 58.70 s 963 3 April 1980 Austin Total World records 12,568 2,024 16.11 Decathlon bests 10,544 All - time top 25 athletes ( edit ) Correct as of June 2017 . Men ( edit ) Rank Score Athlete Date Venue Ref 9,045 Ashton Eaton ( USA ) 28 -- 29 August 2015 Beijing 9,026 Roman Šebrle ( CZE ) 26 -- 27 May 2001 Götzis 8,994 Tomáš Dvořák ( CZE ) 3 -- 4 July 1999 Prague 8,891 Dan O'Brien ( USA ) 4 -- 5 September 1992 Talence 5 8,847 Daley Thompson ( GBR ) 8 -- 9 August 1984 Los Angeles 6 8,834 Kevin Mayer ( FRA ) 17 -- 18 August 2016 Rio de Janeiro 7 8,832 Jürgen Hingsen ( FRG ) 8 -- 9 June 1984 Mannheim Bryan Clay ( USA ) 29 -- 30 June 2008 Eugene 9 8,815 Erki Nool ( EST ) 6 -- 7 August 2001 Edmonton 10 8,792 Uwe Freimuth ( GDR ) 20 -- 21 July 1984 Potsdam 11 8,790 Trey Hardee ( USA ) 19 -- 20 August 2009 Berlin 12 8,784 Tom Pappas ( USA ) 21 -- 22 June 2003 Palo Alto 13 8,762 Siegfried Wentz ( FRG ) 4 -- 5 June 1983 Filderstadt - Bernhausen 14 8,735 Eduard Hämäläinen ( BLR ) 28 -- 29 May 1994 Götzis 15 8,727 Dave Johnson ( USA ) 23 -- 24 April 1992 Azusa , California 16 8,725 Dmitriy Karpov ( KAZ ) 23 -- 24 August 2004 Athens 17 8,709 Aleksandr Apaychev ( URS ) 2 -- 3 June 1984 Neubrandenburg 18 8,706 Frank Busemann ( GER ) 31 July -- 1 August 1996 Atlanta 19 8,698 Grigoriy Degtyaryev ( URS ) 21 -- 22 June 1984 Kiev 20 8,695 Damian Warner ( CAN ) 28 -- 29 August 2015 Beijing 21 8,694 Chris Huffins ( USA ) 19 -- 20 June 1998 New Orleans 22 8,680 Torsten Voss ( GDR ) 3 -- 4 September 1987 Rome 23 8,670 Michael Schrader ( GER ) 10 -- 11 August 2013 Moscow 24 8,667 Guido Kratschmer ( FRG ) 13 -- 14 June 1980 Filderstadt - Bernhausen 25 8,663 Rico Freimuth ( GER ) 24 -- 25 June 2017 Ratingen Notes ( edit ) Below is a list of other scores equal or superior to 8768 pts : Ashton Eaton also scored 9039 pts ( 2012 ) , 8893 ( 2016 ) , 8809 pts ( 2013 ) . Roman Šebrle also scored 8893 pts ( 2004 ) , 8807 ( 2003 ) , 8800 pts ( 2002 ) . Tomáš Dvořák also scored 8902 pts ( 2001 ) , 8900 pts ( 2000 ) , 8837 pts ( 1997 ) . Dan O'Brien also scored 8824 pts ( 1996 ) , 8812 pts ( 1991 ) . Bryan Clay also scored 8791 pts ( 2008 ) . Daley Thompson also scored 8774 ( 1982 ) . Kevin Mayer also scored 8768 ( 2017 ) . Women ( edit ) Rank Score Athlete Venue Date Ref 8,358 Austra Skujytė ( LTU ) Columbia 14 -- 15 April 2005 8,150 Marie Collonvillé ( FRA ) Talence 25 -- 26 September 2004 7,798 Irina Karpova ( KAZ ) Talence 25 -- 26 September 2004 7,358 Julie Martin ( FRA ) Talence 25 -- 26 September 2004 5 7,064 Breanna Eveland ( USA ) Columbia 13 -- 14 April 2006 6 6,878 Jessica Taylor ( GBR ) Erith 12 -- 13 September 2015 7 6,749 Barbora Špotáková ( CZE ) Talence 25 -- 26 September 2004 8 6,709 Marie - Cécile Crancé ( FRA ) Talence 25 -- 26 September 2004 9 6,641 Lindsay Grigoriev ( USA ) Columbia 14 -- 15 April 2005 10 6,614 María Peinado ( ESP ) Castellón 22 -- 23 October 2005 Olympic medalists ( edit ) Games Gold Silver Bronze 1912 Stockholm details Jim Thorpe ( USA ) Charles Lomberg ( SWE ) Gösta Holmér ( SWE ) Hugo Wieslander ( SWE ) 1920 Antwerp details Helge Løvland ( NOR ) Brutus Hamilton ( USA ) Bertil Ohlson ( SWE ) 1924 Paris details Harold Osborn ( USA ) Emerson Norton ( USA ) Aleksander Klumberg ( EST ) 1928 Amsterdam details Paavo Yrjölä ( FIN ) Akilles Järvinen ( FIN ) Ken Doherty ( USA ) 1932 Los Angeles details James Bausch ( USA ) Akilles Järvinen ( FIN ) Wolrad Eberle ( GER ) 1936 Berlin details Glenn Morris ( USA ) Bob Clark ( USA ) Jack Parker ( USA ) 1948 London details Bob Mathias ( USA ) Ignace Heinrich ( FRA ) Floyd Simmons ( USA ) 1952 Helsinki details Bob Mathias ( USA ) Milt Campbell ( USA ) Floyd Simmons ( USA ) 1956 Melbourne details Milt Campbell ( USA ) Rafer Johnson ( USA ) Vasili Kuznetsov ( URS ) 1960 Rome details Rafer Johnson ( USA ) Yang Chuan - kwang ( ROC ) Vasili Kuznetsov ( URS ) 1964 Tokyo details Willi Holdorf ( EUA ) Rein Aun ( URS ) Hans - Joachim Walde ( EUA ) 1968 Mexico City details Bill Toomey ( USA ) Hans - Joachim Walde ( FRG ) Kurt Bendlin ( FRG ) 1972 Munich details Mykola Avilov ( URS ) Leonid Lytvynenko ( URS ) Ryszard Katus ( POL ) 1976 Montreal details Bruce Jenner ( USA ) Guido Kratschmer ( FRG ) Mykola Avilov ( URS ) 1980 Moscow details Daley Thompson ( GBR ) Yuriy Kutsenko ( URS ) Sergei Zhelanov ( URS ) 1984 Los Angeles details Daley Thompson ( GBR ) Jürgen Hingsen ( FRG ) Siegfried Wentz ( FRG ) 1988 Seoul details Christian Schenk ( GDR ) Torsten Voss ( GDR ) Dave Steen ( CAN ) 1992 Barcelona details Robert Změlík ( TCH ) Antonio Peñalver ( ESP ) Dave Johnson ( USA ) 1996 Atlanta details Dan O'Brien ( USA ) Frank Busemann ( GER ) Tomáš Dvořák ( CZE ) 2000 Sydney details Erki Nool ( EST ) Roman Šebrle ( CZE ) Chris Huffins ( USA ) 2004 Athens details Roman Šebrle ( CZE ) Bryan Clay ( USA ) Dmitriy Karpov ( KAZ ) 2008 Beijing details Bryan Clay ( USA ) Andrei Krauchanka ( BLR ) Leonel Suárez ( CUB ) 2012 London details Ashton Eaton ( USA ) Trey Hardee ( USA ) Leonel Suárez ( CUB ) 2016 Rio De Janeiro details Ashton Eaton ( USA ) Kevin Mayer ( FRA ) Damian Warner ( CAN ) World Championships medalists ( edit ) Championships Gold Silver Bronze 1983 Helsinki details Daley Thompson ( GBR ) Jürgen Hingsen ( FRG ) Siegfried Wentz ( FRG ) 1987 Rome details Torsten Voss ( GDR ) Siegfried Wentz ( FRG ) Pavel Tarnavetskiy ( URS ) 1991 Tokyo details Dan O'Brien ( USA ) Mike Smith ( CAN ) Christian Schenk ( GER ) 1993 Stuttgart details Dan O'Brien ( USA ) Eduard Hämäläinen ( BLR ) Paul Meier ( GER ) 1995 Gothenburg details Dan O'Brien ( USA ) Eduard Hämäläinen ( BLR ) Mike Smith ( CAN ) 1997 Athens details Tomáš Dvořák ( CZE ) Eduard Hämäläinen ( FIN ) Frank Busemann ( GER ) 1999 Seville details Tomáš Dvořák ( CZE ) Dean Macey ( GBR ) Chris Huffins ( USA ) 2001 Edmonton details Tomáš Dvořák ( CZE ) Erki Nool ( EST ) Dean Macey ( GBR ) 2003 Saint - Denis details Tom Pappas ( USA ) Roman Šebrle ( CZE ) Dmitriy Karpov ( KAZ ) 2005 Helsinki details Bryan Clay ( USA ) Roman Šebrle ( CZE ) Attila Zsivoczky ( HUN ) 2007 Osaka details Roman Šebrle ( CZE ) Maurice Smith ( JAM ) Dmitriy Karpov ( KAZ ) 2009 Berlin details Trey Hardee ( USA ) Leonel Suárez ( CUB ) Aleksandr Pogorelov ( RUS ) 2011 Daegu details Trey Hardee ( USA ) Ashton Eaton ( USA ) Leonel Suárez ( CUB ) 2013 Moscow details Ashton Eaton ( USA ) Michael Schrader ( GER ) Damian Warner ( CAN ) 2015 Beijing details Ashton Eaton ( USA ) Damian Warner ( CAN ) Rico Freimuth ( GER ) 2017 London details Kévin Mayer ( FRA ) Rico Freimuth ( GER ) Kai Kazmirek ( GER ) Season 's bests ( edit ) Year Score Athlete Place 1960 8,683 Rafer Johnson ( USA ) Eugene 1961 8,709 Philip Mulkey ( USA ) Memphis 1962 8,248 Chuan - Kwang Yang ( ROC ) Tulare 1963 8,089 Chuan - Kwang Yang ( ROC ) Walnut 1964 7,950 Manfred Bock ( FRG ) Liestal 1965 7,883 Mikhail Storozhenko ( URS ) Kiev 1966 8,234 Bill Toomey ( USA ) Salina 1967 8,319 Kurt Bendlin ( FRG ) Heidelberg 1968 8,222 A Bill Toomey ( USA ) Echo Summit 1969 8,417 Bill Toomey ( USA ) Los Angeles 1970 8,130 Rüdiger Demmig ( GDR ) Erfurt 1971 8,244 Kurt Bendlin ( FRG ) Bonn 1972 8,466 Mykola Avilov ( URS ) Munich 1973 8,163 Lennart Hedmark ( SWE ) Bonn 8,229 Ryszard Skowronek ( POL ) Montreal 8,429 Bruce Jenner ( USA ) Eugene 1976 8,634 Bruce Jenner ( USA ) Montreal 1977 8,400 Aleksandr Grebenyuk ( URS ) Riga 1978 8,493 Guido Kratschmer ( FRG ) Bernhausen 1979 8,476 Guido Kratschmer ( FRG ) Krefeld 1980 8,667 Guido Kratschmer ( FRG ) Bernhausen 1981 8,334 Rainer Pottel ( GDR ) Birmingham 1982 8,774 Daley Thompson ( GBR ) Athens 8,825 Jürgen Hingsen ( FRG ) Bernhausen 1984 8,847 Daley Thompson ( GBR ) Los Angeles 1985 8,559 Torsten Voss ( GDR ) Dresden 1986 8,811 Daley Thompson ( GBR ) Stuttgart 8,680 Torsten Voss ( GDR ) Rome 8,512 Christian Plaziat ( FRA ) Talence 8,549 Dave Johnson ( USA ) Houston 8,574 Christian Plaziat ( FRA ) Split 1991 8,812 Dan O'Brien ( USA ) Tokyo 8,891 Dan O'Brien ( USA ) Talence 8,817 Dan O'Brien ( USA ) Stuttgart 8,735 Eduard Hämäläinen ( BLR ) Götzis 1995 8,695 Dan O'Brien ( USA ) Gothenburg 8,824 Dan O'Brien ( USA ) Atlanta 8,837 Tomáš Dvořák ( CZE ) Athens 1998 8,755 Dan O'Brien ( USA ) Uniondale 1999 8,994 Tomáš Dvořák ( CZE ) Prague 2000 8,900 Tomáš Dvořák ( CZE ) Götzis 2001 9,026 Roman Šebrle ( CZE ) Götzis 2002 8,800 Roman Šebrle ( CZE ) Götzis 2003 8,807 Roman Šebrle ( CZE ) Götzis 8,893 Roman Šebrle ( CZE ) Athens 2005 8,732 Bryan Clay ( USA ) Helsinki 2006 8,677 Bryan Clay ( USA ) Götzis 2007 8,697 Roman Šebrle ( CZE ) Kladno 2008 8,832 Bryan Clay ( USA ) Eugene 2009 8,790 Trey Hardee ( USA ) Berlin 8,483 Bryan Clay ( USA ) Götzis 2011 8,729 Ashton Eaton ( USA ) Eugene 2012 9,039 Ashton Eaton ( USA ) Eugene 2013 8,809 Ashton Eaton ( USA ) Moscow 2014 8,616 Andrei Krauchanka ( BLR ) Zürich 2015 9,045 Ashton Eaton ( USA ) Beijing 2016 8,893 Ashton Eaton ( USA ) Rio de Janeiro 2017 8,768 Kevin Mayer ( FRA ) London National records ( edit ) Score Nation Athlete Date Location Ref 9,045 United States Ashton Eaton 28 -- 29 August 2015 Beijing 9,026 Czech Republic Roman Šebrle 26 -- 27 April 2001 Götzis 8,847 United Kingdom Daley Thompson 8 -- 9 August 1984 Los Angeles 8,834 France Kevin Mayer 17 -- 18 August 2016 Rio de Janeiro 8,832 Germany Jürgen Hingsen 8 -- 9 June 1984 Mannheim 8,815 Estonia Erki Nool 6 -- 7 August 2001 Edmonton 8,735 Belarus Eduard Hämäläinen 28 -- 29 May 1994 Götzis 8,730 Finland Eduard Hämäläinen 5 -- 6 August 1997 Athens 8,725 Kazakhstan Dmitriy Karpov 23 -- 24 August 2004 Athens 8,709 Ukraine Aleksandr Apaychev 2 -- 3 June 1984 Neubrandenburg 8,698 Russia Grigoriy Degtyaryev 21 -- 22 June 1984 Kiev 8,695 Canada Damian Warner 28 -- 29 August 2015 Beijing 8,654 Cuba Leonel Suárez 3 -- 4 July 2009 Havana 8,644 Jamaica Maurice Smith 31 August -- 1 September 2007 Osaka 8,573 Iceland Jón Arnar Magnússon 30 -- 31 May 1998 Götzis 8,566 Poland Sebastian Chmara 16 -- 17 May 1998 Murcia 8,554 Hungary Attila Zsivoczky 3 -- 4 June 2000 Götzis 8,539 Grenada Lindon Victor 11 -- 12 May 2017 Columbia 8,539 Netherlands Eelco Sintnicolaas 27 -- 28 May 2017 Götzis 8,526 Spain Francisco Javier Benet 16 -- 17 May 1998 Murcia 8,521 Algeria Larbi Bouraada 17 -- 18 August 2016 Rio de Janeiro 8,519 Belgium Hans Van Alphen 26 -- 27 May 2012 Götzis 8,490 Australia Jagan Hames 17 -- 18 September 1998 Kuala Lumpur 8,445 Uzbekistan Ramil Ganiyev 5 -- 6 August 1997 Athens 8,437 Lithuania Rišardas Malachovskis 1 -- 2 July 1988 Staiki 8,406 Sweden Nicklas Wiberg 19 -- 20 August 2009 Berlin 8,398 South Africa Willem Coertzen 30 -- 31 May 2015 Götzis 8,393 Brazil Carlos Chinin 7 -- 8 June 2013 São Paulo 8,359 New Zealand Simon Poelman 21 -- 22 March 1987 Christchurch 8,334 Switzerland Stephan Niklaus 2 -- 3 July 1983 Lausanne 8,320 Austria Gernot Kellermayr 29 -- 30 May 1993 Götzis 8,312 Latvia Edgars Eriņš 26 -- 27 May 2011 Valmiera 8,308 Japan Keisuke Ushiro 31 May -- 1 June 2014 Nagano 8,291 Argentina Tito Steiner 22 -- 23 June 1983 Provo 8,290 China Qi Haifeng 28 -- 29 May 2005 Götzis 8,288 Moldova Valeri Kachanov 20 -- 21 June 1980 Moscow 8,275 Serbia Mihail Dudaš 10 -- 11 August 2013 Moscow 8,213 Portugal Mário Aníbal 30 June -- 1 July 2001 Kaunas 8,206 Republic of China Yang Chuan - Kwang 27 -- 28 April 1963 Walnut 8,199 Bulgaria Atanas Andonov 20 -- 21 June 1981 Sofia 8,169 Italy Beniamino Poserina 5 -- 6 October 1996 Formia 8,160 Norway Benjamin Jensen 31 July -- 1 August 1999 Greve 8,069 Greece Prodromos Korkizoglou 1 -- 2 July 2000 Ibach 8,065 Chile Gonzalo Barroilhet 19 -- 20 April 2012 Charlottesville 8,023 Tunisia Hamdi Dhouibi 9 -- 10 August 2005 Helsinki 7,994 Denmark Lars Warming 18 -- 19 June 1988 Götzis 7,882 Ireland Carlos O'Connell 4 -- 5 June 1988 Emmitsburg 7,860 South Korea Kim Kun - Woo 27 -- 28 August 2011 Gongju 7,846 Tajikistan Igor Sobolevskiy 15 -- 16 July 1982 Leningrad 7,846 Montenegro Darko Pešić 27 -- 28 May 2017 Götzis 7,843 Romania Vasile Bogdan 6 -- 7 June 1975 Paris 7,811 Ghana Atsu Nyamadi 21 -- 22 April 2017 Charlottesville 7,802 Cyprus Yeorgios Andreou 11 -- 12 August 2000 Volos 7,799 Slovakia Peter Soldos 9 -- 10 June 2001 Arles 7,777 Barbados Victor Houston 5 -- 6 August 1997 Athens 7,757 Turkey Alper Kasapoğlu 18 -- 19 April 1996 Azusa 7,756 Georgia Juri Dyachkov 15 -- 16 June 1968 Tbilisi 7,755 Vietnam Vu Van Huyen 24 -- 25 November 2010 Guangzhou 7,734 Venezuela Douglas Fernández 26 -- 27 August 1983 Caracas 7,732 Thailand Sutthisak Singkhon 6 -- 7 July 2017 Bhubaneswar 7,730 Qatar Ahmad Hassan Moussa 26 -- 27 June 2004 Ratingen 7,729 Iran Hadi Sepehrzad 24 -- 25 May 2012 Tehran 7,704 Puerto Rico Luiggy Llanos 5 -- 6 August 2003 Santo Domingo 7,698 Slovenia Damjan Sitar 27 -- 28 May 2006 Maribor 7,659 Croatia Joško Vlašić 24 -- 25 June 1983 Izmir 7,658 India Bharatinder Singh 11 -- 12 June 2011 Bangalore 7,632 Saint Lucia Dominic Johnson 26 -- 27 March 1998 Tucson 7,614 Mexico Alejandro Cárdenas 10 -- 11 May 1996 Medellín 7,591 Mauritius Guillaume Thierry 13 -- 14 September 2015 Brazzaville 7,530 Colombia José Gregorio Lemus 10 -- 11 June 2017 Medellín 7,528 Ecuador Andy Preciado 20 -- 21 May 2017 Cuenca 7,518 Dominican Republic José Miguel Paulino 16 -- 17 June 2017 Santo Domingo 7,491 Zimbabwe Keegan Cooke 12 -- 13 June 2015 Santa Barbara 7,433 Philippines Aries Toledo 22 -- 23 August 2017 Bukit Jalil 7,397 Fiji Albert Miller 23 -- 24 May 1983 Cape Girardeau 7,252 Nigeria Peter Moreno 27 -- 28 May 2017 Bedford 7,170 Kuwait Majed Radhi Mubarak Al - Sayed 14 -- 15 April 2017 Jeddah 7,157 Democratic Republic of the Congo Florent Lomba 12 -- 13 June 2015 Kladno 7,128 Haiti Josue Louis 12 -- 13 April 2017 Azusa 7,096 Israel Erez Meltzer 30 -- 31 July 1994 Markt Schwaben 7,096 Sri Lanka Ajith Kumara Karunathilaka 31 August -- 1 September 2017 Diyagama 7,095 Malaysia Muhammad Malik Tobias 7 -- 8 June 2003 Filderstadt 7,013 Indonesia Julius Uwe 13 -- 14 June 1993 Singapore 6,943 Paraguay Claudio Escauriza 11 -- 12 October 1982 Asunción 6,132 Afghanistan Said Gilani 11 -- 12 June 2016 Oldenburg 4,536 Turks and Caicos Islands Alvirto Smith 4 -- 5 April 2009 St. Louis 4,069 Kiribati Boitu Baiteke 3 -- 4 September 2013 Mata - Utu Junior ( under - 20 ) Decathlon bests ( edit ) Event Record Score Athlete Nation Date Meet Place Age Ref 100 m Long jump Shot put ( 6 kg ) High jump 400 m 110 m hurdles ( 0.99 m ) Discus throw ( 1.750 kg ) Pole vault Javelin throw 71.59 m 914 pts Niklas Kaul Germany 20 July 2016 World Junior Championships Bydgoszcz , Poland 7003673400000000000 ♠ 18 years , 160 days 1500 m World Junior record 8162 pts Niklas Kaul Germany 19 -- 20 July 2016 World Junior Championships Bydgoszcz , Poland 7003673400000000000 ♠ 18 years , 160 days 100m ( wind ) Long jump ( wind ) Shot put High jump 400m 110H ( wind ) Discus Pole vault Javelin 1500m 11.52 + 0.8 6.79 m - 1.9 14.80 m ( 6 kg ) 2.10 m 49.69 14.72 + 0.9 ( 0.99 m ) 41.80 m ( 1.750 kg ) 4.80 m 71.59 m 4 : 21.70 8435 pts Niklas Kaul Germany 22 -- 23 July 2017 European U20 Championships Grosseto , Italy 7003710200000000000 ♠ 19 years , 162 days 100m ( wind ) Long jump ( wind ) Shot put High jump 400m 110H ( wind ) Discus Pole vault Javelin 1500m 11.48 ( - 1.3 m / s ) 7.20 m ( + 1.6 m / s ) 15.37 m 2.05 m 48.42 14.55 ( - 0.2 m / s ) 48.49 m 4.70 m 68.05 m 4 : 15.52 Other multiple event contests ( edit ) Biathlon Duathlon Triathlon Quadrathlon Modern pentathlon Heptathlon Octathlon Icosathlon or double decathlon Omnium Aquathlon Chess - boxing Nordic combined CrossFit Games Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Jenner changed her name due to gender transition in 2015 . References ( edit ) `` IAAF Scoring Tables for Combined Events '' ( PDF ) . IAAF. April 2004 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 10 September 2008 . Retrieved 9 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Decathlon '' . Encarta. 2008 . Archived from the original on 31 October 2009 . Retrieved 6 August 2008 . Jump up ^ World 's Greatest Athlete Jump up ^ `` 2015 World Championships Decathlon Results '' . IAAF. 29 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Waldo E. Sweet , Erich Segal ( 1987 ) . Sport and recreation in ancient Greece . Oxford University Press . ( p37 ) . Retrieved on 7 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` USA Outdoor Track & Field Champions : Men 's All - Around '' . USA Track & Field . Retrieved 21 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Zarnowski , Frank ( 2005 ) . All - around Men : Heroes of a Forgotten Sport . Scarecrow Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 5423 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Athletics at the 1904 St. Louis Summer Games : Men 's All - Around Championship '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 21 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Athletics at the 1912 Stockholm Summer Games : Men 's Decathlon '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 21 July 2015 . Jump up ^ IAAF Scoring Tables for Combined Events , p. 9 . Jump up ^ `` Decathlon Records '' . IAAF . Retrieved 9 May 2009 . Jump up ^ IAAF Scoring Tables for Combined Events , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Stone , Ken . `` Masters track athlete of the decade ? '' . Masters-athlete.com . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 29 November 2014 . Retrieved 21 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : IAAF Scoring Tables for Combined Events , p. 24 . Jump up ^ IAAF Scoring Tables of Athletics -- Outdoor -- 2008 Edition Archived 6 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine . p. 154 . Jump up ^ `` Decathlon Results '' . IAAF. 29 August 2015 . Retrieved 29 August 2015 . Jump up ^ van Kuijen , Hans ( 12 September 2013 ) . Eaton and Melnychenko lead Talence fields , Lavillenie to make Decathlon debut -- IAAF Combined Events Challenge . IAAF . Retrieved on 12 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Warner sets 100 m ( 10.15 ) Decathlon World Best in Gotzis '' . watchathletics.com/. 28 May 2016 . Retrieved 28 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 100m Heat 6 Results '' ( PDF ) . sportresult.com. 28 May 2016 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 January 2017 . Retrieved 28 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ashton Eaton Breaks Decathlon 100 m and Long Jump World Records '' . www.oregonlive.com. 22 June 2012 . Retrieved 23 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Sam Adams Combined Events Invitational -- Men 's High Jump Results '' . phototiming.com. 7 April 2017 . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Men 's 400m Results '' ( PDF ) . Rio 2016 official website . 14 August 2016 . Retrieved 15 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Decathlon -- 400 m Results '' . IAAF. 28 August 2015 . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 110m Hurdles Results '' ( PDF ) . results.toronto2015.org. 23 July 2015 . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Decathlon -- men -- senior -- outdoor . IAAF . Retrieved on 25 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Decathlon -- women -- senior -- outdoor . IAAF . Retrieved on 25 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Decathlon Final Results '' ( PDF ) . Rio 2016 official website . 18 August 2016 . Retrieved 18 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Decathlon Results '' . IAAF. 25 June 2017 . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kent County Multi-Events Championships Complete Results '' ( PDF ) . kcaa.org.uk. 12 September 2015 . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Leibovitz , Annie ( June 1 , 2015 ) . `` Introducing Caitlyn Jenner '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Men 's Decathlon Results '' . IAAF. 29 August 2015 . Retrieved 29 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Decathlon Final Results '' ( PDF ) . Rio 2016 official website . 18 August 2016 . Retrieved 18 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Brian Perroni ( 13 May 2017 ) . `` A&M 's Lindon Victor breaks his own decathlon record '' . tamu.247sports.com . Retrieved 13 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Diego Sampaolo ( 28 May 2017 ) . `` Thiam scores 7013 to break meeting record in Götzis '' . IAAF . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Decathlon Final Results '' ( PDF ) . Rio 2016 official website . 18 August 2016 . Retrieved 18 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hypo - Meeting 2012 Men 's Results '' . IAAF. 27 May 2012 . Archived from the original on 22 August 2012 . Retrieved 27 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Diego Sampaolo ( 31 May 2015 ) . `` Kazmirek and Theisen Eaton triumph in Gotzis '' . IAAF . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Carlos Chinin wins the decathlon and settles new South American record Jump up ^ `` Decathlon Results '' . www.flashresults.com. 20 April 2012 . Retrieved 22 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hypo Meeting 2017 Results '' . IAAF. 28 May 2017 . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Decathlon Results '' . directathletics.com. 22 April 2017 . Retrieved 13 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Asian Athletics Championships Results '' ( PDF ) . odisha2017. games . 9 July 2017 . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Sports News '' . www.indiansportsnews.com. 14 June 2011 . Archived from the original on 21 August 2014 . Retrieved 21 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Men 's Decathlon Results '' ( PDF ) . brazzaville2015.microplustiming.com. 14 September 2015 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 March 2016 . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Récords de Baloyes y Lemus en el Nacional de Colombia '' . CONSUDATLE. 11 June 2017 . Retrieved 13 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Muringani applauds Cooke '' . thezimbabwean.co. 16 June 2015 . Retrieved 13 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Alyssa Rola ( 23 August 2017 ) . `` Decathlete Aries Toledo secures PH 's 9th gold in 2017 SEA Games '' . rappler.com . Retrieved 12 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Decathlon Results '' ( PDF ) . desetiboj-kladno.cz. 13 June 2015 . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WIELAND 8201 at AZUSA '' ( PDF ) . decathlonusa.typepad.com. 13 April 2017 . Retrieved 13 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Sudarshana Peiris ( 1 September 2017 ) . `` Impressive Decathlon Record by Ajith Karunathilaka '' . thepapare.com . Retrieved 13 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Said Gilani Competition Results '' . DLV. 11 June 2016 . Retrieved 25 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WU Invitational 2009 Complete Results '' . www.athletic.net. 5 April 2009 . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Mini Pacific Games Results '' . sportstg.com. 5 October 2013 . Retrieved 19 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Decathlon Results '' ( PDF ) . IAAF. 20 July 2016 . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Decathlon Results '' ( PDF ) . EA . 23 July 2017 . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Decathlon . IAAF decathlon homepage IAAF list of decathlon records in XML Team Decathlon website Decathlon splits of Olympic , World and European medalists A downloadable Excel spreadsheet of multi-event scoring and age grading is available from the creator , Stefan Waltermann ( hide ) Athletics events Track and field Road running Racewalking Racerunning Cross country running Multi-day race Ultramarathon Wheelchair racing Backward running Track Sprints 50 m 55 m 60 m 100 y 100 m 150 m 200 m ( straight ) 300 m 400 m 500 m 600 m Hurdles 50 m 55 m 60 m 80 m 100 m 110 m 200 m ( low ) 300 m 400 m Middle - distance 800 m 1000 m 1500 m One mile 2000 m 2000 m steeplechase 3000 m 3000 m steeplechase Two miles Long - distance 5000 m 10,000 m One hour run Relays 4 × 100 m 4 × 200 m 4 × 400 m 4 × 800 m 4 × 1500 m Distance medley relay Sprint medley relay Swedish relay Walking Mile 3000 m 5000 m 10,000 m 20,000 m Field Throws Discus Hammer Javelin Shot put Weight throw Softball throw Jumps High jump ( standing ) Long jump ( standing ) Triple jump ( standing ) Pole vault Combined Decathlon Heptathlon Athletics pentathlon Women 's pentathlon Throws pentathlon Road Running 5 km 10 km 15 km 10 mi 20 km Half marathon 25 km 30 km Marathon Ekiden Ultramarathon Walking 10 km 20 km 50 km 50 mi 100 km Current Olympic events shown in italics GND : 4190571 - 4 NDL : 00574872 Athletics portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Decathlon&oldid=821563969 '' Categories : Decathlon Events in athletics ( track and field ) Combined track and field events Endurance games Individual sports Summer Olympic disciplines in athletics Men 's athletics Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from June 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া Asturianu Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Walon 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 January 2018 , at 07 : 15 . 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-4725100570752126227	Colin Hay	Colin Hay - Wikipedia Colin Hay Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the musician . For the political scientist , see Colin Hay ( political scientist ) . Colin Hay Birth name Colin James Hay ( 1953 - 06 - 29 ) 29 June 1953 ( age 64 ) Saltcoats , Scotland , United Kingdom Origin Australia Genres Rock , pop rock , new wave , country Occupation ( s ) Musician , actor Instruments Vocals , guitar , bass , keyboards , drums , banjo , lap steel Years active 1978 -- present Labels CBS , MCA , Compass Associated acts Men at Work Ringo Starr & His All - Starr Band , Lazlo Bane Website Official website Colin James Hay ( born 29 June 1953 ) is a Scottish - Australian musician and actor . He came to prominence as the lead vocalist of the band Men at Work , and later also as a solo artist . Hay 's music has been frequently used by actor and director Zach Braff in his work , which helped a career rebirth in the mid-2000s . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Men at Work 2.2 Later career 3 Solo discography 4 Acting 5 Personal life 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Hay was born in Kilwinning , North Ayrshire , Scotland and emigrated to Australia with his family at age 14 in 1967 . Career ( edit ) Men at Work ( edit ) In 1978 , Hay met Ron Strykert and the men began playing acoustic music as a duo . Hay and Strykert formed the core of the band Men at Work , with Hay on vocals , guitar and keyboards , and Strykert , on guitar , vocals and bass guitar . Hay and Strykert added Jerry Speiser ( drums ) , John Rees ( bass guitar and backing vocals ) and Greg Ham ( flute , saxophone , keyboards , vocals ) . The group released their debut album Business as Usual in 1981 . The success of Men at Work and their albums Business as Usual and Cargo prompted Hay to relocate to Los Angeles in 1989 . He settled in the Topanga region of the city and has resided in the USA since , and in January 2016 became a U.S. citizen . Hay joined as guest vocalist with The Incredible Penguins in 1985 , for a cover of `` Happy Xmas ( War Is Over ) '' , a charity project for research on little penguins , which peaked at No. 10 on the Australian Kent Music Report in December . Later career ( edit ) Following the break - up of Men at Work in 1985 , Hay released several major label solo albums , including Looking for Jack ( Columbia ) and Wayfaring Sons ( MCA ) , to fluctuating commercial success . In 2011 , Hay commented on his early solo career , stating , `` After Men at Work , for the better part of a decade , I was stumbling around being unfocused . It was pre-internet , I really had to try to find my audiences by going out on tour . Men at Work really did n't build a foundational audience . We came in as a pop band with enormous radio success ; once that goes away and the band breaks up the audience tends to go away with it . You 're left with what you want to make of it . When you start out doing those tours , you start again ( and ) you tend not to attract a very big number of people . I 'd play to a hundred people or sometimes less . '' In 2004 he contributed to the Garden State soundtrack with his solo song `` I Just Do n't Think I 'll Ever Get Over You '' . In addition to recording , Hay also established his own recording label , Lazy Eye Records , somewhat incorrectly named for his own divergent ocular condition , exotropia , or divergent strabismus ( the usage of lazy - eye generally refers to Amblyopia ) , and has made appearances in cult movies such as Cosi and television shows , such as The Larry Sanders Show , JAG , and The Mick Molloy Show . Hay also appeared on television in the NBC show Scrubs , which along with episodes of ABC 's What About Brian , NBC 's The Black Donnellys , CBS 's Cane , and the BBC hospital drama Casualty , have included performances of some of his previous songs . In December 2005 , Hay and Heather Mills released `` My Brilliant Feat '' as a charity single as a tribute to football player George Best , who died on 25 November of that year . Proceeds were forwarded to the Donor Family Network , supporting organ donor families and promoting organ and tissue donation . The single is available on iTunes with a bonus music video tribute to Best . In 2006 Hay provided his voice for one of the characters in animated movie The Wild . He has also been a member of Ringo Starr 's eighth , tenth and thirteenth All - Starr Bands . He continues to perform regularly , including playing some folk venues . On 13 February 2009 , former Men at Work band member Ron Strykert was arrested for allegedly making death threats against Hay . Hay contributed music to the TV series Scrubs in the course of a number of episodes , including on - camera performances . In Episode 1 of Season 2 he performs an acoustic version of the Men at Work - hit `` Overkill '' and he also makes an appearance in `` My Hard Labor '' Hay released his 10th album , `` American Sunshine '' , on 18 August 2009 on Compass Records . In 2009 , Hay 's former group , Men at Work , was named in a lawsuit alleging copyright infringement by Larrikin Music , which owns the rights to the `` Kookaburra '' song . Larrikin Music claimed that part of a flute riff from the band 's 1981 single `` Down Under '' was copied from `` Kookaburra '' originally written by a music teacher , Marion Sinclair , who died in 1988 . In February 2010 , a court ruled in favour of Larrikin Music . Although the petition from Larrikin Music requested 40 % to 60 % of royalties dating back to 1981 and future royalties , in July 2010 a judge awarded the plaintiff only 5 % of royalties dating back to 2002 and the same amount of future royalties . In May 2009 , Hay performed at the Artist for the Arts Foundation benefit at Barnum Hall , Santa Monica High School , Santa Monica , California . Performing alongside Curt Smith of Tears for Fears , Fee Waybill ( Tubes ) and Venice and over 70 members of the Santa Monica High School Orchestra and Girls Choir , the benefit helped to provide funds for the continuation of music education in public schools . In August 2010 , Hay performed in Missoula , Montana with a Los Angeles Roots rock band named Patrolled By Radar . In December 2013 , Hay announced on his website that he was done touring `` for the time being '' and would spend 2014 writing and recording . In 2015 he joined the Last Summer on Earth tour with Violent Femmes and Barenaked Ladies . On 4 August 2015 , `` Colin Hay : Waiting for my Real Life , '' a documentary film about the singer , debuted at the Melbourne International Film Festival Hay made an appearance on BNL Rocks Red Rocks by Barenaked Ladies , a live album recorded on the Last Summer on Earth 2015 tour . On 27 January 2017 , he released the first single `` A Thousand Million Reasons '' from his new album , Fierce Mercy released 3 March 2017 . He toured in support of the album throughout the US , UK and Australia . Also in 2017 , Hay released his first audio book , Aesop 's Fables with Colin Hay , published by Devault - Graves Digital Editions , for which he narrated 24 of Aesop 's Fables written by author Tom Graves . Solo discography ( edit ) Looking for Jack ( 1987 ) Wayfaring Sons ( 1990 ) Peaks & Valleys ( 1992 ) Topanga ( 1994 ) Transcendental Highway ( 1998 ) Going Somewhere ( 2001 ) Company of Strangers ( 2002 ) Man @ Work ( 2003 ) Are You Lookin ' at Me ? ( 2007 ) American Sunshine ( 2009 ) Gathering Mercury ( 2011 ) Next Year People ( 2015 ) Fierce Mercy ( 2017 ) Acting ( edit ) After performing in Men at Work , Hay performed in a number of films and TV shows , usually in small roles . FishCenter Live ( 2017 ) as self Jack Irish -- Bad Debts ( 2012 ) as Tony Baker The Uninvited ( 2008 ) as Nick The Wild ( 2006 ) as Fergus Flamingo ( voice ) Scrubs ( TV series ) ( 2002 , 2007 , 2009 ) Episode -- `` My Last Day '' as Troubador ( Performing `` Beautiful World '' ) Episode -- `` My Overkill '' as Troubador ( Performing `` Overkill '' ) Episode -- `` My Hard Labor '' as Troubador ( Performing `` Down Under '' ) Episode -- `` My Finale '' as Troubador ( Cameo ) The Country Bears ( 2002 ) ( singing voice -- uncredited ) The Mick Molloy Show ( TV series ) Episode No. 1.4 ( 1999 ) as Gay Builder Episode No. 1.2 ( 1999 ) as Artist The Craic ( 1999 ) as Barry Heaven 's Burning ( 1997 ) as Jonah JAG : Judge Advocate General ( TV series ) Episode -- `` Trinity '' ( 1997 ) as Miles Cosi ( 1996 ) as Zac Blue Heelers ( TV series ) Episode -- `` Shadow Man '' ( 1995 ) as Brad Fielding Episode -- `` Theft '' ( 1994 ) as George Patterson Raw Silk ( TV movie ) ( 1988 ) as Parker Wills & Burke ( 1985 ) as Publican Personal life ( edit ) Hay is married to singer Cecilia Noël , who often provides backup vocals at his shows . Noël has also helped with production on Hay 's solo albums . Hay said of his album , `` Are You Lookin ' At Me ? '' that : She was really crucial . She was a really great sounding board for me . She 's a really good producer in the sense that she 's very musical and has a great sense of song structure and so forth . So she was great to bounce ideas off . And she sang on nearly all the songs . So she was really a great part of this record . Hay and Noël live in Topanga Canyon in the Los Angeles , California area . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Hay , Colin James '' . ASCAP / ACE Title Search . Retrieved 25 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Denton , Andrew ( 15 October 2007 ) . `` Colin Hay '' . Enough Rope . ABC Television . Retrieved 25 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Allison ( 28 April 2011 ) . `` Colin Hay a working man from way back '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ `` Colin Hay '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved 13 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Entries at Australian Rock Database : Colin Hay / Colin Hay Band : Holmgren , Magnus ; Warnqvist , Stefan . `` Colin Hay '' . passagen.se . Australian Rock Database ( Magnus Holmgren ) . Archived from the original on 30 September 2013 . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . Men at Work ( 1979 -- 86 , 1995 - present ) : Holmgren , Magnus ; Warnqvist , Stefan . `` Men at Work '' . passagen.se . Australian Rock Database ( Magnus Holmgren ) . Archived from the original on 27 September 2013 . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Colin Hay still a man at work '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Crystal Ballroom '' . Mcmenamins.com . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St Ives , NSW : Australian Chart Book Ltd . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . NOTE : Used for Australian Singles and Albums charting from 1974 until ARIA created their own charts in mid-1988 . In 1992 , Kent back calculated chart positions for 1970 -- 1974 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Chris ; Nowara , Zbig ; McHenry , Paul ( 2002 ) ( 1987 ) . `` Incredible Penguins '' . The Who 's Who of Australian Rock . Notes by Ed Nimmervoll . Noble Park , Vic. : Five Mile Press . ISBN 1 - 86503 - 891 - 1 . Archived from the original on 29 February 2012 . Retrieved 2 January 2010 . Note : ( on - line ) version established at White Room Electronic Publishing Pty Ltd in 2007 and was expanded from the 2002 edition . Jump up ^ `` Colin Hay is still at work '' . National Features . 18 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Sue Kiesewetter . `` Singer Colin Hay comes to Fairfield Community Arts Center April 24 - Butler County News at Cincinnati.com '' . Rodeo.cincinnati.com . Retrieved 4 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Breakfast -- December 's Information '' . BBC News . 20 December 2005 . Retrieved 14 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Nix , David . `` Donor Family Network '' . Heather Mills . Retrieved 14 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Men at Work star arrested for threats '' . Digital Spy. 19 February 2009 . Retrieved 4 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Men at Work guitarist threatened to kill singer , police say '' . LA Times . February 17 , 2009 . Retrieved 6 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kookaburra gets last laugh in Men at Work case '' . Jump up ^ `` Colin Hay with Patrolled by Radar '' . Missoula Independent . 2 August 2010 . Retrieved 19 May 2011 . when Colin Hay -- formerly of the group Men at Work -- plays the Wilma Theatre with Patrolled by Radar Jump up ^ `` Colin Hay '' A message from Colin `` . Colinhay.com . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 12 August 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` '' BNL Rocks Red Rocks '' set for release Get Barenaked ! `` . getbarenaked.net . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ Hay , Colin ( 25 February 2017 ) . `` Colin appears on FishCenter '' . Colin Hay . Tumblr . Retrieved 18 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Man At Work ' to play Towne Crier '' , SF Gate , 5 : 00 pm , Thursday , 8 April 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Work keeps coming in for Colin Hay , SF Gate , 5 : 00 pm , Thursday , July 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Chris Johnston , `` Lunch with Colin Hay '' , The Sydney Morning Herald , 19 January 2013 . External links ( edit ) Official website Audio interview with Colin Hay on the Sodajerker On Songwriting podcast Brazilian Fan Site ( English / Portuguese ) Colin Hay on IMDb Colin Hay at Allmusic.com ( hide ) Men at Work Colin Hay Ron Strykert Jerry Speiser Greg Ham John Rees Studio albums Business as Usual Cargo Two Hearts Live albums Brazil Compilation albums Contraband : The Best of Men at Work Singles `` Who Can It Be Now ? '' `` Down Under '' `` Be Good Johnny '' `` High Wire '' `` Overkill '' `` It 's a Mistake '' `` Dr. Heckyll & Mr. Jive '' `` Everything I Need '' Discography Members Book : Men at Work VIAF : 59278689 LCCN : n92004570 ISNI : 0000 0001 0800 6712 GND : 134400496 BNF : cb13987109v ( data ) BIBSYS : 58496 MusicBrainz : 864d7069 - 57dc - 45f6 - b408 - 875b35106dd3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colin_Hay&oldid=826444098 '' Categories : 1953 births Living people APRA Award winners Australian expatriates in the United States Australian male actors Australian male singers Australian people of Scottish descent Australian rock guitarists Australian rock singers Australian singer - songwriters Male new wave singers Men at Work members People from Kilwinning Reggae rock musicians Scottish emigrants to Australia Scottish new wave musicians Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2010 Use Australian English from April 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from April 2013 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano Norsk Polski Português Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018 , at 03 : 41 . 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-2752989953728623301	Essential health benefits	Essential health benefits - wikipedia Essential health benefits Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series on Healthcare reform in the United States of America History Debate Legislation ( show ) Preceding Social Security Amendments of 1965 EMTALA ( 1986 ) HIPAA ( 1996 ) Medicare Modernization Act ( 2003 ) PSQIA ( 2005 ) Superseded Affordable Health Care for America ( H.R. 3962 ) America 's Affordable Health Choices ( H.R. 3200 ) Baucus Health Bill ( S. 1796 ) Proposed American Health Care Act ( 2017 ) United States National Health Care Act ( 2009 , H.R. 676 ) Healthy Americans Act ( 2007 , 2009 ) Health Security Act ( H.R. 3600 ) Latest enacted Affordable Care Act ( H.R. 3590 ) Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act ( H.R. 4872 ) Reforms ( show ) Recent legislative proposals Public opinion Reform advocacy groups Rationing Insurance coverage Systems ( show ) Free market Health insurance exchange Nationalized insurance Publicly - funded Single - payer Canadian vs. American Two - tier Universal Third - party payment models ( show ) All - payer rate setting Capitation Fee - for - service Global payment United States portal Essential health benefits ( EHBs ) have been defined since the 2010 United States Affordable Care Act as a set of benefits which Individually purchased health insurance in the United States and insurance plans in small group markets , both inside and outside of the Health Insurance Marketplace must cover for people . Exempt from the EHB requirement are large - group health plans , self - insured ERISA plans , and ERISA - governed multiemployer welfare arrangements not subject to state insurance law . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 2 Mandatory for certain health insurances 3 Interpretation 4 Law history 5 Comparison with minimum essential coverage 6 Notes 7 Sources 8 External links Definition ( edit ) The 2010 Affordable Care Act ( ACA ) set forth the following ten categories of essential health benefits , at Section 1302 ( b ) ( 1 ) of the ACA , codified at 42 U.S.C. § 18022 ( b ) : Ambulatory patient services . ( outpatient care ) Emergency services . Hospitalization . ( inpatient care ) Maternity and newborn care Mental health and substance use disorder services , including behavioral health treatment . Prescription drugs . Rehabilitative and habilitative services and devices . Laboratory services Preventive and wellness services and chronic disease management ; Pediatric services , including oral and vision care . Health insurance plans must cover these benefits i.e. they must cap people _́ s out - of - pocket spending and must not limit annual and lifetime coverage. . Mandatory for certain health insurances ( edit ) The 2010 Affordable Care Act ( ACA ) defines benefits which Individually purchased health insurance in the United States and insurance plans in small group markets , both inside and outside of the Health Insurance Marketplace must cover for people . Exempt from the EHB requirement are large - group health plans , self - insured ERISA plans , and ERISA - governed multiemployer welfare arrangements not subject to state insurance law . Interpretation ( edit ) The essential health benefits are a minimum federal standard and `` states may require that qualified health plans sold in state health insurance exchanges also cover state - mandated benefits . '' The act gives `` considerable discretion '' to the Secretary of Health and Human Services to determine , through regulation , what specific services within these classes are essential . However , the Act provides certain parameters for the secretary to consider . The secretary ( 1 ) must `` ensure that such essential health benefits reflect an appropriate balance among the categories ... so that benefits are not unduly weighted toward any category '' ; ( 2 ) may `` not make coverage decisions , determine reimbursement rates , establish incentive programs , or design benefits in ways that discriminate against individuals because of their age , disability , or expected length of life '' ; ( 3 ) must take into account `` the health care needs of diverse segments of the population , including women , children , persons with disabilities , and other groups '' ; and ( 4 ) must ensure that essential benefits `` not be subject to denial to individuals against their wishes on the basis of the individuals ' age or expected length of life or the individuals ' present or predicted disability , degree of medical dependency , or quality of life . '' According to a Commonwealth Fund report in 2011 : As it stands , federal regulations for 2014 and 2015 do not establish a single , nationally uniform package of health services . Instead , the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services ( HHS ) gave states discretion to determine the specific benefits they deem essential . This approach was well - received by many state officials , who valued the opportunity to tailor benefit standards to reflect state priorities , and by insurers , who retained more control over benefit design . Groups representing consumers and providers were less supportive , however , expressing concern that the degree of flexibility found in the rules undermines the law 's promise of consistent , meaningful coverage . Law history ( edit ) Coverage of essential health benefits was first required by the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( PPACA or ACA ) , which was a major piece of health care reform legislation . The EHB provisions of the ACA was an amendment to the Public Health Service Act . Lavarreda , director of health insurance studies for the UCLA Center for Health Policy Research , explained that before the ACA 's passage , U.S. health insurance sector experienced `` a race to the bottom , with insurers cutting benefits to lower premiums . '' The establishment of essential health benefits `` set a standard for insurance . Anything below that is not true health insurance . '' The EHB requirement came into effect on January 1 , 2014 . Revision and repeal of essential health benefits coverage was proposed in the Republican part American Health Care Act of 2017 . House Freedom Caucus members lobbied during legislation discussion with House Speaker Paul Ryan to remove EHBs as a condition for approval of the AHCA bill . Comparison with minimum essential coverage ( edit ) Essential health benefits should not be confused with minimum essential coverage ( MEC ) . MEC is the minimum amount of coverage that an individual must carry to meet the individual health insurance mandate , while EHBs are a set of benefits that qualified health plans ( QHPs ) must offer . MEC is a low threshold ; many forms of coverage that do not provide essential health benefits are nevertheless considered minimum essential coverage . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Sara Rosenbaum , Joel Teitelbaum & Katherine Hayes , The Essential Health Benefits Provisions of the Affordable Care Act : Implications for People with Disabilities , Commonwealth Fund ( March 2011 ) . Jump up ^ 10 health care benefits covered in the Health Insurance Marketplace , HealthCare.gov ( accessed November 12 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Alexandra Ernst , 10 Essential Health Benefits Insurance Plans Must Cover Starting in 2014 , FamiliesUSA ( March 28 , 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Folger , Jean ( October 11 , 2013 ) . `` Essential Health Benefits Under The Affordable Care Act '' . Forbes Magazine . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2017 . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 42 U.S. Code § 18022 - Essential health benefits requirements Jump up ^ Fiedler M. Allowing states to define `` essential health benefits '' could weaken ACA protections against catastrophic costs for people with employer coverage nationwide . Washington , DC : Brookings Institution , 2 May 2017 ^ Jump up to : Frank Lalli , The Health Care Law 's 10 Essential Benefits : The Affordable Care Act ensures you 'll have access to these medical and wellness services , AARP The Magazine ( August / September 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Essential Health Benefits , HealthCare.gov ( accessed November 12 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Giovannelli , Lucia & Corlette , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Rosenbaum , Teitelbaum & Hayes , p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` Republicans may gut an overlooked provision of Obamacare -- and disrupt health insurance '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Luhby , Tami . `` Essential Health Benefits and why they matter '' . CNN . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Susan Grassli & Lisa Klinger , Understanding the Difference between Minimum Essential Coverage , Essential Health Benefits , Minimum Value , and Actuarial Value , Leavitt Group ( January 27 , 2014 ) . Sources ( edit ) Sara Rosenbaum , Joel Teitelbaum & Katherine Hayes , The Essential Health Benefits Provisions of the Affordable Care Act : Implications for People with Disabilities , Commonwealth Fund ( March 2011 ) . Justin Giovannelli , Kevin W. Lucia & Sabrina Corlette , Implementing the Affordable Care Act : Revisiting the ACA 's Essential Health Benefits Requirements Commonwealth Fund ( October 2014 ) . External links ( edit ) Essential Health Benefits from HealthCare.gov Information on Essential Health Benefits ( EHB ) Benchmark Plans from the Consumer Information and Insurance Oversight of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ( hide ) ObamaCare Key articles Affordable Care Act ( Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 ) Provisions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Health insurance marketplace Contraceptives mandate Executive Order 13535 Provisions Essential health benefits Physician Payments Sunshine Act Authority for Mandate Delay Act ( H.R. 2667 ; 113th Congress ) Contraceptive mandate ( United States ) Patient - Centered Outcomes Research Institute Constitutional challenges Constitutional challenges to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius Coons v. Geithner Health insurance marketplaces HealthCare.gov , an option for all states AR ( Arkansas Health Connector ) CA ( Covered California ) CO ( Connect for Health Colorado ) CT ( Access Health CT ) DC ( DC Health Link ) HI ( Hawaii Health Connector ) ID ( Your Health Idaho ) IL ( Illinois Health Benefits Exchange ) KY ( Kynect ) MD ( Maryland Health Connection ) MA ( Health Insurance Connector ) MN ( MNsure ) NV ( Nevada Health Link ) NM ( New Mexico Health Insurance Exchange ) NY ( NY State of Health ) OR ( Cover Oregon ) RI ( HealthSource RI ) VT ( Vermont Health Connect ) WA ( Washington Healthplanfinder ) Federal insurance exchange HealthCare.gov Other reform proposals from the 111th Congress Affordable Health Care for America Act America 's Affordable Health Choices Act of 2009 America 's Healthy Future Act Healthy Americans Act United States National Health Care Act See also Health care reform in the United States Medicaid Medicare SCHIP Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Essential_health_benefits&oldid=802058128 '' Categories : Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Healthcare reform legislation in the United States Health insurance in the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 September 2017 , at 18 : 40 . 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1045382615835301143	Continent	Continent - wikipedia Continent For other uses , see Continent ( disambiguation ) . Animated , colour - coded map showing the various continents and regions . Depending on the convention and model , some continents may be consolidated or subdivided : for example , Eurasia is most often subdivided into Asia and Europe ( red shades ) , while North and South America are sometimes recognised as one American continent ( green shades ) . A continent is one of several very large landmasses of the world . Generally identified by convention rather than any strict criteria , up to seven regions are commonly regarded as continents . Ordered from largest in area to smallest , they are : Asia , Africa , North America , South America , Antarctica , Europe , and Australia . Geologically , the continents largely correspond to areas of continental crust that are found on the continental plates . However , some areas of continental crust are regions covered with water not usually included in the list of continents . Zealandia is one such area ( see submerged continents below ) . Islands are frequently grouped with a neighbouring continent to divide all the world 's land into geopolitical regions . Under this scheme , most of the island countries and territories in the Pacific Ocean are grouped together with the continent of Australia to form a geopolitical region called Oceania . Contents 1 Definitions and application 1.1 Extent 1.2 Separation 1.3 Number 2 Area and population 3 Other divisions 3.1 Supercontinents 3.2 Subcontinents 3.3 Submerged continents 3.4 Microcontinents 3.5 Botanical continents 4 History of continental configurations 5 History of the concept 5.1 Early concepts of the Old World continents 5.2 European arrival in the Americas 5.3 The word continent 5.4 Beyond four continents 6 Geology 7 Highest and lowest points 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Definitions and application A Dymaxion map shows land masses with minimal shape distortion . By convention , `` continents are understood to be large , continuous , discrete masses of land , ideally separated by expanses of water . '' Several of the seven conventionally recognized continents are not discrete landmasses separated completely by water . The criterion `` large '' leads to arbitrary classification : Greenland , with a surface area of 2,166,086 square kilometres ( 836,330 sq mi ) is considered the world 's largest island , while Australia , at 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) is deemed the smallest continent . Earth 's major landmasses all have coasts on a single , continuous World Ocean , which is divided into a number of principal oceanic components by the continents and various geographic criteria . Extent The most restricted meaning of continent is that of a continuous area of land or mainland , with the coastline and any land boundaries forming the edge of the continent . In this sense the term continental Europe ( sometimes referred to in Britain as `` the Continent '' ) is used to refer to mainland Europe , excluding islands such as Great Britain , Ireland , Malta and Iceland , and the term continent of Australia may refer to the mainland of Australia , excluding Tasmania and New Guinea . Similarly , the continental United States refers to the 48 contiguous states and the District of Columbia in central North America and may include Alaska in the northwest of the continent ( the two being separated by Canada ) , while excluding Hawaii , Puerto Rico , and Guam in the oceans . From the perspective of geology or physical geography , continent may be extended beyond the confines of continuous dry land to include the shallow , submerged adjacent area ( the continental shelf ) and the islands on the shelf ( continental islands ) , as they are structurally part of the continent . From this perspective , the edge of the continental shelf is the true edge of the continent , as shorelines vary with changes in sea level . In this sense the islands of Great Britain and Ireland are part of Europe , while Australia and the island of New Guinea together form a continent . Map of island countries : these states are often grouped geographically with a neighboring continental landmass . As a cultural construct , the concept of a continent may go beyond the continental shelf to include oceanic islands and continental fragments . In this way , Iceland is considered part of Europe and Madagascar part of Africa . Extrapolating the concept to its extreme , some geographers group the Australian continental plate with other islands in the Pacific into one continent called Oceania . This divides the entire land surface of Earth into continents or quasi-continents . Separation Main article : Boundaries between the continents of Earth See also : List of transcontinental countries The ideal criterion that each continent is a discrete landmass is commonly relaxed due to historical conventions . Of the seven most globally recognized continents , only Antarctica and Australia are completely separated from other continents by the ocean . Several continents are defined not as absolutely distinct bodies but as `` more or less discrete masses of land '' . Asia and Africa are joined by the Isthmus of Suez , and North and South America by the Isthmus of Panama . In both cases , there is no complete separation of these landmasses by water ( disregarding the Suez Canal and Panama Canal , which are both narrow and shallow , as well as being artificial ) . Both these isthmuses are very narrow compared to the bulk of the landmasses they unite . North America and South America are treated as separate continents in the seven - continent model . However , they may also be viewed as a single continent known as America or the Americas . This viewpoint was common in the United States until World War II , and remains prevalent in some Asian six - continent models . This remains the more common vision in Latin American countries , Spain , Portugal , France , Italy and Greece , where they are taught as a single continent . The criterion of a discrete landmass is completely disregarded if the continuous landmass of Eurasia is classified as two separate continents : Europe and Asia . Physiographically , Europe and South Asia are peninsulas of the Eurasian landmass . However , Europe is widely considered a continent with its comparatively large land area of 10,180,000 square kilometres ( 3,930,000 sq mi ) , while South Asia , with less than half that area , is considered a subcontinent . The alternative view -- in geology and geography -- that Eurasia is a single continent results in a six - continent view of the world . Some view separation of Eurasia into Asia and Europe as a residue of Eurocentrism : `` In physical , cultural and historical diversity , China and India are comparable to the entire European landmass , not to a single European country . ( ... ) . '' However , for historical and cultural reasons , the view of Europe as a separate continent continues in several categorizations . If continents are defined strictly as discrete landmasses , embracing all the contiguous land of a body , then Africa , Asia , and Europe form a single continent which may be referred to as Afro - Eurasia . This produces a four - continent model consisting of Afro - Eurasia , America , Antarctica and Australia . When sea levels were lower during the Pleistocene ice ages , greater areas of continental shelf were exposed as dry land , forming land bridges . At those times Australia -- New Guinea was a single , continuous continent . Likewise , the Americas and Afro - Eurasia were joined by the Bering land bridge . Other islands such as Great Britain were joined to the mainlands of their continents . At that time there were just three discrete continents : Afro - Eurasia - America , Antarctica , and Australia - New Guinea . Number There are several ways of distinguishing the continents : Models Color - coded map showing the various continents . Similar shades exhibit areas that may be consolidated or subdivided . Four continents Afro - Eurasia America Antarctica Australia Five continents Africa Eurasia America Antarctica Australia Six continents Africa Asia Europe America Antarctica Australia / Oceania Six continents Africa Eurasia North America South America Antarctica Australia / Oceania Seven continents Africa Asia Europe North America South America Antarctica Australia / Oceania The seven - continent model is usually taught in China , India , Pakistan , the Philippines , parts of Western Europe and most English - speaking countries , including Australia and the United Kingdom . The six - continent combined - Eurasia model is mostly used in Russia , Eastern Europe , and Japan . The six - continent combined - America model is often used in France and its former possessions , Italy , Portugal , Spain , Romania , Latin America , and Greece . A five - continent model is obtained from this model by excluding Antarctica as uninhabited . This is used , for example in the United Nations and in the Olympic Charter in its description of the Olympic flag . The term Oceania refers to a group of island countries and territories in the Pacific Ocean , together with the continent of Australia . Pacific islands with ties to other continents ( such as Japan , Hawaii or Easter Island ) are usually grouped with those continents rather than Oceania . This term is used in several different continental models instead of Australia . Area and population This section possibly contains synthesis of material which does not verifiably mention or relate to the main topic . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : List of continents by population The following table summarizes the area and population of each continental region using the seven continent model . Continent Area ( km2 ) Area ( mi2 ) Percent total landmass Population Percent total pop . Most populous city ( proper ) Africa 30,370,000 11,730,000 20.4 % 1,287,920,000 16.9 % Lagos , Nigeria Antarctica 14,000,000 5,400,000 9.2 % 4,490 0.0 % McMurdo Station Asia 44,579,000 17,212,000 29.5 % 4,545,133,000 59.5 % Shanghai , China Europe 10,180,000 3,930,000 6.8 % 742,648,000 9.7 % Moscow , Russia North America 24,709,000 9,540,000 16.5 % 587,615,000 7.7 % Mexico City , Mexico Australia / Oceania 8,600,000 3,300,000 5.9 % 41,261,000 0.5 % Sydney , Australia South America 17,840,000 6,890,000 12.0 % 428,240,000 5.6 % São Paulo , Brazil Jump up ^ Includes the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt . Jump up ^ Population is non-permanent and varies . Jump up ^ Includes East Thrace ( Turkey ) and Western New Guinea ( Indonesia ) , excludes Russia and Egypt . Jump up ^ Includes Asiatic Russia , excludes Turkey . Jump up ^ Includes Central America and the Caribbean . Jump up ^ Excludes Indonesia . Comparison of area ( by tens of millions of square kilometers ) and population ( by billions of people ) Graph showing population by continent as a percentage of world population ( 1750 -- 2005 ) The total land area of all continents is 148,647,000 square kilometres ( 57,393,000 sq mi ) , or 29.1 % of earth 's surface ( 510,065,600 km or 196,937,400 sq mi ) . Other divisions Supercontinents Aside from the conventionally known continents , the scope and meaning of the term continent varies . Supercontinents , largely in evidence earlier in the geological record , are landmasses that comprise more than one craton or continental core . These have included Laurasia , Gondwana , Vaalbara , Kenorland , Columbia , Rodinia , and Pangaea . Subcontinents Certain parts of continents are recognized as subcontinents , especially the large peninsulas separated from the main continental landmass by geographical features . The most notable examples are the Indian subcontinent and the Arabian Peninsula . The Southern Cone of South America and Alaskan peninsula of North America are other examples . In many of these cases , the `` subcontinents '' concerned are on different tectonic plates from the rest of the continent , providing a geological justification for the terminology . Greenland , generally reckoned as the world 's largest island on the northeastern periphery of the North American Plate , is sometimes referred to as a subcontinent . This is a significant departure from the more conventional view of a subcontinent as comprising a very large peninsula on the fringe of a continent . Where the Americas are viewed as a single continent ( America ) , it is divided into two subcontinents ( North America and South America ) or three ( with Central America being the third ) . When Eurasia is regarded as a single continent , Europe is treated as a subcontinent . Submerged continents Some areas of continental crust are largely covered by the sea and may be considered submerged continents . Notable examples are Zealandia , emerging from the sea primarily in New Zealand and New Caledonia , and the almost completely submerged Kerguelen Plateau in the southern Indian Ocean . Microcontinents Some islands lie on sections of continental crust that have rifted and drifted apart from a main continental landmass . While not considered continents because of their relatively small size , they may be considered microcontinents . Madagascar , the largest example , is usually considered an island of Africa but has been referred to as `` the eighth continent '' from a biological perspective . Botanical continents `` Botanical continents '' defined by the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions . `` Continents '' may be defined differently for specific purposes . The Biodiversity Information Standards organization has developed the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions , used in many international plant databases . This scheme divides the world into nine `` botanical continents '' . Some match the traditional geographical continents , but some differ significantly . Thus the Americas are divided between Northern America ( Mexico northwards ) and Southern America ( Central America and the Caribbean southwards ) rather than between North America and South America . History of continental configurations Main article : Geological history of the Earth History of the concept The Ancient Greek geographer Strabo holding a globe showing Europa and Asia Early concepts of the old world continents The term `` continent '' translates Greek ἤπειρος , properly `` landmass , terra firma '' , the proper name of Epirus and later especially used of Asia ( i.e. Asia Minor ) , The first distinction between continents was made by ancient Greek mariners who gave the names Europe and Asia to the lands on either side of the waterways of the Aegean Sea , the Dardanelles strait , the Sea of Marmara , the Bosporus strait and the Black Sea . The names were first applied just to lands near the coast and only later extended to include the hinterlands . But the division was only carried through to the end of navigable waterways and `` ... beyond that point the Hellenic geographers never succeeded in laying their finger on any inland feature in the physical landscape that could offer any convincing line for partitioning an indivisible Eurasia ... '' Ancient Greek thinkers subsequently debated whether Africa ( then called Libya ) should be considered part of Asia or a third part of the world . Division into three parts eventually came to predominate . From the Greek viewpoint , the Aegean Sea was the center of the world ; Asia lay to the east , Europe to the north and west , and Africa to the south . The boundaries between the continents were not fixed . Early on , Europe -- Asia boundary was taken to run from the Black Sea along the Rioni River ( known then as the Phasis ) in Georgia . Later it was viewed as running from the Black Sea through Kerch Strait , the Sea of Azov and along the Don River ( known then as the Tanais ) in Russia . The boundary between Asia and Africa was generally taken to be the Nile River . Herodotus in the 5th century BC , however , objected to the unity of Egypt being split into Asia and Africa ( `` Libya '' ) and took the boundary to lie along the western border of Egypt , regarding Egypt as part of Asia . He also questioned the division into three of what is really a single landmass , a debate that continues nearly two and a half millennia later . Eratosthenes , in the 3rd century BC , noted that some geographers divided the continents by rivers ( the Nile and the Don ) , thus considering them `` islands '' . Others divided the continents by isthmuses , calling the continents `` peninsulas '' . These latter geographers set the border between Europe and Asia at the isthmus between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea , and the border between Asia and Africa at the isthmus between the Red Sea and the mouth of Lake Bardawil on the Mediterranean Sea . Medieval T and O map showing the three continents as domains of the sons of Noah -- Asia to Sem ( Shem ) , Europe to Iafeth ( Japheth ) , and Africa to Cham ( Ham ) . Through the Roman period and the Middle Ages , a few writers took the Isthmus of Suez as the boundary between Asia and Africa , but most writers continued to consider it the Nile or the western border of Egypt ( Gibbon ) . In the Middle Ages , the world was usually portrayed on T and O maps , with the T representing the waters dividing the three continents . By the middle of the 18th century , `` the fashion of dividing Asia and Africa at the Nile , or at the Great Catabathmus ( the boundary between Egypt and Libya ) farther west , had even then scarcely passed away '' . European arrival in the Americas Christopher Columbus sailed across the Atlantic Ocean to the West Indies in 1492 , sparking a period of European exploration of the Americas . But despite four voyages to the Americas , Columbus never believed he had reached a new continent -- he always thought it was part of Asia . In 1501 , Amerigo Vespucci and Gonçalo Coelho attempted to sail around what they considered the southern end of the Asian mainland into the Indian Ocean , passing through Fernando de Noronha . After reaching the coast of Brazil , they sailed a long way further south along the coast of South America , confirming that this was a land of continental proportions and that it also extended much further south than Asia was known to . On return to Europe , an account of the voyage , called Mundus Novus ( `` New World '' ) , was published under Vespucci 's name in 1502 or 1503 , although it seems that it had additions or alterations by another writer . Regardless of who penned the words , Mundus Novus credited Vespucci with saying , `` I have discovered a continent in those southern regions that is inhabited by more numerous people and animals than our Europe , or Asia or Africa '' , the first known explicit identification of part of the Americas as a continent like the other three . Within a few years , the name `` New World '' began appearing as a name for South America on world maps , such as the Oliveriana ( Pesaro ) map of around 1504 -- 1505 . Maps of this time though , still showed North America connected to Asia and showed South America as a separate land . Universalis Cosmographia , Waldseemüller 's 1507 world map -- the first to show the Americas separate from Asia In 1507 Martin Waldseemüller published a world map , Universalis Cosmographia , which was the first to show North and South America as separate from Asia and surrounded by water . A small inset map above the main map explicitly showed for the first time the Americas being east of Asia and separated from Asia by an ocean , as opposed to just placing the Americas on the left end of the map and Asia on the right end . In the accompanying book Cosmographiae Introductio , Waldseemüller noted that the earth is divided into four parts , Europe , Asia , Africa and the fourth part , which he named `` America '' after Amerigo Vespucci 's first name . On the map , the word `` America '' was placed on part of South America . The word continent From the 16th century the English noun continent was derived from the term continent land , meaning continuous or connected land and translated from the Latin terra continens . The noun was used to mean `` a connected or continuous tract of land '' or mainland . It was not applied only to very large areas of land -- in the 17th century , references were made to the continents ( or mainlands ) of Isle of Man , Ireland and Wales and in 1745 to Sumatra . The word continent was used in translating Greek and Latin writings about the three `` parts '' of the world , although in the original languages no word of exactly the same meaning as continent was used . While continent was used on the one hand for relatively small areas of continuous land , on the other hand geographers again raised Herodotus 's query about why a single large landmass should be divided into separate continents . In the mid-17th century , Peter Heylin wrote in his Cosmographie that `` A Continent is a great quantity of Land , not separated by any Sea from the rest of the World , as the whole Continent of Europe , Asia , Africa . '' In 1727 , Ephraim Chambers wrote in his Cyclopædia , `` The world is ordinarily divided into two grand continents : the old and the new . '' And in his 1752 atlas , Emanuel Bowen defined a continent as `` a large space of dry land comprehending many countries all joined together , without any separation by water . Thus Europe , Asia , and Africa is one great continent , as America is another . '' However , the old idea of Europe , Asia and Africa as `` parts '' of the world ultimately persisted with these being regarded as separate continents . Hollandia Nova , 1659 map prepared by Joan Blaeu based on voyages by Abel Tasman and Willem Jansz , this image shows a French edition of 1663 Beyond four continents From the late 18th century , some geographers started to regard North America and South America as two parts of the world , making five parts in total . Overall though , the fourfold division prevailed well into the 19th century . Europeans discovered Australia in 1606 , but for some time it was taken as part of Asia . By the late 18th century , some geographers considered it a continent in its own right , making it the sixth ( or fifth for those still taking America as a single continent ) . In 1813 , Samuel Butler wrote of Australia as `` New Holland , an immense island , which some geographers dignify with the appellation of another continent '' and the Oxford English Dictionary was just as equivocal some decades later . Antarctica was sighted in 1820 during the First Russian Antarctic Expedition and described as a continent by Charles Wilkes on the United States Exploring Expedition in 1838 , the last continent identified , although a great `` Antarctic '' ( antipodean ) landmass had been anticipated for millennia . An 1849 atlas labelled Antarctica as a continent but few atlases did so until after World War II . From the mid-19th century , atlases published in the United States more commonly treated North and South America as separate continents , while atlases published in Europe usually considered them one continent . However , it was still not uncommon for American atlases to treat them as one continent up until World War II . From the 1950s , most U.S. geographers divided the Americas into two continents . With the addition of Antarctica , this made the seven - continent model . However , this division of the Americas never appealed to Latin Americans , who saw their region spanning an América as a single landmass , and there the conception of six continents remains dominant , as it does in scattered other countries . Some geographers regard Europe and Asia together as a single continent , dubbed Eurasia . In this model , the world is divided into six continents , with North America and South America considered separate continents . Geology This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Further information : Continental crust and Plate tectonics Geologists use the term continent in a different manner from geographers . In geology a continent is defined by continental crust : a platform of metamorphic and igneous rock , largely of granitic composition . Some geologists restrict the term ' continent ' to portions of the crust built around stable Precambrian `` shield '' , typically 1.5 to 3.8 billion years old , called a craton . The craton itself is an accretionary complex of ancient mobile belts ( mountain belts ) from earlier cycles of subduction , continental collision and break - up from plate tectonic activity . An outward - thickening veneer of younger minimally deformed sedimentary rock covers much of the craton . The margins of geologic continents are characterized by currently active or relatively recently active mobile belts and deep troughs of accumulated marine or deltaic sediments . Beyond the margin , there is either a continental shelf and drop off to the basaltic ocean basin or the margin of another continent , depending on the current plate - tectonic setting of the continent . A continental boundary does not have to be a body of water . Over geologic time , continents are periodically submerged under large epicontinental seas , and continental collisions result in a continent becoming attached to another continent . The current geologic era is relatively anomalous in that so much of the continental areas are `` high and dry '' ; that is , many parts of the continents that were once below sea level are now elevated well above it due to changes in sea levels and the subsequent uplifting of those continental areas from tectonic activity . The tectonic plates underlying the continents and oceans Some argue that continents are accretionary crustal `` rafts '' that , unlike the denser basaltic crust of the ocean basins , are not subjected to destruction through the plate tectonic process of subduction . This accounts for the great age of the rocks comprising the continental cratons . By this definition , Eastern Europe , India and some other regions could be regarded as continental masses distinct from the rest of Eurasia because they have separate ancient shield areas ( i.e. East European craton and Indian craton ) . Younger mobile belts ( such as the Ural Mountains and Himalayas ) mark the boundaries between these regions and the rest of Eurasia . There are many microcontinents , or continental fragments , that are built of continental crust but do not contain a craton . Some of these are fragments of Gondwana or other ancient cratonic continents : Zealandia , which includes New Zealand and New Caledonia ; Madagascar ; the northern Mascarene Plateau , which includes the Seychelles . Other islands , such as several in the Caribbean Sea , are composed largely of granitic rock as well , but all continents contain both granitic and basaltic crust , and there is no clear boundary as to which islands would be considered microcontinents under such a definition . The Kerguelen Plateau , for example , is largely volcanic , but is associated with the breakup of Gondwanaland and is considered a microcontinent , whereas volcanic Iceland and Hawaii are not . The British Isles , Sri Lanka , Borneo , and Newfoundland are margins of the Laurasian continent -- only separated by inland seas flooding its margins . Plate tectonics offers yet another way of defining continents . Today , Europe and most of Asia constitute the unified Eurasian Plate , which is approximately coincident with the geographic Eurasian continent excluding India , Arabia , and far eastern Russia . India contains a central shield , and the geologically recent Himalaya mobile belt forms its northern margin . North America and South America are separate continents , the connecting isthmus being largely the result of volcanism from relatively recent subduction tectonics . North American continental rocks extend to Greenland ( a portion of the Canadian Shield ) , and in terms of plate boundaries , the North American plate includes the easternmost portion of the Asian landmass . Geologists do not use these facts to suggest that eastern Asia is part of the North American continent , even though the plate boundary extends there ; the word continent is usually used in its geographic sense and additional definitions ( `` continental rocks , '' `` plate boundaries '' ) are used as appropriate . The movement of plates has caused the formation and break - up of continents over time , including occasional formation of a supercontinent that contains most or all of the continents . The supercontinent Columbia or Nuna formed during a period of 2.0 -- 1.8 billion years ago and broke up about 1.5 -- 1.3 billion years ago . The supercontinent Rodinia is thought to have formed about 1 billion years ago and to have embodied most or all of Earth 's continents , and broken up into eight continents around 600 million years ago . The eight continents later re-assembled into another supercontinent called Pangaea ; Pangaea broke up into Laurasia ( which became North America and Eurasia ) and Gondwana ( which became the remaining continents ) . Highest and lowest points See also : Extremes on Earth , Extreme points of Earth , and Seven Summits The following table lists the seven continents with their highest and lowest points on land , sorted in decreasing highest points . Continent Highest point Elevation ( m ) Elevation ( ft ) Country or territory containing highest point Lowest point Elevation ( m ) Elevation ( ft ) Country or territory containing lowest point Asia Mount Everest 8,848 29,029 China and Nepal Dead Sea − 427 − 1,401 Israel , Jordan and Palestine South America Aconcagua 6,960 22,830 Argentina Laguna del Carbón − 105 − 344 Argentina North America Denali 6,198 20,335 United States Death Valley † − 86 − 282 United States Africa Mount Kilimanjaro 5,895 19,341 Tanzania Lake Assal − 155 − 509 Djibouti Europe Mount Elbrus 5,642 18,510 Russia Caspian Sea − 28 − 92 Russia Antarctica Vinson Massif 4,892 16,050 ( none ) Deep Lake , Vestfold Hills † − 50 − 160 ( none ) Australia Puncak Jaya 4,884 16,024 Indonesia ( Papua ) Lake Eyre − 15 − 49 Australia † The lowest exposed points are given for North America and Antarctica . The lowest non-submarine bedrock elevations in these continents are the trough beneath Jakobshavn Glacier ( − 1,512 metres ( − 4,961 ft ) ) and Bentley Subglacial Trench ( − 2,540 metres ( − 8,330 ft ) ) , but these are covered by kilometers of ice . Some sources list the Kuma -- Manych Depression ( a remnant of the Paratethys ) as the geological border between Europe and Asia . This would place the Caucasus outside of Europe , thus making Mont Blanc ( elevation 4810 m ) in the Graian Alps the highest point in Europe -- the lowest point would still be the shore of the Caspian Sea . See also List of continent name etymologies List of sovereign states and dependent territories by continent List of supercontinents List of transcontinental countries Lists of cities Subregion Continental Europe Continents -- Wikipedia book References Jump up ^ `` Continents : What is a Continent ? '' . National Geographic . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 29 . `` Most people recognize seven continents -- Asia , Africa , North America , South America , Antarctica , Europe , and Australia , from largest to smallest -- although sometimes Asia and Europe are considered a single continent , Eurasia . '' Jump up ^ Lewis & Wigen , The Myth of Continents ( 1997 ) , p. 21 . Jump up ^ `` Ocean '' . Columbia Encyclopedia ( 2006 ) . New York : Columbia University Press . Retrieved 20 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Distribution of land and water on the planet Archived 31 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... '' UN Atlas of the Oceans Archived 15 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine . ( 2004 ) . Retrieved 20 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` continent n . 5 . a . '' ( 1989 ) Oxford English Dictionary , 2nd edition . Oxford University Press ; `` continent n . '' ( 2006 ) The Concise Oxford English Dictionary , 11th edition revised . ( Ed . ) Catherine Soanes and Angus Stevenson . Oxford University Press ; `` continent n . '' ( 2005 ) The New Oxford American Dictionary , 2nd edition . ( Ed . ) Erin McKean . Oxford University Press ; `` continent ( 2 , n ) 4 a '' ( 1996 ) Webster 's Third New International Dictionary , Unabridged . ProQuest Information and Learning ; `` continent '' ( 2007 ) Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 14 January 2007 , from Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Jump up ^ `` continent ( 2 , n ) 6 '' ( 1996 ) Webster 's Third New International Dictionary , Unabridged . ProQuest Information and Learning . `` a large segment of the earth 's outer shell including a terrestrial continent and the adjacent continental shelf '' Jump up ^ Monkhouse , F.J. ; John Small ( 1978 ) . A Dictionary of the Natural Environment . London : Edward Arnold . pp. 67 -- 68 . structurally it includes shallowly submerged adjacent areas ( continental shelf ) and neighbouring islands Jump up ^ Ollier , Cliff D. ( 1996 ) . Planet Earth . In Ian Douglas ( Ed . ) , Companion Encyclopedia of Geography : The Environment and Humankind . London : Routledge , p. 30 . `` Ocean waters extend onto continental rocks at continental shelves , and the true edges of the continents are the steeper continental slopes . The actual shorelines are rather accidental , depending on the height of sea - level on the sloping shelves . '' Jump up ^ Lewis & Wigen , The Myth of Continents ( 1997 ) , p. 40 : `` The joining of Australia with various Pacific islands to form the quasi continent of Oceania ... '' Jump up ^ Lewis & Wigen , The Myth of Continents ( 1997 ) , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Lewis & Wigen , The Myth of Continents ( 1997 ) , Chapter 1 : `` While it might seem surprising to find North and South America still joined into a single continent in a book published in the United States in 1937 , such a notion remained fairly common until World War II . ( ... ) By the 1950s , however , virtually all American geographers had come to insist that the visually distinct landmasses of North and South America deserved separate designations . '' Jump up ^ Lewis & Wigen , The Myth of Continents ( 1997 ) , p. ? . Jump up ^ R.W. McColl , ed. ( 2005 ) . `` continents '' . Encyclopedia of World Geography. 1 . Facts on File , Inc. p. 215 . ISBN 9780816072293 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 26 . And since Africa and Asia are connected at the Suez Peninsula , Europe , Africa , and Asia are sometimes combined as Afro - Eurasia or Eurafrasia . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Older / previous official Greek Paedagogical Institute 6th grade Geography textbook ( at the Wayback Machine ) , 5 + 1 continents combined - America model ; Pankosmios Enyklopaidikos Atlas , CIL Hellas Publications , ISBN 84 - 407 - 0470 - 4 , page 30 , 5 + 1 combined - America continents model ; Neos Eikonographemenos Geographikos Atlas , Siola - Alexiou , 6 continents combined - America model ; Lexico tes Hellenikes Glossas , Papyros Publications , ISBN 978 - 960 - 6715 - 47 - 1 , lemma continent ( epeiros ) , 5 continents model ; Lexico Triantaphyllide online dictionary , Greek Language Center ( Kentro Hellenikes Glossas ) , lemma continent ( epeiros ) , 6 continents combined - America model ; Lexico tes Neas Hellenikes Glossas , G. Babiniotes , Kentro Lexikologias ( Legicology Center ) LTD Publications , ISBN 960 - 86190 - 1 - 7 , lemma continent ( epeiros ) , 6 continents combined - America model Jump up ^ `` Continent Archived 2 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine . '' . The Columbia Encyclopedia Archived 5 February 2002 at the Wayback Machine ... 2001 . New York : Columbia University Press - Bartleby . ^ Jump up to : `` Continent '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006 . Chicago : Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Jump up ^ World , National Geographic - Xpeditions Atlas . 2006 . Washington , DC : National Geographic Society . ^ Jump up to : The World - Continents Archived 21 February 2006 at the Wayback Machine. , Atlas of Canada Jump up ^ The New Oxford Dictionary of English . 2001 . New York : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ `` Continent '' . MSN Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2006 ... Archived 2009 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Continent '' . McArthur , Tom , ed. 1992 . The Oxford Companion to the English Language . New York : Oxford University Press ; p. 260 . Jump up ^ `` F - 10 Curriculum Geograph '' . Australian Curriculum , Assessment , and Reporting Authority . Archived from the original on 24 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` National curriculum in England : geography programmes of study '' . UK Department for Education . ^ Jump up to : `` Real Academia Española '' . Lema.rae.es . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations Statistics Division - Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications ( M49 ) '' . unstats.un.org . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Preamble '' ( PDF ) . Olympic Charter . International Olympic Committee . 8 December 2014 . p. 10 . Retrieved 7 August 2015 . the five interlaced rings , which represent the union of the five continents Jump up ^ World Population Prospects , the 2017 Revision . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs . July 2017 . Retrieved 14 July 2018 Jump up ^ See also Demographics of Antarctica . Antarctica . CIA World Factbook . March 2011 data . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Forbes проигнорировал Москву '' . www.irn.ru . ^ Jump up to : Baldwin , James A. ( 14 May 2014 ) , `` Continents '' , in R.W. McColl , Encyclopedia of World Geography , Infobase Publishing , p. 215 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 7229 - 3 Jump up ^ Molnar , Peter ( 26 March 2015 ) , Plate Tectonics : A Very Short Introduction , OUP Oxford , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 104396 - 3 p. 98 : Thus , we can calculate past positions of the India plate , with the Indian subcontinent as its passenger , with respect to the Eurasia plate . p. 116 : The Arabian subcontinent later , approximately 35 million years ago , collided with southern Eurasia to form the Zagros Mountains of southwestern Iran . Jump up ^ Nares Strait and the drift of Greenland : a conflict in plate tectonics , Museum Tusculanum Press , pp. 32 -- , ISBN 978 - 87 - 635 - 1150 - 6 Jump up ^ Farmer , G. Thomas ; Cook , John ( 12 January 2013 ) , Climate Change Science : A Modern Synthesis : Volume 1 - The Physical Climate , Springer Science & Business Media , pp. 281 -- , ISBN 978 - 94 - 007 - 5757 - 8 Jump up ^ Gallay , Alan ( 11 June 2015 ) , Colonial Wars of North America , 1512 -- 1763 ( Routledge Revivals ) : An Encyclopedia , Routledge , pp. 204 -- , ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 48719 - 7 Jump up ^ Innes , John L. ; Haron , Abu Hassan ( 2000 ) , Air Pollution and the Forests of Developing and Rapidly Industrializing Regions , CABI , pp. 36 -- , ISBN 978 - 0 - 85199 - 932 - 6 Jump up ^ Vivares , Dr Ernesto ( 28 March 2014 ) , Exploring the New South American Regionalism ( NSAR ) , Ashgate Publishing , Ltd. , pp. 40 -- , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4094 - 6961 - 2 Jump up ^ Leonard , Thomas M. ( October 2005 ) , Encyclopedia of the Developing World , Psychology Press , pp. 1637 -- , ISBN 978 - 1 - 57958 - 388 - 0 Jump up ^ In Ibero - America , North America usually designates a region ( subcontinente in Spanish ) of the Americas containing Canada , the United States , and Mexico , and often Greenland , Saint Pierre and Miquelon , and Bermuda ; the land bridge of Central America is generally considered a subregion of North America. Norteamérica ( Mexican version ) Archived 30 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine. / ( Spaniard version ) . Encarta Online Encyclopedia ... Archived 2009 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Hillstrom , Kevin ; Collier Hillstrom , Laurie ( 2003 ) . Africa and the Middle East : a continental overview of environmental issues . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . p. 50 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 688 - 0 . Jump up ^ Brummitt , R.K. ( 2001 ) . World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions : Edition 2 ( PDF ) . International Working Group on Taxonomic Databases For Plant Sciences ( TDWG ) . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , Henry Stuart Jones , A Greek - English Lexicon ( 1940 ) , s.v. ἤπειρος . The English noun was introduced in the mid-16th century , shortened from continent land ( 15th century ) , adapted from Latin terra continens `` continuous landmass '' . ^ Jump up to : Toynbee , Arnold J. ( 1954 ) . A Study of History . London : Oxford University Press , v. 8 , pp. 711 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Tozer , H.F. ( 1897 ) . A History of Ancient Geography . Cambridge : University Press . p. 69 . Jump up ^ Tozer , H.F. ( 1897 ) . A History of Ancient Geography . Cambridge : University Press . p. 67 . Jump up ^ Lewis & Wigen , The Myth of Continents ( 1997 ) , pp. 21 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Tozer , H.F. ( 1897 ) . A History of Ancient Geography . Cambridge : University Press . p. 68 . Jump up ^ Herodotus . Translated by George Rawlinson ( 2000 ) . The Histories of Herodotus of Halicarnassus ( 2 ) . Ames , Iowa : Omphaloskepsis , book 2 , p. 18 . Archived 19 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Herodotus . Translated by George Rawlinson ( 2000 ) . The Histories of Herodotus of Halicarnassus `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 August 2006 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 08 ... Ames , Iowa : Omphaloskepsis , book 4 , p. 38 . `` I can not conceive why three names ... should ever have been given to a tract which is in reality one , '' Jump up ^ Strabo . Translated by Horace Leonard Jones ( 1917 ) . Geography. ( 3 ) Harvard University Press , book 1 , ch. 4. ( 4 ) Jump up ^ Goddard , Farley Brewer ( 1884 ) . `` Researches in the Cyrenaica '' . The American Journal of Philology , 5 ( 1 ) p. 38 . Jump up ^ O'Gorman , Edmundo ( 1961 ) . The Invention of America . Indiana University Press . pp. 106 -- 112 . Jump up ^ Formisano , Luciano ( Ed . ) ( 1992 ) . Letters from a New World : Amerigo Vespucci 's Discovery of America . New York : Marsilio , pp. xx -- xxi . ISBN 0 - 941419 - 62 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Zerubavel , Eviatar ( 2003 ) . Terra Cognita : The Mental Discovery of America . New Brunswick : Transaction Publishers , pp. 77 -- 79 . ISBN 0 - 7658 - 0987 - 7 . Jump up ^ Formisano , Luciano ( Ed . ) ( 1992 ) . Letters from a New World : Amerigo Vespucci 's Discovery of America . New York : Marsilio , p. 45 . ISBN 0 - 941419 - 62 - 2 . Jump up ^ Zerubavel , Eviatar ( 2003 ) . Terra Cognita : The Mental Discovery of America . New Brunswick : Transaction Publishers , pp. 80 -- 82 . ISBN 0 - 7658 - 0987 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` continent n . '' ( 1989 ) Oxford English Dictionary , 2nd edition . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ `` continent n . '' ( 2006 ) The Concise Oxford English Dictionary , 11th edition revised . ( Ed . ) Catherine Soanes and Angus Stevenson . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Lewis & Wigen , The Myth of Continents ( 1997 ) , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Bowen , Emanuel. ( 1752 ) . A Complete Atlas , or Distinct View of the Known World . London , p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis & Wigen , The Myth of Continents ( 1997 ) , p. 30 Jump up ^ `` continent n . 5 . a . '' ( 1989 ) Oxford English Dictionary , 2nd edition . Oxford University Press . `` the great island of Australia is sometimes reckoned as another ( continent ) '' Jump up ^ Lewis , Martin W. ; Kären E. Wigen ( 1997 ) . The Myth of Continents : a Critique of Metageography . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 20743 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Martin W. ; Kären E. Wigen ( 1997 ) . The Myth of Continents : a Critique of Metageography . Berkeley : University of California Press . p. 32 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 20742 - 4 , ISBN 0 - 520 - 20743 - 2 . Jump up ^ Some geographers list only six continents , combining Europe and Asia into Eurasia . In parts of the world , students learn that there are just five continents : Eurasia , Australia , Africa , Antarctica , and the Americas . `` How many continents are there ? '' . National Geographic Society . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Kominz , Michelle A. ( 2001 ) . `` Sea level variations over geologic time '' . Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences ( PDF ) . San Diego : Academic Press . p. 2609 . Jump up ^ `` UT Austin scientist plays major rule in study of underwater `` micro-continent '' `` . Utexas.edu . Archived from the original on 3 November 2007 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Sci / Tech ' Lost continent ' discovered '' . BBC News . 1999 - 05 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Zhao , Guochun ; Cawood , Peter A. ; Wilde , Simon A. ; Sun , M. ( November 2002 ) . `` Review of global 2.1 -- 1.8 Ga orogens : implications for a pre-Rodinia supercontinent '' . Earth - Science Reviews . 59 : 125 -- 162 . Bibcode : 2002ESRv ... 59 ... 125Z . doi : 10.1016 / S0012 - 8252 ( 02 ) 00073 - 9 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Zhao , Guochun ; Sun , M. ; Wilde , Simon A. ; Li , S.Z. ( November 2004 ) . `` A Paleo - Mesoproterozoic supercontinent : assembly , growth and breakup '' . Earth - Science Reviews . 67 : 91 -- 123 . Bibcode : 2004ESRv ... 67 ... 91Z . doi : 10.1016 / j. earscirev. 2004.02. 003 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Plummer , Joel . Jakobshavn Bed Elevation Archived 27 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine. , Center for the Remote Sensing of the Ice Sheets , Dept of Geography , University of Kansas . Bibliography Lewis , Martin W. ; Wigen , Kären E. ( 1997 ) . The Myth of Continents : a Critique of Metageography . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 9780520207431 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 20742 - 4 , ISBN 0 - 520 - 20743 - 2 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Continents ( category ) `` What are continents ? '' YouTube video by CGP Grey `` Continent '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . Earth Continents Africa Antarctica Asia Australia Europe North America South America Oceans Arctic Ocean Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean Pacific Ocean Southern Ocean Earth Geography Geology Future of Earth Geological history of Earth History of Earth Plate tectonics Structure of the Earth Environment Biome Ecology Ecosystem Nature Wilderness Related Earth Day Earth science Geologic record Geology of solar terrestrial planets Location in Universe Solar System World Category Portal Earth sciences Continents of the world Africa Antarctica Asia Australia Europe North America South America Afro - Eurasia America Eurasia Oceania Former supercontinents Gondwana Laurasia Pangaea Pannotia Rodinia Columbia Kenorland Nena Sclavia Ur Vaalbara Historical continents Amazonia Arctica Asiamerica Atlantica Avalonia Baltica Cimmeria Congo craton Euramerica Kalaharia Kazakhstania Laurentia North China Siberia South China East Antarctica Pampia Cuyania Chilenia Submerged continents Kerguelen Plateau Zealandia Sahul Sunda Possible future supercontinents Pangaea Ultima Amasia Novopangaea Mythical and hypothesised continents Atlantis Kumari Kandam Lemuria Meropis Mu Hyperborea Terra Australis Subcontinents Arabian peninsula Indian subcontinent See also Regions of the world Continental fragment Book Category Regions of the world Regions of Africa Central Africa Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Cape Lopez Mayombe Igboland Mbaise Maputaland Pool Malebo Congo Basin Chad Basin Congolese rainforests Ouaddaï highlands Ennedi Plateau East Africa African Great Lakes Albertine Rift East African Rift Great Rift Valley Gregory Rift Rift Valley lakes Swahili coast Virunga Mountains Kavirondo Zanj Serengeti Horn of Africa Afar Triangle Al - Habash Barbara Danakil Alps Danakil Desert Ethiopian Highlands Gulf of Aden Gulf of Tadjoura Indian Ocean islands Comoros Islands North Africa Maghreb Ifriqiya Barbary Coast Bashmur Ancient Libya Atlas Mountains Nile Valley Cataracts of the Nile Darfur Gulf of Aqaba Lower Egypt Lower Nubia Middle Egypt Nile Delta Nuba Mountains Nubia The Sudans Upper Egypt Western Sahara West Africa Pepper Coast Gold Coast Slave Coast Ivory Coast Cape Palmas Cape Mesurado Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Niger Basin Guinean Forests of West Africa Niger Delta Inner Niger Delta Southern Africa Madagascar Central Highlands ( Madagascar ) Northern Highlands Rhodesia North South Thembuland Succulent Karoo Nama Karoo Bushveld Highveld Fynbos Cape Floristic Region Kalahari Desert Okavango Delta Cape Peninsula False Bay Hydra Bay Macro-regions Aethiopia Arab world Commonwealth realm East African montane forests Eastern Desert Equatorial Africa Françafrique Gibraltar Arc Greater Middle East Islands of Africa List of countries where Arabic is an official language Mediterranean Basin MENA MENASA Middle East Mittelafrika Negroland Northeast Africa Portuguese - speaking African countries Sahara Sahel Sub-Saharan Africa Sudan ( region ) Sudanian Savanna Tibesti Mountains Tropical Africa Regions of Asia Central Greater Middle East Aral Sea Aralkum Desert Caspian Sea Dead Sea Sea of Galilee Transoxiana Turan Greater Khorasan Ariana Khwarezm Sistan Kazakhstania Eurasian Steppe Asian Steppe Kazakh Steppe Pontic -- Caspian steppe Mongolian - Manchurian grassland Wild Fields Yedisan Muravsky Trail Ural Ural Mountains Volga region Idel - Ural Kolyma Transbaikal Pryazovia Bjarmaland Kuban Zalesye Ingria Novorossiya Gornaya Shoriya Tulgas Iranian Plateau Altai Mountains Pamir Mountains Tian Shan Badakhshan Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Mount Imeon Mongolian Plateau Western Regions Taklamakan Desert Karakoram Trans - Karakoram Tract Siachen Glacier North Inner Asia Northeast Far East Russian Far East Okhotsk - Manchurian taiga Extreme North Siberia Baikalia ( Lake Baikal ) Transbaikal Khatanga Gulf Baraba steppe Kamchatka Peninsula Amur Basin Yenisei Gulf Yenisei Basin Beringia Sikhote - Alin East Orient Japanese archipelago Northeastern Japan Arc Sakhalin Island Arc Korean Peninsula Gobi Desert Taklamakan Desert Greater Khingan Mongolian Plateau Inner Asia Inner Mongolia Outer Mongolia China proper Manchuria Outer Manchuria Inner Manchuria Northeast China Plain Mongolian - Manchurian grassland North China Plain Yan Mountains Kunlun Mountains Liaodong Peninsula Himalayas Tibetan Plateau Tibet Tarim Basin Northern Silk Road Hexi Corridor Nanzhong Lingnan Liangguang Jiangnan Jianghuai Guanzhong Huizhou Wu Jiaozhou Zhongyuan Shaannan Ordos Loop Loess Plateau Shaanbei Hamgyong Mountains Central Mountain Range Japanese Alps Suzuka Mountains Leizhou Peninsula Gulf of Tonkin Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Yenisei Basin Altai Mountains Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass West Greater Middle East MENA MENASA Middle East Red Sea Caspian Sea Mediterranean Sea Zagros Mountains Persian Gulf Pirate Coast Strait of Hormuz Greater and Lesser Tunbs Al - Faw Peninsula Gulf of Oman Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Aden Balochistan Arabian Peninsula Najd Hejaz Tihamah Eastern Arabia South Arabia Hadhramaut Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert Tigris -- Euphrates Mesopotamia Upper Mesopotamia Lower Mesopotamia Sawad Nineveh plains Akkad ( region ) Babylonia Canaan Aram Aram - Naharaim Eber - Nari Suhum Eastern Mediterranean Mashriq Kurdistan Levant Southern Levant Transjordan Jordan Rift Valley Israel Levantine Sea Golan Heights Hula Valley Galilee Gilead Judea Samaria Arabah Anti-Lebanon Mountains Sinai Peninsula Arabian Desert Syrian Desert Fertile Crescent Azerbaijan Syria Palestine Iranian Plateau Armenian Highlands Caucasus Caucasus Mountains Greater Caucasus Lesser Caucasus North Caucasus South Caucasus Kur - Araz Lowland Lankaran Lowland Alborz Absheron Peninsula Anatolia Cilicia Cappadocia Alpide belt South Orient Greater India Indian subcontinent Himalayas Hindu Kush Carnatic region Western Ghats Eastern Ghats Ganges Basin Ganges Delta Pashtunistan Punjab Balochistan Kashmir Kashmir Valley Pir Panjal Range Thar Desert Indus Valley Indus River Delta Indus Valley Desert Indo - Gangetic Plain Eastern coastal plains Western Coastal Plains Meghalaya subtropical forests MENASA Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows Doab Bagar tract Great Rann of Kutch Little Rann of Kutch Deccan Plateau Coromandel Coast Konkan False Divi Point Hindi Belt Ladakh Aksai Chin Gilgit - Baltistan Baltistan Shigar Valley Karakoram Saltoro Mountains Siachen Glacier Bay of Bengal Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Mannar Trans - Karakoram Tract Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Lakshadweep Andaman and Nicobar Islands Andaman Islands Nicobar Islands Maldive Islands Alpide belt Southeast Orient Sundaland Mainland Indochina Malay Peninsula Maritime Peninsular Malaysia Sunda Islands Greater Sunda Islands Lesser Sunda Islands Indonesian Archipelago Wallacea Timor New Guinea Bonis Peninsula Papuan Peninsula Huon Peninsula Huon Gulf Bird 's Head Peninsula Gazelle Peninsula Philippine Archipelago Luzon Visayas Mindanao Leyte Gulf Gulf of Thailand East Indies Nanyang Alpide belt Asia - Pacific Tropical Asia Ring of Fire Regions of Europe North Nordic Northwestern Scandinavia Scandinavian Peninsula Fennoscandia Baltoscandia Sápmi West Nordic Baltic Baltic Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Iceland Faroe Islands East Danubian countries Prussia Galicia Volhynia Donbass Sloboda Ukraine Sambia Peninsula Amber Coast Curonian Spit Izyum Trail Lithuania Minor Nemunas Delta Baltic Baltic Sea Vyborg Bay Karelia East Karelia Karelian Isthmus Lokhaniemi Southeastern Balkans Aegean Islands Gulf of Chania North Caucasus Greater Caucasus Kabardia European Russia Southern Russia Central Baltic Baltic Sea Alpine states Alpide belt Mitteleuropa Visegrád Group West Benelux Low Countries Northwest British Isles English Channel Channel Islands Cotentin Peninsula Normandy Brittany Gulf of Lion Iberia Al - Andalus Baetic System Pyrenees Alpide belt South Italian Peninsula Insular Italy Tuscan Archipelago Aegadian Islands Iberia Al - Andalus Baetic System Gibraltar Arc Southeastern Mediterranean Crimea Alpide belt Germanic Romance Celtic Slavic countries Uralic European Plain Eurasian Steppe Pontic -- Caspian steppe Wild Fields Pannonian Basin Great Hungarian Plain Little Hungarian Plain Eastern Slovak Lowland Regions of North America Northern Eastern Canada Western Canada Canadian Prairies Central Canada Northern Canada Atlantic Canada The Maritimes French Canada English Canada Acadia Acadian Peninsula Quebec City -- Windsor Corridor Peace River Country Cypress Hills Palliser 's Triangle Canadian Shield Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga Newfoundland ( island ) Vancouver Island Gulf Islands Strait of Georgia Canadian Arctic Archipelago Labrador Peninsula Gaspé Peninsula Avalon Peninsula Bay de Verde Peninsula Brodeur Peninsula Melville Peninsula Bruce Peninsula Banks Peninsula ( Nunavut ) Cook Peninsula Gulf of Boothia Georgian Bay Hudson Bay James Bay Greenland Pacific Northwest Inland Northwest Northeast New England Mid-Atlantic Commonwealth West Midwest Upper Midwest Mountain states Intermountain West Basin and Range Province Oregon Trail Mormon Corridor Calumet Region Southwest Old Southwest Llano Estacado Central United States Tallgrass prairie South South Central Deep South Upland South Four Corners East Coast West Coast Gulf Coast Third Coast Eastern United States Appalachia Trans - Mississippi Great North Woods Great Plains Interior Plains Great Lakes Great Basin Great Basin Desert Acadia Ozarks Ark - La - Tex Waxhaws Siouxland Twin Tiers Driftless Area Palouse Piedmont Atlantic coastal plain Outer Lands Black Dirt Region Blackstone Valley Piney Woods Rocky Mountains Mojave Desert The Dakotas The Carolinas Shawnee Hills San Fernando Valley Tornado Alley North Coast Lost Coast Emerald Triangle San Francisco Bay Area San Francisco Bay North Bay East Bay Silicon Valley Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga Gulf of Mexico Lower Colorado River Valley Sacramento -- San Joaquin River Delta Yukon -- Kuskokwim Delta Colville Delta Arkansas Delta Mobile -- Tensaw River Delta Mississippi Delta Mississippi River Delta Columbia River Estuary Great Basin High Desert Monterey Peninsula Upper Peninsula of Michigan Lower Peninsula of Michigan Virginia Peninsula Keweenaw Peninsula Middle Peninsula Delmarva Peninsula Alaska Peninsula Kenai Peninsula Niagara Peninsula Beringia Belt regions Bible Belt Black Belt Corn Belt Cotton Belt Frost Belt Rice Belt Rust Belt Sun Belt Snow Belt Latin Northern Mexico Baja California Peninsula Gulf of California Colorado River Delta Gulf of Mexico Soconusco Tierra Caliente La Mixteca La Huasteca Bajío Valley of Mexico Mezquital Valley Sierra Madre de Oaxaca Yucatán Peninsula Basin and Range Province Western Caribbean Zone Isthmus of Panama Gulf of Panama Pearl Islands Azuero Peninsula Mosquito Coast West Indies Antilles Greater Antilles Lesser Antilles Leeward Leeward Antilles Windward Lucayan Archipelago Southern Caribbean Aridoamerica Mesoamerica Oasisamerica Northern Middle Anglo Latin French Hispanic American Cordillera Ring of Fire LAC Regions of Oceania Australasia Gulf of Carpentaria Zealandia Kula Gulf Australia Capital Country Eastern Australia Lake Eyre basin Murray -- Darling basin Northern Australia Nullarbor Plain Outback Southern Australia Maralinga Sunraysia Great Victoria Desert Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf St Vincent Lefevre Peninsula Fleurieu Peninsula Yorke Peninsula Eyre Peninsula Mornington Peninsula Bellarine Peninsula Mount Henry Peninsula Melanesia Islands Region Bismarck Archipelago Solomon Islands North Solomon Islands Solomon Islands Fiji New Caledonia New Guinea Papua New Guinea Republic of West Papua Vanuatu Micronesia Caroline Islands Federated States of Micronesia Palau Kiribati Mariana Islands Guam Northern Mariana Islands Marshall Islands Nauru Wake Island Polynesia Easter Island Hawaiian Islands Cook Islands French Polynesia Austral Islands Gambier Islands Mangareva Islands Marquesas Islands Society Islands Tuamotu Kermadec Islands New Zealand South Island North Island Niue Pitcairn Islands Samoan Islands American Samoa Independent State of Samoa Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Ring of Fire Regions of South America East Amazon basin Atlantic Forest Caatinga Cerrado North Caribbean South America West Indies Los Llanos The Guianas Amazon basin Amazon rainforest Gulf of Paria Paria Peninsula Paraguaná Peninsula Orinoco Delta South Tierra del Fuego Patagonia Pampas Pantanal Gran Chaco Chiquitano dry forests Valdes Peninsula West Andes Tropical Andes Wet Andes Dry Andes Pariacaca mountain range Altiplano Atacama Desert Latin Hispanic American Cordillera Ring of Fire LAC Polar regions Antarctic Antarctic Peninsula East Antarctica West Antarctica Eklund Islands Ecozone Extreme points Islands Arctic Arctic Alaska British Arctic Territories Canadian Arctic Archipelago Finnmark Greenland Northern Canada Northwest Territories Nunavik Nunavut Russian Arctic Sakha Sápmi Yukon North American Arctic Earth 's oceans and seas Arctic Ocean Amundsen Gulf Barents Sea Beaufort Sea Chukchi Sea East Siberian Sea Greenland Sea Gulf of Boothia Kara Sea Laptev Sea Lincoln Sea Prince Gustav Adolf Sea Pechora Sea Queen Victoria Sea Wandel Sea White Sea Atlantic Ocean Adriatic Sea Aegean Sea Alboran Sea Archipelago Sea Argentine Sea Baffin Bay Balearic Sea Baltic Sea Bay of Biscay Bay of Bothnia Bay of Campeche Bay of Fundy Black Sea Bothnian Sea Caribbean Sea Celtic Sea English Channel Foxe Basin Greenland Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Gulf of Lion Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Maine Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Saint Lawrence Gulf of Sidra Gulf of Venezuela Hudson Bay Ionian Sea Irish Sea Irminger Sea James Bay Labrador Sea Levantine Sea Libyan Sea Ligurian Sea Marmara Sea Mediterranean Sea Myrtoan Sea North Sea Norwegian Sea Sargasso Sea Sea of Åland Sea of Azov Sea of Crete Sea of the Hebrides Thracian Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Wadden Sea Indian Ocean Andaman Sea Arabian Sea Bali Sea Bay of Bengal Flores Sea Great Australian Bight Gulf of Aden Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Oman Gulf of Suez Java Sea Laccadive Sea Mozambique Channel Persian Gulf Red Sea Timor Sea Pacific Ocean Arafura Sea Banda Sea Bering Sea Bismarck Sea Bohai Sea Bohol Sea Camotes Sea Celebes Sea Ceram Sea Chilean Sea Coral Sea East China Sea Gulf of Alaska Gulf of Anadyr Gulf of California Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf of Fonseca Gulf of Panama Gulf of Thailand Gulf of Tonkin Halmahera Sea Koro Sea Mar de Grau Molucca Sea Moro Gulf Philippine Sea Salish Sea Savu Sea Sea of Japan Sea of Okhotsk Seto Inland Sea Shantar Sea Sibuyan Sea Solomon Sea South China Sea Sulu Sea Tasman Sea Visayan Sea Yellow Sea Southern Ocean Amundsen Sea Bellingshausen Sea Cooperation Sea Cosmonauts Sea Davis Sea D'Urville Sea King Haakon VII Sea Lazarev Sea Mawson Sea Riiser - Larsen Sea Ross Sea Scotia Sea Somov Sea Weddell Sea Landlocked seas Aral Sea Caspian Sea Dead Sea Salton Sea Book Category GND : 4165153 - 4 LCCN : sh85031556 Geography portal Environment portal Ecology portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Continent&oldid=852211278 '' Categories : Continents Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from April 2011 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from May 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles that may contain original research from November 2017 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from September 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2016 Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Articles needing additional references from May 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-8901286935627245223	Beauty and the Beast (2017 soundtrack)	Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 Soundtrack ) - wikipedia Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 Soundtrack ) Jump to : navigation , search Beauty and the Beast : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Various artists Released March 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 10 ) Recorded 2015 -- 2016 Genre Film soundtrack Length 53 : 31 2 : 11 : 26 ( Deluxe Edition ) Label Walt Disney Producer Alan Menken Matt Sullivan Mitchell Leib Singles from Beauty and the Beast : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack `` Beauty and the Beast '' Released : February 2 , 2017 `` Evermore '' Released : March 3 , 2017 Beauty and the Beast : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack album to the 2017 film Beauty and the Beast . In the film , Belle is taken prisoner by a fearsome Beast in his enchanted castle and learns to look beyond his appearance while evading a narcissistic hunter who seeks to take Belle for himself . The album , largely based on material from Disney 's 1991 animated version , features songs and instrumental score composed by Alan Menken with lyrics by Howard Ashman and three new songs composed by Alan Menken with lyrics by Tim Rice . The songs feature vocal performances by the film 's ensemble cast including Emma Watson , Dan Stevens , Luke Evans , Kevin Kline , Josh Gad , Ewan McGregor , Stanley Tucci , Audra McDonald , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Nathan Mack , Ian McKellen , and Emma Thompson . Contents ( hide ) 1 Track listing 2 Commercial performance 3 Charts 4 Certifications 5 See also 6 References Track listing ( edit ) All music composed by Alan Menken . Songs originally written for the 1991 version by Menken and Howard Ashman . Lyrics for original songs are written by Tim Rice . No . Title Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Overture '' ( Score ) Alan Menken 3 : 05 2 . `` Main Title : Prologue Pt. 1 '' Hattie Morahan ( narration ) 0 : 42 3 . `` Aria '' Audra McDonald 1 : 02 4 . `` Main Title : Prologue Pt. 2 '' Hattie Morahan ( narration ) 2 : 21 5 . `` Belle '' Emma Watson , Luke Evans , Ensemble 5 : 33 6 . `` How Does a Moment Last Forever ( Music Box ) '' Kevin Kline 1 : 03 7 . `` Belle ( Reprise ) '' Emma Watson 1 : 15 8 . `` Gaston '' Luke Evans , Josh Gad , Ensemble 4 : 25 9 . `` Be Our Guest '' Ewan McGregor , Emma Thompson , Gugu Mbatha - Raw and Ian McKellen 4 : 48 10 . `` Days in the Sun '' Adam Mitchell , Stanley Tucci , Ewan McGregor , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Emma Thompson , Audra McDonald , Emma Watson , Ian McKellen , Clive Rowe 2 : 40 11 . `` Something There '' Emma Watson , Dan Stevens , Emma Thompson , Nathan Mack , Ian McKellen , Ewan McGregor , Gugu Mbatha - Raw 2 : 54 12 . `` How Does a Moment Last Forever ( Montmartre ) '' Emma Watson 1 : 55 13 . `` Beauty and the Beast '' Emma Thompson 3 : 19 14 . `` Evermore '' Dan Stevens 3 : 14 15 . `` The Mob Song '' Luke Evans , Josh Gad , Ensemble , Emma Watson , Ian McKellen , Stanley Tucci , Nathan Mack , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Ewan McGregor , Gerard Horan , Haydn Gwynne 2 : 28 16 . `` Beauty and the Beast ( Finale ) '' Audra McDonald , Emma Thompson , Ensemble 2 : 14 17 . `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' Celine Dion 3 : 37 18 . `` Beauty and the Beast '' Ariana Grande & John Legend 3 : 47 19 . `` Evermore '' Josh Groban 3 : 09 Total length : 53 : 31 ( show ) Deluxe edition -- Disc one ( Bonus Tracks ) No . Title Performer ( s ) Length 20 . `` Aria '' ( Demo ) Menken 0 : 36 21 . `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' ( Demo ) Menken 0 : 59 22 . `` Days in the Sun '' ( Demo ) Menken 3 : 30 23 . `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' ( Demo ) Menken 1 : 21 24 . `` Evermore '' ( Demo ) Menken 2 : 55 Total length : 62 : 52 ( show ) Deluxe edition -- Disc two No . Title Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Main Title : Prologue '' ( Score ) Menken 3 : 01 2 . `` Belle Meets Gaston '' ( Score ) Menken 0 : 54 3 . `` Your Mother '' ( Score ) Menken 2 : 13 4 . `` The Laverie '' ( Score ) Menken 1 : 22 5 . `` Wolf Chase '' ( Score ) Menken 3 : 14 6 . `` Entering the Castle '' ( Score ) Menken 1 : 18 7 . `` A White Rose '' ( Score ) Menken 3 : 57 8 . `` The Beast '' ( Score ) Menken 4 : 03 9 . `` Meet the Staff '' ( Score ) Menken 1 : 00 10 . `` Home '' ( extended mix ) ( Score ) Menken 2 : 04 11 . `` Madame de Garderobe '' ( Score ) Menken 1 : 28 12 . `` There 's a Beast '' ( Score ) Menken 2 : 02 13 . `` A Petal Drops '' ( Score ) Menken 1 : 02 14 . `` A Bracing Cup of Tea '' ( Score ) Menken 2 : 06 15 . `` The West Wing '' ( Score ) Menken 2 : 58 16 . `` Wolves Attack Belle '' ( Score ) Menken 3 : 17 17 . `` The Library '' ( Score ) Menken 3 : 05 18 . `` Colonnade Chat '' ( Score ) Menken 2 : 54 19 . `` The Plague '' ( Score ) Menken 0 : 51 20 . `` Maurice Accuses Gaston '' ( Score ) Menken 2 : 01 21 . `` Beast Takes a Bath '' ( Score ) Menken 1 : 21 22 . `` The Dress '' ( Score ) Menken 1 : 01 23 . `` You Must Go to Him '' ( Score ) Menken 2 : 50 24 . `` Belle Stops the Wagon '' ( Score ) Menken 2 : 42 25 . `` Castle Under Attack '' ( Score ) Menken 4 : 20 26 . `` Turret Pursuit '' ( Score ) Menken 2 : 12 27 . `` You Came Back '' ( Score ) Menken 5 : 13 28 . `` Transformations '' ( Score ) Menken 4 : 06 Total length : 68 : 34 The Spotify version of the album instead opens with Celine Dion 's `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' , followed by Ariana Grande and John Legend 's `` Beauty and the Beast '' , and Josh Groban 's `` Evermore '' , with the rest of the songs in the same order . Commercial performance ( edit ) The album debuted at No. 3 on the Billboard 200 chart with 57,000 units , 48,000 of which are traditional album sales . It has sold 337,000 copies in the United States as of July 2017 . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) 10 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 5 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 26 Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) 7 Danish Albums ( Hitlisten ) 32 Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) 44 Finnish Albums ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 23 Irish Albums ( IRMA ) 8 Mexican Albums ( AMPROFON ) ( Spanish version ) 11 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) 7 Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) 12 Polish Albums ( ZPAV ) 46 Scottish Albums ( OCC ) 6 South Korean Albums ( Gaon ) 34 South Korean Albums International ( Gaon ) Spanish Albums ( PROMUSICAE ) 60 Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 19 UK Albums ( OCC ) 8 UK Soundtrack Albums ( OCC ) US Billboard 200 US Soundtrack Albums ( Billboard ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 60,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone See also ( edit ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 soundtrack ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Coggan , Devan ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Celine Dion to perform new song for live - action Beauty and the Beast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Evermore from beauty and the beast single '' . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran 's ' Divide ' Spends Second Week at No. 1 on Billboard 200 , ' Beauty and the Beast ' Debuts at No. 3 '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( July 4 , 2017 ) . `` Kendrick Lamar 's ' DAMN . ' & Ed Sheeran 's ' Shape of You ' Lead Nielsen Music 's Mid-Year 2017 Charts '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . April 3 , 2017 . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Soundtrack -- Die Schöne und das Biest % 5B2017 % 5D '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Soundtrack -- Beauty and the Beast % 5B2017 % 5D '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Soundtrack -- Beauty and the Beast % 5B2017 % 5D '' ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` On The Charts ... This Week '' . FYIMusicNews . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.NU -- Album Top - 40 Uge 12 , 2017 '' . Hitlisten . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Soundtrack -- Beauty and the Beast % 5B2017 % 5D '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Elokuvamusiikkia : Beauty And The Beast ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Albums Chart : 21 April 2017 '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Album - Semanal ( del 24 de Marzo al 30 de Marzo ) '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Albums Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ. April 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VG - lista -- Topp 40 Album uke 13 , 2017 '' . VG - lista . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oficjalna lista sprzedaży : : OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart '' . OLiS . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 년 10 주차 Album Chart '' ( in Korean ) . Gaon Music Chart . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 년 12 주차 Album Chart '' ( in Korean ) . Gaon Music Chart . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Albumes -- Semana 11 : del 10.03. 2017 al 16.03. 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Soundtrack -- Beauty and the Beast % 5B2017 % 5D '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Soundtrack Albums Chart Top 50 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran 's ' Divide ' Spends Second Week at No. 1 on Billboard 200 , ' Beauty and the Beast ' Debuts at No. 3 '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtrack Albums : The Week of April 1 , 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- Motion Picture Cast Recording -- Beauty and the Beast '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Beauty and the Beast in the search field and then press Enter . Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Films Animation Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) Belle 's Tales of Friendship ( 1999 ) Live - action Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Adaptations Musical ( 1994 ) The Fire Rose ( novel ) 1995 Live on Stage ( 1991 ) Sing Me a Story with Belle ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Be Our Guest Restaurant ( 2012 ) Video games Beauty & The Beast : Belle 's Quest ( 1993 ) Beauty & The Beast : Roar of the Beast ( 1993 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; Super NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Print Kit ( 1994 ) Disney 's Beauty & The Beast : A Boardgame Adventure ( 1999 ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Magical Ballroom ( 2000 ) Music 1991 film soundtrack `` Belle '' `` Gaston '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Something There '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` The Mob Song '' 1994 musical soundtrack `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` Human Again '' `` A Change in Me '' 2017 film soundtrack `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Days in the Sun '' `` Evermore '' Related The Music Behind the Magic Characters Belle Beast Gaston Gabrielle - Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve 's Beauty and the Beast Film La Belle et la Bête ( 1946 ) The Scarlet Flower ( 1952 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1962 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1976 ) Panna a netvor ( 1978 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1987 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) soundtrack Beauty and the Beast ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Beauty and the Beast ( or Blood of Beasts , 2005 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2009 ) Beastly ( 2011 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2014 ) Little Miss Perfect ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) soundtrack Television Series Beauty and the Beast , ( 1987 ) Exile ( 2003 ) Beauty & the Beast ( 2012 ) episodes Brahmarakshas ( 2016 ) Episodes `` Reptar on Ice '' ( 1992 ) `` Skin Deep '' ( 2012 ) `` Her Handsome Hero '' ( 2016 ) Literature The Scarlet Flower ( 1858 ) Beauty : A Retelling of the Story of Beauty and the Beast ( 1978 ) Lord of Scoundrels ( 1995 ) Rose Daughter ( 1997 ) The Quantum Rose ( 2000 ) Beastly ( 2007 ) Fashion Beast ( 2012 ) Stage Zémire et Azor ( opera ) Beauty and the Beast Live on Stage ( stage ) Beauty and the Beast ( musical ) Songs `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1983 ) `` Election Day '' ( 1985 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1991 ) Other Disney Characters Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( video game ) Beauty and the Beast ( Disney franchise ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beauty_and_the_Beast_(2017_soundtrack)&oldid=805172329 '' Categories : 2017 soundtracks Disney film soundtracks Walt Disney Records soundtracks Soundtracks produced by Alan Menken Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Português Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 October 2017 , at 15 : 15 . 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-850338474089941256	SNARE (protein)	SNARE ( protein ) - wikipedia SNARE ( protein ) Jump to : navigation , search Molecular machinery driving vesicle fusion in neuromediator release . The core SNARE complex is formed by four α - helices contributed by synaptobrevin , syntaxin and SNAP - 25 , synaptotagmin serves as a calcium sensor and regulates intimately the SNARE zipping . SNARE proteins ( an acronym derived from `` SNAP ( Soluble NSF ( N - ethylmaleimide - sensitive factor ) Attachment Protein ) REceptor ) '' are a large protein superfamily consisting of at least 24 members in yeasts and more than 60 members in mammalian cells . The primary role of SNARE proteins is to mediate vesicle fusion , that is , the fusion of vesicles with their target membrane bound compartments ( such as a lysosome ) . The best studied SNAREs are those that mediate docking of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane in neurons . These SNAREs are the targets of the bacterial neurotoxins responsible for botulism and tetanus . Contents ( hide ) 1 Types 2 Structure 3 Membrane fusion 4 Components 5 Mechanism of membrane fusion 5.1 Assembly 5.2 Zippering and fusion pore opening 5.3 Disassembly 6 Regulatory effects on exocytosis 6.1 Regulation via SNAP - 25 palmitoylation 6.2 SNAP - 25 regulation of voltage - gated Ca2+ channels in neuronal axon terminals 6.3 Syntaxin and the Habc domain 6.4 Syntaxin 1B and readily releasable pool of vesicles 7 Toxins 7.1 Botulinum neurotoxin 7.2 Tetanus neurotoxin 8 Role in neurotransmitter release 9 Role in autophagy 10 References 11 External links Types ( edit ) SNAREs can be divided into two categories : vesicle or v - SNAREs , which are incorporated into the membranes of transport vesicles during budding , and target or t - SNAREs , which are associated with nerve terminal membranes . Evidence suggests that t - SNAREs form stable subcomplexes which serve as guides for v - SNARE binding to complete the formation of the SNARE complex . Several SNARE proteins are located on both vesicles and target membranes , therefore , a more recent classification scheme takes into account structural features of SNAREs , dividing them into R - SNAREs and Q - SNAREs . Often , R - SNAREs act as v - SNAREs and Q - SNAREs act as t - SNAREs . R - SNAREs are proteins that contribute an arginine ( R ) residue in the formation of the zero ionic layer in the assembled core SNARE complex . One particular R - SNARE is synaptobrevin , which is located in the synaptic vesicles . Q - SNAREs are proteins that contribute a glutamine ( Q ) residue in the formation of the zero ionic layer in the assembled core SNARE complex . Q - SNAREs include syntaxin and SNAP - 25 . Q - SNAREs are further classified as Qa , Qb , or Qc depending on their location in the four - helix bundle . Structure ( edit ) SNAREs are small , abundant , sometimes tail - anchored proteins which are often post-translationally inserted into membranes via a C - terminal transmembrane domain . Seven of the 38 known SNAREs , including SNAP - 25 , do not have a transmembrane domain and are instead attached to the membrane via lipid modifications such as palmitoylation . ) . Tail - anchored proteins can be inserted into the plasma membrane , endoplasmic reticulum , mitochondria , and peroxisomes among other membranes , though any particular SNARE is targeted to a unique membrane . The targeting of SNAREs is accomplished by altering either the composition of the C - terminal flanking amino acid residues or the length of the transmembrane domain . Replacement of the transmembrane domain with lipid anchors leads to an intermediate stage of membrane fusion where only the two contacting leaflets fuse and not the two distal leaflets of the two membrane bilayer . Although SNAREs vary considerably in structure and size , they all share a segment in their cytosolic domain called a SNARE motif that consists of 60 - 70 amino acids and contains heptad repeats that have the ability to form coiled - coil structures . V - and t - SNAREs are capable of reversible assembly into tight , four - helix bundles called `` trans '' - SNARE complexes . In synaptic vesicles , the readily - formed metastable `` trans '' complexes are composed of three SNAREs : syntaxin 1 and SNAP - 25 resident in cell membrane and synaptobrevin ( also referred to as vesicle - associated membrane protein or VAMP ) anchored in the vesicle membrane . In neuronal exocytosis , syntaxin and synaptobrevin are anchored in respective membranes by their C - terminal domains , whereas SNAP - 25 is tethered to the plasma membrane via several cysteine - linked palmitoyl chains . The core trans - SNARE complex is a four - α ( \ displaystyle \ alpha ) - helix bundle , where one α ( \ displaystyle \ alpha ) - helix is contributed by syntaxin 1 , one α ( \ displaystyle \ alpha ) - helix by synaptobrevin and two α ( \ displaystyle \ alpha ) - helices are contributed by SNAP - 25 . The plasma membrane - resident SNAREs have been shown to be present in distinct microdomains or clusters , the integrity of which is essential for the exocytotic competence of the cell . Membrane fusion ( edit ) Layering of the core SNARE complex . In the center is the zero hydrophilic ionic layer , flanked by hydrophobic leucine - zipper layers . During membrane fusion , v - SNARE and t - SNARE proteins on separate membranes combine to form a trans - SNARE complex , also known as a `` SNAREpin '' . Depending on the stage of fusion of the membranes , these complexes may be referred to differently . During fusion of trans - SNARE complexes , the membranes merge and SNARE proteins involved in complex formation after fusion are then referred to as a `` cis '' - SNARE complex , because they now reside in a single ( or cis ) resultant membrane . After fusion , the cis - SNARE complex is bound and disassembled by an adaptor protein , alphaSNAP . Then , the hexameric AAA - ATPase NSF catalyzes the ATP - dependent unfolding of the SNARE proteins and releases them into the cytosol for recycling . SNAREs are thought to be the core required components of the fusion machinery and can function independently of additional cytosolic accessory proteins . This was demonstrated by engineering `` flipped '' SNAREs , where the SNARE domains face the extracellular space rather than the cytosol . When cells containing v - SNAREs contact cells containing t - SNAREs , trans - SNARE complexes form and cell - cell fusion ensues . Components ( edit ) The core SNARE complex is a 4 - α ( \ displaystyle \ alpha ) - helix bundle . Synaptobrevin and syntaxin contribute one α ( \ displaystyle \ alpha ) - helix each , while SNAP - 25 participates with two α ( \ displaystyle \ alpha ) - helices ( abbreviated as Sn1 and Sn2 ) . The interacting amino acid residues that zip the SNARE complex can be grouped into layers . Each layer has 4 amino acid residues - one residue per each of the 4 α ( \ displaystyle \ alpha ) - helices . In the center of the complex is the zero ionic layer composed of one arginine ( R ) and three glutamine ( Q ) residues , and it is flanked by leucine zippering . Layers ' - 1 ' , ' + 1 ' and ' + 2 ' at the centre of the complex most closely follow ideal leucine - zipper geometry and aminoacid composition . The zero ionic layer is composed of R56 from VAMP - 2 , Q226 from syntaxin - 1A , Q53 from Sn1 and Q174 from Sn2 , and is completely buried within the leucine - zipper layers . The positively charged guanidino group of the arginine ( R ) residue interact with the carboxyl groups of each of the three glutamine ( Q ) residues . The flanking leucine - zipper layers act as a water - tight seal to shield the ionic interactions from the surrounding solvent . Exposure of the zero ionic layer to the water solvent by breaking the flanking leucine zipper leads to instability of the SNARE complex and is the putative mechanism by which α ( \ displaystyle \ alpha ) - SNAP and NSF recycle the SNARE complexes after the completion of synaptic vesicle exocytosis . Mechanism of membrane fusion ( edit ) Assembly ( edit ) Depiction of the formation of a trans - SNARE complex . Shows how Munc18 interacts with the SNARE proteins during complex formation . SNARE proteins must assemble into trans - SNARE complexes to provide the force that is necessary for vesicle fusion . The four α - helix domains ( 1 each from synaptobrevin and syntaxin , and 2 from SNAP - 25 ) come together to form a coiled - coil motif . The rate - limiting step in the assembly process is the association of the syntaxin SNARE domain , since it is usually found in a `` closed '' state where it is incapable of interacting with other SNARE proteins . When syntaxin is in an open state , trans - SNARE complex formation begins with the association of the four SNARE domains at their N - termini . The SNARE domains proceed in forming a coiled - coil motif in the direction of the C - termini of their respective domains . The SM protein Munc18 is thought to play a role in assembly of the SNARE complex , although the exact mechanism by which it acts is still under debate . It is known that the clasp of Munc18 locks syntaxin in a closed conformation by binding to its α - helical SNARE domains , which inhibits syntaxin from entering SNARE complexes ( thereby inhibiting fusion ) . The clasp is also capable , however , of binding the entire four - helix bundle of the trans - SNARE complex . One hypothesis suggests that , during SNARE - complex assembly , the Munc18 clasp releases closed syntaxin , remains associated with the N - terminal peptide of syntaxin ( allowing association of the syntaxin SNARE domain with other SNARE proteins ) , and then reattaches to the newly formed four - helix SNARE complex . This possible mechanism of dissociation and subsequent re-association with the SNARE domains could be calcium - dependent . This supports the idea that Munc18 plays a key regulatory role in vesicle fusion ; under normal conditions the SNARE complex will be prevented from forming by Munc18 , but when triggered the Munc18 will actually assist in SNARE - complex assembly and thereby act as a fusion catalyst . Zippering and fusion pore opening ( edit ) This figure provides a simple overview of the interaction of SNARE proteins with vesicles during exocytosis . Shows SNARE complex assembly , zippering , and disassembly . Membrane fusion is an energetically demanding series of events , which requires translocation of proteins in the membrane and disruption of the lipid bilayer , followed by reformation of a highly curved membrane structure . The process of bringing together two membranes requires input energy to overcome the repulsive electrostatic forces between the membranes . The mechanism that regulates the movement of membrane associated proteins away from the membrane contact zone prior to fusion is unknown , but the local increase in membrane curvature is thought to contribute in the process . SNAREs generate energy through protein - lipid and protein - protein interactions which act as a driving force for membrane fusion . One model hypothesizes that the force required to bring two membranes together during fusion comes from the conformational change in trans - SNARE complexes to form cis - SNARE complexes . The current hypothesis that describes this process is referred to as SNARE `` zippering . '' When the trans - SNARE complex is formed , the SNARE proteins are still found on opposing membranes . As the SNARE domains continue coiling in a spontaneous process , they form a much tighter , more stable four - helix bundle . During this `` zippering '' of the SNARE complex , a fraction of the released energy from binding is thought to be stored as molecular bending stress in the individual SNARE motifs . This mechanical stress is postulated to be stored in the semi-rigid linker regions between the transmembrane domains and the SNARE helical bundle . The energetically unfavorable bending is minimized when the complex moves peripherally to the site of membrane fusion . As a result , relief of the stress overcomes the repulsive forces between the vesicle and the cell membrane and presses the two membranes together . Several models to explain the subsequent step - the formation of stalk and fusion pore - have been proposed . However , the exact nature of these processes remains debated . In accordance with the `` zipper '' hypothesis , as the SNARE complex forms , the tightening helix bundle puts torsional force on the transmembrane ( TM ) domains domains of synaptobrevin and syntaxin . This causes the TM domains to tilt within the separate membranes as the proteins coil more tightly . The unstable configuration of the TM domains eventually causes the two membranes to fuse and the SNARE proteins come together within the same membrane , which is referred to as a `` cis '' - SNARE complex . As a result of the lipid rearrangement , a fusion pore opens and allows the chemical contents of the vesicle to leak into the outside environment . The continuum explanation of stalk formation suggests that membrane fusion begins with an infinitesimal radius until it radially expands into a stalk - like structure . However , such a description fails to take into account the molecular dynamics of membrane lipids . Recent molecular simulations show that the close proximity of the membranes allows the lipids to splay , where a population of lipids insert their hydrophobic tails into the neighboring membrane - effectively keeping a `` foot '' in each membrane . The resolution of the splayed lipid state proceeds spontaneously to form the stalk structure . In this molecular view , the splayed - lipid intermediate state is the rate determining barrier rather than the formation of the stalk , which now becomes the free energy minimum . The energetic barrier for establishment of the splayed - lipid conformation is directly proportional to the intermembrane distance . The SNARE complexes and their pressing of the two membranes together , therefore , could provide the free energy required to overcome the barrier . Disassembly ( edit ) The energy input that is required for SNARE - mediated fusion to take place comes from SNARE - complex disassembly . The suspected energy source is N - ethylmaleimide - sensitive factor ( NSF ) , an ATPase that is involved with membrane fusion . NSF homohexamers , along with the NSF cofactor α - SNAP , bind and dissociate the SNARE complex by coupling the process with ATP hydrolysis . This process allows for reuptake of synaptobrevin for further use in vesicles , whereas the other SNARE proteins remain associated with the cell membrane . The dissociated SNARE proteins have a higher energy state than the more stable cis - SNARE complex . It is believed that the energy that drives fusion is derived from the transition to a lower energy cis - SNARE complex . The ATP hydrolysis - coupled dissociation of SNARE complexes is an energy investment that can be compared to `` cocking the gun '' so that , once vesicle fusion is triggered , the process takes place spontaneously and at optimum velocity . A comparable process takes place in muscles , in which the myosin heads must first hydrolyze ATP in order to adapt the necessary conformation for interaction with actin and the subsequent power stroke to occur . Regulatory effects on exocytosis ( edit ) Regulation via SNAP - 25 palmitoylation ( edit ) The Q - SNARE protein Synaptosomal - associated protein 25 ( SNAP - 25 ) is composed of two α - helical domains connected by a random coil linker . The random coil linker region is most notable for its four cysteine residues . The α - helical domains combine with those of both syntaxin and synaptobrevin ( also known as vesicle associated membrane protein or VAMP ) to form the 4 - α - helix coiled - coil SNARE complex critical to efficient exocytosis . While syntaxin and synaptobrevin both contain transmembrane domains which allow for docking with target and vesicle membranes respectively , SNAP - 25 relies on the palmitoylation of cysteine residues found in its random coil region for docking to the target membrane . Some studies have suggested that association with syntaxin via SNARE interactions precludes the need for such docking mechanisms . Syntaxin knockdown studies however , failed to show a decrease in membrane bound SNAP - 25 suggesting alternate docking means exist . The covalent bonding of fatty acid chains to SNAP - 25 via thioester linkages with one or more cysteine residues therefore , provides for regulation of docking and ultimately SNARE mediated exocytosis . This process is mediated by a specialized enzyme called DHHC palmitoyl transferase . The cysteine rich domain of SNAP - 25 has also been shown to weakly associate with the plasma membrane possibly allowing it to be localized near the enzyme for subsequent palmitoylation . The reverse of this process is carried out by another enzyme called palmitoyl protein thioesterase ( see figure ) . A simplified depiction of the palmitoylation of a cysteine residue in a protein The availability of SNAP - 25 in the SNARE complex is also theorized to possibly be spatially regulated via localization of lipid microdomains in the target membrane . Palmitoylated cysteine residues could be localized to the desired target membrane region via a favorable lipid environment ( possibly cholesterol rich ) complimentary to the fatty acid chains bonded to the cysteine residues of SNAP - 25 . SNAP - 25 regulation of voltage - gated ca2+ channels in neuronal axon terminals ( edit ) As an action potential reaches the axon terminal , depolarization events stimulate the opening of voltage - gated calcium channels ( VGCCs ) allowing the rapid influx of calcium down its electrochemical gradient . Calcium goes on to stimulate exocytosis via binding with synaptotagmin 1 . SNAP - 25 however , has been shown to negatively regulate VGCC function in glutamatergic neuronal cells . SNAP - 25 leads to a reduction of current density through VGCC 's and therefore a decrease in the amount of calcium that is binding the synaptotagmin , causing a decrease in neuronal glutamatergic exocytosis . Conversely , underexpression of SNAP - 25 allows for an increase in VGCC current density and increase in exocytosis . Further investigation has suggested possible relationships between SNAP - 25 over / underexpression and a variety of brain diseases . In attention - deficit / hyperactivity disorder or ADHD , polymorphisms at the SNAP - 25 gene locus in humans have been linked to the disease suggesting a potential role in its manifestation . This is further suggested by heterogeneous SNAP - 25 knockout studies performed on coloboma mutant mice , which led to phenotypic characteristics of ADHD . Studies have also shown a correlation of SNAP - 25 over / underexpression and the onset of schizophrenia . Syntaxin and the Habc domain ( edit ) Syntaxin consists of a transmembrane domain ( TMD ) , alpha - helical SNARE domain , a short linker region , and the Habc domain which consists of three alpha - helical regions . The SNARE domain in syntaxin serves as a target site for docking of SNAP - 25 and synaptobrevin in order to form the four helix bundle requisite to the SNARE complex and subsequent fusion . The Habc domain , however , serves as an autoinhibitory domain in syntaxin . It has been shown to fold over and associate with the SNARE domain of syntaxin inducing a `` closed '' state , creating a physical barrier to the formation of the SNARE motif . Conversely , the Habc domain can again disassociate with the SNARE domain leaving syntaxin free to associate with both SNAP - 25 and synaptobrevin . Syntaxin 1B and readily releasable pool of vesicles ( edit ) There is an immense diversity of syntaxin subtypes , with 15 varieties in the human genome . It has been suggested that syntaxin1B has a role in regulating number of synaptic vesicles ready for exocytosis in the axon terminal . This is also called the readily releasable pool ( RRP ) of vesicles . A knock out study in 2014 showed that the lack of syntaxin1B led to a significant decrease in RRP size . Toxins ( edit ) Many neurotoxins directly affect SNARE complexes . Such toxins as the botulinum and tetanus toxins work by targeting the SNARE components . These toxins prevent proper vesicle recycling and result in poor muscle control , spasms , paralysis , and even death . Botulinum Neurotoxin ( edit ) Botulinum Toxin ( BoNT ) is one of the most potent toxins to have ever been discovered . It is a proteolytic enzyme that cleaves SNARE proteins in neurons . Its protein structure is composed of two peptide subunits , a heavy chain ( 100kDas ) and a light chain ( 50kDas ) , which are held together by a disulfide bond . The action of BoNT follows a 4 - step mechanism including binding to the neuronal membrane , endocytosis , membrane translocation , and proteolysis of SNARE proteins . Target SNARE proteins of Botulinum Neurotoxin ( BoNT ) and Tetanus Neurotoxin ( TeNT ) inside the axon terminal . In its mechanism of action , the heavy chain of BoNT is first used to find its neuronal targets and bind to the gangliosides and membrane proteins of presynaptic neurons . Next , the toxin is then endocytosed into the cell membrane . The heavy chain undergoes a conformational change important for translocating the light chain into the cytosol of the neuron . Finally , after the light chain of BoNT is brought into the cytosol of the targeted neuron , it is released from the heavy chain so that it can reach its active cleavage sites on the SNARE proteins . The light chain is released from the heavy chain by the reduction of the disulfide bond holding the two together . The reduction of this disulfide bond is mediated by the NADPH - thioredoxin reductase - thioredoxin system . The light chain of BoNT acts as a metalloprotease on SNARE proteins that is dependent on Zn ( II ) ions , cleaving them and eliminating their function in exocytosis . There are 8 known isotypes of BoNT , BoNT / A - BoNT / H , each with different specific cleavage sites on SNARE proteins . SNAP25 , a member of the SNARE protein family located in the membrane of cells , is cleaved by BoNT isotypes A , C , and E. The cleavage of SNAP - 25 by these isotypes of BoNT greatly inhibits their function in forming the SNARE complex for fusion of vesicles to the synaptic membrane . BoNT / C also targets Syntaxin - 1 , another SNARE protein located in the synaptic membrane . It degenerates these Syntaxin proteins with a similar outcome as with SNAP - 25 . A third SNARE protein , Synaptobrevin ( VAMP ) , is located on cell vesicles . VAMP2 is targeted and cleaved by BoNT isotypes B , D , and F in synaptic neurons . The targets of these various isotypes of BoNT as well as Tetanus Neurotoxin ( TeNT ) are shown in the figure to the right . In each of these cases , Botulinum Neurotoxin causes functional damage to SNARE proteins , which has significant physiological and medical implications . By damaging SNARE proteins , the toxin prevents synaptic vesicles from fusing to the synaptic membrane and releasing their neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft . With the inhibition of neurotransmitter release into the synaptic cleft , action potentials can not be propagated to stimulate muscle cells . This result in paralysis of those infected and in serious cases , it can cause death . Although the effects of Botulinum Neurotoxin can be fatal , it has also been used as a therapeutic agent in medical and cosmetic treatments . Tetanus Neurotoxin ( edit ) The breakdown of responsibilities and mechanisms of the heavy ( HC ) and light chain ( LC ) of tetanus neurotoxin : The HC assists in binding of TeNT to both the ganglioside receptor and the final receptor . Once TeNT is in the vesicle in the inhibitory interneuron space the HC assists in translocation of the LC into the cytoplasm . Then the LC , characterized by zinc endopeptidase activity , inhibits neurotransmission by cleavage of synaptobrevin 1 . Tetanus toxin , or TeNT , is composed of a heavy chain ( 100KDa ) and a light chain ( 50kDa ) connected by a disulfide bond . The heavy chain is responsible for neurospecific binding of TeNT to the nerve terminal membrane , endocytosis of the toxin , and translocation of the light chain into the cytosol . The light chain has zinc - dependent endopeptidase or more specifically matrix metalloproteinase ( MMP ) activity through which cleaveage of synaptobrevin or VAMP is carried out . For the light chain of TeNT to be activated one atom of zinc must be bound to every molecule of toxin . When zinc is bound reduction of the disulfide bond will be carried out primarily via the NADPH - thioredoxin reductase - thioredoxin redox system . Then the light chain is free to cleave the Gln76 - Phe77 bond of synaptobrevin . Cleavage of synaptobrevin affects the stability of the SNARE core by restricting it from entering the low energy conformation which is the target for NSF binding . This cleavage of synaptobrevin is the final target of TeNT and even in low doses the neurotoxin will inhibit neurotransmitter exocytosis . Role in neurotransmitter release ( edit ) Neurotransmitters are stored in readily releasable pools of vesicles confined within the presynaptic terminal . During neurosecretion / exocytosis , SNAREs play a crucial role in vesicle docking , priming , fusion , and synchronization of neurotransmitter release into the synaptic cleft . The first step in synaptic vesicle fusion is tethering , where the vesicles are translocated from the reserve pool into physical contact with the membrane . At the membrane , Munc - 18 is initially bound to syntaxin 1A in a closed structure . It is postulated that the dissociation of Munc - 18 from the complex frees syntaxin 1A to bind with the v - SNARE proteins . The next step in release is the docking of vesicles , where the v - and t - SNARE proteins transiently associate in a calcium - independent manner . The vesicles are then primed , wherein the SNARE motifs form a stable interaction between the vesicle and membrane . Complexins stabilize the primed SNARE - complex rendering the vesicles ready for rapid exocytosis . The span of presynaptic membrane containing the primed vesicles and dense collection of SNARE proteins is referred to as the active zone . Voltage - gated calcium channels are highly concentrated around active zones and open in response to membrane depolarization at the synapse . The influx of calcium is sensed by synaptotagmin 1 , which in turn dislodges complexin protein and allows the vesicle to fuse with the presynaptic membrane to release neurotransmitter . It has also been shown that the voltage - gated calcium channels directly interact with the t - SNAREs syntaxin 1A and SNAP - 25 , as well as with synaptotagmin 1 . The interactions are able to inhibit calcium channel activity as well as tightly aggregate the molecules around the release site . There have been many clinical cases that link SNARE genes with neural disorders . Deficiency in SNAP - 25 mRNA has been observed in hippocampal tissue of some schizophrenic patients , a SNAP - 25 single - nucleotide polymorphism is linked to hyperactivity in autism - spectrum disorders , and overexpression of SNAP - 25B leads to the early onset of bipolar disorder . Role in autophagy ( edit ) Macroautophagy is a catabolic process involving the formation of double - membrane bound organelles called autophagosomes , which aid in degradation of cellular components through fusion with lysosomes . During autophagy , portions of the cytoplasm are engulfed by a cup - shaped double - membrane structure called a phagophore and eventually become the contents of the fully assembled autophagosome . Autophagosome biogenesis requires the initiation and growth of phagophores , a process that was once thought to occur through de novo addition of lipids . However , recent evidence suggests that the lipids that contribute to the growing phagophores originate from numerous sources of membrane , including endoplasmic reticulum , Golgi , plasma membrane , and mitochondria . SNAREs play important roles in mediating vesicle fusion during phagophore initiation and expansion as well as autophagosome - lysosome fusion in the later stages of autophagy . Though the mechanism of phagophore initiation in mammals is unknown , SNAREs have been implicated in phagophore formation through homotypic fusion of small , clathrin - coated , single - membrane vesicles containing Atg16L , the v - SNARE VAMP7 , and its partner t - SNAREs : Syntaxin - 7 , Syntaxin - 8 , and VTI1B . In yeast , the t - SNAREs Sec9p and Sso2p are required for exocytosis and promote tubulovesicular budding of Atg9 positive vesicles , which are also required for autophagosome biogenesis . Knocking out either of these SNAREs leads to accumulation of small Atg9 containing vesicles that do not fuse , therefore preventing the formation of the pre-autophagosomal structure . In addition to phagophore assembly , SNAREs are also important in mediating autophagosome - lysosome fusion . In mammals , the SNAREs VAMP7 , VAMP8 , and VTI1B are required in autophagosome - lysosome fusion and this process is impaired in lysosomal storage disorders where cholesterol accumulates in the lysosome and sequesters SNAREs in cholesterol rich regions of the membrane preventing their recycling . Recently , syntaxin 17 ( STX17 ) was identified as an autophagosome associated SNARE that interacts with VAMP8 and SNAP29 and is required for fusion with the lysosome . STX17 is localized on the outer membrane of autophagosomes , but not phagophores or other autophagosome precursors , which prevents them from prematurely fusing with the lysosome . 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External links ( edit ) SNARE Proteins at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) SNARE Complex at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Membrane protein : vesicular transport proteins ( TC 1F ) Synaptic vesicle SNARE Q - SNARE SNAP25 SNAP29 Syntaxin STX1A STX1B STX2 STX3 STX4 STX5 STX6 STX7 STX8 STX10 STX11 STX12 STX16 STX17 STX18 STX19 Munc - 18 : STXBP1 STXBP2 STXBP3 STXBP4 STXBP5 STXBP6 R - SNARE Synaptobrevin / VAMP : VAMP1 VAMP2 VAMP3 Synaptotagmin SYT1 SYT2 SYT3 SYT4 SYT5 SYT6 SYT7 SYT8 SYT9 SYT10 SYT11 SYT12 SYT13 SYT14 SYT15 SYT16 SYT17 Other Synaptophysin Synapsin Small GTPase : RAB3A COPI Coatomer COPA COPB1 COPB2 COPD / Archain COPE COPG COPG2 COPZ1 COPZ2 Small GTPase : ARF COPII Coatomer SEC23A / SEC24A SEC13 / SEC31 Small GTPase : SAR1A RME / Clathrin CLTA CLTB CLTC Caveolae Caveolin ( CAV1 CAV2 CAV3 ) Other / ungrouped Vesicle formation Adaptor protein complex 1 : AP1AR AP1B1 AP1G1 AP1G2 AP1M1 AP1M2 AP1S1 AP1S2 AP1S3 Adaptor protein complex 2 : AP2A1 AP2A2 AP2B1 AP2M1 AP2S1 Adaptor protein complex 3 : AP3B1 AP3B2 AP3D1 AP3M1 AP3M2 AP3S1 AP3S2 Adaptor protein complex 4 : AP4B1 AP4E1 AP4M1 AP4S1 LMAN1 LYST BLOC - 1 : DTNBP1 BLOC153 BLOC - 2 : HPS3 HPS5 HPS6 BLOC - 3 : HPS1 HPS4 Coats : Retromer TIP47 Small GTPase Dynamin DNM1 DNM2 DNM3 Other EHD protein family : EHD1 EHD2 EHD3 EHD4 Sorting nexins Vacuolar protein sorting : VPS13B VPS33B SYNRG See also vesicular transport protein disorders Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SNARE_(protein)&oldid=828139511 '' Categories : Transmembrane proteins Neural synapse Membrane biology Membrane proteins Lipoproteins Protein superfamilies Molecular neuroscience Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Galego Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 20 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which of the following proteins is likely the calcium sensor of the snare complex	[]	[]
-3904837202042554972	I Am Number Four	I Am Number Four - wikipedia I Am Number Four Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the novel . For the film based on this book , see I Am Number Four ( film ) . I Am Number Four The American cover of I Am Number Four : Book 1 Author Pittacus Lore , aka James Frey & Jobie Hughes Country United States Language English Series Lorien Legacies Genre Young adult Science fiction Publisher HarperCollins Publication date August 3 , 2010 Pages 440 ISBN 0 - 06 - 196955 - 9 Followed by The Power of Six I Am Number Four is a young adult science fiction novel by Pittacus Lore ( the pseudonym of James Frey and Jobie Hughes ) and the first book in the Lorien Legacies series . The book was published by HarperCollins on August 3 , 2010 , and spent seven successive weeks at # 1 on the children 's chapter of the New York Times bestseller list . DreamWorks Pictures bought the rights to the film in June 2009 ; it was released on February 18 , 2011 and was the first DreamWorks movie to be distributed by Disney 's Touchstone Pictures . The novel is the first of a seven - book series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot synopsis 2 Reception 3 References 4 External links Plot synopsis ( edit ) A prelude of the killing of one of the Garde children -- No. 3 -- by Mogadorians . This story is about a 15 - year - old boy named John Smith . He has been on the run from the age of 4 , and he is from a planet called Lorien . Most of the book is told in the first person by Number Four , who takes the name John Smith . As the story begins , he and his guardian or Cepân , Henri , learn of the death of Number Three and move to Paradise , Ohio , assuming new identities aka John Smith . There , John befriends conspiracy theorist Sam Goode and `` adopts '' a dog identified by its name tag as `` Bernie Kosar '' . He also meets and is attracted to a fellow student , Sarah Hart , who is working as a photographer . Sarah 's ex-boyfriend , football player Mark James , is a bully who torments both John and Sam . During the Halloween festival Sam mentions that he knows about Mogadorians from a magazine , They Walk Among Us , a revelation that alarms both John and Henri . Mark and his friends organize a nasty surprise during the haunted hayride : Sarah , John and Sam are left stranded in the woods , where Mark plans to beat John up . John uses his `` legacies '' , which are akin to superpowers , to fend off his attackers and rescues Sarah . In the darkness Sarah does not see John use his legacies , and he emphatically warns Mark not to talk ( or to let his friends talk ) about what happened and that he will punish Mark severely if Mark or any of his friends talk . Sarah and John 's relationship develops . Henri continues training John to use his legacies , now with an increasing sense of urgency . Henri is unsettled , and tells John that it is not safe to stay . He is also concerned as John is late in developing his telekinesis , a power that he will need to fight the Mogadorians . Later , it is revealed that Sam has seen enough to arouse his suspicions , but John allays them by bluffingly ' admitting ' to being an alien . He finds out more about the magazine Sam reads by borrowing a copy . Sam speaks of his belief that his father has been abducted by aliens . Henri discovers where the magazine is printed , and drives the two - hour car trip to Athens , Ohio , to find out more . John attends a Thanksgiving dinner with Sarah 's family , but worries about Henri , who does not answer text messages . In his agitated state , John 's telekinetic power manifests , though uncontrolled , and he leaves . He calls Sam for help , and they take Sam 's father 's long - unused truck and head for Athens , where they succeed in rescuing Henri . During the rescue , Sam is made fully aware of John 's and Henri 's alien secret , and John 's legacies develop significantly . On their return , Henri insists they leave Paradise . John refuses , using his new found powers to express his adamance , and Henri relents . A few months pass , during which John trains in the use of his legacies . Henri gradually relaxes as John becomes more adept . At a party at Mark 's house , a major fire breaks out , trapping Sarah , so John uses his powers to rescue her . He then reveals his secret to Sarah , and they lie to the police and a reporter about what happened . Later on , John also lies to Henri , in order not to reveal how much he has told Sarah . But John 's lies are revealed when a video is released on YouTube . Henri is furious , and demands they leave immediately . John again uses his powers to stop him , and desperately races to the school , knowing that Sarah is in danger . He finds Sarah , but the Mogadorians have already arrived . The Mogadorians have brought an enormous beast called Piken , and smaller , but still deadly , creatures called Krauls . These creatures are sent to track and kill the Loric . John and Sarah are joined by Number Six ( who has been looking for them since Three 's death ) and later by Henri , Mark , and Bernie Kosar ( `` the dog '' ) . John sends Mark off , exhorting him to protect Sarah . A furious battle ensues , during which Six exhibits powers of invisibility and control of the weather , and Bernie Kosar is revealed to be a Chimæra . Sam arrives partway through the battle . John kills a soldier , Bernie Kosar battles a Piken , and at key moments John is helped by his human friends , but in the end they are depleted and weakened by numbers and power . Six is wounded and taken to relative safety . John uses an ability he was barely aware of to communicate with a beast brought by the Mogadorians and to turn it against them . Henri is killed , but before dying exhorts John to read a letter he left for him . John survives , though he is very weak , and the Mogadorians are defeated . Promising to return for Sarah , John leaves Paradise , along with Number Six , Sam , and Bernie Kosar . Reception ( edit ) I Am Number Four has received mixed reviews . Kirkus Reviews wrote , `` If it were a Golden Age comic , this tale of ridiculous science , space dogs and humanoid aliens with flashlights in their hands might not be bad . '' The Chicago Tribune said , `` There 's genuine suspense ... it 's easy to get lost in the world of the sweet teen from another planet . '' Booklist reviewed it as , `` Terrifically propulsive . '' Publishers Weekly wrote , `` For those looking for an undemanding , popcorn - ready read , this `` guy -- okay , alien -- gets the girl and saves the world '' adventure should do the trick . '' School Library Journal wrote , `` With its interesting premises and a fast - pace telling , the story will grab readers who are willing to suspend quite a bit of disbelief . Others , who like their science fiction with a bit more science and internal logic , will have to search elsewhere . '' The Horn Book reviewed it as , `` Riveting . '' It was on the number one spot of the New York Times Best Sellers List for 7 weeks and was on it for a total of 17 weeks . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rich , Motoko . `` James Frey and Co-Writer Sell Series to HarperCollins '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 6 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Best Sellers '' . The New York Times . January 30 , 2011 . Retrieved January 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rich , Mokoto ( June 26 , 2009 ) . `` James Frey Collaborating on a Novel for Young Adults , First in a Series '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ book Jump up ^ `` I AM NUMBER FOUR by Pittacus Lore Kirkus Reviews '' . Kirkus Reviews . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` I Am Number Four - Pittacus Lore - Hardcover '' . HarperCollins US . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Children 's Book Review : I Am Number Four by Pittacus Lore '' . PublishersWeekly.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 29 . External links ( edit ) Official website I Am Number Four on Facebook I Am Number Four on Twitter ( hide ) Lorien Legacies James Frey Main series I Am Number Four The Power of Six The Rise of Nine The Fall of Five The Revenge of Seven The Fate of Ten United As One Film I Am Number Four ( film ) About the series List of Lorien Legacies characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Am_Number_Four&oldid=817479687 '' Categories : 2010 American novels American young adult novels American novels adapted into films American science fiction novels 2010s science fiction novels Children 's science fiction novels Lorien Legacies Novels by James Frey HarperCollins books Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 28 December 2017 , at 17 : 36 . About Wikipedia	what is the main character's name in i am number four	[ "A prelude of the killing of one of the Garde children—No. 3—by Mogadorians. This story is about a 15-year-old boy named John Smith. He has been on the run from the age of 4, and he is from a planet called Lorien." ]	[ "John Smith" ]
9160332092973984617	Getting Over It with Bennett Foddy	Getting Over It with Bennett Foddy - wikipedia Getting Over It with Bennett Foddy Jump to : navigation , search Getting Over It with Bennett Foddy Developer ( s ) Bennett Foddy Publisher ( s ) Humble Bundle Engine Unity Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows macOS iOS Release WW : October 7 , 2017 Genre ( s ) Platformer Mode ( s ) Single - player Getting Over It with Bennett Foddy ( commonly shortened to Getting Over It ) is a platformer video game developed by QWOP creator Bennett Foddy . The game was released as part of the October 2017 Humble Monthly , on October 6 , 2017 where it went on to be played by over 2.7 million players . A Steam version of the game was later released by Foddy on December 6 , 2017 . The game was also released on iOS that same day . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Development 3 Reception 3.1 Accolades 4 References Gameplay Getting Over It revolves around a silent man by the name of Diogenes sitting in a cauldron and wielding a Yosemite hammer , which he can use to grip objects and move himself with . Using the mouse or trackpad ( controllers are supported but make the game harder because of the lack of precision in the joysticks ) , the player tries to move the man 's upper body and sledge hammer in order to climb a steep mountain . The game is accompanied by voice - over commentary by Bennett Foddy discussing various philosophical topics . The commentary also provides quotations relating to disappointment and perseverance when significant progress is lost by the player . The game increases in difficulty as you progress up the mountain . There are no checkpoints ; the player is at a constant risk of losing some or all of their progress . The game concludes when a player reaches the highest point of the map and then enters space . Upon reaching the conclusion , a message asks players if they are recording the game play . When a player indicates they are not , the game provides access to a chatroom populated by other players who have completed the game . Development Foddy had been drawn to difficult games while growing up ; living in Australia in the 1980s and 1990s , he was limited to what was brought into the country through imports , with many of these being games that lacked any type of save mechanism and required players to be sent back to the start of the game if their character died , such as Jet Set Willy . Into the 1990s , video game developers in the United States and Japan began adding means to save or have checkpoints , so players would not have to return to the start on death . Foddy said `` The flavor of being sent back gradually disappeared up to the point now where it 's this boutique thing . People of a certain age still have that taste , or maybe everyone has it , but it 's been written out of the design orthodoxy . '' More recently , Foddy had seen a return of difficult games such as through the Dark Souls series . In August 2017 , Foddy observed that while there was outcry by players over the saved game mechancism in Hellblade : Senua 's Sacrifice , which would erase the player 's save file if they died , other players readily took to the challenge , showing renewed interest in games that were difficult by design . He said , `` whenever you see something that disproves a strongly held design orthodoxy it 's extremely exciting because it opens up new avenues for exploration '' , and considered Getting Over It as his exploration of this new development space . Getting Over It was aimed towards `` for a certain kind of person , to hurt them '' and took inspiration from Sexy Hiking , a similar game released by Czech video game designer Jazzuo in 2002 . Reception Getting Over It 's difficult gameplay was praised by reviewers , including PC Gamer writer Austin Wood . Rock , Paper , Shotgun listed it as one of the best PC games of 2017 and GameSpot said it might have been the `` weirdest game '' to come out of 2017 . Accolades Year Award Result Ref 2018 IGF Competition Awards Seumas McNally Grand Prize Pending Excellence in Design Pending Nuovo Award Pending References Jump up ^ Usher , William ( 31 December 2017 ) . `` 5 Biggest Breakout Hits Of 2017 '' . Cinema Blend . Jump up ^ Wood , Austin ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` QWOP successor Getting Over It is now available on Steam '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved 29 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Hester , Blake ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Getting Over It ' is the Next Ultra-Hard Game From ' QWOP ' Creator Bennett Foddy '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rogers , Tim ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` Getting Over It Is A Game About Using A Sledgehammer To Climb A Mountain '' . Kotaku . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Jared ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' QWOP ' Developer 's New Game ' Getting Over It with Bennett Foddy ' Arrives on iOS thanks in Part to Zach Gage TouchArcade '' . Touch Arcade . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Purchese , Robert ( 2017 - 12 - 07 ) . `` The new game from the creator of QWOP is as brutal as it is brilliant '' . EuroGamer . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Frank , Allegra ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) . `` Getting Over It is frustrating the hell out of streamers '' . Polygon . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Wiltshire , Alex ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` Designer Interview : The aesthetics of frustration in Getting Over It '' . Gamasutra . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Wood , Austin ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Getting Over It is a brutal new game from the maker of QWOP '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ RPS ( 25 December 2017 ) . `` Best PC games of 2017 '' . Rock , Paper , Shotgun . Retrieved 2 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Chris ( 14 November 2017 ) . `` Naked Man In A Pot Climbs Mountain With Sledgehammer In What Might Be 2017 's Weirdest Game '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 2 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Faller , Patrick ( 5 January 2018 ) . `` Independent Games Festival Awards Nominees Announced '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 6 January 2018 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Getting_Over_It_with_Bennett_Foddy&oldid=819093915 '' Categories : 2017 video games Indie video games Platform games Video games developed in the United Kingdom Windows games Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Español 한국어 Italiano مصرى Norsk Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 January 2018 , at 11 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where can i get getting over it game	[]	[]
-2184500645685056626	List of Vice Presidents of the United States by other offices held	List of Vice Presidents of the United States by other offices held - wikipedia List of Vice Presidents of the United States by other offices held Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of Vice Presidents of the United States by other offices ( either elected or appointive ) held , either before or after service as Vice President . Contents ( hide ) 1 Federal Government 1.1 Executive Branch 1.1. 1 Presidents 1.1. 2 Cabinet Secretaries 1.1. 3 Ambassadors 1.1. 4 Other Federal Appointees 1.2 Judicial Branch 1.3 Legislative Branch 1.3. 1 Senators 1.3. 2 Members of the House of Representatives 1.4 Continental Congress 2 State Government 2.1 Governors 2.2 State Legislators 2.3 Other Statewide Offices 3 Municipal Government 4 Foreign Governments 4.1 Colonial , Confederate Legislators , and Confederate Cabinet 5 Lost Races Federal government ( edit ) Executive branch ( edit ) Presidents ( edit ) President Year ( s ) served Notes John Adams 1797 -- 1801 Thomas Jefferson 1801 -- 1809 Martin Van Buren 1837 -- 1841 John Tyler 1841 -- 1845 Became President after Harrison 's death Millard Fillmore 1850 -- 1853 Became President after Taylor 's death Andrew Johnson 1865 -- 1869 Became President after Lincoln 's assassination Chester A. Arthur 1881 -- 1885 Became President after Garfield 's assassination Theodore Roosevelt 1901 -- 1909 Became President after McKinley 's assassination Calvin Coolidge 1923 -- 1929 Became President after Harding 's death Harry S. Truman 1945 -- 1953 Became President after Roosevelt 's death Lyndon B. Johnson 1963 -- 1969 Became President after Kennedy 's assassination Richard Nixon 1969 -- 1974 Only former Vice President to become President in a non-immediate fashion Gerald Ford 1974 -- 1977 Became President after Nixon 's resignation George H.W. Bush 1989 -- 1993 First sitting Vice President elected President since Van Buren In addition , both George H.W. Bush and Dick Cheney served as Acting Presidents for brief periods under Ronald Reagan and George W. Bush , respectively . Cabinet secretaries ( edit ) Secretary Office President served under Year ( s ) served Notes Thomas Jefferson Secretary of State George Washington 1790 -- 1793 John C. Calhoun Secretary of War James Monroe 1817 -- 1825 Secretary of State John Tyler 1844 -- 1845 Served after being Vice President Martin Van Buren Secretary of State Andrew Jackson 1829 -- 1831 Charles G. Dawes Director of Bureau of Budget Warren G. Harding 1921 -- 1922 Henry A. Wallace Secretary of Agriculture Franklin D. Roosevelt 1933 -- 1940 Secretary of Commerce 1945 -- 1946 Served after being Vice President Harry S. Truman Dick Cheney Chief of Staff Gerald Ford 1975 -- 1977 Secretary of Defense George H.W. Bush 1989 -- 1993 John Adams ( as Vice President ) and Thomas Jefferson both served in the Cabinet of George Washington . Theodore Roosevelt ( from 1897 -- 1898 ) served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President McKinley . John C. Breckinridge was Secretary of War in the Confederate States of America Ambassadors ( edit ) President Position President served under Year ( s ) served Notes John Adams Minister to the Netherlands Continental Congress 1782 -- 1788 Minister to Britain Continental Congress 1785 -- 1788 Thomas Jefferson Minister Plenipotentiary to France Continental Congress 1785 -- 1789 Martin Van Buren Minister to Britain Andrew Jackson 1831 -- 1832 George M. Dallas Minister to Russia Martin Van Buren 1837 -- 1839 Minister to Britain James Buchanan 1856 -- 1861 Served after being Vice President William R. King Minister to France James K. Polk 1844 -- 1846 Hannibal Hamlin Ambassador to Spain James A. Garfield 1881 -- 1883 Served after being Vice President Levi P. Morton Minister Plenipotentiary to France James A. Garfield 1881 -- 1885 Chester A. Arthur Charles G. Dawes United States Ambassador to Britain Herbert Hoover 1929 -- 1931 Served after being Vice President Walter Mondale United States Ambassador to Japan Bill Clinton 1993 -- 1996 Served after being Vice President George H.W. Bush Ambassador to the United Nations Richard Nixon 1971 -- 1973 Other Federal Appointees ( edit ) President Office President appointed by Year ( s ) served Chester A. Arthur Collector of the Port of New York Ulysses S. Grant 1871 -- 1878 George H.W. Bush Director of Central Intelligence Gerald Ford 1976 -- 1977 Judicial Branch ( edit ) None Legislative branch ( edit ) Senators ( edit ) State Vice President Year ( s ) served Notes Alabama William R. King 1819 -- 1844 1848 -- 1852 Resigned to become Vice President California Richard Nixon 1951 -- 1953 Resigned to become Vice President Delaware Joe Biden 1973 -- 2009 Resigned to become Vice President Indiana Thomas A. Hendricks 1863 -- 1869 Charles W. Fairbanks 1897 -- 1905 Resigned to become Vice President Dan Quayle 1981 -- 1989 Resigned to become Vice President Kansas Charles Curtis 1907 -- 1913 1915 -- 1929 Resigned to become Vice President Kentucky Richard Mentor Johnson 1819 -- 1829 John C. Breckinridge 1861 Served after being Vice President Alben W. Barkley 1927 -- 1949 Resigned to become Vice President 1955 -- 1956 Served after being Vice President Maine Hannibal Hamlin 1848 -- 1861 Resigned to become Vice President 1869 -- 1881 Served after being Vice President Massachusetts Henry Wilson 1855 -- 1873 Resigned to become Vice President Minnesota Hubert Humphrey 1949 -- 1964 Resigned to become Vice President 1971 -- 1978 Served after being Vice President Walter Mondale 1964 -- 1976 Resigned to become Vice President Missouri Harry S. Truman 1935 -- 1945 Resigned to become Vice President New York Aaron Burr 1791 -- 1797 Martin Van Buren 1821 -- 1828 Pennsylvania George M. Dallas 1831 -- 1833 South Carolina John C. Calhoun 1832 -- 1843 Served after being Vice President 1845 -- 1850 Died in office Tennessee Andrew Johnson 1857 -- 1862 1875 Served after being Vice President Al Gore 1985 -- 1993 Resigned to become Vice President Texas Lyndon B. Johnson 1949 -- 1961 Senate Minority Leader 1953 -- 1955 Senate Majority Leader 1955 -- 1961 Resigned to become Vice President Virginia John Tyler 1827 -- 1836 A number of future Vice Presidents served together while in the Senate : Senator Johnson served with Senators Martin Van Buren ( 1821 -- 1828 ) and Tyler ( 1827 -- 1829 ) . Senator Tyler later served with Senator Dallas ( 1831 -- 1833 ) . Senator Hamlin served with Senators Wilson ( 1855 -- 1861 ; 1869 -- 1873 ) and Johnson ( 1857 -- 1861 ; 1875 ) . Senator Wilson also served with Senator Hendricks ( 1863 -- 1869 ) . Senator Curtis served with Senator Barkley ( 1927 -- 1929 ) . Senator Barkley later served with Senators Truman ( 1935 -- 1945 ) , Humphrey ( 1955 -- 1956 ) and Johnson ( 1955 -- 1956 ) . Senators Humphrey and Johnson continued to serve together ( 1956 -- 1961 ) and also served with Senator Nixon ( 1950 -- 1953 ) . Humphrey would be succeeded by Senator Mondale and would later serve with him ( 1971 -- 1976 ) and Senator Biden ( 1973 -- 1978 ) . Senator Biden would later serve with Senators Quayle ( 1981 -- 1989 ) and Gore ( 1985 -- 1993 ) . Members of the House of representatives ( edit ) State Vice President Year ( s ) served Notes California Richard Nixon 1947 -- 1950 Later elected to the Senate Illinois Adlai Stevenson 1875 -- 1877 1879 -- 1881 Indiana Schuyler Colfax 1855 -- 1869 Served as Speaker of the House Thomas A. Hendricks 1851 -- 1855 Dan Quayle 1977 -- 1981 Later elected to the United States Senate Mike Pence 2001 -- 2013 Kansas Charles Curtis 1893 -- 1907 Kentucky Richard M. Johnson 1806 -- 1819 1829 -- 1837 John C. Breckinridge 1851 -- 1855 Alben W. Barkley 1913 -- 1927 Later elected to the United States Senate Maine Hannibal Hamlin 1843 -- 1847 Massachusetts Elbridge Gerry 1789 -- 1793 Michigan Gerald Ford 1949 -- 1973 House Minority Leader 1965 -- 1973 New York Millard Fillmore 1833 -- 1835 1837 -- 1843 William Wheeler 1861 -- 1863 1869 -- 1877 Levi P. Morton 1879 -- 1881 James S. Sherman 1887 -- 1891 1893 -- 1909 North Carolina William R. King 1811 -- 1816 South Carolina John C. Calhoun 1811 -- 1817 Tennessee Andrew Johnson 1843 -- 1853 Later elected to the Senate Al Gore 1977 -- 1985 Later elected to the United States Senate Texas John Nance Garner 1903 -- 1933 Served as Speaker of the House Lyndon B. Johnson 1937 -- 1949 Later elected to the Senate George H.W. Bush 1967 -- 1971 Virginia John Tyler 1816 -- 1821 Later elected to Senate Wyoming Dick Cheney 1979 -- 1989 A number of future Vice Presidents served in the House together : Congressman Johnson served with Congressmen King ( 1811 -- 1816 ) , Calhoun ( 1811 -- 1817 ) , Tyler ( 1816 -- 1819 ) and Fillmore ( 1833 -- 1835 ) . Congressman Hamlin served with Congressman Johnson ( 1843 -- 1847 ) . Congressman Johnson later served with both Congressmen Breckinridge and Hendricks ( 1851 -- 1853 ) . Congressman Colfax served with Congressman Wheeler ( 1861 -- 1863 ) . Congressman Wheeler later served with Congressman Stevenson ( 1875 -- 1877 ) . Congressman Stevenson later served with Congressman Morton ( 1879 -- 1881 ) . Congressman Sherman served with Congressmen Curtis ( 1893 -- 1907 ) and Garner ( 1903 -- 1909 ) . Congressman Garner later served with Congressman Barkley ( 1913 -- 1927 ) . Congressman Nixon served with Congressmen Johnson ( 1947 -- 1949 ) and Ford ( 1949 -- 1950 ) . Congressman Ford later served with Congressman Bush ( 1967 -- 1971 ) . Congressman Gore served with Congressmen Quayle ( 1977 -- 1981 ) and Cheney ( 1979 -- 1985 ) . Continental Congress ( edit ) Vice President State Year ( s ) served John Adams Massachusetts 1774 -- 1778 Thomas Jefferson Virginia 1775 -- 1776 1783 -- 1784 Elbridge Gerry Massachusetts 1776 -- 1780 State government ( edit ) Governors ( edit ) State Vice President Year ( s ) served Notes Indiana Thomas A. Hendricks 1873 -- 1877 Thomas R. Marshall 1909 -- 1913 Mike Pence 2013 -- 2017 Maine Hannibal Hamlin 1857 Massachusetts Elbridge Gerry 1810 -- 1812 Calvin Coolidge 1919 -- 1921 In 1919 , Coolidge gained national attention when he ordered the Massachusetts National Guard to forcefully end the Boston Police Department strike . Maryland Spiro Agnew 1967 -- 1969 New York George Clinton 1777 -- 1795 1801 -- 1804 Daniel D. Tompkins 1807 -- 1817 Martin Van Buren 1829 Levi P. Morton 1895 -- 1896 Served after being Vice-President Theodore Roosevelt 1899 -- 1900 Nelson Rockefeller 1959 -- 1973 Tennessee Andrew Johnson 1853 -- 1857 1862 -- 1865 Military Governor Virginia Thomas Jefferson 1779 -- 1781 John Tyler 1825 -- 1827 State legislators ( edit ) See below for information about pre-1776 colonial offices held . State Legislature Vice President Year ( s ) served Notes Indiana House of Representatives Thomas A. Hendricks 1849 Speaker of the House 1849 Kentucky House of Representatives Richard M. Johnson 1804 -- 1806 John C. Breckinridge 1849 -- 1851 Maine House of Representatives Hannibal Hamlin 1836 -- 1841 Massachusetts House of Representatives Henry Wilson 1841 -- 1852 Calvin Coolidge 1907 -- 1909 Massachusetts Senate Calvin Coolidge 1912 -- 1915 New York Senate Martin Van Buren 1812 -- 1820 William A. Wheeler 1858 -- 1859 New Jersey General Assembly Garret Hobart 1873 -- 1876 Speaker of the House 1874 New Jersey Senate Garret Hobart 1876 -- 1882 President of the Senate 1881 -- 1882 New York State Assembly Aaron Burr 1784 -- 1785 1798 -- 1799 George Clinton 1800 -- 1801 Millard Fillmore 1829 -- 1831 William A. Wheeler 1850 -- 1851 Theodore Roosevelt 1882 -- 1884 Assembly Minority Leader 1883 Texas House of Representatives John Nance Garner 1899 -- 1903 Tennessee House of Representatives Andrew Johnson 1835 -- 1837 Tennessee Senate Andrew Johnson 1841 -- 1843 Virginia House of Delegates Thomas Jefferson 1776 -- 1779 John Tyler 1811 -- 1816 1823 -- 1825 Other Statewide Offices ( edit ) Vice President Office and Jurisdiction Year ( s ) served Aaron Burr Attorney General of New York 1789 -- 1791 Martin Van Buren Attorney General of New York 1815 -- 1819 George M. Dallas Attorney General of Pennsylvania 1833 -- 1835 Millard Fillmore New York State Comptroller 1848 -- 1849 Calvin Coolidge Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts 1916 -- 1919 Walter Mondale Attorney General of Minnesota 1960 -- 1964 Municipal Government ( edit ) Vice President Office and jurisdiction Year ( s ) served Martin Van Buren Surrogate of Columbia County , New York 1808 -- 1812 George M. Dallas Mayor of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 1828 -- 1829 Andrew Johnson Alderman , Greeneville , Tennessee 1828 -- 1830 Mayor of Greeneville , Tennessee 1830 -- 1833 William A. Wheeler District Attorney ; Franklin County , New York 1846 -- 1849 James S. Sherman Mayor of Utica , New York 1884 Theodore Roosevelt Superintendent of the New York Board of Police Commissioners 1895 -- 1897 Calvin Coolidge Mayor of Northampton , Massachusetts 1910 -- 1911 Harry S. Truman Judge , Jackson County , Missouri 1922 -- 1924 Alben W. Barkley District Attorney of McCracken County , Kentucky 1906 -- 1913 Hubert H. Humphrey Mayor of Minneapolis , Minnesota 1945 -- 1948 Spiro Agnew County Executive of Baltimore , Maryland 1962 -- 1966 Joe Biden Member of the New Castle County , Delaware County Council 1970 -- 1972 Foreign governments ( edit ) Colonial , Confederate legislators , and Confederate Cabinet ( edit ) Legislature Vice President Year ( s ) served Notes Confederate Cabinet John C. Breckinridge 1865 Secretary of War Confederate States of America , served after being Vice President Confederate Congress John Tyler 1861 -- 1862 Under the Confederate States of America during the Civil War , served after being President . Massachusetts House of Representatives Elbridge Gerry 1772 -- 1775 Under the Kingdom of Great Britain before 1776 . John Adams 1768 -- 1774 Virginia House of Burgesses Thomas Jefferson 1769 -- 1774 Lost races ( edit ) Other than re-election to the Vice Presidency Vice President Office and jurisdiction Year Notes John Adams President of the United States 1800 Lost re-election to Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson President of the United States 1796 Lost to John Adams . Won in 1800 and in 1804 Aaron Burr Governor of New York 1804 Lost to Morgan Lewis Elbridge Gerry Governor of Massachusetts 1788 1800 1801 1802 1803 1812 Lost to John Hancock in 1788 and Caleb Strong in 1800 , 1801 , 1802 , 1803 , and 1812 . Won in 1810 and 1811 Daniel D. Tompkins Governor of New York 1820 Lost to DeWitt Clinton . Won in 1807 , 1810 , 1813 , and 1816 . Martin Van Buren President of the United States 1840 1848 Lost re-election to William Henry Harrison in 1840 . Ran on Free Soil Ticket 1848 ; came in third place behind Zachary Taylor and Lewis Cass Democratic nomination for President of the United States 1844 Placed in distant third behind James K. Polk and Lewis Cass Richard Mentor Johnson United States Senator from Kentucky 1842 Lost to John J. Crittenden Democratic nomination for President of the United States 1844 Lost to James K. Polk George M. Dallas Democratic nomination for President of the United States 1848 Lost to Lewis Cass Millard Fillmore United States Senator from New York 1843 Lost to Silas Wright Governor of New York 1844 Lost to Silas Wright Whig nomination for Vice President of the United States 1844 Lost to Theodore Frelinghuysen . Later won in 1848 . Whig nomination for President of the United States 1852 Lost to Winfield Scott President of the United States 1856 Ran on Know - Nothing Ticket 1856 ; came in third place behind James Buchanan and John C. Fremont John C. Breckinridge President of the United States 1860 Ran as Southern Democrat 1860 ; lost to Abraham Lincoln Andrew Johnson Democratic nomination for President of the United States 1860 1868 Lost to Stephen A. Douglas in 1860 and Horatio Seymour in 1868 United States Senator from Tennessee 1869 Lost to Henry Cooper United States Representative 1872 Came in third behind Horace Maynard and Benjamin F. Cheatham Henry Wilson Republican nomination for Vice President of the United States 1868 Lost to Schuyler Colfax . Later won in 1872 . William A. Wheeler Republican nomination for President of the United States 1876 Lost to Rutherford B. Hayes . Later made Hayes ' running mate and elected Vice President Thomas A. Hendricks Governor of Indiana 1860 1868 Lost to Henry Smith Lane in 1860 and Conrad Baker in 1868 . Later elected 1872 Democratic nomination for President of the United States 1876 , 1880 , 1884 Lost to Samuel J. Tilden in 1876 , Winfield Scott Hancock in 1880 and Grover Cleveland in 1884 . Later made Tilden 's running mate in 1876 and Cleveland 's running mate in 1884 Vice President of the United States 1876 Lost to William A. Wheeler . Later elected in 1884 Levi P. Morton Republican nomination for President of the United States 1896 Lost to William McKinley Adlai Stevenson Vice President of the United States 1900 Lost to Theodore Roosevelt Governor of Illinois 1908 Lost to Charles S. Deneen Garret Hobart United States Senator from New Jersey 1883 Lost to John R. McPherson . At the time Senators were chosen by the state legislature . Theodore Roosevelt Mayor of New York City 1886 Placed in distant third behind Abram S. Hewitt and Henry George Republican nomination for President of the United States 1912 Lost to William Howard Taft President of the United States 1912 Placed distant second to Woodrow Wilson . Candidate of the Progressive Party . Only third - party candidate to place second in an election . Charles W. Fairbanks United States Senator from Indiana 1893 Lost to David Turpie . At the time Senators were chosen by the state legislature . Later elected in 1897 . Republican nomination for President of the United States 1908 , 1916 Lost to William Howard Taft in 1908 and Charles Evans Hughes in 1916 . Later made Hughes 's running mate . Vice President of the United States 1916 Lost to Thomas R. Marshall Thomas R. Marshall Democratic nomination for President of the United States 1912 Lost to Woodrow Wilson . Later made Wilson 's running mate and elected Vice President Charles G. Dawes United States Senator from Illinois 1902 Lost to Albert J. Hopkins . At the time Senators were chosen by the state legislature Charles Curtis Republican nomination for President of the United States 1928 Lost to Herbert Hoover . Later chosen as Hoover 's running mate and elected Vice President John Nance Garner Democratic nomination for President of the United States 1932 , 1940 Lost to Franklin D. Roosevelt both times . In 1932 , he was made Roosevelt 's running mate and elected Vice President . Henry A. Wallace President of the United States 1948 Ran on the Progressive Party ticket 1948 . Came in fourth behind Harry S. Truman , Thomas E. Dewey , and Strom Thurmond . Alben W. Barkley Democratic nomination for President of the United States 1952 Lost to Adlai Stevenson II Richard Nixon President of the United States 1960 Lost to John F. Kennedy . Won in 1968 and in 1972 Governor of California 1962 Lost to Pat Brown by nearly 300,000 votes ; in his concession speech , he lashed out at the media , saying `` ... you do n't have Nixon to kick around any more , because , gentlemen , this is my last press conference . '' Lyndon B. Johnson United States Senator from Texas 1941 Lost to W. Lee O'Daniel . Later elected Senator in 1948 Democratic nomination for President of the United States 1960 Placed second to John F. Kennedy after failing to contest any state primaries . He assumed the presidency upon Kennedy 's assassination in 1963 . He subsequently won the Democratic nomination ( and the presidency ) in 1964 . Hubert H. Humphrey Democratic nomination for Vice President of the United States 1956 Lost to Estes Kefauver Democratic nomination for President of the United States 1960 1972 Lost to John F. Kennedy in 1960 and George McGovern in 1972 . Later won in 1968 President of the United States 1968 Lost to Richard Nixon . Elected Senator from Minnesota in 1970 and 1976 Spiro Agnew Maryland Circuit Court Judge 1960 Gerald Ford President of the United States 1976 Lost to Jimmy Carter Nelson Rockefeller Republican nomination for President of the United States 1960 , 1964 , 1968 Lost to Richard Nixon in 1960 and 1968 and Barry Goldwater in 1964 Walter Mondale President of the United States 1984 Lost to Ronald Reagan in a landslide : Electoral Vote ; 525 -- 13 United States Senator from Minnesota 2002 Replaced Senator Paul Wellstone on the ballot after his death in a plane crash . Lost to Norm Coleman George H.W. Bush United States Senator from Texas 1964 1970 Lost to Ralph Yarborough in 1964 and Lloyd Bentsen in 1970 Republican nomination for President of the United States 1980 Lost to Ronald Reagan . Won presidency in 1988 but lost re-election in 1992 to Bill Clinton President of the United States 1992 Lost re-election to Bill Clinton Dan Quayle Republican nomination for President of the United States 2000 Lost to George W. Bush Albert A. Gore Democratic nomination for President of the United States 1988 Lost to Michael Dukakis . Later won Democratic nomination in 2000 . President of the United States 2000 Lost to George W. Bush Joe Biden Democratic nomination for President of the United States 1988 , 2008 Lost to Michael Dukakis in 1988 and Barack Obama in 2008 . Later chosen as Obama 's running mate and elected Vice President Mike Pence United States Representative 1988 Lost to Philip Sharp both times . Later elected in 2000 , 2002 , 2004 , 2006 , 2008 , and 2010 . ( hide ) Lists related to the Presidents and Vice Presidents of the United States List of Presidents List of Vice Presidents Presidents Age Autobiographies Burial places Death Historical rankings Lifespan timeline Number living Time in office Portraits Professional careers Approval rating Assassination attempts and plots Campaign slogans Control of Congress Doctrines Inaugurations International trips Judicial appointments Libraries Military rank Military service Other offices held Pardons Previous experience Vetoes Personal life Coats of arms Deaths in office Education Facial hair Firsts Freemasons Multilingualism Net worth Nicknames Pets Home state Previous occupation Religious affiliation Residences Slave owners Vice Presidents Age Burial places Coats of arms Education Number living Other offices held Place of primary affiliation Religious affiliation Tie - breaking votes Time in office Succession Acting President Designated survivor Line of succession Elections Electoral College margin Popular vote margin Summary Winner lost popular vote Candidates Democrat Republican Third party Green Libertarian Progressive National Republican / Whig African American Female Received at least one electoral vote Height Unsuccessful major party candidates Lost their home state Families First Families First Ladies Second Ladies Children Namesakes , honors Memorial sites U.S. postage stamp appearances Educational institution names Currency appearances U.S. county names U.S. Senate vice presidential bust collection In fiction Presidents actors Vice Presidents actors Candidates Line of succession U.S. Government Portal Biography Portal Presidents of the United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Vice_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_other_offices_held&oldid=818443968 '' Categories : Vice presidency of the United States - related lists Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 January 2018 , at 16 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the first vice president to become president after a president dies	[]	[]
-5874660765278640599	On Top of the World (album)	On Top of the World ( album ) - wikipedia On Top of the World ( album ) Jump to : navigation , search For the Pink Floyd album , see Pink Floyd bootleg recordings . On Top of the World Studio album by Eightball & MJG Released November 1 , 1995 Recorded 1994 -- 1995 Digital Services Houston , Texas Genre Hip hop Length 70 : 51 Label Suave House , Relativity Producer T - Mix Eightball & MJG chronology On the Outside Looking In ( 1994 ) On the Outside Looking In 1994 On Top of the World ( 1995 ) Lyrics of a Pimp ( 1997 ) Lyrics of a Pimp 1997 Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic RapReviews On Top of the World is the third studio album by American hip hop duo Eightball & MJG . The album was released on November 1 , 1995 , by Suave House Records and Relativity Records . West - coast artists E-40 and Mac Mall both make appearances on this album , along with Big Mike -- a one - time member of Geto Boys . Nuckle Heads , a newly formed group of 2 female rappers on Suave House , debut on this album . South Circle ( Mr. Mike and Thorough ) also make an appearance here . Former 1 of the Girls member Nina Creque also appears on the album . The album cover was designed by Houston based company Pen & Pixel Graphics , who also designed the cover for their 1993 debut Comin ' Out Hard . The company would later be known for their covers for No Limit Records as well as Cash Money Records . Contents ( hide ) 1 Track listing 2 Personnel 3 Charts 4 References Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Intro '' T - Mix 1 : 45 2 . `` Pimp in My Own Rhyme '' T - Mix 4 : 33 3 . `` What Can I Do '' T - Mix 5 : 13 4 . `` For Real '' T - Mix 5 : 30 5 . `` Funk Mission '' T - Mix 5 : 11 6 . `` Kick That Shit '' T - Mix 5 : 37 7 . `` Friend or Foe '' ( featuring E-40 , Mac Mall , Big Mike & Rodney Ellis ) T - Mix 6 : 23 8 . `` Hand of the Devil '' T - Mix 4 : 58 9 . `` On Top of the World '' T - Mix 4 : 25 10 . `` What Do You See '' ( featuring Nuckle Heads ) T - Mix 4 : 58 11 . `` In the Line of Duty '' T - Mix 5 : 50 12 . `` All in My Mind '' ( featuring South Circle ) T - Mix 5 : 05 13 . `` Comin ' Up '' T - Mix 4 : 16 14 . `` Space Age Pimpin ' '' ( featuring Nina Creque ) T - Mix 5 : 10 15 . `` Break'em Off '' T - Mix 4 : 37 Personnel ( edit ) DJ Squeaky - scratches Tony Draper - executive producer , production coordinator Roger Tausz - recording engineer , mixing John Moran - mastering Pen & Pixel - artwork , design , layout , special effects Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 ) Peak position US Billboard 200 8 US Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums ( Billboard ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stephen Thomas Erlewine . `` On Top of the World - 8Ball and MJG Songs , Reviews , Credits , Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Eightball & MJG : : On Top of the World : : Suave House / Relativity '' . Rapreviews.com. 2005 - 09 - 20 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Eightball & MJG -- Chart history '' Billboard 200 for Eightball & MJG . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Eightball & MJG -- Chart history '' Billboard Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums for Eightball & MJG . Retrieved September 19 , 2013 . ( hide ) 8Ball & MJG Discography Studio albums Comin ' Out Hard ( 1993 ) On the Outside Looking In ( 1994 ) On Top of the World ( 1995 ) In Our Lifetime ( 1999 ) Space Age 4 Eva ( 2000 ) Living Legends ( 2004 ) Ridin ' High ( 2007 ) Ten Toes Down ( 2010 ) Compilation albums Lyrics of a Pimp ( 1997 ) Memphis Under World ( 2000 ) We Are the South : Greatest Hits ( 2008 ) 8Ball albums Lost ( 1998 ) Almost Famous ( 2001 ) Light Up the Bomb ( 2006 ) The Vet & The Rookie ( 2007 ) ( with Devius ) Doin ' It Big ( 2008 ) ( with E.D.I. ) Life 's Quest ( 2012 ) MJG albums No More Glory ( 1997 ) Pimp Tight ( 2008 ) This Might Be the Day ( 2008 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=On_Top_of_the_World_(album)&oldid=746222233 '' Categories : 1995 albums 8Ball & MJG albums English - language albums G - funk albums Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2016 , at 01 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	8ball & mjg on top of the world album	[]	[]
2371569169404215254	Skeletal system of the horse	Skeletal system of the horse - wikipedia Skeletal system of the horse Skeleton of a horse The skeletal system of the horse has three major functions in the body . It protects vital organs , provides framework , and supports soft parts of the body . Horses typically have 205 bones . The pelvic limb typically contains 19 bones , while the thoracic limb contains 20 bones . Contents 1 Functions of bones 2 Ligaments 3 Axial skeleton 4 Appendicular skeleton 4.1 Important bones and joints of the forelimb 4.2 Important bones and joints of the hindlimb 4.3 Bones of the lower limb 5 Skeletal system disorders 5.1 Joint disease in horses 6 References Functions of bones ( edit ) Bones serve three major functions in the skeletal system ; they act as levers , they store minerals , and they are the site of red blood cell formation . Bones can be classified into five categories Long Bones : aid in locomotion , store minerals , and act as levers . They are found mainly in the limbs . Short Bones : Absorb concussion . Found in joints such as the knee , hock , and fetlock . Flat Bones : Enclose body cavities containing organs . The ribs are examples of flat bones . Irregular Bones : Protect the central nervous system . The vertebral column consists of irregular bones . Sesamoids : Bones embedded within a tendon . The horse 's proximal digital sesamoids are simply called the `` sesamoid bones '' by horsemen , his distal digital sesamoid is referred to as the navicular bone . Ligaments and tendons hold the skeletal system together . Ligaments hold bones to bones and tendons hold bones to muscles . Synovial membranes are found in joint capsules , where they contain synovial fluid , which lubricates joints . Bones are covered by a tough membrane called periosteum , which covers the entire bone excluding areas of articulation . Ligaments ( edit ) Ligaments attach bone to bone , and are vital in stabilizing joints as well as supporting structures . They are made up of fibrous material that is generally quite strong . Due to their relatively poor blood supply , ligament injuries generally take a long time to heal . Ligaments of the upper body include : Nuchal and supraspinous ligaments : the nuchal ligament attaches to the dorsal surface of the cervical vertebrae . Its dorsal section extends from the occipital protuberance of the skull ( the poll ) to the withers , then narrows to become the supraspinous ligament . It also connects the 2 - 7th cervical vertebrae to the 1 - 3rd thoracic vertebrae . Its main purpose is to support the head and allow it to be moved upward or downward . Intercapital ligaments : lie between the first through eleventh ribs . Help to prevent thoracic disk herniation . Ligaments of the legs include : Suspensory ligament : runs from the back of the cannon bone ( between the two spint bones ) , then splits into two branches and attaches to the sesamoid bones at the bottom of the fetlock . Branches continue downward and attach to the extensor tendons . The main purpose of the suspensory is to support the fetlock joint , preventing it from overextending . Injury to this ligament is an important cause of lameness in performance horses . The suspensory is a modified muscle , the equine equivalent of the interosseous muscle , which contains both tendon fibers and residual muscle fibers . Interosseous ligaments : connect the cannon bone to each splint bone . Injury to this ligament produces the condition known as `` splints '' . Proximal and distal check ligaments : The proximal check ligament originates from the radius and attaches to the superficial digital flexor tendon . The distal check originates from the palmar carpal ligament and attaches to the deep digital flexor tendon , approximately 2 / 3 - way down the metacarpus . Plantar ligament : in the hind leg , runs down the lateral side of the tarsus , attaches to the fibular , 4th tarsal , and 3rd metatarsal bones . Injury leads to a condition known as `` curb . '' Inter-sesamoidean ligaments : supporting ligaments , run between the two sesamoid bones . Distal sesamoidean ligaments : run from the sesamoid bones to the two pastern bones . Important in the stay apparatus . Impar ligament : runs between the navicular bone and the 3rd phalanx . Annular ligament : goes around the back of the fetlock , surrounding the flexor tendons and their tendon sheath , attaching to the sesamoid bones . It helps to support the fetlock , and provides an enclosed `` pulley '' for the flexor tendons to run through . Sacrosciatic ligament : Originates from the sacrum and coccygeal vertebrae , inserts into the pelvis . Axial skeleton ( edit ) See also : Back ( horse ) and Poll ( livestock ) Horse Skull ( Unknown breed ) The axial skeleton contains the skull , vertebral column , sternum , and ribs . The sternum consists of multiple sternebrae , which fuse to form one bone , attached to the 8 `` true '' pairs of ribs , out of a total of 18 . The vertebral column usually contains 54 bones : 7 cervical vertebrae , including the atlas ( C1 ) and axis ( C2 ) which support and help move the skull , 18 ( or rarely , 19 ) thoracic , 5 - 6 lumbar , 5 sacral ( which fuse together to form the sacrum ) , and 15 - 25 caudal vertebrae with an average of 18 . Differences in number may occur , particularly in certain breeds . For example , some , though not all , Arabians , may have 5 lumbar vertebrae , opposed to the usual 6 , 17 thoracic vertebrae ( and ribs ) instead of 18 , and 16 or 17 caudal vertebrae instead of 18 . The withers of the horse are made up by the dorsal spinal processes of the thoracic vertebrae numbers 5 to 9 . The skull consists of 34 bones and contains four cavities : the cranial cavity , the orbital cavity , oral , and the nasal cavity . The cranial cavity encloses and protects the brain and it supports several sense organs . The orbital cavitity surrounds and protects the eye . The oral cavity is a passage way into the respiratory and digestive systems . The nasal cavity leads into the respiratory system , and includes extensive paranasal sinuses . The nasal cavity contains turbinate bones that protect the mucous membrane that lines the cavity from warm inspired air . The skull consists of fourteen major bones Incisive bone ( premaxillary ) : part of the upper jaw ; where the incisors attach Nasal bone : covers the nasal cavity Maxillary bone : a large bone that contains the roots of the molars Mandible : lower portion of the jaw ; largest bone in the skull Lacrimal bone : contains the nasolacrimal duct , which carries fluid from the surface of the eye , to the nose Frontal bone : creates the forehead of the horse Parietal bone : extends from the forehead to the back of the skull Occipital bone : forms the joint between the skull and the first vertebrae of the neck ( the atlas ) Temporal bone : contains the eternal acoustic meatus , which transmits sound from the ear to the cochlea ( eardrum ) Zygomatic bone : attaches to the temporal bone to form the zygomatic arch ( cheek bone ) Palatine bone : forms the back of the hard palate Sphenoid : formed by fusion of the foetal basisphenoid and presphenoid bones , at the base of the skull . Can become fractured in horses that rear over backwards . Vomer : forms the top of the inside of the nasal cavity Pterygoid : small bone attached to the sphenoid that extends downward Appendicular skeleton ( edit ) Appendicular forelimb skeleton See also : Equine forelimb anatomy The appendicular skeleton contains the fore and hindlimbs . The hindlimb attaches to the vertebral column via the pelvis , while the forelimb does not directly attach to the spine ( as a horse does not have a collar bone ) , and is instead suspended in place by muscles and tendons . This allows great mobility in the front limb , and is partially responsible for the horse 's ability to fold his legs up when jumping . Although the hindlimb supports only about 40 % of the weight of the animal , it creates most of the forward movement of the horse , and is stabilized through attachments to the spine . Important bones and joints of the forelimb ( edit ) Scapula ( shoulder blade ) : flat bone with a large area of cartilage that partially forms the withers . The shoulder length and angle is very important to horsemen when evaluating conformation . Humerus : lies between the scapula and the radius , making an angle of about 55 degrees down and back . ( Misspelled in the picture as `` Humercus '' ) Radius : extends from the elbow , where it articulates with the humerus , and travels downward to the carpus . It forms the `` forearm '' of the horse along with the ulna . Ulna : caudal to the radius , it is usually partially fused to that bone in an adult horse . Shoulder joint ( scapulohumeral joint ) : usually has an angle of 120 - 130 degrees when the horse is standing , which can extended to 145 degrees , and flexed to 80 degrees ( such as when the horse is jumping and obstacle ) . Elbow joint ( humeroradial joint ) : hinge joint that can flex 55 - 60 degrees . Carpus ( knee ) : consists of 7 - 8 bones placed in 2 rows to form 3 joints . The 1st carpal bone is present only 50 % of the time . Which on humans is the wrist . Important bones and joints of the hindlimb ( edit ) Appendicular hindlimb skeleton Pelvis : made up of the os coxae , the largest of the flat bones in a horse . It is made up of the ilium , the ischium , and the pubis . At the junction of these three bones is a cavity called the acetabulum , which acts as the socket of the hip joint . The pelvic cavity is larger in diameter in the mare than in the stallion , providing more room for the foal during birth . Femur : the largest long bone in a horse . Proximally it forms a ball - and - socket joint with the pelvis to form the hip joint , and distally it meets the tibia and patella at the stifle joint . It serves as an attachment point for the deep and middle glueteal muscles , and the accessory and round ligaments . Patella Tibia : runs from stifle to hock . The proximal end provides attachment for the patellar ligaments , meniscal ligaments , cruciate ligamnents , and collateral lligaments of the stifle . The distal end provides attachment for the collateral ligaments of the hock . Fibula : completely fused to the tibia in most horses . Hip joint : Ball - and - socket joint made up of the acetabulum of the pelvis and the femur . It is very stable . Stifle joint ( femoropatellar joint ) : actually composed of three joint compartments : the femoropatellar joint , the medial femorotibial joint , and the lateral femorotibial joint , which are stabilized by a network of ligaments . The stifle has an articular angle of about 150 degrees . Tarsus ( hock ) : consists of 6 bones ( of which one is made up of the fused 1st and 2nd tarsal bones ) aligned in 3 rows . The largest bone in the hock , the calcaneus or fibular tarsal bone , corresponds to the human heel , and creates the tuber calcis ( point of hock ) . It is to this point that the tendon of the gastrocnemius , portions of the biceps femoris , and portions of the superficial digital flexor attach . Bones of the lower limb ( edit ) Bones of the lower limb , present in both the front and hind legs , include the cannon bone ( 3rd metacarpal / 3rd metatarsal ) , splint bones ( 2nd and 4th metacarpal / metatarsal ) , proximal sesamoid bones , long pastern ( proximal or 1st phalanx ) , short pastern ( middle or 2nd phalanx ) , coffin bone ( distal or 3rd phalanx ) , and navicular bone ( distal sesamoid ) . There are usually slight differences in these bones when comparing the front and the hind . The 3rd metatarsal is about 1 / 6 longer than the 3rd metacarpal . Similarly , the 2nd and 4th metatarsals are longer in length when compared to their front - end counterpart . In the hindlimb , the 1st phalanx is shorter and the 2nd phalanx is longer than in the frontlimb . In addition , the 2nd and 3rd phalanx are narrower in the hind limb . The angle created by these three bones in the hindleg is steeper by about 5 degrees , therefore making the pastern angle steeper behind than in front . Skeletal system Disorders ( edit ) Arthritis ( horse ) Degenerative joint disease ( DJD ) , such as bone spavin , ringbone , omarthritis Inflammatory joint disease such as Carpitis ( sprained knee ) , osselets Bucked shins Curb Degenerative suspensory ligament desmitis ( DSLD ) , and sprains of the suspensory ligament Fractures Locked kneecap ( delayed patellar release or intermittent upward fixation of the patella ) Navicular disease Osteochondrosis ( horse ) Sesamoiditis Splints Wry nose Joint disease in horses ( edit ) Main article : Treatment of equine lameness Performance horses , like human athletes , place a high amount of stress on their bones and joints . This is especially true if the horse jumps , gallops , or performs sudden turns or changes of pace , as can be seen in racehorses , show jumpers , eventers , polo ponies , reiners , and western performance horses . A high percentage of performance horses develop arthritis , especially if they are worked intensely when young or are worked on poor footing . Treatment of early joint disease often involves a combination of management and nutraceuticals . Intramuscular , intravenous , and intra-articular medications may be added as the disease progresses . Advanced therapies , such as Interleukin - 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein ( IRAP ) and stem cell treatments , are available for acute cases . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The suspensory ligament ^ Jump up to : King , Christine , BVSc , MACVSc , and Mansmann , Richard , VMD , PhD . `` Equine Lameness . '' Equine Research , Inc. 1997 . Jump up ^ Riegal , Ronald J. DVM , and Susan E. Hakola RN . Illustrated Atlas of Clinical Equine Anatomy and Common Disorders of the Horse Vol. II . Equistar Publication , Limited . Marysville , OH . Copyright 2000 . Forney , Barbara C , MS , VMD. Equine Medications , Revised Edition . Blood Horse Publications . Lexington , KY . Copyright 2007 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skeletal_system_of_the_horse&oldid=840390438 '' Categories : Horse anatomy Equine injury and lameness Skeletal system Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 May 2018 , at 15 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many cannon bones does a horse have	[]	[]
-5537192114421233097	Munich Agreement	Munich Agreement - wikipedia Munich Agreement `` Treaty of Munich '' redirects here . For the Austro - Bavarian agreement after the Napoleonic Wars , see Treaty of Munich ( 1816 ) . For the annual global security meeting held in Munich , see Munich Conference on Security Policy . After the summit , British prime minister Neville Chamberlain declared that the Munich agreement meant `` peace for our time '' . Radio broadcast of Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain 's return to Great Britain after signing the Munich Agreement . Recording is 9 minutes , 23 seconds long . Events leading to World War II Treaty of Versailles 1919 Treaty of Trianon 1920 Treaty of Rapallo 1920 March on Rome 1922 Corfu incident 1923 Occupation of the Ruhr 1923 -- 1925 Mein Kampf 1925 Pacification of Libya 1923 -- 1932 Dawes Plan 1924 Locarno Treaties 1925 Chinese Civil War 1927 -- 1936 Young Plan 1929 Great Depression 1929 -- 1941 Japanese invasion of Manchuria 1931 Nazis rise to power in Germany 1933 Franco - Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance May 1935 Soviet - Czechoslovakia Treaty of Mutual Assistance May 1935 Second Italo - Ethiopian War 1935 -- 36 Remilitarization of the Rhineland 1936 Spanish Civil War 1936 -- 39 Anti-Comintern Pact 1936 Second Sino - Japanese War 1937 Anschluss Mar. 1938 Munich crisis Sep. 1938 German occupation of Czechoslovakia Mar. 1939 German ultimatum to Lithuania Mar. 1939 Slovak -- Hungarian War Mar. 1939 British guarantee to Poland Mar. 1939 Invasion of Albania Apr. 1939 German ultimatum to Rumania Apr. 1939 Soviet - British - French Moscow negotiations Apr. - Aug. 1939 Pact of Steel May 1939 Danzig Corridor Crisis May 1939 Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact Aug. 1939 Invasion of Poland Sep. 1939 Territorial evolution of Germany in the 20th century Pre-World War II ( show ) Treaty of Versailles ( 1919 ) Silesian Uprisings ( 1918 -- 1919 ) Polish Corridor Return of the Saar Basin ( 1935 ) Remilitarization of the Rhineland ( 1936 ) Anschluss with Austria ( 1938 ) Munich Agreement ( 1938 ) Seizure of Czechoslovakia ( 1939 ) Treaty of the Cession of the Memel Territory to Germany ( 1939 ) World War II ( show ) Großdeutschland Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany Tehran Conference ( 1943 ) Yalta Conference ( 1945 ) Post-World War II ( show ) Potsdam Conference ( 1945 ) Dutch annexations ( 1949 ) Belgian annexations ( 1949 ) Treaty of Zgorzelec ( 1950 ) Return of Heligoland ( 1952 ) Saar Treaty ( 1956 ) `` Little Reunification '' with Saarland ( 1957 ) Return of Selfkant ( 1963 ) Treaty of Warsaw ( 1970 ) Two Plus Four Treaty ( 1990 ) German - Polish Border Treaty ( 1990 ) Areas ( show ) Former eastern territories of Germany Adjacent countries ( show ) Territorial evolution of Poland Territorial changes of the Baltic states The Munich Agreement was a settlement permitting Nazi Germany 's annexation of portions of Czechoslovakia along the country 's borders mainly inhabited by German speakers , for which a new territorial designation , the `` Sudetenland '' , was coined . The agreement was signed in Munich , Germany on the early hours of 30 September 1938 ( but dated 29 September ) after being negotiated among the major powers of Europe , excluding the Soviet Union . The purpose of the conference was to discuss the future of the Sudetenland in the face of demands made by Adolf Hitler . The agreement was signed by Germany , France , the United Kingdom and Italy , but not Czechoslovakia , which was not invited to the conference The Sudetenland was of immense strategic importance to Czechoslovakia , as most of its border defenses and banks were situated there , as well as heavy industrial districts . The Agreement was soon followed by dismemberment of the Czech state . Today , it is widely regarded as a failed act of appeasement , and the term has become `` a byword for the futility of appeasing expansionist totalitarian states '' . Contents 1 Background 1.1 Demands for autonomy 1.2 Sudeten crisis 2 Resolution 3 Reactions 3.1 Opinions about the agreement 4 The `` ghost of Munich '' 5 Consequences of the Munich agreement 5.1 Czechoslovakia after Munich 5.1. 1 The first Vienna Award to Hungary 5.1. 2 German invasion of the remainder of Czechoslovakia 5.1. 3 Strengthening of Wehrmacht 's armament 5.1. 4 The birth of German resistance within the military 5.2 International politics 5.2. 1 Italian colonial demands from France 6 Quotations from key participants 7 Legal nullification 8 Legacy 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Notes 10.2 Bibliography 10.3 Further reading 11 External links Background ( edit ) Demands for autonomy ( edit ) Czech districts with an ethnic German population in 1934 of 25 % or more ( pink ) , 50 % or more ( red ) , and 75 % or more ( dark red ) in 1935 Konrad Henlein , leader of the Sudeten German Party ( SdP ) , a branch of the Nazi Party of Germany in Czechoslovakia Edvard Beneš , the second President of Czechoslovakia and leader of the Czechoslovak government - in - exile Czechoslovakia was created in 1918 following the collapse of the Austro - Hungarian Empire at the end of World War I . The Treaty of Versailles recognized the independence of Czechoslovakia with a population that included three million German - speaking people , 24 percent of the total population of the country . The Germans lived mostly in an area called Sudetenland bordering on Germany and the newly created country of Austria . The Sudeten Germans were not consulted about whether they wished to be citizens of Czechoslovakia . Although the constitution guaranteed equality for all citizens , there was a tendency among political leaders to transform the country `` into an instrument of Czech and Slovak nationalism '' . Some progress was made to integrate the Germans and other minorities , but they continued to be under - represented in the government and the army . Moreover , the Great Depression beginning in 1929 impacted the highly industrialized and export - oriented Sudeten Germans more than it did the Czech and Slovak populations . By 1936 , 60 percent of the unemployed people in Czechoslovakia were Germans . In 1933 Sudeten German leader Konrad Henlein founded the Sudeten German Party ( SdP ) which was `` militant , populist , and openly hostile '' to the Czechoslovakian government and soon captured two - thirds of the vote in districts with a heavy German population . Historians differ as to whether the SdP was from its beginning a Nazi front organization , or evolved into one . By 1935 , the SdP was the second largest political party in Czechoslovakia as German votes concentrated on this party while Czech and Slovak votes were spread among several parties . Shortly after the Anschluss of Austria to Germany , Henlein met with Hitler in Berlin on 28 March 1938 , where he was instructed to raise demands unacceptable to the Czechoslovak government led by president Edvard Beneš . On 24 April , the SdP issued a series of demands upon the government of Czechoslovakia , that were known as the Carlsbad Program . Among the demands , Henlein demanded autonomy for Germans living in Czechoslovakia . The Czechoslovak government responded by saying that it was willing to provide more minority rights to the German minority but it refused to grant them autonomy . With tension high between Germans and the Czechoslovakian government , on 15 September 1938 President Beneš offered secretly to give 6,000 square kilometres ( 2,300 sq mi ) of Czechoslovakian territory to Germany in exchange for a German agreement to admit 1.5 to 2.0 million Sudeten Germans which Czechoslovakia would expel . Hitler did not reply . Sudeten crisis ( edit ) See also : Sudetendeutsches Freikorps As the previous appeasement of Hitler had shown , the governments of both France and Britain were intent on avoiding war . The French government did not wish to face Germany alone and took its lead from Britain 's Conservative government of Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain . Chamberlain considered the Sudeten German grievances justified and believed Hitler 's intentions were limited . Both Britain and France , therefore , advised Czechoslovakia to accede to Germany 's demands . Beneš resisted and on 19 May initiated a partial mobilization in response to possible German invasion . On 20 May , Hitler presented his generals with a draft plan of attack on Czechoslovakia codenamed Operation Green , insisting that he would not `` smash Czechoslovakia '' militarily without `` provocation , '' `` a particularly favourable opportunity '' or `` adequate political justification . '' On 28 May , Hitler called a meeting of his service chiefs where he ordered an acceleration of U-boat construction and brought forward the construction of his first two battleships , Bismarck and Tirpitz , to spring 1940 , and demanded that the increase in the firepower of the battlecruisers Scharnhorst and Gneisenau be accelerated . While recognizing that this would still be insufficient for a full - scale naval war with Britain , Hitler hoped it would be a sufficient deterrent . Ten days later , Hitler signed a secret directive for war against Czechoslovakia , to begin not later than 1 October . On 22 May , Juliusz Łukasiewicz , the Polish ambassador to France , told the French Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet that if France moved against Germany in defense of Czechoslovakia : `` We shall not move . '' Łukasiewicz also told Bonnet that Poland would oppose any attempt by Soviet forces to defend Czechoslovakia from Germany . Daladier told Jakob Surits , the Soviet ambassador to France : `` Not only can we not count on Polish support but we have no faith that Poland will not strike us in the back . '' Hitler 's adjutant , Fritz Wiedemann , recalled after the war that he was `` very shocked '' by Hitler 's new plans to attack Britain and France 3 -- 4 years after `` deal ( ing ) with the situation '' in Czechoslovakia . General Ludwig Beck , chief of the German general staff , noted that Hitler 's change of heart in favour of quick action was due to Czechoslovak defences still being improvised , which would no longer be the case 2 -- 3 years later , and British rearmament not coming into effect until 1941 / 42 . General Alfred Jodl noted in his diary that the partial Czechoslovak mobilisation of 21 May had led Hitler to issue a new order for Operation Green on 30 May , and that this was accompanied by a covering letter from Keitel stating that the plan must be implemented by 1 October at the very latest . In the meantime , the British government demanded that Beneš request a mediator . Not wishing to sever his government 's ties with Western Europe , Beneš reluctantly accepted . The British appointed Lord Runciman , the former Liberal cabinet minister , who arrived in Prague on 3 August with instructions to persuade Beneš to agree to a plan acceptable to the Sudeten Germans . On 20 July , French Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet , told the Czechoslovak Ambassador in Paris that while France would declare her support in public to help the Czechoslovak negotiations , it was not prepared to go to war over the Sudetenland question . During August the German press was full of stories alleging Czechoslovak atrocities against Sudeten Germans , with the intention of forcing the Western Powers into putting pressure on the Czechoslovaks to make concessions . Hitler hoped the Czechoslovaks would refuse and that the Western Powers would then feel morally justified in leaving the Czechoslovaks to their fate . In August , Germany sent 750,000 soldiers along the border of Czechoslovakia officially as part of army maneuvers . On 4 or 5 September , Beneš submitted the Fourth Plan , granting nearly all the demands of the Munich Agreement . The Sudeten Germans were under instruction from Hitler to avoid a compromise , and after the SdP held demonstrations that provoked police action in Ostrava on 7 September in which two of their parliamentary deputies were arrested , the Sudeten Germans used this incident and false allegations of other atrocities as an excuse to break off further negotiations . Adolf Hitler greets British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain on the steps of the Berghof , 15 September 1938 On 12 September , Hitler made a speech at a Nazi Party rally in Nuremberg on the Sudeten crisis in which he condemned the actions of the government of Czechoslovakia . Hitler denounced Czechoslovakia as being a fraudulent state that was in violation of international law 's emphasis of national self - determination , claiming it was a Czech hegemony where neither the Germans , the Slovaks , the Hungarians , the Ukrainians , nor the Poles of the country actually wanted to be in a union with the Czechs . Hitler accused Czechoslovakia 's President Edvard Beneš of seeking to gradually exterminate the Sudeten Germans , claiming that since Czechoslovakia 's creation over 600,000 Germans were intentionally forced out of their homes under the threat of starvation if they did not leave . He alleged that Beneš ' government was persecuting Germans along with Hungarians , Poles , and Slovaks , and accused Beneš of threatening these nationalities with being branded traitors if they were not loyal to the country . He stated that he , as the head of state of Germany , would support the right of the self - determination of fellow Germans in the Sudetenland . He condemned Beneš for his government 's recent execution of several German protesters . He accused Beneš of being belligerent and threatening behaviour towards Germany which , if war broke out , would result in Beneš forcing Sudeten Germans to fight against their will against Germans from Germany . Hitler accused the government of Czechoslovakia of being a client regime of France , claiming that the French Minister of Aviation Pierre Cot had said `` We need this state as a base from which to drop bombs with greater ease to destroy Germany 's economy and its industry '' . Chamberlain greeted by Adolf Hitler at the beginning of the Bad Godesberg meeting on 24 September 1938 On 13 September , after internal violence and disruption in Czechoslovakia ensued , Chamberlain asked Hitler for a personal meeting to find a solution to avert a war . Chamberlain arrived by plane in Germany on 15 September and then arrived at Hitler 's residence in Berchtesgaden for the meeting . The Sudeten German leader Henlein flew to Germany on the same day . On that day , Hitler and Chamberlain held discussions in which Hitler insisted that the Sudeten Germans must be allowed to exercise the right of national self - determination and be able to join Sudetenland with Germany ; Hitler also expressed concern to Chamberlain about what he perceived as British `` threats '' . Chamberlain responded that he had not issued `` threats '' and in frustration asked Hitler `` Why did I come over here to waste my time ? '' . Hitler responded that if Chamberlain was willing to accept the self - determination of the Sudeten Germans , he would be willing to discuss the matter . Chamberlain and Hitler held discussions for three hours , after which the meeting adjourned and Chamberlain flew back to the UK and met with his cabinet to discuss the issue . After the meeting , French Prime Minister Édouard Daladier flew to London on 16 September to meet British officials to discuss a course of action . The situation in Czechoslovakia became more tense that day with the Czechoslovak government issuing an arrest warrant for the Sudeten German leader Henlein , who had arrived in Germany a day earlier to take part in the negotiations . The French proposals ranged from waging war against Germany to supporting the Sudetenland being ceded to Germany . The discussions ended with a firm British - French plan in place . Britain and France demanded that Czechoslovakia cede to Germany all those territories where the German population represented over fifty percent of the Sudetenland 's total population . In exchange for this concession , Britain and France would guarantee the independence of Czechoslovakia . The proposed solution was rejected by both Czechoslovakia and opponents of it in Britain and France . A 1938 terrorist action of Sudetendeutsches Freikorps Czechoslovak Army soldiers on patrol in the Sudetenland in September 1938 On 17 September 1938 Hitler ordered the establishment of Sudetendeutsches Freikorps , a paramilitary organization that took over the structure of Ordnersgruppe , an organization of ethnic - Germans in Czechoslovakia that had been dissolved by the Czechoslovak authorities the previous day due to its implication in a large number of terrorist activities . The organization was sheltered , trained and equipped by German authorities and conducted cross border terrorist operations into Czechoslovak territory . Relying on the Convention for the Definition of Aggression , Czechoslovak president Edvard Beneš and the government - in - exile later regarded 17 September 1938 as the beginning of the undeclared German - Czechoslovak war . This understanding has been assumed also by the contemporary Czech Constitutional court . On 18 September , Italy 's Duce Benito Mussolini made a speech in Trieste , Italy , where he declared `` If there are two camps , for and against Prague , let it be known that Italy has chosen its side '' , with the clear implication being that Mussolini supported Germany in the crisis . General Hans Oster , deputy head of the Abwehr met with other German military officers on 20 September 1938 to discuss final plans of a plot to overthrow the Nazi regime . On 20 September , German opponents to the Nazi regime within the military met to discuss the final plans of a plot they had developed to overthrow the Nazi regime . The meeting was led by General Hans Oster , the deputy head of the Abwehr ( Germany 's counter-espionage agency ) . Other members included Captain Friedrich Wilhelm Heinz , and other military officers leading the planned coup d'etat met at the meeting . Protest in Prague against German aggression , 22 September 1938 On 22 September , Chamberlain , about to board his plane to go to Germany for further talks , told the press who met him there that `` My objective is peace in Europe , I trust this trip is the way to that peace . '' Chamberlain arrived in Cologne , where he received a lavish grand welcome with a German band playing `` God Save the King '' and Germans giving Chamberlain flowers and gifts . Chamberlain had calculated that fully accepting German annexation of all of the Sudetenland with no reductions would force Hitler to accept the agreement . Upon being told of this , Hitler responded `` Does this mean that the Allies have agreed with Prague 's approval to the transfer of the Sudetenland to Germany ? '' , Chamberlain responded `` Precisely '' , to which Hitler responded by shaking his head , saying that the Allied offer was insufficient . He told Chamberlain that he wanted Czechoslovakia to be completely dissolved and its territories redistributed to Germany , Poland , and Hungary , and told Chamberlain to take it or leave it . Chamberlain was shaken by this statement . Hitler went on to tell Chamberlain that since their last visit on the 15th , Czechoslovakia 's actions , which Hitler claimed included killings of Germans , had made the situation unbearable for Germany . Later in the meeting , a prearranged deception was undertaken in order to influence and put pressure on Chamberlain : one of Hitler 's aides entered the room to inform Hitler of more Germans being killed in Czechoslovakia , to which Hitler screamed in response `` I will avenge every one of them . The Czechs must be destroyed . '' The meeting ended with Hitler refusing to make any concessions to the Allies ' demands . Later that evening , Hitler grew worried that he had gone too far in pressuring Chamberlain , and telephoned Chamberlain 's hotel suite , saying that he would accept annexing only the Sudetenland , with no designs on other territories , provided that Czechoslovakia begin the evacuation of ethnic Czechs from the German majority territories by 26 September at 8 : 00am . After being pressed by Chamberlain , Hitler agreed to have the ultimatum set for 1 October ( the same date that Operation Green was set to begin ) . Hitler then said to Chamberlain that this was one concession that he was willing to make to the Prime Minister as a `` gift '' out of respect for the fact that Chamberlain had been willing to back down somewhat on his earlier position . Hitler went on to say that upon annexing the Sudetenland , Germany would hold no further territorial claims upon Czechoslovakia and would enter into a collective agreement to guarantee the borders of Germany and Czechoslovakia . Meanwhile , a new Czechoslovak cabinet , under General Jan Syrový , was installed and on 23 September a decree of general mobilization was issued which was accepted by the public with a strong enthusiasm - within 24 hours , one million men joined the army to defend the country . The Czechoslovak army , modern , experienced and possessing an excellent system of frontier fortifications , was prepared to fight . The Soviet Union announced its willingness to come to Czechoslovakia 's assistance , provided that the Soviet Army would be able to cross Polish and Romanian territory . Both countries refused to allow the Soviet army to use their territories . In the early hours of 24 September , Hitler issued the Godesberg Memorandum , which demanded that Czechoslovakia cede the Sudetenland to Germany no later than 28 September , with plebiscites to be held in unspecified areas under the supervision of German and Czechoslovak forces . The memorandum also stated that if Czechoslovakia did not agree to the German demands by 2 pm on 28 September , Germany would take the Sudetenland by force . On the same day , Chamberlain returned to Britain and announced that Hitler demanded the annexation of the Sudetenland without delay . The announcement enraged those in Britain and France who wanted to confront Hitler once and for all , even if it meant war , and its supporters gained strength . The Czechoslovak Ambassador to the United Kingdom , Jan Masaryk , was elated upon hearing of the support for Czechoslovakia from British and French opponents of Hitler 's plans , saying `` The nation of Saint Wenceslas will never be a nation of slaves . '' Neville Chamberlain with Benito Mussolini , September 1938 On 25 September , Czechoslovakia agreed to the conditions previously agreed upon by Britain , France , and Germany . The next day , however , Hitler added new demands , insisting that the claims of ethnic Germans in Poland and Hungary also be satisfied . On 26 September , Chamberlain sent Sir Horace Wilson to carry a personal letter to Hitler declaring that the Allies wanted a peaceful resolution to the Sudeten crisis . Later that evening , Hitler made his response in a speech at the Sportpalast in Berlin ; he gave Czechoslovakia a deadline of 28 September at 2 : 00pm to cede the Sudetenland to Germany or face war . On 28 September at 10 : 00am , four hours before the deadline and with no agreement to Hitler 's demand by Czechoslovakia , the British ambassador to Italy , Lord Perth , called Italy 's Foreign Minister Galeazzo Ciano to request an urgent meeting . Perth informed Ciano that Chamberlain had instructed him to request that Mussolini enter the negotiations and urge Hitler to delay the ultimatum . At 11 : 00am , Ciano met Mussolini and informed him of Chamberlain 's proposition ; Mussolini agreed with it and responded by telephoning Italy 's ambassador to Germany and told him `` Go to the Fuhrer at once , and tell him that whatever happens , I will be at his side , but that I request a twenty - four hour delay before hostilities begin . In the meantime , I will study what can be done to solve the problem . '' Hitler received Mussolini 's message while in discussions with the French ambassador . Hitler told the ambassador `` My good friend , Benito Mussolini , has asked me to delay for twenty - four hours the marching orders of the German army , and I agreed . Of course , this was no concession , as the invasion date was set for 1 October 1938 . '' Upon speaking with Chamberlain , Lord Perth gave Chamberlain 's thanks to Mussolini as well as Chamberlain 's request that Mussolini attend a four - power conference of Britain , France , Germany , and Italy in Munich on 29 September to settle the Sudeten problem prior to the deadline of 2 : 00pm . Mussolini agreed . Hitler 's only request was to make sure that Mussolini be involved in the negotiations at the conference . When United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt learned the conference had been scheduled , he telegraphed Chamberlain , `` Good man '' . Resolution ( edit ) Sequence of events following the Munich Agreement : 1 . Germany occupies the Sudetenland ( October 1938 ) . 2 . Poland annexes Zaolzie , an area with a Polish plurality , over which the two countries had fought a war in 1919 ( October 1938 ) . 3 . Hungary occupies border areas ( southern third of Slovakia and southern Carpathian Ruthenia ) with Hungarian minorities in accordance with the First Vienna Award ( November 1938 ) . 4 . On March 15 , 1939 , during the German invasion of the remaining Czech territories , Hungary annexes Carpathian Ruthenia ( which had been autonomous since October 1938 ) . 5 . Germany establishes the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia with a puppet government , on March 16 , 1939 . 6 . Meanwhile , during the German invasion of Czech territories , a pro-Hitler Catholic - fascist government splits off the remaining territories of Czechoslovakia and declares the Slovak Republic , an Axis client state . From left to right : Chamberlain , Daladier , Hitler , Mussolini , and Ciano pictured before signing the Munich Agreement , which gave the Sudetenland to Germany . A deal was reached on 29 September , and at about 1 : 30 am on 30 September 1938 , Adolf Hitler , Neville Chamberlain , Benito Mussolini and Édouard Daladier signed the Munich Agreement . The agreement was officially introduced by Mussolini although in fact the Italian plan was nearly identical to the Godesberg proposal : the German army was to complete the occupation of the Sudetenland by 10 October , and an international commission would decide the future of other disputed areas . Czechoslovakia was informed by Britain and France that it could either resist Nazi Germany alone or submit to the prescribed annexations . The Czechoslovak government , realizing the hopelessness of fighting the Nazis alone , reluctantly capitulated ( 30 September ) and agreed to abide by the agreement . The settlement gave Germany the Sudetenland starting 10 October , and de facto control over the rest of Czechoslovakia as long as Hitler promised to go no further . On 30 September after some rest , Chamberlain went to Hitler and asked him to sign a peace treaty between the United Kingdom and Germany . After Hitler 's interpreter translated it for him , he happily agreed . On 30 September , upon his return to Britain , Chamberlain delivered his controversial `` peace for our time '' speech to crowds in London . The Führerbau in Munich , site of the 1938 Munich Agreement Present - day view of the Hitler 's office in the Führerbau where the 1938 Munich Agreement was signed . Note the original fireplace and ceiling lamp . Reactions ( edit ) Czechs expelled from the border looking for new home , October 1938 . Sudeten Germans cheering the arrival of the German Army into the Sudetenland in October 1938 . Though the British and French were pleased , as were the Nazi military and German diplomatic leadership , a British diplomat in Berlin claimed he had been informed by reliable sources that soon after the meeting with Chamberlain Hitler had furiously said : `` Gentlemen , this has been my first international conference and I can assure you that it will be my last '' . The British diplomat claimed his sources relayed that Hitler viewed Chamberlain as `` an impertinent busybody who spoke the ridiculous jargon of an outmoded democracy . '' In his postwar memoirs , Winston Churchill , a staunch opponent of appeasement , lumped Poland and Hungary , both of which subsequently annexed parts of Czechoslovakia containing Polish and Hungarian nationals , with Germany as `` vultures upon the carcass of Czechoslovakia . '' The agreement was generally applauded . Prime Minister Édouard Daladier of France , did not believe , as one scholar put it , that a European War was justified `` to maintain three million Germans under Czech sovereignty . '' Gallup Polls in Britain , France , and the United States indicated that the majority of people supported the agreement . President Beneš of Czechoslovakia was nominated for a Nobel Peace Prize in 1939 . Even Winston Churchill was reported at the time as commenting that he would have done the same as Chamberlain . The New York Times headline on the Munich agreement read `` Hitler gets less than his Sudeten demands '' and reported that a `` joyful crowd '' hailed Daladier on his return to France and that Chamberlain was `` wildly cheered '' on his return to Britain . Australian Prime Minister Joseph Lyons said `` We owe heartfelt thanks to all responsible for the outcome , and appreciate very much the efforts of President Roosevelt and Signor Mussolini to bring about the Munich conference of the Powers at which a united desire for peace has been shown . '' A political cartoon from Poland depicts The Soviet Union in the form of `` Ivan '' being kicked out of Europe : `` It seems Europe has stopped respecting me '' Czech refugees expelled from the Sudetenland at the Refugees Office October 1938 Joseph Stalin was upset by the results of the Munich conference . The Soviets , who had a mutual military assistance treaty with Czechoslovakia , felt betrayed by France , who also had a mutual military assistance treaty with Czechoslovakia . The British and French , however , mostly used the Soviets as a threat to dangle over the Germans . Stalin concluded that the West had actively colluded with Hitler to hand over a Central European country to the Nazis , causing concern that they might do the same to the Soviet Union in the future , allowing the partition of the USSR between the western powers and the fascist Axis . This belief led the Soviet Union to reorient its foreign policy towards a rapprochement with Germany , which eventually led to the signing of the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact in 1939 . The Czechoslovaks were dismayed with the Munich settlement . They were not invited to the conference , and felt been betrayed by the United Kingdom and France . Czechs and Slovaks call the Munich Agreement the Munich Diktat ( Czech : Mnichovský diktát ; Slovak : Mníchovský diktát ) . The phrase `` Munich Betrayal '' ( Czech : Mnichovská zrada ; Slovak : Mníchovská zrada ) is also used because the military alliance Czechoslovakia had with France proved useless . The slogan `` About us , without us ! '' ( Czech : O nás bez nás ! ) summarizes the feelings of the people of Czechoslovakia ( now Slovakia and Czech Republic ) towards the Agreement . With Sudetenland gone to Germany , Czecho - Slovakia ( as the state was now renamed ) lost its defensible border with Germany and its fortifications . Without them its independence became more nominal than real . Czechoslovakia also lost 70 % of its iron / steel industry , 70 % of its electrical power and 3.5 million citizens to Germany as a result of the settlement . The Sudeten Germans celebrated what they saw as their liberation . The imminent war , it seemed , had been avoided . Before the Munich Agreement Hitler 's determination to invade Czechoslovakia on 1 October 1938 had provoked a major crisis in the German command structure . The Chief of the General Staff , General Ludwig Beck , protested in a lengthy series of memos that it would start a world war that Germany would lose , and urged Hitler to put off the projected war . Hitler called Beck 's arguments against war `` kindische Kräfteberechnungen '' ( `` childish force calculations '' ) . On 4 August 1938 , a secret Army meeting was held . Beck read his lengthy report to the assembled officers . They all agreed something had to be done to prevent certain disaster . Beck hoped they would all resign together but no one resigned except Beck . His replacement , General Franz Halder , sympathised with Beck and they both conspired with several top generals , Admiral Wilhelm Canaris ( Chief of German Intelligence ) , and Graf von Helldorf ( Berlin 's Police Chief ) to arrest Hitler the moment he gave the invasion order . This plan would only work if Britain issued a strong warning and a letter to the effect that they would fight to preserve Czechoslovakia . This would help to convince the German people that certain defeat awaited Germany . Agents were therefore sent to England to tell Chamberlain that an attack on Czechoslovakia was planned , and of their intention to overthrow Hitler if this occurred . The proposal was rejected by the British Cabinet and no such letter was issued . Accordingly , the proposed removal of Hitler did not go ahead . On this basis it has been argued that the Munich Agreement kept Hitler in power , although whether it would have been any more successful than the 1944 plot is doubtful . Map of the Sudetenland Reichsgau Opinions about the Agreement ( edit ) The British population had expected imminent war and the `` statesman - like gesture '' of Chamberlain was at first greeted with acclaim . Chamberlain was greeted as a hero by the royal family and invited on the balcony at Buckingham Palace before he had presented the agreement to Parliament . The generally positive reaction quickly soured despite royal patronage . But there was opposition from the start ; Clement Attlee and the Labour Party opposed the agreement , in alliance with two Conservative MPs , Duff Cooper and Vyvyan Adams , who had been seen up to then as a die hard and reactionary element in the Conservative Party . As the threat of Germany and a European war became more evident , opinions changed . Chamberlain was excoriated for his role as one of the `` Men of Munich '' , in books such as the 1940 Guilty Men . A rare wartime defence of the Munich Agreement came in 1944 from Viscount Maugham , who had been Lord Chancellor at the time . Maugham viewed the decision to establish a Czechoslovak state including substantial German and Hungarian minorities as a `` dangerous experiment '' in the light of previous disputes and ascribed the Munich Agreement largely to France 's need to extricate itself from its treaty obligations in the light of its unpreparedness for war . After the war , Churchill 's memoir of the period , The Gathering Storm ( 1948 ) , asserted that Chamberlain 's appeasement of Hitler at Munich had been wrong , and recorded Churchill 's pre-war warnings of Hitler 's plan of aggression and the folly of Britain 's persisting with disarmament after Germany had achieved air parity with Britain . Although Churchill recognized that Chamberlain acted from noble motives , he argued that Hitler should have been resisted over Czechoslovakia and that efforts should have been made to involve the Soviet Union on their side . Daladier believed Hitler 's ultimate goals were a threat . He told the British in a late April 1938 meeting that Hitler 's real aim was to eventually secure `` a domination of the Continent in comparison with which the ambitions of Napoleon were feeble . '' He went on to say : `` Today it is the turn of Czechoslovakia . Tomorrow it will be the turn of Poland and Romania . When Germany has obtained the oil and wheat it needs , she will turn on the West . Certainly we must multiply our efforts to avoid war . But that will not be obtained unless Great Britain and France stick together , intervening in Prague for new concessions but declaring at the same time that they will safeguard the independence of Czechoslovakia . If , on the contrary , the Western Powers capitulate again they will only precipitate the war they wish to avoid . '' Perhaps discouraged by the arguments of the military and civilian members of the French government regarding their unprepared military and weak financial situation , as well as traumatised by France 's bloodbath in the First World War that he was personally a witness to , Daladier ultimately let Chamberlain have his way . On his return to Paris , Daladier , who was expecting a hostile crowd , was acclaimed . American historian William Shirer , in his The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich ( 1960 ) , took the view that although Hitler was not bluffing about his intention to invade , Czechoslovakia would have been able to offer significant resistance . Shirer believed that Britain and France had sufficient air defences to avoid serious bombing of London and Paris and would have been able to pursue a rapid and successful war against Germany . He quotes Churchill as saying the Munich agreement meant that `` Britain and France were in a much worse position compared to Hitler 's Germany '' . After Adolf Hitler personally inspected the Czech fortifications , he privately said to Joseph Goebbels , `` we would have shed a lot of blood '' and that it was fortunate that there had been no fighting . Adolf Hitler drives through the crowd in Cheb , October 1938 . The `` ghost of Munich '' ( edit ) In the United States and the United Kingdom , the words `` Munich '' and `` appeasement '' are synonymous with demanding forthright , often military , action to resolve an international crisis and characterizing a political opponent who advocates negotiation as `` weak . '' In 1950 , President Truman invoked `` Munich '' to justify his military action in the Korean War . `` The world learned from Munich that security can not be bought by appeasement , '' he said . Nearly every subsequent crisis has been accompanied by cries of `` Munich '' from politicians and the media . In 1960 , conservative Senator Barry Goldwater used `` Munich '' to describe a domestic political issue , saying that an attempt by the Republican Party to appeal to liberals was `` The Munich of the Republican Party . In 1962 , General Curtis LeMay told President John F. Kennedy that his refusal to bomb Cuba during the Cuban Missile Crisis was `` almost as bad as the appeasement at Munich . '' In 1965 , President Lyndon Johnson , in justifying increased U.S. military action in Vietnam said , `` We learned from Hitler and Munich that success only feeds the appetite for aggression . '' Citing Munich has continued to be commonplace into the 21st century , especially for opposition politicians and conservatives . During negotiations for the Iran nuclear agreement by Secretary of State John Kerry a Texas Republican congressman characterized the negotiation as `` worse than Munich . '' Kerry himself invoked Munich in a speech in France advocating military action in Syria by saying , `` This is our Munich moment . '' `` Munich and appeasement , '' in the words of scholars Frederik Logevall and Kenneth Osgood , `` have become among the dirtiest words in American politics , synonymous with naivete and weakness , and signifying a craven willingness to barter away the nation 's vital interests for empty promises . '' They commented that the success of U.S. foreign policy often depends upon a president withstanding `` the inevitable charges of appeasement that accompany any decision to negotiate with hostile powers . '' Those presidents who challenged the `` tyranny of Munich '' have often achieved policy breakthroughs and those who had cited Munich as a principle of U.S. foreign policy had often led the nation into its `` most enduring tragedies . '' Consequences of the Munich Agreement ( edit ) On 5 October , Beneš resigned as President of Czechoslovakia , realising that the fall of Czechoslovakia was inevitable . Following the outbreak of World War II , he formed a Czechoslovak government - in - exile in London . On 6 December 1938 , the French - German non-aggression pact was signed in Paris by the French Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet and the German Foreign Minister Ribbentrop . Czechoslovakia after Munich ( edit ) The first Vienna Award to Hungary ( edit ) Main article : First Vienna Award Admiral Horthy during the Hungarians ' triumphant entry into Košice , November 1938 Second Polish Republic annexed the Zaolzie area of Czechoslovakia inhabited mostly by ethnic Poles , October 1938 . `` For 600 years we have been waiting for you ( 1335 - 1938 ) . '' Ethnic Polish band welcoming the annexation of Zaolzie by the Polish Republic in Karviná , October 1938 In early November 1938 , under the First Vienna Award , which was a result of the Munich agreement , Czechoslovakia ( and later Slovakia ) -- after it had failed to reach a compromise with Hungary and Poland -- was forced by Germany and Italy to cede southern Slovakia ( one third of Slovak territory ) to Hungary , while Poland independently gained small territorial cessions shortly after ( Zaolzie ) . As a result , Bohemia , Moravia and Silesia lost about 38 % of their combined area to Germany , with some 2.8 million German and 513,000 - 750,000 Czech inhabitants . Hungary , in turn , received 11,882 km ( 4,588 sq mi ) in southern Slovakia and southern Ruthenia ; according to a 1941 census , about 86.5 % of the population in this territory was Hungarian . Slovakia lost 10,390 km ( 4,010 sq mi ) and 854,218 inhabitants for Hungary ( according to a Czechoslovak 1930 census about 59 % were Hungarians and 31.9 % were Slovaks and Czechs ) . Meanwhile , Poland annexed the town of Český Těšín with the surrounding area ( some 906 km ( 350 sq mi ) , with 250,000 inhabitants ; Poles made up about 36 % of the population - a drop from 69 % in 1910 ) and two minor border areas in northern Slovakia , more precisely in the regions Spiš and Orava. ( 226 km ( 87 sq mi ) , 4,280 inhabitants , only 0.3 % Poles ) . Soon after Munich , 115,000 Czechs and 30,000 Germans fled to the remaining rump of Czechoslovakia . According to the Institute for Refugee Assistance , the actual count of refugees on 1 March 1939 stood at almost 150,000 . On 4 December 1938 , there were elections in Reichsgau Sudetenland , in which 97.32 % of the adult population voted for NSDAP . About a half million Sudeten Germans joined the Nazi Party which was 17.34 % of the German population in Sudetenland ( the average NSDAP participation in Nazi Germany was 7.85 % ) . This means the Sudetenland was the most `` pro-Nazi '' region in the Third Reich . Because of their knowledge of the Czech language , many Sudeten Germans were employed in the administration of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia as well as in Nazi organizations ( Gestapo , etc . ) . The most notable was Karl Hermann Frank : the SS and Police general and Secretary of State in the Protectorate . German invasion of the remainder of Czechoslovakia ( edit ) Main article : German occupation of Czechoslovakia In 1937 , the Wehrmacht had formulated a plan called `` Operation Green '' ( Fall Grün ) for the invasion of Czechoslovakia which was implemented as `` Operation Southeast '' on 15 March 1939 . On 14 March Slovakia seceded from Czechoslovakia and became a separate pro-Nazi state . On the following day , Carpathian Ruthenia proclaimed independence as well , but after three days was completely occupied by Hungary . Czechoslovak president Emil Hácha traveled to Berlin and was left waiting , while orders to invade were already given . During the meeting with Adolf Hitler , Hácha was threatened with the bombing of Prague if he refused to order Czech troops to lay down their arms . This induced a heart attack , from which he was revived by an injection from Hitler 's doctor . He then agreed to sign the communique accepting the German occupation of the remainder of Bohemia and Moravia `` which in its unctuous mendacity was remarkable even for the Nazis '' . Churchill 's prediction was fulfilled as German armies entered Prague and proceeded to occupy the rest of the country , which was transformed into a protectorate of the Reich . By seizing Bohemia and Moravia the Third Reich gained all the skilled labour force and heavy industry placed there as well as all the weapons of the Czechoslovak army . At the time of Hitler 's later attack on France , roughly 25 % of all German weapons came from the protectorate Böhmen und Mähren . The Third Reich also gained the whole Czechoslovak gold treasure , including gold stored in the Bank of England . Of a total 227 tons of gold found after the war in salt mines , only 18.4 tons were returned to Czechoslovakia in 1982 , although most of this gold came from Czechoslovakia . Czechoslovakia was also forced to `` sell '' to the Wehrmacht war material for 648 million of pre-war Czechoslovak crowns . This debt was never repaid . Germans even took the precaution of sending their troops over borders as early as the afternoon of 14 March , causing an incident between 13th ( Silesian ) Czechoslovak Battalion and the 8th Infantry Division of the Nazi army in Místek . After a while the Germans decided to pull out as the escalation could endanger `` peaceful '' takeover . Chamberlain claimed the Prague annexation was a `` completely different category '' , moving beyond the legitimate Versailles grievances . Meanwhile , concerns arose in Great Britain that Poland ( now substantially encircled by German possessions ) would become the next target of Nazi expansionism , which was made apparent by the dispute over the Polish Corridor and the Free City of Danzig . This resulted in the signing of an Anglo - Polish military alliance , and the consequent refusal of the Polish government to accept German negotiation proposals over the Polish Corridor and the status of Danzig . Prime Minister Chamberlain felt betrayed by the Nazi seizure of Czechoslovakia , realizing his policy of appeasement towards Hitler had failed , and began to take a much harder line against the Nazis . Amongst other things he immediately began to mobilize the British Empire 's armed forces to a war footing . France did the same . Italy saw itself threatened by the British and French fleets and started its own invasion of Albania in April 1939 . Although no immediate action followed , Hitler 's invasion of Poland on 1 September officially began World War II . Significant industrial potential and military equipment of the former Czechoslovakia had been efficiently absorbed into the Third Reich . Strengthening of Wehrmacht 's armament ( edit ) Since most of the border defenses were located in the territory ceded as a consequence of the Munich Agreement , the remaining part of Czechoslovakia was entirely open to further invasion , despite having relatively large stockpiles of modern weaponry . In a speech delivered in the Reichstag , Hitler expressed the importance of the occupation for strengthening of German military , noting that by occupying Czechoslovakia , Germany gained 2,175 field guns and cannons , 469 tanks , 500 anti-aircraft artillery pieces , 43,000 machine guns , 1,090,000 military rifles , 114,000 pistols , about a billion rounds of small - arms ammunition and three million rounds of anti-aircraft ammunition . This amount of weaponry would be sufficient to arm about half of the then Wehrmacht . Czechoslovak weaponry later played major part in the German conquest of Poland and France , the latter country having urged Czechoslovakia to surrender to Germany in 1938 . The birth of German resistance within the military ( edit ) Main article : Oster Conspiracy In Germany the Sudeten crisis led to the so - called Oster Conspiracy . General Hans Oster , deputy head of the Abwehr , and prominent figures within the German military who opposed the regime for its behaviour that was threatening to bring Germany into a war that they believed it was not ready to fight , discussed overthrowing Hitler and the Nazi regime through a planned storming of the Reich Chancellery by forces loyal to the plot . International politics ( edit ) Italian colonial demands from France ( edit ) In October 1938 in the aftermath of the Munich Agreement , Italy demanded concessions from France to yield to Italy : a free port at Djibouti , control of the Addis Ababa - Djibouti railroad , Italian participation in the management of Suez Canal Company , some form of French - Italian condominium over Tunisia , and the preservation of Italian culture in French - held Corsica with no French assimilation of the people . Italy opposed the French monopoly over the Suez Canal because under the French - dominated Suez Canal Company all Italian merchant traffic to its colony of Italian East Africa was forced to pay tolls upon entering the canal . Mussolini hoped that in light of Italy 's role in settling the Munich Agreement that prevented the outbreak of war , that Britain would react by putting pressure on France to yield to Italy 's demands to preserve the peace . France refused to accept Italy 's demands as it was widely suspected that Italy 's true intentions were territorial acquisition of Nice , Corsica , Tunisia , and Djibouti and not the milder official demands put forth . Relations between Italy and France deteriorated with France 's refusal to accept Italy 's demands . France responded to Italy 's demands with threatening naval maneuvers as a warning to Italy . As tensions between Italy and France grew , Hitler made a major speech on 30 January 1939 in which he promised German military support in the case of an unprovoked war against Italy . Quotations from key participants ( edit ) ' The Funeral of British Honour ' To the Editor of the Manchester Guardian Sir , The flowers piled before 10 , Downing Street are very fitting for the funeral of British honour and , it may be , of the British Empire . For sheer degradation the frenzies of last Friday beat even the night of Mafeking . I appreciate the Prime Minister 's love of peace . I know the horrors of war -- a great deal better than he can . But when he returns from saving our skins from a blackmailer at the price of other people 's flesh , and waves , laughing with glee , a piece of paper with Herr Hitler 's name on it , if it were not ghastly , it would be grotesque . No doubt he has never read Mein Kampf in German . But to forget , so utterly , the Reichstag fire , and the occupation of the Rhineland , and 30 June 1934 , and the fall of Austria ! We have lost the courage to see things as they are . And yet Herr Hitler has kindly put down for us in black and white that programme he is so faithfully carrying out . ( For he keeps his threats , though not his promises . ) Alliance with Italy and England ; the annihilation of France ; the conquest for the German plough of the Ukraine ; a Reich of 250,000,000 . And then ? I may be wrong . No one can tell . There are no sure prophecies in politics , as even Bismarck owned . But just because all roads lead none knows whither , all the more reason to keep the straight path of honour . This is the really unpardonable thing in the conduct of Mr. Chamberlain . Even if what he did were the right thing to do , this was not the way to do it . Any really great man who had felt forced to sacrifice a small nation that trusted in him would at least have returned full of anguish and of shame . But Mr. Chamberlain , though he had good intentions , has no finer sense of honour . He lent himself with complacency to the shrieking adulation of a London that had lost all dignity , without one thought for the agony of Prague . Leaders should have some touch of finer mettle . Mr. Chamberlain , canting of `` peace with honour , '' has debased the moral currency of England . And not for the first time ; and not , I fear , for the last . Meanwhile , the past is past , however shameful . What now ? If we have any respect we shall remedy at once that outrageous omission by which all Sudetens in Czech prisons are to be liberated , while no word is said of the Czechs dragged across the frontier into German captivity or arrested in Germany . Secondly , we shall compensate Czechoslovakia for the property we have forced her to leave to the invader -- the machinery in Czech - owned factories , the fortifications , and their artillery , -- which belonged to the Czech State as a whole , not to the Sudetens , as indefeasibly as the very streets of Prague . Thirdly , unless we propose to barricade ourselves behind pieces of paper kindly autographed by Herr Hitler , we shall look a little better to our defences , even if it means conscription in the near future . ( From a letter by F.L. Lucas of King 's College , Cambridge , British anti-appeasement campaigner , to the Manchester Guardian , 4 October 1938 ) German occupation of Prague , 15 March 1939 Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia The daily newspapers carried long columns of the names of the executed Czechs , 1944 . Germany stated that the incorporation of Austria into the Reich resulted in borders with Czechoslovakia that were a great danger to German security , and that this allowed Germany to be encircled by the Western Powers . Neville Chamberlain , announced the deal at Heston Aerodrome as follows : ... the settlement of the Czechoslovak problem , which has now been achieved is , in my view , only the prelude to a larger settlement in which all Europe may find peace . This morning I had another talk with the German Chancellor , Herr Hitler , and here is the paper which bears his name upon it as well as mine . Some of you , perhaps , have already heard what it contains but I would just like to read it to you : ' ... We regard the agreement signed last night and the Anglo - German Naval Agreement as symbolic of the desire of our two peoples never to go to war with one another again . ' Later that day he stood outside 10 Downing Street and again read from the document and concluded : My good friends , for the second time in our history a British Prime Minister has returned from Germany bringing peace with honour . I believe it is peace for our time . '' ( Chamberlain 's reference to Disraeli 's return from the Congress of Berlin in 1878 ) Chamberlain in a letter to his sister Hilda , on 2 October 1938 , wrote : I asked Hitler about one in the morning while we were waiting for the draftsmen whether he would care to see me for another talk .... I had a very friendly and pleasant talk , on Spain , ( where he too said he had never had any territorial ambitions ) economic relations with S.E. Europe , and disarmament . I did not mention colonies , nor did he . At the end I pulled out the declaration which I had prepared beforehand and asked if he would sign it . As the interpreter translated the words into German , Hitler said Yes , I will certainly sign it . When shall we do it ? I said `` now '' , and we went at once to the writing table and put our signatures to the two copies which I had brought with me . '' Winston Churchill , denouncing the Agreement in the House of Commons ( 5 October 1938 ) , declared : We have suffered a total and unmitigated defeat ... you will find that in a period of time which may be measured by years , but may be measured by months , Czechoslovakia will be engulfed in the Nazi régime . We are in the presence of a disaster of the first magnitude ... we have sustained a defeat without a war , the consequences of which will travel far with us along our road ... we have passed an awful milestone in our history , when the whole equilibrium of Europe has been deranged , and that the terrible words have for the time being been pronounced against the Western democracies : `` Thou art weighed in the balance and found wanting '' . And do not suppose that this is the end . This is only the beginning of the reckoning . This is only the first sip , the first foretaste of a bitter cup which will be proffered to us year by year unless by a supreme recovery of moral health and martial vigour , we arise again and take our stand for freedom as in the olden time . Prior to the conference on 13 August 1938 Churchill wrote in a letter to Lloyd George : England has been offered a choice between war and shame . She has chosen shame , and will get war . Legal nullification ( edit ) During the Second World War , British Prime Minister Churchill , who opposed the agreement when it was signed , became determined that the terms of the agreement would not be upheld after the war and that the Sudeten territories should be returned to postwar Czechoslovakia . On 5 August 1942 , Foreign Minister Anthony Eden sent the following note to Jan Masaryk : In the light of recent exchanges of view between our Governments , I think it may be useful for me to make the following statement about the attitude of His Majesty 's Government in the United Kingdom as regards Czecho - Slovakia . In my letter of the 18th July , 1941 , I informed your Excellency that the King had decided to accredit an Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Dr. Beneš as President of the Czecho - Slovak Republic . I explained that this decision implied that His Majesty 's Government in the United Kingdom regarded the juridical position of the President and Government of the Czecho - Slovak Republic as identical with that of the other Allied heads of States and Governments established in this country . The status of His Majesty 's representative has recently been raised to that of an Ambassador . The Prime Minister had already stated in a message broadcast to the Czecho - Slovak people on the 30th September , 1940 , the attitude of His Majesty 's Government in regard to the arrangements reached at Munich in 1938 . Mr. Churchill then said that the Munich Agreement had been destroyed by the Germans . This statement was formally communicated to Dr. Beneš on the 11th November , 1940 . The foregoing statement and formal act of recognition have guided the policy of His Majesty 's Government in regard to Czecho - Slovakia , but in order to avoid any possible misunderstanding , I desire to declare on behalf of His Majesty 's Government in the United Kingdom that as Germany has deliberately destroyed the arrangements concerning Czecho - Slovakia reached in 1938 , in which His Majesty 's Government in the United Kingdom participated , His Majesty 's Government regard themselves as free from any engagements in this respect . At the final settlement of the Czecho - Slovak frontiers to be reached at the end of the war they will not be influenced by any changes effected in and since 1938 . To which Masaryk replied as follows : I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your note of the 5th August , 1942 , and I avail myself of this opportunity to convey to your Excellency , on behalf of the Czecho - Slovak Government and of myself , as well as in the name of the whole Czecho - Slovak people who are at present suffering so terribly under the Nazi yoke , the expression of our warmest thanks . Your Excellency 's note emphasises the fact that the formal act of recognition has guided the policy of His Majesty 's Government in regard to Czecho - Slovakia , but , in order to avoid any possible misunderstanding , His Majesty 's Government now desire to declare that , as Germany has deliberately destroyed the arrangements concerning Czecho - Slovakia reached in 1938 , in which His Majesty 's Government in the United Kingdom participated , His Majesty 's Government regard themselves as free from any engagements in this respect . At the final settlement of the Czecho - Slovak frontiers to be reached at the end of the war , they will not be influenced by any changes effected in and since 1938 . My Government accept your Excellency 's note as a practical solution of the questions and difficulties of vital importance for Czecho - Slovakia which emerged between our two countries as the consequence of the Munich Agreement , maintaining , of course , our political and juridical position with regard to the Munich Agreement and the events which followed it as expressed in the note of the Czecho - Slovak Ministry for Foreign Affairs of the 16th December , 1941 . We consider your important note of the 5th August , 1942 , as a highly significant act of justice towards Czecho - Slovakia , and we assure you of our real satisfaction and of our profound gratitude to your great country and nation . Between our two countries the Munich Agreement can now be considered as dead . Following Allied victory and the surrender of the Third Reich in 1945 , the Sudetenland was returned to Czechoslovakia , while the German speaking majority was expelled . Legacy ( edit ) The West German politics of staying neutral in the Arab -- Israeli conflict following the Munich massacre and the subsequent hijacking of Lufthansa Flight 615 in 1972 , rather than taking the decided pro-Israel position of earlier governments , led to Israeli comparisons with the Munich Agreement and the Appeasement . See also ( edit ) Appeasement of Hitler Neville Chamberlain 's European Policy German occupation of Czechoslovakia Lesson of Munich Treaty of Prague ( 1973 ) Western betrayal Sudetenland Medal Causes of World War II References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ William L. Shirer ( 11 October 2011 ) . The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich : A History of Nazi Germany . Simon and Schuster . pp. 382 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4516 - 5168 - 3 . Jump up ^ William L. Shirer ( 11 October 2011 ) . The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich : A History of Nazi Germany . Simon and Schuster . pp. 421 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4516 - 5168 - 3 . Jump up ^ William L. Shirer ( 11 October 2011 ) . The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich : A History of Nazi Germany . Simon and Schuster . pp. 422 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4516 - 5168 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Munich Agreement '' , Encyclopaedia Britannica . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Statistický lexikon obcí v Republice československé I. Země česká . Prague. 1934 . Statistický lexikon obcí v Republice československé II . Země moravskoslezská . Prague. 1935 . Jump up ^ Douglas , R.M. ( 2012 ) , Orderly and Humane , New Haven : Yale University Press , p. 9 Jump up ^ Douglas , pp. 7 - 12 ^ Jump up to : Eleanor L. Turk . The History of Germany . Westport , Connecticut , USA : Greenwood Press , 1999 . ISBN 9780313302749 . Pp. 123 . Jump up ^ Douglas , pp. 12 - 13 Jump up ^ Noakes & Pridham 2010 , pp. 100 -- 101 , Vol. 3 . Jump up ^ Douglas , p. 18 ^ Jump up to : Noakes & Pridham 2010 , p. 102 , Vol. 3 . Jump up ^ Noakes & Pridham 2010 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Noakes & Pridham 2010 , p. 1001 -- 1002 . Jump up ^ Noakes & Pridham 2010 , p. 102 . ^ Jump up to : Noakes & Pridham 2010 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Paul N. Hehn ( 2005 ) . A Low , Dishonest Decade : The Great Powers , Eastern Europe and the Economic Origins of World War II , 1930 - 1941 . Bloomsbury Academic . p. 89 . Jump up ^ Noakes & Pridham 2010 , p. 102 - 3 . Jump up ^ Noakes & Pridham 2010 , p. 104 , Vol. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Bell 1986 , p. 238 . Jump up ^ Noakes & Pridham 2010 , p. 201 . ^ Jump up to : Noakes & Pridham 2010 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Noakes & Pridham 2010 , p. 105 , Vol. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Adolf Hitler , Max Domarus . The Essential Hitler : Speeches and Commentary . Bolchazy - Carducci Publishers , 2007 . ISBN 9780865166271 . Pp. 626 . ^ Jump up to : Adolf Hitler , Max Domarus . The Essential Hitler : Speeches and Commentary . Bolchazy - Carducci Publishers , 2007 . ISBN 9780865166271 . Pp. 627 . ^ Jump up to : Bell 1986 , p. 239 . ^ Jump up to : Santi Corvaja , Robert L. Miller . Hitler & Mussolini : The Secret Meetings . New York , New York , USA : Enigma Books , 2008 . ISBN 9781929631421 . Pp. 71 . Jump up ^ Santi Corvaja , Robert L. Miller . Hitler & Mussolini : The Secret Meetings . New York , New York , USA : Enigma Books , 2008 . ISBN 9781929631421 . Pp. 71 -- 72 . ^ Jump up to : Santi Corvaja , Robert L. Miller . Hitler & Mussolini : The Secret Meetings . New York , New York , USA : Enigma Books , 2008 . ISBN 9781929631421 . Pp. 72 . Jump up ^ President Beneš ' declaration made on 16 December 1941 Jump up ^ Note of the Czechoslovak government - in - exile dated 22 February 1944 Jump up ^ Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic ( 1997 ) , Ruling No. II . ÚS 307 / 97 ( in Czech ) , Brno Stran interpretace `` kdy země vede válku '' , obsažené v čl . I Úmluvy o naturalizaci mezi Československem a Spojenými státy , publikované pod č. 169 / 1929 Sb . za účelem zjištění , zda je splněna podmínka státního občanství dle restitučních předpisů , Ústavní soud vychází z již v roce 1933 vypracované definice agrese Společnosti národů , která byla převzata do londýnské Úmluvy o agresi ( CONVENITION DE DEFINITION DE L'AGRESSION ) , uzavřené dne 4 . 7 . 1933 Československem , dle které není třeba válku vyhlašovat ( čl. II bod 2 ) a dle které je třeba za útočníka považovat ten stát , který první poskytne podporu ozbrojeným tlupám , jež se utvoří na jeho území a jež vpadnou na území druhého státu ( čl. II bod 5 ) . V souladu s nótou londýnské vlády ze dne 22 . 2 . 1944 , navazující na prohlášení prezidenta republiky ze dne 16 . 12 . 1941 dle § 64 odst. 1 bod 3 tehdejší Ústavy , av souladu s citovaným čl. II bod 5 má Ústavní soud za to , že dnem , kdy nastal stav války , a to s Německem , je den 17 . 9 . 1938 , neboť tento den na pokyn Hitlera došlo k utvoření `` Sudetoněmeckého svobodného sboru '' ( Freikorps ) z uprchnuvších vůdců Henleinovy strany a několik málo hodin poté už tito vpadli na československé území ozbrojeni německými zbraněmi . Jump up ^ Nigel Jones . Countdown to Valkyrie : The July Plot to Assassinate Hitler . Pp. 73 - 74 . ^ Jump up to : Santi Corvaja , Robert L. Miller . Hitler & Mussolini : The Secret Meetings . New York , New York , USA : Enigma Books , 2008 . ISBN 9781929631421 . Pp. 73 . Jump up ^ Haslam , Jonathan ( 1983 ) . Soviet Foreign Policy , 1930 - 33 . The Impact of the Depression . New York : St. Martin 's Press . Jump up ^ Santi Corvaja , Robert L. Miller . Hitler & Mussolini : The Secret Meetings . New York , New York , USA : Enigma Books , 2008 . ISBN 9781929631421 . Pp. 73 -- 74 . ^ Jump up to : Santi Corvaja , Robert L. Miller . Hitler & Mussolini : The Secret Meetings . New York , New York , USA : Enigma Books , 2008 . ISBN 9781929631421 . Pp. 74 . Jump up ^ Dallek , Robert ( 1995 ) . Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy , 1932 - 1945 : With a New Afterword . Oxford University Press . p. 166 . ISBN 9780199826667 . Jump up ^ Gilbert & Gott 1967 , p. 178 . Jump up ^ http://www.britannia.com/history/docs/peacetime.html Jump up ^ Sir Ivone Kirkpatrick 1959 , p. 135 . Jump up ^ Winston S. Churchill ( 2002 ) . The Gathering Storm : The Second World War , Volume 1 . RosettaBooks LCC . pp. 289 -- 290 . Jump up ^ Douglas , pp. 14 -- 15 Jump up ^ The New York Times , https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0930.html#article , accessed 10 Jan 2018 Jump up ^ `` Empire Comment on the Agreement '' . The Manchester Guardian . 1 Oct 1938 . p. 7 . We owe heartfelt thanks to all responsible for the outcome , and appreciate very much the efforts of President Roosevelt and Signor Mussolini to bring about the Munich conference of the Powers at which a united desire for peace has been shown . Jump up ^ Klaus Hildebrand 1991 . ^ Jump up to : Shirer , William L. 1960 . Jump up ^ Terry Parssinen 2004 . Jump up ^ Viscount Maugham 1944 . Jump up ^ Shirer , William L. 1969 , p. 339 -- 340 . Jump up ^ Shirer , William L. 1960 , p. 520 . Jump up ^ See Joseph Goebbels diary , 2 Oct 1938 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` The Munich Analogy - The Korean War , ' Encyclopedia of the New American Nation http://www.americanforeignrelations.com/E-N/The-Munich-Analogy-The-korean-war.html . accessed 11 Jan 2018 Jump up ^ `` The Conservative 1960s '' ( December 1995 ) , The Atlantic , p. 6 , https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1995/12/the-conservative-1960s/376506/ , accessed 11 Jan 2018 Jump up ^ Wheatcroft , Geoffrey , ( 3 December 2013 ) , `` On the Use and Abuse of Munich , '' https://newrepublic.com/article/115803/munich-analogies-are-inaccurate-cliched-and-dangerous , accessed 11 Jan 2018 Jump up ^ Logevall , Fredrik and Osgood , Dennis ( July -- August 2010 , `` The Ghost of Munich : America 's Appeasement Complex , '' World Affairs , http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/article/ghost-munich-americas-appeasement-complex , accessed 11 Jan 2018 Jump up ^ Wheatcroft Jump up ^ Logevall and Osgood Jump up ^ France Signs `` No - War '' Pact with Germany , Chicago Tribune , 7 December 1938 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2 December 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.bohumildolezal.cz/texty/u074-08.htm Jump up ^ http://www.forumhistoriae.sk/documents/10180/70153/hetenyi.pdf Jump up ^ Irena Bogoczová , Jana Raclavska . `` Report about the national and language situation in the area around Czeski Cieszyn / Český Těšín in the Czech Republic '' . Czeski Cieszyn / Český Těšín Papers . Nr 7 , EUR.AC research . November 2006 . p. 2 . ( source : Zahradnik . `` Struktura narodowościowa Zaolzia na podstawie spisów ludności 1880 - 1991 '' . Třinec 1991 ) . Jump up ^ Siwek nd . Jump up ^ Forced displacement of Czech population under Nazis in 1938 and 1943 , Radio Prague Jump up ^ Zimmermann , Volker 1999 . Jump up ^ Herzstein , Robert Edwin 1980 , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Noakes , J. and Pridham , G. ( eds ) ( 2010 ) ( 2001 ) Nazism 1919 - 1945 , Vol 3 , Foreign Policy , War and Racial Extermination , University of Exeter Press , Exeter , p. 119 Jump up ^ McDonough , 2002 , p. 73 Jump up ^ Motl , Stanislav ( 2007 ) , Kam zmizel zlatý poklad republiky ( 2nd ed . ) , Prague : Rybka publishers ^ Jump up to : H. James Burgwyn . Italian Foreign Policy in the Interwar Period , 1918 - 1940 . Westport , Connecticut , USA : Praeger Publishers , 1997 . p182 - 183 . Jump up ^ `` French Army breaks a one - day strike and stands on guard against a land - hungry Italy '' , LIFE , 19 Dec 1938 . pp. 23 . Jump up ^ H. James Burgwyn . Italian Foreign Policy in the Interwar Period , 1918 - 1940 . Westport , Connecticut , USA : Praeger Publishers , 1997 . p185 . Jump up ^ Reinhard Müller 1943 , p. 116 - 130 . ^ Jump up to : The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations Jump up ^ `` Neville Chamberlain '' . UK government . Archived from the original on 2 April 2012 . Retrieved 23 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` National Churchill Museum '' . Retrieved 1 October 2016 . Jump up ^ > `` The Churchill Center '' . Retrieved 1 October 2016 . Jump up ^ League of Nations Treaty Series , p. 378 -- 380 . Jump up ^ `` Deutsche Feigheit '' . Der Spiegel ( in German ) . 11 November 1972 . Archived from the original on 19 October 2013 . Retrieved 16 July 2013 . Bibliography ( edit ) Books Noakes , J. ; Pridham , G. ( 2010 ) ( 2001 ) . Nazism 1919 -- 1945 : Foreign Policy War , and Racial Extermination. 2 ( 2nd ed . ) . Devon : University of Exeter Press . Bell , P.M.H. ( 1986 ) . The Second World War in Europe . Harlow , Essex : Longman . Gilbert , Martin ; Gott , Richard ( 1967 ) . The Appeasers . London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson . Sir Ivone Kirkpatrick ( 1959 ) . The Inner Circle . Macmillan . Shirer , William L. ( 1960 ) . The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich . Pan . Shirer , William L. ( 1969 ) . The Collapse of the Third Republic : An Inquiry into the Fall of France in 1940 . De Capo Press . Klaus Hildebrand ( 1991 ) . Das Dritte Reich ( in German ) . München : Oldenbourg Grundriss der Geschichte . S. 36 Terry Parssinen ( 2004 ) . The Oster Conspiracy of 1938 : The Unknown Story of the Military Plot to Kill Hitler . Pimlico Press . ISBN 1 - 84413 - 307 - 9 . Viscoumt Maugham ( 1944 ) . The Truth about the Munich Crisis . William Heinemann Ltd . Zimmerman , Volker ( 1999 ) . Die Sudetendeutschen im NS - Staat . Politik und Stimmung der Bevölkerung im Reichsgau Sudetenland ( 1938 -- 1945 ) ( in German ) . Essen . ISBN 3 - 88474 - 770 - 3 . Reinhard Müller ( 1943 ) . Deutschland ( in German ) . München and Berlin : : Sechster Teil , R. Oldenbourg Verlag . Herzstein , Robert Edwin ( 1980 ) . The Nazis . World War II series . New York : Time - Life Books . McDonough , F. ( 2002 ) . Hitler , Chamberlain and Appeasement . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Web Siwek , Tadeusz ( n.d. ) . `` Statystyczni i niestatystyczni Polacy w Republice Czeskiej '' ( in Polish ) . Wspólnota Polska . Other League of Nations Treaty Series . 204 . Journals Dray , W.H. ( 1978 ) . Concepts of Causation in A.J.P. Taylor 's Account of the Origins of the Second World War . 17 . History and Theory . JSTOR 2504843 . Jordan , Nicole . `` Léon Blum and Czechoslovakia , 1936 - 1938 . '' French History 5 # 1 ( 1991 ) : 48 - 73 . Thomas , Martin . `` France and the Czechoslovak crisis . '' Diplomacy and Statecraft 10.23 ( 1999 ) : 122 - 159 . Further reading ( edit ) Madeleine Albright with Bill Woodward , Prague Winter : A personal Story of Remembrance and War , 1937 -- 1948 , Harper , 2012 Peter Bugge , Czech Democracy 1918 -- 1938 . Paragon or Parody ? , in Bohemia , Vol 47 , no . 1 2006 / 2007 Cole , Robert A. `` Appeasing Hitler : The Munich Crisis of 1938 : A Teaching and Learning Resource , '' New England Journal of History ( 2010 ) 66 # 2 pp 1 -- 30 . Faber , David . Munich , 1938 : Appeasement and World War II ( 2009 ) excerpt and text search Miller , Daniel E. Forging Political Compromise : Antonín Švehla and the Czechoslovak Republican Party , 1918 -- 1933 , University or Pittsburgh Press , 1999 Orzoff , Andrea Battle for the Castne : Myth of Czechoslovakia in Europe , 1914 -- 1948 , Oxford University Press , 2009 Riggs , Bruce Timothy . `` Geoffrey Dawson , editor of `` The Times '' ( London ) , and his contribution to the appeasement movement '' ( PhD dissertation , U of North Texas , 1993 ) online , bibliography pp 229 -- 33 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Munich Agreement . The Munich Agreement -- Text of the Munich Agreement on - line The Munich Agreement in contemporary radio news broadcasts -- Actual radio news broadcasts documenting evolution of the crisis The Munich Agreement Original reports from The Times British Pathe newsreel ( includes Chamberlain 's speech at Heston aerodrome ) ( Adobe Flash ) Peace : And the Crisis Begins from a broadcast by Dorothy Thompson , 1 October 1938 Post-blogging the Sudeten Crisis -- A day by day summary of the crisis Text of the 1942 exchange of notes nullifying the Munich agreement Photocopy of The Munich Agreement from Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amts in Berlin ( text in German ) and from The National Archives in London ( map ) . Map of Europe during Munich Agreement at omniatlas Dr. Quigley explains how Nazi Germany seized a stronger Czechoslovakia Munich Agreement Nazi Germany 's annexation of portions of Czechoslovakia 's Sudetenland ( 30 September 1938 ) Prelude Sudeten German Party ( founded October 1933 ) Czechoslovak parliamentary election ( May 1935 ) Hossbach Memorandum ( November 1937 ) Anschluss ( March 1938 ) May Crisis ( May 1938 ) Runciman Mission ( August 1938 ) Bled agreement ( August 1938 ) Runciman Report ( September 1938 ) Godesberg Memorandum ( September 1938 ) Oster Conspiracy ( September 1938 ) Aftermath First Vienna Award ( November 1938 ) Slovak parliamentary election ( December 1938 ) German occupation of Czechoslovakia ( March 1939 ) Slovak Republic ( established March 1939 ) Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ( established March 1939 ) Carpatho - Ukraine ( established March 1939 ) Hungarian invasion of Carpatho - Ukraine ( March 1939 ) Slovak -- Hungarian War ( March 1939 ) Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact ( August 1939 ) German invasion of Poland ( September 1939 ) Slovak invasion of Poland ( September 1939 ) Outbreak of World War II ( September 1939 ) Czechoslovak government - in - exile ( established October 1939 ) Post-war Expulsion of Germans ( 1945 -- 48 ) Potsdam Agreement ( August 1945 ) Beneš decrees ( 1940 -- 45 ; ratified March 1946 ) Treaty of Prague ( 1973 ) Related topics Appeasement : European foreign policy of the Chamberlain ministry ( 1937 -- 40 ) `` Peace for our time '' Western betrayal : Arms and the Covenant Why England Slept Lesson of Munich Causes of World War II Germans in Czechoslovakia ( 1918 -- 38 ) History of Czechoslovakia ( 1918 -- 38 ) People Britain Frank Ashton - Gwatkin Stanley Baldwin Neville Chamberlain Nevile Henderson Ramsay MacDonald Walter Runciman Czechoslovakia Edvard Beneš František Chvalkovský Emil Hácha ( NS ) Ivan Kerno Jan Syrový Jozef Tiso ( SĽS ) Avgustyn Voloshyn ( OUN - M ) France Georges Bonnet Édouard Daladier Alexis Leger Germany Hermann Göring Franz Halder Konrad Henlein ( SdP ) Adolf Hitler Joachim von Ribbentrop Hungary Gyula Gömbös Miklós Horthy Kálmán Kánya Pál Teleki Italy Galeazzo Ciano Benito Mussolini Poland Józef Beck Władysław Bortnowski Events preceding World War II in Europe Category Commons Diplomatic history of World War II Conferences U.S. - British Staff Conference ( 1941 ) Atlantic Conference ( 1941 ) First Moscow Conference ( 1941 ) Arcadia Conference ( 1941 -- 1942 ) Second Washington Conference ( 1942 ) Second Moscow Conference ( 1942 ) Third Washington Conference ( 1943 ) First Quebec Conference ( 1943 ) Third Moscow Conference ( 1942 ) Cairo Conference ( 1943 ) Casablanca Conference ( 1943 ) Tehran Conference ( 1943 ) Second Cairo Conference ( 1943 ) Commonwealth Prime Ministers ' Conference ( 1944 ) Dumbarton Oaks Conference ( 1944 ) Second Quebec Conference ( 1944 ) Fourth Moscow Conference ( 1944 ) Bretton Woods Conference ( 1944 ) Malta Conference ( 1945 ) Yalta Conference ( 1945 ) United Nations Conference on International Organization ( 1945 ) Potsdam Conference ( 1945 ) Declarations and treaties Munich Agreement ( 1938 ) Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact ( 1939 ) Pact of Steel ( 1939 ) Anglo - Thai Non-Aggression Pact ( 1940 ) Destroyers for Bases Agreement ( 1940 ) Franco - Italian Armistice ( 1940 ) Moscow Peace Treaty ( 1940 ) Tripartite Pact ( 1940 ) Anglo - Soviet Agreement ( 1941 ) Armistice of Saint Jean d'Acre ( 1941 ) German -- Turkish Treaty of Friendship ( 1941 ) Paris Protocols ( 1941 ) Anglo - Soviet Treaty of 1942 ( 1942 ) Armistice of Cassibile ( 1943 ) Cairo Declaration ( 1943 ) Declaration of the Four Nations ( 1943 ) Sino - American Treaty for the Relinquishment of Extraterritorial Rights in China ( 1943 ) Sino - British Treaty for the Relinquishment of Extra-Territorial Rights in China ( 1943 ) Moscow Armistice ( 1944 ) Nuremberg Charter ( 1945 ) Potsdam Agreement ( 1945 ) Potsdam Declaration ( 1945 ) United Nations Charter ( 1945 ) Paris Peace Treaties ( 1947 ) Treaty of San Francisco ( 1951 ) Organizations Anglo - French Supreme War Council Sino - American Cooperative Organization European Advisory Commission Council of Foreign Ministers Czechoslovakia in World War II Government Government - in - exile Edvard Beneš president Jan Šrámek prime minister Jan Masaryk foreign minister František Moravec chief of intelligence Protectorate Nazi Konstantin von Neurath , Reinhard Heydrich , Kurt Daluege , Wilhelm Frick Reichsprotektor Karl Hermann Frank chief of police Civilian Emil Hácha president Alois Eliáš , Jaroslav Krejčí , Richard Bienert prime minister Emanuel Moravec First Slovak Republic Jozef Tiso president Vojtech Tuka prime minister Resistance Actions Anthropoid ( 1942 ) Slovak National Uprising ( 1944 ) Prague uprising ( 1945 ) Czech Radio Groups Bratislava Working Group Council of Three ( cs ) Czech National Council ( cs ) Jan Hus partisan brigade ( cs ) Jan Žižka partisan brigade Obrana národa Out Distance Slovak partisans Slovak Insurgent Air Force ÚVOD ( cs ; 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what territory did germany gain at the munich conference	[ "The Munich Agreement was a settlement permitting Nazi Germany's annexation of portions of Czechoslovakia along the country's borders mainly inhabited by German speakers, for which a new territorial designation, the \"Sudetenland\", was coined. The agreement was signed in Munich, Germany on the early hours of 30 September 1938 (but dated 29 September) after being negotiated among the major powers of Europe, excluding the Soviet Union. The purpose of the conference was to discuss the future of the Sudetenland in the face of demands made by Adolf Hitler. The agreement was signed by Germany, France, the United Kingdom and Italy, but not Czechoslovakia, which was not invited to the conference The Sudetenland was of immense strategic importance to Czechoslovakia, as most of its border defenses and banks were situated there,[1][2] as well as heavy industrial districts.[3] The Agreement was soon followed by dismemberment of the Czech state.\n" ]	[ "portions of Czechoslovakia along the country's borders mainly inhabited by German speakers, for which a new territorial designation, the \"Sudetenland\", was coined" ]
-1396520552926320338	Over You (Miranda Lambert song)	Over You ( Miranda Lambert song ) - wikipedia Over You ( Miranda Lambert song ) `` Over You '' Single by Miranda Lambert from the album Four the Record Released January 9 , 2012 Format Digital download Recorded 2011 Genre Country Length 4 : 13 Label RCA Nashville Songwriter ( s ) Miranda Lambert Blake Shelton Producer ( s ) Frank Liddell Glenn Worf Miranda Lambert singles chronology `` Baggage Claim '' ( 2011 ) `` Over You '' ( 2012 ) `` Fastest Girl in Town '' ( 2012 ) `` Baggage Claim '' ( 2011 ) `` Over You '' ( 2012 ) `` Fastest Girl in Town '' ( 2012 ) Music videos `` Over You '' on YouTube `` Over You '' is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Miranda Lambert . It was released in January 2012 as the second single from Lambert 's album Four the Record . Lambert performed the song at the 2012 Academy of Country Music Awards on April 1 , 2012 . On November 1 , 2012 , Lambert and Blake Shelton won the CMA Award for Song of the Year for `` Over You '' ; in addition , on April 7 , 2013 , they also won the ACM Award for Song of the Year for `` Over You '' . Contents 1 Content 2 Critical reception 3 Music video 4 Chart and sales performance 4.1 Year - end charts 5 Cassadee Pope version 6 References 7 External links Content ( edit ) `` Over You '' is a country ballad written by Miranda Lambert and Blake Shelton about a personal experience Shelton had as a teenager when his older brother was killed in a car accident . According to Lambert , she decided to record the song because of Shelton 's emotional connection to the song : `` Blake said he could n't record it for himself or sing it onstage every night , but he would be honored for me to . '' Critical reception ( edit ) The song received mixed reviews from music critics . Kyle Ward of Roughstock gave the song 41⁄2 stars out of 5 , favorably describing the song as having `` a raw account of pain and emotions . The production and melody of the song is solemn , and Miranda does a great job , giving a very pretty , controlled rendering of the song . She really sets the tone , right from the opening line . '' Ben Foster of Country Universe gave the song a D+ and described it as being a `` really boring song ( ... ) clogged up with superficial cliché phrasing and awkward juvenile rhyme schemes set to a clunky , uninspired melody . '' Music video ( edit ) The music video for `` Over You '' was directed by Trey Fanjoy and shot between January 30 , 2012 and February 2 , 2012 , and premiered on March 1 , 2012 . The video shows Lambert walking through a wooded area during a light snow , before coming to a set of gravestones , where she proceeds to grieve over the loss of her loved one . Before turning to leave , she places a watch on the grave . Throughout the video , scenes of a white horse running among the trees are also included , as well as two small children playing , one of whom eventually disappears . Chart and sales performance ( edit ) `` Over You '' debuted at number 52 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs chart for the week ending January 7 , 2012 . It also debuted at number 93 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart in November 2011 ( prior to its release as an official single ) , and debuted at number 84 on Canadian Hot 100 chart for the week of March 17 , 2012 . It has sold 1,338,000 copies in the US as of June 2013 . Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 52 Canada Country ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 35 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2012 ) Position US Country Songs ( Billboard ) 15 Cassadee Pope version ( edit ) `` Over You '' Single by Cassadee Pope Released 19 November 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 19 ) Format Digital download Recorded 2012 Genre Pop rock country pop Length 3 : 36 Label Universal Songwriter ( s ) Blake Shelton Miranda Lambert In November 2012 , Cassadee Pope , contestant and eventual winner of the third season of The Voice , covered the song during the live top 10 performances segment of the show . As part of the show , she was coached through the duration of the show by Blake Shelton , the co-writer of the song . It sold 152,000 copies in its debut week , beating Javier Colon 's record of 145,000 unit sales for his original song `` Stitch by Stitch '' , making it the highest - selling single of the series . It debuted at number 25 on the Billboard Hot 100 , and number 3 on the Hot Digital Songs charts . It has sold a total of 277,000 copies in its first five weeks ( the duration of the show ) . The song was later performed again on the final performances of the series on December 17 . Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 15 US Billboard Hot 100 25 US Country Songs ( Billboard ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cindy Watts ( December 19 , 2011 ) . `` Miranda Lambert 's ' Over You ' tells painful family story '' . The Tennessean . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kyle Ward ( December 19 , 2011 ) . `` Single Review : Miranda Lambert - `` Over You '' `` . Roughstock . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2012 . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ben Foster ( December 12 , 2011 ) . `` Single Review : Miranda Lambert , `` Over You '' `` . Country Universe . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( 2013 - 06 - 05 ) . `` June 5 , 2013 : Florida Georgia Line , Danielle Bradbery , Blake Shelton , Cole Swindell Lead '' . Roughstock . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2013 . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Miranda Lambert Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Miranda Lambert Chart History ( Canada Country ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Miranda Lambert Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Miranda Lambert Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2012 . Retrieved December 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gallo , Phil . `` ' The Voice ' Scores Hit With Cassadee Pope 's ' Over You ' '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 29 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Billboard Hot 100 Week of December 8 , 2012 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 29 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Digital Songs Week of December 8 , 2012 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 29 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Country Chart News - The Top 30 Digital Singles : The Week of December 12 , 2012 : Florida Georgia Line Dominance ; Cassadee Pope Returns '' . Roughstock.com . Archived from the original on 29 March 2013 . Retrieved 14 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 Week of December 8 , 2012 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` US Top Country Songs Week of December 8 , 2012 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 29 November 2012 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Miranda Lambert singles Kerosene `` Me and Charlie Talking '' `` Bring Me Down '' `` Kerosene '' `` New Strings '' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend `` Famous in a Small Town '' `` Gunpowder & Lead '' `` More Like Her '' Revolution `` Dead Flowers '' `` White Liar '' `` The House That Built Me '' `` Only Prettier '' `` Heart Like Mine '' Four the Record `` Baggage Claim '' `` Over You '' `` Fastest Girl in Town '' `` Mama 's Broken Heart '' `` All Kinds of Kinds '' Platinum `` Automatic '' `` Somethin ' Bad '' `` Little Red Wagon '' `` Smokin ' and Drinkin ' '' The Weight of These Wings `` Vice '' `` We Should Be Friends '' `` Tin Man '' Featured singles `` We Were Us '' `` Drowns the Whiskey '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Over_You_(Miranda_Lambert_song)&oldid=853173036 '' Categories : 2012 singles 2011 songs Miranda Lambert songs Country ballads Songs written by Miranda Lambert Songs written by Blake Shelton RCA Records singles Music videos directed by Trey Fanjoy Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Song recordings produced by Frank Liddell Cassadee Pope songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadacountry Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 2 August 2018 , at 22 : 26 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	the song blake shelton wrote for his brother	[]	[]
-3826138208362044946	Noli Me Tángere (novel)	Noli Me Tángere ( novel ) - wikipedia Noli Me Tángere ( novel ) Jump to : navigation , search Noli Me Tángere The original front cover of the book . Author José Rizal Country Philippines ( first printing in Berlin ) Language Spanish Genre Novel , Fiction , Satire , Philippine History Publication date 1887 Media type Print ( hardcover ) Followed by El filibusterismo Part of a series on the History of the Philippines Prehistory ( pre-900 ) ( show ) Paleolithic age Awidon Mesa Formation Callao Limestone Formation Neolithic age Callao and Tabon peoples Arrival of the Negritos Austronesian expansion Angono Petroglyphs Lal - lo and Gattaran Shell Middens Jade culture Iron age Sa Huyun Culture Society of the Igorot Ancient barangays Events / Artifacts Balangay grave goods Manunggul Jar Prehistoric gems Sa Huyun - Kalanay Complex Maitum Anthropomorphic Pottery Archaic epoch ( 900 -- 1521 ) ( show ) Legendary Suwarnapumi Chryse Ophir Tawalisi Wāḳwāḳ Sanfotsi Zabag kingdom Ten Bornean Datus Hindu - Buddhist Kingdoms Kingdom of Tondo Kingdom of Namayan Rajahnate of Butuan Rajahnate of Cebu Kedatuan of Madja - as Sinified Nations Caboloan Animist States Samtoy chieftaincy Ma - i Chiefdom of Taytay Kedatuan of Dapitan Muslim Sultanates Rajahnate of Maynila ( Vassal of the Brunei Sultanate ) Sultanate of Sulu Sultanate of Maguindanao Lanao confederacy Events / Artifacts Maragtas Laguna Copperplate Inscription - c. 900 AD . Butuan Ivory Seal Limestone tombs Batanes citadels Golden Tara Gold Kinnara Ticao Stone Inscription Butuan Silver Paleograph Buddhist art Majapahit conflict - 1365 Brunei War 1500 Colonial period ( 1521 -- 1946 ) ( show ) Spanish era Battle of Mactan Sandugo Spanish capture of Manila New Spain Captaincy General Spanish East Indies Manila galleon Revolts and uprisings Chinese invasion Castilian War Sulu Sea pirates Doctrina Christiana Dutch invasions Brunei Civil War Bohol secession British Invasion Florante at Laura Propaganda Movement Gomburza Noli me tangere La Solidaridad El filibusterismo La Liga Filipina Katipunan Philippine Revolution Spanish -- American War American capture of Manila Declaration of Independence First Republic Philippine -- American War American colonial period Tagalog Republic Negros Republic Zamboanga Republic Moro Rebellion Insular Government Bayan Ko Commonwealth Japanese occupation Second Republic Destruction of Manila Post-colonial period ( 1946 -- 1986 ) ( show ) Treaty of Manila Third Republic Cold War Hukbalahap Rebellion SEATO Bandung Conference North Borneo dispute Marcos dictatorship ASEAN Declaration CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Moro Conflict Spratly islands dispute Vietnamese boat people Assassination of Benigno Aquino Jr . Contemporary history ( 1986 -- present ) ( show ) People Power Revolution 1986 -- 90 coup attempts Pinatubo eruption 1997 Asian financial crisis Second EDSA Revolution War on Terror South China Sea disputes Super Typhoon Yolanda Philippine Drug War By topic ( show ) Arts Languages Demographic Ancient religions Rulers List of Queen consorts Military History Honorifics Military Science and technology Political Communications Transportation Timeline Historiography Philippines portal Noli Me Tángere ( Latin for Touch Me Not ) is a novel written by José Rizal , one of the national heroes of the Philippines , during the colonization of the country by Spain to expose the inequities of the Spanish Catholic priests and the ruling government . Originally written in Spanish , the book is more commonly published and read in the Philippines in either Tagalog or English . Together with its sequel , El Filibusterismo , the reading of Noli is obligatory for high school students throughout the country . Contents ( hide ) 1 Title 2 Background 3 Plot 4 Publication history 4.1 Recent English editions 5 Reaction and legacy 5.1 Influence on Filipino nationalism 6 Major characters 6.1 Crisóstomo Ibarra 6.2 Maria Clara 6.3 Kapitán Tiago 6.4 Padre Dámaso 6.5 Elías 6.6 Pilosopo Tacio 6.7 Doña Victorina 6.8 Sisa , Crispín , and Basilio 7 Other characters 8 Translations 8.1 English 8.2 Tagalog 8.3 Other languages 9 Adaptations 10 In popular culture 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Title ( edit ) Rizal entitled this novel as such drawing inspiration from `` Touch Me Not '' -- the technical name of a particularly painful type of cancer ( back in his time , it is unknown what is the modern name of said disease ) . He proposed to probe all the cancers of Filipino society that everyone else felt too painful to touch . Early English translations of the novel used titles like An Eagle Flight ( 1900 ) and The Social Cancer ( 1912 ) , disregarding the symbolism of the title , but the more recent translations were published using the original Latin title . It has also been noted by the Austro - Hungarian writer Ferdinand Blumentritt that `` Noli Me Tángere '' was a name used by ophthalmologists for cancer of the eyelids ; that as an ophthalmologist himself Rizal was influenced by this fact is suggested in the novel 's dedication , `` To My household '' . Background ( edit ) José Rizal , a Filipino nationalist and medical doctor , conceived the idea of writing a novel that would expose the ills of Philippine society after reading Harriet Beecher Stowe 's Uncle Tom 's Cabin . He preferred that the prospective novel express the way Filipino culture was backward , anti-progress , anti-intellectual , and not conducive to the ideals of the Age of Enlightenment . He was then a student of medicine in the Universidad Central de Madrid . In a reunion of Filipinos at the house of his friend Pedro A. Paterno in Madrid on 2 January 1884 , Rizal proposed the writing of a novel about the Philippines written by a group of Filipinos . His proposal was unanimously approved by the Filipinos present at the tite , among whom were Pedro , Maximino Viola and Antonio Paterno , Graciano López Jaena , Evaristo Aguirre , Eduardo de Lete , Julio Llorente and Valentin Ventura . However , this project did not materialize . The people who agreed to help Rizal with the novel did not write anything . Initially , the novel was planned to cover and describe all phases of Filipino life , but almost everybody wanted to write about women . Rizal even saw his companions spend more time gambling and flirting with Spanish women . Because of this , he pulled out of the plan of co-writing with others and decided to draft the novel alone . Plot ( edit ) Having completed his studies in Europe , young Juan Crisostomo Magsalin Ibarra ( Spanish Juan Crisóstomo Ibarra y Magsalin ) returns to the Philippines after a seven - year absence . In his honor , Don Santiago de los Santos , also known as `` Captain Tiago '' , a family friend , throws a reunion party , attended by friars and other prominent figures . One of the guests , a Franciscan friar named Dámaso Vardolagas , the former curate of San Diego , belittled and slandered Ibarra . The next day , Ibarra visits his betrothed María Clara , the beautiful daughter of Captain Tiago and affluent resident of Binondo . Their long - standing love was clearly manifested in this meeting , and María Clara can not help but reread the letters her sweetheart had written her before he went to Europe . Before Ibarra left for San Diego in time for the town fiesta , Lieutenant Guevara , a Civil Guard , reveals to him the incidents preceding the death of his father , Don Rafael Ibarra , a rich hacendero of the town . According to Guevara , Rafalel discovered the abuses and corruption committed by the friars . Although a practicing Catholic , Rafael 's non-participation in the Sacraments , such as Confession and Mass were caused by another discovery of Damaso 's evil acts . He was then alleged by Damaso as a subversive and was unjustly accused of being a heretic . Fr . Dámaso 's animosity towards Ibarra 's father is aggravated by another incident when Don Rafael helped out to stop a fight between a tax collector and a child , with the former 's accidental death being blamed on him . People who thought ill of him surfaced with additional complaints . Rafael was imprisoned , and just when the matter was almost settled , he died of an illness in jail . Guevara adds that Rafael 's remains , formerly interred at the local cemetery , were ordered by Dámaso to be exhumed and transferred to the Chinese cemetery , which Damaso believes is a burial place for heathens ; people who do not acknowledge God few years past . However the graveyard caretakers , who sympathize Rafael and the Ibarra family while also despising the friars , instead threw the remains in the lake to fool Dámaso . Revenge was not in Ibarra 's plans , instead he carried through his father 's plan of putting up a school , since he believed education would pave the way to his country 's progress ( all throughout the novel , the author refers to both Spain and the Philippines as two different countries but part of the same nation or family , with Spain seen as the mother and the Philippines as the daughter ) . During the inauguration of the school , Ibarra would have been killed in a sabotage had Elías -- a mysterious man who had warned Ibarra earlier of a plot to assassinate him -- not warned him of the plot ( which involved the derrick supporting the cornerstone to be laid on the foundation collapsing on him ) . Instead the hired assassin was killed . After the inauguration , Ibarra hosted a luncheon wherein Dámaso attended despite not being invited . The friar again insulted Ibarra , who ignored the priest 's insolence . But when Dámaso slandered the memory of his dead father , Ibarra was no longer able to restrain himself . He picks up a knife and lunged at Dámaso , holding the knife to his neck . After Ibarra tells everyone the truth about the friar 's evil acts and what he had done to insult his late father , he berates Dámaso and prepares to stab him to death only for Maria Clara to stop him out of mercy . Ibarra aborts his plan to kill Dámaso , and is excommunicated for assaulting a cleric after news of the incident reaches the Church . Damaso takes this opportunity to persuade the already - hesitant Tiago to forbid his daughter from marrying Ibarra . The friar instead wanted María Clara to marry Alfonso Linares de Espadaña , a Peninsular who just arrived from Spain . With the help of the sympathetic Governor - General , Ibarra 's excommunication was lifted by Friar Salvi and he ( the Archbishop ) receives him into the Church once again. Meanwhile , Friar Salvi went to the house of the alferez that a revolution was being plotted by Ibarra , but it 's true mastermind was Lucas , not Ibarra . A revolt happened soon after , and both Spanish colonial officials and friars implicated Ibarra as its mastermind . Thus , he was arrested and detained , and was punished to death without having a trial . Meanwhile , in Capitán Tiago 's residence , a party was being held to announce the upcoming wedding of María Clara and Linares . Ibarra , with the help of Elías and the sympathetic Governor - General , took this opportunity to escape from prison . Before leaving , Ibarra spoke to María Clara and accused her of betraying him , thinking she gave the letter he wrote her to the jury . María Clara explained that she would never conspire against him , but that she was forced to surrender Ibarra 's letter to Father Salví , in exchange for the letters written by her mother , Doña Pia , even before she , María Clara , was born . The letter states that Damaso is Maria Clara 's real father . María Clara , thinking Ibarra had been killed in the shooting incident , was greatly overcome with grief . Robbed of hope and severely disillusioned , she asked Dámaso to confine her to a nunnery . Dámaso reluctantly agreed when she threatened to take her own life , demanding , `` the nunnery or death ! '' Unbeknownst to her , Ibarra was still alive and able to escape , as it was Elías who had taken the shots . On Christmas Eve , a fatally injured Elías awakens in a forested land owned by Ibarra 's family , where he had instructed Ibarra to meet him . Instead , Elías found the altar boy Basilio cradling his already - dead mother , Sisa . The woman descended to madness after learning that Basilio and her other son , Crispín , were chased out of the convento by the sacristan mayor on suspicions of stealing two gold pieces . Elías , convinced he would die soon , instructs Basilio to build a funeral pyre and cremate his and Sisa 's corpses . He tells Basilio that , if nobody reaches the place , he was to return later and dig some of Ibarra 's treasures and gold buried in a concealed spot near their graves then use them to get education . In his dying breath , he instructed Basilio to continue dreaming about freedom for his motherland with the words : `` I shall die without seeing the dawn break upon my homeland . You , who shall see it , salute it ! Do not forget those who have fallen during the night . '' Elías died thereafter . In the epilogue , it was explained that Tiago became addicted to opium and was seen to frequent the public opium den in Binondo . María Clara became a nun and Salví , who had lusted after her from the beginning of the novel , regularly used her to sate his carnal desires . One stormy evening , a beautiful yet insane woman was seen on the roof of the nunnery , crying and cursing the heavens for the fate it had handed her . While the woman was never identified by name , the novel insinuates that it was María Clara . Publication history ( edit ) Rizal finished the novel in December 1886 . At first , according to one of Rizal 's biographers , Rizal feared the novel might not be printed , and that it would remain unread . He was struggling with financial constraints at the time and thought it would be hard to pursue printing the novel . Financial aid came from a friend named Máximo Viola ; this helped him print the book at Berliner Buchdruckerei - Aktiengesellschaft in Berlin . Rizal was initially hesitant , but Viola insisted and ended up lending Rizal ₱ 300 for 2,000 copies . The printing was finished earlier than the estimated five months . Viola arrived in Berlin in December 1886 , and by March 21 , 1887 , Rizal had sent a copy of the novel to his friend , Blumentritt . The book was banned by Spanish authorities in the Philippines , although copies were smuggled into the country . The first Philippine edition ( and the second published edition ) was finally printed in 1899 in Manila by Chofre y Compania in Escolta . Cover page of the first Philippine edition published in 1899 . Recent English editions ( edit ) On August 21 , 2007 , a 480 - page English - language version of Noli me tangere was released to major Australian book stores . An Australian edition of the novel was published by Penguin Classics ( an imprint by Penguin Books ) to represent the company 's `` commitment to publish the major literary classics of the world . '' American writer Harold Augenbraum , who first read Noli in 1992 , translated the novel . A writer well - acquainted with translating other Hispanophone literary works , Augenbraum proposed to translate the novel after being asked for his next assignment in the publishing company . Intrigued by the novel and knowing more about it , Penguin nixed their plan of adapting existing English versions and instead translated it on their own . Reaction and legacy ( edit ) This novel and its sequel , El filibusterismo ( nicknamed El fili ) , were banned in Spanish Philippines because of their portrayal of corruption and abuse by the colonial government and the Catholic Church . Copies of the book were nevertheless smuggled in and hidden , and when Rizal returned to the Philippines after completing medical studies , he quickly ran afoul of the local government . A few days after his arrival , Rizal was summoned to Malacañan Palace by Governor - General Emilio Terrero , who told him of the charge that Noli me tangere contained subversive elements . After a discussion , Terrero was appeased but still unable to offer resistance to pressure from the Church against the book . The persecution can be discerned from Rizal 's letter to Leitmeritz : `` My book made a lot of noise ; everywhere , I am asked about it . They wanted to anathematize me ( ' to excommunicate me ' ) because of it ... I am considered a German spy , an agent of Bismarck , they say I am a Protestant , a freemason , a sorcerer , a damned soul and evil . It is whispered that I want to draw plans , that I have a foreign passport and that I wander through the streets by night ... '' Rizal was exiled to Dapitan in Mindanao , then later arrested for `` inciting rebellion '' based largely on his writings . Rizal was executed by firing squad at the Luneta outside Manila 's walls on December 30 , 1896 at the age of thirty - five , at the park that now bears his name . Influence on Filipino nationalism ( edit ) Rizal depicted nationality by emphasising the positive qualities of Filipinos : the devotion of a Filipina and her influence on a man 's life , the deep sense of gratitude , and the solid common sense of the Filipinos under the Spanish regime . The work was instrumental in creating a unified Filipino national identity and consciousness , as many natives previously identified with their respective regions . It lampooned , caricatured and exposed various elements in colonial society . Two characters in particular have become classics in Filipino culture : María Clara , who has become a personification of the ideal Filipino woman , loving and unwavering in her loyalty to her spouse ; and the priest Father Dámaso , who reflects the covert fathering of illegitimate children by members of the Spanish clergy . The book indirectly influenced the Philippine Revolution of independence from Spain , even though Rizal actually advocated direct representation to the Spanish government and an overall larger role for the Philippines within Spain 's political affairs . In 1956 , Congress passed Republic Act 1425 , more popularly known as the Rizal Law , which requires all levels in Philippine schools to teach the novel as part of their curriculum . Noli me tangere is being taught to third year secondary school students , while its sequel El filibusterismo is being taught for fourth year secondary school students . The novels are incorporated to their study and survey of Philippine literature . Both of Rizal 's novels were initially banned from strict Catholic educational institutions given its negative portrayal of the Church , but this taboo has been largely superseded as religious schools conformed to the Rizal Law . Major characters ( edit ) Crisóstomo Ibarra ( edit ) Juan Crisóstomo Ibarra y Magsalin , commonly referred to the novel as Ibarra or Crisóstomo , is the novel 's protagonist . The mestizo ( mixed - race ) son of Filipino businessman Don Rafael Ibarra , he studied in Europe for seven years . Ibarra is also María Clara 's fiancé . María Clara ( edit ) A crayon sketch of Leonor Rivera -- Kipping by Rizal . Rivera , who was Rizal 's cousin and longtime love interest , is the commonly accepted basis for the María Clara character . Main article : María Clara María Clara de los Santos y Alba , commonly referred to as María Clara , is Ibarra 's fiancée and the most beautiful and widely celebrated girl in San Diego . She was raised by Capitán Tiago de los Santos , and his cousin , Isabel . In the later parts of the novel , she was revealed to be an illegitimate daughter of Father Dámaso , the comer curate of the town , and Doña Pía Alba , Capitán Tiago 's wife , who had died giving birth to María Clara . At the novel 's end , a heartbroken yet resolved María Clara entered the Beaterio de Santa Clara ( a nunnery ) after learning the truth of her parentage and mistakenly believing her lover Crisóstomo to have been killed . In the epilogue , Rizal stated that it is unknown if María Clara is still living within the walls of the convent or she is already dead . Kapitán Tiago ( edit ) Don Santiago de los Santos , known by his nickname Tiago and political title Kapitán Tiago is it is said that Kapitán Tiago is the richest man in the region of Binondo and he possessed real properties in Pampanga and Laguna de Bay . He is also said to be a good Catholic , a friend of the Spanish government and thus was considered a Spaniard by the colonial elite . Capitán Tiago never attended school , so he became the domestic helper of a Dominican friar who gave him an informal education . He later married Pía Alba from Santa Cruz . Padre Dámaso ( edit ) Main article : Father Dámaso Dámaso Verdolagas , or Padre Dámaso is a Franciscan friar and the former parish curate of San Diego . He is notorious for speaking with harsh words , highhandedness , and his cruelty during his ministry in the town . An enemy of Crisóstomo 's father , Don Rafael Ibarra , Dámaso is revealed to be María Clara 's biological father . Later , he and María Clara had bitter arguments whether she would marry Alfonso Linares de Espadaña ( which he preferred ) or to enter the nunnery ( her desperate alternative ) . At the end of the novel , he is again reassigned to a distant town and later found dead in his bed . Elías ( edit ) Elías is Ibarra 's mysterious friend and ally . Elías made his first appearance as a pilot during a picnic of Ibarra and María Clara and her friends . He wants to revolutionize the country and to be freed from Spanish oppression . The 50th chapter of the novel explores the past of Elías and history of his family . In the past , Ibarra 's great - grandfather condemned Elías ' grandfather ( Ingkong ) of burning a warehouse which led to misfortune for Elías ' family . This led to Ingkong to commit suicide . Meanwhile , Impong ( Ingkong 's wife , Elias ' grandmother ) , who resorted to prostitution to earn money , was accused of killing her husband as she did not bury him . She was to be punished after she gave birth to her second child , who unfortunately died upon birth . In order to avoid her punishment , she , and her son fled to another province . There , she gave birth to another boy ( Elias ' father ) . Seeking revenge , the eldest son ( named `` Balat '' ) became a rebel . One day , Impong found Balat 's head hanged on a tree while the other parts of the body were scattered around the province . This shocked Impong which caused her to die . The youngest son fled upon finding out as he knew he will be accused . He fled to Tayabas where he met and fell in love with a girl but her father refused his hand as her family had discovered his past and lineage . Being rich , the father imprisoned the youngest son , but got the girl pregnant . The girl died upon giving birth to twins , a girl and a boy named Elias . In the long run , Elías and his twin sister were raised by their maternal grandfather . They lived luxuriously , but then a servant revealed to them their true parentage , and that their father was one of the servants . The father died after revealing to Elias and her sister their history . One day , his sister disappeared which led him to search for her . His search led him into different places , and finally , he became a fugitive and subversive . When Ibarra had been escaped in prison , they had been attacked Guardia Civil and Elias was hit by the shots of the civils and command Ibarra to hide. Two days later , he command Basilio to get things to cremate Sisa and him. After a long last words he passed away . Pilosopo Tacio ( edit ) Filosofo Tacio , known by his Tagalized name Pilosopong Tasyo , is another major character in the story . Seeking for reforms from the government , he expresses his ideals in paper written in a cryptographic alphabet similar from hieroglyphs and Coptic figures hoping `` that the future generations may be able to decipher it '' and realized the abuse and oppression done by the conquerors . His full name is only known as Don Anastasio . The educated inhabitants of San Diego labeled him as Filosofo Tacio ( Tacio the Sage ) while others called him as Tacio el Loco ( Tacio the Insane ) due to his exceptional talent for reasoning . Doña Victorina ( edit ) Doña Victorina de los Reyes de Espadaña , commonly known as Doña Victorina , is an ambitious Filipina who classifies herself as a Spanish and mimics Spanish ladies by putting on heavy make - up . The novel narrates Doña Victorina 's younger days : she had lots of admirers , but she spurned them all because none of them were Spaniards . Later on , she met and married Don Tiburcio de Espadaña , an official of the customs bureau ten years her junior . However , their marriage is childless . Her husband assumes the title of medical `` doctor '' even though he never attended medical school ; using fake documents and certificates , Tiburcio illegally practices medicine . Tiburcio 's usage of the title Dr. consequently makes Victorina assume the title Dra . ( doctora , female doctor ) . Apparently , she uses the whole name Doña Victorina de los Reyes de de Espadaña , with double de to emphasize her marriage surname . She seems to feel that this awkward titling makes her more `` sophisticated . '' Sisa , Crispín , and Basilio ( edit ) Sisa , Crispín , and Basilio represent a Filipino family persecuted by the Spanish authorities : Narcisa or Sisa is the deranged mother of Basilio and Crispín . Described as beautiful and young , although she loves her children very much , she can not protect them from the beatings of her husband , Pedro . Crispín is Sisa 's 7 - year - old son . An altar boy , he was unjustly accused of stealing money from the church . After failing to force Crispín to return the money he allegedly stole , Father Salví and the head sacristan killed him . It is not directly stated that he was killed , but a dream of Basilio 's suggests that Crispín died during his encounter with Padre Salví and his minion . Basilio is Sisa 's 10 - year - old son . An acolyte tasked with ring the church 's bells for the Angelus , he faced the dread of losing his younger brother and the descent of his mother into insanity . At the end of the novel , a dying Elías requested Basilio to cremate him and Sisa in the woods in exchange for a chest of gold located nearby . He will later play a major role in El Filibusterismo . Due to their tragic but endearing story , these characters are often parodied in modern Filipino popular culture . Salomé is Elías ' sweetheart . She lived in a little house by the lake , and though Elías would like to marry her , he tells her that it would do her or their children no good to be related to a fugitive like himself . In the original publication of Noli , the chapter that explores the identity of Elías and Salomé was omitted , classifying her as a total non-existing character . This chapter , entitled Elías y Salomé was probably the 25th chapter of the novel . However , recent editions and translations of Noli provides the inclusion of this chapter , either on the appendix or renamed as Chapter X ( Ex ) . Other characters ( edit ) There are a number of secondary and minor characters in Noli Me Tángere . Items indicated inside the parenthesis are the standard Filipinization of the Spanish names in the novel . Padre Hernándo de la Sibyla -- a Dominican friar . He is described as short and has fair skin . He is instructed by an old priest in his order to watch Crisóstomo Ibarra . Padre Bernardo Salví -- the successor of Padre Dámaso as the Franciscan curate of San Diego , and who secretly lusts after María Clara . He is described to be very thin and sickly . It is also hinted that his surname , `` Salvi '' is the shorter form of `` Salvi '' ( `` salvation '' ) , or `` Salvi '' is short for `` salvaje '' ( `` savage '' , `` wild '' ) hinting at the fact that he is willing to kill an innocent child , Crispín , who he accused of stealing money worth 2 onzas . El Alférez ( Alperes ) -- the unnamed chief of the Guardia Civil and husband of Doña Consolación . He is the sworn enemy of the priests in the town 's power struggle . Doña Consolación -- wife of the Alférez , nicknamed as la musa de los guardias civiles ( The muse of the Civil Guard ) or la Alféreza . She was a former laundrywoman who passes herself as a peninsular , and is best remembered for her abusive treatment of Sisa . Don Tiburcio de Espadaña -- A Spanish quack doctor who is weak and submissive to his pretentious wife , Doña Victorina . Tenyente Guevarra - a close friend of Don Rafael Ibarra . He reveals to Crisóstomo how Don Rafael Ibarra 's death came about . Alfonso Linares -- A distant nephew of Tiburcio de Espadaña , the would - be fiancé of María Clara . Although he presented himself as a practitioner of law , it was later revealed that he is , like Don Tiburcio , a fraud . He later died from medications Don Tiburcio had given him . Tíya Isabel -- Capitán Tiago 's cousin , who helped raise María Clara and served as a surrogate mother figure . Governor - General ( Gobernador - Heneral ) -- Unnamed in the novel , he is the most powerful colonial official in the Philippines . He harbours great disdain for the friars and corrupt officials , and sympathises with Ibarra . Don Filipo Lino -- vice mayor of the town of San Diego , leader of the liberals . Padre Manuel Martín -- he is the linguist curate of a nearby town who delivers the sermon during San Diego 's fiesta . Don Rafael Ibarra -- the deceased father of Crisóstomo Ibarra . Though he was the richest man in San Diego , he was also the most virtuous and generous . Doña Pía Alba -- wife of Capitán Tiago and mother of María Clara , she had died giving birth to her daughter . In reality , she was raped by Padre Dámaso . Don Pedro Eibarramendia - Crisóstomo Ibarra 's Basque great - grandfather who falsely accused Elias 's grandfather and ruined his family . The surname was later shortened to Ibarra , hence Elias does not realize the relationship at first . Albino - a seminarian who follows Crisostomo Ibarra in a picnic with Maria Clara 's friends . Translations ( edit ) Many English and Tagalog translations have been made of Noli Me Tángere , as well as a few other languages . The copyrights of the original text have expired , and the copyrights of some translators have also expired , so certain translations are in the public domain and have been put online by Project Gutenberg . English ( edit ) Friars and Filipinos ( 1900 ) by Frank Ernest Gannett . Available freely via Project Gutenberg . The Social Cancer ( 1912 ) by Charles Derbyshire . Available freely via Project Gutenberg . `` Noli Me Tángere '' : A Complete English Translation of Noli Me Tángere from the Spanish of Dr. José Rizal ( 1956 ) by Senator Camilo Osías . The Lost Eden ( 1961 ) by Leon Ma . Guerrero . Noli Me Tángere ( 1997 ) by Maria Soledad Locsin . Noli Me Tángere ( 2006 ) by Harold Augenbraum . Published by Penguin Classics . Noli Me Tángere : A Shortened Version in Modern English Translated with an Introduction and Notes ( 2016 ) by Nicholas Tamblyn . Tagalog ( edit ) Noli Me Tángere ( also titled Huwag Akong Salangin Nino Man / Nobody Dare Touch Me ) ( 1906 ) by Dr. Pascual H. Poblete . Available freely via Project Gutenberg . Noli Me Tángere ( 1997 ) by Virgilio Almario . Noli Me Tángere ( 1999 ) by Ofelia Jamilosa - Silapan , Tagalog translation of the English translation by León Ma . Guerrero . Other languages ( edit ) Au Pays des Moines ( In the Land of Monks ) ( 1899 , French ) by Henri Lucas and Ramon Sempau . Available freely via Project Gutenberg . N'y touchez pas ! ( Do n't touch it ! ) ( 1980 , French ) Translation by Jovita Ventura Castro , Collection UNESCO , Connaissance de l'Orient , Gallimard , Paris . Noli me tángere ( 1987 , German ) by Annemarie del Cueto - Mörth . Published by Insel Verlag . Noli me tángere ( 2003 , Italian ) by Vasco Caini . Published by Debatte editore , Livorno , Italy , ISBN 88 - 86705 - 26 - 3 . Noli me Tángere : Filippijnsche roman ( Noli Me Tángere : Filipino Novel ) ( 1912 , Dutch ) by Abraham Anthony Fokker , published by Soerabaijasch Handelsblad . Available freely via Project Gutenberg . Adaptations ( edit ) The Noli has been adapted for literature , theater , television , and film . 1915 : Noli Me Tángere , a silent film adaptation by Edward M. Gross . 1930 : Noli Me Tángere , another silent film adaptation , directed by José Nepomuceno under Malayan Movies . 1951 : National Artist for Cinema Gerardo de León directed a motion picture titled Sisa , starring Anita Linda in the role of the titular character . 1957 : Noli Me Tángere : The Opera , an opera in Filipino ( Tagalog ) composed by National Artist for Music Felipe Padilla de Leon with libretto by National Artist for Visual Arts Guillermo Tolentino . World premiere in 1957 at Far Eastern University Auditorium . Staged in 1974 at Cultural Center of the Philippines ( CCP ) Main Theater . Staged in 1987 by Fides Cuyugan - Asensio 's Music Theater Foundation at the CCP . Staged in 2011 ( Nov ) and 2012 ( July - Aug ) by Dulaang Unibersidad ng Pilipinas at Guerrero Theater , University of the Philippines . Staged in 2013 , one night only , by Far Eastern University as part of its 85th anniversary at Far Eastern University Auditorium . Staged in 2014 , produced by J&S Productions at Newport Performing Arts Theater , Resorts World Manila . Staged in 2017 , produced by J&S Productions at Tanghalang Nicanor Abelardo , CCP . International stagings : In 1988 , Music Theater Foundation 's 1987 production was toured in the USA with reduced performers in 1988 in Chicago , Detroit , St. Louis and Los Angeles . The first documented staging by a local group in the USA was in 2012 , produced by KGB Productions and staged by da Corneto Opera Company at Harris Theater for Music and Dance , Chicago , performed in Filipino with English supertitles . Staged in 2013 in New York , produced by Edwin Josue at the Sylvia and Danny Kaye Playhouse , Hunter College . Staged in 2014 in Washington , DC , produced by Edwin Josue at Eisenhower Theater , Kennedy Center . Staged in 2016 in Richmond , Virginia , produced by Capitol Opera Richmond at Henrico Theatre . To be staged in June 2017 in Boston , produced by KGB Productions and staged by Opera Brittenica , venue TBA . 1961 : Noli Me Tángere , a faithful film adaptation of the novel , was directed by Gerardo de León for Bayanihan - Arriva Productions , featuring Eddie del Mar in the role of Crisóstomo Ibarra . Released for the birth centenary of José Rizal , the motion picture was awarded the Best Picture in the 10th FAMAS Awards . 1979 : Kanser ( Noli Me Tangere ) , play in Filipino ( Tagalog ) written by Jomar Fleras . World premiere in 1979 at Cultural Center of the Philippines by theater group Bulwagang Gantimpala . It has been staged annually by Gantimpala Theater ( the group 's new name ) since 1989 . In 2015 , it was adapted into a sung - through musical by Gantimpala Theater with music composed by Joed Balsamo . 1992 : Noli Me Tángere , a 13 - episode TV series by Eddie S. Romero . This adaptation features Joel Torre in the role of Crisóstomo Ibarra , Chin Chin Gutierrez as María Clara , and Tetchie Agbayani as Sisa . 1995 : Noli Me Tángere , a Filipino ( Tagalog ) musical adaptation of the novel staged by theater company Tanghalang Pilipino with libretto ( book and lyrics ) by National Artist for Literature Bienvenido Lumbera and music by Ryan Cayabyab . It premiered in 1995 at the Cultural Center of the Philippines , directed by Nonon Padilla . It went on to tour Japan . It starred John Arcilla and Audie Gemora alternating as Crisóstomo Ibarra , Monique Wilson as María Clara , and Regine Velasquez as Sisa . Bernardo Bernardo and Bodjie Pascua alternated as Padre Damaso , and Nanette Inventor and Sheila Francisco as Dona Victorina . It was restaged in 2005 , directed by Paul Morales , and in 2011 , directed by Audie Gemora . In 2014 , it was staged in Los Angeles , directed by Olga Natividad . Several excerpts from Noli Me Tángere were dramatized in the 1998 film José Rizal , with Joel Torre as Crisóstomo Ibarra and Monique Wilson as María Clara . 1998 : Sisa , a remake of the 1951 film of the same name . Written and directed by Mario O'Hara . 2005 : Noli Me Tángere 2 , a modern literary adaptation of the novel written by Roger Olivares . 2008 -- 2009 : Noli at Fili : Dekada 2000 , a stage adaptation of Noli Me Tángere and El Filibusterismo by the Philippine Educational Theater Association , set in the present day , in the fictional town of Maypajo in the province of San Lorenzo . Written by Nicanor G. Tiongson and directed by Soxie Topacio . In popular culture ( edit ) A series of streets in the Sampaloc area of Manila are named after the characters Ibarra , Sisa and Basilio . A street in Makati city is called Ibarra Street between Matanzas and Guernica streets A restaurant serving Filipino cuisine at Greenbelt in Makati is called Restaurante Pia y Damaso , after María Clara 's biological parents . A restaurant chain called Crisostomo features dishes from Filipino history and culture such as `` Atcharra ni Ibarra '' . Its sister restaurant is called Elías . See also ( edit ) El filibusterismo Mga Ibong Mandaragit References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jose , Ricardo ( 1998 ) . KASAYSAYAN The Story of The Filipino People ( Reform and Revolution ) . Philippines : Asia Publishing Company Limited . p. 83 . ISBN 962 - 258 - 230 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Father Dámaso Explains '' . Web.archive.org. 2009 - 10 - 27 . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2009 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Noli Me Tángere '' . Jose Rizal University . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Ubalde , Mark J. ( 2007 - 08 - 22 ) . `` Rizal 's Noli hits major Aussie book shelves '' . GMA News . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ Republic Act 1425 : An Act to Include in the Curricula of All Public and Private Schools , Colleges and Universities Course on the Life , Works , and Writings of Jose Rizal , Particularly His Novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo , Authorizing the Printing and Distribution Thereof , and for Other Purposes . Jump up ^ Derbyshire , Charles ( 1912 ) . `` II : Crisostomo Ibarra '' . The Social Cancer . New York : World Book Company . Retrieved 14 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Derbyshire , Charles ( 1912 ) . `` VI : Capitan Tiago '' . The Social Cancer . New York : World Book Company . Retrieved 14 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Derbyshire , Charles ( 1912 ) . `` LXII : Padre Damaso Explains '' . The Social Cancer . New York : World Book Company . Retrieved 14 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Derbyshire , Charles ( 1912 ) . `` Epilogue '' . The Social Cancer . New York : World Book Company . Retrieved 14 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Derbyshire , Charles ( 1912 ) . `` I : A Social Gathering '' . The Social Cancer . New York : World Book Company . Retrieved 14 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Derbyshire , Charles ( 1912 ) . `` LX : Maria Clara Weds '' . The Social Cancer . New York : World Book Company . Retrieved 14 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Derbyshire , Charles ( 1912 ) . `` XXII : Fishing '' . The Social Cancer . New York : World Book Company . Retrieved 14 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Derbyshire , Charles ( 1912 ) . `` XXIV : In the Wood '' . The Social Cancer . New York : World Book Company . Retrieved 14 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Derbyshire , Charles ( 1912 ) . `` L : Elias '' . The Social Cancer . New York : World Book Company . Retrieved 14 July 2010 . Jump up ^ In Chapter 25 , Filosofo Tacio insisted to Ibarra that he can not understand hieroglyphs or Coptic . Instead , he writes using an invented form of alphabet that is based on Tagalog language . Derbyshire , Charles ( 1912 ) . `` XXV : In the House of the Sage '' . The Social Cancer . New York : World Book Company . Retrieved 15 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Derbyshire , Charles ( 1912 ) . `` XXV : In the House of the Sage '' . The Social Cancer . New York : World Book Company . Retrieved 15 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Derbyshire , Charles ( 1912 ) . `` XLVII : The Espadañas '' . The Social Cancer . New York : World Book Company . Retrieved 14 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Friars and Filipinos '' . Project Gutenberg . Retrieved 17 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Social Cancer : A Complete English Version of Noli Me Tangere by José Rizal - Free Ebook '' . Gutenberg.org. 2004 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Noli me tangere : a complete English translation of Noli me tangere from the Spanish of Dr. Jose Rizal / by Camilo Osias '' . National Library of Australia . Retrieved 17 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The lost Eden ( Noli me tangere ) A completely new translation for the contemporary reader by Leon Ma . Guerrero . Foreword by James A. Michener '' . National Library of Australia . Retrieved 17 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Noli Me Tangere '' . Google Books . Retrieved 17 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Noli Me Tangere '' . Google Books . Retrieved 17 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Noli Me Tángere : A Shortened Version in Modern English Translated with an Introduction and Notes by Nicholas Tamblyn '' . amazon.com . Retrieved 5 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Noli Me Tangere / Huag Acong Salangin Nino Man : Pascual Poblete Filipino translation by Rizal , Jose '' . Filipiniana.net . Retrieved 17 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Noli Me Tangere '' . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2010 . Retrieved 17 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Au Pays des Moines '' . Project Gutenberg . Retrieved 17 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Noli me Tangere : Filippijnsche roman '' . Project Gutenberg . Retrieved 17 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Critic After Dark : Ambitious failures ( part 2 ) '' . Noel Vera . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Vail Kabristante , George ( September 25 , 2008 ) . `` Jose Nepomuceno : The Father of R.P. Movies '' . pelikulaatbp.blogspot.com. from Jingle Extra Hot Movie Entertainment Magazine , no . 13 , May 4 , 1981 . Retrieved 21 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` On the FEU stage '' . Jump up ^ `` The Odyssey of De Leon 's ' Noli Me Tangere ' From Manila to USA and Back '' . Jump up ^ `` Dulaang UP 's ' Noli ' opera opens Nov. 21 by Walter Ang '' . Ang , Walter . `` Dulaang UP 's ' Noli ' opera opens Nov. 21 '' . Jump up ^ `` ' Noli Me Tangere : The Opera ' restaging opens Dulaang UP 's 37th seaon '' . Jump up ^ `` De Leon 's `` Noli Me Tangere '' at FEU `` '' . January 22 , 2013 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` J&S Productions About Us Page '' . Jump up ^ Tariman , Pablo A . `` The Odyssey of De Leon 's ' Noli me Tangere ' From Manila to USA and Back '' . Jump up ^ `` Karrel G. Bernardo Productions produces Noli Me Tangere the Opera '' . Jump up ^ Schweitzer , Viven ( October 8 , 2013 ) . `` Filipino Opera , Informed by Oppression -- ' Noli Me Tangere , ' at the Kaye Playhouse '' . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Noli Me Tangere ' Filipino opera will tell moving tale at Kennedy Center '' . Jump up ^ Farrell , Tony ( September 24 , 2016 ) . `` Capitol Opera Richmond tackles `` Noli Me Tangere '' in Tagalog `` . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Opera Brittenica website '' . Jump up ^ `` Views From The Pamang -- 196 : Eddie Del Mar , Kapampangan ' Rizal ' of the Silver Screen '' . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Noli me Tangere ( 1961 ) '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ gibbs cadiz ( 2012 - 08 - 22 ) . `` GIBBS CADIZ : Gantimpala Theater 's Kanser ( Noli Me Tangere ) returns '' . Gibbscadiz.blogspot.in . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Words of Walter : Gantimpala Theater Foundation is looking for a new home '' . Wordsofwalter.blogspot.in. 2014 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` After 35 years , ' Kanser ' -- Gantimpala 's ' Noli ' adaptation -- now a musical '' . Jump up ^ `` Noli me Tangere musical '' . Ang , Walter . `` Cayabyab - Lumbera 's ' Noli ' musical to debut in Los Angeles by Walter Ang . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Sisa ( 1999 ) '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` At Last After 118 yrs ... A sequel to Jose Rizal 's classic '' . Roger Olivares . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Experience Theater . Experience PETA . '' . Philippine Educational Theater Association . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Restaurante Pia Y Damaso '' . Facebook . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 09 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutNoli Me Tángere ( novel ) at Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Data from Wikidata Original text in Spanish ( complete novel ) Book notes / Summary in Tagalog ( Noli Me Tangere ) Book notes / Summary in English ( The Social Cancer ) Complete English version ( The Social Cancer ) Full Text English translation Complete text : HTML , images , OCR ( in Spanish ) Charles Derbyshire English translation Pascual Poblete Tagalog translation Noli Me Tangere public domain audiobook at LibriVox Noli Me Tangere : Deciphered in Filipino Rizal 's Little Odyssey Noli Me Tangere 13 - episode television series from the Cultural Center of the Philippines ¡ Caiñgat Cayo ! Fan Language , an article by Ambeth R. Ocampo regarding romantic practices and sensual undertones which can be found in the unabridged version of Noli Me Tangere , from his Looking Back column on the pages of the Philippine Daily Inquirer on February 2 , 2005 , page 13 , news.google.com Opere di José Rizal , versione italiana di Vasco Caini ( hide ) Philippine Revolution Battles People Events Prelude Novales Revolt Palmero Conspiracy Gomburza Concurrent Cry of Pugad Lawin Bonifacio Plan Katagalugan ( Bonifacio ) Imus Assembly Tejeros Convention Republic of Biak - na - Bato Elections Pact Spanish -- American War Declaration of Independence Malolos Congress República Filipina Negros Revolution Republic of Negros Republic of Zamboanga Epilogue Treaty of Paris Philippine -- American War Katagalugan ( Sacay ) Moro Rebellion Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916 Commonwealth of the Philippines Treaty of Manila Organizations American Anti-Imperialist League Aglipayan Church Katipunan La Liga Filipina Magdalo faction Magdiwang faction Philippine Constabulary Philippine Revolutionary Army Pulajanes Propaganda Movement Documents El filibusterismo Kartilya ng Katipunan La Solidaridad Malolos Constitution Mi último adiós Noli Me Tángere Symbols Flags of the Philippine Revolution Flag of the Philippines Lupang Hinirang Spoliarium Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Noli_Me_Tángere_ ( novel ) &oldid = 799860151 '' Categories : 1887 novels Philippine Revolution Spanish - language novels Historical novels Novels by José Rizal Debut novels Novels set in the Philippines Spanish Empire in fiction Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with Spanish - language external links Articles with LibriVox links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Bikol Central Cebuano Chavacano de Zamboanga Deutsch Español Français Italiano Latina മലയാളം Nederlands Tagalog ไทย Winaray Edit links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 07 : 30 . 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-2594123909293661951	Ark of the Covenant	Ark of the Covenant - wikipedia Ark of the Covenant Not to be confused with Noah 's Ark . Joshua passing the River Jordan with the Ark of the Covenant by Benjamin West , 1800 The Ark of the Covenant ( Hebrew : אָרוֹן הַבְּרִית , Modern : Arōn Ha'brēt , Tiberian : ʾĀrôn Habbərîṯ ) , also known as the Ark of the Testimony , is a gold - covered wooden chest with lid cover described in the Book of Exodus as containing the two stone tablets of the Ten Commandments . According to various texts within the Hebrew Bible , it also contained Aaron 's rod and a pot of manna . Hebrews 9 : 4 describes : `` The ark of the covenant ( was ) covered on all sides with gold , in which was a golden jar holding the manna , and Aaron 's rod which budded , and the tables of the covenant . '' The biblical account relates that , approximately one year after the Israelites ' exodus from Egypt , the Ark was created according to the pattern given to Moses by God when the Israelites were encamped at the foot of biblical Mount Sinai . Thereafter , the gold - plated acacia chest was carried by its staves while en route by the Levites approximately 2,000 cubits ( approximately 800 meters or 2,600 feet ) in advance of the people when on the march or before the Israelite army , the host of fighting men . When carried , the Ark was always hidden under a large veil made of skins and blue cloth , always carefully concealed , even from the eyes of the priests and the Levites who carried it . God was said to have spoken with Moses `` from between the two cherubim '' on the Ark 's cover . When at rest the tabernacle was set up and the holy Ark was placed in it under the veil of the covering , the staves of it crossing the middle side bars to hold it up off the ground . Contents 1 Biblical account 1.1 Construction and description 1.2 Mobile vanguard 1.3 Capture by the Philistines 1.4 In the days of King David 1.5 In Solomon 's Temple 1.6 The Babylonian Conquest and aftermath 2 References in Scripture 2.1 Tanakh 2.2 Second Book of Maccabees 2.3 New Testament 2.4 The Ark in Islamic sources 3 Possible locations 3.1 Mount Nebo 3.2 Ethiopia 3.3 Southern Africa 3.4 Europe 3.4. 1 Chartres Cathedral , France 3.4. 2 Rennes - le - Château , then to the United States 3.4. 3 Rome 3.4. 4 United Kingdom 3.4. 5 Ireland 3.5 Egypt 3.5. 1 Tutankhamun 's tomb 4 In popular culture 5 Yom HaAliyah 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Biblical account ( edit ) The covered ark and seven priests with rams ' horns , at the Battle of Jericho , in an eighteenth - century artist 's depiction . Construction and description ( edit ) According to the Book of Exodus , God instructed Moses on Mount Sinai during his 40 - day stay upon the mountain within the thick cloud and darkness where God was and he was shown the pattern for the tabernacle and furnishings of the Ark to be made of shittim wood to house the Tablets of Stone . Moses instructed Bezalel and Oholiab to construct the Ark . In Deuteronomy , however , the Ark is said to have been built specifically by Moses himself without reference of Bezalel or Oholiab . The Book of Exodus gives detailed instructions on how the Ark is to be constructed . It is to be 21⁄2 cubits in length , 11⁄2 in breadth , and 11⁄2 in height ( approximately 131 × 79 × 79 cm or 52 × 31 × 31 in ) . Then it is to be gilded entirely with gold , and a crown or molding of gold is to be put around it . Four rings of gold are to be attached to its four corners , two on each side -- and through these rings staves of shittim - wood overlaid with gold for carrying the Ark are to be inserted ; and these are not to be removed . A golden lid , the kapporet ( traditionally `` mercy seat '' in Christian translations ) which is covered with 2 golden cherubim , is to be placed above the Ark . Missing from the account are instructions concerning the thickness of the mercy seat and details about the cherubim other than that the cover be beaten out the ends of the Ark and that they form the space where God will appear . The Ark is finally to be placed under the veil of the covering . Mobile vanguard ( edit ) Moses and Joshua bowing before the Ark , painting by James Tissot , c. 1900 The biblical account continues that , after its creation by Moses , the Ark was carried by the Israelites during their 40 years of wandering in the desert . Whenever the Israelites camped , the Ark was placed in a separate room in a sacred tent , called the Tabernacle . When the Israelites , led by Joshua toward the Promised Land , arrived at the banks of the Jordan river , the Ark was carried in the lead preceding the people and was the signal for their advance . During the crossing , the river grew dry as soon as the feet of the priests carrying the Ark touched its waters , and remained so until the priests -- with the Ark -- left the river after the people had passed over . As memorials , twelve stones were taken from the Jordan at the place where the priests had stood . In the Battle of Jericho , the Ark was carried round the city once a day for seven days , preceded by the armed men and seven priests sounding seven trumpets of rams ' horns . On the seventh day , the seven priests sounding the seven trumpets of rams ' horns before the Ark compassed the city seven times and , with a great shout , Jericho 's wall fell down flat and the people took the city . After the defeat at Ai , Joshua lamented before the Ark . When Joshua read the Law to the people between Mount Gerizim and Mount Ebal , they stood on each side of the Ark . We next hear of the Ark in Bethel where it was being cared for by the priest Phineas the grandson of Aaron ( where ' Bethel ' is translated ' the House of God ' in the King James Version ) . According to this verse it was consulted by the people of Israel when they were planning to attack the Benjaminites at the battle of Gibeah . Later , however , the Ark was kept at Shiloh , another religious centre some 16 km ( 10 mi ) north of Bethel , at the time of the prophet Samuel 's apprenticeship , where it was cared for by Hophni and Phinehas , two sons of Eli . Capture by the Philistines ( edit ) 1728 illustration of the Ark at the erection of the Tabernacle and the sacred vessels , as in Exodus 40 : 17 - 19 Main article : Philistine captivity of the Ark A few years later the elders of Israel decided to take the Ark out onto the battlefield to assist them against the Philistines , after being defeated at the battle of Eben - Ezer . They were , however , heavily defeated with the loss of 30,000 men . The Ark was captured by the Philistines and Hophni and Phinehas were killed . The news of its capture was at once taken to Shiloh by a messenger `` with his clothes rent , and with earth upon his head . '' The old priest , Eli , fell dead when he heard it ; and his daughter - in - law , bearing a son at the time the news of the capture of the Ark was received , named him Ichabod -- explained as `` The glory has departed Israel '' in reference to the loss of the Ark . The mother of the child Ichabod died at his birth . The Philistines took the Ark to several places in their country , and at each place misfortune befell them . At Ashdod it was placed in the temple of Dagon . The next morning Dagon was found prostrate , bowed down , before it ; and on being restored to his place , he was on the following morning again found prostrate and broken . The people of Ashdod were smitten with tumors ; a plague of mice was sent over the land . The affliction of boils was also visited upon the people of Gath and of Ekron , whither the Ark was successively removed . After the Ark had been among them for seven months , the Philistines , on the advice of their diviners , returned it to the Israelites , accompanying its return with an offering consisting of golden images of the tumors and mice wherewith they had been afflicted . The Ark was set up in the field of Joshua the Beth - shemite , and the Beth - shemites offered sacrifices and burnt offerings . Out of curiosity the men of Beth - shemesh gazed at the Ark ; and as a punishment , seventy of them ( fifty thousand and seventy in some translations ) were smitten by the Lord . The Bethshemites sent to Kirjath - jearim , or Baal - Judah , to have the Ark removed ; and it was taken to the house of Abinadab , whose son Eleazar was sanctified to keep it . Kirjath - jearim remained the abode of the Ark for twenty years . Under Saul , the Ark was with the army before he first met the Philistines , but the king was too impatient to consult it before engaging in battle . In 1 Chronicles 13 : 3 it is stated that the people were not accustomed to consulting the Ark in the days of Saul . In the days of King David ( edit ) Illustration from the 13th century Morgan Bible of David bringing the Ark into Jerusalem ( 2 Samuel 6 ) . At the beginning of his reign over the United Monarchy , King David removed the Ark from Kirjath - jearim amid great rejoicing . On the way to Zion , Uzzah , one of the drivers of the cart that carried the Ark , put out his hand to steady the Ark , and was struck dead by God for touching it . The place was subsequently named `` Perez - Uzzah '' , literally `` Outburst Against Uzzah '' , as a result . David , in fear , carried the Ark aside into the house of Obed - edom the Gittite , instead of carrying it on to Zion , and there it stayed three months . On hearing that God had blessed Obed - edom because of the presence of the Ark in his house , David had the Ark brought to Zion by the Levites , while he himself , `` girded with a linen ephod ... danced before the Lord with all his might '' and in the sight of all the public gathered in Jerusalem -- a performance that caused him to be scornfully rebuked by his first wife , Saul 's daughter Michal . In Zion , David put the Ark in the tabernacle he had prepared for it , offered sacrifices , distributed food , and blessed the people and his own household . The Levites were appointed to minister before the Ark . David 's plan of building a temple for the Ark was stopped at the advice of God . The Ark was with the army during the siege of Rabbah ; and when David fled from Jerusalem at the time of Absalom 's conspiracy , the Ark was carried along with him until he ordered Zadok the priest to return it to Jerusalem . In Solomon 's Temple ( edit ) The Ark carried into the Temple from the early 15th century Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry When Abiathar was dismissed from the priesthood by King Solomon for having taken part in Adonijah 's conspiracy against David , his life was spared because he had formerly borne the Ark . Solomon worshipped before the Ark after his dream in which God promised him wisdom . During the construction of Solomon 's Temple , a special inner room , named Kodesh Hakodashim ( Eng . Holy of Holies ) , was prepared to receive and house the Ark ; and when the Temple was dedicated , the Ark -- containing the original tablets of the Ten Commandments -- was placed therein . When the priests emerged from the holy place after placing the Ark there , the Temple was filled with a cloud , `` for the glory of the Lord had filled the house of the Lord '' . When Solomon married Pharaoh 's daughter , he caused her to dwell in a house outside Zion , as Zion was consecrated because of its containing the Ark . King Josiah also had the Ark returned to the Temple , from which it appears to have been removed by one of his predecessors ( cf. 2 Chron. 33 - 34 and 2 Kings 21 - 23 ) . The Babylonian conquest and aftermath ( edit ) In 587 BC , the Babylonians destroyed Jerusalem and Solomon 's Temple . There is no record of what became of the Ark in the Books of Kings and Chronicles . An ancient Greek version of the biblical third Book of Ezra , 1 Esdras , suggests that Babylonians took away the vessels of the ark of God , but does not mention taking away the Ark : And they took all the holy vessels of the Lord , both great and small , with the vessels of the ark of God , and the king 's treasures , and carried them away into Babylon In Rabbinic literature , the final disposition of the Ark is disputed . Some rabbis hold that it must have been carried off to Babylon , while others hold that it must have been hidden lest it be carried off into Babylon and never brought back . A late 2nd - century rabbinic work known as the Tosefta states the opinions of these rabbis that Josiah , the king of Judah , stored away the Ark , along with the jar of manna , and a jar containing the holy anointing oil , the rod of Aaron which budded and a chest given to Israel by the Philistines . This was said to have been done in order to prevent their being carried off into Babylon as had already happened to the other vessels . Rabbi Eliezer and Rabbi Shimon , in the same rabbinic work , state that the Ark was , in fact , taken into Babylon . Rabbi Yehudah , dissenting , says that the Ark was stored away in its own place , meaning , somewhere on the Temple Mount . References in scripture ( edit ) Tanakh ( edit ) Replica of the Ark of the Covenant in George Washington Masonic National Memorial The Ark is first mentioned in the Book of Exodus , and then numerous times in Deuteronomy , Joshua , Judges , I Samuel , II Samuel , I Kings , I Chronicles , II Chronicles , Psalms and Jeremiah . In the Book of Jeremiah , it is referenced by Jeremiah , who , speaking in the days of Josiah , prophesied a future time , possibly the end of days , when the Ark will no longer be talked about or be made again : And it shall be that when you multiply and become fruitful in the land , in those days -- the word of the LORD -- they will no longer say , ' The Ark of the Covenant of the LORD ' and it will not come to mind ; they will not mention it , and will not recall it , and it will not be used any more . Rashi comments on this verse that `` The entire people will be so imbued with the spirit of sanctity that God 's Presence will rest upon them collectively , as if the congregation itself was the Ark of the Covenant . '' Second Book of Maccabees ( edit ) See also : 2 Maccabees According to Second Maccabees , at the beginning of chapter 2 : The records show that it was the prophet Jeremiah who ... prompted by a divine message ... gave orders that the Tent of Meeting and the ark should go with him . Then he went away to the mountain from the top of which Moses saw God 's promised land . When he reached the mountain , Jeremiah found a cave - dwelling ; he carried the tent , the ark , and the incense - altar into it , then blocked up the entrance . Some of his companions came to mark out the way , but were unable to find it . When Jeremiah learnt of this he reprimanded them . `` The place shall remain unknown '' , he said , `` until God finally gathers his people together and shows mercy to them . The Lord will bring these things to light again , and the glory of the Lord will appear with the cloud , as it was seen both in the time of Moses and when Solomon prayed that the shrine might be worthily consecrated . '' The `` mountain from the top of which Moses saw God 's promised land '' would be Mount Nebo , located in what is now Jordan . New Testament ( edit ) Carrying the Ark of the Covenant : gilded bas - relief at Auch Cathedral In the New Testament , the Ark is mentioned in the Letter to the Hebrews and the Revelation to St. John . Hebrews 9 : 4 states that the Ark contained `` the golden pot that had manna , and Aaron 's rod that budded , and the tablets of the covenant . '' Revelation 11 : 19 says the prophet saw God 's temple in heaven opened , `` and the ark of his covenant was seen within his temple . '' Catholic scholars connect this verse with the Woman of the Apocalypse in Revelation 12 : 1 , which immediately follows , and say that the Blessed Virgin Mary is identified as the `` Ark of the New Covenant . '' Carrying the saviour of mankind within her , she herself became the Holy of Holies . This is the interpretation given in the third century by Gregory Thaumaturgus , and in the fourth century by Saint Ambrose , Saint Ephraem of Syria and Saint Augustine . The Catholic Church teaches this in the Catechism of the Catholic Church : `` Mary , in whom the Lord himself has just made his dwelling , is the daughter of Zion in person , the Ark of the Covenant , the place where the glory of the Lord dwells . She is ' the dwelling of God ... with men '' In the Gospel of Luke , the author 's accounts of the Annunciation and Visitation are constructed using eight points of literary parallelism to compare Mary to the Ark . Saint Athanasius , the bishop of Alexandria , is credited with writing about the connections between the Ark and the Virgin Mary : `` O noble Virgin , truly you are greater than any other greatness . For who is your equal in greatness , O dwelling place of God the Word ? To whom among all creatures shall I compare you , O Virgin ? You are greater than them all O ( Ark of the ) Covenant , clothed with purity instead of gold ! You are the Ark in which is found the golden vessel containing the true manna , that is , the flesh in which Divinity resides '' ( Homily of the Papyrus of Turin ) . The Ark in Islamic sources ( edit ) Chapter 2 ( Sura 2 ) of the Quran ( Verse 248 ) , is believed to refer to the Ark : And their prophet said to them , `` Indeed , a sign of his kingship is that the chest ( tābūt ) will come to you in which is assurance ( sakīnatun ) from your Lord and a remnant of what the family of Moses ( Mūsā ) and the family of Aaron ( Hārūn ) had left , carried by the angels . Indeed in that is a sign for you , if you are believers . '' The Arabic word sakīna ( variously translated `` peace of reassurance '' or `` spirit of tranquility '' ) is related to the post-Biblical Hebrew shekhinah , meaning `` dwelling or presence of God '' . The Islamic scholar Al Baidawi mentioned that the sakina could be Tawrat , the Books of Moses . According to Al - Jalalan , the relics in the Ark were the fragments of the two tablets , rods , robes , shoes , mitres of Moses and the vase of manna . Al - Tha'alibi , in Qisas Al - Anbiya ( The Stories of the Prophets ) , has given an earlier and later history of the Ark . According to Uri Rubin the Ark of the Covenant has a religious basis in Islam , and Islam gives it special significance . Possible locations ( edit ) Since its disappearance from the Biblical narrative , there has been a number of claims of having discovered or of having possession of the Ark , and several possible places have been suggested for its location . Mount Nebo ( edit ) 2 Maccabees 2 : 4 - 10 , written around 100 BC , says that the prophet Jeremiah , `` being warned by God '' before the Babylonian invasion , took the Ark , the Tabernacle , and the Altar of Incense , and buried them in a cave on Mount Nebo , informing those of his followers who wished to find the place that it should remain unknown `` until the time that God should gather His people again together , and receive them unto mercy . '' Mount Nebo is also described in the Bible ( Deuteronomy 34 ) as the site from which Moses views the Promised Land , and apparently also is his final burial place . Mount Nebo is approximately 47 km ( 29 miles ) slightly south of due east from Jerusalem , near the east bank of the Jordan River . Ethiopia ( edit ) The Chapel of the Tablet at the Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion in Axum allegedly houses the original Ark of the Covenant . The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church claims to possess the Ark of the Covenant , or Tabot , in Axum . The object is currently kept under guard in a treasury near the Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion . Replicas of the Axum tabot are kept in every Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo church , each with its own dedication to a particular saint ; the most popular of these include Mary , George and Michael . The Kebra Nagast was composed to legitimise the Solomonic dynasty , which ruled the Ethiopian Empire following its establishment in 1270 . It narrates how the real Ark of the Covenant was brought to Ethiopia by Menelik I with divine assistance , while a forgery was left in the Temple in Jerusalem . Although the Kebra Nagast is the best - known account of this belief , it predates the document . Abu al - Makarim , writing in the last quarter of the twelfth century , makes one early reference to this belief that they possessed the Ark . `` The Abyssinians possess also the Ark of the Covenant '' , he wrote , and , after a description of the object , describes how the liturgy is celebrated upon the Ark four times a year , `` on the feast of the great nativity , on the feast of the glorious Baptism , on the feast of the holy Resurrection , and on the feast of the illuminating Cross . '' In his 1992 book The Sign and the Seal , British writer Graham Hancock suggests , contrary to the Kebra Nagast , that the ark spent several years in Egypt before it came to Ethiopia via the Nile River , where it was kept in the islands of Lake Tana for about four hundred years and finally taken to Axum . Archaeologist John Holladay of the University of Toronto called Hancock 's theory `` garbage and hogwash , '' while Edward Ullendorff , a former Professor of Ethiopian Studies at the University of London , said he `` wasted a lot of time reading it . '' On 25 June 2009 , the patriarch of the Orthodox Church of Ethiopia , Abune Paulos , said he would announce to the world the next day the unveiling of the Ark of the Covenant , which he said had been kept safe and secure in a church in Axum , Ethiopia . The following day , on 26 June 2009 , the patriarch announced that he would not unveil the Ark after all , but that instead he could attest to its current status . Southern Africa ( edit ) The Lemba people of South Africa and Zimbabwe have claimed that their ancestors carried the Ark south , calling it the ngoma lungundu or `` voice of God '' , eventually hiding it in a deep cave in the Dumghe mountains , their spiritual home . On 14 April 2008 , in a UK Channel 4 documentary , Tudor Parfitt , taking a literalist approach to the Biblical story , described his research into this claim . He says that the object described by the Lemba has attributes similar to the Ark . It was of similar size , was carried on poles by priests , was not allowed to touch the ground , was revered as a voice of their God , and was used as a weapon of great power , sweeping enemies aside . In his book The Lost Ark of the Covenant ( 2008 ) , Parfitt also suggests that the Ark was taken to Arabia following the events depicted in the Second Book of Maccabees , and cites Arabic sources which maintain it was brought in distant times to Yemen . One Lemba clan , the Buba , which was supposed to have brought the Ark to Africa , have a genetic signature called the Cohen Modal Haplotype . This suggests a male Semitic link to the Levant . Lemba tradition maintains that the Ark spent some time in Sena in Yemen . Later , it was taken across the sea to East Africa and may have been taken inland at the time of the Great Zimbabwe civilization . According to their oral traditions , some time after the arrival of the Lemba with the Ark , it self - destructed . Using a core from the original , the Lemba priests constructed a new one . This replica was discovered in a cave by a Swedish German missionary named Harald von Sicard in the 1940s and eventually found its way to the Museum of Human Science in Harare . Parfitt had this artifact radio - carbon dated to about 1350 , which coincided with the sudden end of the Great Zimbabwe civilization . Europe ( edit ) Chartres Cathedral , France ( edit ) French author Louis Charpentier claimed that the Ark was taken to the Chartres Cathedral by the Knights Templar . Rennes - le - Château , then to the United states ( edit ) One author has theorised that the Ark was taken from Jerusalem to the village of Rennes - le - Château in Southern France . Karen Ralls has cited Freemason Patrick Byrne , who believes the Ark was moved from Rennes - le - Château at the outbreak of World War I to the United States . Rome ( edit ) The Ark of the Covenant was said to have been kept in the Basilica of St. John Lateran , surviving the pillages of Rome by Genseric and Alaric I but lost when the basilica burned . `` Rabbi Eliezer ben José stated that he saw in Rome the mercy - seat of the temple . There was a bloodstain on it . On inquiry he was told that it was a stain from the blood which the high priest sprinkled thereon on the Day of Atonement . '' United Kingdom ( edit ) In 2003 , author Graham Phillips hypothetically concluded that the Ark was taken to Mount Sinai in the Valley of Edom by the Maccabees . Phillips claims it remained there until the 1180s , when Ralph de Sudeley , the leader of the Templars found the Maccabean treasure at Jebel al - Madhbah , and returned home to his estate at Herdewyke in Warwickshire , England taking the treasure with him . Ireland ( edit ) During the turn of the 20th century British Israelites carried out some excavations of the Hill of Tara in Ireland looking for the Ark of the Covenant -- the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland campaigned successfully to have them stopped before they destroyed the hill . Egypt ( edit ) Tutankhamun 's tomb ( edit ) Main article : Exhibitions of artifacts from the tomb of Tutankhamun 1922 photograph of the tomb of Tutankhamun . Photograph by Harry Burton ( 1879 - 1940 ) In 1922 in the Valley of the Kings in Egypt , the royal tomb of the Pharaoh Tutankhamun ( KV62 ) was opened by Howard Carter and Lord Carnarvon . Among the artifacts was a processional ark , listed as Shrine 261 , the Anubis Shrine . Almost immediately after publication of the photographs of this sensational archaeological find , some claimed that the Anubis Shrine could be the Ark of the Covenant . John M. Lundquist , author of The Temple of Jerusalem : Past , Present , and Future ( 2008 ) , discounts this idea . The Anubis Shrine measures 95 centimetres ( 37 in ) long , 37 centimetres ( 15 in ) wide , and 54.3 centimetres ( 21.4 in ) high in the shape of a pylon . The Biblical Ark of the Covenant is approximately 133 centimetres ( 52 in ) long , 80 centimetres ( 31 in ) wide , and 80 centimetres ( 31 in ) high in the shape of a rectangular chest . Lundquist observes that the Anubis Shrine is not strictly analogous to the Ark of the Covenant ; it can only be said that it is `` ark - like '' , constructed of wood , gessoed and gilded , stored within a sacred tomb , `` guarding '' the treasury of the tomb ( and not the primary focus of that environment ) , that it contains compartments within it that store and hold sacred objects , that it has a figure of Anubis on its lid , and that it was carried by two staves permanently inserted into rings at its base and borne by eight priests in the funerary procession to Tutankhamun 's tomb . Its value is the insight it provides to the ancient culture of Egypt . In popular culture ( edit ) The Ark of the Covenant is the main plot device in Steven Spielberg 's 1981 adventure film Raiders of the Lost Ark , which depicts it as located by Indiana Jones in the Egyptian city of Tanis in 1936 . It is mentioned briefly in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) and appears in a cameo in Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) . In the Danish family film The Lost Treasure of the Knights Templar from 2006 , the main part of the treasure found in the end is the Ark of the Covenant . The power of the Ark comes from static electricity stored in separated metal plates like a giant Leyden jar . It appears in the video game Assassin 's Creed ( 2007 ) , where Robert de Sablé found a `` Piece of the Eden '' and Altaïr Ibn - La'Ahad planned to stop him , but he could n't . It 's also mentioned in Assassin 's Creed Chronicles : China ( 2015 ) and in the film Assassin 's Creed ( 2016 ) . Yom HaAliyah ( edit ) Yom HaAliyah ( Aliyah Day ) ( Hebrew : יום העלייה ‎ ) is an Israeli national holiday celebrated annually on the tenth of the Hebrew month of Nisan to commemorate the Israelites crossing the Jordan River into the Land of Israel while carrying the Ark of the Covenant . See also ( edit ) Ark of the Covenant portal List of artifacts in biblical archaeology The Exodus Decoded ( television documentary ) Foucault 's Pendulum History of ancient Israel and Judah Jewish symbolism Lost history Mikoshi References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ackerman , Susan ( 2000 ) . `` Ark of the Covenant '' . In Freedman , David Noel ; Myers , Allen C. Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible . Eerdmans . p. 102 . Jump up ^ Hebrews 9 : 4 Jump up ^ Numbers 4 : 5 - 6 Jump up ^ Exodus 25 : 22 Jump up ^ Exodus 19 : 20 Jump up ^ Exodus 24 : 18 Jump up ^ Exodus 31 Jump up ^ Joseph Ponessa , Laurie Watson Manhardt , Moses and The Torah : Exodus , Leviticus , Numbers , Deuteronomy , pages 85 - 86 ( Emmaus Road Publishing , 2007 ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 931018 - 45 - 6 Jump up ^ `` Deu 10 : 1 - 5 NIV - Tablets Like the First Ones - At that - Bible Gateway '' . Bible Gateway . Jump up ^ `` '' Four feet `` ; see Exodus 25 : 12 , majority of translations . `` Four corners '' in KJV `` . Biblestudytools.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Joshua 3 : 3 Jump up ^ Joshua 6 Jump up ^ Josh 3 : 15 - 17 Jump up ^ Josh 4 : 10 Jump up ^ Josh 11 Jump up ^ Josh 18 Jump up ^ Josh 4 : 1 - 9 Jump up ^ Josh 6 : 4 - 15 Jump up ^ Josh 6 : 16 - 20 Jump up ^ Josh 7 : 6 - 9 Jump up ^ Judges 20 : 6f Jump up ^ 1 Samuel 3 : 3 Jump up ^ 1 Samuel 4 : 3f Jump up ^ 1 Sam 4 : 3 - 11 Jump up ^ 1 Sam 4 : 12 - 22 Jump up ^ 1 Sam 4 : 20 Jump up ^ 1 Sam 5 : 1 - 6 Jump up ^ 1 Sam 6 : 5 Jump up ^ 1 Sam 5 : 8 - 12 Jump up ^ 1 Sam 6 : 1 - 15 Jump up ^ 1 Samuel 6 : 19 Jump up ^ 1 Samuel 6 : 21 Jump up ^ 1 Chronicles 13 : 3 Jump up ^ 2 Samuel 6 : 8 Jump up ^ 2 Samuel 6 : 1 - 11 Jump up ^ 1 Chronicles 13 : 1 - 13 Jump up ^ 2 Sam 6 : 12 - 16 Jump up ^ 2 Sam 6 : 20 - 22 Jump up ^ 1 Chron 15 Jump up ^ 2 Sam 6 : 17 - 20 Jump up ^ 1 Chron 16 : 1 - 3 Jump up ^ 2 Chron 1 : 4 Jump up ^ 1 Chron 16 : 4 Jump up ^ 2 Sam 7 : 1 - 17 Jump up ^ 1 Chron 17 : 1 - 15 Jump up ^ 1 Chron 28 : 2 Jump up ^ 1 Chron 3 Jump up ^ 2 Sam 11 : 11 Jump up ^ 2 Sam 15 : 24 - 29 Jump up ^ 1 Kings 2 : 26 Jump up ^ 1 Kings 3 : 15 Jump up ^ 1 Kings 6 : 19 Jump up ^ 1 Kings 8 : 6 - 9 Jump up ^ 1 Kings 8 : 10 - 11 Jump up ^ 2 Chron 5 : 13 Jump up ^ 2 Chron 14 Jump up ^ 2 Chron 8 : 11 Jump up ^ 2 Chron 35 : 3 Jump up ^ 1 Esdras 1 : 54 Jump up ^ `` Ark of the Covenant '' . Jewish Encyclopedia . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Tosefta ( Sotah 13 : 1 ) ; cf . Babylonian Talmud ( Kereithot 5b ) Jump up ^ Jer 3 : 16 Jump up ^ Jeremiah 3 : 16 , Tanach . Brooklyn , New York : ArtScroll . p. 1078 . Jump up ^ 2 Maccabees 2 : 4 - 8 ^ Jump up to : Ray , Steve ( October 2005 ) . `` Mary , the Ark of the New Covenant '' . This Rock . 16 ( 8 ) . Archived from the original on 29 June 2011 . Retrieved 2 February 2011 . Jump up ^ David Michael Lindsey , The Woman and The Dragon : Apparitions of Mary , page 21 ( Pelican Publishing Company , Inc. , 2000 ) ISBN 1 - 56554 - 731 - 4 Jump up ^ Dwight Longenecker , David Gustafson , Mary : A Catholic Evangelical Debate , page 32 ( Gracewing , 2003 ) . ISBN 0 - 85244 - 582 - 2 Jump up ^ `` CCC , 2676 '' . Vatican.va . Retrieved 17 January 2016 . Jump up ^ https://stpaulcenter.com/studies/lesson/lesson-three-the-ark-of-the-new-covenant Jump up ^ Translation ( 1 ) Sahih International . Jump up ^ `` Quran Surah Al - Baqara ( Verse 248 ) '' . Irebd.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Hughes , Patrick ; Hughes , Thomas Patrick ( 1995 ) ( 1885 ) . A Dictionary of Islam . New Delhi : Asian Educational Services . p. 624 . ISBN 9788120606722 . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Uri ( 2001 ) . `` Traditions in Transformation : The Ark of the Covenant and the Golden Calf in Biblical and Islamic Historiography '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Cf . Deuteronomy 34 : 1 - 3 and 2 Maccabees 2 : 4 - 8 . Jump up ^ Stuart Munro - Hay , 2005 , The Quest for the Ark of the Covenant , Tauris ( reviewed in Times Literary Supplement 19 August 2005 p. 36 ) Jump up ^ B.T.A. Evetts ( translator ) , The Churches and Monasteries of Egypt and Some Neighboring Countries attributed to Abu Salih , the Armenian , with added notes by Alfred J. Butler ( Oxford , 1895 ) , pp. 287f Jump up ^ Hancock , Graham ( 1992 ) . The Sign and the Seal : The Quest for the Lost Ark of the Covenant . New York : Crown . ISBN 0517578131 . Jump up ^ Hiltzik , Michael H. ( June 9 , 1992 ) . `` Does Trail to Ark of Covenant End Behind Aksum Curtain ? A British author believes the long - lost religious object may actually be inside a stone chapel in Ethiopia '' . Los Angeles Times . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Fendel , Hillel ( 2009 - 06 - 25 ) . `` Holy Ark Announcement Due on Friday '' , Aruta Sheva ( Israel International News ) . Retrieved on 2009 - 06 - 25 Jump up ^ IGN ( 2009 - 06 - 19 ) . Ho visto l'Arca dell'Alleanza ed è in buone condizioni . Retrieved on 2009 - 06 - 26 Jump up ^ The Lost Ark of the Covenant by Tudor Parfitt , published by HarperCollins 2008 . ^ Jump up to : A Lead on the Ark of the Covenant , by David Van Biema Thursday , Time.com , Feb. 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Debates & Controversies - Quest for the Lost Ark '' . Channel4.com. 2008 - 04 - 14 . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Brian Haughton , Haunted Spaces , Sacred Places : A Field Guide to Stone Circles , Crop Circles , Ancient Tombs , and Supernatural Landscapes , page 142 ( Career Press , Inc. , 2008 ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60163 - 000 - 1 Jump up ^ Louis Charpentier , Les Mystères de la Cathédrale de Chartres ( Paris : Robert Laffont , 1966 ) , translated as The Mysteries of Chartres Cathedral ( London : Research Into Lost Knowledge Organisation , 1972 ) . Jump up ^ Karen Ralls , The Templars and The Grail : Knights of The Quest , page 99 , pages 163 - 164 ( Quest Books , Theosophical Publishing House , 2003 ) . ISBN 0 - 8356 - 0807 - 7 . Citing Patrick Byrne , Templar Gold : Discovering the Ark of the Covenant ( Blue Dolphin Publishing , Inc. , 2001 ) . ISBN 1 - 57733 - 099 - 4 Jump up ^ J. Salmon , A Description of The Works of Art of Ancient and Modern Rome , Particularly In Architecture , Sculpture & Painting , Volume One , page 108 ( London : J. Sammells , 1798 ) . Jump up ^ Debra J. Birch , Pilgrimage To Rome In The Middle Ages : Continuity and Change , page 111 ( The Boydell Press , 1998 ) . ISBN 0 - 85115 - 771 - 8 Jump up ^ Midrash Tanḥuma . p. 33 . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , G. , The Templars and the Ark of the Covenant , accessed 25 December 2017 Jump up ^ Ivan McAvinchey . `` News 2006 ( March 9 ) '' . Rsai.ie . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Photographs by Harry Burton , The Griffith Institute , Tutankhamun : Anatomy of an Excavation : The Howard Carter Archives . Jump up ^ Lundquist , John M. The Temple of Jerusalem : past , present , and future , Chapter 2 `` The World of the First Temple '' , pp. 66 - 67 , © 2008 by John M. Lundquist , first published 2008 , Praeger Publishers , 88 Post Road West , Westport , CT 06881 ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 98339 - 0 www.praeger.com . Jump up ^ Graham , Lynn ; Graham , David ( 2003 ) . I Am ... The Power and the Presence . Kindred Productions . p. 38 . ISBN 9780921788911 . Jump up ^ McLoughlin , Tom ( 2014 ) . A Strange Idea of Entertainment - Conversations with Tom McLoughlin . BearManor Media . p. 66 . Jump up ^ `` Philip Kaufman '' . google.com . Jump up ^ `` Tempelriddernes Skat - Filmens Handling '' . filmcentralen.dk. 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The Ark of the Covenant - Gameplay '' . IGN . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Carter , Justin ( October 19 , 2015 ) . `` Here 's the Entire Assassin 's Creed Story So Far '' . Twinfinite . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ VanOrd , Kevin ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed Chronicles : China '' . GameSpot . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Maher , Kevin ( December 30 , 2016 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed '' . The Times . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Atali , Amichai ( 19 June 2016 ) . `` Government to pass new holiday : ' Aliyah Day ' '' . Ynetnews . Retrieved 23 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Yashar , Ari ( 24 March 2014 ) . `` Knesset Proposes Aliyah Holiday Bill '' . Israel National News . Retrieved 23 April 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Carew , Mairead , Tara and the Ark of the Covenant : A Search for the Ark of the Covenant by British Israelites on the Hill of Tara , 1899 - 1902 . Royal Irish Academy , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 9543855 - 2 - 7 Cline , Eric H. ( 2007 ) , From Eden to Exile : Unravelling Mysteries of the Bible , National Geographic Society , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4262 - 0084 - 7 Fisher , Milton C. , The Ark of the Covenant : Alive and Well in Ethiopia ? . Bible and Spade 8 / 3 , pp. 65 -- 72 , 1995 . Foster , Charles , Tracking the Ark of the Covenant . Monarch , 2007 . Grierson , Roderick & Munro - Hay , Stuart , The Ark of the Covenant . Orion Books Ltd , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 7538 - 1010 - 7 Hancock , Graham , The Sign and the Seal : The Quest for the Lost Ark of the Covenant . Touchstone Books , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 671 - 86541 - 2 Haran , M. , The Disappearance of the Ark , IEJ 13 ( 1963 ) , 46 - 58 Hertz , J.H. , The Pentateuch and Haftoras . Deuteronomy . Oxford University Press , 1936 . Hubbard , David ( 1956 ) The Literary Sources of the Kebra Nagast Ph. D. dissertation , St. Andrews University , Scotland Munro - Hay , Stuart , The Quest For The Ark of The Covenant : The True History of The Tablets of Moses . L.B. Tauris & Co Ltd. , 2006 . ISBN 1 - 84511 - 248 - 2 Ritmeyer , L. , The Ark of the Covenant : Where It Stood in Solomon 's Temple . Biblical Archaeology Review 22 / 1 : 46 - 55 , 70 - 73 , 1996 . Stolz , Fritz . `` Ark of the Covenant . '' In The Encyclopedia of Christianity , edited by Erwin Fahlbusch and Geoffrey William Bromiley , 125 . Vol. 1 . Grand Rapids : Wm . B. Eerdmans , 1999 . ISBN 0802824137 External links ( edit ) This section 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Wikibooks has more on the topic of : Ark of the Covenant Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ark of the Covenant . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Ark of the Covenant Library resources about Ark of the Covenant Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Portions of this article have been taken from the Jewish Encyclopedia of 1906 . Ark of the Covenant Initial text from Easton 's Bible Dictionary , 1897 . Ark of the Covenant The Catholic Encyclopedia , Volume I. Ark of the Covenant Smithsonian.com `` Keepers of the Lost Ark ? '' Derby , Josiah , `` The Gold of The Ark '' , Jewish Bible Quarterly . Havergal , William Henry . Six Lectures on The Ark of The Covenant ( London : Hamilton , Adams And Co , 1867 ) . Available on Google Books . ( 3 ) Pendleton , Philip Y. , A Brief Sketch of the Jewish Tabernacle. 1901 . ( International Sunday - school Lessons for 1902 . Standard Eclectic Commentary comprising original and selected notes , explanatory , illustrative , practical . Embellished with maps , diagrams , chronological charts , tables , etc . ) Schatz , Elihu , `` The Weight of The Ark of The Covenant '' , Jewish Bible Quarterly . Shyovitz , David , The Lost Ark of the Covenant . Jewish Virtual Library . Ark of the Covenant topics People Moses Kohanim High Priest of Israel Israelites Levites Bezalel Tribe of Judah Oholiab Kehath Tribe of Levi Jeremiah Joshua Samuel Solomon Menelik I Contents Tablets of Stone Ten Commandments Manna Aaron 's rod Cherub Locations Mount Sinai Biblical Mount Sinai Jericho Jordan River Holy of Holies Tabernacle Ai Shiloh Gibeah Gilgal Eben - Ezer Philistia Beth Shemesh Kiriath - Jearim Temple Mount Dome of the Rock Well of Souls Cathedral of Chartres Tana Qirqos Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion Related The Sign and the Seal ( 1992 book ) Portal Ten Commandments Tablets of Stone Finger of God Ritual Decalogue Commandments I am the Lord thy God Thou shalt have no other gods before me Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain Remember the sabbath day , to keep it holy Honour thy father and thy mother Thou shalt not kill Thou shalt not commit adultery Thou shalt not steal Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour Thou shalt not covet Related Moses Biblical Mount Sinai Ark of the Covenant In Catholic theology Tabot Alternatives 613 commandments Seven Laws of Noah Ethics in the Bible In art Descent from Mount Sinai ( Sistine Chapel , 1481 - 82 painting ) Moses ( c. 1513 -- 1515 sculpture ) Moses Breaking the Tablets of the Law ( 1659 painting ) Moses ( 1962 sculpture ) Media The Ten Commandments ( 1923 film ) The Ten Commandments ( 1956 film ) Les Dix Commandements ( 2000 musical ) K10C : Kids ' Ten Commandments ( 2003 videos ) The Ten Commandments ( 2004 musical ) The Ten Commandments ( 2006 miniseries ) The Ten ( 2007 film ) The Ten Commandments ( 2007 film ) I Am ( 2010 film ) The Ten Commandments ( 2016 film ) People and things in the Quran Characters Non-humans Allāh ( `` The God '' ) Names of Allah found in the Quran , such as Karīm ( Generous ) Beings in Paradise Ghilmān or Wildān Ḥūr Animals Related The baqarah ( cow ) of Israelites The dhi'b ( wolf ) that Jacob feared could attack Joseph The fīl ( elephant ) of the Abyssinians ) Ḥimār ( Domesticated donkey ) The hud - hud ( hoopoe ) of Solomon The kalb ( dog ) of the sleepers of the cave The namlah ( female ant ) of Solomon The nūn ( fish or whale ) of Jonah The nāqat ( she - camel ) of Saleh Non-related Dābbat al - Arḍ ( Beast of the Earth ) Ḥimār ( Wild ass ) Qaswarah ( `` Lion '' , `` beast of prey '' or `` hunter '' ) Angels Angels of Hell Mālik Zabāniyah Angel of the Trumpet ( Isrāfīl or Raphael ) Jibrīl ( Gabriel ) Mīkāl ( Michael ) ' Izrā'īl Malakul - Mawt ( Azrael , Angel of Death ) Riḍwān Munkar Nakir Harut and Marut Kirāman Kātibīn ( Honourable Scribes ) Raqib Atid Jinn ' Ifrīt Jann Mārid ( `` Rebellious one '' ) Shayāṭīn ( Demons ) Iblīs the ( Chief ) Shayṭān ( Devil ) Qarīn Prophets Mentioned Ādam ( Adam ) Al - Yasa ' ( Elisha ) Ayyūb ( Job ) Dāwūd ( David ) Dhūl - Kifl ( Ezekiel ? ) Hārūn ( Aaron ) Hūd ( Eber ? ) Idrīs ( Enoch ? ) Ilyās ( Elijah ) ' Imrān ( Joachim the father of Maryam ) Isḥāq ( Isaac ) Ismā'īl ( Ishmael ) Dhabih Ullah Isma'il Ṣādiq al - Wa 'd ( Fulfiller of the Promise ) Lūṭ ( Lot ) Ṣāliḥ Shu'ayb ( Jethro , Reuel or Hobab ? ) Sulaymān ibn Dāwūd ( Solomon son of David ) ' Uzair ( Ezra ? ) Yaḥyā ibn Zakariyyā ( John the Baptist the son of Zechariah ) Ya'qūb ( Jacob ) Isrā'īl ( Israel ) Yūnus ( Jonah ) Dhūn - Nūn ( `` He of the Fish ( or Whale ) '' or `` Owner of the Fish ( or Whale ) '' ) Ṣāḥib al - Ḥūt ( `` Companion of the Whale '' ) Yūsuf ibn Ya'qūb ( Joseph son of Jacob ) Zakariyyā ( Zechariah ) Ulu - l - ' Azm Muḥammad Aḥmad Other names and titles of Muhammad ʿĪsā ( Jesus ) Al - Masīḥ ( The Messiah ) Ibn Maryam ( Son of Mary ) Mūsā Kalīmullāh ( Moses He who spoke to God ) Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh ( Abraham Friend of God ) Nūḥ ( Noah ) Debatable ones Dhūl - Qarnain ( Cyrus the Great ? ) Luqmān Maryam ( Mary ) Ṭālūt ( Saul or Gideon ? ) Implied Irmiyā ( Jeremiah ) Ṣamū'īl ( Samuel ) Yūsha ' ibn Nūn ( Joshua , companion and successor of Moses ) People of Prophets Evil ones Āzar ( possibly Terah ) Fir'awn ( Pharaoh of Moses ' time ) Hāmān Jālūt ( Goliath ) Qārūn ( Korah , cousin of Moses ) As - Sāmirī Abī Lahab Slayers of Saleh 's she - camel ( Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda ' ibn Dahr ) Good ones Adam 's immediate relatives Martyred son Wife Believer of Ya - Sin Family of Noah Father Lamech Mother Shamkhah bint Anush or Betenos Luqman 's son People of Aaron and Moses Believer of Fir'aun Family ( Hizbil / Hizqil ibn Sabura ) Imra'at Fir'awn ( Āsiyá bint Muzāḥim or Bithiah ) Khidr Magicians of the Pharaoh Moses ' wife Moses ' sister - in - law Mother Sister People of Abraham Mother Abiona or Amtelai the daughter of Karnebo Ishmael 's mother Isaac 's mother People of Jesus Disciples ( including Peter ) Mary 's mother Zechariah 's wife People of Joseph Brothers ( including Binyāmin ( Benjamin ) and Simeon ) Egyptians ' Azīz ( Potiphar , Qatafir or Qittin ) Malik ( King Ar - Rayyān ibn Al - Walīd ) ) Wife of ' Azīz ( Zulaykhah ) Mother People of Solomon Mother Queen of Sheba Vizier Zayd Implied or not specified Abrahah Bal'am / Balaam Barsisa Caleb or Kaleb the companion of Joshua Luqman 's son Nebuchadnezzar II Nimrod Rahmah the wife of Ayyub Shaddad Groups Mentioned Aṣḥāb al - Jannah People of Paradise People of the Burnt Garden Aṣḥāb as - Sabt ( Companions of the Sabbath ) Christian apostles Ḥawāriyyūn ( Disciples of Jesus ) Companions of Noah 's Ark Aṣḥāb al - Kahf war - Raqīm ( Companions of the Cave and Al - Raqaim ? Companions of the Elephant People of al - Ukhdūd People of a township in Surah Ya - Sin People of Yathrib or Medina Qawm Lūṭ ( People of Sodom and Gomorrah ) Nation of Noah Tribes , ethnicities or families A'rāb ( Arabs or Bedouins ) ʿĀd ( people of Hud ) Companions of the Rass Qawm Tubba ' ( People of Tubba ) People of Saba ' or Sheba Quraysh Thamūd ( people of Saleh ) Aṣḥāb al - Ḥijr ( `` Companions of the Stoneland '' ) ' Ajam Ar - Rûm ( literally `` The Romans '' ) Banī Isrā'īl ( Children of Israel ) Mu'tafikāt ( The overthrown cities of Sodom and Gomorrah ) People of Ibrahim People of Ilyas People of Nuh People of Shuaib Ahl Madyan People of Madyan ) Aṣḥāb al - Aykah ( `` Companions of the Wood '' ) Qawm Yūnus ( People of Jonah ) Ya'juj and Ma'juj / Gog and Magog Ahl al - Bayt ( `` People of the Household '' ) Household of Abraham Brothers of Yūsuf Daughters of Abraham 's nephew Lot ( Ritha , Za'ura , et al . ) Progeny of Imran Household of Moses Household of Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul - Muttalib ibn Hashim Daughters of Muhammad Wives of Muhammad Household of Salih People of Fir'aun Current Ummah of Islam ( Ummah of Muhammad ) Aṣḥāb Muḥammad ( Companions of Muhammad ) Anṣār ( Muslims of Medina who helped Muhammad and his Meccan followers , literally ' Helpers ' ) Muhajirun ( Emigrants from Mecca to Medina ) People of Mecca Umm Jamil ( wife of Abu Lahab ) Children of Ayyub Dead son of Sulaiman Qabil / Cain ( son of Adam ) Wali'ah or Wa'ilah / Waala ( wife of Nuh ) Walihah or Wahilah ( wife of Lut ) Ya'jūj wa Ma'jūj ( Gog and Magog ) Yam or Kan'an ( son of Nuh ) Implicitly mentioned Amalek Ahl as - Suffa ( People of the Verandah ) Banu Nadir Banu Qaynuqa Banu Qurayza Iranian people Umayyad Dynasty Aus and Khazraj People of Quba Religious groups Ahl al - dhimmah ( Dhimmi ) Kāfirūn ( Infidels ) Zoroastrians Munāfiq ūn ( Hypocrites ) Muslims People of the Book ( Ahl al - Kitāb ) Naṣārā ( Christian ( s ) or People of the Injil ) Ruhban ( Christian monks ) Qissis ( Christian priest ) Yahūd ( Jews ) Ahbār ( Jewish scholars ) Rabbani / Rabbi Sabians Polytheists Meccan polytheists at the time of Muhammad Mesopotamian polytheists at the time of Abraham and Lot Locations Mentioned Al - Arḍ Al - Muqaddasah ( `` The Holy Land '' ) ' Blessed ' Land In the Arabian Peninsula ( excluding Madyan ) Al - Aḥqāf ( `` The Sandy Plains , '' or `` the Wind - curved Sand - hills '' ) Iram dhāt al - ' Imād ( Iram of the Pillars ) Al - Madīnah ( formerly Yathrib ) ' Arafāt Al - Ḥijr ( Hegra ) Badr Ḥunayn Makkah ( Mecca ) Bakkah Ḥaraman Āminan ( `` Sanctuary ( which is ) Secure '' ) Ka'bah ( Kaaba ) Maqām Ibrāhīm ( Station of Abraham ) Safa and Marwah Saba ' ( Sheba ) ' Arim Saba ' ( Dam of Sheba ) Rass Al - Jannah ( Paradise , literally `` The Garden '' ) Jahannam ( Hell ) In Mesopotamia : Al - Jūdiyy Munzalanm - Mubārakan ( `` Place - of - Landing Blessed '' ) Bābil ( Babylon ) Qaryat Yūnus ( `` Township of Jonah , '' that is Nineveh ) Door of Hittah Madyan ( Midian ) Majma ' al - Baḥrayn Miṣr ( Mainland Egypt ) Salsabīl ( A river in Paradise ) Sinai Region or Tīh Desert Al - Wād Al - Muqaddas Ṭuwan ( The Holy Valley of Tuwa ) Al - Wādil - Ayman ( The valley on the ' righthand ' side of the Valley of Tuwa and Mount Sinai ) Mount Sinai or Mount Tabor Religious locations Bay'a ( Church ) Miḥrāb Monastery Masjid ( Mosque , literally `` Place of Prostration '' ) Al - Mash'ar Al - Ḥarām ( `` The Sacred Grove '' ) Al - Masjid Al - Aqṣā ( Al - Aqsa Mosque , literally `` The Farthest Place - of - Prostration '' ) Al - Masjid Al - Ḥarām ( The Sacred Mosque of Mecca ) Masjid al - Dirar A Mosque in the area of Medina , possibly : Masjid Qubā ' ( Quba Mosque ) The Prophet 's Mosque Salat ( Synagogue ) Implied Antioch Antakya Arabia Ayla Barrier of Dhul - Qarnayn Bayt al - Muqaddas & ' Ariha Bilād ar - Rāfidayn ( Mesopotamia ) Canaan Cave of Seven Sleepers Dār an - Nadwa Al - Ḥijāz ( literally `` The Barrier '' ) Black Stone ( Al - Ḥajar al - Aswad ) & Al - Hijr of Isma'il Cave of Hira & Ghar al - Thawr ( Cave of the Bull ) Ta'if Hudaybiyyah Jordan River Nile River Palestine River Paradise of Shaddad Plant matter Baṣal ( Onion ) Fūm ( Garlic or wheat ) Shaṭ ' ( Shoot ) Sūq ( Plant stem ) Zar ' ( Seed ) Fruits ' Adas ( Lentil ) Baql ( Herb ) Ḥabb dhul - ' aṣf ( Corn of the husk ) Qith - thā ' ( Cucumber ) Rummān ( Pomegranate ) Tīn ( Fig ) Ukul khamṭ ( Bitter fruit or food of Sheba ) Zaytūn ( Olive ) In Paradise Forbidden fruit of Adam Bushes , trees or plants Plants of Sheba Athl ( Tamarisk ) Sidr ( Lote - tree ) Līnah ( Tender Palm tree ) Nakhl ( Date palm ) Rayḥān ( Scented plant ) Sidrat al - Muntahā Zaqqūm Islamic holy books Al - Injīl ( The Gospel of Jesus ) Al - Qur'ān ( The Book of Muhammad ) Ṣuḥuf - i Ibrāhīm ( Scroll ( s ) of Abraham ) At - Tawrāt ( The Torah ) Ṣuḥuf - i - Mūsā ( Scroll ( s ) of Moses ) Tablets of Stone Az - Zabūr ( The Psalms of David ) Umm al - Kitāb ( `` Mother of the Book ( s ) '' ) Objects of people or beings Heavenly Food of Christian Apostles Noah 's Ark Staff of Musa Tābūt as - Sakīnah ( Casket of Shekhinah ) Throne of Bilqis Trumpet of Israfil Mentioned idols ( cult images ) ' Ansāb Idols of Israelites : Baal The ' ijl ( golden calf statue ) of Israelites Idols of Noah 's people : Nasr Suwā ' Wadd Yaghūth Ya'ūq Idols of Quraysh : Al - Lāt Al - ' Uzzá Manāt Jibt and Ṭāghūt Celestial bodies Maṣābīḥ ( literally ' lamps ' ) : Al - Qamar ( The Moon ) Kawākib ( Planets ) Al - Arḍ ( The Earth ) Nujūm ( Stars ) Ash - Shams ( The Sun ) Liquids Mā ' ( Water or fluid ) Nahr ( River ) Yamm ( River or sea ) Sharāb ( Drink ) Events , incidents , occasions or times Incident of Ifk Laylat al - Qadr Mubahalah Sayl al - ' Arim ( Flood of the Great Dam of Marib in Sheba ) The Farewell Pilgrimage Treaty of Hudaybiyyah Battles or military expeditions Battle of al - Aḥzāb ( `` the Confederates '' ) Battle of Badr Battle of Hunayn Battle of Khaybar Battle of Tabouk Battle of Uhud Conquest of Mecca Days Al - Jumu'ah ( The Friday ) As - Sabt ( The Sabbath or Saturday ) Days of battles Days of Hajj Doomsday Months of the Islamic calendar Four holy months Ramaḍān Pilgrimages Al - Ḥajj ( literally `` The Pilgrimage '' , the Greater Pilgrimage ) Al - ' Umrah ( The Lesser Pilgrimage ) Times for Prayer or Remembrance Times for Duʿāʾ ( ' Invocation ' ) , Ṣalāh and Dhikr ( ' Remembrance ' , including Taḥmīd ( ' Praising ' ) , Takbīr and Tasbīḥ ) : Al - ' Ashiyy ( The Afternoon or the Night ) Al - Ghuduww ( `` The Mornings '' ) Al - Bukrah ( `` The Morning '' ) Aṣ - Ṣabāḥ ( `` The Morning '' ) Al - Layl ( `` The Night '' ) Al - ' Ishā ' ( `` The Late - Night '' ) Aẓ - Ẓuhr ( `` The Noon '' ) Dulūk ash - Shams ( `` Decline of the Sun '' ) Al - Masā ' ( `` The Evening '' ) Qabl al - Ghurūb ( `` Before the Setting ( of the Sun ) '' ) Al - Aṣīl ( `` The Afternoon '' ) Al - Aṣr ( `` The Afternoon '' ) Qabl ṭulū ' ash - Shams ( `` Before the rising of the Sun '' ) Al - Fajr ( `` The Dawn '' ) Implied Event of Ghadir Khumm Laylat al - Mabit The first pilgrimage Note : The names are sorted alphabetically . Standard form : Islamic name / Biblical name ( title or relationship ) Temple in Jerusalem Structures Tabernacle First Temple / Solomon 's Temple Second Temple / Ezra 's Temple / Herod 's Temple Third Temple / Ezekiel 's Temple Elements Altar Ark of the Covenant Shekhinah Holy of Holies Seven - branched candelabrum Foundation Stone Mercy seat Solomon 's Porch Temple treasury Boaz and Jachin Western Wall Warren 's Gate Western Stone Wilson 's Arch The Sanctuary Molten Sea Urn for ashes of the Red Heifer Priesthood Priestly sash Ephod Holy anointing oil Priestly breastplate Priestly tunic High Priest Sacrifice Priestly robe Priestly undergarments Priestly turban Priestly divisions Shemen Afarsimon Priestly crown Urim and Thummim Priestly covenant History Bar Kokhba revolt Siege of Jerusalem Tisha B'Av Judaea Capta coinage Temple Mount Gates Excavations Mount Zion City of David See also Replicas of the Jewish Temple Navel of the World Temple Denial Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ark_of_the_Covenant&oldid=866094999 '' Categories : Hebrew Bible objects Hebrew Bible words and phrases Tabernacle and Temples in Jerusalem Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2010 Articles containing Hebrew - language text Wikipedia external links cleanup from February 2016 Wikipedia spam cleanup from February 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Беларуская Български Boarisch Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Furlan Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kiswahili Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 46 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 06 : 23 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who built the ark of the covenant in the bible	[]	[]
-2988423735175025305	Red Coat (Pretty Little Liars)	Red Coat ( Pretty Little Liars ) - wikipedia Red Coat ( Pretty Little Liars ) Red Coat Pretty Little Liars character Red Coat overlooking the grave robbing in `` Dead to Me '' . First appearance `` UnmAsked '' Last appearance `` The Gloves Are On '' Created by I. Marlene King Portrayed by Sasha Pieterse Vanessa Ray Dre Davis CC Mason ( double ) Information Nickname ( s ) A ( Charlotte / Sara ) The Black Widow ( Sara ) Aliases Vivian Darkbloom Gender Female Occupation A ( Charlotte / Sara ) Hiding from A ( Alison ) Helping the Liars ( Alison ) Stalking ( Charlotte / Sara ) Blackmail ( Charlotte ) Seasons 2 3 4 6 Status Alive ( Alison ) Deceased ( Charlotte , Sara ) Residence Rosewood , Pennsylvania Real name Alison DiLaurentis Charlotte Drake Sara Harvey Red Coat is a fictional character on the television show Pretty Little Liars , which was adapted from the book series of same name . Introduced during the second - season finale , she became the primary antagonist of the third and fourth seasons . Contents 1 Background 2 Unmasking 2.1 Exegesis : summary of episode `` Game Over , Charles '' 3 Reception 4 See also 5 References Background ( edit ) In the second - season finale `` UnmAsked '' , the first `` A '' is revealed to be Mona Vanderwaal , who wanted revenge on the Liars for not preventing Alison 's bullying and slowly distancing Hanna away from her . During a fight with Spencer , Mona ends up falling off a cliff and is then found by the authorities and admitted to the Radley Sanitarium , a local psychiatric hospital . During the final scene of the episode , a nurse comes in to alert Mona that she has a visitor and someone walks inside her room in what it looks like a red trench coat , appearing to be the same one worn by Alison DiLaurentis in her Vivian Darkbloom disguise . Mona proceeds to tell the unseen visitor that she did everything they asked her to . In the third season , we see Red Coat purchasing hoodies for the team she is building , and later the Liars begin catching glimpses of her . Hanna sees the mysterious figure watching her outside a boutique , Emily remembers her in a flashback to the night she and Mona kidnapped her , Spencer notices her on a date with Wren and Aria catches her at a morgue . All four girls see two specific details in regards to her physical features : a red trench coat with blonde curly hair hanging out . Emily suspects that Red Coat is the one in charge of the `` A-Team '' and they hatch a plan to catch her . Spencer having joined the `` A-Team '' at the time to look for clues on Toby , who was briefly on the team before inexplicably disappearing , finds out that he is alive and a double agent who intends to help the girls . Spencer gives Mona and Red Coat the idea to throw a party at the Thornhill Lodge , where Red Coat can meet the girls in person . Mona and Red Coat agree with the idea . Red Coat flies in on a plane and Toby and Spencer go outside to catch her . As the other Liars corner Mona inside , someone sets fire to the lodge . Toby goes to follow a flashlight in the woods and Spencer follows Red Coat , who gets off the plane and heads into the woods . Aria , Emily , Hanna and Mona fall unconscious due to the flames and smoke , but Hanna is pulled out by Red Coat and she looks up to see Alison DiLaurentis . As the girls all gather outside , Mona says she also saw Alison and Spencer believes she did too . However , Mona proceeds to admit that she does n't know the accurate identity of Red Coat because the anonymous entity always wore a mask . In the fourth season , Red Coat continues to play the game . The disguise is briefly abandoned , after the Red Coat who flew into the Lodge burned her coat and mask in the Lodge fire , but Red Coat returns mid-season and films a video of herself in an Emily mask . She then begins sneaking under the DiLaurentis home and surveilling the residence . Toby and Caleb begin looking for clues on her identity and discover that CeCe Drake is the one who set up the flight plan for Red Coat to go to the Lodge . The Liars hunt for CeCe but with no luck . In `` Bring Down the Hoe , '' she returns and is seen in a room filled with photos of Alison and a red coat laying on a chair . Red Coat shows up to the Rosewood High Hoedown and Spencer and Emily manage to take her coat . They discover that the coat is missing the same button which they found earlier underneath the DiLaurentis house . Meanwhile , CeCe lurks outside Ezra 's apparent in the same attire that Red Coat wears but now in a black hoodie . Unmasking ( edit ) In the fourth season 's mid-season finale `` Now You See Me , Now You Do n't '' , the Liars head to Ravenswood to look for Red Coat . While there , Red Coat kidnaps Emily and locks her in a coffin on a Sawmill . The Liars witness Red Coat heading to that Sawmill and chase her inside , where she actually stops the saw and another Red Coat , donning a mask of Alison 's face , appears on the stairwell , revealing that two people have been sporting the disguise all along . Spencer follows the Red Coat who saved Emily , while Aria fights the masked Red Coat and unmasks her as CeCe Drake . The Liars manage to catch the Red Coat who saved Emily in the ending of `` Grave New World '' , who reveals herself as an alive Alison . During `` EscApe from New York '' , Ali claims that she asked CeCe to wear the disguise to distract `` A '' and that CeCe was never truly Red Coat . It is later revealed that CeCe actually was the Red Coat who stole the game from Mona and wore the disguise during her schemes , presumably until the saw mill incident . In `` Game Over , Charles '' , the Liars learn there was a third Red Coat who posed as a decoy for CeCe and used the infamous disguise to distract the Liars whenever CeCe could n't . The third Red Coat is revealed to be Sara Harvey . Exegesis : summary of episode `` game over , Charles '' ( edit ) Big `` A '' kidnaps Alison from the Rosewood High senior prom and takes her to Radley , where their dad and brother are also there , unconscious . With Mona 's aid , the Liars figure out that `` A 's '' phone server is located at the Carissimi Group 's building and along with Sara make their way over there . They manage to break into a secret room hidden in the wall of an empty storage room . The Liars and Mona go inside but Sara suspiciously leaves them behind , just as the door closes . A holographic monitor comes on and the Liars get a glimpse of a live feed that shows Alison in a room , talking to `` A '' . `` A '' turns around and is revealed to be CeCe Drake , who reveals that she was born as Charles before transitioning into Charlotte . CeCe / Charlotte reveals that she became `` A '' ( and thus Red Coat ) in order to sneak out of Radley and because she was angry that the Liars were happy about her disappearance . While Charlotte is telling her story , the Liars are alerted to a motion sensor in another room . Mona turns the camera to the room and they see that the motion sensor was alerted by Red Coat , who is setting up a bomb for Charlotte to blow up Radley with her family alongside herself . The Liars are stunned by this revelation , having previously assumed that CeCe and Alison were the only two Red Coats . Charlotte mentions that she kept seeing a blonde girl in a red coat watching the girls and deduced the mysterious entity was Alison . So in order to find out , Charlotte organized the lodge party at Thornhill to trap the girls and lure Alison out of hiding , since she knew her sister would only show up if her friends were in grave danger . Charlotte sent the other Red Coat to the Lodge to distract the Liars and keep Mona occupied . She reveals that the other Red Coat is Sara Harvey , explaining that she was a decoy whenever she `` needed her to be '' . Nigel Wright was paid to fake a flight plan to Delaware by Charlotte but the plane actually made its way to the lodge since Sara landed it in a nearby field despite the fog in the area . Shana Fring also showed up with Jenna Marshall to find out if the Liars were going to meet Alison at the request of Melissa Hastings , since she too had her own suspicions . However , both plans went awry and while Jenna was n't noticing , Shana set fire to the lodge since she grew a hatred towards the Liars for blinding Jenna as she later admits to in `` EscApe from New York '' . Sara managed to rescue Aria , Emily and Mona while Alison arrived just in time to save Hanna , giving Charlotte the much needed confirmation that her sister was indeed alive . Knowing that Wilden would never let Alison return and tell her story , Charlotte went to the lake and killed him , dumping his car and body in the middle of town . She then sent Sara dressed as the mysterious woman in a black veil to attend his funeral and ensure he was deceased . The Liars are shocked about this revelation , but Hanna tells Emily that Charlotte is just messing with her . However , Spencer realizes that the authorities have n't arrived to Radley because Sara must 've pretended to dial them . The Liars manage to break out of the room and head over to Radley , where they come upon Sara in the hallway . She orders them to leave as she turns on the bomb for Charlotte , but they manage to subdue her and give Spencer enough time to stop the bomb . Alison quickly arrives and tells them that Charlotte has headed to the roof and begs them to help her surrender . Sara tries to escape but Emily grabs her by the hood of her trench coat and angrily punches her in the face for betraying her trust . They chase Charlotte and persuade her not to commit suicide . She instead declares an end to the `` A '' game . At the end of the episode , Emily mentions that Sara is getting released from the local town 's hospital and Alison states that what happened to her that night was n't their fault . Nonetheless , Spencer discloses to Caleb during `` The Gloves Are On '' that after Emily punched Sara , she got back up but accidentally put her hand on some electrical cords , which began electrocuting her body , as the Liars watched in horror . This led to Sara being unable to use her hands since she lost her palpable abilities . Reception ( edit ) The reveal of Alison possibly being alive and Red Coat in `` A DAngerous GAme '' was met with mixed reviews , with many expressing joy over this , while others were disappointed in not receiving a definite answer to Red Coat 's identity . The reveal that there were two active Red Coats was generally met with positive reviews , with many praising the reveal that Alison was alive in the episode `` Grave New World '' as one of the best moments of the series . The reveal of the third Red Coat received mostly negative reviews , with many feeling discomfort over Sara being officially introduced so late into the series . However , Entertainment Weekly 's Isabella Biedenharn deemed the best moment of `` Game Over , Charles '' the scene where Emily punches Sara in the face for her betrayal . See also ( edit ) Alison DiLaurentis Charlotte DiLaurentis Sara Harvey ( character ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Biedenharn , Isabella ( August 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game Over , Charles ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . p. 3 . Retrieved August 13 , 2015 . Pretty Little Liars Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 Characters `` A '' Alex Drake Alison DiLaurentis Aria Montgomery Charlotte Drake Emily Fields Hanna Marin Jenna Marshall Mary Drake Melissa Hastings Mona Vanderwaal Red Coat Sara Harvey Spencer Hastings Sydney Driscoll Related Book series 2006 novel Rosewood , Pennsylvania Pretty Dirty Secrets Ravenswood Pretty Little Liars : The Perfectionists Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Coat_(Pretty_Little_Liars)&oldid=859420814 '' Categories : Pretty Little Liars characters Fictional stalkers Hidden categories : Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 September 2018 , at 23 : 10 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	when do you find out cece is red coat	[]	[]
-2617166727894811753	T. R. Knight	T.R. Knight - wikipedia T.R. Knight Jump to : navigation , search This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) T.R Knight Knight in January 2008 Theodore Raymond Knight ( 1973 - 03 - 26 ) March 26 , 1973 ( age 45 ) Minneapolis , Minnesota , United States Occupation Actor Spouse ( s ) Patrick B. Leahy ( m . 2013 ) Theodore Raymond `` T.R. '' Knight ( born March 26 , 1973 ) is an American actor . He is best known for his role as Dr. George O'Malley on the ABC medical drama Grey 's Anatomy . Having acted on stage since the age of five , Knight had starred on Broadway , off - Broadway , and theatre productions in his home state of Minnesota . He received a Drama Desk Award nomination for his performance in MCC Theater 's Scattergood in 2003 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Stage 6 References 7 External links Early Life ( edit ) Knight was born in Minneapolis , Minnesota , where he became involved with the Guthrie Theater at the age of five . He attended Annunciation Catholic School in Minneapolis , for grades K - 8 . Knight received the Conners Foundation Scholarship as a freshman and apprenticed at the Children 's Theatre Company . He also worked at the local Red Owl supermarket alongside his brother . After finishing high school at the Academy of Holy Angels in Richfield , Knight enrolled at the University of Minnesota for a brief period of time . He dropped out and soon landed leading roles at the Guthrie Theater . Career ( edit ) Knight moved to New York City and appeared on the stage . He played opposite Patti LuPone in the 2001 Broadway revival of Noises Off . He performed in 2003 as Damis in Tartuffe . He performed in the 2003 Off - Broadway production of Scattergood , receiving a Drama Desk Award nomination as Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play . Knight also starred Off - Broadway at Primary Stages in the 2004 drama Boy . On television , Knight was a regular cast member of the short - lived Nathan Lane / Laurie Metcalf 2003 CBS television series , Charlie Lawrence . In 2005 , Knight was cast as Dr. George O'Malley on the ABC medical drama Grey 's Anatomy . Introduced as a surgical intern at the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital , O'Malley worked his way up to resident level , while his relationships with his colleagues Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) , Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) , Izzie Stevens ( Katherine Heigl ) and Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) formed a focal point of the series . When Knight auditioned for the show , he expected a one - season run . In 2009 , after the conclusion of the fifth season , it was confirmed that Knight would not be returning for the show 's sixth season . The actor said the reason for his departure was due to a `` breakdown in communication '' with executive producer Shonda Rhimes , his character 's lack of screen time , and his decision to come out as gay . Knight received generally positive reviews for his performance as O'Malley , and garnered a nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series at the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards . His being written out of the show by O'Malley's death via an act of heroism received mixed feedback . Knight starred as Leo Frank in the new musical Parade , which opened October 4 , 2009 , at the Mark Taper Forum in Los Angeles . He returned to Broadway in David Mamet 's A Life in the Theatre in 2010 , where he played the role of John , opposite Patrick Stewart . Personal Life ( edit ) On October 5 , 2013 , Knight married Patrick B. Leahy , a ballet dancer and writer , in Hudson , New York . They had been together for three years . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role . Notes 2000 Dear , Home Letters from World War I Soldier 2002 Garmento Daniel 2006 Last Request Jeffrey 2013 42 Harold Parrot 2015 A Year and Change Kenny 2017 Hello Again Carl ( The Husband ) Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2003 Charlie Lawrence Ryan Lemming 6 episodes 2003 Frasier Alex Episode : `` Maris Returns '' 2003 Law & Order : Criminal Intent Neil Colby Episode : `` F.P.S. '' CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Zero Adams Episode : `` XX '' 2005 -- 2009 Grey 's Anatomy Dr. George O'Malley 102 episodes Satellite Award for Best Cast -- Television Series Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Nominated -- Golden Nymph Award for Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Nominated -- Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series 2006 Sesame Street Private `` I '' Episode : `` Baby Bear Writes a Story Called ' The 3 Astro Bears ' '' 2011 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Gabriel Thomas / Brian Smith Episode : `` Double Strands '' 2012 -- 13 The Good Wife Jordan Karahalios 7 episodes 2016 11.22. 63 Johnny Clayton 4 episodes 2017 The Catch Tommy Vaughan 6 episodes 2017 When We Rise Chad Griffin 4 episodes 2017 Genius J. Edgar Hoover 3 episodes Stage ( edit ) Broadway Source : Playbill Vault Noises Off ( 2001 revival ) as Tim Allgood Tartuffe ( 2003 revival ) as Damis A Life in the Theatre ( 2010 ) as John It 's Only a Play ( 2015 ) as Frank Finger Off - Broadway Source : Internet Off - Broadway Database Marvin 's Room ( 1998 ) This Lime Tree Bower ( 1999 ) as Joe Macbeth ( 1999 ) as Donalbain / Messenger `` The Refreshment of the Spirit '' ( 2000 ) Right Way to Sue ( 2001 at HERE Mainstage ) as Franklin / Various characters The Hologram Theory ( 2000 ) at MCGinn / Cazale Theater as Tweety The Lake 's End ( 2003 ) Scattergood ( 2003 ) as Brendan Hilliard Voices of Peace and Dissent ( 2003 ) at Worth Street Theatre Boy ( 2004 ) as title character The Marriage of Bette & Boo ( 2007 ) Sold ( 2011 ) as Michael Romeo and Juliet ( 2013 ) as Mercutio Pocatello ( 2014 ) ( Playwrights Horizons ) Readings Truth or Consequences ( Staged Reading ) The Fool ( 2002 ) ( Staged Reading ) White People ( Staged Reading ) The Scholar ( Staged Reading ) Lend Me A Tenor ( 2009 ) ( Staged Reading ) On a Clear Day ( 2010 ) ( Staged Reading ) Torch Song Trilogy ( 2011 ) ( Staged Reading ) June Moon ( 2011 ) ( Roundabout PlayReading Series ) Honeymoon in Vegas ( 2011 ) ( Staged Reading ) as Jack Singer The Miser ( 2012 ) ( Reading ) Regional What Did n't Happen ( 2000 ) ( Workshop at Vassar ) Earth to Bucky ( 2003 ) at Bay Street Theater as Bucky Parade ( musical ) ( 2009 ) as Leo Frank at Mark Taper Forum - Los Angeles , CA The Seagull ( 2012 ) ( radio theater ) as Konstantin Gavrilovich Treplev , James Bridges Theater at UCLA - Los Angeles , CA Guthrie Theater - Minneapolis , MN A Christmas Carol ( 1978 -- 1980 , 1996 ) as Tiny Tim , Dick Wilkins / Others Philadelphia , Here I Come ! ( 1996 ) as Joe She Stoops to Conquer ( 1996 ) Racing Demon as Ewan Gilmour ( 1997 ) A Midsummer Night 's Dream ( 1997 ) as Francis Flute Much Ado About Nothing ( 1998 ) as Watchman Ah , Wilderness ! ( 1999 ) as Richard Miller Amadeus ( 2001 ) as Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Jungle Theater - Minneapolis , MN Journey 's End as 2nd Lt. Jimmy Raleigh ( 1995 ) Minnesota History Theatre - St. Paul , MN Civil Ceremony as Samuel ( 1996 ) Illusion Theatre - Minneapolis , MN Angelheaded Hipster : Howl for Allen ( 1997 ) as Allen Ginsberg Women 's Club of Minneapolis - Minneapolis , MN The Laramie Project ( 2008 ) Chanhassen Dinner Theatres - Chanhassen , MN Brighton Beach Memoirs ( 1993 ) as Eugene Morris Jerome Theatre in the Round - Minneapolis , MN Gemini ( 1992 ) as Randy Off - Broadway Musical Theatre - New Hope , MN Oliver ! ( 1985 ) as Oliver References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Hollywood at Church : Where the A-List Prays '' . Hollywood Reporter. 2012 - 12 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Biography . T.R. Knight '' infoplease.com , accessed March 31 , 2015 Jump up ^ Walsh , Jim . `` An improvisational life '' Archived 2015 - 04 - 11 at the Wayback Machine . southwestjournal.com , September 23 , 2012 ^ Jump up to : Papatola , Dominic P. `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' star comes home for a project near to his heart '' twincities.com , October 12 , 2008 Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth . `` Bway Run of Noises Off Revival Ends Sept. 1 '' playbill.com , September 1 , 2002 Jump up ^ Isherwood , Charles . `` Review . ' Tartuffe ' '' Variety , January 9 , 2003 Jump up ^ Weber , Bruce . `` Theater Review . A Dedicated Pupil for a Professor of Seduction '' The New York Times , March 5 , 2003 Jump up ^ Murray , Matthew . `` 2003 Drama Desk Awards Presented '' theatermania.com , May 18 , 2003 Jump up ^ `` Boy Listing '' Archived 2012 - 10 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . Internet Off - Broadway Database , accessed March 31 , 2015 Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew . `` Nathan Lane 's `` Charlie Lawrence '' Pulled from CBS Schedule '' playbill.com , JUly 1 , 2003 Jump up ^ T.R. Knight reveals why he left ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' cnn.com , July 23 , 2009 Jump up ^ Trisha Yearwood 's Chicken Pizza ( 2006 - 10 - 19 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Grey 's Anatomy star T.R. Knight Confirms He 's Gay - T.R. Knight '' . People.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Charles . `` Theater Review '' latimes.com , October 4 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` T.R. Knight Returning to Broadway '' . TVGuide.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Blum , Haley ( October 7 , 2013 ) . `` Former ' Grey 's ' star T.R. Knight weds boyfriend '' . USA Today . Retrieved 7 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Blumm , K.C. ( October 7 , 2013 ) . `` T.R. Knight Ties the Knot '' . People Magazine . Retrieved October 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` T.R. Knight Broadway '' playbillvault.com , accessed March 31 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` T.R. Knight Listing '' Archived 2005 - 11 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . Internet Off - Broadway Database , accessed March 31 , 2015 Jump up ^ under DAVID CASTANEDA ( Lighting Design ) Jump up ^ under directing credits Jump up ^ Cherry Lane Theatre , http://www.cherrylanetheatre.org/ ( 2014 - 03 - 01 ) . `` Mentor Project Programs '' . Cherry Lane Theatre . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ Murray , Matthew . `` Review '' talkinbroadway.com , May 21 , 2001 Jump up ^ Hofler , Robert . `` Review '' Variety , April 3 , 2000 Jump up ^ Simonson , Robert . `` Worth Street Revives ' Voices of Peace and Dissent ' Aug. 16 , 23 and 30 '' playbill.com , August 11 , 2004 Jump up ^ Hernandez , Ernio ( April 2 , 2004 ) . `` T.R. Knight to Star as Boy in World Premiere Julia Jordan Play at Primary Stages '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew . `` DIVA TALK : News of Betty , Bernadette , Patti , Karen , Audra & Ute : Who Could Ask for Anything More ? '' playbill.com , April 12 , 2002 Jump up ^ `` T.R. Knight to Exit ' Grey 's Anatomy ' ; Eyes Tenor on Broadway '' broadway.com , June 17 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` ' June Moon ' Listing '' archive.roundabouttheatre.org , accessed March 31 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` ' Honeymoon in Vegas ' Reading '' broadwayworld.com , 2011 Jump up ^ Healy , Patrick ( November 1 , 2011 ) . `` Investors Check Out ' Honeymoon in Vegas ' Workshop '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam . Red Bull Readings to Feature T.R. Knight , Jan Maxwell , Lily Rabe , Michael Urie and More '' Archived 2014 - 12 - 16 at the Wayback Machine . playbill.com ( webcache.googleusercontent.com ) , October 2 , 2012 Jump up ^ Rizzo , Frank . An Historic Murder In Verse And Song '' Hartford Courant , July 6 , 2000 Jump up ^ Klein , Alvin . `` THEATER ; Three Lost Souls , Yearning for a Way Out '' The New York Times , July 20 , 2003 Jump up ^ `` Culture Monster '' . The Los Angeles Times . June 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bacalzo , Dan . `` Calista Flockhart , T.R. Knight , Dakin Matthews to Head Up L.A. Theatre Works ' Seagull ' '' theatermania.com , August 28 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Actor TR Knight To Return For Minn. 's Guthrie Gala '' minnesota.cbslocal.com , May 3 , 2013 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to T.R. Knight . T.R. Knight on IMDb T.R. Knight on TVguide.com T.R. Knight at Broadway.com ABC Bio Articles 2001 interview at Broadway.com 2004 article from Playbill 2006 interview at ABC News 2006 article from Minneapolis Star Tribune Satellite Award for Best Cast -- Television Series 2000 The West Wing Alan Alda Stockard Channing Kristin Chenoweth Dulé Hill Allison Janney Moira Kelly Rob Lowe Joshua Malina Mary McCormack Janel Moloney Richard Schiff Martin Sheen Jimmy Smits John Spencer Bradley Whitford Buffy the Vampire Slayer Amber Benson Marc Blucas David Boreanaz Nicholas Brendon Charisma Carpenter Emma Caulfield Sarah Michelle Gellar Seth Green Alyson Hannigan Anthony Stewart Head James Marsters Michelle Trachtenberg 2005 Rescue Me Denis Leary John Scurti Daniel Sunjata Mike Lombardi Steven Pasquale Andrea Roth Callie Thorne Adam Ferrara Larenz Tate James McCaffrey Dean Winters 2006 Grey 's Anatomy Justin Chambers Eric Dane Patrick Dempsey Katherine Heigl T.R. Knight Sandra Oh James Pickens Jr . Ellen Pompeo Sara Ramirez Kate Walsh Isaiah Washington Chandra Wilson 2007 Mad Men Bryan Batt Anne Dudek Michael Gladis Jon Hamm Christina Hendricks January Jones Vincent Kartheiser Robert Morse Elisabeth Moss Kiernan Shipka Maggie Siff John Slattery Rich Sommer Aaron Staton 2009 True Blood Chris Bauer Mehcad Brooks Anna Camp Nelsan Ellis Michelle Forbes Mariana Klaveno Ryan Kwanten Todd Lowe Michael McMillian Stephen Moyer Anna Paquin Jim Parrack Carrie Preston William Sanderson Alexander Skarsgård Sam Trammell Rutina Wesley Deborah Ann Woll 2012 The Walking Dead Andrew Lincoln Sarah Wayne Callies Laurie Holden Norman Reedus Steven Yeun Lauren Cohan Chandler Riggs Melissa McBride Scott Wilson Danai Gurira Michael Rooker David Morrissey 2013 Orange Is the New Black Taylor Schilling Laura Prepon Michael J. Harney Michelle Hurst Kate Mulgrew Jason Biggs 2014 The Knick Clive Owen André Holland Jeremy Bobb Juliet Rylance Eve Hewson Michael Angarano Chris Sullivan Cara Seymour Eric Johnson David Fierro Maya Kazan Leon Addison Brown Grainger Hines Matt Frewer 2015 American Crime Felicity Huffman Timothy Hutton W. Earl Brown Richard Cabral Regina King Caitlin Gerard Benito Martinez Penelope Ann Miller Elvis Nolasco Johnny Ortiz 2016 Outlander Caitriona Balfe Sam Heughan Tobias Menzies Lotte Verbeek Laura Donnelly Steven Cree Duncan Lacroix Grant O'Rourke Gary Lewis Graham McTavish Stephen Walters Simon Callow Nell Hudson Dominique Pinon Stanley Weber Richard Rankin Sophie Skelton Andrew Gower Rosie Day Clive Russell Frances de la Tour Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series 2000 : The West Wing , season 1 / season 2 Hill Janney Kelly Lowe Moloney Schiff Sheen Spencer Whitford 2001 : The West Wing , season 2 / season 3 Hill Janney Lowe Moloney Schiff Sheen Spencer Whitford 2002 : Six Feet Under , season 2 Ambrose Conroy Griffiths Hall Krause Rodríguez St. Patrick 2003 : Six Feet Under , season 3 Ambrose Conroy Foster Griffiths Hall Krause Macdissi Machado Rodríguez St. Patrick Taylor Wilson 2004 : CSI : Crime Scene Investigation , season 4 / season 5 Dourdan Eads Fox Guilfoyle Hall Helgenberger Petersen Szmanda 2005 : Lost , season 1 / season 2 Akinnuoye - Agbaje Andrews de Ravin Fox Garcia Grace Holloway Kelley D.D. Kim Y. Kim Lilly Monaghan O'Quinn Perrineau Rodriguez Somerhalder Watros 2006 : Grey 's Anatomy , season 2 / season 3 Chambers Dane Dempsey Heigl Knight Oh Pickens Pompeo Ramirez Walsh Washington Wilson 2007 : The Sopranos , season 6 , part II Antonacci Bracco Falco Gandolfini Grimaldi Iler Imperioli Nascarella Schirripa Servitto Sigler Sirico Turturro Van Zandt Vincent 2008 : Mad Men , season 2 Batt Brie Gladis Hamm Hart Hendricks Jones Kartheiser Moses Moss Shipka Slattery Sommer Staton 2009 : Mad Men , season 3 Alemanni Batt Gilmore Gladis Hamm Harris Hendricks Jones Kartheiser Morse Moss Shipka Slattery Sommer Stanley Staton Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- present ) VIAF : 41602365 LCCN : no2006103298 GND : 1059470780 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T._R._Knight&oldid=832898145 '' Categories : 1973 births Living people 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors American male stage actors American male television actors American Roman Catholics Gay actors LGBT entertainers from the United States LGBT people from Minnesota LGBT Roman Catholics Male actors from Minneapolis University of Minnesota alumni Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links BLP articles lacking sources from October 2011 All BLP articles lacking sources Pages using infobox person with unknown parameters Infobox person using religion Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 15 : 50 . About Wikipedia	actor who plays george in grey's anatomy	[ "Theodore Raymond \"T. R.\" Knight (born March 26, 1973) is an American actor. He is best known for his role as Dr. George O'Malley on the ABC medical drama Grey's Anatomy. Having acted on stage since the age of five, Knight had starred on Broadway, off-Broadway, and theatre productions in his home state of Minnesota. He received a Drama Desk Award nomination for his performance in MCC Theater's Scattergood in 2003." ]	[ "Theodore Raymond \"T. R.\" Knight" ]
-65791316089147087	FIFA World Cup anthems and songs	FIFA World Cup anthems and songs - wikipedia FIFA World Cup anthems and songs hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may require copy editing for grammar , style , cohesion , tone , or spelling . You can assist by editing it . ( June 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( June 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) FIFA World Cup anthems and songs are tunes and songs adopted officially to be used as warm - ups to the event , to accompany the championships during the event and as a souvenir reminder of the events as well as for advertising campaigns leading for the World Cup , giving the singers exceptional universal world coverage and notoriety . The songs chosen are usually multilingual using English , the official language of the organising country , as well as other world languages , most notably Spanish . The official versions also results in cover versions in many other languages by the original artist or by local artists . Contents ( hide ) 1 Anthems and Songs 2 Official albums 3 See also 4 References Anthems and songs ( edit ) World Cup Country Title Language Performer ( s ) Writer ( s ) & Producer ( s ) Official Audio ( s ) &Video ( s ) Live Performance 1962 Chile `` El Rock del Mundial '' Spanish Los Ramblers Jorge Rojas Astorga Audio 1966 England `` World Cup Willie ( Where in this World are We Going ) '' English Lonnie Donegan Audio 1970 Mexico `` Fútbol México 70 '' Spanish Los Hermanos Zavala Roberto do Nascimento Audio Germany `` Futbol '' Polish , English , German Russian , Spanish Maryla Rodowicz Jonasz Kofta , Leszek Bogdanowicz Audio Live Performance - Opening Ceremony 1978 Argentina `` El Mundial '' Buenos Aires Municipal Symphony Ennio Morricone Audio 1982 Spain `` Mundial ' 82 '' Spanish Plácido Domingo Audio 1986 Mexico `` A Special Kind of Hero '' English Stephanie Lawrence Rick Wakeman 1986 World Cup Official Film `` Hot Hot Hot '' English Arrow Alphonsus Cassell and Leston Paul Music Video `` El mundo unido por un balón '' ( Official Song ) Spanish Juan Carlos Abara Spanish Audio 1990 Italy `` Un'estate italiana ( To Be Number One ) '' Italian , English Edoardo Bennato and Gianna Nannini ( Italian ) Giorgio Moroder Project ( English ) Edoardo Bennato , Giorgio Moroder , Gianna Nannini and Tom Whitlock Official Music Video ( Italian - 1 ) Official Music Video ( Italian - 2 ) Official Music Video ( English - 1 ) Official Music Video ( English - 2 ) Live Performance - Opening Ceremony ( Italian ) Live Performance - Opening Ceremony ( English ) 1994 United States `` Gloryland '' English Daryl Hall and Sounds of Blackness Charlie Skarbek and Rick Blaskey Official Music Video - 1 Official Music Video - 2 Music Video ( Instrumental - 1 ) Music Video ( Instrumental - 2 ) Audio Live Performance - Opening Ceremony `` We Are the Champions '' English Queen Official Music Video Official Lyric Video 1998 France `` La Cour des Grands ( Do You Mind If I Play ) '' ( Official Anthem ) French , English Youssou N'Dour & Axelle Red Official Music Video Live Performance - Opening Ceremony `` La Copa de la Vida ( The Cup of Life ) '' ( Official Song ) English , Spanish Ricky Martin Desmond Child and Robi Rosa Official Music Video ( English ) Official Music Video ( Spanish ) `` Carnaval de Paris '' Dario G Dario G Official Music Video `` Together Now '' English , Spanish Jean Michel Jarre and Tetsuya Komuro Jean Michel Jarre , Tetsuya Komuro and Olivia Lufkin Official Music Video 2002 South Korea Japan ( Jointly Hosted ) `` Anthem '' ( Official Anthem ) Vangelis Vangelis / Takkyu Ishino Music Video Audio ( Synthesized ) Music Video ( Remixed ) `` Boom '' ( Official Song ) English Anastacia Anastacia , Glen Ballard Official Music Video `` Let 's Get Together Now '' ( Official Local Song ) Japanese , Korean Voices of KOREA / JAPAN Live Performance - Opening Ceremony Live Performance - Closing Ceremony `` Vamos Al Mundial '' ( Univision Version ) Spanish Jennifer Peña Claudia Garcia Official Music Video 2006 Germany `` Zeit dass sich was dreht ( Celebrate The Day ) '' ( Official Anthem ) German , French , Bambara English Herbert Grönemeyer featuring Amadou & Mariam Herbert Grönemeyer Official Music Video Live Performance - Opening Ceremony `` The Time of Our Lives '' ( Official Song ) English , Spanish Il Divo featuring Toni Braxton Jörgen Elofsson & Steve Mac Official Music Video `` Hips Do n't Lie ( Bamboo mix ) '' English , Spanish Shakira featuring Wyclef Jean Jerry Duplessis , Omar Alfanno & LaTavia Parker Official Music Video Love Generation ( song ) English Bob Sinclar featuring Gary Pine Duane Harden , Christophe le Friant , Gary Pine , Jay Woodhouse , JG Schreiner , Alain Wisniak Official Music Video `` Arriba , Arriba '' Spanish Ana Barbara , Mariana Seoane , Anaís Martínez , Pablo Montero Music Video South Africa `` Sign of a Victory '' ( Official Anthem ) English R. Kelly featuring Soweto Spiritual Singers R. Kelly Official Music Video `` Waka Waka '' ( Official Song ) English , Spanish , Fang Shakira featuring Freshlyground Shakira , Freshlyground Official Music Video Live Performance - Closing Ceremony `` Wavin ' Flag '' ( Coca - Cola official promotional anthem ) English K'Naan K'naan , Bruno Mars , Philip Lawrence , Jean Daval Official Music Video `` Wavin ' Flag '' ( Spanish Celebration Mix ) English , Spanish K'Naan , David Bisbal Official Music Video 2014 Brazil `` Dar um Jeito ( We Will Find a Way ) '' ( Official Anthem ) English , Portuguese , Spanish Carlos Santana featuring Wyclef & Avicii & Alexandre Pires Alexandre Pires , Arash Pournouri , Rami Yacoub , Carl Falk Tim Bergling , Arnon Woolfson , Diogo Vianna , Wyclef Jean Official Music Video `` We Are One ( Ole Ola ) '' ( Official Song ) English , Portuguese , Spanish Pitbull featuring Jennifer Lopez & Claudia Leitte Jennifer Lopez , Claudia Leitte , Pitbull , Thomas Troelsen Danny Mercer , Sia Furler , Lukasz Gottwald , Henry Walter , Nadir Khayat Official Music Video `` Tatu Bom de Bola '' ( Official Mascot Song ) Portuguese Arlindo Cruz Arlindo Cruz Official Music Video `` La La La ( Brasil 2014 ) '' English , Portuguese , Spanish Shakira featuring Carlinhos Brown Shakira , Carlinhos Brown , Jay Singh , Lukasz Gottwald Mathieu Jomphe - Lepine , Max Martin Henry Walter , Raelene Arreguin , John J Conte Jr . Official Music Video `` Magic in the Air '' French Magic System and Chawki Magic System ( A'Salfo , Manadja , Goudé , Tino ) , RedOne , Alex PChawki Official Music Video `` Adrenalina '' ( Univision version ) Spanish Wisin , Ricky Martin and J - LO Juan Luis Morera , José Torres , Carlos E. Ortiz Official Music Video `` Time of Our Lives '' ( The Official BeIN Sports Song ) Arabic , French , English Ahmed Chawki RedOne Official Music Video `` The World Is Ours '' ( Coca - Cola official promotional anthem ) English David Correy , Monobloco Official Music Video `` La Copa de Todos '' ( Coca - Cola promotional anthem Spanish mix ) Spanish , English David Correy , Paty Cantú , Wisin , Monobloco Official Music Video 2018 Russia `` Live It Up '' ( Official Song ) English , Spanish Nicky Jam featuring Will Smith and Era Istrefi Nicky Jam , Will Smith , Era Istrefi Diplo Official Audio Official Music Video `` Komanda 2018 '' ( Команда 2018 , Team 2018 ) Russian Polina Gagarina featuring Egor Kreed and DJ Smash DJ Smash Official Music Video `` Colors '' ( Coca - Cola promotional anthem ) and also ( Spanglish version ) & ( Pakistani version ) English , Spanish , Urdu Jason Derulo , Maluma , Qurat - ul - Ain Balouch Jason Derulo , Robin Weisse , Jamie Sanderson , Nija Charles , Ishmael Sadiq Montague , Geoffrey Earley , Diamond Platnumz Sermstyle , ISM Official Music Video Official Spanish Music Video Official Pakistani Music Video Official Swahili Music Video `` Positivo '' ( Telemundo Version ) Spanish J Balvin and Michael Brun J Balvin , Michael Brun , Fernando Lugo Official Promo Official Music Video `` United by Love '' English , Russian , Spanish Natalia Oreiro Ettore Grenci , Sonia Molina , Diego Córdoba Official Lyrics Video Official Music Video Official albums ( edit ) 1994 -- Gloryland World Cup USA 94 1998 -- Music of the World Cup : Allez ! Ola ! Ole ! 2002 -- The Official Album of the 2002 FIFA World Cup 2006 -- Voices from the FIFA World Cup 2010 -- Listen Up ! The Official 2010 FIFA World Cup Album 2014 -- One Love , One Rhythm -- The 2014 FIFA World Cup Official Album See also ( edit ) UEFA European Championship anthems and songs References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Songs '' . World Cup Theme Songs . 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Theme Song '' . WorldcupThemeSong . Retrieved 6 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Catalina Uribe . `` Soccer songs : A look at all the World Cup anthems '' . Terra Networks . Jump up ^ Laing , Dave ( 16 September 2010 ) . `` Arrow obituary '' . the Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Hot , Hot , Hot - Arrow - Song Info - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ `` Pitbull 's ' We Are One ( Ole , Ola ) ' Featuring Jennifer Lopez , Claudia Leitte Named FIFA 'S Official World Cup Song '' . Billboard . Retrieved 29 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola Launches `` The World 's Cup '' Celebrating the Power of the 2014 FIFA World Cup TM to Bring Everyone Together `` . The Coca - Cola Company . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Banjarmasin Post . `` VIDEO Lirik Lagu Piala Dunia Rusia 2018 , Jason Derulo ' Colors ' dan Polina Gagarina ' Komanda ' '' ( in Indonesian ) . Jump up ^ Aguila , Justino ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` Epic , Ultra & United : 2018 World Cup Anthems to Fire You Up , Latin - style ! '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ TSIOULCAS , ANASTASIA ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` This Year 's World Cup Songs , Ranked '' . NPR . Jump up ^ `` Natalia Oreiro no se conforma con una y sacó otra canción para el Mundial '' . El Observador ( Uruguay ) . June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mundial Rusia 2018 : Natalia Oreiro fue por más y lanzó una nueva canción para la copa del mundo '' . La Nación . June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Could any of this year 's World Cup songs be made worse by a Chris Waddle rap ? '' . The Big Issue . Jump up ^ Saw , Yadana ( June 15 , 2018 ) . `` The Beautiful Game : yet the songs sound the same '' . Radio New Zealand . FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . Music of FIFA World Cup Official albums `` Gloryland ( 1994 ) '' `` Allez ! Ola ! Ole ! ( 1998 ) '' `` The Official Album ( 2002 ) '' `` Voices ( 2006 ) '' `` Listen Up ! ( 2010 ) '' `` One Love , One Rhythm ( 2014 ) '' Official anthems `` La Cour des Grands ( Do You Mind If I Play ) ( 1998 ) '' `` Anthem ( 2002 ) '' `` Celebrate the Day ( 2006 ) '' `` Sign of a Victory ( 2010 ) '' `` Dar um Jeito ( We Will Find a Way ) ( 2014 ) '' Official songs `` A Special Kind of Hero ( 1986 ) '' `` Un'estate italiana ( To Be Number One ) ( 1990 ) '' `` Gloryland ( 1994 ) '' `` The Cup of Life ( La Copa de la Vida ) ( 1998 ) '' `` Boom ( 2002 ) '' `` The Time of Our Lives ( 2006 ) '' `` Waka Waka ( This Time for Africa ) ( 2010 ) '' `` We Are One ( Ole Ola ) ( 2014 ) '' `` Live It Up ( 2018 ) '' Other official songs `` Hot Hot Hot ( 1986 ) '' `` World in Motion ( 1990 ) '' `` Put ' Em Under Pressure ( 1990 ) '' `` We Are the Champions ( 1994 ) '' `` Together Now ( 1998 ) '' `` Let 's Get Together Now ( 2002 ) '' `` We 're on the Ball '' `` Oh Africa '' `` Vida '' `` Olé '' `` La La La ( Brazil 2014 ) ( 2014 ) '' Other songs / Non-official songs `` Back Home '' `` Argentine Melody ( Cancion de Argentina ) '' `` Nessun dorma '' `` Shibobo '' `` Top of the World ( Olé , Olé , Olé ) '' `` Vindaloo '' `` Carnaval de Paris '' `` Tema da Vitória '' `` 3 Lions ' 98 '' `` A Little Less Conversation ( JXL version ) '' `` Who Do You Think You Are Kidding Jurgen Klinsmann ? '' `` We Are the Champions ( Ding a Dang Dong ) '' `` Allez Ola Olé '' `` Everywhere You Go '' `` Wavin ' Flag ( Coca - Cola Celebration Mix ) ( 2010 ) '' `` Shout for England `` Adrenalina ( Univision version ) FIFA World Cup symbols Albums ( official ) 1994 : Gloryland 1998 : Allez ! Ola ! Ole ! 2002 : The Official Album 2006 : Voices 2010 : Listen Up ! 2014 : One Love , One Rhythm Anthems ( official ) 1998 : `` La Cour des Grands ( Do You Mind If I Play ) '' 2002 : `` Anthem '' 2006 : `` Celebrate the Day '' 2010 : `` Sign of a Victory '' 2014 : `` Dar um Jeito ( We Will Find a Way ) '' 2018 : `` Komanda '' 2022 : TBA Songs ( official ) 1962 : `` El Rock del Mundial '' 1966 : `` World Cup Willie ( Where in this World are We Going ) '' 1970 : `` Fútbol México 70 '' 1974 : `` Futbol '' 1978 : `` El Mundial '' 1982 : `` Mundial ' 82 '' 1986 : `` A Special Kind of Hero '' 1990 : `` Un'estate italiana '' 1994 : `` Gloryland '' 1998 : `` The Cup of Life '' 2002 : `` Boom '' 2006 : `` The Time of Our Lives '' 2010 : `` Waka Waka ( This Time for Africa ) '' 2014 : `` We Are One ( Ole Ola ) '' 2018 : `` Live It Up '' 2022 : TBA Films ( official ) 1954 : German Giants 1958 : Hinein ! 1962 : Viva Brazil 1966 : Goal ! 1970 : The World at Their Feet 1974 : Heading for glory 1978 : Campeones 1982 : G'olé ! 1986 : Hero 1990 : Soccer Shoot - Out 1994 : Two Billion Hearts 1998 : La Coupe de la Gloire 2002 : Seven Games from Glory 2006 : The Grand Finale 2010 : The Official 2010 FIFA World Cup Film in 3D 2014 : Brasil ! : FIFA World Cup Brazil 2018 : TBA 2022 : TBA Mascots ( official ) 1966 : World Cup Willie 1970 : Juanito 1974 : Tip and Tap 1978 : Gauchito 1982 : Naranjito 1986 : Pique 1990 : Ciao 1994 : Striker , the World Cup Pup 1998 : Footix 2002 : Ato , Kaz , and Nik 2006 : Goleo VI and Pille 2010 : Zakumi 2014 : Fuleco 2018 : Zabivaka 2022 : TBA Balls ( official ) 1970 : Telstar 1974 : Telstar Durlast 1978 : Tango Durlast 1982 : Tango España 1986 : Azteca 1990 : Etrusco Unico 1994 : Questra 1998 : Tricolore 2002 : Fevernova 2006 : + Teamgeist 2010 : Jabulani 2014 : Brazuca 2018 : Telstar 18 2022 : TBA Video games 1986 : World Cup Carnival 1990 : World Cup Soccer : Italia ' 90 World Cup Italia ' 90 1994 : World Cup USA ' 94 1998 : World Cup 98 Jikkyou World Soccer : World Cup France ' 98 World Soccer Jikkyou Winning Eleven 3 : World Cup France ' 98 2002 : 2002 FIFA World Cup 2006 : 2006 FIFA World Cup 2010 : 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa 2014 : 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil 2018 : FIFA 18 FIFA World Cup DLC 2022 : TBA Instruments 2010 : Vuvuzela 2014 : Caxirola 2018 : Spoon 2022 : TBA Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FIFA_World_Cup_anthems_and_songs&oldid=850362934 '' Categories : FIFA World Cup FIFA World Cup songs Football songs and chants Hidden categories : CS1 Indonesian - language sources ( id ) Articles needing additional references from July 2014 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing copy edit from June 2018 All articles needing copy edit Wikipedia external links cleanup from June 2018 Wikipedia spam cleanup from June 2018 Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Magyar Polski Português Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 12 : 20 ( UTC ) . 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About Wikipedia	what is the world cup anthem for 2018	[ "\n\nWorld Cup\n\nCountry\n\nTitle\n\nLanguage\n\nPerformer(s)\n\nWriter(s) & Producer(s)\n\nOfficial Audio(s)&Video(s)\n\nLive Performance\n\n\n 1962\n Chile\n\"El Rock del Mundial\"\nSpanish\nLos Ramblers\nJorge Rojas Astorga\nAudio\n\n\n\n\n 1966\n England\n\"World Cup Willie (Where in this World are We Going)\"\nEnglish\nLonnie Donegan\n\nAudio\n\n\n\n\n 1970\n Mexico\n\"Fútbol México 70\"\nSpanish\nLos Hermanos Zavala\nRoberto do Nascimento\nAudio\n\n\n\n\n 1974\n Germany\n\"Futbol\"\nPolish, English, GermanRussian, Spanish\nMaryla Rodowicz\nJonasz Kofta, Leszek Bogdanowicz\nAudio\n\nLive Performance - Opening Ceremony\n\n\n 1978\n Argentina\n\"El Mundial\"\n\nBuenos Aires Municipal Symphony\nEnnio Morricone\nAudio\n\n\n\n\n 1982\n Spain\n\"Mundial '82\"\nSpanish\n\n\nPlácido Domingo\nAudio\n\n\n\n\n 1986\n Mexico\n\"A Special Kind of Hero\"[3]\nEnglish\nStephanie Lawrence\nRick Wakeman\n1986 World Cup Official Film\n\n\n\n\n\"Hot Hot Hot\"[4]\nEnglish\nArrow\nAlphonsus Cassell and Leston Paul[5]\nMusic Video\n\n\n\n\n\"El mundo unido por un balón\" (Official Song)\nSpanish\nJuan Carlos Abara\nSpanish\nAudio\n\n\n\n\n 1990\n Italy\n\"Un'estate italiana (To Be Number One)\"\nItalian, English\nEdoardo Bennato and Gianna Nannini (Italian)Giorgio Moroder Project (English)\nEdoardo Bennato, Giorgio Moroder, Gianna Nannini and Tom Whitlock\nOfficial Music Video (Italian-1)Official Music Video (Italian-2)Official Music Video (English-1)Official Music Video (English-2)\n\nLive Performance - Opening Ceremony (Italian)\nLive Performance - Opening Ceremony (English) \n\n\n\n 1994\n United States\n\"Gloryland\"\nEnglish\nDaryl Hall and Sounds of Blackness\nCharlie Skarbek and Rick Blaskey\nOfficial Music Video-1Official Music Video-2Music Video (Instrumental-1)Music Video (Instrumental-2)Audio\n\nLive Performance - Opening Ceremony\n\n\n\"We Are the Champions\"\nEnglish\nQueen\n\nOfficial Music Video\nOfficial Lyric Video\n\n\n\n\n\n 1998\n France\n\"La Cour des Grands (Do You Mind If I Play)\" (Official Anthem)\nFrench, English\nYoussou N'Dour & Axelle Red\n\nOfficial Music Video\n\nLive Performance - Opening Ceremony\n\n\n\"La Copa de la Vida (The Cup of Life)\" (Official Song)\nEnglish, Spanish\nRicky Martin\nDesmond Child and Robi Rosa\nOfficial Music Video (English)Official Music Video (Spanish)\n\n\n\n\n\"Carnaval de Paris\"\n\nDario G\nDario G\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Together Now\"\nEnglish, Spanish\nJean Michel Jarre and Tetsuya Komuro\nJean Michel Jarre, Tetsuya Komuro and Olivia Lufkin\n\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n 2002\n South Korea Japan(Jointly Hosted)\n\"Anthem\" (Official Anthem)\n\nVangelis\nVangelis / Takkyu Ishino\nMusic VideoAudio (Synthesized)Music Video (Remixed)\n\n\n\n\n\"Boom\" (Official Song)\nEnglish\nAnastacia\nAnastacia, Glen Ballard\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Let's Get Together Now\" (Official Local Song)\nJapanese, Korean\nVoices of KOREA/JAPAN\n\n\n\nLive Performance - Opening CeremonyLive Performance - Closing Ceremony\n\n\n\"Vamos Al Mundial\" (Univision Version)\nSpanish\nJennifer Peña\nClaudia Garcia\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n 2006\n Germany\n\"Zeit dass sich was dreht (Celebrate The Day)\" (Official Anthem)\nGerman, French, BambaraEnglish\nHerbert Grönemeyer featuring Amadou & Mariam\nHerbert Grönemeyer\nOfficial Music Video\n\nLive Performance - Opening Ceremony\n\n\n\"The Time of Our Lives\" (Official Song)\nEnglish, Spanish\nIl Divo featuring Toni Braxton\nJörgen Elofsson & Steve Mac\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Hips Don't Lie (Bamboo mix)\"\nEnglish, Spanish\nShakira featuring Wyclef Jean\nJerry Duplessis, Omar Alfanno & LaTavia Parker\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\nLove Generation (song)\n\nEnglish\n\nBob Sinclar featuring Gary Pine\n\nDuane Harden, Christophe le Friant, Gary Pine, Jay Woodhouse, JG Schreiner, Alain Wisniak\n\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Arriba, Arriba\"\nSpanish\nAna Barbara, Mariana Seoane, Anaís Martínez, Pablo Montero\n\nMusic Video\n\n\n\n\n 2010\n South Africa\n\"Sign of a Victory\" (Official Anthem)\nEnglish\nR. Kelly featuring Soweto Spiritual Singers\nR. Kelly\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Waka Waka\" (Official Song)\nEnglish, Spanish, Fang\nShakira featuring Freshlyground\nShakira, Freshlyground\nOfficial Music Video\n\nLive Performance - Closing Ceremony\n\n\n\"Wavin' Flag\" (Coca-Cola official promotional anthem)\nEnglish\nK'Naan\nK'naan, Bruno Mars, Philip Lawrence, Jean Daval\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Wavin' Flag\" (Spanish Celebration Mix)\n\nEnglish, Spanish\n\nK'Naan, David Bisbal\n\n\n\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n 2014\n Brazil\n\"Dar um Jeito (We Will Find a Way)\" (Official Anthem)\nEnglish, Portuguese, Spanish\nCarlos Santana featuring Wyclef & Avicii & Alexandre Pires\nAlexandre Pires, Arash Pournouri, Rami Yacoub, Carl FalkTim Bergling, Arnon Woolfson, Diogo Vianna, Wyclef Jean\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"We Are One (Ole Ola)\" (Official Song)[6]\nEnglish, Portuguese, Spanish\nPitbull featuring Jennifer Lopez & Claudia Leitte\nJennifer Lopez, Claudia Leitte, Pitbull, Thomas Troelsen Danny Mercer, Sia Furler, Lukasz Gottwald, Henry Walter, Nadir Khayat\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Tatu Bom de Bola\" (Official Mascot Song)\nPortuguese\nArlindo Cruz\nArlindo Cruz\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"La La La (Brasil 2014)\"\nEnglish , Portuguese, Spanish\nShakira featuring Carlinhos Brown\nShakira, Carlinhos Brown, Jay Singh, Lukasz GottwaldMathieu Jomphe-Lepine, Max Martin Henry Walter, Raelene Arreguin, John J Conte Jr.\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Magic in the Air\"\nFrench\nMagic System and Chawki\nMagic System (A'Salfo, Manadja,Goudé, Tino), RedOne, Alex PChawki\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Adrenalina\" (Univision version)\nSpanish\nWisin, Ricky Martin and J-LO\nJuan Luis Morera, José Torres, Carlos E. Ortiz\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Time of Our Lives\" (The Official BeIN Sports Song)\nArabic, French, English\nAhmed Chawki\nRedOne\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"The World Is Ours\"[7] (Coca-Cola official promotional anthem)\n\nEnglish\n\nDavid Correy, Monobloco\n\n\n\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"La Copa de Todos\" (Coca-Cola promotional anthem Spanish mix)\n\nSpanish, English\n\nDavid Correy, Paty Cantú, Wisin, Monobloco\n\n\n\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n 2018\n Russia\n\"Live It Up\" (Official Song) \nEnglish, Spanish\nNicky Jam featuring Will Smith and Era Istrefi\nNicky Jam, Will Smith, Era Istrefi\nDiplo\n\n\nOfficial Audio\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Komanda 2018\" (Команда 2018, Team 2018) [8]\n\nRussian\nPolina Gagarina featuring Egor Kreed and DJ Smash\n\nDJ Smash\n\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Colors\" (Coca-Cola promotional anthem) and also (Spanglish version) & (Pakistani version)\nEnglish,\nSpanish, Urdu\n\n\nJason Derulo, Maluma, Qurat-ul-Ain Balouch\nJason Derulo, Robin Weisse, Jamie Sanderson, Nija Charles, Ishmael Sadiq Montague, Geoffrey Earley, Diamond Platnumz\nSermstyle, ISM\n\n\nOfficial Music Video\nOfficial Spanish Music Video\nOfficial Pakistani Music Video\nOfficial Swahili Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Positivo\" (Telemundo Version)\nSpanish\nJ Balvin and Michael Brun\nJ Balvin, Michael Brun, Fernando Lugo\n\nOfficial PromoOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"United by Love\"[9][10][11][12][13][14]\nEnglish, Russian, Spanish\nNatalia Oreiro\nEttore Grenci, Sonia Molina, Diego Córdoba\nOfficial Lyrics Video\nOfficial Music Video \n\n\n\n\n", "\n\nWorld Cup\n\nCountry\n\nTitle\n\nLanguage\n\nPerformer(s)\n\nWriter(s) & Producer(s)\n\nOfficial Audio(s)&Video(s)\n\nLive Performance\n\n\n 1962\n Chile\n\"El Rock del Mundial\"\nSpanish\nLos Ramblers\nJorge Rojas Astorga\nAudio\n\n\n\n\n 1966\n England\n\"World Cup Willie (Where in this World are We Going)\"\nEnglish\nLonnie Donegan\n\nAudio\n\n\n\n\n 1970\n Mexico\n\"Fútbol México 70\"\nSpanish\nLos Hermanos Zavala\nRoberto do Nascimento\nAudio\n\n\n\n\n 1974\n Germany\n\"Futbol\"\nPolish, English, GermanRussian, Spanish\nMaryla Rodowicz\nJonasz Kofta, Leszek Bogdanowicz\nAudio\n\nLive Performance - Opening Ceremony\n\n\n 1978\n Argentina\n\"El Mundial\"\n\nBuenos Aires Municipal Symphony\nEnnio Morricone\nAudio\n\n\n\n\n 1982\n Spain\n\"Mundial '82\"\nSpanish\n\n\nPlácido Domingo\nAudio\n\n\n\n\n 1986\n Mexico\n\"A Special Kind of Hero\"[3]\nEnglish\nStephanie Lawrence\nRick Wakeman\n1986 World Cup Official Film\n\n\n\n\n\"Hot Hot Hot\"[4]\nEnglish\nArrow\nAlphonsus Cassell and Leston Paul[5]\nMusic Video\n\n\n\n\n\"El mundo unido por un balón\" (Official Song)\nSpanish\nJuan Carlos Abara\nSpanish\nAudio\n\n\n\n\n 1990\n Italy\n\"Un'estate italiana (To Be Number One)\"\nItalian, English\nEdoardo Bennato and Gianna Nannini (Italian)Giorgio Moroder Project (English)\nEdoardo Bennato, Giorgio Moroder, Gianna Nannini and Tom Whitlock\nOfficial Music Video (Italian-1)Official Music Video (Italian-2)Official Music Video (English-1)Official Music Video (English-2)\n\nLive Performance - Opening Ceremony (Italian)\nLive Performance - Opening Ceremony (English) \n\n\n\n 1994\n United States\n\"Gloryland\"\nEnglish\nDaryl Hall and Sounds of Blackness\nCharlie Skarbek and Rick Blaskey\nOfficial Music Video-1Official Music Video-2Music Video (Instrumental-1)Music Video (Instrumental-2)Audio\n\nLive Performance - Opening Ceremony\n\n\n\"We Are the Champions\"\nEnglish\nQueen\n\nOfficial Music Video\nOfficial Lyric Video\n\n\n\n\n\n 1998\n France\n\"La Cour des Grands (Do You Mind If I Play)\" (Official Anthem)\nFrench, English\nYoussou N'Dour & Axelle Red\n\nOfficial Music Video\n\nLive Performance - Opening Ceremony\n\n\n\"La Copa de la Vida (The Cup of Life)\" (Official Song)\nEnglish, Spanish\nRicky Martin\nDesmond Child and Robi Rosa\nOfficial Music Video (English)Official Music Video (Spanish)\n\n\n\n\n\"Carnaval de Paris\"\n\nDario G\nDario G\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Together Now\"\nEnglish, Spanish\nJean Michel Jarre and Tetsuya Komuro\nJean Michel Jarre, Tetsuya Komuro and Olivia Lufkin\n\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n 2002\n South Korea Japan(Jointly Hosted)\n\"Anthem\" (Official Anthem)\n\nVangelis\nVangelis / Takkyu Ishino\nMusic VideoAudio (Synthesized)Music Video (Remixed)\n\n\n\n\n\"Boom\" (Official Song)\nEnglish\nAnastacia\nAnastacia, Glen Ballard\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Let's Get Together Now\" (Official Local Song)\nJapanese, Korean\nVoices of KOREA/JAPAN\n\n\n\nLive Performance - Opening CeremonyLive Performance - Closing Ceremony\n\n\n\"Vamos Al Mundial\" (Univision Version)\nSpanish\nJennifer Peña\nClaudia Garcia\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n 2006\n Germany\n\"Zeit dass sich was dreht (Celebrate The Day)\" (Official Anthem)\nGerman, French, BambaraEnglish\nHerbert Grönemeyer featuring Amadou & Mariam\nHerbert Grönemeyer\nOfficial Music Video\n\nLive Performance - Opening Ceremony\n\n\n\"The Time of Our Lives\" (Official Song)\nEnglish, Spanish\nIl Divo featuring Toni Braxton\nJörgen Elofsson & Steve Mac\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Hips Don't Lie (Bamboo mix)\"\nEnglish, Spanish\nShakira featuring Wyclef Jean\nJerry Duplessis, Omar Alfanno & LaTavia Parker\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\nLove Generation (song)\n\nEnglish\n\nBob Sinclar featuring Gary Pine\n\nDuane Harden, Christophe le Friant, Gary Pine, Jay Woodhouse, JG Schreiner, Alain Wisniak\n\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Arriba, Arriba\"\nSpanish\nAna Barbara, Mariana Seoane, Anaís Martínez, Pablo Montero\n\nMusic Video\n\n\n\n\n 2010\n South Africa\n\"Sign of a Victory\" (Official Anthem)\nEnglish\nR. Kelly featuring Soweto Spiritual Singers\nR. Kelly\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Waka Waka\" (Official Song)\nEnglish, Spanish, Fang\nShakira featuring Freshlyground\nShakira, Freshlyground\nOfficial Music Video\n\nLive Performance - Closing Ceremony\n\n\n\"Wavin' Flag\" (Coca-Cola official promotional anthem)\nEnglish\nK'Naan\nK'naan, Bruno Mars, Philip Lawrence, Jean Daval\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Wavin' Flag\" (Spanish Celebration Mix)\n\nEnglish, Spanish\n\nK'Naan, David Bisbal\n\n\n\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n 2014\n Brazil\n\"Dar um Jeito (We Will Find a Way)\" (Official Anthem)\nEnglish, Portuguese, Spanish\nCarlos Santana featuring Wyclef & Avicii & Alexandre Pires\nAlexandre Pires, Arash Pournouri, Rami Yacoub, Carl FalkTim Bergling, Arnon Woolfson, Diogo Vianna, Wyclef Jean\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"We Are One (Ole Ola)\" (Official Song)[6]\nEnglish, Portuguese, Spanish\nPitbull featuring Jennifer Lopez & Claudia Leitte\nJennifer Lopez, Claudia Leitte, Pitbull, Thomas Troelsen Danny Mercer, Sia Furler, Lukasz Gottwald, Henry Walter, Nadir Khayat\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Tatu Bom de Bola\" (Official Mascot Song)\nPortuguese\nArlindo Cruz\nArlindo Cruz\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"La La La (Brasil 2014)\"\nEnglish , Portuguese, Spanish\nShakira featuring Carlinhos Brown\nShakira, Carlinhos Brown, Jay Singh, Lukasz GottwaldMathieu Jomphe-Lepine, Max Martin Henry Walter, Raelene Arreguin, John J Conte Jr.\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Magic in the Air\"\nFrench\nMagic System and Chawki\nMagic System (A'Salfo, Manadja,Goudé, Tino), RedOne, Alex PChawki\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Adrenalina\" (Univision version)\nSpanish\nWisin, Ricky Martin and J-LO\nJuan Luis Morera, José Torres, Carlos E. Ortiz\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Time of Our Lives\" (The Official BeIN Sports Song)\nArabic, French, English\nAhmed Chawki\nRedOne\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"The World Is Ours\"[7] (Coca-Cola official promotional anthem)\n\nEnglish\n\nDavid Correy, Monobloco\n\n\n\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"La Copa de Todos\" (Coca-Cola promotional anthem Spanish mix)\n\nSpanish, English\n\nDavid Correy, Paty Cantú, Wisin, Monobloco\n\n\n\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n 2018\n Russia\n\"Live It Up\" (Official Song) \nEnglish, Spanish\nNicky Jam featuring Will Smith and Era Istrefi\nNicky Jam, Will Smith, Era Istrefi\nDiplo\n\n\nOfficial Audio\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Komanda 2018\" (Команда 2018, Team 2018) [8]\n\nRussian\nPolina Gagarina featuring Egor Kreed and DJ Smash\n\nDJ Smash\n\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Colors\" (Coca-Cola promotional anthem) and also (Spanglish version) & (Pakistani version)\nEnglish,\nSpanish, Urdu\n\n\nJason Derulo, Maluma, Qurat-ul-Ain Balouch\nJason Derulo, Robin Weisse, Jamie Sanderson, Nija Charles, Ishmael Sadiq Montague, Geoffrey Earley, Diamond Platnumz\nSermstyle, ISM\n\n\nOfficial Music Video\nOfficial Spanish Music Video\nOfficial Pakistani Music Video\nOfficial Swahili Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Positivo\" (Telemundo Version)\nSpanish\nJ Balvin and Michael Brun\nJ Balvin, Michael Brun, Fernando Lugo\n\nOfficial PromoOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"United by Love\"[9][10][11][12][13][14]\nEnglish, Russian, Spanish\nNatalia Oreiro\nEttore Grenci, Sonia Molina, Diego Córdoba\nOfficial Lyrics Video\nOfficial Music Video \n\n\n\n\n", "\n\nWorld Cup\n\nCountry\n\nTitle\n\nLanguage\n\nPerformer(s)\n\nWriter(s) & Producer(s)\n\nOfficial Audio(s)&Video(s)\n\nLive Performance\n\n\n 1962\n Chile\n\"El Rock del Mundial\"\nSpanish\nLos Ramblers\nJorge Rojas Astorga\nAudio\n\n\n\n\n 1966\n England\n\"World Cup Willie (Where in this World are We Going)\"\nEnglish\nLonnie Donegan\n\nAudio\n\n\n\n\n 1970\n Mexico\n\"Fútbol México 70\"\nSpanish\nLos Hermanos Zavala\nRoberto do Nascimento\nAudio\n\n\n\n\n 1974\n Germany\n\"Futbol\"\nPolish, English, GermanRussian, Spanish\nMaryla Rodowicz\nJonasz Kofta, Leszek Bogdanowicz\nAudio\n\nLive Performance - Opening Ceremony\n\n\n 1978\n Argentina\n\"El Mundial\"\n\nBuenos Aires Municipal Symphony\nEnnio Morricone\nAudio\n\n\n\n\n 1982\n Spain\n\"Mundial '82\"\nSpanish\n\n\nPlácido Domingo\nAudio\n\n\n\n\n 1986\n Mexico\n\"A Special Kind of Hero\"[3]\nEnglish\nStephanie Lawrence\nRick Wakeman\n1986 World Cup Official Film\n\n\n\n\n\"Hot Hot Hot\"[4]\nEnglish\nArrow\nAlphonsus Cassell and Leston Paul[5]\nMusic Video\n\n\n\n\n\"El mundo unido por un balón\" (Official Song)\nSpanish\nJuan Carlos Abara\nSpanish\nAudio\n\n\n\n\n 1990\n Italy\n\"Un'estate italiana (To Be Number One)\"\nItalian, English\nEdoardo Bennato and Gianna Nannini (Italian)Giorgio Moroder Project (English)\nEdoardo Bennato, Giorgio Moroder, Gianna Nannini and Tom Whitlock\nOfficial Music Video (Italian-1)Official Music Video (Italian-2)Official Music Video (English-1)Official Music Video (English-2)\n\nLive Performance - Opening Ceremony (Italian)\nLive Performance - Opening Ceremony (English) \n\n\n\n 1994\n United States\n\"Gloryland\"\nEnglish\nDaryl Hall and Sounds of Blackness\nCharlie Skarbek and Rick Blaskey\nOfficial Music Video-1Official Music Video-2Music Video (Instrumental-1)Music Video (Instrumental-2)Audio\n\nLive Performance - Opening Ceremony\n\n\n\"We Are the Champions\"\nEnglish\nQueen\n\nOfficial Music Video\nOfficial Lyric Video\n\n\n\n\n\n 1998\n France\n\"La Cour des Grands (Do You Mind If I Play)\" (Official Anthem)\nFrench, English\nYoussou N'Dour & Axelle Red\n\nOfficial Music Video\n\nLive Performance - Opening Ceremony\n\n\n\"La Copa de la Vida (The Cup of Life)\" (Official Song)\nEnglish, Spanish\nRicky Martin\nDesmond Child and Robi Rosa\nOfficial Music Video (English)Official Music Video (Spanish)\n\n\n\n\n\"Carnaval de Paris\"\n\nDario G\nDario G\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Together Now\"\nEnglish, Spanish\nJean Michel Jarre and Tetsuya Komuro\nJean Michel Jarre, Tetsuya Komuro and Olivia Lufkin\n\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n 2002\n South Korea Japan(Jointly Hosted)\n\"Anthem\" (Official Anthem)\n\nVangelis\nVangelis / Takkyu Ishino\nMusic VideoAudio (Synthesized)Music Video (Remixed)\n\n\n\n\n\"Boom\" (Official Song)\nEnglish\nAnastacia\nAnastacia, Glen Ballard\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Let's Get Together Now\" (Official Local Song)\nJapanese, Korean\nVoices of KOREA/JAPAN\n\n\n\nLive Performance - Opening CeremonyLive Performance - Closing Ceremony\n\n\n\"Vamos Al Mundial\" (Univision Version)\nSpanish\nJennifer Peña\nClaudia Garcia\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n 2006\n Germany\n\"Zeit dass sich was dreht (Celebrate The Day)\" (Official Anthem)\nGerman, French, BambaraEnglish\nHerbert Grönemeyer featuring Amadou & Mariam\nHerbert Grönemeyer\nOfficial Music Video\n\nLive Performance - Opening Ceremony\n\n\n\"The Time of Our Lives\" (Official Song)\nEnglish, Spanish\nIl Divo featuring Toni Braxton\nJörgen Elofsson & Steve Mac\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Hips Don't Lie (Bamboo mix)\"\nEnglish, Spanish\nShakira featuring Wyclef Jean\nJerry Duplessis, Omar Alfanno & LaTavia Parker\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\nLove Generation (song)\n\nEnglish\n\nBob Sinclar featuring Gary Pine\n\nDuane Harden, Christophe le Friant, Gary Pine, Jay Woodhouse, JG Schreiner, Alain Wisniak\n\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Arriba, Arriba\"\nSpanish\nAna Barbara, Mariana Seoane, Anaís Martínez, Pablo Montero\n\nMusic Video\n\n\n\n\n 2010\n South Africa\n\"Sign of a Victory\" (Official Anthem)\nEnglish\nR. Kelly featuring Soweto Spiritual Singers\nR. Kelly\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Waka Waka\" (Official Song)\nEnglish, Spanish, Fang\nShakira featuring Freshlyground\nShakira, Freshlyground\nOfficial Music Video\n\nLive Performance - Closing Ceremony\n\n\n\"Wavin' Flag\" (Coca-Cola official promotional anthem)\nEnglish\nK'Naan\nK'naan, Bruno Mars, Philip Lawrence, Jean Daval\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Wavin' Flag\" (Spanish Celebration Mix)\n\nEnglish, Spanish\n\nK'Naan, David Bisbal\n\n\n\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n 2014\n Brazil\n\"Dar um Jeito (We Will Find a Way)\" (Official Anthem)\nEnglish, Portuguese, Spanish\nCarlos Santana featuring Wyclef & Avicii & Alexandre Pires\nAlexandre Pires, Arash Pournouri, Rami Yacoub, Carl FalkTim Bergling, Arnon Woolfson, Diogo Vianna, Wyclef Jean\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"We Are One (Ole Ola)\" (Official Song)[6]\nEnglish, Portuguese, Spanish\nPitbull featuring Jennifer Lopez & Claudia Leitte\nJennifer Lopez, Claudia Leitte, Pitbull, Thomas Troelsen Danny Mercer, Sia Furler, Lukasz Gottwald, Henry Walter, Nadir Khayat\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Tatu Bom de Bola\" (Official Mascot Song)\nPortuguese\nArlindo Cruz\nArlindo Cruz\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"La La La (Brasil 2014)\"\nEnglish , Portuguese, Spanish\nShakira featuring Carlinhos Brown\nShakira, Carlinhos Brown, Jay Singh, Lukasz GottwaldMathieu Jomphe-Lepine, Max Martin Henry Walter, Raelene Arreguin, John J Conte Jr.\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Magic in the Air\"\nFrench\nMagic System and Chawki\nMagic System (A'Salfo, Manadja,Goudé, Tino), RedOne, Alex PChawki\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Adrenalina\" (Univision version)\nSpanish\nWisin, Ricky Martin and J-LO\nJuan Luis Morera, José Torres, Carlos E. Ortiz\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Time of Our Lives\" (The Official BeIN Sports Song)\nArabic, French, English\nAhmed Chawki\nRedOne\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"The World Is Ours\"[7] (Coca-Cola official promotional anthem)\n\nEnglish\n\nDavid Correy, Monobloco\n\n\n\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"La Copa de Todos\" (Coca-Cola promotional anthem Spanish mix)\n\nSpanish, English\n\nDavid Correy, Paty Cantú, Wisin, Monobloco\n\n\n\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n 2018\n Russia\n\"Live It Up\" (Official Song) \nEnglish, Spanish\nNicky Jam featuring Will Smith and Era Istrefi\nNicky Jam, Will Smith, Era Istrefi\nDiplo\n\n\nOfficial Audio\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Komanda 2018\" (Команда 2018, Team 2018) [8]\n\nRussian\nPolina Gagarina featuring Egor Kreed and DJ Smash\n\nDJ Smash\n\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Colors\" (Coca-Cola promotional anthem) and also (Spanglish version) & (Pakistani version)\nEnglish,\nSpanish, Urdu\n\n\nJason Derulo, Maluma, Qurat-ul-Ain Balouch\nJason Derulo, Robin Weisse, Jamie Sanderson, Nija Charles, Ishmael Sadiq Montague, Geoffrey Earley, Diamond Platnumz\nSermstyle, ISM\n\n\nOfficial Music Video\nOfficial Spanish Music Video\nOfficial Pakistani Music Video\nOfficial Swahili Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Positivo\" (Telemundo Version)\nSpanish\nJ Balvin and Michael Brun\nJ Balvin, Michael Brun, Fernando Lugo\n\nOfficial PromoOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"United by Love\"[9][10][11][12][13][14]\nEnglish, Russian, Spanish\nNatalia Oreiro\nEttore Grenci, Sonia Molina, Diego Córdoba\nOfficial Lyrics Video\nOfficial Music Video \n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "\"Colors\"", "\"Positivo\" (Telemundo Version)", "\"United by Love\"" ]
-5686454125961165403	DevOps	DevOps - wikipedia DevOps This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 24 August 2018 . Software development Core activities Processes Requirements Design Engineering Construction Testing Debugging Deployment Maintenance Paradigms and models Agile Cleanroom Incremental Prototyping Spiral V model Waterfall Methodologies and frameworks ASD DevOps DAD DSDM FDD IID Kanban Lean SD LeSS MDD MSF PSP RAD RUP SAFe Scrum SEMAT TSP UP XP Supporting disciplines Configuration management Documentation Software quality assurance ( SQA ) Project management User experience Practices ATDD BDD CCO CI CD DDD PP Stand - up TDD Tools Compiler Debugger Profiler GUI designer Modeling IDE Build automation Release automation Infrastructure as Code Testing Standards and Bodies of Knowledge BABOK CMMI IEEE standards ISO 9001 ISO / IEC standards PMBOK SWEBOK ITIL Glossaries Artificial intelligence Computer science Electrical and electronics engineering DevOps ( a clipped compound of `` development '' and `` operations '' ) is a software engineering culture and practice that aims at unifying software development ( Dev ) and software operation ( Ops ) . The main characteristic of the DevOps movement is to strongly advocate automation and monitoring at all steps of software construction , from integration , testing , releasing to deployment and infrastructure management . DevOps aims at shorter development cycles , increased deployment frequency , and more dependable releases , in close alignment with business objectives . Contents 1 Definitions and history 2 Toolchain 3 Relationship to other approaches 3.1 Agile 3.2 Continuous delivery 3.3 DataOps 3.4 Site reliability engineering 3.5 Systems administration 4 Goals 4.1 Views on the benefits claimed for DevOps 5 Cultural change 5.1 DevOps as a job title 5.2 Building a DevOps culture 6 Deployment 6.1 Architecturally significant requirements 6.2 Scope of adoption 6.3 DevOps automation 6.4 DevOps transformation 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading Definitions and history ( edit ) Venn diagram showing DevOps as the intersection of development ( software engineering ) , operations and quality assurance ( QA ) In 2009 Patrick Debois coined the term by naming a conference `` devopsdays '' which started in Belgium and has now spread to other countries . The term DevOps has been used in multiple contexts . A definition proposed by Bass , Weber , and Zhu , is : DevOps is a set of practices intended to reduce the time between committing a change to a system and the change being placed into normal production , while ensuring high quality . In recent years , more tangential DevOps initiatives have also evolved , such as OpsDev , WinOps , , DevSecOps , and BizDevOps . Toolchain ( edit ) Illustration showing stages in a DevOps toolchain See also : DevOps toolchain As DevOps is intended to be a cross-functional mode of working , rather than a single DevOps tool there are sets ( or `` toolchains '' ) of multiple tools . Such DevOps tools are expected to fit into one or more of these categories , reflective of key aspects of the development and delivery process : Code -- code development and review , source code management tools , code merging Build -- continuous integration tools , build status Test -- continuous testing tools that provide feedback on business risks Package -- artifact repository , application pre-deployment staging Release -- change management , release approvals , release automation Configure -- infrastructure configuration and management , Infrastructure as Code tools Monitor -- applications performance monitoring , end -- user experience Note that there exist different interpretations of the DevOps toolchain ( e.g. Plan , Create , Verify , Package , Release , Configure , and Monitor ) . Some categories are more essential in a DevOps toolchain than others ; especially continuous integration ( e.g. Jenkins ) and infrastructure as code ( e.g. Puppet ) . Relationship to other approaches ( edit ) Agile ( edit ) Main article : Agile software development The need for DevOps arose from the increasing success of agile software development , as that led to organizations wanting to release their software faster and more frequently . As they sought to overcome the strain this put on their release management processes , they had to adopt patterns such as application release automation , continuous integration tools , and continuous delivery . Continuous delivery ( edit ) Main article : Continuous delivery Continuous delivery and DevOps have common goals and are often used in conjunction , but there are subtle differences . While continuous delivery is focused on automating the processes in software delivery , DevOps also focuses on the organization change to support great collaboration between the many functions involved . DevOps and continuous delivery share a common background in agile methods and lean thinking : small and frequent changes with focused value to the end customer . They are well communicated and collaborated internally , thus helping achieve faster time to market , with reduced risks . DataOps ( edit ) Main article : DataOps The application of continuous delivery and DevOps to data analytics has been termed DataOps . DataOps seeks to integrate data engineering , data integration , data quality , data security , and data privacy with operations . It applies principles from DevOps , Agile Development and the statistical process control , used in lean manufacturing , to improve the cycle time of extracting value from data analytics . Site reliability engineering ( edit ) Main article : Site reliability engineering In 2003 , Google developed site reliability engineering , a new approach for releasing new features continuously into large - scale high - availability systems while maintaining high - quality end user experience . While SRE predates the development of DevOps , they are generally viewed as being related to each other . Some aspects of DevOps have taken a similar approach . Systems administration ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2018 ) DevOps is often viewed as an approach to applying systems administration work to cloud technology . Goals ( edit ) The goals of DevOps span the entire delivery pipeline . They include : Improved deployment frequency ; Faster time to market ; Lower failure rate of new releases ; Shortened lead time between fixes ; Faster mean time to recovery ( in the event of a new release crashing or otherwise disabling the current system ) . Simple processes become increasingly programmable and dynamic , using a DevOps approach . DevOps aims to maximize the predictability , efficiency , security , and maintainability of operational processes . Very often , automation supports this objective . DevOps integration targets product delivery , continuous testing , quality testing , feature development , and maintenance releases in order to improve reliability and security and provide faster development and deployment cycles . Many of the ideas ( and people ) involved in DevOps came from the enterprise systems management and agile software development movements . Views on the benefits claimed for DevOps ( edit ) Companies that practice DevOps have reported significant benefits , including : significantly shorter time to market , improved customer satisfaction , better product quality , more reliable releases , improved productivity and efficiency , and the increased ability to build the right product by fast experimentation . However , a study released in January 2017 by F5 of almost 2,200 IT executives and industry professionals found that only one in five surveyed think DevOps had a strategic impact on their organization despite rise in usage . The same study found that only 17 % identified DevOps as key , well below software as a service ( 42 % ) , big data ( 41 % ) and public cloud infrastructure as a service ( 39 % ) . Cultural change ( edit ) DevOps initiatives can create cultural change in companies by transforming the way operations , developers , and testers collaborate during the development and delivery processes . Getting these groups to work cohesively is a critical challenge in enterprise DevOps adoption . DevOps as a job Title ( edit ) While DevOps describes an approach to work rather than a distinct role ( like system administrator ) , job advertisements are increasingly using terms like `` DevOps Engineer '' . While DevOps reflects complex topics , the DevOps community uses analogies to communicate important concepts , much like `` The Cathedral and the Bazaar '' from the open source community . Cattle not Pets : the paradigm of disposable server infrastructure . 10 deployments per day : the story of Flickr adopting DevOps . Building a DevOps Culture ( edit ) DevOps T - shirt worn at a computer conference . DevOps principles demand strong interdepartmental communication -- team - building and other employee engagement activities are often used -- to create an environment that fosters this communication and cultural change , within an organization . Team -- building activities can include board games , trust activities , and employee engagement seminars . Deployment ( edit ) Companies with very frequent releases may require a DevOps awareness or orientation program . For example , the company that operates the image hosting website Flickr developed a DevOps approach , to support a business requirement of ten deployments per day ; this daily deployment cycle would be much higher at organizations producing multi-focus or multi-function applications . This is referred to as continuous deployment or continuous delivery and has been associated with the lean startup methodology . Working groups , professional associations and blogs have formed on the topic since 2009 . Architecturally significant requirements ( edit ) To practice DevOps effectively , software applications have to meet a set of architecturally significant requirements ( ASRs ) , such as : deployability , modifiability , testability , and monitorability . These ASRs require a high priority and can not be traded off lightly . Although in principle it is possible to practice DevOps with any architectural style , the microservices architectural style is becoming the standard for building continuously deployed systems . Because the size of each service is small , it allows the architecture of an individual service to emerge through continuous refactoring , hence reducing the need for a big upfront design and allows for releasing the software early and continuously . Scope of adoption ( edit ) Some articles in the DevOps literature assume , or recommend , significant participation in DevOps initiatives from outside an organization 's IT department , e.g. : `` DevOps is just the agile principle , taken to the full enterprise . '' A survey published in January 2016 by the SaaS cloud - computing company RightScale , DevOps adoption increased from 66 percent in 2015 to 74 percent in 2016 . And among larger enterprise organizations , DevOps adoption is even higher -- 81 percent . Adoption of DevOps is being driven by many factors -- including : Use of agile and other development processes and methods ; Demand for an increased rate of production releases -- from application and business unit stakeholders ; Wide availability of virtualized and cloud infrastructure -- from internal and external providers ; Increased usage of data center automation and configuration management tools ; Increased focus on test automation and continuous integration methods ; A critical mass of publicly -- available best practices . DevOps automation ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2018 ) DevOps automation can be achieved by repackaging platforms , systems , and applications into reusable building blocks through the use of technologies such as virtual machines and containerization . DevOps transformation ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2018 ) DevOps transformation is the process of transforming and adapting a software development methodology in accordance with agile development methods and extending this across the full organisation value stream . See also ( edit ) Twelve - factor app References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Loukides , Mike ( 7 June 2012 ) . `` What is DevOps ? '' . Jump up ^ Samovskiy , Dmitriy ( 2 March 2010 ) . `` The Rise of DevOps '' . Fubaredness Is Contagious . Jump up ^ Kim , Gene . `` DevOps Culture Part 1 '' . ^ Jump up to : Lyman , Jay . `` DevOps mixing dev , ops , agile , cloud , open source and business '' . 451 CAOS Theory . Jump up ^ Debois , Patrick . `` Agile 2008 Toronto '' . Just Enough Documented Information . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Debois , Patrick . `` DevOps Days '' . DevOps Days . Retrieved 31 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Surprise ! Broad Agreement on the Definition of DevOps '' . Jump up ^ Bass , Len ; Weber , Ingo ; Zhu , Liming . DevOps : A Software Architect 's Perspective . ISBN 978 - 0134049847 . Jump up ^ Schitzer , Eran ( Oct 2015 ) . `` DevOps Must Also Mean OpsDev '' . DevOps.com . Jump up ^ Weinberger , Matt ( 25 November 2014 ) , Microsoft study finds everybody wants DevOps but Culture is a Challenge , Computerworld Jump up ^ Shoeb , Javed ( 21 June 2017 ) . `` Introducing BizDevOps - Why DevOps Does n't Work for Enterprise Applications '' . dzone.com . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Gartner Market Trends : DevOps -- Not a Market , but Tool - Centric Philosophy That supports a Continuous Delivery Value Chain ( Report ) . Gartner. 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Damon . `` Integrating DevOps tools into a Service Delivery Platform '' . dev2ops.org . Jump up ^ Seroter , Richard . `` Exploring the ENTIRE DevOps Toolchain for ( Cloud ) Teams '' . infoq.com . Jump up ^ Theakanath , Thomas . `` DevOps Stack on a Shoestring Budget '' . devops.com . Jump up ^ `` Stronger DevOps Culture with Puppet and Vagrant '' . Puppet Labs . Retrieved 22 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Chen , Lianping ( 2015 ) . `` Continuous Delivery : Huge Benefits , but Challenges Too '' . IEEE Software . 32 ( 2 ) : 50 -- 54 . doi : 10.1109 / MS. 2015.27 . Jump up ^ Best Practices in Change , Configuration and Release Management ( Report ) . Gartner. 14 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Humble , Jez ; Farley , David ( 2011 ) . Continuous Delivery : reliable software releases through build , test , and deployment automation . Pearson Education Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 60191 - 9 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Jeffrey ( 9 September 2011 ) . `` The Relationship between DevOps and Continuous Delivery '' . Forrester Research . Forester . Jump up ^ Ambler , Scott W. ( 12 February 2014 ) . `` We need more Agile IT Now ! '' . Dr. Dobb 's The world of software Development . San Francisco : UBM . ^ Jump up to : Chen , Lianping ( 2018 ) . Microservices : Architecting for Continuous Delivery and DevOps . The IEEE International Conference on Software Architecture ( ICSA 2018 ) . IEEE . Jump up ^ `` From DevOps to DataOps , By Andy Palmer - Tamr Inc '' . Tamr Inc. 7 May 2015 . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . Jump up ^ DataKitchen ( 15 March 2017 ) . `` How to Become a Rising Star with Data Analytics '' . data - ops . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Beyer , Betsy ; Jones , Chris ; Petoff , Jennifer ; Murphy , Niall Richard ( April 2016 ) . Site Reliability Engineering . O'Reilly Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4919 - 2909 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` SRE vs. DevOps -- a False Distinction ? - DevOps.com '' . 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Love DevOps ? Wait until you meet SRE Jump up ^ `` How to stay relevant in the DevOps era : A SysAdmin 's survival guide '' . Jump up ^ `` What is DevOps ? '' . NewRelic.com . Retrieved 21 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Nasrat , Paul . `` Agile Infrastructure '' . InfoQ . Retrieved 31 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Bourne , James ( 23 January 2017 ) . `` New research questions strategic importance of DevOps despite rise in usage '' . CloudTech . Jump up ^ Emerging Technology Analysis : DevOps a Culture Shift , Not a Technology ( Report ) . Gartner . Jump up ^ Loukides , Mike ( 11 June 2012 ) . What is Devops ? . Oreilly Media . Jump up ^ `` Gartner IT Glossary -- devops '' . Gartner . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Jones , Stephen ; Noppen , Joost ; Lettice , Fiona ( 21 July 2016 ) . `` Management challenges for DevOps adoption within UK SMEs '' . Jump up ^ `` Is DevOps a Title ? - DevOps.com '' . DevOps.com. 20 March 2014 . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DevOps : A Job Title or a School of Thought ? '' . Monster Career Advice . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What are known useful and misleading memes in the DevOps culture ? '' . devops.stackexchange.com . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Sharwood , Simon . `` Are Your Servers Pets or Cattle ? '' . The Register . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Walls , Mandi ( 15 April 2013 ) . `` Building a DevOps Culture '' . OReilly Media . Jump up ^ Roach , Patrick . `` Dice Breakers : Using DevOps principles and nerdery to reimagine Team building '' . DevOps.com . Jump up ^ `` 10 + Deploys Per Day : Dev and Ops Cooperation at Flickr '' . Jump up ^ `` SAM SIG : Applied Lean Startup Ideas : Continuous Deployment at kaChing '' . SVForum . Jump up ^ Humble , Jez . `` Why Enterprises Must Adopt Devops to Enable Continuous Delivery '' . Cutter IT Journal . Jump up ^ `` Applied Lean Startup Ideas : Continuous Deployment at kaChing '' . Jump up ^ `` DevOps Days 2009 Conference '' . Jump up ^ Edwards , Damon . `` DevOps Meetup Recap '' . Jump up ^ Chen , Lianping ( 2015 ) . Towards Architecting for Continuous Delivery . The 12th Working IEEE / IFIP Conference on Software Architecture ( WICSA 2015 ) . Montréal , Canada : IEEE . Jump up ^ Chen , Lianping ; Ali Babar , Muhammad ( 2014 ) . Towards an Evidence - Based Understanding of Emergence of Architecture through Continuous Refactoring in Agile Software Development . The 11th Working IEEE / IFIP Conference on Software Architecture ( WICSA 2014 ) . IEEE . Jump up ^ `` DevOps is Agile for the Rest of the Company '' . DevOps.com . Jump up ^ Harvey , Cynthia ( 9 January 2017 ) . `` 10 Ways DevOps is Changing the Enterprise '' . Datamation . Jump up ^ `` Virtual Infrastructure products : features comparison '' . Welcome to IT 2.0 : Next Generation IT infrastructures . Jump up ^ Ellard , Jennifer . `` Bringing Order to Chaos through Data Center Automation '' . Information Management . SourceMedia . Archived from the original on 11 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Impact of DevOps on Testing '' . DevOps.com . Jump up ^ `` Unleashing the Full Potential of Containerization for DevOps '' . Unleashing the Full Potential of Containerization for DevOps. 20 September 2017 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Containers vs. virtual machines : A simplified answer to a complex question '' . Jump up ^ `` Is DevOps Transformation a Holy Grail ? - DZone DevOps '' . dzone.com . Jump up ^ `` SMEs Can Benefit from DevOps , Too - DevOps.com '' . devops.com. 20 October 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Davis , Jennifer ; Daniels , Ryn . Effective DevOps : building a culture of collaboration , affinity , and tooling at scale . Sebastopol , CA : O'Reilly . ISBN 9781491926437 . OCLC 951434424 . Gene , Kim ; Debois , Patrick ; Willis , John ; Humble , Jez ; Allspaw , John . The DevOps handbook : how to create world - class agility , reliability , and security in technology organizations ( First ed . ) . Portland , OR . ISBN 9781942788003 . OCLC 907166314 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DevOps&oldid=856375461 '' Categories : Agile software development Software development process Information technology management Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2018 Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Articles to be expanded from June 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Tools Wikiversity Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018 , at 19 : 17 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who started the conversation that spawned the devops movement	[ "In 2009 Patrick Debois coined the term by naming a conference \"devopsdays\"[5] which started in Belgium and has now spread to other countries.[6]\n" ]	[ "Patrick Debois" ]
6270241679502213727	Island	Island - wikipedia Island Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Island ( disambiguation ) . Atafu atoll in Tokelau A small Fijian island The British Isles are a large group of islands . The main islands are Great Britain and Ireland . A small island in Lower Saranac Lake in the Adirondacks in the U.S. Bangchuidao Island is an islet composed mostly of rock , in Dalian , Liaoning Province , China . The islands of Fernando de Noronha , Brazil , are the visible parts of submerged mountains . A subterranean isle in Cross Cave Manhattan , U.S. is home to over 1.6 million people . Hawaiian islands from space Kansai Airport is built on an artificial island in Japan . An island or isle is any piece of sub-continental land that is surrounded by water . Very small islands such as emergent land features on atolls can be called islets , skerries , cays or keys . An island in a river or a lake island may be called an eyot or ait , and a small island off the coast may be called a holm . A grouping of geographically or geologically related islands is called an archipelago , such as the Philippines , for example . An island may be described as such , despite the presence of an artificial land bridge ; examples are Singapore and its causeway , and the various Dutch delta islands , such as IJsselmonde . Some places may even retain `` island '' in their names for historical reasons after being connected to a larger landmass by a land bridge or landfill , such as Coney Island and Coronado Island , though these are strictly tied islands . Conversely , when a piece of land is separated from the mainland by a man - made canal , for example the Peloponnese by the Corinth Canal or Marble Hill in northern Manhattan during the time between the building of the United States Ship Canal and the filling - in of the Harlem River which surrounded the area , it is generally not considered an island . There are two main types of islands in the sea : continental and oceanic . There are also artificial islands . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Difference between islands and continents 3 Types of islands 3.1 Continental islands 3.2 Oceanic islands 3.3 Tropical islands 4 Artificial islands 5 Island superlatives 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Etymology ( edit ) The word island derives from Middle English iland , from Old English igland ( from ig or ieg , similarly meaning ' island ' when used independently , and - land carrying its contemporary meaning ; cf . Dutch eiland ( `` island '' ) , German Eiland ( `` small island '' ) ) . However , the spelling of the word was modified in the 15th century because of a false etymology caused by an incorrect association with the etymologically unrelated Old French loanword isle , which itself comes from the Latin word insula. Old English ieg is actually a cognate of Swedish ö and German Aue , and related to Latin aqua ( water ) . Difference between islands and continents ( edit ) Greenland is the world 's largest island , with an area of over 2.1 million km , while Australia , the world 's smallest continent , has an area of 7.6 million km , but there is no standard of size which distinguishes islands from continents , or from islets . There is a difference between islands and continents in terms of geology . Continents sit on continental lithosphere which is part of tectonic plates floating high on Earth 's mantle . Oceanic crust is also part of tectonic plates , but it is denser than continental lithosphere , so it floats low on the mantle . Islands are either extensions of the oceanic crust ( e.g. volcanic islands ) or geologically they are part of some continent sitting on continental lithosphere ( e.g. Greenland ) . This holds true for Australia , which sits on its own continental lithosphere and tectonic plate . Types of islands ( edit ) Continental islands ( edit ) Continental islands are bodies of land that lie on the continental shelf of a continent . Examples are Borneo , Java , Sumatra , Sakhalin , Taiwan and Hainan off Asia ; New Guinea , Tasmania , and Kangaroo Island off Australia ; Great Britain , Ireland , and Sicily off Europe ; Greenland , Newfoundland , Long Island , and Sable Island off North America ; and Barbados , Falklands and Trinidad off South America . A special type of continental island is the microcontinental island , which is created when a continent is rifted . Examples are Madagascar and Socotra off Africa , the Kerguelen Islands , New Caledonia , New Zealand , and some of the Seychelles . Another subtype is an island or bar formed by deposition of tiny rocks where water current loses some of its carrying capacity . This includes : barrier islands , which are accumulations of sand deposited by sea currents on the continental shelves fluvial or alluvial islands formed in river deltas or midstream within large rivers . While some are transitory and may disappear if the volume or speed of the current changes , others are stable and long - lived . Islets are very small islands . Oceanic islands ( edit ) Main article : High island Oceanic islands are islands that do not sit on continental shelves . The vast majority are volcanic in origin , such as Saint Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean . The few oceanic islands that are not volcanic are tectonic in origin and arise where plate movements have lifted up the ocean floor above the surface . Examples are Saint Peter and Paul Rocks in the Atlantic Ocean and Macquarie Island in the Pacific . One type of volcanic oceanic island is found in a volcanic island arc . These islands arise from volcanoes where the subduction of one plate under another is occurring . Examples are the Aleutian Islands , the Mariana Islands , and most of Tonga in the Pacific Ocean . The only examples in the Atlantic Ocean are some of the Lesser Antilles and the South Sandwich Islands . Another type of volcanic oceanic island occurs where an oceanic rift reaches the surface . There are two examples : Iceland , which is the world 's second largest volcanic island , and Jan Mayen . Both are in the Atlantic . A third type of volcanic oceanic island is formed over volcanic hotspots . A hotspot is more or less stationary relative to the moving tectonic plate above it , so a chain of islands results as the plate drifts . Over long periods of time , this type of island is eventually `` drowned '' by isostatic adjustment and eroded , becoming a seamount . Plate movement across a hot - spot produces a line of islands oriented in the direction of the plate movement . An example is the Hawaiian Islands , from Hawaii to Kure , which continue beneath the sea surface in a more northerly direction as the Emperor Seamounts . Another chain with similar orientation is the Tuamotu Archipelago ; its older , northerly trend is the Line Islands . The southernmost chain is the Austral Islands , with its northerly trending part the atolls in the nation of Tuvalu . Tristan da Cunha is an example of a hotspot volcano in the Atlantic Ocean . Another hot spot in the Atlantic is the island of Surtsey , which was formed in 1963 . An atoll is an island formed from a coral reef that has grown on an eroded and submerged volcanic island . The reef rises to the surface of the water and forms a new island . Atolls are typically ring - shaped with a central lagoon . Examples are the Line Islands in the Pacific and the Maldives in the Indian Ocean . Tropical islands ( edit ) See also : Formation of coral reefs Approximately 45,000 tropical islands with an area of at least 5 hectares ( 12 acres ) exist . Examples formed from coral reefs include Maldives , Tonga , Samoa , Nauru , and Polynesia . Granite islands include Seychelles and Tioman and volcanic islands such as Saint Helena . The socio - economic diversity of tropical islands ranges from the Stone Age societies in the interior of Madagascar , Borneo , and Papua New Guinea to the high - tech lifestyles of the city - islands of Singapore and Hong Kong . International tourism is a significant factor in the economy of many tropical islands including Seychelles , Sri Lanka , Mauritius , Réunion , Hawaii , and the Maldives . Artificial islands ( edit ) Main article : Artificial island Almost all of the Earth 's islands are natural and have been formed by tectonic forces or volcanic eruptions . However , artificial ( man - made ) islands also exist , such as the island in Osaka Bay off the Japanese island of Honshu , on which Kansai International Airport is located . Artificial islands can be built using natural materials ( e.g. , earth , rock , or sand ) or artificial ones ( e.g. , concrete slabs or recycled waste ) . Sometimes natural islands are artificially enlarged , such as Vasilyevsky Island in the Russian city of St. Petersburg , which had its western shore extended westward by some 0.5 km in the construction of the Passenger Port of St. Petersburg . Artificial islands are sometimes built on pre-existing `` low - tide elevation '' , a naturally formed area of land which is surrounded by and above water at low tide but submerged at high tide . Legally it is not an island and has no territorial sea of its own . Island superlatives ( edit ) Largest island : Greenland Largest island in a lake : Manitoulin Island Largest island in a river : Bananal Island Largest island in fresh water : Marajó Largest uninhabited island : Devon Island Lowest island : Franchetti island in Lake Afrera , Ethiopia Island shared by largest number of countries : Borneo ( Brunei , Indonesia , Malaysia ) See also ( edit ) Desert island Inland island Island biogeography Island ecology Island country Island hopping List of ancient islands List of archipelagos List of artificial islands List of divided islands List of fictional islands List of island countries List of islands by area List of islands by body of water List of islands by continent List of islands by country List of islands by highest point List of islands by name List of islands by population List of islands by population density List of islands named after people Phantom island Private island Small Island Developing States Tidal island Islands portal Environment portal Ecology portal Geography portal Weather portal References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ `` Hawaii : Image of the Day '' . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2015 . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Webster 's Dictionary - Island '' . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Island '' . Dictionary.com . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2007 . Retrieved March 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Ringe , Donald A. ( 2006 ) . A Linguistic History of English : From Proto - Indo - European to Proto - Germanic . Oxford University Press . p. 109 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 928413 - X . Jump up ^ Brown , Mike . How I Killed Pluto and Why It Had It Coming Archived April 19 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... New York : Random House Digital , 2010 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 53108 - 7 Jump up ^ Royle , Stephen A . A Geography of Islands : Small Island Insularity Archived September 21 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine ... Psychology Press , 2001 . pp. 7 -- 11 ISBN 1 - 85728 - 865 - 3 Jump up ^ `` Island ( geography ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lomolino , Mark V. ( editor ) ; ( et al . ) ( 2004 ) Foundations of Biogeography : Classic Papers with Commentaries Archived April 18 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... University of Chicago Press . p. 316 . ISBN 0226492362 ^ Jump up to : Austrian Academy of Sciences . `` The Tropical Islands of the Indian and Pacific Oceans '' . doi : 10.1553 / 3 - 7001 - 2738 - 3 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Arnberger , Hertha , Erik ( 2011 ) . The Tropical Islands of the Indian and Pacific Oceans . Vienna : Austrian Academy of Sciences Press . ISBN 978 - 3700127383 . Jump up ^ `` Building Artificial Islands That Rise With the Sea '' . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` What Makes an Island ? Land Reclamation and the South China Sea Arbitration Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative '' . July 15 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Conception of development of the artificial lands of Vasilievsky island '' . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea , Article 13 . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2017 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Island ( category ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Islands Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Island . Definition of island from United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea Listing of islands from United Nations Island Directory . Coastal geography Landforms Anchialine pool Archipelago Atoll Avulsion Ayre Barrier island Bay Baymouth bar Bight Bodden Brackish marsh Cape Channel Cliff Coast Coastal plain Coastal waterfall Continental margin Continental shelf Coral reef Cove Dune cliff - top Estuary Firth Fjard Fjord Freshwater marsh Fundus Gat Geo Gulf Gut Headland Inlet Intertidal wetland Island Islet Isthmus Lagoon Machair Marine terrace Mega delta Mouth bar Mudflat Natural arch Peninsula Reef Regressive delta Ria River delta Salt marsh Shoal Shore Skerry Sound Spit Stack Strait Strand plain Submarine canyon Tidal island Tidal marsh Tide pool Tied island Tombolo Windwatt Beaches Beach cusps Beach evolution Coastal morphodynamics Beach ridge Beachrock Pocket beach Raised beach Recession Shell beach Shingle beach Storm beach Wash margin Processes Blowhole Cliffed coast Coastal biogeomorphology Coastal erosion Concordant coastline Current Cuspate foreland Discordant coastline Emergent coastline Feeder bluff Fetch Flat coast Graded shoreline Headlands and bays Ingression coast Large - scale coastal behaviour Longshore drift Marine regression Marine transgression Raised shoreline Rip current Rocky shore Sea cave Sea foam Shoal Steep coast Submergent coastline Surf break Surf zone Surge channel Swash Undertow Volcanic arc Wave - cut platform Wave shoaling Wind wave Wrack zone Management Accretion Coastal management Integrated coastal zone management Submersion Related Bulkhead line Grain size boulder clay cobble granule pebble sand shingle silt Intertidal zone Littoral zone Physical oceanography Region of freshwater influence Commons GND : 4128227 - 9 NDL : 00570986 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Island&oldid=812933700 '' Categories : Islands Coastal and oceanic landforms Fluvial landforms Oceanographical terminology Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using web citations with no URL Use mdy dates from May 2013 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Acèh Afrikaans Alemannisch Аҧсшәа Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Armãneashti Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 贛語 한국어 Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Коми Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Ladino Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lingála La . lojban . Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本語 Napulitano Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norfuk / Pitkern Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu پښتو ភាសា ខ្មែរ Tok Pisin Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Romani Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Sängö Scots Sesotho sa Leboa Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Võro Walon West - Vlams Winaray Wolof 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 November 2017 , at 19 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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298364447999869002	Great Migration (African American)	Great Migration ( African American ) - wikipedia Great Migration ( African American ) Jump to : navigation , search Graph showing the percentage of the African - American population living in the American South , 1790 - 2010 . The Great Migration shown through changes in African - Americans share of population in major US cities , 1910 -- 1940 and 1940 -- 1970 African - American topics History ( timeline ) ( show ) Atlantic slave trade African - American history Slavery in the United States History in agriculture African - American business history African - American military history Jim Crow laws Great Migration Redlining Second Great Migration Black Power movement Post -- Civil Rights era New Great Migration Civil Rights Movement 1865 -- 1896 1896 -- 1954 1954 -- 1968 Culture ( show ) Studies Art Business history Black conductors Black mecca Black schools Black colleges and universities Juneteenth Kwanzaa Literature Museums Music Neighborhoods Religion ( show ) Black church Black theology Nation of Islam Political movements ( show ) Afrocentrism Black Power Anarchism Capitalism Conservatism Leftism Nationalism Populism Black Panther Party Garveyism Pan-Africanism Civic / economic groups ( show ) Rights organizations National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) National Urban League ( NUL ) Association for the Study of African American Life and History ( ASALH ) United Negro College Fund ( UNCF ) Thurgood Marshall College Fund National Black Chamber of Commerce ( NBCC ) National Pan-Hellenic Council ( NPHC ) National Council of Negro Women ( NCNW ) TransAfrica Forum Sports ( show ) Negro league baseball Athletic associations and conferences Central ( CIAA ) Southern ( SIAC ) Mid-Eastern ( MEAC ) Southwestern ( SWAC ) Ethnic subdivisions ( show ) Americo - Liberians Black Indians Black Southerners Gullah Igbo Languages ( show ) English American English African - American English Gullah Louisiana Creole French Diaspora ( show ) Nova Scotia Liberia Sierra Leone France Lists ( show ) African Americans African - American firsts First mayors US state firsts Landmark African - American legislation African American - related topics Topics related to Black and African people Category : African - American society African American portal The Great Migration was the movement of 6 million African - Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast , Midwest , and West that occurred between 1916 and 1970 . Until 1910 , more than 90 percent of the African - American population lived in the American South . In 1900 , only one - fifth of African - Americans living in the South were living in urban areas . By the end of the Great Migration , 53 percent of the African - American population remained in the South , while 40 percent lived in the North , and 7 percent in the West , and the African - American population had become highly urbanized . By 1970 , more than 80 percent of African - Americans lived in cities , and by 1960 , of those African - Americans still living in the South , half now lived in urban areas . In 1991 , Nicholas Lemann wrote that the Great Migration : was one of the largest and most rapid mass internal movements in history -- perhaps the greatest not caused by the immediate threat of execution or starvation . In sheer numbers it outranks the migration of any other ethnic group -- Italians or Irish or Jews or Poles -- to ( the United States ) . For blacks , the migration meant leaving what had always been their economic and social base in America , and finding a new one . Some historians differentiate between a first Great Migration ( 1916 -- 1930 ) , which saw about 1.6 million people move from mostly rural areas to northern industrial cities , and a Second Great Migration ( 1940 -- 1970 ) , which began after the Great Depression and brought at least 5 million people -- including many townspeople with urban skills -- to the north and to California and other western states . Since the African - American Civil Rights Movement ( 1954 -- 1968 ) , a less rapid reverse migration has occurred . Dubbed the New Great Migration , it has seen a gradual increase of African - American movement to the South , generally to states and cities where economic opportunities are the best . The reasons include economic difficulties of cities in the Northeastern and Midwestern United States , growth of jobs in the `` New South '' and its lower cost of living , family and kinship ties , and improved racial relations . As early as 1975 to 1980 , several southern states were net African - American migration gainers , while in 2014 , African - American millennials moved in the highest numbers to Texas , Georgia , Florida , North Carolina , and California . African - American populations have continued to drop throughout much of the Northeast , especially from the state of New York and northern New Jersey , as they rise in the South . Contents ( hide ) 1 Numbers and destinations 2 Tensions and violence 3 Causes 4 Cultural changes 5 Effects 5.1 Demographic changes 5.2 Discrimination and working conditions 5.3 Integration and segregation 6 Second and New Great Migration 7 White southern reaction 8 In popular culture 9 Statistics 10 See also 11 Footnotes 12 Further reading 13 External links Numbers and destinations ( edit ) Map of Black share of population in the 1900 US Census James Gregory calculates decade - by - decade migration volumes in his book , The Southern Diaspora . Black migration picked up from the start of the new century , with 204,000 leaving in the first decade . The pace accelerated with the outbreak of World War I and continued through the 1920s . By 1930 , there were 1.3 million former southerners living in other regions . The Great Depression wiped out job opportunities in the northern industrial belt , especially for African Americans , and caused a sharp reduction in migration . A second and larger Great Migration began around 1940 as defense industries geared up for World War II . 1.4 million black southerners moved north or west in the 1940s , followed by 1.1 million in the 1950s , and another 2.4 million people in the 1960s and early 1970s . By the late 1970s , as deindustrialization and the Rust Belt crisis took hold , the Great Migration came to an end . But , in a reflection of changing economics , as well as the end of Jim Crow laws in the 1960s and improving race relations in the South , in the 1980s and early 1990s , more black Americans were heading South than leaving that region . African - Americans moved from the 14 states of the South , especially Alabama , Mississippi , Louisiana , Texas , and Georgia . Census figures show that African Americans went from 52.2 % of the population in 1920 to 45.3 % of the population in 1950 in Mississippi , from 41.7 % in 1920 to 30.9 % of the population in 1950 in Georgia , from 38.9 % in 1920 to 32.9 % of the population in 1950 in Louisiana , from 38.4 % in 1920 to 32.0 % of the population in 1950 in Alabama , and 36.0 % in 1920 to 31.0 % of the population in Texas . Based on the total populations in each of the four states , only Georgia ( - 143,188 ) showed a net decrease in its African American population in 1950 compared to 1920 . Louisiana ( + 183,256 ) , Texas ( + 67,664 ) , Alabama ( + 78,206 ) and Mississippi ( + 52,346 ) showed net increases in their African American populations in 1950 compared to 1920 . Big cities were the principal destinations of southerners throughout the two phases of the Great Migration . In the first phase , eight major cities attracted two - thirds of the migrants : New York and Chicago , followed in order by Philadelphia , St. Louis , Detroit , Pittsburgh , and Indianapolis . The Second great black migration increased the populations of these cities while adding others as destinations , especially on the West Coast . Cities such as Los Angeles , San Francisco , Oakland , Phoenix , Seattle , and Portland attracted African Americans in large numbers . There were clear migratory patterns that linked particular states and cities in the South to corresponding destinations in the North . Almost half of those who migrated from Mississippi during the first Great Migration , for example , ended up in Chicago , while those from Virginia tended to move to Philadelphia . For the most part , these patterns were related to geography , with the closest cities attracting the most migrants ( such as Los Angeles and San Francisco receiving a disproportionate number of migrants from Texas ) . When multiple destinations were equidistant , chain migration played a larger role , with migrants following the path set by those before them . Some people migrated to Canada , enticed by British Columbia Premier James Douglas or by the 1910 immigration campaign by Canada 's Clifford Sifton . Sifton and Citizenship and Immigration Canada did not anticipate that black farmers would file for homesteads in the Canadian Prairies and tried to turn them back . Unable to do so under the law of the time , Sifton and the Canadian government instead sent immigration representatives to US Southern states to deter black farmers from applying and also went on to implement racist immigration policies that were not lifted for decades . In 1962 , following the Canadian Bill of Rights , Canada changed its immigration policy to allow persons of color to migrate to Canada again . Violet King Henry , the first black Canadian woman lawyer , was part of the senior team that changed Canadian policy and was descended from black pioneers to Amber Valley , Alberta , a landmark black community in Canada . Tensions and violence ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) When the Emancipation Proclamation was signed in 1863 , less than eight percent of the African - American population lived in the Northeastern or Midwestern United States . This began to change over the next decade ; by 1880 , a migration was underway to Kansas . The U.S. Senate ordered an investigation into it . In 1900 , about 90 percent of blacks still lived in Southern states . African Americans moved as individuals or small family groups . There was no government assistance , but often northern industries , such as the railroads , meatpacking , and stockyards , sometimes paid for transportation and relocation . Between 1910 and 1930 , the African - American population increased by about forty percent in Northern states as a result of the migration , mostly in the major cities . The cities of Philadelphia , Detroit , Chicago , Cleveland , Baltimore , and New York City had some of the biggest increases in the early part of the twentieth century . Tens of thousands of blacks were recruited for industrial jobs , such as positions related to the expansion of the Pennsylvania Railroad . Because changes were concentrated in cities , which had also attracted millions of new or recent European immigrants , tensions rose as the people competed for jobs and scarce housing . Tensions were often most severe between ethnic Irish , defending their recently gained positions and territory , and recent immigrants and blacks . In the late summer and autumn of 1919 , racial tensions became violent and came to be known as the Red Summer . This period of time was defined by violence and prolonged rioting between blacks and whites in major United States cities . The reasons for this violence vary . Cities that were affected by the violence included Washington D.C. , Chicago , Omaha , Knoxville , and Elaine . The race riots peaked in Chicago , for the most violence and death occurred there during the riots . According to The Negro in Chicago ; a study of race relations and a race riot , an official report from 1922 on race relations in Chicago , came to the conclusion that there were many factors that led to the violent outbursts in Chicago . Principally , many blacks were assuming the jobs of white men as they went to go fight in World War I. As the war ended in 1918 , many men returned home to find out their job had been taken by a black man who was willing to work for far less . By the time the rioting and violence had subsided in Chicago , 38 people had lost their life , with hundreds more injured . In other cities across the nation many more had been affected by the violence of the Red Summer . The Red Summer enlightened many to the growing racial tension in America . The violence in these major cities prefaced the soon to follow Harlem Renaissance , an African - American cultural revolution , in the 1920 's . Causes ( edit ) Racially motivated murders per decade from 1865 to 1965 . The primary factors for migration among southern African - Americans were segregation , an increase in the spread of racist ideology , widespread lynching ( nearly 3,500 African - Americans were lynched between 1882 and 1968 ) , and lack of social and economic opportunities in the South . There were also factors that pulled migrants to the north , such as labor shortages in northern factories brought about by World War I , resulting in thousands of jobs in steel mills , railroads , meatpacking plants , and the automobile industry . The pull of jobs in the north was strengthened by the efforts of labor agents sent by northern businessmen to recruit southern workers . Northern companies offered special incentives to encourage black workers to relocate , including free transportation and low - cost housing . Cultural changes ( edit ) After moving from the racist pressures of the south to the northern states , African Americans were inspired to different kinds of creativity . The Great Migration resulted in the Harlem Renaissance , which was also fired by immigrants from the Caribbean . In her Pulitzer Prize -- winning book The Warmth of Other Suns , journalist Isabel Wilkerson discusses the migration of `` six million black Southerners ( moving ) out of the terror of Jim Crow to an uncertain existence in the North and Midwest . '' The struggle of African - American migrants to adapt to Northern cities was the subject of Jacob Lawrence 's Migration Series of paintings , created when he was a young man in New York . Exhibited in 1941 at the Museum of Modern Art , Lawrence 's Series attracted wide attention ; he was quickly perceived as one of the most important African - American artists of the time . The Great Migration had effects on music as well as other cultural subjects . Many Blues singers migrated from Delta - Mississippi to Chicago to escape racial discrimination . Muddy Waters and Chester Burnett are two of the most well - known Blues singers who migrated to Chicago . Great Delta - born pianist Eddie Boyd told Living Blues Magazine , `` I thought of coming to Chicago where I could get away from some of that racism and where I would have an opportunity to , well , do something with my talent ... It was n't peaches and cream ( in Chicago ) , man , but it was a hell of a lot better than down there where I was born . '' Effects ( edit ) During World War I there was a great migration north ... , first panel of the Migration Series ( 1940 - 41 ) , painting by Jacob Lawrence Demographic changes ( edit ) The Great Migration drained off much of the rural black population of the South , and for a time , froze or reduced African - American population growth in parts of the region . In a number of states , there were decades of black population decline , especially across the Deep South `` black belt '' where cotton had been king . The migration changed the demographics of the South . In 1910 , African Americans constituted the majority of the population of South Carolina and Mississippi , and more than 40 percent in Georgia , Alabama , Louisiana and Texas ; by 1970 , only in Mississippi did the African - American population constitute more than 30 percent of the state 's total . `` The disappearance of the ' black belt ' was one of the striking effects '' of the Great Migration , James Gregory wrote . In Mississippi , blacks decreased from about 56 % of the population in 1910 to about 37 % by 1970 , remaining the majority only in some Delta counties . In Georgia , blacks decreased from about 45 % of the population in 1910 to about 26 % by 1970 . In South Carolina , blacks decreased from about 55 % of the population in 1910 to about 30 % by 1970 . The growing black presence outside the South changed the dynamics and demographics of numerous cities in the North , Midwest and West . In 1900 , only 740,000 African Americans lived outside the South , just 8 percent of the nation 's total black population . By 1970 , more than 10.6 million African Americans lived outside the South , 47 percent of the nation 's total . Because the migrants concentrated in the big cities of the north and west , their influence was magnified in those places . Cities that had been virtually all white at the start of the century became centers of black culture and politics by mid-century . Informal residential segregation and the tendency of people to settle with others of their home communities led to concentrations of blacks in certain areas . The northern `` Black metropolises '' developed an important infrastructure of newspapers , businesses , jazz clubs , churches , and political organizations that provided the staging ground for new forms of racial politics and new forms of black culture . As a result of the Great Migration , the first large urban black communities developed in northern cities beyond New York , Boston , Baltimore , Washington D.C. , and Philadelphia , which had black communities even before the Civil War , and attracted migrants after the war . It is conservatively estimated that 400,000 African Americans left the South in 1916 through 1918 to take advantage of a labor shortage in industrial cities during the First World War . In 1910 , the African - American population of Detroit was 6,000 . The Great Migration , plus the immigration from eastern and southern Europe , rapidly turned the city into the country 's fourth - largest . By the start of the Great Depression in 1929 , the city 's African - American population had increased to 120,000 . In 1900 -- 01 , Chicago had a total population of 1,754,473 . By 1920 , the city had added more than 1 million residents . During the second wave of the Great Migration ( 1940 -- 60 ) , the African - American population in the city grew from 278,000 to 813,000 . African - American youths play basketball in Chicago 's Stateway Gardens high - rise housing project in 1973 . The flow of African Americans to Ohio , particularly to Cleveland , changed the demographics of the state and its primary industrial city . Before the Great Migration , an estimated 1.1 % to 1.6 % of Cleveland 's population was African American . By 1920 , 4.3 % of Cleveland 's population was African American . The number of African Americans in Cleveland continued to rise over the next 20 years of the Great Migration . Other northern and midwestern industrial cities , such as Philadelphia , New York City , Baltimore , Pittsburgh , St. Louis , and Omaha , also had dramatic increases in their African - American populations . By the 1920s , New York 's Harlem became a center of black cultural life , influenced by the American migrants as well as new immigrants from the Caribbean area . Second - tier industrial cities that were destinations for numerous black migrants were Buffalo , Rochester , Boston , Milwaukee , Minneapolis , Kansas City , Columbus , Cincinnati , Grand Rapids and Indianapolis , and smaller industrial cities such as Gary , Dayton , Erie , Toledo , Youngstown , Peoria , Muskegon , Newark , Flint , Saginaw , New Haven , and Albany . People tended to take the cheapest rail ticket possible and go to areas where they had relatives and friends . For example , many people from Mississippi moved directly north by train to Chicago , from Alabama to Cleveland and Detroit , from Georgia and South Carolina to New York City , Baltimore , Washington D.C and Philadelphia , and in the second migration , from Texas , Louisiana , and Mississippi to California . Discrimination and working conditions ( edit ) The Hub is the retail heart of the South Bronx , New York City . Educated African Americans were better able to obtain jobs after the Great Migration , eventually gaining a measure of class mobility , but the migrants encountered significant forms of discrimination . Because so many people migrated in a short period of time , the African - American migrants were often resented by the urban white working class ( often recent immigrants themselves ) ; fearing their ability to negotiate rates of pay or secure employment , the ethnic whites felt threatened by the influx of new labor competition . Sometimes those who were most fearful or resentful were the last immigrants of the 19th and new immigrants of the 20th century . African Americans made substantial gains in industrial employment , particularly in the steel , automobile , shipbuilding , and meatpacking industries . Between 1910 and 1920 , the number of blacks employed in industry nearly doubled from 500,000 to 901,000 . After the Great Depression , more advances took place after workers in the steel and meatpacking industries organized into labor unions in the 1930s and 1940s , under the interracial Congress of Industrial Organizations ( CIO ) . The unions ended the segregation of many jobs , and African Americans began to advance into more skilled jobs and supervisory positions previously informally reserved for whites . Between 1940 and 1960 , the number of blacks in managerial and administrative occupations doubled , along with the number of blacks in white - collar occupations , while the number of black agricultural workers in 1960 fell to one - fourth of what it was in 1940 . Also , between 1936 and 1959 , black income relative to white income more than doubled in various skilled trades . Despite employment discrimination , blacks had higher labor force participation rates than whites in every U.S. Census from 1890 to 1950 . As a result of these advancements , the percentage of black families living below the poverty line declined from 87 percent in 1940 to 47 percent by 1960 and to 30 percent by 1970 . Populations increased so rapidly among both African - American migrants and new European immigrants that there were housing shortages in most major cities . With fewer resources , the newer groups were forced to compete for the oldest , most run - down housing . Ethnic groups created territories which they defended against change . Discrimination often restricted African Americans to crowded neighborhoods . The more established populations of cities tended to move to newer housing as it was developing in the outskirts . Mortgage discrimination and redlining in inner city areas limited the newer African - American migrants ' ability to determine their own housing , or obtain a fair price . In the long term , the National Housing Act of 1934 contributed to limiting the availability of loans to urban areas , particularly those areas inhabited by African Americans . Integration and segregation ( edit ) White tenants seeking to prevent blacks from moving into the Sojourner Truth housing project in Detroit erected this sign , 1942 In cities such as Newark , New York and Chicago , African Americans became increasingly integrated into society . As they lived and worked more closely with European Americans , the divide became increasingly indefinite . This period marked the transition for many African Americans from lifestyles as rural farmers to urban industrial workers . This migration gave birth to a cultural boom in cities such as Chicago and New York . In Chicago for instance , the neighborhood of Bronzeville became known as the `` Black Metropolis '' . From 1924 to 1929 , the `` Black Metropolis '' was at the peak of its golden years . Many of the community 's entrepreneurs were black during this period . `` The foundation of the first African American YMCA took place in Bronzeville , and worked to help incoming migrants find jobs in the city of Chicago . '' The `` Black Belt '' geographical and racial isolation of this community , bordered to the north and east by whites , and to the south and west by industrial sites and ethnic immigrant neighborhoods , made it a site for the study of the development of an urban black community . For urbanized people , eating proper foods in a sanitary , civilized setting such as the home or a restaurant was a social ritual that indicated one 's level of respectability . The people native to Chicago had pride in the high level of integration in Chicago restaurants , which they attributed to their unassailable manners and refined tastes . Migrants often encountered residential discrimination , in which white home owners and realtors prevented migrants from purchasing homes or renting apartments in white neighborhoods . In addition , when numerous blacks moved into white neighborhoods , whites would quickly relocate out of fear of a potential rise in property crime , rape , drugs and violence that was attributed to neighborhoods with large black populations . These tendencies contributed to maintaining the `` racial divide '' in the North , perhaps accentuating it . By the late 1950s and 1960s , African Americans were hyper - urban , more densely concentrated in inner cities than other groups . Since African - American migrants retained many Southern cultural and linguistic traits , such cultural differences created a sense of `` otherness '' in terms of their reception by others who were already living in the cities . Stereotypes ascribed to black people during this period and ensuing generations often derived from African - American migrants ' rural cultural traditions , which were maintained in stark contrast to the urban environments in which the people resided . Second and New Great Migration ( edit ) Main articles : Second Great Migration ( African American ) and New Great Migration The Great Depression of the 1930s resulted in reduced migration because of decreased opportunities . With the defense buildup for World War II , migration was revived , with larger numbers of blacks leaving the South through the 1960s . After the political and civil gains of the Civil Rights Movement , in the 1970s migration began to increase again . It moved in a different direction , as blacks traveled to new regions of the South for economic opportunity . White Southern reaction ( edit ) The beginning of the Great Migration exposed a paradox in race relations in the American south at that time . Although blacks were treated with extreme hostility and subjected to legal discrimination , the southern economy was deeply dependent on them as an abundant supply of cheap labor , and black workers were seen as the most critical factor in the economic development of the south . One South Carolina politician summed up the dilemma : `` Politically speaking , there are far too many negroes , but from an industrial standpoint there is room for many more . '' When the Great Migration started in the 1910s , white Southern elites seemed to be unconcerned , and industrialists and cotton planters saw it as a positive , as it was siphoning off surplus industrial and agricultural labor . As the migration picked up , however , southern elites began to panic , fearing that a prolonged black exodus would bankrupt the south , and newspaper editorials warned of the danger . White employers eventually took notice and began expressing their fears . White southerners soon began trying to stem the flow in order to prevent the hemorrhaging of their labor supply , and some began attempting to address the poor living standards and racial oppression experienced by southern blacks in order to induce them to stay . As a result , southern employers increased their wages to match those on offer in the North , and some individual employers opposed the worst excesses of Jim Crow laws . When the measures failed to stem the tide , white southerners , in concert with federal officials who feared the rise of black nationalism , co-operated in attempting to coerce blacks to stay in the south . The Southern Metal Trades Association urged decisive action to stop black migration , and some employers undertook serious efforts against it . The largest southern steel manufacturer refused to cash checks sent to finance black migration , efforts were made to restrict bus and train access for blacks , agents were stationed in northern cities to report on wage levels , unionization , and the rise of black nationalism , and newspapers were pressured to divert more coverage to negative aspects of black life in the North . A series of local and federal directives were put into place with the goal of restricting black mobility , including local vagrancy ordinances , `` work or fight '' laws demanding all males either be employed or serve in the army , and conscription orders . Intimidation and beatings were also used to terrorize blacks into staying . During the wave of migration that took place in the 1940s , white southerners were less concerned , as mechanization of agriculture in the late 1930s had resulted in another labor surplus so southern planters put up less resistance . In popular culture ( edit ) The Great Migration is a backdrop of the 2013 film The Butler , as the Forest Whitaker character Cecil Gaines moves from a plantation in Georgia to become a butler at the White House . Statistics ( edit ) African - Americans as a Percentage of the Population By U.S. Region ( 1900 -- 2010 ) Region 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Northeast 1.8 % 1.9 % 2.3 % 3.3 % 3.8 % 5.1 % 6.8 % 8.8 % 9.9 % 11.0 % 11.4 % 11.8 % Midwest 1.9 % 1.8 % 2.3 % 3.3 % 3.5 % 5.0 % 6.7 % 8.1 % 9.1 % 9.6 % 10.1 % 10.4 % West 0.7 % 0.7 % 0.9 % 1.0 % 1.2 % 2.9 % 3.9 % 4.9 % 5.2 % 5.3 % 4.9 % 4.8 % South 32.3 % 29.8 % 26.9 % 24.7 % 23.8 % 21.7 % 20.6 % 19.0 % 18.6 % 18.5 % 18.9 % 19.2 % African - Americans as a Percentage of the Population By Large U.S. Cities ( Those With a Peak Population of 500,000 or More by 1990 ) Outside of the Former Confederacy City 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 Change in Percentage Ratio Between 1900 and 1990 Phoenix , Arizona 2.7 % 2.9 % 3.7 % 4.9 % 6.5 % 4.9 % 4.8 % 4.8 % 4.8 % 5.2 % + 2.5 % Los Angeles , California 2.1 % 2.4 % 2.7 % 3.1 % 4.2 % 8.7 % 13.5 % 17.9 % 17.0 % 14.0 % + 11.9 % San Diego , California 1.8 % 1.5 % 1.3 % 1.8 % 2.0 % 4.5 % 6.0 % 7.6 % 8.9 % 9.4 % + 7.6 % San Francisco , California 0.5 % 0.4 % 0.5 % 0.6 % 0.8 % 5.6 % 10.0 % 13.4 % 12.7 % 10.9 % + 10.4 % San Jose , California 1.0 % 0.6 % 0.5 % 0.4 % 0.4 % 0.6 % 1.0 % 2.5 % 4.6 % 4.7 % + 3.7 % Denver , Colorado 2.9 % 2.5 % 2.4 % 2.5 % 2.4 % 3.6 % 6.1 % 9.1 % 12.0 % 12.8 % + 9.9 % Washington , District of Columbia 31.1 % 28.5 % 25.1 % 27.1 % 28.2 % 35.0 % 53.9 % 71.1 % 70.3 % 65.8 % + 34.7 % Chicago , Illinois 1.8 % 2.0 % 4.1 % 6.9 % 8.2 % 13.6 % 22.9 % 32.7 % 39.8 % 39.1 % + 37.3 % Indianapolis , Indiana 9.4 % 9.3 % 11.0 % 12.1 % 13.2 % 15.0 % 20.6 % 18.0 % 21.8 % 22.6 % + 13.2 % Baltimore , Maryland 15.6 % 15.2 % 14.8 % 17.7 % 19.3 % 23.7 % 34.7 % 46.4 % 54.8 % 59.2 % + 43.6 % Boston , Massachusetts 2.1 % 2.0 % 2.2 % 2.6 % 3.1 % 5.0 % 9.1 % 16.3 % 22.4 % 25.6 % + 23.5 % Detroit , Michigan 1.4 % 1.2 % 4.1 % 7.7 % 9.2 % 16.2 % 28.9 % 43.7 % 63.1 % 75.7 % + 74.3 % Minneapolis , Minnesota 0.8 % 0.9 % 1.0 % 0.9 % 0.9 % 1.3 % 2.4 % 4.4 % 7.7 % 13.0 % + 12.2 % Kansas City , Missouri 10.7 % 9.5 % 9.5 % 9.6 % 10.4 % 12.2 % 17.5 % 22.1 % 27.4 % 29.6 % + 18.9 % St. Louis , Missouri 6.2 % 6.4 % 9.0 % 11.4 % 13.3 % 17.9 % 28.6 % 40.9 % 45.6 % 47.5 % + 41.3 % Buffalo , New York 0.5 % 0.4 % 0.9 % 2.4 % 3.1 % 6.3 % 13.3 % 20.4 % 26.6 % 30.7 % + 30.2 % New York City , New York 1.8 % 1.9 % 2.7 % 4.7 % 6.1 % 9.5 % 14.0 % 21.1 % 25.2 % 28.7 % + 26.9 % Cincinnati , Ohio 4.4 % 5.4 % 7.5 % 10.6 % 12.2 % 15.5 % 21.6 % 27.6 % 33.8 % 37.9 % + 33.5 % Cleveland , Ohio 1.6 % 1.5 % 4.3 % 8.0 % 9.6 % 16.2 % 28.6 % 38.3 % 43.8 % 46.6 % + 45.0 % Columbus , Ohio 6.5 % 7.0 % 9.4 % 11.3 % 11.7 % 12.4 % 16.4 % 18.5 % 22.1 % 22.6 % + 16.1 % Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 4.8 % 5.5 % 7.4 % 11.3 % 13.0 % 18.2 % 26.4 % 33.6 % 37.8 % 39.9 % + 35.1 % Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 5.3 % 4.8 % 6.4 % 8.2 % 9.3 % 12.2 % 16.7 % 20.2 % 24.0 % 25.8 % + 20.5 % Seattle , Washington 0.5 % 1.0 % 0.9 % 0.9 % 1.0 % 3.4 % 4.8 % 7.1 % 9.5 % 10.1 % + 9.6 % Milwaukee , Wisconsin 0.3 % 0.3 % 0.5 % 1.3 % 1.5 % 3.4 % 8.4 % 14.7 % 23.1 % 30.5 % + 30.2 % African - Americans as a Percentage of the Population By Large U.S. Cities ( Those With a Peak Population of 500,000 or More by 1990 ) Inside the Former Confederacy City 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 Change in % Ratio Between 1900 and 1990 Jacksonville , Florida 57.1 % 50.8 % 45.3 % 37.2 % 35.7 % 35.4 % 41.1 % 22.3 % 25.4 % 25.2 % - 31.9 % New Orleans , Louisiana 27.1 % 26.3 % 26.1 % 28.3 % 30.1 % 31.9 % 37.2 % 45.0 % 55.3 % 61.9 % + 34.8 % Memphis , Tennessee 48.8 % 40.0 % 37.7 % 38.1 % 41.5 % 37.2 % 37.0 % 38.9 % 47.6 % 54.8 % + 6.0 % Dallas , Texas 21.2 % 19.6 % 15.1 % 14.9 % 17.1 % 13.1 % 19.0 % 24.9 % 29.4 % 29.5 % + 8.3 % El Paso , Texas 2.9 % 3.7 % 1.7 % 1.8 % 2.3 % 2.4 % 2.1 % 2.3 % 3.2 % 3.4 % + 0.5 % Houston , Texas 32.7 % 30.4 % 24.6 % 21.7 % 22.4 % 20.9 % 22.9 % 25.7 % 27.6 % 28.1 % - 4.6 % San Antonio , Texas 14.1 % 11.1 % 8.9 % 7.8 % 7.6 % 7.0 % 7.1 % 7.6 % 7.3 % 7.0 % - 7.1 % A map of the black percentage of the U.S. population by each state / territory in 1900 . Black = 35.00 + % Brown = 20.00 - 34.99 % Red = 10.00 - 19.99 % Orange = 5.00 - 9.99 % Light orange = 1.00 - 4.99 % Gray = 0.99 % or less Magenta = No data available A map of the black percentage of the U.S. population by each state / territory in 1990 . Black = 35.00 + % Brown = 20.00 -- 34.99 % Red = 10.00 -- 19.99 % Orange = 5.00 -- 9.99 % Light orange = 1.00 -- 4.99 % Gray = 0.99 % or less Pink = No data available A map showing the black population percentage change by U.S. state between 1900 and 1990 . Light purple = Population decline Very light green = Population growth of 0.01 -- 9.99 % Light green = Population growth of 10.00 -- 99.99 % Green = Population growth of 100.00 -- 999.99 % Dark green = Population growth of 1,000.00 -- 9,999.99 % Very dark green / Black = Population growth of 10,000.00 % or more Gray = No data available See also ( edit ) African American portal Black Belt ( U.S. region ) White flight Exodusters Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Great Migration - Black History - HISTORY.com , History.com , retrieved April 9 , 2017 Jump up ^ Gibson , Campbell ; Jung , Kay ( September 2002 ) . HISTORICAL CENSUS STATISTICS ON POPULATION TOTALS BY RACE , 1790 TO 1990 , AND BY HISPANIC ORIGIN , 1970 TO 1990 , FOR THE UNITED STATES , REGIONS , DIVISIONS , AND STATES ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Population Division Working Papers. 56 . United States Census Bureau . ^ Jump up to : Taeuber , Karl E. ; Taeuber , Alma F. ( 1966 ) , `` The Negro Population in the United States '' , in Davis , John P. , The American Negro Reference Book , Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice Hall , p. 122 Jump up ^ `` The Second Great Migration '' , The African American Migration Experience , New York Public Library , retrieved January 17 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` The Second Great Migration '' , The African American Migration Experience , New York Public Library , retrieved March 23 , 2016 Jump up ^ Lemann , Nicholas ( 1991 ) . The Promised Land : The Great Black Migration and How It Changed America . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . p. 6 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 56004 - 3 . Jump up ^ William H. Frey , `` The New Great Migration : Black Americans ' Return to the South , 1965 -- 2000 '' , The Brookings Institution , May 2004 , pp. 1 -- 3 Archived 2013 - 06 - 17 at the Wayback Machine. , accessed 19 March 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Reniqua Allen ( July 8 , 2017 ) . `` Racism Is Everywhere , So Why Not Move South ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dan Bilefsky ( 2011 - 06 - 21 ) . `` For New Life , Blacks in City Head to South '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dave Sheingold via The Record ( February 27 , 2011 ) . `` North Jersey black families leaving for lure of new South '' . Charleston Gazette - Mail . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gregory , James N. ( 2009 ) `` The Second Great Migration : An Historical Overview , '' African American Urban History : The Dynamics of Race , Class and Gender since World War II , eds . Joe W. Trotter Jr. and Kenneth L. Kusmer . Chicago : University of Chicago Press , p. 22 . ^ Jump up to : Gregory , James N. ( 2005 ) The Southern Diaspora : How the Great Migrations of Black and White Southerners Transformed America . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , pp. 12 -- 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Great Migration : The African American Exodus from The South '' . Priceonomics . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ Exodus to Kansas : The 1880 Senate Investigation of the Beginnings of the African American Migration from the South Jump up ^ Broussard , Albert S. ( Spring 2011 ) . `` '' New Perspectives on Lynching , Race Riots , and Mob Violence. `` '' . Journal of American Ethnic History . 30 ( 3 ) : 71 -- 75 -- via EBSCO . ^ Jump up to : Chicago Commission on Race Relations . The Negro in Chicago : A Study in Race Relations and a Race Riot in 1919 . Chicago : U of Chicago P , 1922 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chicago Race Riot of 1919 . '' Encyclopedia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc. , n.d. Web . 20 May 2017. < https://www.britannica.com/event/Chicago-Race-Riot-of-1919 > . Jump up ^ `` Lynchings : By State and Race , 1882 - 1968 '' . University of Missouri - Kansas City School of Law . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 26 . Statistics provided by the Archives at Tuskegee Institute . ^ Jump up to : Hine , Darlene ; Hine , William ; Harrold , Stanley ( 2012 ) . African Americans : A Concise History ( 4th ed . ) . Boston : Pearson Education , Inc . pp. 388 -- 389 . ISBN 9780205806270 . Jump up ^ `` Review : The Warmth of Other Suns : The Epic Story of America 's Great Migration '' . Publishers Weekly . September 2010 . Retrieved 16 August 2015 . Jump up ^ www.sbctc.edu ( adapted ) . `` Module 1 : Introduction and Definitions '' ( PDF ) . Saylor.org . Retrieved 2 April 2012 . Jump up ^ HOLLAND COTTER , `` Jacob Lawrence Is Dead at 82 ; Vivid Painter Who Chronicled Odyssey of Black Americans '' , The New York Times , 10 June 2000 Jump up ^ David P. Szatmary , Rockin ' in Time , 8th ed . ( Upper Saddle River , NJ : Pearson , 2014 ) , p. 8 ^ Jump up to : Gregory ( 2005 ) , p. 18 . ^ Jump up to : Gibson , Campbell and Kay Jung ( September 2002 ) . Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race , 1790 to 1990 , and By Hispanic Origin , 1970 to 1990 , For The United States , Regions , Divisions , and States . Archived 2014 - 12 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . U.S. Bureau of the Census - Population Division . ^ Jump up to : James Gilbertlove , `` African Americans and the American Labor Movement '' , Prologue , Summer 1997 , Vol. 29 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Campbell ( June 1998 ) . Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States : 1790 to 1990 Archived 2007 - 03 - 14 at the Wayback Machine ... U.S. Bureau of the Census - Population Division . ^ Jump up to : Gibson , Campbell , and Kay Jung . `` Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals by Race , 1790 to 1990 , and by Hispanic Origin , 1970 to 1990 , for Large Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States . '' U.S. Census Bureau , February 2005 . Jump up ^ A Brief Look at The Bronx , Bronx Historical Society . Accessed September 23 , 2007 . Archived August 7 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Miller , Aurelia Toyer ( 1980 ) , `` The Social and Economic Status of the Black Population in the U.S. : An Historical View , 1790 -- 1978 '' , The Review of Black Political Economy , 10 ( 3 ) : 314 -- 318 Jump up ^ Ashenfelter , Orley ( 1970 ) , `` Changes in Labor Market Discrimination Over Time '' , The Journal of Human Resources , 5 ( 4 ) : 403 Jump up ^ Historical Statistics of the United States : From Colonial Times to 1957 , Washington , D.C. : U.S. Census Bureau , U.S. Government Printing Office , 1960 , p. 72 Jump up ^ Thernstrom , Stephan ; Thernstrom , Abigail ( 1997 ) , America in Black and White : One Nation , Indivisible , New York : Simon & Schuster , p. 232 Jump up ^ Gotham , Kevin Fox ( 2000 ) . `` Racialization and the State : The Housing Act of 1934 and the Creation of the Federal Housing Administration '' . Sociological Perspectives. 43 ( 2 ) : 291 -- 317 . JSTOR 1389798 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , TRC Wabash Jump up ^ Poe , Tracy N. ( 1999 ) . `` The Origins of Soul Food in Black Urban Identity : Chicago , 1915 - 1947 , '' American Studies International . XXXVII No. 1 ( February ) ^ Jump up to : ' Ruralizing ' the City : Theory , Culture , History , and Power in the Urban Environment Archived September 26 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Reich , Steven A. : The Great Black Migration : A Historical Encyclopedia of the American Mosaic Jump up ^ Anderson , Talmadge and Stewart , James Benjamin : Introduction to African American Studies : Transdisciplinary Approaches and Implications Jump up ^ Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race , 1790 to 1990 , and By Hispanic Origin , 1970 to 1990 , For The United States , Regions , Divisions , and States Archived 2014 - 12 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Black Population : 2000 Jump up ^ The Black Population : 2010 ^ Jump up to : Population Division Working Paper - Historical Census Statistics On Population Totals By Race , 1790 to 1990 , and By Hispanic Origin , 1970 to 1990 - U.S. Census Bureau Archived 2012 - 08 - 06 at WebCite ^ Jump up to : Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places In The United States : 1790 to 1990 Further reading ( edit ) Carl Zimmer , `` Tales of African - American History Found in DNA '' , New York Times , 27 May 2016 Arnesen , Eric ( 2002 ) . Black Protest and the Great Migration : A Brief History with Documents . Bedford : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 39129 - 3 . Baldwin , Davarian L. Chicago 's New Negroes : Modernity , the Great Migration , & Black Urban Life ( Univ of North Carolina Press , 2007 ) DeSantis , Alan D. `` Selling the American dream myth to black southerners : The Chicago Defender and the Great Migration of 1915 -- 1919 . '' Western Journal of Communication ( 1998 ) 62 # 4 pp : 474 - 511 . online Dove , Rita ( 1986 ) . Thomas and Beulah . Carnegie Mellon University Press . ISBN 0 - 88748 - 021 - 7 . Gregory , James N. ( 2007 ) . The Southern Diaspora : How the Great Migrations of Black and White Southerners Transformed America . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0807856517 . Grossman , James R. ( 1991 ) . Land of Hope : Chicago , Black Southerners , and the Great Migration . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 30995 - 9 . Holley , Donald . The Second Great Emancipation : The Mechanical Cotton Picker , Black Migration , and How They Shaped the Modern South ( University of Arkansas Press , 2000 ) Lemann , Nicholas ( 1991 ) . The Promised Land : The Great Black Migration and How It Changed America . Vintage Press . ISBN 0 - 679 - 73347 - 7 . Marks , Carole . Farewell -- We 're Good and Gone : the great Black migration ( Indiana Univ Press , 1989 ) Reich , Steven A. ed . The Great Black Migration : A Historical Encyclopedia of the American Mosaic ( 2014 ) , one - volume abridged version of 2006 three volume set ; Topical entries plus primary sources Rodgers , Lawrence Richard . Canaan Bound : The African - American Great Migration Novel ( University of Illinois Press , 1997 ) Sernett , Milton ( 1997 ) . Bound for the Promised Land : African Americans ' Religion and the Great Migration . Duke University Press . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 1993 - 4 . Scott , Emmett J. ( 1920 ) . Negro Migration during the War . Sernett , Milton C. Bound for the promised land : African American religion and the great migration ( Duke University Press , 1997 ) Tolnay , Stewart E. `` The African American '' Great Migration '' and Beyond . '' Annual Review of Sociology ( 2003 ) : 209 - 232 . in JSTOR Tolnay , Stewart E. `` The great migration and changes in the northern black family , 1940 to 1990 . '' Social Forces ( 1997 ) 75 # 4 pp : 1213 - 1238 . Trotter , Joe William , ed . The Great Migration in historical perspective : New dimensions of race , class , and gender ( Indiana University Press , 1991 ) Wilkerson , Isabel ( 2010 ) . The Warmth of Other Suns : The Epic Story of America 's Great Migration . Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 60407 - 5 . OCLC 741763572 . External links ( edit ) Schomburg Center 's In Motion : The African - American Migration Experience Up from the Bottoms : The Search for the American Dream , ( DVD on the GREAT MIGRATION ) George King , `` Goin ' to Chicago and African American ' Great Migrations ' '' , Southern Spaces , 2 December 2010 . West Chester University , Goin ' North : Stories from the First Great Migration to Philadelphia . African American topics History Atlantic slave trade Maafa Slavery in the United States Partus sequitur ventrem Free negro Reconstruction Era Military history of African Americans Jim Crow laws Redlining Great Migration Civil Rights Movement 1865 -- 95 / 1896 -- 1954 / 1954 -- 68 Black Power movement Second Great Migration Afrocentrism New Great Migration Post-Civil Rights era Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009 / Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013 Black Lives Matter Culture Art African - American names Black mecca Dance Film Juneteenth Kwanzaa Literature Music Musical theater Neighborhoods Sexual orientation Soul food Education , science and technology Black schools Black colleges and universities Museums African - American studies Inventors and scientists Women in computer science in medicine in STEM fields Religion Black church Black theology Doctrine of Father Divine American Society of Muslims Nation of Islam Black Hebrew Israelites Political movements Pan-Africanism Self - determination Nationalism Black Power Black fist Anarchism Capitalism Conservatism Populism Leftism Garveyism Civic and economic groups National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) Black Panther Party National Urban League ( NUL ) Rights organizations Association for the Study of African American Life and History ( ASALH ) Thurgood Marshall College Fund United Negro College Fund ( UNCF ) National Black Chamber of Commerce ( NBCC ) National Pan-Hellenic Council ( NPHC ) National Council of Negro Women ( NCNW ) Sports Negro league baseball Baseball color line Black players in professional American football African Americans in the Canadian Football League Black players in ice hockey Athletic associations and conferences Central ( CIAA ) Southern ( SIAC ) Mid-Eastern ( MEAC ) Southwestern ( SWAC ) Ethnic subdivisions Black Indians Gullah Fula Igbo Louisiana Creole ( of color ) Melungeon Yoruba Demographics Neighborhoods list U.S. cities with large populations 2000 majorities 2010 majorities Metropolitan areas Black Belt Languages English American English African - 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-9023124939900098018	Keira Knightley	Keira Knightley - wikipedia Keira Knightley Jump to : navigation , search Keira Knightley Knightley at the 68th Venice International Film Festival on 2 September 2011 Keira Christina Knightley ( 1985 - 03 - 26 ) 26 March 1985 ( age 32 ) Teddington , London , England Nationality British Occupation Actress Years active 1993 -- present Spouse ( s ) James Righton ( m . 2013 ) Children Parent ( s ) Will Knightley Sharman Macdonald Keira Christina Knightley ( / ˌkɪərə ˈnaɪtli / ; born 26 March 1985 ) is an English actress . She began acting as a child on television and made her film debut in 1995 . After having worked in supporting roles in various films , Knightley gained recognition with the comedy - drama Bend It Like Beckham in 2002 . She achieved international fame after landing the role of Elizabeth Swann in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series . One of the highest - paid actresses of Hollywood , Knightley has won an Empire Award , and has garnered multiple nominations for the Academy Award and Golden Globe Award . Knightley became known for starring in period dramas such as Pride & Prejudice ( 2005 ) , for which she earned nominations for the Academy Award for Best Actress and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress ; Atonement ( 2007 ) , for which she was nominated again for a Golden Globe ; Silk ( 2007 ) ; The Duchess ( 2008 ) ; A Dangerous Method ( 2011 ) ; and Anna Karenina ( 2012 ) . She has also appeared in a variety of other genres , including the romantic comedy Love Actually ( 2003 ) , as Guinevere in the historical action King Arthur ( 2004 ) , the psychological thriller The Jacket ( 2005 ) , biographical action Domino ( 2005 ) , the historical romantic drama The Edge of Love ( 2008 ) , the film noir London Boulevard ( 2010 ) , the dystopian science fiction Never Let Me Go ( 2010 ) , the romantic drama Last Night ( 2010 ) , and the dark comedy Seeking a Friend for the End of the World ( 2012 ) . In its 2008 list , Forbes identified Knightley as the second - highest - paid actress in Hollywood , with reported earnings of US $32 million in 2007 , making her the only non-American on the list of highest - paid actresses that year . In 2014 , she was nominated for a Golden Globe , a SAG , a BAFTA Award , and an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role in the historical drama The Imitation Game . In October 2015 , Knightley made her Broadway debut in the title role of Thérèse Raquin . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and background 2 Career 2.1 1993 -- 2002 : Career beginnings and breakthrough 2.2 2003 -- 07 : Worldwide recognition 2.3 2008 -- 10 : Transition into independent films 2.4 2011 -- present : Continued career and Broadway debut 2.4. 1 Upcoming projects 3 Personal life and off - screen work 4 Media image 5 Filmography 6 Theatre appearances 7 Music videos 8 Soundtrack appearances 9 Awards and nominations 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Early life and background ( edit ) Keira Christina Knightley was born on 26 March 1985 in Teddington , London , to the theatre actors Sharman Macdonald and Will Knightley . Her mother is of Scottish and Welsh descent , while her father is English . She was meant to be named `` Kira '' , after the Russian ice skater , Kira Ivanova , but her mother misspelled the name when she went to register her . Knightley has an elder brother , Caleb . Macdonald also worked as a playwright after her career as an actress came to an end . She introduced her children to theatre and ballet at an early age . This furthered Knightley 's interest in acting , and she requested an agent at the age of three . Knightley grew up in a modest household in Richmond , London , where she attended Stanley Junior School and Teddington School . At the age of six , she was diagnosed with ADHD and dyslexia but by the time she was eleven , with her parents ' support and much tuition , Knightley said : `` they deemed me to have got over dyslexia sufficiently '' . She is still a slow reader and can not sight - read . Knightley has noted that she was `` single - minded about acting '' during her childhood . Speaking of her fascination with acting , she has said : `` There was never anything else , I wanted to be a part of my parents ' world , even though I knew there are times when you 're unemployed '' . Knightley performed in a number of local amateur productions , which included After Juliet , written by her mother , and United States , written by her drama teacher , Ian McShane . She focused on art , history , and English literature while studying at the Esher College , but left after a year to pursue a full - time acting career . Career ( edit ) 1993 -- 2002 : career beginnings and breakthrough ( edit ) After getting an agent at the age of six , Knightley began working in commercials and small television roles . Her first on - screen appearance was in the 1993 television film , Royal Celebration . She then played Natasha Jordan , a young girl whose mother is involved in an extramarital affair , in the romantic drama A Village Affair ( 1995 ) . After having appeared in such roles in a spate of television films through the mid-to - late 1990s , including Innocent Lies ( 1995 ) , The Treasure Seekers ( 1996 ) , Coming Home ( 1998 ) , and Oliver Twist ( 1999 ) , Knightley landed the role of Sabé , Padmé Amidala 's handmaiden and decoy , in the 1999 science fiction blockbuster Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace . Her dialogue was dubbed over by Natalie Portman , who played Padmé . Knightley was cast in the role because of her close resemblance to Portman ; even the two actresses ' mothers had difficulty telling their daughters apart when they were in full makeup . In her first major role , the 2001 Walt Disney Productions feature film Princess of Thieves , Knightley played the daughter of Robin Hood . To prepare for the film , she trained for several weeks in archery , fencing and horse riding . During this time , Knightley also appeared in The Hole , a thriller that received a direct - to - video release in the United States . The film 's director Nick Hamm described her as `` a young version of Julie Christie '' . Knightley took on the role of Lara Antipova , in the miniseries adaptation of Doctor Zhivago . The series , co-starring Scottish actor Hans Matheson in the title role , first aired in 2002 to good reviews and high ratings . In the same year , Knightley took on the role of a pregnant drug addict in Gillies MacKinnon 's drama film Pure . Co-starring Molly Parker and Harry Eden , the film had its world premiere at the 2002 Toronto International Film Festival . In a retrospect review Carlo Cavagna of AboutFilm.com noted Knightley 's screen presence and wrote that though she , `` does n't have half of Parker 's ability ( ... ) , shines brightly in Pure '' . Despite having appeared in over a dozen film and television roles , Knightley struggled to get a breakthrough . That changed in 2002 , when she starred in Gurinder Chadha 's sports comedy film Bend It Like Beckham , which was a smash hit both in the UK and the United States , grossing over $76.6 million . It also surprised film critics who were laudatory of its `` charming '' and `` inspiring '' nature , social context and the cast 's performances . Knightley and her co-star Parminder Nagra , who played the central roles of aspiring footballers , attracted international attention for their performances in the film . To prepare for their roles , they underwent three months of extensive football training under the English football coach Simon Clifford . Knightley , who was initially skeptical of the project , went on to win the London Film Critics ' Circle for Best Newcomer and the Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Breakthrough Performance . In an interview with Tracy Smith she said , `` I remember telling friends I was doing this girls ' soccer movie ( ... ) And nobody thought that it was gon na be any good . '' Film critic James Berardinelli , who was largely laudatory of the film and the `` energetic and likable '' cast , noted that Knightley and Nagra brought , `` a lot of spirit to their instantly likable characters '' . 2003 -- 07 : worldwide recognition ( edit ) Following the success of Bend It Like Beckham , Knightley landed the role of Elizabeth Swann , in the 2003 American fantasy swashbuckler film Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl . The film , which was based on the Pirates of the Caribbean attraction at Disney theme parks , saw Knightley , Orlando Bloom , and Johnny Depp play the roles of 18th century pirates . Despite boasting the names of Hollywood stars like Depp and Bloom and a hefty $135 million budget , Pirates was not the most anticipated release of the year , and was expected to fail at the box - office . Knightley herself was not optimistic about its prospects : `` I remember being on set just sort of going , ' OK , what is this ? Is this any good ? '' However , contrary to the expectations , the film opened at no . 1 on the box - office , and went to become one of the highest grossing productions of the year , with the worldwide collections of $654 million . Knightley appeared in the $247 million grossing British romantic comedy Love Actually . The film had an ensemble cast , including her childhood idol Emma Thompson among others . The film opened in November 2003 to positive critical reception . Knightley 's sole release of 2004 was the historical film King Arthur , where she played the role of a warrior and the wife of the titlular character , Guinevere . To prepare for the role she took boxing , fighting , archery and horse - riding lessons for three months . Although the film garnered unfavorable reviews , Knightley 's stature as a performer grew ; she was voted by the readers of Hello magazine as the industry 's most promising teen star ahead of Scarlett Johansson , and featured in Time magazine 's article stating that she seemed dedicated to develop herself as a serious actress rather than a film star . Knightley appeared in three films in 2005 , the first of which was the psychological thriller The Jacket , co-starring Adrien Brody . In a mixed review for Empire , Kim Newman wrote that the role was unlike the ones that Knighley had previously taken up : `` Knightley , getting out of period gear and talking American , tries to broaden her range and is arguably well - cast '' . She next played the title character in Tony Scott 's French - American action film Domino , based on the life of Domino Harvey . The film 's release was delayed on multiple occasions , and upon its eventual release in November , it garnered negative reviews from film critics and poor box - office collections . Knightley 's most successful release of the year was Pride & Prejudice , a period drama based on Jane Austen 's novel of the same name . Knightley , who admired the book from a young age , said of her character , `` The beauty of Elizabeth is that every woman who ever reads the book seems to recognise herself , with all her faults and imperfections . '' Upon release , the film became a huge commercial success with total collections of around US $120 million worldwide , and garnered positive reviews from critics . Derek Elley of Variety wrote highly of her performance and screen presence : `` Looking every bit a star , Knightley , who 's shown more spirit than acting smarts so far in her career really steps up to the plate here '' . He regarded her `` luminous strength '' to be reminiscent of a young Audrey Hepburn . Knightley earned a Golden Globe and an Oscar nomination for her performance , becoming the third - youngest nominee for the latter . BAFTA 's failure to provide her with a nomination drew criticism from the film 's producer Tim Bevan . Knightley was invited to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences , among other artists in 2006 . She reprised her role as Elizabeth Swann in the second and third releases of the Pirates of the Caribbean series . The two sequels were conceived in 2004 , with the writers Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio developing a story arc that would span both films . Filming for both the projects took place in 2005 , with the Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest , being released in July 2006 . With the worldwide collections of $1.066 billion , it became the biggest financial hit in Knightley 's career . The third installment in the series , Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End , was released in May , the following year . Knightley 's continued association with period dramas yielded varying results , as seen with two of her 2007 releases , Francois Girard 's Silk , and Joe Wright 's Atonement , the feature film adaptations of the novels by Alessandro Baricco and Ian McEwan respectively . While the former project failed at the box office , the latter became a critical and commercial success . Knightley garnered widespread acclaim and such accolades as the BAFTA and a nomination for the Golden Globes for her portrayal of Cecilia Tallis , the elder of the two Tallis sisters . In preparing for the film , where she was seen opposite James McAvoy , she studied the `` naturalism '' of the performance as seen in the films from 1930s and 1940s , such as In Which We Serve ( 1942 ) and Brief Encounter ( 1945 ) . Critic Richard Roeper was puzzled by both Knightley 's and McAvoy 's Academy Award snubs , stating `` I thought McAvoy and Knightley were superb . '' 2008 -- 10 : transition into Independent films ( edit ) Knightley appeared alongside Sienna Miller , Cillian Murphy and Matthew Rhys in John Maybury 's 2008 wartime drama The Edge of Love . The film had her play the role of Vera Williams , a childhood friend of Welsh poet Dylan Thomas and his wife Caitlin Macnamara . Sharman Macdonald , wrote the screenplay with Knightley ( her daughter ) as Macnamara in her mind . After Knightley was signed to portray Williams , the character 's role was increased with the film focusing on her romance and marriage with a British soldier . She based her performance on Marlene Dietrich , and was to mime to her prerecorded voice , prior to being told by Maybury to sing live . Knightley initially felt embarrassed while singing live : `` I was shaking like a leaf '' , but eventually went through with the plan . Upon release , the film became a moderate critical and commercial success . Knightley 's performance and singing abilities were praised by such film citics as Ray Bennett who wrote ; `` the film belongs to the women , with Knightley going from strength to strength ( and showing she can sing ! ) '' . Knightley then starred as the 18th - century English aristocrat Georgiana Cavendish , Duchess of Devonshire in Saul Dibb 's widely praised period drama The Duchess ( 2008 ) , based on the best - selling biographical novel , Georgiana , Duchess of Devonshire by Amanda Foreman . Knightley garnered largely positive reviews for her performance in the film from critics , with The Epoch Times praising her range in the film writing , `` she not only perfectly portrays a witty and feminine Georgiana ( ... ) , but also a caring mother , and an abandoned woman . '' The following year , she was nominated for a BIFA Award for Best Actress for her performance . A film adaptation of William Shakespeare 's tragedy King Lear set to star Knightley and Anthony Hopkins was cancelled due to recession . Knightley made her West End debut with Martin Crimp 's version of Molière 's comedy The Misanthrope . Starring Knightley , Damian Lewis , Tara Fitzgerald and Dominic Rowan , the play was staged at London 's Comedy Theatre in December 2009 . The Daily Telegraph described her performance as revealing `` both power and poignancy '' and The Independent called her performance `` not only strikingly convincing but , at times , rather thrilling in its satiric aplomb . '' The Guardian , however , noted that due to the nature of the role `` one could say that she is not unduly stretched . '' In recognition of her theatre debut , Knightley was nominated for the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role in the play . Knightley also received an Evening Standard Award nomination ( longlist ) for the Natasha Richardson Award for Best Actress . In 2010 , Knightley appeared in Massy Tadjedin 's romantic drama Last Night , in which she co-starred with Eva Mendes , Sam Worthington and Guillaume Canet . The same year , Knightley completed work on an adaptation of Kazuo Ishiguro 's dystopian novel Never Let Me Go with Andrew Garfield and Carey Mulligan . Filming took place in Norfolk and Clevedon in Somerset . Also in 2010 , she starred in London Boulevard with Colin Farrell , written by William Monahan , and appeared in a video installation by artist Stuart Pearson Wright titled Maze . 2011 -- present : continued career and Broadway debut ( edit ) Knightley at the TIFF premiere of A Dangerous Method in 2011 Knightley starred in a 2011 revival of The Children 's Hour by Lillian Hellman at the Comedy Theatre in London . Knightley 's only film of 2011 was David Cronenberg 's historical drama A Dangerous Method , co-starring Viggo Mortensen , Michael Fassbender and Vincent Cassel . Based on writer Christopher Hampton 's 2002 stage play The Talking Cure and set on the eve of World War I , the film depicts the turbulent relationships between fledgling psychiatrist Carl Jung , his mentor Sigmund Freud and Sabina Spielrein . Spielrein , the troubled but beautiful young psychoanalyst who comes between Jung and Freud , is played by Knightley . The costume film premiered at the 68th Venice International Film Festival to a positive reception , while Knightley earned generally favourable reviews by critics , Andrew O'Hehir of Salon.com noting her `` the real star of this film '' . Knightley co-starred with Steve Carell in the 2012 comedy drama Seeking a Friend for the End of the World . Later that year , she reunited with director Joe Wright to film their third production together , Anna Karenina , in which she starred as the title character . She deemed her collaboration with Wright as the most important of her career . Knightley garnered positive reviews for her performance , prompting early Oscar buzz . The 2013 Toronto Film Festival saw the release of Knightley 's first musical film Begin Again with Mark Ruffalo . The film , which was directed by John Carney , had its theatrical release in 2014 . Knightley had never sung professionally prior to the project ; to prepare for the role of a singer - songwriter , she trained with a vocal coach and learned how to play a guitar . Carney later repeatedly criticised Knightley 's performance in the film ; stating that she was not convincing enough in portraying a singer - songwriter and continuously describing her as a `` model '' rather than an actress . He later apologised to her on Twitter for his comments . Knightley revealed in July that music does n't `` sink in '' for her , and she is more interested in books and drama . Later that year , she appeared in Karl Lagerfeld 's short period film Once Upon a Time ... 2014 , for Knightley , began with the spy thriller Jack Ryan : Shadow Recruit alongside Chris Pine . It was based on novelist Tom Clancy 's fictional character Jack Ryan and was the fifth film in the Jack Ryan film series . The film received mixed critical reviews nonetheless strong box - office response . Knightley 's next film Laggies ( 2014 ) , premiered at the 2014 Sundance Film Festival prior to its US general - release on 24 October . A romantic comedy also starring Chloë Grace Moretz and Sam Rockwell , the film follows the life of Megan ( played by Knightley ) , a 28 year old underachiever going through a quarter - life crisis . Laggies opened to mostly positive reviews from critics , with Knightley 's performance being chiefly praised by critics . Inkoo Kaang of TheWrap wrote of her `` delightfully uncouth '' performance : `` she 's a loose - limbed revelation as a pretty - but - normal - looking woman who just ca n't take things seriously enough to pull her life together . '' It was followed by her appearance in Morten Tyldum 's historical drama The Imitation Game , a film based on the British mathematician Alan Turing ( played by Benedict Cumberbatch ) . Knightley portrayed cryptanalyst and numismatist Joan Clarke , who decrypted German intelligence codes for the British government during World War II with Turing . The Imitation Game became a critical and commercial success grossing over $233.6 million . For her performance , Knightley received her second Academy Award nomination , for Best Supporting Actress . Though Lady Jean Forde , who worked with Clarke and Turing at that time felt Knightley was `` too beautiful '' to play Clarke and said : `` She ( Clarke ) was nothing like Keira '' . Knightley 's sole release of 2015 was as part of the ensemble cast in the biographical disaster film Everest . The film was based on the 1996 Mount Everest disaster with Knightley portraying mountaineer Rob Hall 's wife . Everest opened to mixed review from critics . In October 2015 , Knightley made her Broadway debut playing the title role in Helen Edmundson 's adaptation of Émile Zola 's Thérèse Raquin at Studio 54 . Her performance received positive reviews . Alexandra Villarreal of The Huffington Post wrote : `` She fumes , and rages , and withdraws , and you can watch her psychological evolution from stifled wife to impassioned mistress to haunted murderer '' . Knightley then starred in the ensemble drama Collateral Beauty ( 2016 ) , alongside Will Smith , Edward Norton , Helen Mirren , and Kate Winslet . The film received overwhelmingly negative reviews , and earned the cast a Razzie nomination . Despite previously stating on a number of occasions that she would never return to the Pirates of the Caribbean film series , Knightley reprised her role of Elizabeth Swann with a cameo appearance in 2017 's Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales . Upcoming projects ( edit ) In 2016 it was announced that Knightley will play the Sugar Plum Fairy in an adaptation of The Nutcracker titled The Nutcracker and the Four Realms , directed by Lasse Hallström . Knightley is set to star alongside Alexander Skarsgård in The Aftermath , a film adaption of the novel by Rhidian Brook . Personal life and off - screen work ( edit ) Knightley began dating actor Del Synnott in 2001 , having met him during the filming of Princess of Thieves . The couple parted ways in 2003 , and Knightley then dated model and actor Jamie Dornan from 2003 to 2005 , and her Pride & Prejudice co-star Rupert Friend from 2005 until December 2010 . Knightley has been in a relationship with musician James Righton , of Klaxons , since February 2011 . They were married on 4 May 2013 , in Mazan , Vaucluse . The couple have a daughter named Edie , who was born in London on May 26 , 2015 . Knightley went on a sabbatical in 2006 , suggesting that she wanted to take some time off acting to travel and focus on her personal life . Speaking to the press in July 2014 , she explained that it felt like she had reached the end of the first stage of her career , and the 2014 film Begin Again was like `` it 's beginning again . '' Knightley identifies as an atheist . In 2007 , Knightley sued the Daily Mail for publishing an article about whether she has anorexia or other eating disorder . Knightley won the lawsuit , and was awarded £ 3,000 ( $6,000 ) in damages . She added to this amount and donated a total of £ 6,000 ( $12,000 ) to Beat , a charity for those who suffer mental illness and eating disorders . Knightley at the premiere of Atonement in 2007 A 41 - year - old man was charged with harassment in February 2010 after trying to contact the actress on several occasions outside the Comedy Theatre in London , where she appeared in the play The Misanthrope . The subsequent trial folded after the actress was unavailable to testify in court . Another man was sentenced to eight weeks in prison after harassing Knightley outside her home and stalking her in December 2016 . Knightley is the face of an Amnesty International campaign to support human rights , marking the 60th anniversary of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights . In 2004 , she travelled to Ethiopia alongside Richard Curtis , Sanjeev Bhaskar and Julian Metcalfe on behalf of the Comic Relief charity . She posed for photos for WaterAid in 2005 and also for the American Library Association 's `` Read '' campaign ( a promotional poster of Pride & Prejudice ) . The dress she wore to the 2006 Academy Awards was donated to the charity Oxfam , where it raised £ 4,300 . In April 2009 , Knightley appeared in a video to raise awareness of domestic abuse entitled Cut shot for Women 's Aid . The video created controversy , with some sources calling it too graphic , while other groups support the video for showing a realistic depiction of domestic violence . In November 2010 , Knightley became patron of the SMA Trust , a British charity that funds medical research into the disease spinal muscular atrophy . For International Women 's Day 2014 , Knightley was one of the artist signatories of Amnesty International 's letter to British Prime Minister David Cameron , in which the organisation campaigned for women 's rights in Afghanistan . In July 2014 Knightley travelled to South Sudan on behalf of Oxfam to meet refugees of the South Sudanese Civil War and raise awareness of the conflict . In May 2016 , Knightley signed a letter imploring Britain to vote `` remain '' in the forthcoming UK EU Referendum . The letter was also signed by John Le Carre , Benedict Cumberbatch and Danny Boyle among others . Later , she appeared in a video aimed at encouraging younger people to vote in the Referendum . On 12 September 2016 , Knightley , as well as Cate Blanchett , Chiwetel Ejiofor , Peter Capaldi , Douglas Booth , Neil Gaiman , Jesse Eisenberg , Juliet Stevenson , Kit Harington , and Stanley Tucci , featured in a video from the United Nations ' refugee agency UNHCR to help raise awareness to the global refugee crisis . The video , titled `` What They Took With Them '' , has the actors reading a poem , written by Jenifer Toksvig and inspired by primary accounts of refugees , and is part of UNHCR 's # WithRefugees campaign , of which also includes a petition to governments to expand asylum to provide further shelter , integrating job opportunities , and education . In September 2016 , Knightley co-hosted A Night to Remember , part of the Green Carpet Challenge , a charity event highlighting sustainability within the fashion industry . In September 2017 , Knightley traded stocks on behalf of the spinal muscular atrophy charity SMA Trust as part of the BGC Charity Day which was set up to commemorate the stockbrokers who were killed during the 9 / 11 terror attacks . Media image ( edit ) Knightley at the 62nd British Academy Film Awards in 2008 Knightley has been described by media outlets as `` famously open with media '' , although she herself has stated the contrary : `` I do n't talk about my private life . '' In a 2004 BBC poll , Knightley was named among the most influential people in British culture . Knightley has been listed as one of the 100 Sexiest Women in the World by FHM on multiple occasions . She made her first appearance on the list in 2004 , and was named `` the sexiest woman in the world '' in 2006 . She was included in every subsequent issue up until 2009 . She was a part of the American editions of the list from 2004 to 2006 , and was also placed ninth on Maxim 's Hot 100 list in 2006 . Knightley was the celebrity face for the luxury goods brand Asprey , Shiatzy Chen as well as Lux haircare products in Japanese television commercials . In April 2006 , she was confirmed as the new celebrity face of Chanel 's perfume Coco Mademoiselle , though the first photo from the campaign was not released until May 2007 . She appeared nude , along with Scarlett Johansson , on the cover of Vanity Fair in March 2006 . Knightley has appeared in television commercials for Chanel directed by Joe Wright since 2007 and has endorsed Chanel Fine Jewelry 's collection Coco Crush . Knightley received media attention for her perspectives on feminism , voiced in an interview for Harper 's Bazaar UK published in the February 2014 edition . Knightley explained that female artists face greater hurdles in the film industry compared to their male counterparts , and also revealed that she was perplexed by the use of `` feminist '' in a derogatory sense : `` Somehow , it ( feminism ) became a dirty word . I thought it was really weird for a long time , and I think it 's great that we 're coming out of that . '' Knightley posed topless for the September 2014 issue of Interview , on the condition that she not be photoshopped , to draw attention to how `` women 's bodies are a battleground and photography is partly to blame . '' Filmography ( edit ) List of film performances Year Title Role Notes 1995 Innocent Lies Young Celia 1999 Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace Sabé ( Decoy Queen ) 2001 Deflation Jogger Short film Hole , The The Hole Frances `` Frankie '' Almond Smith 2002 Thunderpants Music school student Uncredited Pure Louise Bend It Like Beckham Juliette `` Jules '' Paxton New Year 's Eve Leah Short film Seasons Alter , The The Seasons Alter Helena Short film 2003 Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl Elizabeth Swann Love Actually Juliet Gaijin Kate ( voice only ) Short film King Arthur Guinevere 2005 Jacket , The The Jacket Jackie Domino Domino Harvey Pride & Prejudice Elizabeth Bennet 2006 Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest Elizabeth Swann 2007 Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Atonement Cecilia Tallis Silk Hélène Joncour 2008 Edge of Love , The The Edge of Love Vera Phillips Duchess , The The Duchess Georgiana Cavendish , Duchess of Devonshire 2009 The Continuing and Lamentable Saga of the Suicide Brothers Fairy , The The Fairy Short film Never Let Me Go Ruth C . Maze Constance Video installation Last Night Joanna Reed Steve Woman Short film London Boulevard Charlotte 2011 Dangerous Method , AA Dangerous Method Sabina Spielrein 2012 Seeking a Friend for the End of the World Penelope Lockhart Anna Karenina Anna Arkadyevna Karenina 2013 Once Upon a Time ... Gabrielle Chanel Short film Begin Again Gretta 2014 Jack Ryan : Shadow Recruit Cathy Muller Laggies Megan Imitation Game , The The Imitation Game Joan Clarke 2015 Everest Jan Hall 2016 Collateral Beauty Amy 2017 Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Elizabeth Swann - Turner Cameo appearance 2018 Colette Colette Post-production The Aftermath Rachael Morgan Post-production The Nutcracker and the Four Realms The Sugar Plum Fairy Post-production Berlin , I Love You TBA Filming List of television performances Year Title Role Notes Screen One Little Girl Episode : `` Royal Celebration '' 1995 Village Affair , AA Village Affair Natasha Jordan Television film Bill , The The Bill Sheena Rose Episode : `` Swan Song '' The Treasure Seekers The Princess Movie 1998 Coming Home Young Judith Dunbar Movie 1999 Oliver Twist Rose Fleming Miniseries 2001 Princess of Thieves Gwyn Movie 2002 Doctor Zhivago Lara Antipova Miniseries 2007 Robbie the Reindeer in Close Encounters of the Herd Kind Em ( voice ) Short film 2011 Neverland Tinker Bell ( voice ) Miniseries 2017 Red Nose Day Actually Juliet Television short film List of radio and video game performances Year Title Role Notes 1999 Villette Polly Radio 2003 Pirates of the Caribbean Narrator Video game Theatre appearances ( edit ) Year Production Theatre Role Notes 2009 -- 10 The Misanthrope Comedy Theatre , London Jennifer ( Célimène ) West End debut 2011 The Children 's Hour Comedy Theatre , London Karen Wright 2015 Thérèse Raquin Roundabout Theatre Company , New York City Thérèse Raquin Broadway debut Music videos ( edit ) Year Title Artist ( s ) Role Director ( s ) 2017 Let Her Love In Shock Machine ( James Righton ) The Girl with the Pink Dress James Righton Soundtrack appearances ( edit ) Year Album Track ( s ) 2007 Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( soundtrack ) `` Hoist the Colours '' 2008 The Edge of Love ( Music from the Original Motion Picture ) `` Overture / Blue Tahitian Moon '' ( feat . Angelo Badalamenti ) `` After the Bombing / Hang Out the Stars in Indiana '' ( feat . Angelo Badalamenti ) `` Drifting and Dreaming '' ( feat . Angelo Badalamenti ) `` Maybe It 's Because I Love You Too Much '' ( feat . Angelo Badalamenti ) 2014 Begin Again ( Music from and Inspired by the Original Motion Picture ) `` Tell Me If You Wanna Go Home '' `` Lost Stars '' `` Like a Fool '' `` Coming Up Roses '' `` A Step You Ca n't Take Back '' `` Tell Me If You Wanna Go Home ( Rooftop Mix ) '' ( feat . Hailee Steinfeld ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) Knightley has been nominated twice for an Academy Award ; in 2006 for Best Actress for Pride & Prejudice and in 2015 for Best Supporting Actress for The Imitation Game . Year Association Work Result 2002 Empire Awards Best Newcomer The Hole Nominated 2003 London Film Critics ' Circle Best Newcomer ( tied with Martin Compston ) Bend It Like Beckham Won Online Film Critics Society Best Breakthrough Performance Won Irish Film & Television Academy Best International Actress Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl , King Arthur Won Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Chemistry ( shared with Orlando Bloom ) Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl Won Choice Movie : Liplock ( shared with Orlando Bloom ) Won Empire Awards Best British Actress Nominated MTV Movie Awards Best Breakthrough Performance -- Female Nominated Saturn Awards Best Supporting Actress Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Performance by a Male or Female Actor in an Effects Film Nominated Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Best Ensemble Love Actually Won 2005 Empire Awards Best British Actress King Arthur Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Actress : Action Nominated British Independent Film Awards Variety Award Won 2006 Dallas -- Fort Worth Film Critics Association Best Actress ( 2nd place ) Pride & Prejudice Won National Society of Film Critics Best Actress ( 2nd place ) Won Academy Awards Best Actress Nominated Chicago Film Critics Association Best Actress Nominated Critics ' Choice Movie Awards Best Actress Nominated Empire Awards Best Actress Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Actress -- Motion Picture Drama Nominated London Film Critics ' Circle British Actress of the Year Nominated Online Film Critics Society Best Actress Nominated Satellite Awards Best Actress -- Drama Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Actress : Action / Drama Nominated Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Best Actress Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Hissy Fit Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest Won Choice Movie : Liplock ( shared with Orlando Bloom ) Won Choice Movie : Scream Won Choice Movie Actress : Action / Drama Nominated 2007 People 's Choice Awards Favorite On - Screen Match - Up ( shared with Johnny Depp ) Won Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Female Movie Star Nominated Empire Awards Best Actress Nominated MTV Movie Awards Best Performance Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Actress : Action Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Won 2008 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Actress Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite Female Action Star Won Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Actress : Drama Atonement Won Golden Globe Awards Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Drama Nominated British Academy Film Awards Best Actress in a Leading Actress Nominated British Independent Film Awards Best Performance by an Actress in a British Independent Film The Duchess Nominated 2009 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Female Movie Star Nominated British Independent Film Awards Best Supporting Actress Never Let Me Go Nominated Saturn Awards Best Supporting Actress Nominated Best Supporting Actress A Dangerous Method Nominated Laurence Olivier Awards Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role The Misanthrope Nominated Evening Standard Theatre Awards Natasha Richardson Award for Best Actress Nominated 2011 Empire Awards Empire Hero Award Won 2012 Satellite Awards Best Actress -- Motion Picture Anna Karenina Nominated 2013 CinEuphoria Awards Best Actress -- International Competition Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite Dramatic Movie Actress Nominated European Film Awards European Actress Nominated Alliance of Women Film Journalists Best Depiction of Nudity , Sexuality , or Seduction ( shared with Aaron Taylor - Johnson ) Nominated Most Egregious Age Difference Between the Leading Man and the Love Interest ( shared with Steve Carell ) Seeking a Friend for the End of the World Nominated 2014 Brasov International Film Festival & Market Best Actress Anna Karenina Won Awards Circuit Community Awards Best Actress in a Leading Role Begin Again Nominated International Online Cinema Awards ( INOCA ) Best Actress Nominated Hollywood Film Awards Best Supporting Actress The Imitation Game Won BIFA Awards Actress in a British Independent Film Nominated Dallas -- Fort Worth Film Critics Association Best Supporting Actress Nominated Phoenix Critics Circle Best Supporting Actress Nominated Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards Best Actress in a Supporting Role Won Satellite Awards Best Supporting Actress -- Motion Picture Nominated San Diego Film Critics Society Best Ensemble Nominated Best Supporting Actress Nominated St. Louis Film Critics Association Best Supporting Actress Nominated 2015 Australian Film Institute Best Supporting Actress Nominated Empire Awards Best Actress Nominated Houston Film Critics Society Best Supporting Actress Nominated AACTA International Awards Best Supporting Actress Nominated North Carolina Film Critics Association Best Supporting Actress Nominated Central Ohio Film Critics Association Best Supporting Actress Nominated Palm Springs International Film Festival Ensemble Cast Won Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actress -- Motion Picture Nominated Critics ' Choice Movie Awards Best Acting Ensemble Nominated Best Supporting Actress Nominated Best Song `` Lost Stars '' Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture The Imitation Game Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role Nominated British Academy Film Awards Best Actress in a Supporting Role Nominated Academy Awards Best Supporting Actress Nominated London Film Critics ' Circle British Actress of the Year Begin Again , The Imitation Game , Laggies Nominated Jupiter Award Best International Actress Begin Again Won 2016 Harper 's Bazaar Women of the Year Theater Icon Award Won 2017 Teen Choice Awards Choice : Lip Lock ( shared with Orlando Bloom ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Nominated Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Knightley 's drama teacher , Ian McShane , is not to be confused with actor Ian McShane . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brown , Mark ( 2 September 2011 ) . `` Venice film festival 2011 : Keira Knightley talks costume drama '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . - `` Keira Knightley loves period films , hates corsets '' . MSNBC. 16 September 2008 . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ The Press Association ( 24 July 2008 ) . `` Diaz top earning Hollywood actress '' . Somerset County Gazette . Retrieved 20 October 2008 . - Elsworth , Catherine ( 24 July 2008 ) . `` Keira Knightley is highest earning British Hollywood star on Forbes list '' . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved 20 October 2008 . - Jen , McDonnell ( 11 September 2008 ) . `` Will Smith , Mike Myers highest earners '' . The Gazette . Archived from the original on 15 March 2009 . Retrieved 20 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Keria Knightley -- '' . Biography Today . Omnigraphics , Inc. 16 ( 2 ) : 82 . 2007 . ISSN 1058 - 2347 . - `` Keira Knightley '' . Voguepedia . Conde Naste. 2014 . Retrieved 10 January 2014 . - `` Monitor '' . Entertainment Weekly ( 1252 ) : 30 . 29 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Utichi , Joe ( 20 June 2008 ) . `` Keira Knightley On Welsh Accents and Life After Pirates '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 20 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Keira 's year : Oscars , babies & Chanel '' . ELLE UK . 28 January 2015 . Retrieved 13 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Picardie , Justine ( 2 September 2007 ) . `` Keira Knightley : a not so serious player '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Archived from the original on 5 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` My daughter Keira Knightley '' . The Independent . 8 November 2008 . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Andrew . `` Shining Knightley '' . Elle . Retrieved 20 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Keira Knightley biography '' . Bio . Archived from the original on 2 June 2012 . Retrieved 23 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Macnab , Geoffrey ( 7 January 2012 ) . `` Keira Knightley : ' Sometimes I just sit on the bathroom floor and burst into tears ' '' . Independent . London . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . She was six at the time her condition was noticed ... Through constant tutoring and the intervention of her parents , she was able to overcome the condition . ' I am a slow reader ... By the time I was 11 , they deemed me to have got over it sufficiently . ' She still ca n't sight - read , though . Jump up ^ Abel , Judy ( 6 November 2005 ) . `` Tough enough '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 25 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Button , Simon ( 2 February 2014 ) . `` Keira Knightley : ' I do n't want to be a stay - at - home mother ' '' . Daily Express . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Biography Today , p . 84 Jump up ^ Biography Today , pp. 83 -- 84 Jump up ^ Buchanan , Jason . `` Keira Knightley '' . MSN Movies . Retrieved 17 March 2006 . Jump up ^ Biography Today , p. 85 Jump up ^ `` Hole , The : Production Notes '' . Cinema.com . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Keira Knightley '' . Sunday Herald . Jump up ^ `` Pure ( 2002 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Cavagna , Carlo . `` Pure '' . AboutFilm.com . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Dana ( 12 April 2017 ) . `` 18 Winning Facts About Bend It Like Beckham '' . Mental Floss . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bend It Like Beckham ( 2003 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Goodacre , Kate ( 22 March 2015 ) . `` Bend It Like Beckham : Where are the cast of the 2002 box office hit now ? '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' Bend It Like Beckham `` '' . CBS News . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James . `` Bend it Like Beckham ( United States / United Kingdom / Germany , 2002 ) '' . Reelviews . Retrieved 30 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 20 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Nasahwaty , Chris ( 25 July 2003 ) . `` Box Office Buccaneer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' Pirates of the Caribbean `` '' . CBS News . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl '' . BoxOfficeMojo . Retrieved 20 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Love Actually '' . boxofficemojo.com . Archived from the original on 2 April 2014 . Retrieved 30 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Biography Today , p. 88 Jump up ^ `` Love Actually ( 2003 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 30 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` King Arthur ( 2004 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 20 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` In Step With : Kiera Knightley '' . Parade Magazine . 13 June 2004 . Archived from the original on 23 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Keira beats Scarlett in our talented teen poll '' . Hello ! Magazine . 13 July 2004 . Retrieved 13 July 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Keira 's Quest '' . TIME Magazine . 5 July 2004 . Retrieved 24 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Jacket ( 2005 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 20 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Newman , Kim ( 14 October 2015 ) . `` The Jacket Review '' . Empire ( film magazine ) . Retrieved 30 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Domino ( 2005 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 20 October 2008 . - Gray , Brandon ( 17 October 2005 ) . `` ' Fog ' Tops Soggy Weekend '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 30 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pride and Prejudice ( 2005 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 20 October 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Biography Today , p. 90 Jump up ^ `` Pride and Prejudice '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 20 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Elley , Derek ( 11 September 2005 ) . `` Pride & Prejudice '' . Variety . Retrieved 18 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Nominees : Keira Knightley '' . CBS News . 15 February 2006 . Retrieved 20 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bevan Proud for Knightley After BAFTA Snub '' . IMDb . WENN. 11 February 2006 . Retrieved 20 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Unger , Leslie ( 5 July 2006 ) . `` Academy Invites 120 to Membership '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on 28 April 2008 . Retrieved 20 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Keira Knightley '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 20 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Keira Knightley 's ' Atonement ' for Focus Features '' . KillerMovies. 30 June 2006 . Retrieved 25 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Behind - the - Scenes of ' Atonement ' '' . Wild About Movies . Archived from the original on 29 December 2007 . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( 20 February 2008 ) . `` Live Oscar Chat with Richard Roeper '' . Ebert & Roeper . Buena Vista Entertainment . Archived from the original on 28 May 2008 . Retrieved 20 October 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Interview : Keira Knightley hits a high note in her latest role '' . The Independent . London . 19 June 2012 . Retrieved 20 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Edge of Love -- Movie Reviews , Trailers , Pictures '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 20 November 2012 . - `` The Edge of Love '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 20 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars contenders break loose at the Toronto Film Festival '' . Los Angeles Times . 9 September 2008 . Retrieved 20 October 2008 . - Bennett , Ray ( 17 June 2008 ) . `` Film Review : The Edge of Love '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Amanda Foreman , Historian and Author of Georgiana , Duchess of Devonshire '' . Amanda-foreman.com . Retrieved 20 October 2008 . - `` 2008 Fall Movie Guide : Preview : The Duchess '' . Entertainment Weekly , Issue # 1007 / 1008 . Time Inc. 29 August 2008 . p. 50 . Retrieved 2 October 2008 . - `` The Duchess -- Movie Reviews , Trailers , Pictures '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 20 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Louk , Lidia . `` Keira Knightley Shines in Premiere of Duchess '' . The Epoch Times . Archived from the original on 13 August 2012 . Retrieved 20 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Awards for Keira Knightley '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 20 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Planned Keira Knightley version of King Lear cancelled '' . The Telegraph . Jump up ^ Keira Knightley in The Misanthrope at the Comedy Theatre , review The Daily Telegraph ( London ) , 17 December 2009 - `` First Night : The Misanthrope , Comedy Theatre , London '' . The Independent . London . 18 December 2009 . Retrieved 7 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Michael Billington ( 18 December 2009 ) . `` The Misanthrope '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 7 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Gold Derby nuggets : SAG Awards sets calendar -- Evening Standard long list includes budding stage star Keira Knightley '' . Los Angeles Times . 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Sampson , Thomas ( 18 September 2008 ) . `` Keira Knightley to look back at ' Last Night ' '' . Thehollywoodnews.com . Archived from the original on 6 June 2009 . Retrieved 20 October 2008 . - `` AFP : Knightley to star in new movie ' Last Night& # 39 '' . Google . 18 September 2008 . Archived from the original on 22 September 2008 . Retrieved 20 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Jaafar , Ali ; Siegel , Tatiana ( 1 March 2009 ) . `` Keira Knightley set for ' Never ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 24 April 2009 . - `` Keira Knightley is all smiles on set in Clevedon '' . Thisissomerset.co.uk. 16 April 2009 . Retrieved 24 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( 22 January 2009 ) . `` Farrell , Knightley latch onto ' London ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Keira Knightley ' wins spurs ' with West End stage return '' . BBC . 10 February 2011 . Retrieved 11 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Freud and Jung : A Meeting of Minds -- Features , Films '' . The Independent . UK . 24 April 2010 . Retrieved 8 June 2010 . Jump up ^ O'Hehir , Andrew ( 10 September 2011 ) . `` Knightley and Fassbender steam up `` Dangerous Method '' `` . Salon.com . Salon.com . Retrieved 17 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Seeking a Friend for the End of the World '' . Retrieved 11 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Nigel M Smith ( 18 August 2011 ) . `` Andrea Riseborough Talks Madonna , RADA and `` Brighton Rock '' : What 's Next `` . Indiewire . Archived from the original on 3 January 2013 . Retrieved 23 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` In Focus : Acting , Vol. 2 '' . BAFTA Guru . 15 May 2015 . Retrieved 18 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Christopher ( 9 July 2012 ) . `` ' Anna Karenina ' Reviews : Keira Knightley Gets Raves For New Adaptation , But What About The Film ? '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Hiscock , John ( 11 July 2014 ) . `` Keira Knightley : Singing in Begin Again left me way out of my comfort zone '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Bray , Elisa ( May 28 , 2016 ) . `` John Carney : ' I 'll never make a film with supermodels again ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved 30 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Begin Again director apologises to Keira Knightley : `` I 'm ashamed of myself '' `` . The Guardian . ^ Jump up to : Xan Brooks ( 10 July 2014 ) . `` Keira Knightley : ' The criticism was tough ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 23 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time ... A film by Karl Lagerfeld '' . Vogue Paris . 10 May 2013 . Retrieved 26 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Drew ( 17 January 2014 ) . `` 10 Things You Probably Did n't Know About Jack Ryan '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Ryan : Shadow Recruit ( 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 10 February 2014 . - `` Jack Ryan : Shadow Recruit ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 24 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sundance 2014 : World Cinema Dramatic Competition '' . IndieWire. 10 January 2014 . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Laggies ( 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Kang , Inkoo ( 20 October 2014 ) . `` ' Laggies ' Review : Keira Knightley and Chloe Grace Moretz Star in an Exceptional Comedy '' . TheWrap . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chilton , Martin ( 15 January 2015 ) . `` Oscar nominated Keira Knightley on The Imitation Game '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 23 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( 28 November 2014 ) . `` ' The Imitation Game ' : What the Critics Are Saying '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 23 April 2017 . - `` The Imitation Game ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Rose Troup ( 27 May 2015 ) . `` Keira Knightley too beautiful to play codebreaker Joan Clarke says former colleague : ' She looked like the back end of a bus ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved 23 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( 17 September 2015 ) . `` Everest '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 23 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Everest ( 2015 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 23 April 2017 . Jump up ^ McKinley , Jesse ( 25 October 2015 ) . `` Keira Knightley , Making Her Broadway Debut , Is Not Afraid of the Dark '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Villarreal , Alexandra ( 29 October 2015 ) . `` Keira Knightley Makes Her Broadway Debut in `` Thérèse Raquin '' `` . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` Keira Knightley Joins Will Smith in ' Collateral Beauty ' '' . Variety . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Collateral Beauty ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Collateral Beauty reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Derschowitz , Jessica ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Zoolander No. 2 , Batman v Superman lead 2017 Razzies nominations '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Even Johnny Depp could n't convince Keira Knightley to do another `` Pirates of the Caribbean '' `` . Uproxx.com . Jump up ^ `` Keira Knightley Makes Surprising Return In New ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' Trailer '' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Nigel M Smith . `` Keira Knightley to play Sugar Plum Fairy in Disney 's The Nutcracker '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Keira Knightley , Alexander Skarsgard in Talks to Star in ' Aftermath ' for Fox Searchlight , Scott - Free '' . Hollywood Reporter. 17 August 2016 . Retrieved 21 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Calvin Klein model Jamie Dornan plays Sheriff Graham '' . Channel 5 . 19 March 2012 . Retrieved 12 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` David joined by young co-stars and Dustin at ' Pyjamas ' premiere '' . Hello ! . 12 September 2008 . Retrieved 13 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Gicas , Peter . `` Keira Knightley 's Latest Starring Role : Bridesmaid at Brother 's Wedding '' . Retrieved 1 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Keira Knightley weds James Righton in France '' . Hub 24x7 . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Keira Knightley 's First Interview Since Giving Birth '' . E Online . - `` Keira Knightley Welcomes a Daughter '' . People . Jump up ^ `` Keira Knightley 's career is ruining her love life '' . PR Inside . 10 July 2006 . Archived from the original on 26 September 2008 . Retrieved 25 August 2008 . - `` Workaholic Keira Knightley Needs a Sabbatical '' . StarPulse. 10 July 2006 . Archived from the original on 1 June 2008 . Retrieved 25 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Regan , Susanna ( 12 July 2006 ) . `` Knightley makes plans for a gap year '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 11 July 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Famous atheists and their beliefs '' . cnn.com . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Keira Knightley Sues Over Anorexia Claims '' . PEOPLE.com . Retrieved 2 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Knightley wins weight libel claim '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Man on Keira Knightley harassment charge '' . BBC News . 6 February 2010 . Retrieved 7 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Keira Knightley harassment case ended '' . BBC News . 4 June 2010 . Retrieved 4 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Keira Knightley ' scared every time I go outside ' after being bombarded by infatuated stalker '' . The Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Knightley Joins Human Rights Campaign '' . WENN. 10 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Curtis , Richard ( 24 April 2005 ) . `` Place your cross for Africa 's Aids orphans '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 26 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Biography Today , p. 94 Jump up ^ `` Oxfam gets £ 4,300 for Oscar dress '' . BBC News . 1 May 2006 . Retrieved 25 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Domestic violence -- is n't it time someone called cut ? '' . Retrieved 4 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Alfonsi , Sharyn ; Shaylor , Jay ; Brady , Jonann ( 3 April 2009 ) . `` Public Service Ads Get More Graphic '' . ABC News . Retrieved 4 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrities head up the battle to fight SMA '' . SMA Trust . Archived from the original on 1 September 2013 . - `` Patrons '' . SMA Trust . Archived from the original on 17 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Knightley , Hayek call for women 's rights '' . SBS . SBS. 9 March 2014 . Retrieved 23 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Keira Knightley : ' They are living in hell . What bloody right do I have to cry ? ' '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 21 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrities including John le Carré and Keira Knightley back the pro-EU campaign '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Lee , Benjamin ( 14 June 2016 ) . `` Keira Knightley on EU referendum : ' It only takes five seconds to mark X ' '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Stories - # WithRefugees '' . Retrieved 14 September 2016 . - `` What They Took With Them - # WithRefugees '' . 7 September 2016 . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Green Carpet Challenge in partnership with BAFTA ' A Night to Remember ' '' . Eco-age.com . Retrieved 21 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Keira Knightley Plays Canary Wharf Stockbroker for the Day '' . Popsugar . Jump up ^ `` Keira Knightley : My breasts were down to my knees '' . Fashion Monitor Toronto . Archived from the original on 25 March 2008 . Retrieved 18 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Keira Knightley opens up '' . Elle . August 2006 . Archived from the original on 5 June 2008 . Retrieved 25 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` iPod 's low - profile creator tops cultural chart '' . The Independent . 18 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Keira KOs Kate '' . News.com.au . Archived from the original on 27 May 2006 . Retrieved 27 April 2006 . Jump up ^ Howard , Tom ( 27 January 2008 ) . `` 100 Sexiest Women in the World 2008 -- the Top Ten '' . FHM . Archived from the original on 7 October 2012 . Retrieved 23 September 2012 . - `` FHM 100 Sexiest Women in the World for 2009 '' . film.com . Archived from the original on 15 December 2011 . Retrieved 23 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 2006 Hot 100 List '' . maxim . Retrieved 23 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Keira Knightley '' . womenzmag.com. 9 March 2012 . Retrieved 23 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Silverman , Stephen ( 27 April 2006 ) . `` Keira Knightley Takes Moss 's Chanel Job '' . People . Retrieved 23 September 2012 . - `` Keira Knightley succeeds Kate Moss in ads '' . USA Today . 26 April 2006 . Retrieved 23 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Scarlett Johansson and Keira Knightley Nude Pictures from Vanity Fair '' . 7 February 2006 . Retrieved 23 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` News '' . InStyle.com. 22 February 1999 . Retrieved 21 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Keira Knightley Wants the Stupids to Stop Using ' Feminist ' as an Insult '' . Jezabel. 29 December 2013 . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Keira Knightly Interview : ' Why I Went Topless On Magazine Cover ' '' . Hollywood Life . 6 November 2014 . Retrieved 11 November 2014 . - `` Keira Knightley on going topless in protest at the use of women 's bodies as a battleground '' . The Guardian . 7 November 2014 . Retrieved 11 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Hope , Hannah ( 16 December 2016 ) . `` Keira Knightley to make shock return to Pirates of the Caribbean films '' . Mirror . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Children 's Hour '' at Ambassador Tickets `` . Ambassadortickets.com . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Academy Award ® , Golden Globe ® and Olivier nominee Keira Knightley will make her Broadway debut in a new adaption of Thérèse Raquin by Helen Edmunson '' . Roundabout Theatre Company . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Keira Knightley . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Keira Knightley Keira Knightley on IMDb Keira Knightley at People.com Keira Knightley on Charlie Rose Keira Knightley at the Internet Broadway Database Works by or about Keira Knightley in libraries ( WorldCat catalog ) `` Keira Knightley collected news and commentary '' . The Guardian . Keira Knightley biography and credits at the British Film Institute 's Screenonline Awards for Keira Knightley Empire Award for Best Actress Nicole Kidman ( 1996 ) Frances McDormand ( 1997 ) Joan Allen ( 1998 ) Cate Blanchett ( 1999 ) Gwyneth Paltrow ( 2000 ) Connie Nielsen ( 2001 ) Nicole Kidman ( 2002 ) Kirsten Dunst ( 2003 ) Uma Thurman ( 2004 ) Julie Delpy ( 2005 ) Thandie Newton ( 2006 ) Penélope Cruz ( 2007 ) Keira Knightley ( 2008 ) Helena Bonham Carter ( 2009 ) Zoe Saldana ( 2010 ) Noomi Rapace ( 2011 ) Olivia Colman ( 2012 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2013 ) Emma Thompson ( 2014 ) Rosamund Pike ( 2015 ) Alicia Vikander ( 2016 ) Felicity Jones ( 2017 ) Teen Choice Award for Choice Hissy Fit Sandra Bullock ( 1999 ) Lisa Kudrow ( 2000 ) Jim Carrey ( 2001 ) Ben Stiller ( 2002 ) Adam Sandler ( 2003 ) Lindsay Lohan ( 2004 ) Jon Heder ( 2005 ) Keira Knightley ( 2006 ) Ryan Seacrest ( 2007 ) None ( 2008 ) Miley Cyrus ( 2009 ) Miley Cyrus ( 2010 ) Ed Helms ( 2011 ) Charlize Theron ( 2012 ) Taylor Lautner ( 2013 ) Jonah Hill ( 2014 ) Anna Kendrick ( 2015 ) Ryan Reynolds ( 2016 ) Madelaine Petsch ( 2017 ) Chanel Owners Alain Wertheimer Gérard Wertheimer Jacques Wertheimer Pierre Wertheimer Designers Coco Chanel Karl Lagerfeld Garments Little black dress Jacqueline Kennedy 's pink Chanel suit Perfumes Bois des Îles Chanel No. 5 Chanel No. 19 Chanel No. 22 Coco Coco Mademoiselle Cuir de Russie Perfumers Ernest Beaux Jacques Polge Henri Robert Other products Chanel 2.55 handbag Chanel J12 watch Promotional models Marie - Hélène Arnaud Carole Bouquet Gisele Bündchen Cara Delevingne Catherine Deneuve Lily - Rose Depp Inès de La Fressange Nicole Kidman Keira Knightley Marilyn Monroe Kate Moss Anna Mouglalis Vanessa Paradis Suzy Parker Jean Shrimpton Audrey Tautou Gaspard Ulliel Films Chanel Solitaire Coco Before Chanel Coco Chanel Coco Chanel & Igor Stravinsky Musical Coco Book The Allure of Chanel VIAF : 49467213 LCCN : no2003113964 ISNI : 0000 0001 1569 9326 GND : 130055794 SUDOC : 094538840 BNF : cb14569347g ( data ) MusicBrainz : a1160c8a - 9476 - 4c6e - 8ddf - 143f441e1b64 NLA : 40660740 NKC : xx0033970 BNE : XX1099974 IATH : w6dn7j45 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keira_Knightley&oldid=812097721 '' Categories : 1985 births Living people 20th - century English actresses 21st - century English actresses Actresses from London Best Actress Empire Award winners Empire Hero Award winners English atheists English child actresses English film actresses English people of Scottish descent English people of Welsh descent English people with disabilities English radio actresses English stage actresses English television actresses People diagnosed with dyslexia People from Teddington Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from July 2016 Use British English from January 2013 Articles with hCards Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Alemannisch Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 November 2017 , at 00 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played the girl in pirates of the caribbean 5	[ "Keira Christina Knightley (/ˌkɪərə ˈnaɪtli/; born 26 March 1985) is an English actress. She began acting as a child on television and made her film debut in 1995. After having worked in supporting roles in various films, Knightley gained recognition with the comedy-drama Bend It Like Beckham in 2002. She achieved international fame after landing the role of Elizabeth Swann in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series. One of the highest-paid actresses of Hollywood, Knightley has won an Empire Award, and has garnered multiple nominations for the Academy Award and Golden Globe Award." ]	[ "Keira Christina Knightley" ]
571298477117148317	Glossary of video game terms	Glossary of video game terms - Wikipedia Glossary of video game terms Jump to : navigation , search hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience . 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Contents ( hide ) 1 0 -- 9 5 D 6 E 7 F 8 G 9 H 10 I 11 J 12 K 13 L 14 M 15 N 16 O 17 P 18 Q 19 R 20 S 21 T 22 U 23 V 24 W 25 X 26 Y 27 Z 28 References This glossary of video game terms lists the general terms as commonly used in Wikipedia articles related to video games and its industry . 0 -- 9 ( edit ) 1 - up An object that gives the player an extra life ( or try ) in games where players have a number of chances to complete a game or level . 1CC Abbreviation of `` one credit clear '' or `` one coin completion '' . The act of completing an arcade game without using more than one credit ( i.e. credit - feeding ) , although it can also be applied to any console or PC game that uses some form of continue s ( the term `` no continue clear '' is sometime used in such instances ) . The term `` 1LC '' ( one life completion ) or `` no miss clear '' are used instead when completing a game without losing a life as well ( if the game has lives ) . This can be further extended into a `` no damage clear '' or `` no damage completion '' in games where the player - character has a health gauge . Some arcade games offer special ending sequences or challenges when the player achieves a 1CC . 1v1 Abbreviation of 1 versus 1 , which means two players battling against each other . See player versus player . 2D graphics Graphic rendering technique of a two - dimensional perspective , often using sprites . 2.5 D graphics Graphic rendering technique of three - dimensional objects set in a two - dimensional plane of movement . 3D graphics Graphic rendering technique featuring three - dimensional objects . 4X A genre of strategic video games , short for `` explore , expand , exploit , and exterminate '' . 8 - bit A descriptor for hardware or software that arose during the third generation of video game consoles , targeting 8 - bit computer architecture . 16 - bit A descriptor for hardware or software that arose during the fourth generation of video game consoles , targeting 16 - bit computer architecture . 32 - bit A descriptor for hardware or software that arose during the fifth generation of video game consoles , targeting 32 - bit computer architecture . 64 - bit A descriptor for hardware or software that arose during the fifth generation of video game consoles , targeting 64 - bit computer architecture . AAA Also triple A . A high - budget game with a large development team , or game studios that make them . AAA games are usually multiplatform , have multimillion dollar budgets , and expect to sell millions of copies . abandonware The idea of a game being forgotten about or abandoned by its developers for any number of reasons , including copyright issues . act Sometimes used to refer to individual levels or groups of levels that make up a larger world or storyline . action game A game genre emphasizing physical challenges , hand -- eye coordination and reflexes . It includes fighting games , shooter s , and platformer s . action point ( AP ) A subunit of a player 's turn . For example , a game may allow an action to occur only so long as the player has sufficient ' action points ' to complete the action . action role - playing game ( ARPG ) A genre of role - playing video game where battle actions are performed in real - time instead of a turn - based mechanic . actions per minute ( APM ) The total number of actions the player can perform in a minute . Most professional - level players train with an emphasis on high APM in addition to raw skill . Adds Commonly used in role - playing video game and MMORPGs where the boss calls in for reinforcements to help them take down the party members . adventure game A game genre which emphasizes exploration and puzzle - solving . AFK Away from keyboard . Generally said through a chat function in online multiplayer games when a player intends to be temporarily unavailable . The term BRB ( be right back ) from texting is also used , although whether these two terms are interchangeable varies from person to person . aggro An abbreviation for ' aggravation ' or ' aggression ' . ' Causing aggro ' in a video game is to attract hostile attention from NPCs to attack the player - character . ' Managing aggro ' involves keeping aggressive NPCs from overwhelming the player or party . The practice is often used in gaming to grind . The term may be facetiously used in reference to irritated bystanders ( ' wife aggro ' , ' mother aggro ' , etc ) . Also see hate . aimbot A first - person shooter cheat that lets players shoot other player - characters without aiming . In most cases , the aiming reticle locks on to a target within the player 's line of sight and the player only has to pull the trigger . Aimbots are one of the most popular cheats in multiplayer FPS , used since 1996 's Quake . Compare to the feature auto - aim . aiming down sights ( ADS ) Also aim down sights . Refers to the common alternate method of firing a gun in a first - person shooter ( FPS ) game , typically activated by the right mouse button . The real - life analogue is when a person raises a rifle up and places the stock just inside the shoulder area , and leans their head down so they can see in a straight line along the top of the rifle , through both of the iron sights or a scope , if equipped . In most games this greatly increases accuracy , but can limit vision , situational awareness , mobility , and require a small amount of time to change the weapon position . alpha release An initial , incomplete version of a game . Alpha versions are usually released early in the development process to test a game 's most critical functionality and prototype design concepts . Compare with beta release . Always - on DRM A type of digital rights management ( DRM ) that typically requires a connection to the Internet while playing the game . analog stick Also control stick and thumbstick . A small variation of a joystick , usually placed on a game controller to allow a player more fluent 2 - dimensional input than is possible with a D - pad . animatic A partially animated storyboard with sound effects used during early game development . animation priority A type of gameplay mechanic in which the playable character 's animations have priority over the player 's input ; in other words , if the player begins an action with a long animation , the animation must play out first before the player can then enter a new command , and attempting to enter a new command will have no effect . Games like the Souls and Monster Hunter series are based on gameplay using animation priority . Any % A type of speedrun in which the player 's objective is to reach the game 's end goal as quickly as possible without regard to the normal intermediate steps . AoE 1 . Abbreviation of area of effect 2 . Abbreviation of Age of Empires arcade game A coin - operated ( or ' coin - op ' ) game machine , often installed in an upright or tabletop ( cocktail ) cabinet . Popular primarily during the late 1980s , arcade machines continue to be manufactured and sold worldwide . area See level . area of effect ( AoE ) Screenshot from FreedroidRPG showing area of effect . A term used in many role - playing and strategy games to describe attacks or other effects that affect multiple targets within a specified area . For example , in the role - playing game , Dungeons & Dragons , a fireball spell will deal damage to anyone within a certain radius of where it strikes . In most tactical strategy games artillery weapons have an area of effect that will damage anyone within a radius of the strike zone . Area of effect can also refer to spells and abilities that are non-damaging . For example , a powerful healing spell may affect anyone within a certain range of the caster ( often only if they are a member of the caster 's party ) . Some games also have what are referred to as `` aura '' abilities that will affect anyone in the area around the person with the ability . For example , many strategy games have hero or officer units that can improve the morale and combat performance of friendly units around them . The inclusion of AoE elements in game mechanics can increase the role of strategy , especially in turn - based game s . The player has to place units wisely to mitigate the possibly devastating effects of a hostile area of effect attack ; however , placing units in a dense formation could result in gains that outweigh the increased AoE damage received . Point - blank area of effect ( PBAoE ) is a less - used term for when the affected region is centered on the character performing the ability , rather than at a location of the player 's choosing . ARPG See action role - playing game . artificial intelligence ( AI ) Algorithms used to generate responsive , adaptive or intelligent game behavior , primarily in non-player characters . Synonymous with , though distinct from , the computing science concept of ' artificial intelligence ' . assault mode A game mode in which one team tries to attack ( or capture ) specific areas and the other team tries to defend those points . asset flipping The practice of creating a game using ' free ' art and audio assets , either from an online marketplace or the default stock of assets included with many game engines . Asset - flips are often of very poor quality . asymmetric gameplay Cooperative or competitive multiplayer games in which each player will have a different experience arising from differences in gameplay , controls , or in - game character options that are part of the game . This is in contrast to symmetric gameplay where each player will have the same experience , such as in the game Pong . Asymmetric gameplay often arises in competitive games where one player 's character is far overpowered but outnumbered from other players that are all competing against them , such as in Pac - Man Vs . asynchronous gameplay Competitive multiplayer games where the players do not have to be participating at the same time . Such games are usually turn - based , with each player planning a strategy for the upcoming turn , and then having the game resolve all actions of that turn once each player has submitted their strategies . attract mode The attract mode for the arcade game San Francisco Rush : The Rock showcasing one of the race tracks available to play in the game . Also display mode and show mode . A pre-recorded demonstration of a video game that is displayed when the game is not being played . Originally built into arcade game s , the main purpose of the attract mode is to entice passers - by to play the game . It usually displays the game 's title screen , the game 's story ( if it has one ) , its high score list , sweepstakes ( on some games ) and the message `` Game Over '' or `` Insert Coin '' over or in addition to a computer - controlled demonstration of gameplay . In Atari home video games of the 1970s and 1980s , the term attract mode was sometimes used to denote a simple screensaver that slowly cycled the display colors to prevent phosphor burn - in while the game was not being played . Attract modes demonstrating gameplay are common in current home video games . Attract mode is not only found in arcade games , but in most coin - operated games like pinball machines , stacker machines and other games . Cocktail arcade machines on which the screen flips its orientation for each player 's turn in two - player games traditionally have the screen 's orientation in player 1 's favour for the attract mode . auto - aim Also aim - assist . A game mechanic built into some games to decrease the level of difficulty by locking onto or near targets for faster aiming . Games such as the newer Grand Theft Auto titles utilize `` hard '' or `` soft '' aim settings to respectively either lock directly onto an enemy or assist the player 's aim towards the enemy while giving some freedom of precision . Not to be confused with aimbot . auto - run Auto - run , short for automatic running , is a system in video games that causes the player - character to move forward without input from the user . The system is predominantly used in platform games . avatar The player 's representation in the game world . balance Aspects of a multi-player game that keep it fair for all players . The issue of ' balanced ' gameplay is a heavily - debated matter among most games ' player communities . badge Also achievement . An indicator of accomplishment or skill , showing that the player has performed some particular action within the game . beta release Also beta testing . An early release of a video game , following its alpha release , where the game developer seeks feedback from players and testers to remove bugs prior to the product 's commercial release . See also closed beta and open beta . Black Mage A ranged attacker , he ( or she ) deals in the arts of elemental and non-elemental attacks . BM `` Bad Manners '' ; conduct that is not considered ' cheating ' but may be seen as unsportsmanlike or disrespectful . Some games may elect to punish badly - behaved players by assessing game penalties , temporarily blocking them from re-entering play , or banishing them to a playing environment populated solely by other badly behaved players . board See level . bonus stage A special level in which the player has a chance to earn extra points or power - ups . Often in the form of a mini-game . boss An opponent non-player character in a video game that is typically much more difficult to defeat compared to normal enemies , often at the end of a level or a game . buff 1 . An effect placed on a video game character that beneficially increases one or more of their statistics or characteristics for a temporary period . 2 . A change intended to strengthen a particular item , tactic , ability , or character , ostensibly for balancing purposes . Compare to nerf . bullet hell A type of shoot ' em up where the player must generally dodge an overwhelmingly large number of enemies and their projectiles . bullshot A portmanteau of bullshit and screenshot , referring to the misrepresentation of a final product 's technical or artistic quality by artificially enhancing promotional images or video footage . button mashing The pressing of different button combinations in rapid succession to perform or attempt to perform special moves . This technique is most often encountered in fighting games . campaign mode Also story mode and campaign . A series of game levels intended to tell a linear story ; some campaigns feature multiple ' paths ' , with the player 's actions deciding which path the story will follow and affecting which choices are available to the player at a later point . camping 1 . A controversial strategy in which a player stays in one place -- typically a fortified , high - traffic location -- for an extended period of time and waits to ambush other players . It is most common in first - person shooter games . 2 . The act of hanging around a rare mob 's spawn point , killing placeholders until the rare mob spawns , usually in MMOs . This may be known as spawn camping or spawnkilling . capture the flag ( CTF ) A common game mode in multiplayer video games , where the goal is to capture and retrieve a flag from the opposing side 's territory while defending the flag in one 's own territory . challenge mode A game mode offered beyond the game 's normal play mode that tasks the player ( s ) to replay parts of the game or special levels under specific conditions that are not normally present or required in the main game , such as finishing a level within a specific time , or using only one type of weapon . If a game does n't feature a ' challenge mode ' , players will often create self - imposed challenges by forbidding or restricting the use of certain game mechanics . character class A profession that determines a character 's abilities as well as positive and negative attributes . Most common in RPGs a character 's class helps to define the role the character plays in a group ; or in a single player game that character 's play style . Often as players gain experience with a class they learn new abilities related to their chosen profession and some games allow players to change their character 's class or become proficient in multiple classes . Some examples of archetypal character classes include warrior ( strength ) , thief ( speed and stealth ) , wizard ( ranged attacks ) , and priest ( healing and keeping allies alive ) . charge shot A shot that can be charged up so that a stronger attack can be dealt , but requiring more time . Usually performed by holding the shot button . cheat A game code that allows the player to beat the game or acquire benefits without earning them . Cheats are used by designers to test the game during development and are often left in the release version . See god mode , aimbot , ESP cheats , noclip mode , wallhack , and Konami Code . cheating To play the game unfairly ; giving an unfair advantage via illegitimate means . checkpoint See save point . chiptune Music composed for the microchip - based audio hardware of early home computers and gaming consoles . Due to the technical limitations of earlier video game hardware , chiptune came to define a style of its own , known for its `` soaring flutelike melodies , buzzing square wave bass , rapid arpeggios , and noisy gated percussion . '' cinematic See cutscene . circle strafing An advanced method of movement in many first - person shooter ( FPS ) games where the user utilizes both thumb sticks ( console ) or mouse and keyboard controls ( PC ) to maintain a constant circular motion around an enemy , while maintaining a relatively steady aim on that target . This practice minimizes incoming fire from the target 's teammates , as any misses are likely to hit and harm their teammate . class See character class . clipping 1 . Programming used to ensure that the player stays within the physical boundaries of the game world . Also see noclip , a cheat where clipping is disabled . 2 . A 3D graphics process which determines if an object is visible and `` clips '' any obscured parts before drawing it . clone A game that is similar in design to another game in its genre ( e.g. , a Doom clone or a Grand Theft Auto clone ) . Sometimes used in a derogatory fashion to refer to an inferior ' ripoff ' of a more successful title . closed beta A beta testing period where only specific people have access to the game . CMS See construction and management simulation . coin - op See arcade game . co-op See cooperative gameplay . combo Series of attacks strung together in quick succession , typically while an opponent is in their `` getting hit '' animation from the previous attack and is helpless to defend themselves . Combos are a staple of fighting and beat - ' em - up games . Introduced in beat - ' em - ups such as Renegade and Double Dragon , and becoming more dynamic in Final Fight and Street Fighter II . To correctly execute a combo , a player needs to learn a complex series of joystick and button combinations . competitive gaming See electronic sports . compulsion loop A cycle of gameplay elements designed to keep the player invested in the game , typically though a feedback system involving in - game rewards that open up more gameplay opportunities . console A video game hardware unit that typically connects to a video screen and controllers , along with other hardware . Unlike personal computers , a console typically has a fixed hardware configuration defined by its manufacturer and can not be customized . console generations A set of video game consoles in direct competition for market share in a given era . The set , as a generation , is obsoleted at the introduction of the `` next generation '' or `` next gen '' . console wars Refers to competition for video game console market dominance and , in specific , to the rivalry between Sega and Nintendo throughout most of the 1980s and 1990s . The analogy also extends to competition in later console generations , particularly the PlayStation and Xbox brands . construction and management simulation ( CMS ) A video game genre that involves planning out and managing a population of citizens in towns , cities , or other population centers ; in such games the player rarely has direct control of the computer - controlled citizens and can only influence them through planning . content rating Classifying video games according to suitability - related factors such as violent or sexual content contained within a game . Some countries use industry self - regulation models to accomplish this , while others have government rating boards . Certain content ratings result in products being actually , by law , or de facto banned from sale , such as the AO ( Adults Only ) rating in the US . While legal , such titles are not stocked by retailers and will not be certified for release by major console makers such as Sony and Microsoft . continue A7Xpg gives the player the opportunity to continue playing after losing his or her last life . A common term in video games for the option to continue the game after all of the player 's lives have been lost , rather than ending the game and restarting from the very beginning . There may or may not be a penalty for doing this , such as losing a certain number of points or being unable to access bonus stages . In arcade game s , when a player loses or fails an objective , they will generally be shown a `` continue countdown '' screen , in which the player has a limited amount of time ( usually 10 , 15 , or 20 seconds ) to insert additional coins in order to continue the game from the point where it had ended ; deciding not to continue will result in the displaying of a game over screen . The continue feature was added to arcade games in the mid-1980s due to arcade owners wanting to earn more money from players who played for longer periods of time . The first arcade game to have a continue feature was Fantasy , and the first home console cartridge to have this feature was the Atari 2600 version of Vanguard . As a result of the continue feature , games started to have stories and definite endings ; however , those games were designed so that it would be nearly impossible to get to the end of the game without continuing . Salen and Zimmerman argue that the continue feature in games such as Gauntlet was an outlet for conspicuous consumption . In more modern times , continues have also been used in a number of free - to - play games , especially mobile games , where the player is offered a chance to pay a certain amount of premium currency to continue after failing or losing . An example of this would be Temple Run 2 , where the price of a continue doubles after each failure , with an on - the - fly in - app purchase of the game 's premium currency if required . control pad See D - pad . control point ( CP ) A game mode which involves the team capturing each required `` capture point '' in order to win the round or level . control stick See analog stick . controller A means of control over the console or PC on which the game is played . Specialized game controllers include the joystick , light gun , paddle , and trackball . conversation tree See dialog tree . cooldown The minimum length of time that the player needs to wait after using an ability before they can use it again . This concept was first introduced by the text MUD Avalon : The Legend Lives . An analogy can be made to the reload time and firing rate of weapons . For example , a machine gun has very fast firing rate , so it has a very low cooldown between shots . Comparatively , a shotgun has a long cooldown between shots . Cooldown can be used to balance a weapon such as a turret - mounted machine gun having infinite ammunition , since it can only sustain continuous fire until reaching a threshold at which the weapon would have to cool down ( hence the term ) before it could be fired again . In design terms , cooldown can be thought of as an inverted ' casting time ' where instead of requiring a wait time before using an ability , cooldown may replace casting time and put the wait after the ability is activated . This creates a new dimension to the balancing act of casting speed versus power : `` lower cooldown , faster cast , but weaker strength '' versus `` higher cooldown , slower cast , but greater strength '' . This mechanic is integral to such games as World of Warcraft , where cooldown management is key to higher - level play and various abilities deal with cooldown ( for example , cooldown reduction or immediately finishing cooldown on certain abilities ) . From the technical point of view , cooldown can also be used to assert control over frequency of cast in order to maintain a fluid frame rate and ping . For example , in the game Diablo II , cooldown was added in the form of a patch to several graphically and CPU - intensive spells to solve the problem of extreme lag caused by players spamming ( ie : repeatedly casting at maxed out cast rates ) these spells in multiplayer games . Moves and attacks in fighting games ( like those from the Street Fighter series ) are measured in animation frames ( which may be 1 / 20th to 1 / 60th of a second per frame ) . Each move has a certain number of frames in which it is considered to be `` recovering '' before another move can be executed , which is similar to cooldown in concept . However , there is no player control over the character during recovery frames , and the character can not perform any movement or attacks until fully recovered . Because the character is vulnerable during recovery , strategic use of skills is necessary to make sure the opponent can not immediately counter the player - character . cooperative gameplay ( co-op ) Multiplayer gameplay where the players are on the same team against computer - controlled opponents or challenges . corruptor A computer program used either as or in conjunction with an emulator to corrupt certain data within a ROM or ISO by a user - desired amount , causing varied effects , both visually and audibly , to a video game and its data , usually as a humorous diversion . These effects may include : displaced or misdirected pixels in a spritemap ; never - ending levels ; artifacts ; distorted or entirely incorrect sprites , polygons , textures , or character models ; spastic animations ; incorrect text or dialogue trees ; flickering graphics or lights ; incorrect or distorted audio ; inconvenient invisible walls ; lack of collision detection ; and other forced glitches . Most often , the result is unwinnable , and the game may freeze or crash . See also real - time corruptor and ROM hacking . cover system A game mechanic which allows the player to use walls or other features of the game 's environment to take cover from oncoming ranged attacks , such as gunfire in first - person shooters . Many cover systems also allow the character to use ranged attacks in return while in cover although with an accuracy penalty . CPU versus CPU See zero - player game . crafting A game mechanic that allows the player - character to construct game items , such as armor , weapons or medicine from combinations of other items . Most MMOGs feature a crafting system . credit - feeding To complete an arcade game by using as many continues as possible . Prevalent in action games or shooters where the player is revived at the exact moment their character died during their previous credit . Some home conversions ( such as AES versions of Neo Geo games ) tend to limit the number of credits each player is allowed to use in a playthrough as a way of preserving the challenge , while other conversions ( such as the ports in the Namco Museum series ) impose no such limits in order to faithfully reproduce every feature of the original version . Compare with 1CC . critical hit Also crit . A type of strike that does more damage than usual . Normally a rare occurrence , this may indicate a special attack or a hit on the target 's weak point . cross-platform See multiplatform . crowd control An ability , usually with an area of effect , that is used primarily in massively multiplayer online games to incapacitate or hinder groups of enemy creatures so that they can then be handled in an ordered or controlled fashion . Proper crowd control is vital in the higher - difficulty areas of most MMO games to ensure success . CRPG Abbreviation of computer or console role - playing game . CTF See capture the flag . Cut - In A phase within the person 's super move where the game briefly pauses the character 's attack and shows their face ( or full body ) before proceeding to complete the attack . In fighting games , this move can be blocked . But in JRPGs it deplete 's more than half of the character ( or enemy ) 's health points . cutscene Also cinematic . A game segment that exists solely to provide detail and exposition to the story . They are used extensively in MMOs and RPGs in order to progress the plot . Cut - scenes are more likely to be generated by the in - game engine while cinematics are pre-recorded . cybersport See electronic sports . D - pad Also control pad and directional pad . A 4 - directional rocker button that allows the player to direct game action in eight different directions : up , down , left , right , and their diagonals . Invented by Gunpei Yokoi for the Game & Watch - series of handheld consoles , Nintendo used the `` directional pad '' ( or `` cross-key '' in Japan ) for their Nintendo Entertainment System controller and it has been used on nearly every console controller since . damage over time ( DoT ) An effect , such as poison or catching on fire , that reduces a player 's health over the course of time or turns . damage per second ( DPS ) Used as a metric in some games to allow the player to determine their offensive power , particularly in games where the player 's attacks are performed automatically when a target is in range . damage ring A display element typically found in first - person shooter s that indicates which direction the player - character is taking damage from . day one Also release date . The day of release for a video game ; often accompanied by a ' day - one patch ' to repair issues that could not be addressed in time for the game 's distribution . debuff 1 . The opposite of a buff , an effect placed on a character that negatively impacts their statistics and characteristics . See also nerf . 2 . Effects that nullify or cancel the effects of buffs . destructible environment A game level in which walls and other surfaces can be damaged and destroyed . developer The production company which makes a video game . development hell An unofficial , indefinite ' waiting period ' during which a project is effectively stalled and unable to proceed . Projects that enter development hell are often delayed by several years , but are not usually considered to be formally cancelled by the publisher . dialog tree Also conversation tree . Found primarily in adventure games , a means of providing a menu of dialog choices to the player when interacting with a non-player character so as to learn more from that character , influence the character 's actions , and otherwise progress the game 's story . The tree nature comes from typically having multiple branching levels of questions and replies that can be explored . difficulty The level of difficulty that a player wishes to face while playing a game ; at higher difficulty levels , the player usually faces stronger NPCs , limited resources , or tighter time - limits . digital rights management ( DRM ) Software tools for copyright protection ; often heavily criticized , particularly if the DRM tool is overly restrictive or badly - designed . directional pad See D - pad . display mode See attract mode . DLC See downloadable content . Doom clone An early term to describe first - person shooters , based on gameplay that mimicked that from Doom . double jump An additional jump that follows the first in quick succession . downloadable content ( DLC ) Additional content for a video game that is acquired through a digital delivery system . DPM Abbreviation of damage per minute , used as a metric in some games to allow the player to determine their offensive power . DPS See damage per second . draft A game mode associated with collectible card games including digital variants . A draft mode enables a player to create a deck of cards in such games by selecting one card of a number of randomly selected cards at a time . The player then uses the completed deck to play in matches against other players or computer opponents until they meet a certain win or loss record . DRM See digital rights management . drop - in , drop - out A type of competitive or cooperative multiplayer game that enables a player to join the game at any time without waiting and leave without any penalty , and without affecting the game for other players . dungeon See also level In an open world game , refers to any hostile location where the player is likely to come under attack . Often these are enclosed areas such as a cave , ship , or building ; hence the term dungeon . dungeon crawl A genre of video game that is based around exploring a dungeon or similar setting , defeating monsters and collecting loot . dynamic game difficulty balancing The automatic change in parameters , scenarios , and behaviors in a video game in real - time , based on the player 's ability , with the aim of avoiding player boredom or frustration . dynamic music Game music which reacts to what is happening in the game . electronic sports Also competitive gaming , cybersports and professional gaming . Organized competitions around competitive video games , typically using games from the first - person shooter and multiplayer online battle arena genres , and often played for prize money and recognition . Elo hell The phenomenon of being stuck at a lower rank than your true skill level in competitive video games that use the Elo rating system due to teammates of inferior skill . emergent gameplay Gameplay that develops as a result of player creativity , rather than the game 's programmed structure . EVE Online is well - known for its emergent gameplay , which allows player - formed alliances to fight extended ' wars ' over valuable territory and resources , or simply become ' space pirates ' and prey on other player - operated vessels . emulator A software program that is designed to replicate the software and hardware of a video game console on more - modern computers and other devices . Emulators typically include the ability to load software images of cartridges and other similar hardware - based game distribution methods from the earlier hardware generations , in addition to more - traditional software images . end game The game - play available in a massively multiplayer online game for characters that have completed all of the currently - available content . endless mode A game mode in which players are challenged to last as long as possible against a continuing threat with limited resources or player - character lives , with their performance ranked on how long they survive before succumbing to the threat ( such as the death of the player - character ) or on score . This mode is typically offered in games that otherwise have normal endings that can be reached , providing an additional challenge to the players once the main game is completed . energy 1 . Governs how often a player character is allowed to use a special ability , mostly in action or combat - oriented games . Behaves similar to mana points . 2 . Governs how often a player is allowed to play a particular free - to - play game ; energy can be replenished instantly with an in - app purchase , or replenished slowly by waiting and not playing the game . engine See game engine . ESP cheats ( extra-sensory perception cheats ) A package of multiple cheats . e.g. , `` distance ESP '' shows the distance between the enemy and the player , `` player ESP '' makes enemies highly visible , and `` weapon ESP '' shows enemy weapons . experience point ( XP ) In games that feature the ability for the player - character to gain levels , such as role - playing video games , experience points are used to denote progress towards the next character level . farming Repeating a battle , quest , or other part of a game in order to receive more or duplicates of specific reward items that can be gained through that battle or quest , such as experience point s , game money , or specific reward items . Gold farming is a type of farming done for in game currency . See grinding . fast travel Common in role - playing games , a means by which to have the player - character ( s ) travel between already - discovered portions of the game 's world without having to actually interactively move that distance . feed In multiplayer games , to consistently die to an enemy team or player ( either intentionally or due to inexperience ) , providing them with experience , gold , map pressure , or other advantages . field of view ( FOV ) Also field of vision . A measurement reflecting how much of the game world is visible in a first - person perspective on the display screen , typically represented as an angle . final boss See boss . first - party developer A developer that is either owned directly by a console maker or has special arrangements with the console maker ; such developers have greater access to internal details about a console compared to traditional developers . first - person A graphical perspective rendered from the viewpoint of the player - character . first - person shooter ( FPS ) A genre of video games where the player experiences the game from the first person perspective , and where the primary mechanic is the use of guns and other ranged weapons to defeat enemies . flashing invulnerability Also invincibility frames , invulnerability period . An invincibility or immunity to damage that occurs after the player takes damage for a short time , indicated by the player - character blinking or buffering . flip - screen A game environment divided into single - screen portions , similar to individual tiles in a maze . Players see only one such screen at a time , and transfer between screens by moving the player - character to the current screen 's edge . The picture then abruptly `` flips '' to the next screen , hence the technique 's name . fog of war The player can not see enemy activity beneath the greyed - out fog of war . Common in strategy games , a ' fog ' covers unobservable areas of the map and hides any enemy units in that area . foozle The final boss in a game . FOV See field of view . FPS 1 . An abbreviation for first - person shooter . 2 . An abbreviation for frames per second . See frame rate . frag To kill or achieve a kill in a game against a player or non-player opponent . See also gib . frame rate A measure of the rendering speed of a video game 's graphics , typically in frames per second ( FPS ) . free look 1 . To be able to look around the map freely , usually unlimited by typical mechanics of the game such as the boundaries of the game world . This is usually an ability that is disabled to common users , but left in the game coding as a developer 's tool and is unlockable if the proper code is known . 2 . Also called mouselook , used to describe a method of control where the player uses the computer mouse to indicate the direction they desire the player - character to look . free - to - play ( F2P or FtP ) Games that do not require purchase from a retailer , either physical or digital , to play . Wildly prevalent amongst smartphone apps , free - to - play games may also provide additional gameplay - enhancing purchases via an in - app purchase . ( Compare ' freemium ' , a free - to - play game that follows such a model . ) game design The application of design and aesthetics to create a game . Compare with video game design . game engine The code on which a game runs . There are different subsets of engines such as physics engines and graphics engines . game localization See localization . game mechanics Also gameplay mechanics . An overarching term that describes how a particular game functions and what is possible within the game 's environment ; the rules of the game . Typical game mechanics include points , turns and / or lives . An unanticipated and novel use of game mechanics may lead to emergent gameplay . game mode Also gameplay mode . A game mode is a distinct configuration that varies game mechanics and affects gameplay , such as a single - player mode vs a multiplayer mode , campaign mode , endless mode , or god mode . game over 1 . The end of the game . 2 . The failure screen shown at a game loss . game port When a game is ported from one platform to another . Cross-platform ports are often criticized for their quality , particularly if platform - specific design elements ( such as input methods ) are not updated for the target platform . game save See saved game . game studies An area of social sciences that attempts to quantify or predict human behavior in various game - based scenarios , often where there is a reward or risk in taking certain actions . gameplay A player 's interaction with a video game , defined through game rules , player - game interface , challenges , plot , and the player 's connection with the game . gank To use the element of surprise to flank and attack an enemy . More common in multiplayer games , where ' ganking ' usually indicates an unwelcome attack on an unwilling or unsuspecting participant . gating Part of a game 's design that regulates how new gameplay elements , levels , weapons , abilities , or the like are introduced to the player . GG Meaning `` good game '' ; parting words exchanged at the end of a game or match as a gesture of good sportsmanship . `` GGWP '' ( good game , well played ) is also used . ghost A feature included in time attack or time trial modes in video games allowing the player to review their previous rounds . In racing games , for example , a `` ghost car '' may follow the last or fastest path a player took around the track . In fighting games , the ghost is an opponent that the computer AI player can train against outside of normal player versus player or story mode . Ghost cars in racing games generally appear as translucent or flashing versions of the player 's vehicle . Based on previously recorded lap times , they serve only to represent the fastest lap time and do not interact dynamically with other competitors . A skilled player will use the ghost to improve his time , matching the ghost 's racing line as it travels the course . Many racing games , including Gran Turismo , F - Zero , and Mario Kart offer a ghost function . Some also have ghosts set by staff members and developers , often showing perfect routes and lap times . A variation of the feature , dubbed by Firemonkeys Studios as `` Time - Shifted Multiplayer '' , was implemented in the mobile racing game Real Racing 3 . It works by recording the lap times of players in each race , and uses statistics from other players to recreate their lap times for the player to beat . These ghost cars can collide with the player and other vehicles , and are fully visible to the player . In some rhythm game s , such as the Elite Beat Agents and Osu ! Tatakae ! Ouendan ! , saved replay data can be used in one of the player slots in a multiplayer game . Graphic Novel An interactive story , as if the player is reading through the pages of a comic or Japanese manga . But unlike standard comics or manga you find in book stores . Players can shape the outcome of the character 's adventures by answering the said character 's questions after their dialogue . Usually predominantly heavy on Otome - based games . And the RPG The World Ends With You . gib Gore and body chunks which fly from a game opponent when hit with such force that they rupture . Abbreviation of `` giblets '' . gimp 1 . A character , character class or character ability that is underpowered in the context of the game . 2 . A design choice that has this effect . god mode Also : infinite health , infinite life , invincibility , invulnerability A cheat that makes player - characters invulnerable . Occasionally adds invincibility , where the player can hurt enemies by touching them ( e.g. , the Super Mario Super Star ) . The effect may be temporary . See flashing invulnerability . gold farming See farming . gone gold The point in the software - development cycle where the software is considered final and ready to be shipped . The term traditionally related to the production of games on CD - ROM , where the final version of the game , the master copy , would be written to a gold film - based writable CD and sent to be replicated for retail . graphic content filter A setting that controls whether the game displays graphic violence . griefer A player in a multiplayer video game who deliberately irritates and harasses other players within the game . Many online multiplayer games enforce rules that forbid griefing . grinding Performing a repetitive and time - consuming action in a video game before being able to advance . Prevalent in online games , where it is alternately considered an annoying waste of time or an enjoyable necessity , depending on the player 's attitude . Many online games have taken steps to reduce the ' grind ' , including doing away with traditional ' leveling ' systems or allowing the player to temporarily ' boost ' themselves to match the difficulty of NPCs in a given area . handheld console A portable gaming console . Nintendo 's Game Boy is the most - recognizable example . hate A mechanism by which non-player characters prioritize which player ( s ) to attack . See aggro . head bob In first - person view games , the up - and - down ( and sometimes left - and - right ) motion of the player 's camera to simulate the bobbing of the player - character 's head when walking or running . It is often an option that can be disabled as it may induce motion sickness in players . headshot See critical hit . Head swap Animation technique in which a new head is put on an existing character model , to save memory or animation effort . heal over time ( HoT ) An effect that restores health over a period of time ; antonym of DoT . health Also hit points . A numerical property showing how much damage a character can take before being incapacitated . Getting hurt lowers this meter and if it reaches zero that character can no longer continue . Depending on the game this can mean many different things ( i.e. death , serious injury , knockout , or exhaustion ) . heat map In video game terms , a heat map is typically an overhead representation of a game level showing , through background game data collection , where players died or some other related statistic . Brighter spots or highly concentrated areas show where these events occurred the most . Such maps may be used by developers to help refine map design . hit marker A visual effect that occurs every time the player - character lands a hit on the opponent ; commonly seen in first - person shooter games like Call of Duty . hit points See health . hitbox The virtual envelope describing precisely where the game will register any hits on a game target . hitscan Commonly seen in first - person shooters . Hitscan is programmed to register damage to the opponent when the shots interact with the enemy 's hitbox . When the shots fired from the weapon interact with the hitbox , 100 % of the damage from the shots will be registered no matter what percentage of the shots hit . horde mode A type of game mode in co-operative multiplayer games . Players work together to defend one or more objectives or simply to have at least one man standing as they fight through discrete waves of enemies , with each subsequent wave featuring more numerous and powerful enemies . Such modes often include elements of tower defense games where players can deploy defensive tools such as turrets or traps to injure or slow enemies . The game may offer short periods between waves where players can spend in - game currency or similar points to improve their defenses , their equipment , or similar boosts . Horde modes can be based on a fixed number of waves or in an endless mode where players attempt to last as long as possible . in - app purchase ( IAP ) A purchase ( microtransaction ) made within a mobile game or app , usually for virtual goods in low - cost games . indie game Also independent video game . Loosely defined as a game made by a single person or a small studio without any financial , development , marketing , or distribution support from a large publisher , though there are exceptions . infinite health See god mode . infinite life See god mode . Item Level Number that 's attached to the respective item , be it weapon , armor or crafting clothing . Most predominantly in MMORPGs . If characters do n't meet the required item level set by the dungeon or quest line . They would be unable to partake in such event . interface Also heads - up display ( HUD ) . Graphic elements that communicate information to the player and aid interaction with the game , such as health bars , ammo meters and maps . inventory A menu or area of the screen where items collected by the player - character during the game can be selected . This interface allows the player to retrieve single - use items as an instant effect or to equip the player - character with the item . invincibility See god mode . invisible wall An obstruction in a video game that halts movement in a specific direction , even though terrain and features can be seen beyond the boundary . invulnerability See god mode . J ( edit ) joystick An input device consisting of a stick that pivots on a base and reports its angle or direction to the device it is controlling . Modern gaming joysticks have several buttons and may include a thumb - operated analog stick on top . JRPG Japanese role - playing video game , typically referring to a subgenre of RPGs that originated from Japan . jump A basic move where the player jumps vertically . kill screen Level 256 in Pac - Man is considered to be unplayable due to a bug associated with an integer overflow in the game 's code . A stage or level in a video game ( often an arcade game ) that stops the player 's progress due to a software bug . Kill screens can result in unpredictable gameplay and bizarre glitches . Notable arcade kill screens include : Round 256 ( round 0 ) of the coin - operated Dig Dug , where the player can not move and ultimately dies . Pac - Man has a kill screen on level 256 based on an integer overflow ; Ars Technica calls this `` one of the most well known accidental endings in gaming '' . The games Ms. Pac - Man and Jr . Pac - Man also have kill screens . Pac - Man 's kill screen was playable , but rendered in such a way that it was not possible to gather sufficient points to advance . Donkey Kong has a kill screen caused by an overflow condition , where the game timer kills the player before it is possible to beat the level . Ars Technica calls it the `` second-most famous kill screen of all of gaming '' and Wired described it as `` mythic '' . This was popularized in the documentary The King of Kong . Duck Hunt has a kill screen after level 99 in which the ducks become invincible and fly at a high speed . Galaga 's kill screen occurs on level 256 ( level 0 ) , when an integer overflow occurs and the game turns into a blank screen that Joshuah Bearman described as `` an existential void '' . kill stealing Defeating an enemy that someone else was about to defeat , usually to receive the reward or credit without doing most of the work . Considered ' bad form ' in many online communities . kit The set of skills and abilities given to a pre-defined playable character in games featuring many such characters to choose from , such as many MOBAs or hero shooters . kiting A maneuver in which a player - character gets an enemy NPC to chase after them so as to lead them somewhere else ( like a kite on a string ) . This can be used in team - based or cooperative games to allow the player 's teammates to attack the opponent , or to lure the opponent into a trap . knock - back A game mechanic in a fighting game or platform game where a character is thrown backwards from the force of an attack . During knock - back , the character is unable to change their direction until a short recovery animation is finished . Knock - back sometimes results in falling down pits if the character is standing close to the edge when hit with a knock - back attack . Konami Code The Konami Code A fixed series of controller button presses used across numerous Konami games to unlock special cheats ( such as gaining a large number of lives in Contra ) , and subsequently used by other developers to enable cheats or added functions in these games . The term applies to variations on this sequence but nearly all begin with `` up up down down left right left right '' . lag The delay between an action and its corresponding result , most commonly in an online environment . This is often the result of delayed network traffic . laner A player role in MOBA games that focuses on one of the typically three lanes on the map . last hitting the action of getting the killing blow on an NPC , giving gold and experience that would otherwise be not given or lessened if the last hit was missed . Most commonly used in MOBA games , such as League of Legends and Dota 2 . See also # kill stealing . launch title A game released alongside its respective console , or the only titles available for a console at the time of its launch . One or more of these may be a pack - in game . They often provide first impressions for a console 's abilities and are influential on its reputation . Let 's Play A type of video game run - through done by players , through screenshots or video , where the player provides commentary about the game as they work through it . level This is a bird 's eye view of a typical MOBA level in the mobile game Vainglory . 1 . A stage or area in a game . 2 . Experience level . level editor A program , either provided within the game software or as separate software product , that allows players to create new levels for a video game . life In video games , lives are the amount of chances that a player has to retry a task after failing . Losing all of one 's lives is usually a loss condition and may force the player to start over . It is common in action games for the player - character to have multiple lives and chances to earn more during the game . This way , a player can recover from making a disastrous mistake . Role - playing games and adventure games usually give the player only one life , but allow them to reload a saved game if they fail . A life may similarly be defined as the period between the start and end of play for any character , from creation to destruction . light gun A specialized type of game controller that the player points at their television screen or monitor to interact with the game . Limit Break A powerful move that allows the player to turn the tide of battle . Occurs when said characters has filled up their required super meter ( indicated by a bar that 's visible underneath their health , MP bar or their respective character portrait picture ) to maximum . But is n't limited to offense . In the case of Final Fantasy XIV , when all three bars have been filled ( white mage 's role ) they can resurrect the entire party from being totally wiped . Some JRPGs , they also include a HD cut - in screen shot of their face or full body . loadout A specific set of in - game equipment , abilities , power - ups , and other items that a player sets for their character prior to the start of a game 's match , round , or mission . Games that feature such loadouts typically allow players to store , recall , and adjust two or more loadouts so they can switch between them quickly . localization During publishing , the process of editing a game for audiences in another region or country , primarily by translating the text and dialog of a video game . Localization can also involve changing content of the game to reflect different cultural values and censoring material that is against local law , or in some cases self - censoring in an effort to obtain a more commercially - favorable content rating . loot box Loot boxes ( and other name variants such as booster packs for online collectible card games ) are awarded to players for completing a match , gaining an experience level , or other in - game achievement . The box contains random items , typically cosmetic - only but may include gameplay - impacting items , often awarded based on a rarity system . In many cases , additional loot boxes can be obtained through microtransactions . loot system Methods used in multiplayer games to distribute treasure among cooperating players for finishing a quest . While early MMOs distributed loot on a ' first come , first served ' basis , it was quickly discovered that such a system was easily abused , and later games instead used a ' need - or - greed ' system , in which the participating players roll virtual dice and the loot is distributed according to the results . macro The handling of high - level decisions , primarily in real - time strategy games . See also micro . magic Any of a variety of game mechanics to render fantastical or otherwise unnatural effects , though accessories ( scrolls , potions , artifacts ) or a pool of resources inherent to the character ( mana , magic points , etc ) . main To focus on playing a certain character in a game , sometimes exclusively . main quest A chain of quests that comprise a game 's storyline which must be completed to finish the game . In comparison , side quests offer rewards but do n't advance the main quest . map See level . masocore A portmanteau of masochist and hardcore , referring to a genre of punishingly difficult games , particularly the Dark Souls series , Bloodborne , Nioh , and indie games such as I Wanna Be the Guy and Super Meat Boy . The genre is popular among hardcore gamers . massively multiplayer online game ( MMO ) A game that involves a large community of players co-existing in an online world , in cooperation or competition with one another . massively multiplayer online role - playing game ( MMORPG ) An MMO that incorporates traditional role - playing game mechanics . Games such as EverQuest and Dark Age of Camelot were progenitors of the genre . The most popular and most well - known game of this type is World of Warcraft . ( ( term Matchmaking content = matchmaking A game system that automatically sorts players with similar playing styles , desires , objectives , or skill levels into a team or a group . In competitive games or modes , a matchmaking rating ( MMR ) is a number assigned to each player based on skill and is the basis for matching players . This rating goes up or down based on individual or team performance . maxed out 1 . Reaching the maximum level that a character ( or in some cases , a weapon or other game item ) can have . 2 . Raising a character 's statistics to the maximum value . 3 . In real - time strategy games , recruiting units until the maximum number is reached . metagame In games that encourage repeated playthrough s , including match - based multiplayer games , the metagame or meta refers to gameplay elements that are typically not part of the main game but can be invoked by the player to alter future playthroughs of the main game . For example , in some Roguelike games , the metagame is used to unlock the ability to have new items appear in the randomized levels , while for a collectable card - based game such as Hearthstone : Heroes of Warcraft , the overall card and deck construction is considered part of the metagame . ( ( term Metastory content = metastory The sum total of all known or implied stories of every character in the game , every branching storyline , all potential outcomes and backstory . Metroidvania A genre of exploration - focused games , usually featuring a large interconnected world . Access to certain areas and defeating certain enemies requires items found elsewhere , necessitating exploration and defeating enemies to obtain them . These games are usually side - scrolling platformer s or viewed from the top - down , although they can be found in 3D as well . Many borrow features from Roguelike games , such as permanent death . Named for two pioneers of the genre , the Metroid and Castlevania series . micro The handling of detailed gameplay elements by the player . See also macro . microtransaction A business model used in games where players can purchase virtual goods via micropayments . See also in - app purchase . min - maxing The practice of playing a role - playing game , wargame or video game with the intent of creating the `` best '' character by means of minimizing undesired or unimportant traits and maximizing desired ones . This is usually accomplished by improving one specific trait or ability ( or a set of traits / abilities ) by sacrificing ability in all other fields . This is easier to accomplish in games where attributes are generated from a certain number of points rather than in ones where they are randomly generated . miniboss See boss . minigame A ' game - within - a-game ' , often provided as a diversion from the game 's plot . Minigames are usually one - screen affairs with limited replay value , though some games have provided an entire commercial release as a ' mini-game ' within the primary game - world . See also bonus stage , secret level and game mode . mission See level and quest . MMO See massively multiplayer online game . MMORPG See massively multiplayer online role - playing game . MMR See matchmaking rating . mob Mob is a term for an in - game enemy who roams a specific area . It is an abbreviation of `` mobile '' , and was first used in text - based online games in reference to non-player characters . MOBA See multiplayer online battle arena . mod A third - party addition or alteration to a game . Mods may take the form of new character skins , altered game mechanics or the creation of a new story or an entirely new game - world . Some games ( such as Fallout 4 and Skyrim ) provide tools to create game mods , while other games that do n't officially support game modifications can be altered or extended with the use of third - party tools . mode 1 . Technical or non-play modes for the hardware or software of a video game , such as a diagnostic or configuration mode , video or sound test , or the attract mode of arcade games . 2 . Gameplay modes which affect the game mechanics . See game mode . Monk A fighter class that only uses their fists , iron knuckles , claws or feet to take down enemies . Gets his power from equipping offense - inducing armor or activating a buff ability . As compared to the Paladin . In games like Final Fantasy XIV , he fights mostly towards the backside of the boss . With the case of Final Fantasy XIV , he later on graduates to a Pugilist , a more powerful fighter . Wears less clothing . motion control A game system that requires physical movement by the player to control player character actions . Popularized by the Nintendo Wii , motion control is available on most recent console and handheld systems . mouselook See free look . MP 1 . Abbreviation of magic points . 2 . Abbreviation of multiplayer . MUD Also multi-user domain , multi-user dungeon . A multiplayer real - time virtual world , usually text - based . multi-load games Games , typically from the 1980s , that would only load one portion of the game into memory at a time . This technique let developers make each in - memory portion of the game more complex . multiplatform Also cross-platform . A game which can be played on multiple platforms . multiplayer A game that allows multiple players to play at once . multiplayer online battle arena ( MOBA ) A genre of real - time strategy games popularized by Defense of the Ancients that pits teams of players to defend their home base from enemy onslaughts . multiple character control A feature of role - playing video game s where the player controls multiple characters in real - time . The PlayStation 2 was first with this feature in the Summoner and Dynasty Warriors series . Multiple endings As compared to the straightforward linear ending that players normally see when defeating the game 's final boss . In the case of multiple - endings , players can view different ending outcomes . Players will have to meet certain requirements in order to view a specific ending . multiplier In games with a scoring system , a gameplay element that increases the value of the points earned by the given multiplier value while the multiplier is active . A common feature of most pinball tables . nerf A change intended to weaken a particular item , tactic , ability , or character , ostensibly for balancing purposes . New Game Plus An option to play through an already - completed game 's story again , carrying over characters , attributes , or equipment from a prior playthrough . newbie Someone new to the game , generally used as a pejorative , although usually light - heartedly . See noob . noclip mode A cheat that allows players to pass through normally impenetrable objects -- walls , ceilings , and floors -- by disabling clipping . non-player character ( NPC ) A computer - controlled character or any character that is not under the player 's direct control . noob A pejorative used to insult a player who is making mistakes that an experienced player would be expected to avoid . See newbie . noscope Similar to quickscoping , this is a term used to describe when a player uses a sniper rifle achieve a kill without using its scope . note highway A visual element of most rhythm game s that show the notes the player must match as they scroll along the screen . This is more commonly considered a `` highway '' when the notes scroll down the screen on a perspective - based grid , making it appear as a road highway . O ( edit ) old - school gaming See retrogaming . online game A game where part of the game engine is on a server and requires an Internet connection . Many multiplayer games support online play . open beta The opposite of a closed beta ; the test players are not bound by non-disclosure agreements and are free to show the game to others . open world A game world that the player may freely traverse , rather than being restricted to certain pre-defined areas . While ' open world ' and ' sandbox ' are sometimes used interchangeably , the terms refer to different concepts and are not synonymous . overpowered ( OP ) An item , ability or other effect that is too powerful , disturbing the game balance . overworld An open area that allows free travel and serves to connect other areas of the game world . In platform game s , this term also refers to levels that are considered above - ground , in contrast to cave - like levels , which are referred to as underworlds . pack - in game A game that is included with the purchase of a video game console as a form of product bundling . paddle A game controller that primarily included a large dial that could be turned either clockwise or counter-clockwise to generate movement in one direction within a game . party 1 . In a cooperative multiplayer game , a team of players working to complete the same mission or quest . See Role - playing game # Game mechanics . 2 . The collection of characters the player may control or have the most direct access to . The characters themselves are typically referred to as `` party members '' . patch The process by which a developer of a video game creates an update to an already released game with the intention of possibly adding new content , fixing any bugs in the current game , balancing character issues ( especially prevalent in online multiplayer games with competitive focuses ) , or updating the game to be compatible with DLC releases . See also zero day patch . perks Special bonuses that video game players can add to their characters to give special abilities . Similar to power ups , but permanent rather than temporary . permadeath When a player must restart the game from the beginning when his character dies , instead of from a saved game or save point . persistent world ( PSW ) An online game - world that exists independently of the players and is semi-permanently affected by their actions . pervasive game A game that blends its in - game world with the physical world . The term has been associated with ubiquitous games , augmented and mixed - reality games , mobile games , alternate - reality games , ( enhanced ) live action role playing , transreality and affective gaming , virtual reality games , smart toys , location - based or location - aware games , crossmedia games and augmented - reality tabletop games . Examples of pervasive games include Pokémon Go , The Killer , The Beast , Shelby Logan 's Run , BotFighters , Mystery on Fifth Avenue , Momentum , Pac - Manhattan , Epidemic Menace , Insectopia , Vem Gråter , REXplorer , Uncle Roy All Around You and Amazing Race . ping In online game s , the network latency between the client and server . See also lag . physical release A version of a video game released on an optical disc or other storage device , as opposed to a digital download . pixel hunting A game element that involves searching an entire scene for a single ( often pixel - sized ) point of interactivity . Common in adventure games , most players consider ' hunt - the - pixel ' puzzles to be a tedious chore , borne of inadequate game design . The text - adventure version of this problem is called ' guess - the - verb ' or ' syntax puzzle ' . platform The specific combination of electronic components or computer hardware which , in conjunction with software , allows a video game to operate . platform game Also platformer . A video game genre which involves heavy use of jumping , climbing , and other acrobatic maneuvers to guide the player - character between suspended platforms and over obstacles in the game environment . player - character ( PC ) The main protagonist controlled and played by the human player in a video game . Tidus from Final Fantasy X , Doomguy from the Doom series , and Commander Shepard from the Mass Effect series are all `` player - characters '' developed by their game studios . player versus environment ( PvE ) Refers to fighting computer - controlled enemies ( non-player character s ) , as opposed to player versus player ( PvP ) . player versus player ( PvP ) Refers to competing against other players , as opposed to player versus environment ( PvE ) . playthrough The act of playing a game from start to finish , in one or several sessions . point of no return A point in a game from which the player can not return to previous areas . port See game port . power - up Objects that instantly benefit or add extra abilities to the game character , usually as a temporary effect . Persistent power - ups are called perks . power creep The gradual unbalancing of a game due to successive releases of new content . The phenomenon may be caused by a number of different factors and , in extreme cases , can be damaging to the longevity of the game in which it takes place . Game expansions are usually stronger than previously existing content , giving consumers an incentive to buy it for competitions against other players or as new challenges for the single - player experience . While the average power level within the game rises , older content falls out of balance and becomes regressively outdated or relatively underpowered , effectively rendering it useless from a competitive or challenge - seeking viewpoint . power spike The moment in which a character sees a rise in relative strength from leveling up larger than that of a normal milestone . This is usually due to an item becoming available or certain abilities being unlocked . proc `` Proc '' and `` proccing '' is used to describe the activation or occurrence of a random gaming event . Particularly common for massively multiplayer online game s , procs are random events where special armor or weapons provide the user with temporary extra powers , or when the opposing enemy suddenly becomes more powerful in some way . The term 's origin is uncertain , possibly from programmed random occurrence , process , or procedure . procedural generation When the game algorithmically combines randomly generated elements , particularly in game world creation . professional gaming See electronic sports . progression system The game mechanics that determine how a player improves their player - character over the course of a game or several games , such as gaining experience point s to level up characters , performing tasks to gain new abilities , or part of a metagame improvement . publisher The company that ( in whole or in part ) finances , distributes and markets the game . This is distinct from the developer , though the publisher may own the developer . PvE See player versus environment . PvP See player versus player . Pwned To dominate an opponent , usually another player . Intentional misspelling of `` owned '' , derived from World of Warcraft culture . Q ( edit ) QTE See quick time event . quest Any objective - based activity created in - game for the purpose of either story or character - level advancement . Quests follow many common types , such as defeating a number of specific monsters , gathering a number of specific items , or safely escorting a non-player character . Some quests involve more - detailed information and mechanics and are either greatly enjoyed by players as a break from the common monotony or are reviled as uselessly more - complicated than necessary . quick time event ( QTE ) An event within a game that typically requires the player to press an indicated controller button or move a controller 's analog controls within a short time window to succeed in the event and progress forward , while failure to do so may harm the player - character or lead to a game - over situation . Such controls are generally non-standard for the game , and the action performed in a quick time event is usually not possible to execute in regular gameplay . quicksave A mechanism in a video game where progress to or from a saved game can be done by pressing a single controller button or keystroke , instead of opening a file dialog to locate the save file . Typically , there is only one quickload location and quicksaving will overwrite any previously saved state . quickscoping A technique in first - person shooter video games used to kill an opponent by quickly aiming down sights on a weapon and immediately shooting . rack See level . rage game A video game which is designed to be extremely difficult and frustrating , with elements that intentionally try to ' cheat ' in some way or form , with the intent of causing a player to become extremely angry and rage quit . rage quit Rage quitting is the act of quitting a game mid-progress instead of waiting for the game to end . Typically , this is associated with leaving in frustration , such as unpleasant communication with other players , being annoyed , or losing the game . However , the reasons can vary beyond frustration , such as being unable to play due to the way the game has progressed , bad sportsmanship , manipulating game statistics , or having network connection problems . There are also social implications of rage quitting , such as making other players rage quit . Certain games can penalize the player for leaving early . Rage quitting is considered improper and rude , but can also be considered amusing by others when they are not negatively impacted by it themselves . Contrast with drop - in , drop - out . raid A type of mission in which a very large number of players ( larger than the normal team size set by the game ) attempt to defeat a boss monster . Common in MMORPGs . RDMing From the phrase Random Death Match , RDMing refers to when a player kills someone ( whether it be another player or NPC ) who is not their target or for a non-strategic reason . The term stems from the idea that during a Deathmatch players are expected to kill as many other players as possible , and when a player does it in another game mode , they are thus randomly playing a deathmatch game . reactivity Refers to the manner in which a game world reacts to and is changed based on the player 's choices . Examples include branching dialogue tree s in an RPG , or detailed interacting systems in a simulation or strategy game . A reactive game world offers a greater number of possible outcomes to a given action , but increases the complexity and cost of development . real - time corruptor A type of ROM / ISO corruptor program which incrementally and gradually corrupts video game data in real time as the game is being played . A game could look fine at start - up , but as data is distorted the game will eventually become unplayable or crash . real - time strategy ( RTS ) A genre of video game where the player controls one or more units in real - time combat with human or computer opponents . remorting Restarting a game with a new character from level 1 after having maxed out a previous character . replay value The ability to play the game again with reasonable enjoyment . respawn The reappearance of an entity , such as a character or object , after its death or destruction . respecing In games where a player - character gains skills along a skill tree by spending points , the act of respecing ( `` re-specialization '' ) allows the player to remove all skills and then respend those points on a different set of skills . This usually requires an expenditure of in - game money or other earned gameplay element . retrogaming Also old - school gaming The playing or collecting of older personal computer , console , and arcade video games in contemporary times . revamp Renovation or improvement of a game 's user interface , system stats , items , rules , etc . review bomb Actions taken by players to leave negative reviews of a game or other form of media on a digital storefront or user - contributed as a form of protest due to actions typically unrelated to the game or media quality itself . rhythm game A genre of video games requiring the player to perform actions in time to the game 's music . rocket jumping Also grenade jumping . A tactic used in certain games that include physics simulation and rocket launchers or explosives . The player aims their weapon at or near their player - character 's feet , or stand their character where there will be an explosion , and use the force of the blast to propel the character beyond normal jumping ability . Roguelike A sub-genre of games primarily featuring procedurally - generated levels , tile - based movement , turn - based action , complex maps to explore , resource management , and permanent death . Games that lack some of those elements are usually better termed dungeon crawlers , but can be referred to as `` Roguelites '' ; in particular , permadeath alone does not make a game Roguelike . Roguelikes are typically set in dungeons , but may contain an overworld or other settings . Roguelike games are usually designed to be more challenging than typical games , with luck and memory playing a larger role . Named after the 1980 game Rogue . Roguelite Games that have some , but not all , features of Roguelike games . Often the feature removed will be permadeath . While games may self - identify as Roguelites , it can also be used as a derogatory term . Often used instead of `` Roguelike '' by mistake , but the two are different . role - playing video game ( RPG ) An RPG is a game in which the human player takes on the role of a specific character `` class '' and advances the skills and abilities of that character within the game environment . RPG characters generally have a wide variety of skills and abilities available to them , and much theorycrafting is involved in creating the best possible form of each of these character classes . This is different from games such as first - person shooter s ( FPS ) , wherein the player - character in those games are all standardized forms and the physical skills of the player involved are the determining factor in their success or failure within the game . In an RPG , a human player can be the best player in the world at the game , but if they are using a character build that is substandard , they can be significantly outplayed by a lesser player running a more - optimal character build . ROM hacking The process of modifying a ROM image of a video game to alter the game 's graphics , dialogue , levels , gameplay , or other elements . This is usually done by technically inclined video - game fans to breathe new life into a cherished old game , as a creative outlet , or to make essentially new unofficial games using the old game 's engine . room - over-room In video - game environments , the placement of a room directly above another room . This was impossible to achieve with the Doom engine which did mapping in 2D , with height variance done via numbers . In true 3D game engines to follow , such as those using the Quake engine , room - over-room became an easy effect to accomplish . round See level . RPG 1 . Abbreviation of role - playing game . 2 . In military games , a rocket - propelled grenade . RTS See real - time strategy . rubber banding 1 . A game mechanic resulting from dynamic game difficulty balancing that alters the rules of the game to keep the game competitive and fun . It is most notable in racing games where human players may easily outdistance computer opponents ; when this happens , the computer opponents are often given the ability to go faster than normal or to avoid certain obstacles as to allow them to catch up and outpace the player . The effect is likened to stretching and releasing a rubber band between the player and the computer opponent . This effect may also apply to human players as well , with the game providing unstated handicaps for losing players to stay competitive . 2 . The result of network latency during a multiplayer game ; when the player 's location is updated client - side , but the server does not immediately register the change , a player 's character may ' bounce ' to the appropriate location when the client and server finally synchronize . See lag . rush A tactic in strategy games where the player sacrifices economic development in favor of using many low - cost fast / weak units to rush and overwhelm an enemy by attrition or sheer numbers . sandbox game A game in which the player has been freed from traditional video game structure and direction , and instead chooses what , when , and how they want to approach the available content . The term alludes to a child 's sandbox without rules , with play based on open - ended choice . While some sandbox games may include building and creative activities , they are not required . Sandbox games generally employ an open world setting to facilitate the player 's freedom of choice . save point Also check point . A place in the game world of a video game where a game save can be made . Some games do not have specific save points , allowing the player to save at any point . save scumming The manipulation of game save states to gain an advantage during play or achieve a particular outcome out of unpredictable events . It is used , for example , in Roguelike games that automatically delete any save files when the player - character dies . saved game ( ( defn Also game save , savegame , or savefile . A file or similar data storage method that stores the state of the game in non-volatile memory , enabling the player to shut down the gaming system and then later restart the device and load the saved game state to continue playing from where they saved . Saved games may also be used to store the game 's state before a difficult area that , should the player - character die , the player can try again without penalty . screen cheat The act of looking at other players ' areas of the screen when playing split - screen multiplayer , giving the screen cheater an unfair advantage . score attack A mode of gameplay that challenges the player to earn the highest score possible in a game level or through the whole game . season pass A purchase made in addition to the cost of the base game that generally enables the purchaser access to all downloadable content that is planned for that title without further cost . secret character A player character that is only available to the player after meeting some sort of requirement ; such as beating the game or doing a quest relating to that character . Secret characters may initially appear as NPCs . secret level A game level that is only accessible to the player by completing specific tasks within the game ; these tasks are rarely described in detail to the player , if at all , and are often only found through exploration and trial and error . Compare with bonus stage . shooter Also shoot ' em up . A genre of games that involves using ranged weapons . See also first - person shooter . shovelware A widely - licensed video game released in large volume with little attention to quality . show mode See attract mode . side quest An optional quest which does not advance the main quest . simulation video game ( sim ) A game genre that simulates some aspect of reality and is usually open - ended with no intrinsic goal . Inclusive definitions allow for any video game that models reality , such as sports games , while exclusive definitions generally focus on city - building games , vehicle simulation games , or both . single - player A game that can only have one player at a time . Compare with multiplayer . skill tree A simplified example of a skill tree structure , in this case for the usage of firearms . A character - development gaming mechanic typically seen in role - playing games . A skill tree consists of a series of skills ( sometimes known as perks ) which can be earned as the player levels up or otherwise progresses his or her player - character . These skills grant gameplay benefits ; for example , giving the character the ability to perform a new action , or giving a boost to one of the character 's stats . A skill tree is called a `` tree '' because it uses a tiered system and typically branches out into multiple paths . A tiered skill tree will require a player to achieve certain skills before the next tier of skills become available . The player may be required to achieve all skills in one tier before moving on to the next , or may only be required to complete prerequisites for individual branches . Skill trees are a common tool used for in - game balancing by game designers . Skill trees also offer a `` game within a game '' in which players are not only playing a video game , but their decisions on how they allocate points into their skill trees will affect their overall gaming experience . The action roleplaying game Diablo II , released in 2000 , is often cited as the true innovator of in - depth skill trees . skin A customization option for a player 's in - game avatar or equipment that changes its appearance to other players within the game . Skins generally do not provide any direct in - game advantage . Skins are featured as part of metagame loot drops , with most games rewarding them based on scarcity , or by awarding skins for completing certain objectives or placing high in competitive modes . This allows players to use skins to display rare achievements or high skill level . skirmish mode A game mode in which players can fight immediate battles without having to go through the linear , story - based campaign mode . It is popular in real - time strategy games . smurf 1 . When a game developer makes something ( an ability , weapon , or character ) less powerful than before , typically in an attempt to balance gameplay . See also nerf . 2 . In online multiplayer games that use matchmaking , when an experienced player creates a new account to appear inexperienced , so they are matched with relatively new players who they can easily beat . See also twinking . sound test A page or option in which the game makes noise to confirm that the player 's audio equipment is working and at a good volume . spawn camping See camping . specialization A means of selecting certain options for a player - character , a weapon , a vehicle , or other in - game item during the course of a game for a specific function , as opposed to selecting a specific character class at the start of the game . Such specialization allows that entity to have access to unique skills or options for that type while denying them access to other options . Some games allow players to re-specialize past choices for some in - game cost and pursue a different specialization . speedrun An attempt to complete a game as fast as possible . Depending on the rules for the speedrun , players may exploit glitches or bugs in the game to speed their progress . splash damage Although only the blue player in the center takes a direct hit , everyone within the circle takes splash damage . The damage may decrease further from the point of impact ; this is known as damage falloff . Attacks with an explosive or other area - of - effect component deal splash damage , affecting the area around the attack 's impact . Splash damage is particularly useful against game targets that dodge well . However , splash damage weapons are also dangerous since they can damage the shooter and are not preferred in close - quarters combat . Such weapons are typically aimed at an opponent 's feet ; this ensures that the impact point is near enough for splash damage to cover the opponent in the event that the shot misses . split - screen multiplayer A game that presents two or more views seen by different players in a multiplayer game on the same display unit . stage See level . stat point A discrete amount of points for the player to distribute among their character 's attributes , e.g. , to choose their player 's trade - offs between strength , charisma , and stamina . status effect An overarching term that covers both buffs and debuffs . Essentially , any effect to a character that is outside of the normal baseline is a status effect . Common negative status effects are poisoning ( damage over time ) , petrification / paralysis ( inability to move ) , or armor / damage reduction ( lowering of defensive / offensive abilities ) . Common positive status effects include a heal - over-time ( a small , pulsing heal that triggers multiple times over a set period ) , armor / damage increases , or speed increases . strafing To move sideways , often to dodge incoming attacks . See also circle strafing . strategy guide Printed or online manuals that are written to guide players through a game , typically offering maps , lists of equipment , moves , abilities , enemies , and secrets , and providing tips and hints for effective play strategies . strategy video game A game genre which emphasizes consideration and planning to achieve victory . Subgenres include real - time strategy , turn - based strategy and wargames . subgame See minigame . superboss See boss . teamkill The killing of teammates through destruction or damage done to allies , such as through deliberate shooting of teammates . Teamkilling is often identified as unsportsmanlike behavior . Related to the military term `` fragging '' . technology tree Also tech tree . A branching series of technologies that can be researched in strategy games , to customize the player 's faction . See also skill tree . telefrag A frag or kill which occurs when a player uses a teleporter to get to a location occupied by another character . This character is killed and the player - character landing on them is granted credit for the kill . telegraphing Animations or similar visual and audible indicators that indicate to a player what actions an opponent will take . Often used as part of computer - controlled artificial intelligence to help the player avoid or block attacks or make counter-attacks . theory See game studies and theorycraft . theorycraft The analysis of a video game to mathematically determine the most - optimal approach to winning the game , typically in games that feature a number of player - character attributes that are enumerated ; one common type of theorycraft is determining how to best maximize damage per second through selection of equipment and skills . See also min - maxing . third person point of view A view where the player character is seen on screen . thumbstick See analog stick . tick An increment of damage or healing periodically caused by a DoT or HoT effect . tilt When a player gets angry at someone or something , often resulting in reduced quality of play . Usually used in the game League of Legends . time attack A game mode that challenges player ( s ) to complete a level or the game within a fixed amount of game time or in the fastest time possible . Often the best times are recorded for other players to see timed exclusive When a game releases exclusively for one platform but will release for other platforms when the exclusivity period expires . title screen OpenArena title screen The initial screen of a computer , video , or arcade game after the credits and logos of the game developer and publisher are displayed . Early title screens often included all the game options available ( single player , multiplayer , configuration of controls , etc . ) while modern games have opted for the title screen to serve as a splash screen . This can be attributed to the use of the title screen as a loading screen , in which to cache all the graphical elements of the main menu . Older computer and video games had relatively simple menu screens that often featured pre-rendered artwork . In arcade games , the title screen is shown as part of the attract mode loop , usually after a game demonstration is played . The title screen and high score list urge potential players to insert coins . In console games , especially if the screen is not merged with the main menu , it urges the player to press start . Similarly , in computer games , the message `` Hit any key '' is often displayed . Controls that lack an actual `` Start '' button use a different prompt ; the Wii , for example , usually prompts to press the `` A '' button and the `` B '' trigger simultaneously , as in Super Mario Galaxy 2 or Mario Party 9 . Fan - made games often parody the style of the title that inspired them . touchscreen A form of user input that relies on physical touch , rather than a mouse , keyboard or other control method . trackball A form of a video game controller , most often found on arcade game cabinets , in which the player uses a freely - rotating ball to interact with the game . trash pull Usually a practice commonly used in MMORPGs , of how many enemies a team can summon to the battlefield to fight at one time . triple A See AAA . triple jump An additional jump that follows the second in quick succession . turn - based game When a game consists of multiple turns . When one player 's turn is complete , they must wait until everyone else has finished their turn . twinking A practice in MMORPGs of equipping a low - level character with items or resources not normally available to new characters , by transfer from high - level characters . U ( edit ) underpowered A character , item , tactic , or ability considered to be too weak to be balanced . underworld A collection of isolated dungeon - or cave - like levels which are connected by an open overworld . upgrade A way to make the given item , character , etc. more powerful . V. ( edit ) vaporware Video games which are announced and appear in active development for some time but are never released nor officially cancelled . video game design The process of designing a video game , including content and game mechanics . walking simulator A derogatory term sometimes used to classify exploration games , which generally involve exploring an environment for story and narrative but with few , if any , puzzles or gameplay elements . walkthrough A description of the gameplay experience for a level or playthrough . See also strategy guide . wall jump A jump performed off of a vertical surface to propel the player higher in the opposite direction . Wall jumps can be done between two tight walls in quick succession to climb vertically in some games . As a special jump , it is sometimes an acquired skill instead of available from the game 's start . wall - humping search A technique used to actively search for hidden interactive points in the game environment by strafing against walls and repeatedly pressing the control used to interact with non-hidden points until something happens . The first use of this technique was with early first - person shooter games like Wolfenstein 3D and Doom , which were littered with unmarked switches and secret doors that could otherwise only be found by accident or by purchasing a strategy guide . The term is a specific reference to the sounds made by the Doomguy when using this technique . wallhack A cheat that makes walls translucent . Some wallhacks let players shoot weapons or physically pass through walls . See noclip . wanted level A game mechanic popularized by the Grand Theft Auto series and used in many Grand Theft Auto clone games . A player 's actions in an open - world game may cause non-player characters , often representing law enforcement , to chase the player , with the response becoming more significant at higher wanted levels . The wanted level persists unless the player can elude these opponents , or if the character dies , eliminating the wanted level . warp zone A shortcut that allows a player to bypass one or more sections of the game . See fast travel . WASD keys A common control - mechanism using a typical QWERTY keyboard , with the W , A , S , and D keys bound to movement controls . wave In game genres or modes where player ( s ) are to defend a point or stay alive as long as possible , enemies are commonly grouped into `` waves '' ( sometimes referred to as levels ) . When one wave of enemies is defeated , player ( s ) are typically given a short period to prepare for the next wave . whale In free - to - play games , a user that spends a considerable amount of real - world money for in - game items , rather than acquiring said items through grinding or playing the game normally . These players are typically seen as the largest segment for revenue production for free - to - play titles . `` White whales '' may also be used to describe exceptionally high spenders . Borrowed from gambling jargon ; a ' whale ' , in that context , is a person who makes extravagant wagers or places reckless bets . White Mage A character 's role in a RPG and MMORPG . Their primary role is to support the main fighters , giving them support buffs and healing . Putting them in the back , rather than the frontline is usually the required setting . As they have less health / attack prowess . win quote A phrase spoken by a fighting game character after defeating an opponent . In older games , such as Fatal Fury and traditionally in 2D fighting games such as Capcom vs. SNK , it is not an actual voice sample but text superimposed on an image of the winning character , occasionally depicted alongside the visibly injured defeated character ( Street Fighter II for example ) . Win quotes are often little more than trash talk , but they help players to understand and identify with the characters . In most games , characters have one or more win quotes that they use indiscriminately , but sometimes special win quotes are used in special circumstances . For example , in The King of Fighters ' 94 , each character has special win quotes against each of the 8 teams ; in Street Fighter Alpha , players can choose one of four win quotes by holding certain button combinations after winning a battle ; in Street Fighter III : Giant Attack , characters sometime use special win quotes if they finish the battle with a certain move ; and in SNK vs. Capcom : Match of the Millennium , players can input their own win quotes in edit mode . Some win quotes have characters break the fourth wall , such as Chun - Li 's Marvel Super Heroes vs. Street Fighter win quote in which she suspects the game is set on the easiest difficulty setting ; or are in - jokes referring to other video games , like Sakura 's Street Fighter Alpha 3 win quote in which she says she prefers `` street fighting to sparring in rival schools . '' Wipe An attack from the boss in which the said boss completely knocks out the entire party . Mostly in massively multiplayer online role - playing games . world A series of levels that share a similar environment or theme . A boss fight will typically happen once all or most of these levels are completed rather than after each individual level . wrapping Camera wrapping is a technique often used in video games , which allows a player to move in a straight line and get back to where they started . This was more often used in older games to make it seem that the player is moving up or down an extremely high hill ; memory can be saved by using wrapping instead of creating a larger area filled with unpassable walls . Wrapping is also used to make a 2D game world round ; for example , in PacMan exiting the game screen to the right wraps the player to the same position on the left side of the screen . Similarly , in Final Fantasy VII , exiting the game map to the right wraps the player to the same position on the left side of the map , and exiting the map to the top wraps the player to the bottom of the map . X ( edit ) XP See experience point . Y ( edit ) YouTube bait Games that are made for an audience ; games created with YouTubers and / or Twitch streamers in mind . See Let 's Play . Z ( edit ) zerging Gameplay that utilizes overwhelming numbers rather than skill or strategy . See also rush . zero - day patch A software patch that is set to be released on the day of the game 's official release ( `` the 0th day '' ) , reflecting updates and fixes that were added after the final release candidate was prepared . zero - player game Also CPU vs. CPU A game that has no sentient players . 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Video games portal ( hide ) Concepts of video games Glossary of video game terms Attributes Health Life Experience point Magic Mechanics Item Power - up HUD Warp Fast travel Fog of war Invisible wall Cutscene Mini-map Paper doll Destructible environment Loading screen Replay value Saved game Scripted sequence Password Line of sight Critical hit Level Permadeath Status effect Hitbox Movement techniques Rocket jumping Strafe - jumping Strafing Trickjump Modes Player type Single - player Multiplayer Cooperative Competitive gameplay eSports Speedrun Gameplay type Capture the flag ( CTF ) Deathmatch Last man standing Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_video_game_terms&oldid=843531504 '' Categories : Glossaries of computers Video game terminology Video game lists Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2018 Use American English from August 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from May 2018 Articles that may contain original research from May 2016 All articles that may contain original research Articles needing additional references from May 2016 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing style editing from September 2017 All articles needing style editing Wikipedia articles that are excessively detailed from September 2017 All articles that are excessively detailed Articles lacking reliable references from September 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Incomplete video game lists All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Articles lacking reliable references from December 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2018 Wikipedia articles that may have off - topic sections Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Esperanto Français हिन्दी 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 19 : 08 . 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-5021015835600388319	1906 San Francisco earthquake	1906 San Francisco earthquake - wikipedia 1906 San Francisco earthquake Jump to : navigation , search `` San Francisco earthquake '' redirects here . For the 1989 earthquake , see 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake . For the 2014 earthquake , see 2014 South Napa earthquake . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1906 San Francisco earthquake Eureka Dunsmuir Chico Truckee Santa Rosa Salinas Bakersfield Fresno Paso Robles Santa Monica Indio UTC time 1906 - 04 - 18 13 : 12 : 27 ISC event 16957905 USGS - ANSS ComCat Local date April 18 , 1906 ( 1906 - 04 - 18 ) Local time 05 : 12 a.m. local time Magnitude 7.9 M Depth 5 mi ( 8.0 km ) Epicenter 37 ° 45 ′ N 122 ° 33 ′ W / 37.75 ° N 122.55 ° W / 37.75 ; - 122.55 Coordinates : 37 ° 45 ′ N 122 ° 33 ′ W / 37.75 ° N 122.55 ° W / 37.75 ; - 122.55 Type Strike - slip Areas affected North Coast San Francisco Bay Area Central Coast United States Max . intensity XI ( Extreme ) Tsunami Yes Casualties 700 -- 3,000 + The 1906 San Francisco earthquake struck the coast of Northern California at 5 : 12 a.m. on Wednesday , April 18 with an estimated moment magnitude of 7.9 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI ( Extreme ) . High intensity shaking was felt from Eureka on the North Coast to the Salinas Valley , an agricultural region to the south of the San Francisco Bay Area . Devastating fires soon broke out in the city and lasted for several days . Thousands of homes were dismantled.As a result , up to 3,000 people died and over 80 % of the city of San Francisco was destroyed . The events are remembered as one of the worst and deadliest earthquakes in the history of the United States . The death toll remains the greatest loss of life from a natural disaster in California 's history and high in the lists of American disasters . Contents ( hide ) 1 Tectonic setting 2 Earthquake 2.1 Impact 2.2 Intensity 2.3 Damage 3 Fires 4 Response 5 Aftermath 5.1 Housing 5.2 Relief 5.3 Insurance payments 6 Centennial commemorations 7 Panoramas 8 In popular culture 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Tectonic setting ( edit ) The San Andreas Fault is a continental transform fault that forms part of the tectonic boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate . The strike - slip fault is characterized by mainly lateral motion in a dextral sense , where the western ( Pacific ) plate moves northward relative to the eastern ( North American ) plate . This fault runs the length of California from the Salton Sea in the south to Cape Mendocino in the north , a distance of about 810 miles ( 1,300 km ) . The maximum observed surface displacement was about 20 feet ( 6 m ) ; geodetic measurements show displacements of up to 28 feet ( 8.5 m ) . Earthquake ( edit ) USGS ShakeMap showing the earthquake 's intensity . The 1906 earthquake preceded the development of the Richter magnitude scale by three decades . The most widely accepted estimate for the magnitude of the quake on the modern moment magnitude scale is 7.9 ; values from 7.7 to as high as 8.3 have been proposed . According to findings published in the Journal of Geophysical Research , severe deformations in the earth 's crust took place both before and after the earthquake 's impact . Accumulated strain on the faults in the system was relieved during the earthquake , which is the supposed cause of the damage along the 450 - kilometer - long segment of the San Andreas plate boundary . The 1906 rupture propagated both northward and southward for a total of 296 miles ( 476 km ). Shaking was felt from Oregon to Los Angeles , and inland as far as central Nevada . A strong foreshock preceded the main shock by about 20 to 25 seconds . The strong shaking of the main shock lasted about 42 seconds . There were decades of minor earthquakes -- more than at any other time in the historical record for northern California -- before the 1906 quake . Widely interpreted previously as precursory activity to the 1906 earthquake , they have been found to have a strong seasonal pattern and have been postulated to be due to large seasonal sediment loads in coastal bays that overlie faults as a result of the erosion caused by hydraulic mining in the later years of the California Gold Rush . For years , the epicenter of the quake was assumed to be near the town of Olema , in the Point Reyes area of Marin County , because of evidence of the degree of local earth displacement . In the 1960s , a seismologist at UC Berkeley proposed that the epicenter was more likely offshore of San Francisco , to the northwest of the Golden Gate . The most recent analyses support an offshore location for the epicenter , although significant uncertainty remains . An offshore epicenter is supported by the occurrence of a local tsunami recorded by a tide gauge at the San Francisco Presidio ; the wave had an amplitude of approximately 3 in ( 8 cm ) and an approximate period of 40 -- 45 minutes . Analysis of triangulation data before and after the earthquake strongly suggest that the rupture along the San Andreas Fault was about 500 km in length , in agreement with observed intensity data . The available seismological data support a significantly shorter rupture length , but these observations can be reconciled by allowing propagation at speeds above the S - wave velocity ( supershear ) . Supershear propagation has now been recognized for many earthquakes associated with strike - slip faulting . Impact ( edit ) Damaged houses on Howard Street ( left ) , and ruins in the vicinity of Post and Grant Avenue At the time , 375 deaths were reported ; however , hundreds of fatalities in Chinatown went ignored and unrecorded . The total number of deaths is still uncertain , but various reports presented a range of 700 -- 3,000 + . Most of the deaths occurred in San Francisco itself , but 189 were reported elsewhere in the Bay Area ; nearby cities , such as Santa Rosa and San Jose , also suffered severe damage . In Monterey County , the earthquake permanently shifted the course of the Salinas River near its mouth . Where previously the river emptied into Monterey Bay between Moss Landing and Watsonville , it was diverted 6 miles south to a new channel just north of Marina . Between 227,000 and 300,000 people were left homeless out of a population of about 410,000 ; half of those who evacuated fled across the bay to Oakland and Berkeley . Newspapers described Golden Gate Park , the Presidio , the Panhandle and the beaches between Ingleside and North Beach as covered with makeshift tents . More than two years later , many of these refugee camps were still in operation . Selected Mercalli intensities MMI Locations XI ( Extreme ) San Francisco , Santa Rosa X ( Extreme ) Sebastopol , San Bruno IX ( Violent ) San Jose , Point Arena VIII ( Severe ) Eureka , Salinas VII ( Very strong ) Truckee , Parkfield VI ( Strong ) Willows , Fresno V ( Moderate ) Chico , Paso Robles IV ( Light ) Dunsmuir , Bakersfield III ( Weak ) Santa Monica , Indio U.S. Earthquake Intensity Database , NGDC The earthquake and fire left long - standing and significant pressures on the development of California . At the time of the disaster , San Francisco had been the ninth - largest city in the United States and the largest on the West Coast , with a population of about 410,000 . Over a period of 60 years , the city had become the financial , trade and cultural center of the West ; operated the busiest port on the West Coast ; and was the `` gateway to the Pacific '' , through which growing U.S. economic and military power was projected into the Pacific and Asia . Over 80 % of the city was destroyed by the earthquake and fire . Though San Francisco rebuilt quickly , the disaster diverted trade , industry and population growth south to Los Angeles , which during the 20th century became the largest and most important urban area in the West . Many of the city 's leading poets and writers retreated to Carmel - by - the - Sea where , as `` The Barness '' , they established the arts colony reputation that continues today . The 1908 Lawson Report , a study of the 1906 quake led and edited by Professor Andrew Lawson of the University of California , showed that the same San Andreas Fault which had caused the disaster in San Francisco ran close to Los Angeles as well . The earthquake was the first natural disaster of its magnitude to be documented by photography and motion picture footage and occurred at a time when the science of seismology was blossoming . Intensity ( edit ) The most important characteristic of the shaking intensity noted in Andrew Lawson 's ( 1908 ) report was the clear correlation of intensity with underlying geologic conditions . Areas situated in sediment - filled valleys sustained stronger shaking than nearby bedrock sites , and the strongest shaking occurred in areas of former bay where soil liquefaction had occurred . Modern seismic - zonation practice accounts for the differences in seismic hazard posed by varying geologic conditions . The shaking intensity as described on the Modified Mercalli intensity scale reached XI ( Extreme ) in San Francisco and areas to the north like Santa Rosa where destruction was devastating . Damage ( edit ) Although the impact of the earthquake on San Francisco was the most famous , the earthquake also inflicted considerable damage on several other cities . These include San Jose and Santa Rosa , the entire downtown of which was essentially destroyed . Fires ( edit ) Arnold Genthe 's photograph , looking toward the fire on Sacramento Street As damaging as the earthquake and its aftershocks were , the fires that burned out of control afterward were even more destructive . It has been estimated that up to 90 % of the total destruction was the result of the subsequent fires . Within three days , over 30 fires , caused by ruptured gas mains , destroyed approximately 25,000 buildings on 490 city blocks . One of the largest of these fires was accidentally started in a house on Hayes Street by a woman making breakfast for her family . This came to be known as the `` Ham and Eggs Fire '' . Some were started when firefighters , untrained in the use of dynamite , attempted to demolish buildings to create firebreaks . The dynamited buildings themselves often caught fire . The city 's fire chief , Dennis T. Sullivan , who would have been responsible , had died from injuries sustained in the initial quake . In all , the fires burned for four days and nights . Due to a widespread practice by insurers to indemnify San Francisco properties from fire , but not earthquake damage , most of the destruction in the city was blamed on the fires . Some property owners deliberately set fire to damaged properties , in order to claim them on their insurance . Capt . Leonard D. Wildman of the U.S. Army Signal Corps reported that he `` was stopped by a fireman who told me that people in that neighborhood were firing their houses ... they were told that they would not get their insurance on buildings damaged by the earthquake unless they were damaged by fire '' . Burning of the Mission District ( left ) and a map showing the extent of the fire One landmark building lost in the fire was the Palace Hotel , subsequently rebuilt , which had many famous visitors , including royalty and celebrated performers . It was constructed in 1875 primarily financed by Bank of California co-founder William Ralston , the `` man who built San Francisco '' . In April 1906 , the tenor Enrico Caruso and members of the Metropolitan Opera Company came to San Francisco to give a series of performances at the Grand Opera House . The night after Caruso 's performance in Carmen , the tenor was awakened in the early morning in his Palace Hotel suite by a strong jolt . Clutching an autographed photo of President Theodore Roosevelt , Caruso made an effort to get out of the city , first by boat and then by train , and vowed never to return to San Francisco . Caruso died in 1921 , having remained true to his word . The Metropolitan Opera Company lost all of its traveling sets and costumes in the earthquake and ensuing fires . `` The Story of An Eyewitness '' by Jack London Read by Elaine Hamby for LibriVox Audio 00 : 18 : 06 ( full text ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . Some of the greatest losses from fire were in scientific laboratories . Alice Eastwood , the curator of botany at the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco , is credited with saving nearly 1,500 specimens , including the entire type specimen collection for a newly discovered and extremely rare species , before the remainder of the largest botanical collection in the western United States was destroyed in the fire . The entire laboratory and all the records of Benjamin R. Jacobs , a biochemist who was researching the nutrition of everyday foods , were destroyed . The original California flag used in the 1846 Bear Flag Revolt at Sonoma , which at the time was being stored in a state building in San Francisco , was also destroyed in the fire . The fire following the earthquake in San Francisco , cost an estimated $350 million at the time , equivalent to $8.97 billion . The devastating quake levelled about 80 % of the city . Response ( edit ) The city 's fire chief , Dennis T. Sullivan , was gravely injured when the earthquake first struck and later died from his injuries . The interim fire chief sent an urgent request to the Presidio , an army post on the edge of the stricken city , for dynamite . General Frederick Funston had already decided that the situation required the use of troops . Telephoning a policeman , he sent word to Mayor Eugene Schmitz of his decision to assist , and then ordered army troops from nearby Angel Island to mobilize and come into the city . Explosives were ferried across the bay from the California Powder Works in what is now Hercules . Soldiers looting during the fire During the first few days , soldiers provided valuable services like patrolling streets to discourage looting and guarding buildings such as the U.S. Mint , post office , and county jail . They aided the fire department in dynamiting to demolish buildings in the path of the fires . The army also became responsible for feeding , sheltering , and clothing the tens of thousands of displaced residents of the city . Under the command of Funston 's superior , Major General Adolphus Greely , Commanding Officer , Pacific Division , over 4,000 troops saw service during the emergency . On July 1 , 1906 , civil authorities assumed responsibility for relief efforts , and the army withdrew from the city . On April 18 , in response to riots among evacuees and looting , Mayor Schmitz issued and ordered posted a proclamation that `` The Federal Troops , the members of the Regular Police Force and all Special Police Officers have been authorized by me to kill any and all persons found engaged in Looting or in the Commission of Any Other Crime '' . In addition , accusations of soldiers themselves engaging in looting also surfaced . Early on April 18 , 1906 , recently retired Captain Edward Ord of the 22nd Infantry Regiment was appointed a Special Police Officer by Mayor Eugene Schmitz and liasioned with Major General Adolphus Greely for relief work with the 22nd Infantry and other military units involved in the emergency . Ord later wrote a long letter to his mother on the April 20 regarding Schmitz ' `` Shoot - to - Kill '' Order and some `` despicable '' behavior of certain soldiers of the 22nd Infantry who were looting . He also made it clear that the majority of soldiers served the community well . Aftermath ( edit ) Refugees leaving the city Property losses from the disaster have been estimated to be more than $400 million in 1906 dollars . This is equivalent to $10.9 billion in 2017 dollars . An insurance industry source tallies insured losses at $235 million , the equivalent to $6.4 billion in 2017 dollars . Political and business leaders strongly downplayed the effects of the earthquake , fearing loss of outside investment in the city which badly needed to rebuild . In his first public statement , California governor George Pardee emphasized the need to rebuild quickly : `` This is not the first time that San Francisco has been destroyed by fire , I have not the slightest doubt that the City by the Golden Gate will be speedily rebuilt , and will , almost before we know it , resume her former great activity '' . The earthquake itself is not even mentioned in the statement . Fatality and monetary damage estimates were manipulated . Almost immediately after the quake ( and even during the disaster ) , planning and reconstruction plans were hatched to quickly rebuild the city . Rebuilding funds were immediately tied up by the fact that virtually all the major banks had been sites of the conflagration , requiring a lengthy wait of seven - to - ten days before their fire - proof vaults could cool sufficiently to be safely opened . The Bank of Italy had evacuated its funds and was able to provide liquidity in the immediate aftermath . Its president also immediately chartered and financed the sending of two ships to return with shiploads of lumber from Washington and Oregon mills which provided the initial reconstruction materials and surge . In 1929 , Bank of Italy was renamed and is now known as Bank of America . William James , the pioneering American psychologist , was teaching at Stanford at the time of the earthquake and traveled into San Francisco to observe first - hand its aftermath . He was most impressed by the positive attitude of the survivors and the speed with which they improvised services and created order out of chaos . This formed the basis of the chapter `` On some Mental Effects of the Earthquake '' in his book Memories and Studies . H.G. Wells had just arrived in New York on his first visit to America when he learned , at lunch , of the San Francisco earthquake . What struck him about the reaction of those around him was that `` it does not seem to have affected any one with a sense of final destruction , with any foreboding of irreparable disaster . Every one is talking of it this afternoon , and no one is in the least degree dismayed . I have talked and listened in two clubs , watched people in cars and in the street , and one man is glad that Chinatown will be cleared out for good ; another 's chief solicitude is for Millet 's ' Man with the Hoe . ' ' They 'll cut it out of the frame , ' he says , a little anxiously . ' Sure . ' But there is no doubt anywhere that San Francisco can be rebuilt , larger , better , and soon . Just as there would be none at all if all this New York that has so obsessed me with its limitless bigness was itself a blazing ruin . I believe these people would more than half like the situation . '' View from the Ferry Building tower , southwest down on Market Street The Agassiz statue in front of the Zoology building ( now building 420 ) , Stanford University . The grandeur of citywide reconstruction schemes required investment from Eastern monetary sources , hence the spin and de-emphasis of the earthquake , the promulgation of the tough new building codes , and subsequent reputation sensitive actions such as the official low death toll . One of the more famous and ambitious plans came from famed urban planner Daniel Burnham . His bold plan called for , among other proposals , Haussmann - style avenues , boulevards , arterial thoroughfares that radiated across the city , a massive civic center complex with classical structures , and what would have been the largest urban park in the world , stretching from Twin Peaks to Lake Merced with a large atheneum at its peak . But this plan was dismissed during the aftermath of the earthquake . The earthquake also was crucial in the development of the University of California , San Francisco and its medical facilities . Until 1906 , the school faculty had provided care at the City - County Hospital ( San Francisco General Hospital , 1915 -- 2016 , but Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center ( SFGH ) since 2016 ) , but did not have a hospital of its own . Following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake , more than 40,000 people were relocated to a makeshift tent city in Golden Gate Park and were treated by the faculty of the Affiliated Colleges . This brought the school , which until then was located on the western outskirts of the city , in contact with significant population and fueled the commitment of the school towards civic responsibility and health care , increasing the momentum towards the construction of its own health facilities . Finally , in April 1907 , one of the buildings was renovated for outpatient care with 75 beds . This created the need to train nursing students , and , in 1907 , the UC Training School for Nurses was established , adding a fourth professional school to the Affiliated Colleges . For example , real estate investors and other land owners were against the idea due to the large amount of land the city would have to purchase to realize such proposals . City fathers likewise attempted at the time to eliminate the Chinese population and export Chinatown ( and other poor populations ) to the edge of the county where the Chinese could still contribute to the local taxbase . The Chinese occupants had other ideas and prevailed instead . Chinatown was rebuilt in the newer , modern , Western form that exists today . The destruction of City Hall and the Hall of Records enabled thousands of Chinese immigrants to claim residency and citizenship , creating a backdoor to the Chinese Exclusion Act , and bring in their relatives from China . While the original street grid was restored , many of Burnham 's proposals inadvertently saw the light of day , such as a neoclassical civic center complex , wider streets , a preference of arterial thoroughfares , a subway under Market Street , a more people - friendly Fisherman 's Wharf , and a monument to the city on Telegraph Hill , Coit Tower . The earthquake was also responsible for the development of the Pacific Heights neighborhood . The immense power of the earthquake had destroyed almost all of the mansions on Nob Hill except for the James C. Flood Mansion . Others that had n't been destroyed were dynamited by the Army forces aiding the firefighting efforts in attempts to create firebreaks . As one indirect result , the wealthy looked westward where the land was cheap and relatively undeveloped , and where there were better views and a consistently warmer climate . Constructing new mansions without reclaiming and clearing old rubble simply sped attaining new homes in the tent city during the reconstruction . Reconstruction was swift , and largely completed by 1915 , in time for the 1915 Panama -- Pacific International Exposition which celebrated the reconstruction of the city and its `` rise from the ashes '' . Since 1915 , the city has officially commemorated the disaster each year by gathering the remaining survivors at Lotta 's Fountain , a fountain in the city 's financial district that served as a meeting point during the disaster for people to look for loved ones and exchange information . Housing ( edit ) One of the eleven housing camps The army built 5,610 redwood and fir `` relief houses '' to accommodate 20,000 displaced people . The houses were designed by John McLaren , and were grouped in eleven camps , packed close to each other and rented to people for two dollars per month until rebuilding was completed . They were painted navy blue , partly to blend in with the site , and partly because the military had large quantities of navy blue paint on hand . The camps had a peak population of 16,448 people , but by 1907 most people had moved out . The camps were then re-used as garages , storage spaces or shops . The cottages cost on average $100 to put up . The $2 monthly rents went towards the full purchase price of $50 . Most of the shacks have been destroyed , but a small number survived . One of the modest 720 sq ft ( 67 m ) homes was purchased in 2006 for more than $600,000 . The last official refugee camp was closed on June 30 , 1908 . A 2017 study found that the fire had the effect of increasing the share of land used for nonresidential purposes : `` Overall , relative to unburned blocks , residential land shares on burned blocks fell while nonresidential land shares rose by 1931 . The study also provides insight into what held the city back from making these changes before 1906 : the presence of old residential buildings . In reconstruction , developers built relatively fewer of these buildings , and the majority of the reduction came through single - family houses . Also , aside from merely expanding nonresidential uses in many neighborhoods , the fire created economic opportunities in new areas , resulting in clusters of business activity that emerged only in the wake of the disaster . These effects of the fire still remain today , and thus large shocks can be sufficient catalysts for permanently reshaping urban settings . '' Relief ( edit ) During the first few days after news of the disaster reached the rest of the world , relief efforts reached over $5,000,000 . London raised hundreds of thousands of dollars . Individual citizens and businesses donated large sums of money for the relief effort : Standard Oil gave $100,000 ; Andrew Carnegie gave $100,000 ; the Dominion of Canada made a special appropriation of $100,000 and even the Bank of Canada in Ottawa gave $25,000 . The U.S. government quickly voted for one million dollars in relief supplies which were immediately rushed to the area , including supplies for food kitchens and many thousands of tents that city dwellers would occupy the next several years . These relief efforts were not enough to get families on their feet again , and consequently the burden was placed on wealthier members of the city , who were reluctant to assist in the rebuilding of homes they were not responsible for . All residents were eligible for daily meals served from a number of communal soup kitchens and citizens as far away as Idaho and Utah were known to send daily loaves of bread to San Francisco as relief supplies were coordinated by the railroads . Insurance payments ( edit ) Insurance companies , faced with staggering claims of $250 million , paid out between $235 million and $265 million on policyholders ' claims , often for fire damage only , since shake damage from earthquakes was excluded from coverage under most policies . At least 137 insurance companies were directly involved and another 17 as reinsurers . Twenty companies went bankrupt , and most excluded shake damage claims . Lloyd 's of London reports having paid all claims in full , more than $50 million and the insurance companies in Hartford , Connecticut report also paying every claim in full , with the Hartford Fire Insurance Company paying over $11 million and Aetna Insurance Company almost $3 million . After the 1906 earthquake , global discussion arose concerning a legally flawless exclusion of the earthquake hazard from fire insurance contracts . It was pressed ahead mainly by re-insurers . Their aim ; a uniform solution to insurance payouts resulting from fires cause by earthquakes . Until 1910 , a few countries , especially in Europe , followed the call for an exclusion of the earthquake hazard from all fire insurance contracts . In the U.S. , the question was discussed differently . But the traumatized public reacted with fierce opposition . On August 1 , 1909 , the California Senate enacted the California Standard Form of Fire Insurance Policy , which did not contain any earthquake clause . Thus the state decided that insurers would have to pay again if another earthquake was followed by fires . Other earthquake - endangered countries followed the California example . The insurance payments heavily affected the international financial system . Gold transfers from European insurance companies to policyholders in San Francisco led to a rise in interest rates , subsequently to a lack of available loans and finally to the Knickerbocker Trust Company crisis of October 1907 which led to the Panic of 1907 . Centennial commemorations ( edit ) The 1906 Centennial Alliance was set up as a clearing - house for various centennial events commemorating the earthquake . Award presentations , religious services , a National Geographic TV movie , a projection of fire onto the Coit Tower , memorials , and lectures were part of the commemorations . The USGS Earthquake Hazards Program issued a series of Internet documents , and the tourism industry promoted the 100th anniversary as well . Eleven survivors of the 1906 earthquake attended the centennial commemorations in 2006 , including Irma Mae Weule ( May 11 , 1899 -- August 8 , 2008 ) , who was the oldest survivor of the quake at the time of her death in August 2008 , aged 109 . Vivian Illing ( December 25 , 1900 -- January 22 , 2009 ) was believed to be the second - oldest survivor at the time of her death , aged 108 , leaving Herbert Hamrol ( January 10 , 1903 -- February 4 , 2009 ) as the last known remaining survivor at the time of his death , aged 106 . Another survivor , Libera Armstrong ( September 28 , 1902 -- November 27 , 2007 ) , attended the 2006 anniversary , but died in 2007 , aged 105 . Shortly after Hamrol 's death , two additional survivors were discovered . William Del Monte , then 103 , and Jeanette Scola Trapani ( April 21 , 1902 -- December 28 , 2009 ) , 106 , stated that they stopped attending events commemorating the earthquake when it became too much trouble for them . Del Monte and another survivor , Rose Cliver , then 106 , attended the earthquake reunion celebration on April 18 , 2009 , the 103rd anniversary of the earthquake . Cliver ( October 9 , 1902 -- February 18 , 2012 ) died in February 2012 , aged 109 . Nancy Stoner Sage ( February 19 , 1905 -- April 15 , 2010 ) died , aged 105 , in Colorado just three days short of the 104th anniversary of the earthquake on April 18 , 2010 . Del Monte attended the event at Lotta 's Fountain on April 18 , 2010 and the dinner at John 's Restaurant the night before . 107 - year - old George Quilici ( April 26 , 1905 -- May 31 , 2012 ) died in May 2012 , and 113 - year - old Ruth Newman ( September 23 , 1901 -- July 29 , 2015 ) in July 2015 . William Del Monte ( January 22 , 1906 -- January 11 , 2016 ) , who died 11 days shy of his 110th birthday , was thought to be the last survivor . In 2005 the National Film Registry added San Francisco Earthquake and Fire , April 18 , 1906 , a newsreel documentary made soon after the earthquake , to its list of American films worthy of preservation . Panoramas ( edit ) San Francisco burning in 1906 . San Francisco fire 1906 San Francisco 360 ° panorama showing damage , 1906 Panoramic view of earthquake and fire damage from Stanford Mansion site , April 18 -- 21 , 1906 . Note the ruins of the original City Hall building at far right . `` San Francisco in ruins from Lawrence Captive Airship -- 2000 feet ( 660 m ) above San Francisco Bay -- Overlooking waterfront . -- Sunset over Golden Gate . '' Market Street leads directly away from Ferry Building tower , center foreground . In popular culture ( edit ) The movie Frisco Jenny depicts the earthquake . The 1936 movie San Francisco is based on the event . Rebuilding San Francisco following the 1906 earthquake destruction is a scenario in the Sim City videogame . In Part 2 of the episode `` Time 's Arrow '' of Star Trek : The Next Generation , the crew of the U.S.S. Enterprise time - travels back to 1893 , where Captain Jean - Luc Picard places a monitoring device in a hospital ward , claiming to a curious doctor that he 's helping to make the building safer from earthquakes . The doctor scoffs that `` there has n't been an earthquake here in thirty years , '' referencing the `` great '' earthquake of October 21 , 1868 , and unaware that the much more devastating 1906 earthquake is only 13 years in the future . In the Walt Disney animated film , Big Hero 6 , the fictional setting of `` San Fransokyo '' is intended to be San Francisco in an alternate timeline in which the city was rebuilt by Japanese immigrants following the earthquake , though the premise is never mentioned in the film . In the William Carter puzzles of the Do n't Starve videogame , it is suggested that the earthquake was triggered by the dark powers of Codex Umbra , a mysterious book . See also ( edit ) San Francisco Bay Area portal Disasters portal Arnold Genthe and George R. Lawrence , photographers of the earthquake Committee of Fifty ( 1906 ) Earthquake engineering List of earthquakes in 1906 List of earthquakes in California List of earthquakes in the United States Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Where Can I Learn More About the 1906 Earthquake ? '' . Berkeley Seismological Laboratory . 2008 - 01 - 28 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Location of the Focal Region and Hypocenter of the California Earthquake of April 18 , 1906 ^ Jump up to : Segall , P. ; Lisowski , M. ( 1990 ) , `` Surface Displacements in the 1906 San Francisco and 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquakes '' , Science , American Association for the Advancement of Science , 250 ( 4985 ) : 1241 -- 4 , Bibcode : 1990Sci ... 250.1241 S , doi : 10.1126 / science. 250.4985. 1241 , PMID 17829210 Jump up ^ Stover , C.W. ; Coffman , J.L. ( 1993 ) , Seismicity of the United States , 1568 -- 1989 ( Revised ) , U.S. Geological Survey professional paper 1527 , United States Government Printing Office , p. 75 Jump up ^ Geist , E.L. ; Zoback , M.L. ( 1999 ) , `` Analysis of the tsunami generated by the Mw 7.8 1906 San Francisco earthquake '' , Geology , Geological Society of America , 27 ( 1 ) : 15 -- 18 , Bibcode : 1999Geo ... 27 ... 15G , doi : 10.1130 / 0091 - 7613 ( 1999 ) 027 < 0015 : aottgb > 2.3.co ; 2 ^ Jump up to : USGS , Casualties and damage after the 1906 Earthquake , United States Geological Survey Jump up ^ 1906 San Francisco Quake : How large was the offset ? USGS Earthquake Hazards Program -- Northern California . Accessed September 3 , 2006 ^ Jump up to : Thatcher , Wayne ( 10 December 1975 ) . `` Strain accumulation and release mechanism of the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 80 ( 35 ) : 4862 -- 4872 . Bibcode : 1975JGR ... 80.4862 T . doi : 10.1029 / JB080i035p04862 . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 1906 Earthquake : How long was the 1906 Crack ? USGS Earthquake Hazards Program -- Northern California , Accessed September 3 , 2006 Jump up ^ Christine Gibson Archived December 5 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . `` Our 10 Greatest Natural Disasters , '' American Heritage , Aug. / Sept. 2006 . Jump up ^ Seasonal Seismicity of Northern California Before the Great 1906 Earthquake , ( Journal ) Pure and Applied Geophysics , ISSN 0033 - 4553 ( Print ) 1420 - 9136 ( Online ) , volume 159 , Numbers 1 -- 3 / January , 2002 , Pages 7 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Tsunami Record from the Great 1906 San Francisco Earthquake , United States Geological Survey , 2008 Jump up ^ Song S.G , ; Beroza G.C. ; Segall P. ( 2008 ) . `` A Unified Source Model for the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake '' ( PDF ) . Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America . 98 ( 2 ) : 823 -- 831 . doi : 10.1785 / 0120060402 . Jump up ^ William Bronson , The Earth Shook , The Sky Burned ( San Francisco : Chronicle Books , 1996 ) Jump up ^ Casualties and Damage after the 1906 earthquake USGS Earthquake Hazards Program -- Northern California , Accessed September 4 , 2006 Jump up ^ Displays at the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Museum in Sausalito , California Jump up ^ California Geological Survey -- Seismic Hazards Zonation Program -- Seismic Hazards Mapping regulations Jump up ^ `` A Dreadful Catastrophe Visits Santa Rosa '' Press Democrat , Santa Rosa , California , 19 April 1906 , accessed 23 Feb. 2015 . Jump up ^ Sta . Rosa ( i.e. Santa Rosa ) Courthouse Jump up ^ The 1906 San Francisco Earthquake and Fire Jump up ^ `` Over 500 Dead , $200,000,000 Lost in San Francisco Earthquake '' . The New York Times . April 18 , 1906 . Retrieved April 19 , 2008 . Earthquake and fire today have put nearly half of San Francisco in ruins . About 500 persons have been killed , a thousand injured , and the property loss will exceed $200,000,000 . Jump up ^ Stephen Sobriner , What really happened in San Francisco in the earthquake of 1906 . 100th Anniversary 1906 San Francisco Earthquake Conference , 2006 Jump up ^ `` The Great 1906 Earthquake & Fires of San Francisco '' . Jump up ^ Charles Scawthorn ; John Eidinger ; Anshel Schiff , eds. ( 2005 ) . Fire Following Earthquake . Reston , Virginia : ASCE , NFPA . ISBN 9780784407394 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ NPS Signal Corps History Jump up ^ San Francisco Museum Jump up ^ NY Times Obituary for Heinrich Conrad , April 27 , 1909 Jump up ^ Alice Eastwood , The Coniferae of the Santa Lucia Mountains Jump up ^ Double Cone Quarterly , Fall Equinox , volume VII , Number 3 ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ The Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Jump up ^ The Bear Flag , The Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco Jump up ^ Glenday , Craig ( 2013 ) . Guinness World Records 2014 . p. 17 . ISBN 9781908843159 . Jump up ^ `` Mayor Eugene Schmitz 's Famed `` Shoot - to - Kill '' Order `` . Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2006 . Retrieved September 3 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Looting Claims Against the U.S. Army Following the 1906 Earthquake '' . Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2008 . Retrieved March 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Variouswork = Georgetown University Libraries Special Collections ( 2006 ) . `` Ord Family Papers '' . Georgetown University Library , 37th and N Streets , N.W. , Washington , D.C. , 20057 . Retrieved October 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brady , Matt . `` 1906 Quake Shook Up Insurance Industry Worldwide . '' National Underwriter / P&C ( New York ) 18 April 2006 : 12 -- 16 . Print . Jump up ^ `` The Great San Francisco Earthquake & Fires of 1906 . '' The 1906 San Francisco Earthquake . Web . 16 Feb. 2015 . Jump up ^ San Francisco History The New San Francisco Magazine May 1906 Jump up ^ The Great Earthquake and Firestorms of 1906 Philip L. Fradkin Jump up ^ Johann Hari ( March 18 , 2011 ) . `` The Myth of the Panicking Disaster Victim '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved April 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ William James ( 1911 ) . Memories and studies . Longmans , Green . pp. 209 -- . Retrieved April 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ H.G. Wells , The Future in America : A Search after Realities ( New York and London : Harper and Brothers , 1906 ) , pp. 41 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Blackford , Mansel ( 1993 ) . The Lost Dream : Business and City Planning on the Pacific Coast , 1890 -- 1920 . Columbus : Ohio State UP . p. 51 . ISBN 0 - 8142 - 0589 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hansen , Gladys ( March 2014 ) . `` Relocation of Chinatown Following the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake '' . The Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco . Museum of the City of San Francisco . Retrieved 14 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Christoph Strupp , Dealing with Disaster : The San Francisco Earthquake of 1906 Jump up ^ Great Earthquake and Fire of 1906 : Its Effects on Chinatown Chinese Historical Society of America , Accessed December 2 , 2006 Jump up ^ The Great 1906 San Francisco Earthquake and Fire Archived September 30 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Niderost , Eric , American History , April 2006 , Accessed December 2 , 2006 Jump up ^ Reality Times : 1906 San Francisco Earthquake Housing Is Valuable Piece Of History by Blanche Evans Jump up ^ Fradkin , Philip L. The Great Earthquake and Firestorms of 1906 : How San Francisco Nearly Destroyed Itself . Berkeley : University of California , 2005 . Print . p. 225 Jump up ^ Siodla , James ( 2017 ) . `` Clean slate : Land - use changes in San Francisco after the 1906 disaster '' . Explorations in Economic History . 65 : 1 . doi : 10.1016 / j. eeh. 2017.04. 001 . ^ Jump up to : Morris , Charles ed . The San Francisco Calamity by Earthquake and Fire . Intro by Roger W. Lotchin . Philadelphia : J.C. Winston Co. , 1906 ; Urbana : University of Illinois Press , 2002 . Jump up ^ Strupp , Christoph . `` Dealing with Disaster : The San Francisco Earthquake of 1906 '' . escholarship.org . Institute of European Studies . Retrieved 23 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Greeley , A.W ( April 18 , 1906 ) . Earthquake in California . Washington Government Print Office . Jump up ^ The New York Herald ( European Edition ) of April 21 , 1906 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ R.K. Mackenzie , The San Francisco earthquake & conflagration . Typoscript , Bancroft Library , Berkeley , 1907 . ^ Jump up to : `` Aetna At - A-Glance : Aetna History Archived December 8 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . '' , Aetna company information Jump up ^ For a list of these companies see Tilmann Röder , From Industrial to Legal Standardization , 1871 -- 1914 : Transnational Insurance Law and the Great San Francisco Earthquake ( Brill Academic Publishers , 2011 ) . Jump up ^ The role of Lloyd 's in the reconstruction Archived July 8 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Lloyd 's of London , Accessed December 6 , 2006 Jump up ^ See T. Röder , From Industrial to Legal Standardization , 1871 -- 1914 : Transnational Insurance Law and the Great San Francisco Earthquake ( Brill Academic Publishers , 2011 ) and The Roots of the `` New Law Merchant '' : How the international standardization of contracts and clauses changed business law Archived April 22 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Kerry A. Odell and Marc D. Weidenmier , Real Shock , Monetary Aftershock : The 1906 San Francisco Earthquake and the Panic of 1907 , The Journal of Economic History , 2005 , vol. 64 , issue 04 , p. 1002 -- 1027 . Jump up ^ 1906 Centennial Alliance Jump up ^ National Geographic TV movie Archived April 15 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ projection of fire onto the Coit Tower Archived January 11 , 2006 , at Archive.is Jump up ^ series of Internet documents Jump up ^ 100th anniversary Archived April 26 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Security Alert : '' . genealogy.about.com . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nolte ( August 16 , 2008 ) . `` 1906 earthquake survivor Irma Mae Weule dies '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2008 . Retrieved August 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Libera Era Armstrong ( 1902 -- 2007 ) -- Hayward , California '' . ancientfaces.com . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jeanette Trapani obituary '' . December 31 , 2009 . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) San Francisco Chronicle , 2009 - 02 - 07 , Calling any ' 06 San Francisco quake survivors Jump up ^ `` SF remembers great quake on 103rd anniversary '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2009 . Retrieved June 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rose Cliver Obituary : View Rose Cliver 's Obituary by San Francisco Chronicle '' . legacy.com . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Carl Nolte , Hundreds gather to honor victims of ' 06 quake , San Francisco Chronicle ( April 18 , 2010 ) Jump up ^ `` George Frank Quilici Obituary '' . Santa Cruz Sentinel . Jump up ^ `` Ruth Newman , a Survivor of the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake , Dies at 113 '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bender , Kristen J. ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` Last survivor of 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire dies at 109 '' . U.S. News and World Report . Associated Press . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Librarian of Congress Adds 25 Films to National Film Registry '' . Library of Congress . December 20 , 2005 . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2009 . Retrieved July 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Library of Congress P&P Online Catalog -- Panoramic Photographs Jump up ^ `` Scenarios '' . Gamefaqs. 1989 . Retrieved 5 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Keegan , Rebecca ( October 24 , 2014 ) . `` San Fransokyo architects built a new world for Disney 's Big Hero 6 '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing Company . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Final Act '' . Klei Entertainment . Retrieved 6 May 2018 . References ( edit ) Double Cone Quarterly , Fall Equinox , volume VII , Number 3 ( 2004 ) . American Society of Civil Engineers ( 1907 ) . Transactions . Paper No. 1056 . The Effects Of The San Francisco Earthquake of April 18th , 1906 , on Engineering Constructions : Reports Of A General Committee And Of Six Special Committees Of The San Francisco Association Of Members Of The American Society Of Civil Engineers . Retrieved August 15 , 2009 . Greely , Adolphus W. ( 1906 ) . Earthquake In California , April 18 , 1906 . Special Report On The Relief Operations Conducted By The Military Authorities . Washington : Government Printing Office . Retrieved August 15 , 2009 . Gilbert , Grove Karl ; Richard Lewis Humphrey ; John Stephen Sewell & Frank Soule ( 1907 ) . The San Francisco Earthquake And Fire of April 18th , 1906 And Their Effects On Structures And Structural Materials . Washington : Government Printing Office . Retrieved August 15 , 2009 . The San Francisco Earthquake And Fire : A Presentation of Facts And Resulting . New York : The Roebling Construction Company . 1906 . Retrieved August 15 , 2009 . Jordan , David Starr ; John Casper Branner ; Charles Derleth Jr. ; Stephen Taber ; F. Omari ; Harold W. Fairbanks ; Mary Hunter Austin ( 1907 ) . The California Earthquake of 1906 . San Francisco : A.M. Robertson . Retrieved August 15 , 2009 . Mining And Scientific Press ; T.A. Rickard ; G.K. Gilbert ; S.B. Christy ; et al. ( 1907 ) . After Earthquake And Fire : A Reprint Of The Articles And Editorial Comment Appearing In The Mining And Scientific Press . San Francisco : Mining And Scientific Press . Retrieved August 15 , 2009 . Russell Sage Foundation ; Charles J. O'Connor ; Francis H. McLean ; Helen Swett Artieda ; James Marvin Motley ; Jessica Peixotto ; Mary Roberts Coolidge ( 1907 ) . San Francisco Relief Survey : The Organization And Methods Of Relief Used After The Earthquake And Fire Of April 18 , 1906 . Survey Associates , Inc . ( New York ) , Wm. F. Fell Co . ( Philadelphia ) . Retrieved August 15 , 2009 . Schussler , Hermann ( 1907 ) . The Water Supply Of San Francisco , California Before , During And After The Earthquake of April 18 , 1906 And The Subsequent Conflagration . New York : Martin B. Brown Press . Retrieved August 15 , 2009 . Tyler , Sydney ; Harry Fielding Reid ( 1908 ) . The California Earthquake of April 18 , 1906 : Report Of The State Earthquake Investigation Commission . Volume one . Washington , D.C. : The Carnegie Institution of Washington . Tyler , Sydney ; Harry Fielding Reid ( 1910 ) . The California Earthquake of April 18 , 1906 : Report Of The State Earthquake Investigation Commission . Volume two . Washington , D.C. : The Carnegie Institution of Washington . Wald , David J. ; Kanamori , Hiroo ; Helmberger , Donald V. ; Heaton , Thomas H. ( 1993 ) , `` Source study of the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake '' , Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America , Seismological Society of America , 83 ( 4 ) : 981 -- 1019 , archived from the original on January 9 , 2009 Winchester , Simon , A Crack in the Edge of the World : America and the Great California Earthquake of 1906 . HarperCollins Publishers , New York , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 057199 - 3 Bronson , William ( 1959 ) . The Earth Shook , the Sky Burned . Doubleday . Contemporary disaster accounts Aitken , Frank W. ; Edward Hilton ( 1906 ) . A History Of The Earthquake And Fire In San Francisco . San Francisco : The Edward Hilton Co . Retrieved August 15 , 2009 . Banks , Charles Eugene ; Opie Percival Read ( 1906 ) . The History Of The San Francisco Disaster And Mount Vesuvius Horror . C.E. Thomas . Retrieved August 15 , 2009 . Givens , John David ; Opie Percival Read ( 1906 ) . San Francisco In Ruins : A Pictorial History . San Francisco : Leon C. Osteyee . Retrieved August 15 , 2009 . Keeler , Charles ( 1906 ) . San Francisco Through Earthquake And Fire . San Francisco : Paul Elder And Company . Retrieved August 15 , 2009 . London , Jack . `` The Story of An Eyewitness '' . London 's report from the scene . Originally published in Collier 's Magazine , May 5 , 1906 . Morris , Charles ( 1906 ) . The San Francisco Calamity By Earthquake And Fire . Retrieved August 15 , 2009 . Tyler , Sydney ; Ralph Stockman Tarr ( 1908 ) . San Francisco 's Great Disaster . Philadelphia : P.W. Ziegler Co . Retrieved August 15 , 2009 . White , Trumbull ; Richard Linthicum ( 1906 ) . Complete Story of the San Francisco Horror . Retrieved August 15 , 2009 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to San Francisco earthquake of 1906 . The Great 1906 San Francisco Earthquake -- United States Geological Survey 1906 San Francisco earthquake at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) The 1906 Earthquake and Fire -- National Archives Before and After the Great Earthquake and Fire : Early Films of San Francisco , 1897 -- 1916 -- American Memory at the Library of Congress A geologic tour of the San Francisco earthquake , 100 years later -- American Geological Institute The Great 1906 Earthquake and Fire -- Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco website The Great 1906 Earthquake and Fire -- Bancroft Library Mark Twain and the San Francisco Earthquake -- Shapell Manuscript Foundation Several videos of the aftermath -- Internet Archive San Francisco Earthquake and Fire , April 18 , 1906 Seismographs of the earthquake taken from the Lick Observatory from the Lick Observatory Records Digital Archive , UC Santa Cruz Library 's Digital Collections Timeline of the San Francisco Earthquake April 18 -- 23 , 1906 -- The Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco JB Monaco Photography -- Photographic account of earthquake and fire aftermath from well - known North Beach photographer Tsunami Record from the Great 1906 San Francisco Earthquake -- USGS The International Seismological Centre has a bibliography and / or authoritative data for this event . ← Earthquakes in 1906 → Ecuador -- Colombia ( 8.8 , Jan 31 ) † Meishan ( 6.8 , Mar 17 ) † San Francisco ( 7.8 , Apr 18 ) † Swansea ( 5.2 , June 27 ) Valparaíso ( 8.2 , Aug 16 ) † ‡ Aleutian Islands ( 8.4 , Aug 17 ) † indicates earthquake resulting in at least 30 deaths ‡ indicates the deadliest earthquake of the year Earthquakes in California Very Large ( 7.0 -- 7.9 ) 1812 San Juan Capistrano ( 6.9 -- 7.5 ) 1838 San Andreas ( 6.8 -- 7.2 ) 1857 Fort Tejon ( 7.9 ) 1872 Lone Pine ( 7.4 -- 7.9 ) 1892 Laguna Salada ( 7.1 -- 7.2 ) 1906 San Francisco ( 7.8 ) 1952 Kern County ( 7.3 ) 1980 Eureka ( 7.3 ) 1992 Cape Mendocino ( 7.2 ) 1992 Landers ( 7.3 ) 1999 Hector Mine ( 7.1 ) 2010 Baja California ( 7.2 ) Large ( 6.0 -- 6.9 ) 1868 Hayward ( 6.3 -- 6.7 ) 1892 Vacaville -- Winters ( 6.4 , 6.2 ) 1898 Mare Island ( 5.8 -- 6.4 ) 1918 San Jacinto ( 6.7 ) 1925 Santa Barbara ( 6.8 ) 1932 Eureka ( 6.4 ) 1933 Long Beach ( 6.4 ) 1940 El Centro ( 6.9 ) 1948 Desert Hot Springs ( 6.4 ) 1971 San Fernando ( 6.5 -- 6.7 ) 1979 Imperial Valley ( 6.4 ) 1983 Coalinga ( 6.2 ) 1984 Morgan Hill ( 6.2 ) 1986 North Palm Springs ( 6.0 ) 1986 Chalfant Valley ( 6.2 ) 1989 Loma Prieta ( 6.9 ) 1992 Big Bear ( 6.5 ) 1994 Northridge ( 6.7 ) 2003 San Simeon ( 6.6 ) 2010 Eureka ( 6.5 ) 2014 South Napa ( 6.0 ) Moderate ( 5.0 -- 5.9 ) 1957 San Francisco ( 5.7 ) 1969 Santa Rosa ( 5.6 , 5.7 ) 1973 Point Mugu ( 5.8 ) 1979 Coyote Lake ( 5.7 ) 1987 Whittier Narrows ( 5.9 ) 1990 Upland ( 5.7 ) 1991 Sierra Madre ( 5.6 ) 2000 Yountville ( 5.0 ) 2007 Alum Rock ( 5.6 ) 2008 Chino Hills ( 5.5 ) Earthquakes in the United States Historical 1638 New Hampshire 1663 Charlevoix 1700 Cascadia 1755 Cape Ann 1811 -- 12 New Madrid 1838 San Andreas 1857 Fort Tejon 1865 Memphis 1867 Manhattan , Kansas 1868 Hawaii 1868 Hayward 1872 Lone Pine 1872 North Cascades 1886 Charleston 1887 Sonora 1892 Laguna Salada 1892 Vacaville -- Winters 1898 Mare Island 20th - century 1906 San Francisco 1906 Aleutian Islands 1909 Wabash River 1915 Pleasant Valley 1916 Irondale 1918 San Jacinto 1925 Santa Barbara 1931 Valentine 1932 Eureka 1933 Long Beach 1935 Helena 1936 State Line 1940 El Centro 1940 New Hampshire 1944 Cornwall -- Massena 1946 Aleutian Islands 1947 Wisconsin 1948 Desert Hot Springs 1949 Olympia 1952 Kern County 1957 Andreanof Islands 1957 San Francisco 1959 Hebgen Lake 1964 Alaska 1965 Rat Islands 1965 Puget Sound 1968 Illinois 1969 Santa Rosa 1971 San Fernando 1973 Point Mugu 1975 Near Islands 1975 Morris 1975 Hawaii 1979 Coyote Lake 1979 Imperial Valley 1980 Eureka 1983 Coalinga 1983 Borah Peak 1984 Morgan Hill 1986 North Palm Springs 1986 Chalfant Valley 1987 Whittier Narrows 1989 Loma Prieta 1990 Upland 1991 Sierra Madre 1992 Cape Mendocino 1992 Landers 1992 Big Bear 1993 Scotts Mills 1993 Klamath Falls 1994 Northridge 1995 Marathon 1996 Duvall 1998 Pymatuning 1999 Hector Mine 2000 Yountville 21st - century 2001 Nisqually 2002 Denali 2003 Alabama 2003 San Simeon 2006 Gulf of Mexico 2006 Kiholo Bay 2007 Alum Rock 2008 Illinois 2008 Chino Hills 2010 Eureka 2010 Baja California 2010 Indiana 2011 Colorado 2011 Virginia 2011 Oklahoma 2014 Aleutian Islands 2014 Southeast Alaska 2014 South Napa 2016 Oklahoma 2016 Hawthorne 2018 Alaska Swarms 2001 Enola 2008 Reno 2010 -- 11 Guy - Greenbrier 2012 Brawley 2009 -- 18 Oklahoma Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1906_San_Francisco_earthquake&oldid=843565626 '' Categories : 1906 San Francisco earthquake History of the San Francisco Bay Area Earthquakes in California Urban fires in the United States Fires in California 1906 in California 1900s in San Francisco 1906 natural disasters in the United States 1906 tsunamis April 1906 events Supershear earthquakes Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Webarchive template archiveis links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from March 2012 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Articles with Curlie links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kurdî Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 31 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 00 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who died in the san francisco earthquake 1906	[]	[]
-4557178678984219157	I Think I Love You	I Think I Love You - wikipedia I Think I Love You Jump to : navigation , search `` I Think I Love You '' Single by The Partridge Family from the album The Partridge Family Album B - side `` Somebody Wants to Love You '' `` To Be Lovers '' ( Philippines ) Released August 22 , 1970 Format 7 '' single Genre Pop , baroque pop Length 2 : 54 Label Bell Songwriter ( s ) Tony Romeo Producer ( s ) Wes Farrell The Partridge Family singles chronology `` I Think I Love You '' ( 1970 ) `` Does n't Somebody Want to Be Wanted '' ( 1971 ) `` I Think I Love You '' ( 1970 ) `` Does n't Somebody Want to Be Wanted '' ( 1971 ) `` I Think I Love You '' is a song composed by songwriter Tony Romeo in 1970 . It was released as the debut single by The Partridge Family pop group , featuring David Cassidy on lead vocals and Shirley Jones on background vocals . The Partridge Family version was a number - one hit on the Billboard Hot 100 in November 1970 . The alternative rock band Voice of the Beehive scored a hit cover version of their own in 1991 . There have also been many other cover versions of this song , most notably , Perry Como , Kaci , Katie Cassidy , Paul Westerberg , Constantine Maroulis , and the new In Search of the Partridge Family cast on VH1 . `` I Think I Love You '' also had a part in the 1994 movie `` Four Weddings and a Funeral , '' when perennially single Charles ( Hugh Grant ) tells the object of his newfound affection , Carrie ( Andie MacDowell ) -- spoken in Hugh Grant 's inimitable British ramble -- `` in short , to recap it slightly in a clearer version , uh , the words of David Cassidy in fact , uh , while he was still with The Partridge Family , uh , ' I think I love you . ' '' Contents ( hide ) 1 The Partridge Family version 1.1 Background and release 1.2 Chart performance 1.2. 1 Weekly charts 1.2. 2 Year - end charts 2 Perry Como version 3 Voice of the Beehive version 4 Other versions 5 References 6 External links The Partridge Family version ( edit ) Background and release ( edit ) The single was produced by Wes Farrell and issued on Bell Records a month before the debut of the network television musical sitcom The Partridge Family . During the show 's first season the song was featured on the show twice as it was climbing the actual Billboard charts . The single hit number one on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart and in Canada on the RPM 100 national Top Singles chart in November of that year and number 1 in Australia in 1971 . The only cast members of the television show to actually sing on the recording of the song were David Cassidy and Shirley Jones . The music on the song was played by veteran studio musicians such as Mike Melvoin , Hal Blaine , Larry Knechtel , Joe Osborne , Louie Shelton , Tommy Tedesco , and other L.A. session musicians from the Wrecking Crew . Background vocals on this , and all other Partridge Family recordings , were provided by veteran session singers : Ron Hicklin , John Bahler , Tom Bahler , and Jackie Ward . The Partridge Family won a NARM award for the best - selling single of the year in 1970 for their hit `` I Think I Love You '' . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1970 -- 71 ) Peak position Australia KMR Canada RPM Ireland ( IRMA ) New Zealand 5 UK Singles Chart 18 US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Adult Contemporary 8 US Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1970 ) Rank Australia 76 Canada US ( Joel Whitburn 's Pop Annual ) 6 Chart ( 1971 ) Rank Australia 14 Perry Como version ( edit ) On November 25 , 1970 , `` I Think I Love You '' was recorded by Perry Como , with Nick Perito 's orchestra , at the International Hotel in Las Vegas , Nevada . The song was released by RCA Victor Records on an album , It 's Impossible , in December 1970 , and reissued in 1975 . RCA also released the recording on an EP in Mexico in 1971 . Voice of the Beehive version ( edit ) `` I Think I Love You '' Single by Voice of the Beehive from the album Honey Lingers Released 1991 Format 7 '' single , cassette single , CD single Genre Rock Length 3 : 13 Label London Records Songwriter ( s ) Tony Romeo Producer ( s ) Don Was Voice of the Beehive singles chronology `` Monsters and Angels '' ( 1991 ) `` I Think I Love You '' ( 1991 ) `` Perfect Place '' ( 1991 ) `` Monsters and Angels '' ( 1991 ) `` I Think I Love You '' ( 1991 ) `` Perfect Place '' ( 1991 ) In 1991 , the alternative rock band Voice of the Beehive recorded a cover version of `` I Think I Love You '' for the group 's second studio album Honey Lingers . It was released as the second single from their album on London Records and was produced by Don Was . Their version of the song hit number 25 on the UK Singles Chart in October 1991 . The single also hit number 12 on the Australian singles chart in March 1992 . Other versions ( edit ) Andy Williams released his version on 1971 's Love Story . It was also released on the import The Very Best of Andy Williams in 2009 . In 1971 , a French - language cover by Georges Guétary was released , entitled `` Papa Je T'aime '' ( `` Papa , I Love You '' ) ; unlike the original version , this version is a salute to a child 's father . In 1974 , Betty Chung ( 鍾玲玲 ) , a female Hong Kong singer , covered the song on her LP album Betty Chung . It has been covered by the punk band Ism . In 1991 , the group Nice & Smooth sampled the intro from the Partridge Family 's `` I Think I Love You '' in their rap hit , `` Hip Hop Junkies '' . Florida - based band Less Than Jake covered the song , and their version was included on the soundtrack to the 1997 film Scream 2 . Clam Abuse covered the song as the first proper song for their debut album `` Stop Thinking '' in 1999 . A recent re-issue also contains a remix of the cover . American pop singer Kaci Battaglia released her version as a single in 2002 , it hit number 10 on the UK Singles Chart . On July 16 , 2002 , Katie Cassidy recorded a cover of her father 's hit that was released by E-Squared Records on iTunes as her only song she released . She was 15 at the time ( five years younger than her father when he recorded his version ) . The extended dance remix is the B - side of the digital download . Paul Westerberg covered it in 2004 , and in 2005 , as did Constantine Maroulis . A section of the song appears towards the end of Westerberg 's 2008 release 49 : 00 . David Cassidy himself did two solo remakes , with the first being featured on his 1998 album `` Old Trick New Dog '' , and a soul remake of the song in 2003 for the album Touch of Blue . Declan Galbraith covered it in 2007 on his album , You and Me . Jerry O'Connell sings the song in the movie Scream 2 . In the movie Trainwreck , Amy Schumer and the Knicks City Dancers perform to the song at the end of the movie . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ liner notes from The Partridge Family Album , Razor and Tie Music Corporation , CD , 1993 Jump up ^ Hartman , Kent ( 2012 ) . The Wrecking Crew . St. Martin 's Griffin . pp. 261 -- 263 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 250 - 03046 - 7 . Jump up ^ C'mon , Get Happy ... Fear and Loathing on the Partridge Family Bus , by David Cassidy and Chip Deffaa , 1994 DBC Enterprises , Warner Books Inc , p. 92 ^ Jump up to : `` Australian Chart Book '' . Austchartbook.com.au . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- I Think I Love You '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` flavour of new zealand - search listener '' . Flavourofnz.co.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ). British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 419 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 12 / 05 / 70 '' . Web.archive.org. 24 June 2016 . Retrieved 23 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1999 ) . Pop Annual . Menomonee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research Inc . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 142 - X . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 588 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ). Australian Chart Book 1970 - 1992 . St Ives , NSW , Australia : Australian Chart Book . p. 330 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ Georges Guétary , Papa je t'aime on YouTube Retrieved November 29 , 2011 Jump up ^ David Lewis ( 2008 - 07 - 24 ) . `` Paul Westerberg -- ' 49 : 00 ′ '' . Variety . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics The Partridge Family David Cassidy Shirley Jones Danny Bonaduce Susan Dey Jeremy Gelbwaks Brian Forster Suzanne Crough Dave Madden Studio albums The Partridge Family Album Up to Date Sound Magazine A Partridge Family Christmas Card Shopping Bag The Partridge Family Notebook Crossword Puzzle Bulletin Board Other albums At Home with Their Greatest Hits The World of the Partridge Family Greatest Hits The Definitive Collection Come On Get Happy ! : The Very Best of The Partridge Family Singles `` I Think I Love You '' `` Does n't Somebody Want to Be Wanted '' `` I 'll Meet You Halfway '' `` I Woke Up in Love This Morning '' `` It 's One of Those Nights ( Yes Love ) '' `` Breaking Up Is Hard to Do '' `` Looking Through the Eyes of Love '' Related articles List of The Partridge Family episodes The Partridge Family discography David Cassidy discography Wes Farrell Goober and the Ghost Chasers Partridge Family 2200 A.D. Perry Como Albums So Smooth ( 1955 ) We Get Letters ( 1956 ) Saturday Night with Mr. C ( 1958 ) When You Come to the End of the Day ( 1958 ) Como Swings ( 1959 ) Season 's Greetings from Perry Como ( 1959 ) For the Young at Heart ( 1960 ) Sing to Me Mr. C ( 1961 ) By Request ( 1962 ) The Best of Irving Berlin 's Songs from Mr. President ( 1962 ) The Songs I Love ( 1963 ) The Scene Changes ( 1965 ) Lightly Latin ( 1966 ) Perry Como in Italy ( 1966 ) The Perry Como Christmas Album ( 1968 ) Look to Your Heart ( 1968 ) Seattle ( 1969 ) Perry Como in Person at the International Hotel , Las Vegas ( 1970 ) It 's Impossible ( 1970 ) I Think of You ( 1971 ) And I Love You So ( 1973 ) Perry ( 1974 ) Just Out of Reach ( 1975 ) 40 Greatest Hits ( 1975 ) The Best of British ( UK and Canada ) ( 1977 ) Where You 're Concerned ( US ) ( 1978 ) Perry Como ( 1980 ) Perry Como Live on Tour ( 1981 ) So It Goes / Goodbye for Now ( 1983 ) Today ( 1987 ) Perry Como 's Christmas Concert ( 1994 ) On the Radio -- The Perry Como Shows 1943 ( 2009 ) At the Supper Club ( 2010 ) At the Supper Club Part II ( 2011 ) At the Supper Club Part III ( 2011 ) Songs `` ' A ' You 're Adorable '' `` Ac - Cent - Tchu - Ate the Positive '' `` And I Love You So '' `` As Time Goes By '' `` Bali Ha'i '' `` Because '' `` Beyond Tomorrow '' `` Bibbidi - Bobbidi - Boo '' `` Blue Room '' `` A Bushel and a Peck '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` Catch a Falling Star '' `` Chi - Baba , Chi - Baba ( My Bambino Go to Sleep ) '' `` Confessin ' '' `` Days of Wine and Roses '' `` Deep in the Heart of Texas '' `` Delaware '' `` Do n't Let the Stars Get in Your Eyes '' `` Dream Along with Me ( I 'm on My Way to a Star ) '' `` A Dreamer 's Holiday '' `` El Cóndor Pasa '' `` Feelings '' `` Fly Me to the Moon '' `` For the Good Times '' `` Forever and Ever '' `` Forget Domani '' `` Give Me Your Hand '' `` Glendora '' `` The Gypsy in My Soul '' `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' `` He 's Got the Whole World in His Hands '' `` Hello , Young Lovers '' `` Here , There and Everywhere '' `` Home for the Holidays '' `` Hot Diggity ( Dog Ziggity Boom ) '' `` A House Is Not a Home '' `` I Do n't See Me in Your Eyes Anymore '' `` I Dream of You ( More Than You Dream I Do ) '' `` I Think I Love You '' `` I 'll Be Home for Christmas '' `` If ( They Made Me a King ) '' `` It 's Been a Long , Long Time '' `` It 's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas '' `` Kewpie Doll '' `` The Lord 's Prayer '' `` Magic Moments '' `` Mandolins in the Moonlight '' `` Maria '' `` Moon River '' `` More '' `` No Other Love '' `` Papa Loves Mambo '' `` Prisoner of Love '' `` Round and Round '' `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' `` Seattle '' `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' `` Some Enchanted Evening '' `` Somos Novios ( It 's Impossible ) '' `` The Songs I Love '' `` Stop ! And Think It Over '' `` Surrender '' `` Till the End of Time '' `` Unchained Melody '' `` Wanted '' `` The Way You Look Tonight '' `` What 'll I Do '' `` When You and I Were Young , Maggie '' `` Young at Heart '' Related Perry Como discography Perry Como television and radio shows Beat the Band The Chesterfield Supper Club List of songs recorded by Perry Como Goodman Ace Mitchell Ayres Ray Charles Frank Gallop Nick Perito Preceded by `` I 'll Be There '' by The Jackson 5 US Billboard Hot 100 number - one single ( The Partridge Family version ) November 21 , 1970 ( three weeks ) Succeeded by `` The Tears of a Clown '' by Smokey Robinson & the Miracles Preceded by `` We 've Only Just Begun '' by The Carpenters Canadian RPM 100 number - one single ( The Partridge Family version ) November 21 , 1970 ( four weeks ) Succeeded by `` Is n't It a Pity '' by George Harrison Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Think_I_Love_You&oldid=812639943 '' Categories : 1970 singles 1983 singles 1991 singles Songs written by Tony Romeo The Partridge Family songs Perry Como songs Less Than Jake songs Andy Williams songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia 1970 songs Bell Records singles Song recordings produced by Wes Farrell London Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 29 November 2017 , at 00 : 55 . About Wikipedia	when did david cassidy release i think i love you	[ "\n\n\"I Think I Love You\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by The Partridge Family\n\n\nfrom the album The Partridge Family Album\n\n\nB-side\n\"Somebody Wants to Love You\"\n\"To Be Lovers\" (Philippines)\n\n\nReleased\nAugust 22, 1970\n\n\nFormat\n7\" single\n\n\nGenre\nPop, baroque pop\n\n\nLength\n2:54\n\n\nLabel\nBell\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\nTony Romeo\n\n\nProducer(s)\nWes Farrell\n\n\nThe Partridge Family singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"I Think I Love You\"\n(1970)\n\"Doesn't Somebody Want to Be Wanted\"\n(1971)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"I Think I Love You\"\n(1970)\n\"Doesn't Somebody Want to Be Wanted\"\n(1971)\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "August 22, 1970" ]
-5957840109906309806	Apple Music	Apple Music - Wikipedia Apple Music Music streaming service Not to be confused with Apple Records . Apple Music Opened June 30 , 2015 ; 3 years ago ( 2015 - 06 - 30 ) Owner Apple Inc . Pricing model US $9.99 / month for single license US $99.00 / year for single license US $14.99 / month for family license US $4.99 / month for student license Key People Oliver Schusser ( head of Apple Music worldwide ) Brian Bumbery ( director , Apple Music Publicity ) Platforms macOS iOS tvOS watchOS Windows Android Trial 3 months Availability Widely in the Americas , Europe , Asia , and Oceania , and in parts of Africa and the Middle East Website apple.com/apple-music/ Apple Music is a music and video streaming service developed by Apple Inc . Users select music to stream to their device on - demand , or they can listen to existing , curated playlists . The service also includes the Internet radio station Beats 1 , that broadcasts live to over 100 countries 24 hours a day . The service was announced on June 8 , 2015 , and launched on June 30 , 2015 in over 100 countries worldwide . New subscribers get a three - month free trial period before the service becomes paid - only . Originally strictly a music service , Apple Music began expanding into video in 2016 . Executive Jimmy Iovine has stated that the intention for the service is to become a `` cultural platform '' , and Apple reportedly wants the service to be a `` one - stop shop for pop culture '' . The company is actively investing heavily in the production and purchasing of video content , both in terms of music videos and concert footage that support music releases , as well as web series and feature films . The original iOS version of Apple Music received mixed reviews , with criticism directed towards a user interface deemed `` not intuitive '' and a `` mess '' , but it was praised for its playlist curation . In iOS 10 , the app received a significant redesign , which received mostly positive reviews for an updated interface with less clutter , improved navigation , and bigger emphasis on users ' libraries . Apple Music 's use of iCloud , which attempts to match uploaded songs to those found on the service , caused significant issues for some users , with duplicate songs , missing tracks , and synchronization problems , to which Apple offered no comment or acknowledgement . It also received criticism for reportedly deleting users ' local music , though publications have disagreed on the cause . In its first year , there were reports of user - uploaded content being replaced by versions locked with digital rights management , an issue later fixed . Additionally , Apple Music 's use of album exclusives caused backlash and criticism from record labels , prompting the company to scale back its exclusivity efforts . Apple Music rapidly gained popularity after its launch , passing the milestone of 10 million subscribers after only six months . There were 50 million paying subscribers as of May 2018 . Contents 1 Description 2 History 2.1 Preparation 2.2 Royalty payment policy 2.3 Record label cartel 2.4 Announcement and launch 2.5 User growth 2.6 Evolution into video 2.7 Other developments 3 Production library 3.1 Series 3.2 Feature films 4 Reception 4.1 iCloud matching technology controversy 4.2 Album exclusives criticism 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Description ( edit ) Apple Music lets users select music to stream to their device on demand . They can also listen to playlists curated by `` music experts '' . Beats 1 , the service 's 24 - hour radio station led by DJ Zane Lowe , broadcasts in over 100 countries . This service is free for all users , even without an Apple Music subscription . In iOS 10 , the Apple Music app has several tabs . `` Library '' shows the user 's music collection , with options to view songs by `` Playlists '' , `` Artists '' , `` Albums '' , `` Songs '' , or `` Downloaded Music '' . The tab also shows music recently added to the library . The `` For You '' section recommends music for the user . Human expert selections supplement the algorithmic curation . `` Browse '' shows new album releases from popular artists , as well as different categories , including `` New Music '' , `` Curated Playlists '' , `` Videos '' , `` Top Charts '' , and `` Genres '' . The `` Radio '' tab incorporates some aspects of iTunes Radio , such as ad - supported stations that play genre - specific or artist - related music , depending on the user 's preferences . The `` Search '' tab features a search box , as well as a list of recent user searches and overall trending searches happening on the service . In iOS 11 , Apple Music users can create profiles and share music with their friends . A dedicated `` friends are listening to '' section aims to create a social environment , and a new shared `` up next '' list allows other users to control upcoming music to be played . The service is compatible with iOS devices running version 8.4 or later , iTunes version 12.2 or later on macOS or Windows PCs , on Apple Watch , and Apple TV . It is also available for Android devices . History ( edit ) Preparation ( edit ) Before Apple Music , the company 's iPod and iTunes were known for having `` revolutionized digital music '' . Former Apple CEO Steve Jobs was known to be opposed to the idea of music subscription services . When Apple bought audio equipment maker Beats Electronics in 2014 , Apple gained ownership of Beats ' own service Beats Music , and made Beats Music CEO Ian Rogers responsible for the iTunes Radio service . Business Insider later reported that Apple was planning to merge the two services . Apple also hired noted British radio DJ Zane Lowe to serve as a music curator . After a period of rumors and anticipation , Sony Music CEO Doug Morris confirmed on June 7 , 2015 , that Apple had plans to announce a music streaming service , saying `` It 's happening tomorrow '' , with launch later in the month . Morris emphasized several times that he prefers paid streaming as opposed to ad - supported , from a financial perspective . Furthermore , Morris said he expects the service to be the `` tipping point '' to accelerate the growth of streaming , along with arguing that Apple has `` $178 billion dollars in the bank . And they have 800 million credit cards in iTunes . '' as opposed to Spotify , which `` never really advertised because it 's never been profitable '' . Morris further argued that `` Apple will promote this like crazy and I think that will have a halo effect on the streaming business . A rising tide will lift all boats . It 's the beginning of an amazing moment for our industry '' . Royalty payment policy ( edit ) Shortly before Apple Music was released , singer - songwriter Taylor Swift wrote an open letter publicly criticizing Apple 's decision to not reimburse artists during a user 's three - month free trial period and announced that she would be holding back her album 1989 from the service . She said the policy was `` unfair '' as `` Apple Music will not be paying writers , producers , or artists for those three months '' . UK independent record label Beggars Group also criticized the three - month trial period , saying it struggled `` to see why rights owners and artists should bear this aspect of Apple 's customer acquisition costs '' . The day after Swift 's letter , Apple 's Senior Vice President of Internet Software and Services Eddy Cue announced on Twitter that Apple had changed its policy , and that Apple Music `` will pay artist for streaming , even during customer 's free trial period '' . On Twitter , Swift wrote `` After the events of this week , I 've decided to put 1989 on Apple Music ... And happily so '' . She concluded saying it was `` the first time it 's felt right in my gut to stream my album '' . Record label cartel ( edit ) In negotiations with record labels for the new service , Apple allegedly attempted to encourage record labels to pull their content from the free , ad - supported tiers of competing services such as Spotify in order to drive adoption of Apple Music , and offered an incentive to Universal Music Group to pull its content from YouTube . The U.S. Department of Justice and Federal Trade Commission launched an investigation into this alleged cartel in May 2015 . Announcement and launch ( edit ) The announcement happened as the signature `` one more thing ... '' reveal at Apple 's conference . Hip hop artist Drake appeared onstage at the announcement event to elaborate on how he used the Connect platform , and Apple subsequently emphasized how `` unsigned artists can share their music on Connect , too '' , in contrast to the iTunes Store , where small , independent artists were finding it difficult to participate . Global availability of Apple Music Apple Music launched on June 30 , 2015 , in 100 countries . New users receive a three - month free trial subscription , which changes to a monthly fee after three months . A family plan allows six users to share a subscription at a reduced rate . Apple originally sought to enter the market at a lower price point for the service , but the music industry rejected the plan . The service debuted as an updated Music app on the iOS 8.4 update . Apple TV and Android device support was planned for a `` fall '' 2015 launch . A previously unreleased song by Pharrell Williams , entitled `` Freedom '' , was used in promotional material and announced as an exclusive release on the launch of the service . The `` History of Sound '' advert for the launch of the Apple Music service was soundtracked by the tune There Is No Light by Wildbirds & Peacedrums , from their 2009 album The Snake . Upon its launch , Beats Music subscriptions and playlists were migrated to Apple Music , and the service was discontinued . In May 2016 , a student membership was announced , that discounted the regular price of a subscription by 50 % . The student plan was initially only available for eligible students in the United States , United Kingdom , Germany , Denmark , Ireland , Australia , and New Zealand , but was expanded to an additional 25 countries in November 2016 . In February 2016 , Music Business Worldwide reported that , with Apple Music having launched in Turkey and Taiwan in the previous week , the service was available in 113 countries . The publication further wrote that those countries accounted for 59 regions that competing service Spotify did not . In August 2016 , Apple Music was launched in Israel and South Korea . User growth ( edit ) In January 2016 , Fortune reported that , six months after launching , Apple Music had reached 10 million paying subscribers , having spent six months reaching the same customer base that took competing music streaming service Spotify six years . This customer base increased to 11 million subscribers in February , 13 million in April , 15 million in June , 17 million in September , 20 million in December , 27 million in June 2017 , 36 million in February 2018 , 38 million in March 2018 ( just five weeks after the previous milestone ) , 40 million in April 2018 , and 50 million as of May 2018 . By July 2018 , Apple Music had surpassed Spotify in terms of paying users in the United States . Evolution into video ( edit ) In October 2015 , Drake and Apple signed a deal to release the music video for `` Hotline Bling '' exclusively on Apple Music . In December , Apple released an exclusive Taylor Swift tour documentary , called the 1989 World Tour , on Apple Music . In February 2016 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Dr. Dre would be starring in and executive producing a `` dark semi-autobiographical drama '' called Vital Signs . The production was described as `` Apple 's first scripted television series '' . Recode subsequently reported a few days later that the announcement of Dr. Dre 's production was an effort to `` extend Apple Music '' in promotional ways rather than Apple actively exploring original television content . Citing Apple 's deals with Drake and Swift in October and December 2015 , respectively , the report referenced a Twitter user describing Apple 's efforts as `` content marketing '' . In July 2016 , Apple bought Carpool Karaoke from The Late Late Show with James Corden , with Variety writing that Apple was planning to distribute the series through Apple Music . Apple 's adaptation of the series was originally supposed to premiere in April 2017 , but was delayed without explanation . The series instead premiered on August 8 , 2017 . In January 2017 , The Wall Street Journal reported that Apple was exploring original video content , including its own television series and movies . A few days later , Apple Music executive Jimmy Iovine confirmed the reports about the move towards video , and in February , he announced that Apple Music would launch its first two television - style series in 2017 , with the aim to turn Apple Music into a `` cultural platform '' . In March , The Information reported that Apple had recently hired several people to help evolve its video platform , including YouTube product manager Shiva Rajaraman . In April , it was announced that Apple Music would be the exclusive home to Sean Combs 's documentary `` Ca n't Stop , Wo n't Stop : A Bad Boy Story '' , which premiered June 25 . On the same day , Bloomberg Businessweek reported that artist Will.i.am would make a reality show for Apple Music , in an effort to turn the service into a `` one - stop shop for pop culture '' . The reality show was later revealed to be called Planet of the Apps , and will focus on the `` app economy '' . The series has cast 100 developers , and premiered on June 6 , 2017 . In June 2017 , Apple hired two television executives from Sony , specifically Jamie Erlicht and Zack Van Amburg . The two have jointly held the title of `` President '' at Sony , and have helped develop shows including Breaking Bad and Shark Tank . The hiring was noted by the media as another significant effort by Apple to expand into original video productions . In early December 2017 , Apple hired Michelle Lee , a programming veteran , as a creative executive of Apple 's original video team , and a few days later , also hired Philip Matthys and Jennifer Wang Grazier from Hulu and Legendary Entertainment , respectively . Other developments ( edit ) In November 2015 , Apple launched the Android version of Apple Music , touted by reporters as Apple 's first `` real '' or `` user - centric '' Android app . The app was updated in April 2017 to match the service 's iOS 10 design . In August 2016 , Bloomberg announced that its Bloomberg Radio service would be available on Apple Music in over 100 countries around the world . The radio channel features global business and financial news coverage from Bloomberg journalists 24 hours a day . Apple has added personalized music playlists to the service , with the September 2016 launch of `` My New Music Mix '' , and the June 2017 launch of `` My Chill Mix '' . Production Library ( edit ) Series ( edit ) Series Aired Showrunner ( s ) Production partner ( s ) Original network Notes Former We the Best TV 2016 Mohamed Khaled Apple Music We the Best Music Group Apple Music Connect We the Best TV premiered on February 5 , 2016 featuring DJ Khaled and artists signed to his label . Positioned as a reality show , it also included personal footage , as well as interviews with Khaled 's industry friends and collaborators . A companion radio station on Beats 1 called We the Best Radio aired simultaneously . The Score Shane Smith , Spike Jonze , Suroosh Alvi Apple Music Vice Media Apple Music The Score was a six - episode series dedicated to exploring local music scenes and cultures around the world . It premiered on March 22 , 2016 . Each episode comes with a curated playlist related to the artists featured in the show . Ongoing Up Next 2017 -- present Jimmy Iovine , Zane Lowe Apple Music Apple Music Up Next premiered on August 16 , 2017 . The series focuses on new and upcoming artists , chronicling their journey , inspiration and influences . Each season of the mini-documentary ends with interviews and live performances called Up Next Sessions . Planet of the Apps Charles Watcher , Craig Armstrong , Rick Ringbakk 5x5 Media Apple Music Lightspeed Venture Partners Planet of the Apps is a reality television show where software developers are tasked to pitch their ideas in front of judges on a slow - moving escalator . Winners will get funding directly from LSVP . The show premiered on June 6 , 2017 to mixed reviews . Carpool Karaoke : The Series Ben Winston , Eric Pankowski , James Corden Apple Music Fulwell 73 Productions Carpool Karaoke : The Series is a reality television show that originated from the segment of the same name on The Late Late Show with James Corden . Apple bought the worldwide rights to it from CBS in 2016 and adapted it exclusively for Apple Music subscribers . The series premiered on August 9 , 2017 . In development Vital Signs TBA Andre Young , Paul Hunter Aftermath Entertainment Apple Music Prettybird Apple Music Vital Signs is an upcoming semi-autobiographical drama series for Apple Music focusing on human emotion and condition , violence , and sex . The show will be executive produced by Dr. Dre through Aftermath Entertainment , and Paul Hunter through his production company Prettybird . Feature films ( edit ) Film U.S. release date Directors ( s ) Screenwriter ( s ) Producer ( s ) Studio ( s ) The 1989 World Tour ( Live ) December 20 , 2015 Jonas Åkerlund Violaine Etienne Scott Horan , Taylor Swift Apple Music , Dirty Hit Beats 1 Presents : The 1975 February 25 , 2016 Matty Healy , Zane Lowe Apple Music , Beats 1 , Dirty Hit Please Forgive Me September 26 , 2016 Anthony Mandler Anthony Mandler , Larry Jackson Larry Jackson , Kim Bradshaw Apple Music , Dirty Hit Skepta : Live from London December 3 , 2016 Joseph Adenuga Apple Music , Boy Better Know 808 December 9 , 2016 Alexander Dunn Alexander Dunn , Luke Bainbridge Alexander Dunn , Arthur Baker , Craig Kallman , Alex Noyer Apple Music , Atlantic Films , You Know Films Skepta : Greatness Only December 19 , 2016 Matt Walker , Tom Knight Joseph Adenuga Joseph Adenuga , Julie Adenuga Apple Music , Boy Better Know Process March 31 , 2017 Kahlil Joseph Onye Anyanwu , Rik Green Apple Music , Pulse Films , Young Turks Harry Styles : Behind the Album May 15 , 2017 Harry Styles , Paul Dugdale Apple Music , Erskine Records Ti Amo Speciale June 7 , 2017 Warren Fu Jona Ward , Warren Fu Christian Mazzalai , Deck d'Arcy , Laurent Brancowitz , Thomas Mars Apple Music , Partizan Entertainment Ca n't Stop , Wo n't Stop : A Bad Boy Story June 25 , 2017 Daniel Kaufman Andre Harrell , Heather Parry , Sean Combs Apple Music , Live Nation Productions HAIM : Behind the Album July 14 , 2017 Paul Dugdale Apple Music , Pulse Films Kygo : Stole the Show July 26 , 2017 Matt Mitchener Devin Chanda , Kyrre Gørvell - Dahll Apple Music , Ultra Enterprises Clive Davis : The Soundtrack of Our Lives October 3 , 2017 Chris Perkel Blake Everhart , David Diliberto , David Schulhof , Deborah Zipser , Mary Lisio , Michael Bernstein , Ridley Scott , Samantha Kerzner , Susan Ricketts Apple Music , IM Global , Scott Free Productions To be released The Cash Money Story : Before Anythang Late 2017 Clifton Bell Bryan Williams , Ronald Williams Bryan Williams , Jimmy Iovine , Larry Jackson , Ronald Williams , The Ghettonerd Company Apple Music , Cash Money Films The Story of Sosa : The Movie December 2017 TBA Keith Cozart , Larry Jackson Apple Music Reception ( edit ) Apple Music received mixed reviews at launch . Among the criticism , reviewers wrote that the user interface was `` not intuitive '' , and an `` embarrassing and confusing mess '' . They also wrote about battery life problems . However , the service was praised for its smart functions . Christina Warren of Mashable noted the emphasis on human curation in Apple Music , pointing out the various human - curated radio stations and the accuracy of the curated playlists recommended to users in the `` For Me '' section . The author concluded saying `` ( The ) For Me section alone has made me excited about music for the first time in a long time . '' Sam Machkovech of Ars Technica wrote that Apple 's emphasis on unsigned artist participation in the Connect feature could be an effort to restore the company 's former reputation as a `` tastemaker '' in the mid-2000s . Apple Music 's major redesign in iOS 10 received more positive reviews . Caitlin McGarry of Macworld praised Apple for having `` cleaned up the clutter , reconsidered the navigation tools , put your library front and center , and added algorithmically created playlists to rival Spotify 's . '' She noted bigger fonts , large amounts of white space , and she welcomed changes to various functionalities , concluding with the statement that `` Apple Music 's redesign is a huge improvement over its previous incarnation , and a clear sign that Apple is listening to its customers '' . However , another Macworld editor , Oscar Raymundo , criticized the new design , writing that `` Apple Music in iOS 10 is not as elegant or intuitive as Apple promised . The music service added more needless options , key actions like repeat got buried , and the For You section leaves a lot to be desired '' . Jordan Novet of VentureBeat wrote positively about the changes , stating `` Apple has improved the overall design , as well as the experience '' . In December 2017 , singer - songwriter Neil Young released a new archive as part of his Neil Young Archives project , and criticized Apple for the audio quality offered by its Apple Music streaming service , stating : `` Apple Music controls the audio quality that is served to the masses and chooses to not make high quality available , reducing audio quality to between 5 percent and 20 percent of the master I made in studio in all cases . So , the people hear 5 percent to 20 percent of what I created ... Apple not offering a top - quality tier has led labels to stop making quality products available to the masses '' . ICloud matching technology controversy ( edit ) The implementation of iCloud Music Library caused significant issues for users . There were reports about music libraries being impacted by issues such as tracks moved to other albums , album art not matching the music , duplicate artists and songs , missing tracks , and synchronization problems . Mashable wrote that `` Apple has not yet publicly acknowledged the problem or responded to our request for comment '' . iCloud Music Library has also been reported to delete music from users ' local storage , though this has been disputed by other publications as caused by user error or another application . Additionally , the feature was reported to have replaced uploaded content with a version locked with digital rights management . In July 2016 , Apple switched the matching technology to incorporate features identical to iTunes Match , specifically the use of `` audio fingerprints '' to scan sound data . The new technology also removed DRM from downloaded matched songs . Album exclusives criticism ( edit ) In August 2016 , Frank Ocean released Blonde exclusively on Apple Music . The decision was made by Ocean independently , without Def Jam Recordings , his former label , being a part of the deal . The exclusive deal reportedly `` ignited a music streaming war '' . The move followed in the footsteps of other artists , including Adele , Coldplay , Future , Drake , Beyoncé , Rihanna , and Kanye West , who released albums on exclusive terms with music streaming competitors of leading service Spotify . Jonathan Prince , Spotify 's head of communications , told The Verge that `` We 're not really in the business of paying for exclusives , because we think they 're bad for artists and they 're bad for fans . Artists want as many fans as possible to hear their music , and fans want to be able to hear whatever they 're excited about or interested in -- exclusives get in the way of that for both sides . Of course , we understand that short promotional exclusives are common and we do n't have an absolute policy against them , but we definitely think the best practice for everybody is wide release '' . Ocean 's independent move to Apple Music exclusivity caused `` a major fight in the music industry '' , and Universal Music Group reportedly banned the practice of exclusive releases for its signed artists . Soon after , several major record labels followed Universal , marking a significant change in the industry . According to unnamed label executives , Spotify had also introduced a new policy that said that the service would not give the same level of promotion once an album arrives on Spotify after other services , including not being prominently featured in playlists . Rolling Stone wrote in October 2016 that `` if you wanted to keep up with new albums by Beyoncé , Drake , Frank Ocean and Kanye West , among many others , you would have had to subscribe to not one but two streaming services '' , adding , `` But over the past few months , a backlash has developed against this new reality '' . Lady Gaga told Apple Music 's Beats 1 radio , `` I told my label that if they signed those contracts with Apple Music and Tidal , I 'd leak all my own new music '' . In May 2017 , Apple Music executive Jimmy Iovine told Music Business Worldwide , `` We tried it . We 'll still do some stuff with the occasional artist . The labels do n't seem to like it and ultimately it 's their content . '' See also ( edit ) Beats 1 -- Apple Music 's live radio station iTunes Radio -- predecessor to Apple Music , discontinued on January 28 , 2016 Comparison of on - demand streaming music services List of Internet radio stations List of online music databases References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Apple names Oliver Schusser as head of Apple Music division as the service now surpasses 40 million subscribers '' . 9to5Mac. 2018 - 04 - 11 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Nicolaou , Anna . `` Apple slices into Spotify 's lead in US music market '' . Financial Times . 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Jump up ^ D'Orazio , Dante ( December 20 , 2015 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's 1989 World Tour documentary is now streaming on Apple Music '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ; Goldberg , Lesley ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` Dr. Dre Filming Apple 's First Scripted Television Series ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Eldridge Industries . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kafka , Peter ( February 15 , 2016 ) . `` Apple Got Into the TV Business So It Could Make TV Commercials for Apple Music '' . Recode . Vox Media . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Apple Music Buys ' Carpool Karaoke ' TV Series '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sinha - Roy , Piya ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` Apple delays release of first original series ' Carpool Karaoke ' '' . Reuters . Thomson Reuters . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Goel , Vindu ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` Apple Tiptoes Into Producing Original Video but Plans to Pick Up Pace '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Efrati , Amir ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Apple Hires Former YouTube Exec to Boost Video Effort '' . The Information . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fingas , Roger ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Ca n't Stop , Wo n't Stop : A Bad Boy Story ' confirmed as Apple Music exclusive '' . AppleInsider . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gensler , Andy ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` Puff Daddy 's ' Ca n't Stop Wo n't Stop ' Documentary Coming Exclusively to Apple Music '' . Billboard . Eldridge Industries . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Lucas ; Webb , Alex ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` Apple Music Goes Hollywood : Inside Jimmy Iovine 's Video Plans '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Steel , Emily ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Apple 's First Foray Into Original TV Is a Series About Apps '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Chance ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Apple announces first original TV show focused on the ' app economy ' with music artist Will.i.am '' . 9to5Mac . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` Apple 's First TV Show , ' Planet of the Apps , ' Will Feature 100 Developers in Competition Series '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Richard ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Apple Music 's ' Planet of the Apps ' reality show debuts tonight '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lomas , Natasha ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` Apple 's debut TV series , Planet of the Apps , kicks off '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kafka , Peter ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` Apple has hired two well - regarded TV execs to ramp up its original video plans '' . Recode . Vox Media . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Broussard , Mitchel ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` Apple Hires Executives From Sony Pictures TV to Lead Push Into Original Programming '' . MacRumors . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooks ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` Apple , Moving In on Prestige TV , Poaches Two Sony Executives '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` TV Veteran Michelle Lee Joins Apple Worldwide Video '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clover , Juli ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Apple 's Video Team Gains TV Programming Veteran Michelle Lee '' . MacRumors . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . 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Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perez , Sarah ( September 5 , 2016 ) . `` Apple rolls out its new , personalized playlists to Apple Music subscribers on iOS , macOS betas '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Panzarino , Matthew ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` Apple Music 's first new personalized playlist wants you to Chill '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Broussard , Mitchel ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` Apple Music 's New Curated Playlist ' My Chill Mix ' Begins Appearing for Some Subscribers '' . MacRumors . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Platon , Adelle ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` DJ Khaled Scores Apple Deal , Will Release Future 's Forthcoming Project '' . Billboard . Eldridge Industries . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jarvey , Natalie ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` Vice Launches Music Docuseries ' The Score ' on Apple Music ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Eldridge Industries . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seppala , Timothy J. ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Up Next ' is an Apple Music series highlighting new artists '' . Engadget . Oath Inc . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` Gwyneth Paltrow Joins Apple 's ' Planet of the Apps ' Reality Series '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCormick , Rich ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` You can watch the first episode of Apple 's reality TV show Planet of the Apps now '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` TV Review : Apple 's ' Planet of the Apps ' '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nevins , Jake ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` Planet of the Apps review -- celebrity panel ca n't save Apple 's dull first TV show '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` Apple Music 's ' Carpool Karaoke ' Showrunners Call Series ' A Celebration of the Joy of Music ' '' . Billboard . Eldridge Industries . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jarvey , Natalie ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Carpool Karaoke ' Spinoff Premieres as Apple Content Ambitions Grow '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Eldridge Industries . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Young , Alex ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` Dr. Dre to star in Apple 's first TV series , Vital Signs '' . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/dr-dre-secretly-working-on-scripted-apple-music-show-vital-signs-20160212 Jump up ^ D'Orazio , Dante ( December 20 , 2015 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's 1989 World Tour documentary is now streaming on Apple Music '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baltin , Steve ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` The 1975 Take Over L.A. Rooftop for Apple Music 's Beats 1 '' . Billboard . Eldridge Industries . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yoo , Noah ; Monroe , Jazz ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` Watch Drake 's New Short Film Please Forgive Me '' . Pitchfork . Condé Nast . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Renshaw , David ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` Skepta 's Upcoming London Show Will Be Streamed Live On Apple Music '' . The Fader . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bychawski , Adam ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` Watch Skepta 's new documentary ' Greatness Only ' '' . NME . Time Inc . UK . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Da'Shan ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` Journey Through Sierra Leone & South London in Sampha 's Emotional Short Film ' Process ' '' . Billboard . Eldridge Industries . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ahern , Sarah ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` Harry Styles ' Behind the Album ' Documentary Gets Release Date on Apple Music '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Jeremy ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Phoenix 's Ti Amo Speciale Short Film '' . Spin . Eldridge Industries . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gensler , Andy ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` Puff Daddy 's ' Ca n't Stop Wo n't Stop ' Documentary Coming Exclusively to Apple Music '' . Billboard . Eldridge Industries . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moore , Sam ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` Haim announce new album documentary '' . NME . Time Inc . UK . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cirisana , Tatiana ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` Kygo Hosts NYC Screening of Apple Music Documentary ' Stole the Show ' : ' It 's Been An Amazing Ride ' '' . Billboard . Eldridge Industries . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Clive Davis Documentary ' Soundtrack of Our Lives ' Gets Trailer , Release Date '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . September 18 , 2017 . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Halperin , Shirley ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Music Industry Titans Toast Clive Davis at ' Soundtrack of Our Lives ' Doc 's Los Angeles Premiere '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6494358/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm Jump up ^ Boykins , Austin ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` Apple Music Reveals Trailer for ' The Cash Money Story : Before Anything ' '' . Hypebeast . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.thisis50.com/profiles/blogs/the-cash-money-story-before-anythang-documentary-trailer Jump up ^ http://www.ghettonerd.com/new-gallery-85/ Jump up ^ Li , Nicolaus ( August 12 , 2017 ) . `` Apple Music Is Set to Release Chief Keef Documentary , ' The Story of Sosa ' '' . Hypebeast . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ A. , Aron ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` Chief Keef Teases Lil Uzi Vert Collaboration '' . HotNewHipHop . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kline , Daniel B. ( July 20 , 2015 ) . `` Apple Music : The Good , the Bad , and the Ugly '' . The Motley Fool . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Heisler , Yoni ( July 9 , 2015 ) . `` Apple Music on iTunes is an embarrassing and confusing mess '' . BGR . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eadicicco , Lisa ( July 5 , 2015 ) . `` I ditched Spotify to use Apple Music -- and I do n't miss it '' . Business Insider . Axel Springer SE . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Warren , Christina ( June 30 , 2015 ) . `` Apple Music first look : It 's all about curation , curation , curation '' . Mashable . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Raymundo , Oscar ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Apple Music 's big iOS 10 redesign fails to impress '' . Macworld . International Data Group . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Novet , Jordan ( September 6 , 2016 ) . `` Apple Music in iOS 10 : Refined in both look and feel '' . VentureBeat . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Matyszcyk , Chris ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` Neil Young savages Apple over audio quality '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chavez , Ronald ( July 1 , 2015 ) . `` Major iTunes 12.2 bug is ruining music libraries '' . Mashable . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chavez , Ronald ( July 23 , 2015 ) . `` Influential Apple fan trashes Apple Music , calls it a nightmare '' . Mashable . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Chris ( July 1 , 2015 ) . `` Apple Music has an iCloud problem '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fingas , Roger ( July 1 , 2015 ) . `` Apple Music users complain iCloud Music Library deletes , renames iTunes content '' . AppleInsider . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McElhearn , Kirk ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` Apple Music does n't delete your music files '' . Macworld . International Data Group . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mayo , Benjamin ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Apple rolling out more accurate song matching algorithm to Apple Music subscribers , identical to iTunes Match '' . 9to5Mac . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perez , Sarah ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` One of Apple Music 's biggest problems is getting fixed '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robehmed , Natalie ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Frank Ocean Just Went Independent And Ignited A Music Streaming War '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Singleton , Micah ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` Does Spotify need to go after exclusive content ? '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Singleton , Micah ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` Frank Ocean 's release of Blonde marks the start of a major fight in the music industry '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Helmore , Edward ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Universal reportedly outlaws streaming ' exclusives ' after Frank Ocean release '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Karp , Hannah ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` Music Industry Hits Pause on Exclusive Album - Release Deals '' . The Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones & Company . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Sisario , Ben ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` Frank Ocean 's ' Blonde ' Amplifies Discord in the Music Business '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Knopper , Steve ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` How Apple Music , Tidal Exclusives Are Reshaping Music Industry '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ingham , Tim ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Jimmy Iovine : ' Musicians taught me everything . Without them , I 'm working on the docks . ' '' . Music Business Worldwide . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Plaugic , Lizzie ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Apple Music is moving away from album exclusives '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Apple Inc . History Outline Founders Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak Ronald Wayne Board of directors Current James A. Bell Tim Cook ( CEO ) Albert Gore Jr . Robert A. Iger Andrea Jung Arthur D. Levinson ( Chairman ) Ronald D. Sugar Susan L. Wagner Former Gil Amelio Fred D. Anderson Bill Campbell Mickey Drexler Al Eisenstat Larry Ellison Steve Jobs Delano Lewis Mike Markkula Arthur Rock Eric Schmidt John Sculley Edgar S. Woolard Jr . Jerry York Executives Current Tim Cook ( CEO ) Jony Ive ( CDO ) Jeff Williams ( COO ) Luca Maestri ( CFO ) Isabel Ge Mahe Katherine Adams ( General Counsel ) Angela Ahrendts Eddy Cue Craig Federighi Lisa Jackson Dan Riccio Phil Schiller Johny Srouji Former Gil Amelio Fred D. 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Music Unlimited Zune Marketplace Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apple_Music&oldid=856857115 '' Categories : Apple Inc. services Internet radio in the United States Streaming music services Computer - related introductions in 2015 Internet properties established in 2015 Products introduced in 2015 IOS software WatchOS software TvOS software American companies established in 2015 Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles with short description Use American English from June 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from July 2016 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Bosanski Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 23 : 49 ( UTC ) . 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-3694802787393013079	End of the Line (Traveling Wilburys song)	End of the Line ( Traveling Wilburys song ) - wikipedia End of the Line ( Traveling Wilburys song ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` End of the Line '' Single by Traveling Wilburys from the album Traveling Wilburys Vol. 1 B - side `` Congratulations '' Released 23 January 1989 ( US ) 20 February 1989 ( UK ) Format 7 '' single , 12 '' single , 3 '' CD single , cassette single Genre Folk rock Length 3 : 30 Label Wilbury Records Songwriter ( s ) Bob Dylan George Harrison Jeff Lynne Roy Orbison Tom Petty Producer ( s ) Otis Wilbury , Nelson Wilbury Traveling Wilburys singles chronology `` Handle with Care '' ( 1988 ) `` End of the Line '' ( 1989 ) `` Nobody 's Child '' ( 1990 ) `` Handle with Care '' ( 1988 ) `` End of the Line '' ( 1989 ) `` Nobody 's Child '' ( 1990 ) Traveling Wilburys Vol. 1 track listing `` Tweeter and the Monkey Man '' ( 9 ) `` End of the Line '' ( 10 ) `` End of the Line '' is the last track from the Traveling Wilburys ' first album , Volume 1 , released in 1988 . It was also issued as the band 's second single , in January 1989 . The song 's riding - on - the - rails rhythm suggests its theme and the on - the - move nature of the group . It features all the Wilburys ( excluding Bob Dylan , who was on tour at the time ) as lead singers ; George Harrison , Jeff Lynne and Roy Orbison sing the choruses in turn , while Tom Petty sings the verses . The song was mainly written by Harrison and was assigned to his publishing company . In keeping with the collaborative concept behind the Wilburys project , however , all five members received a songwriting credit . In the United States , the single peaked at number 63 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . The music video for `` End of the Line '' was directed by Willy Smax . It was filmed in Los Angeles after Orbison 's death in December 1988 , and features Dylan 's participation . To honour the loss of Orbison , a shot of a guitar sitting in a rocking chair next to a photo of him was used when his vocals are heard . Contents ( hide ) 1 Legacy 2 Charts 2.1 Year - end charts 3 Track listing 4 Personnel 5 References 6 External links Legacy ( edit ) The song was used over the end credits of the final episode of the British sitcom One Foot in the Grave and the American comedy Parks and Recreation . `` End of the Line '' appeared in the George Harrison - produced cult comedy , Checking Out . A version sung by Dennis Waterman was used as the theme tune for the pilot of the BBC production , New Tricks . The song has also been included in TV spots for the 2004 film The Terminal , as well as the trailer for the 2007 hit comedy Knocked Up . Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers played this song live during their 2008 North American tour . Harrison was honored in the parody song `` No Where Near the End of My Time '' by radio on - air personality Bob Rivers . The song was used on the end credits of the Australian family comedy film Red Dog : True Blue in 2016 . Charts ( edit ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1989 ) Position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 65 Track listing ( edit ) 7 '' single , Cassette single A `` End of the Line '' ( LP Version ) -- 3 : 30 B `` Congratulations '' ( LP Version ) -- 3 : 30 12 '' single , 3 '' CD single A `` End of the Line '' ( Extended Version ) -- 5 : 34 B `` Congratulations '' ( LP Version ) -- 3 : 29 Personnel ( edit ) George Harrison -- lead vocals , slide guitar , backing vocals Tom Petty -- bass guitar , lead and backing vocals Jeff Lynne -- electric guitar , backing vocals Roy Orbison -- acoustic guitar , backing vocals Jim Keltner -- drums References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ACE Repertory : End of the Line '' . ASCAP . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Madinger , Chip ; Easter , Mark ( 2000 ) . Eight Arms to Hold You : The Solo Beatles Compendium . Chesterfield , MO : 44.1 Productions . pp. 475 , 477 . ISBN 0 - 615 - 11724 - 4 . Jump up ^ Van der Kiste , John ( 2015 ) . Jeff Lynne : The Electric Light Orchestra , Before and After . Stroud , UK : Fonthill Media . p. 113 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78155 - 492 - 0 . Jump up ^ Madinger , Chip ; Easter , Mark ( 2000 ) . Eight Arms to Hold You : The Solo Beatles Compendium . Chesterfield , MO : 44.1 Productions . p. 477 . ISBN 0 - 615 - 11724 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Traveling Wilburys - End Of The Line '' . Traveling Wilburys . Retrieved 19 October 2012 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles - Volume 51 , No. 8 , December 23 , 1989 '' . RPM. 23 December 1999 . Retrieved 22 November 2017 . External links ( edit ) End of the Line at Discogs Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Traveling Wilburys Bob Dylan George Harrison Jeff Lynne Roy Orbison Tom Petty Studio albums Traveling Wilburys Vol. 1 Traveling Wilburys Vol. 3 Compilations The Traveling Wilburys Collection Songs and singles `` Handle with Care '' `` Tweeter and the Monkey Man '' `` End of the Line '' `` Nobody 's Child '' `` She 's My Baby '' `` Inside Out '' `` Wilbury Twist '' Related Jim Keltner Dhani Harrison Full Moon Fever Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=End_of_the_Line_(Traveling_Wilburys_song)&oldid=820706884 '' Categories : 1988 songs 1989 singles Traveling Wilburys songs Songs written by George Harrison Songs written by Bob Dylan Songs written by Jeff Lynne Songs written by Roy Orbison Songs written by Tom Petty Song recordings produced by Jeff Lynne Song recordings produced by George Harrison Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2017 Articles needing additional references from December 2010 All articles needing additional references Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Norsk Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 16 January 2018 , at 04 : 12 . 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1972828565194902332	Titan (roller coaster)	Titan ( Roller coaster ) - wikipedia Titan ( Roller coaster ) Titan Six Flags Over Texas Park section Texas Coordinates 32 ° 45 ′ 20 '' N 97 ° 04 ′ 27 '' W / 32.75563 ° N 97.07423 ° W / 32.75563 ; - 97.07423 Coordinates : 32 ° 45 ′ 20 '' N 97 ° 04 ′ 27 '' W / 32.75563 ° N 97.07423 ° W / 32.75563 ; - 97.07423 Status Operating Opening date April 27 , 2001 Cost $25,000,000 General statistics Type Steel Manufacturer Giovanola Designer Ingenieur Büro Stengel GmgH Model Mega Coaster Track layout Out and Back Lift / launch system Chain Lift Height 245 ft ( 75 m ) Drop 255 ft ( 78 m ) Length 5,312 ft ( 1,619 m ) Speed 85 mph ( 137 km / h ) Inversions 0 Duration 3 : 30 Max vertical angle 65 ° Capacity 1,600 riders per hour G - force 4.5 Height restriction 48 in ( 122 cm ) Trains 3 trains with 5 cars . Riders are arranged 2 across in 3 rows for a total of 30 riders per train . Flash Pass Available Titan at RCDB Pictures of Titan at RCDB Titan is a steel hyper coaster located at Six Flags Over Texas in Arlington , Texas . Unlike most hypercoasters , Titan is a combination of an out and back roller coaster and a twister roller coaster . It stands at 245 feet and contains a 255 drop . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Ride experience and facts 3 Titan incidents 4 Rankings 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Six Flags Over Texas had plans to add a hypercoaster to the park for several years . An early proposal from Arrow Dynamics showed a hypercoaster over the park 's reservoir next to Judge Roy Scream . In August 2000 , Six Flags Over Texas announced plans to build a new steel roller coaster for the park 's 40th anniversary . Although no statistics were revealed , information that was released confirmed Giovanola as the manufacturer , that the new coaster would be similar to Goliath at Six Flags Magic Mountain and that it would be built in the Texas section of the park . As survey markers began to appear in September it became clear that the new coaster would extend from the Texas section to the employee cantina , pool and softball fields then out into the parking lot . By the time the official announcement was made on November 14 , 2000 , the employee areas had been demolished , excavation had already begun and teal - colored supports were stacked in the parking lot . Construction of the ride was completed in March 2001 and testing began in early April . A media preview was held on April 26 , 2001 and the coaster opened to the public the following day . Ride experience and facts ( edit ) The lift hill Titan begins with a slow U-turn out of the station then a climbs up a 245 - foot ( 75 m ) hill . At the crest of the hill the train drops 255 - foot ( 78 m ) into a 120 - foot ( 37 m ) underground tunnel . Immediately after the tunnel , riders are taken through a large turnaround . Following the turnaround , riders encounter a large camel back that provides significant airtime . The train subsequently enters a 540 degree upwards helix which leads to the mid-course brake run . Off the midcourse brakes , the trains maneuver a left hand drop , leading into an overbanked turn . Then followed by a 570 degree downward helix with a camera installed for souvenir photos . Afterwards , the trains navigate a banked turn to the left and then another to the right . After this , the trains enters the final brake run and returns to the station . The overall track layout of Titan is mostly identical to that of Goliath at Six Flags Magic Mountain , with the one difference being that Goliath lacks the upward helix into the midcourse brake run , instead having a simple uphill left turn . During the summer months , as the train rolls into the station , a cloud of mist can be seen under the train . Owing to problems with the wheels on the trains overheating , water is sprayed on the wheel assembly to help cool down the wheels after the train completes the course . Titan 's supports used 2.8 million pounds of steel to manufacture . When it was built , Titan was the longest roller coaster ever to be built at a Six Flags park . Titan operates with up to three trains , each with five cars holding three rows of two riders for a total of 30 riders per train . The three trains are colored red , orange , and yellow . It will usually run only two trains on slow days , with the unused train stored in the train 's storage shed ( the train that is unused from day to day is swapped out on a regular basis ) . Titan incidents ( edit ) Titan has been known for occasionally causing blackouts or grayouts in the helices . Some riders have complained about headaches caused by sections of the course . Most of these incidents occur during the summer when riders are dehydrated due to the extreme Texas heat . Because of the complaints about the G - forces given during the second helix , the train is severely braked at the mid-course block brake , almost to the point of stopping . Rankings ( edit ) Golden Ticket Awards : Top steel Roller Coasters Year 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 Ranking 21 23 27 25 34 ( tied ) 27 26 24 37 42 25 36 42 ( tied ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Record Holders '' . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ross , Jeremy ( 2001 ) . `` There 's a New Giant in Town '' . RollerCoaster ! Magazine . Vol. 22 no . 4 . Mission , Kansas : American Coaster Enthusiasts . pp. 12 -- 16 . ISSN 0896 - 7261 . Jump up ^ Pictures of Titan , CoasterGallery.com Jump up ^ Official Page Jump up ^ http://www.guidetosfot.com/attractions/coasters/titan/ Jump up ^ `` Top 25 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today : 7B . August 2001 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 25 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today : 7B . September 2002 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today : 14 -- 15B . September 2003 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today : 18 -- 19B . September 2004 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 3 , 2007 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today : 26 -- 27B . September 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today : 26 -- 27B . September 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 11 ( 6.2 ) : 36 -- 37 . September 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 12 ( 6.2 ) : 36 -- 37 . September 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 13 ( 6.2 ) : 32 -- 33 . September 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 14 ( 6.2 ) : 34 -- 35 . September 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 15 ( 6.2 ) : 38 -- 39 . September 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 16 ( 6.2 ) : 36 -- 37 . September 2012 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 17 ( 6.2 ) : 34 -- 35 . September 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Titan 's Official Page From Six Flags Over Texas POV Video of Titan hide Six Flags Over Texas Roller coasters Batman : The Ride The Joker ( 2017 ) Judge Roy Scream La Vibora Runaway Mine Train Mini Mine Train Mr. Freeze : Reverse Blast Pandemonium Runaway Mountain Shock Wave New Texas Giant Titan Wile E. Coyote 's Grand Canyon Blaster Other rides El Aserradero Justice League : Battle for Metropolis Oil Derrick Riddler Revenge Roaring Rapids Silver Star Carousel Six Flags & Texas Railroad Superman : Tower of Power Texas SkyScreamer Events Fright Fest Holiday in the Park Former Flashback Glow in the Park Parade Texas Chute Out Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Titan_(roller_coaster)&oldid=845919675 '' Categories : Operating roller coasters Roller coasters by name Roller coasters introduced in 2001 Steel roller coasters Roller coasters manufactured by Giovanola Hypercoasters Roller coasters operated by Six Flags Roller coasters in Texas Six Flags Over Texas Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Nederlands Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 15 June 2018 , at 01 : 23 . About Wikipedia	when did the titan open at six flags	[ "\n\nTitan\n\n\n\n\n\nSix Flags Over Texas\n\n\nPark section\nTexas\n\n\nCoordinates\n32°45′20″N 97°04′27″W / 32.75563°N 97.07423°W / 32.75563; -97.07423Coordinates: 32°45′20″N 97°04′27″W / 32.75563°N 97.07423°W / 32.75563; -97.07423\n\n\nStatus\nOperating\n\n\nOpening date\nApril 27, 2001\n\n\nCost\n$25,000,000\n\n\nGeneral statistics\n\n\nType\nSteel\n\n\nManufacturer\nGiovanola\n\n\nDesigner\nIngenieur Büro Stengel GmgH\n\n\nModel\nMega Coaster\n\n\nTrack layout\nOut and Back\n\n\nLift/launch system\nChain Lift\n\n\nHeight\n245 ft (75 m)\n\n\nDrop\n255 ft (78 m)\n\n\nLength\n5,312 ft (1,619 m)\n\n\nSpeed\n85 mph (137 km/h)\n\n\nInversions\n0\n\n\nDuration\n3:30\n\n\nMax vertical angle\n65°\n\n\nCapacity\n1,600 riders per hour\n\n\nG-force\n4.5\n\n\nHeight restriction\n48 in (122 cm)\n\n\nTrains\n3 trains with 5 cars. Riders are arranged 2 across in 3 rows for a total of 30 riders per train.\n\n\n\n Flash Pass Available\n\n\n\nTitan at RCDB\nPictures of Titan at RCDB\n\n" ]	[ "April 27, 2001" ]
-3993374156102720749	Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag	Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag - wikipedia Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Jump to : navigation , search Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Developer ( s ) Ubisoft Montreal Publisher ( s ) Ubisoft Director ( s ) Ashraf Ismail Jean Guesdon Producer ( s ) Sylvain Trottier Writer ( s ) Darby McDevitt Corey May Composer ( s ) Brian Tyler Sarah Schachner Freedom Cry : Olivier Deriviere Series Assassin 's Creed Engine AnvilNext Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows PlayStation 3 PlayStation 4 Wii U Xbox 360 Xbox One Release October 29 , 2013 ( show ) PlayStation 3 & Xbox 360 WW : October 29 , 2013 Wii U NA : October 29 , 2013 AU : November 21 , 2013 EU : November 22 , 2013 PlayStation 4 NA : November 15 , 2013 AU : November 29 , 2013 EU : November 22 , 2013 Microsoft Windows NA : November 19 , 2013 AU : November 21 , 2013 EU : November 22 , 2013 Xbox One WW : November 22 , 2013 Genre ( s ) Action - adventure , stealth Mode ( s ) Single - player , multiplayer Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag is an action - adventure video game developed by Ubisoft Montreal and published by Ubisoft . It is the sixth major installment in the Assassin 's Creed series . Its historical time frame precedes that of Assassin 's Creed III ( 2012 ) , though its modern - day sequences succeed III 's own . Black Flag was first released for PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 , and Nintendo Wii U in October 2013 and a month later for PlayStation 4 , Xbox One , and Microsoft Windows . The plot is set in a fictional history of real world events and follows the centuries - old struggle between the Assassins , who fight for peace with free will , and the Templars , who desire peace through control . The framing story is set in the 21st century and describes the player as an Abstergo agent . The main story is set in the 18th century Caribbean during the Golden Age of Piracy , and follows notorious Welsh pirate Edward Kenway , grandfather and father of Assassin 's Creed III protagonist and antagonist Ratonhnhaké : ton and Haytham Kenway respectively , who stumbles upon the Assassin / Templar conflict . The attempted establishment of a Republic of Pirates utopia ( free from either British or Spanish rule ) is a significant plot element . Unlike previous games , gameplay elements focus more on ship - based exploration of the seamless open world map , while also retaining the series ' third - person land - based exploration , melee combat , and stealth system . Multiplayer also returns , albeit with only land - based modes and settings . The game spans across the Caribbean with the three main cities of Havana , Nassau and Kingston along with numerous islands , sunken ships , and forts . Players have the option to harpoon large sea animals and hunt land animals . For the first time in the series , naval exploration is a major part of an Assassin 's Creed game , where Edward Kenway captains the Jackdaw , a brig he captures from a Spanish fleet . Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag was positively received and was one of the best - selling games of 2013 . It has sold more than 11 million copies . Critics praised the massive open world gameplay , numerous side - quests , graphics and improved naval combat . The light - hearted pirate theme and engaging story were well received by critics . The modern day story however , received a slightly more mixed response , while criticism fell on aspects of the historical story missions which were considered repetitive . The game received several awards and nominations , including winning the Spike VGX 2013 award for Best Action Adventure Game . It was followed by Assassin 's Creed Unity and Assassin 's Creed Rogue , set during the French Revolution and Seven Years ' War respectively , with both released in November 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Synopsis 2.1 Characters 2.2 Setting 2.3 Plot 2.4 Freedom Cry 3 Development 3.1 Music 4 Marketing and release 4.1 Downloadable content 5 Reception 5.1 Sales 5.2 Awards 5.3 PETA criticism 6 Series continuation 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag is an action - adventure , stealth game set in an open world environment and played from a third - person perspective . The game features three main cities ; Havana , Kingston , and Nassau , which reside under Spanish , British , and pirate influence , respectively . It also features 50 other individual locations to explore , including atolls , sea forts , Mayan ruins , sugar plantations , and underwater shipwrecks , with a 60 / 40 balance between land and naval exploration . It has a more open world feel , with missions similar to those found in Assassin 's Creed , as well as fewer restrictions for the player . The world opens up sooner in the game , as opposed to Assassin 's Creed III , which had very scripted missions and did not give players freedom to explore until the game was well into its first act . The player will encounter jungles , forts , ruins , and small villages and the world is built to allow players much more freedom , such as allowing players to engage , board , and capture passing ships and swimming to nearby beaches in a seamless fashion . In addition , the hunting system has been retained from Assassin 's Creed III , allowing the player to hunt on land , and fish in the water , with resources gathered used to upgrade equipment . A new aspect in the game is the Jackdaw , the ship that the player captains . The Jackdaw is upgradeable throughout the game , and is easily accessible to the player when needed . In addition , a new underwater component has been added . The player has access to a spyglass , allowing the examination of distant ships , along with their cargo and strength . It can also help determine if an island still has animals to hunt , treasures to find , high points to reach for synchronization or additional side - quests to complete , such as assassinations and naval contracts . An updated form of the recruit system introduced in Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood has returned , allowing Edward to recruit crew members . While Kenway 's crew will remain loyal to him , they can be promoted to captain acquired ships , and are needed to assist in boarding enemy vessels , they can not assist in combat or perform long - range assassinations , as in previous games . Ubisoft removed this aspect of the brotherhood system , believing it allowed players to bypass tense and challenging scenarios too easily . In the present day , at the offices of Abstergo Entertainment -- a subsidiary of Abstergo Industries -- in Montreal , Quebec , players engage in modern - day pirating through the exploration of Abstergo 's offices , eavesdropping and hacking , all without combat . As well , various `` hacking '' games , similar to previous cluster and glyph puzzles , are present , that uncover secrets about Abstergo . Multiplayer also returns , with new settings and game modes , though it is only land - based . Synopsis ( edit ) Characters ( edit ) The main character of the game is Edward Kenway ( Matt Ryan ) , a Welsh privateer - turned - pirate and eventual member of the Assassin Order . Edward is the father of Haytham Kenway , and grandfather of Ratonhnhaké : ton ( Connor ) , the two playable characters of Assassin 's Creed III . Real - life individuals that are encountered include the pirates Edward `` Blackbeard '' Thatch ( voiced by Mark Bonnar ) , Benjamin Hornigold , Mary Read , Stede Bonnet , Anne Bonny , Calico Jack , and Charles Vane ( Ralph Ineson ) . Setting ( edit ) As is the case in previous games in the Assassin 's Creed series , the story is divided into two intertwined halves , with one in the present day , one in a historical setting , and the events of each influencing the other . Although the present - day story had previously established that an Animus was required to view one 's ancestors memories , the ending of Assassin 's Creed III reveals that Abstergo can now view a host 's genetic memories simply by sequencing the host 's DNA . As such , the player character is hired by Abstergo Entertainment to investigate a pivotal character in Desmond 's ancestry , the Assassin Edward Kenway . A notorious pirate and privateer operating during the Golden Age of Piracy , Kenway 's story is set in the Caribbean , and mixes open - ended ship - based exploration with combat and land - based adventures in Cuba and Jamaica , and on a number of Caribbean islands , parts of southern Florida and eastern Mexico . Plot ( edit ) Samples taken from Desmond Miles ' body in the moments after his death have enabled Abstergo Industries to continue to explore his genetic memories using the Animus ' newfound cloud computing abilities . The unnamed player character is hired by Abstergo Entertainment , from their Montréal headquarters , to sift through the memories of Edward Kenway , an eighteenth - century pirate , the father of Haytham Kenway and the grandfather of Ratonhnhaké : ton . Ostensibly , this is to gather material for an Animus - powered interactive feature film , but in reality , Abstergo -- the Templars of the present time -- are searching for a First Civilization structure known as the Observatory , and are using the memories of Edward Kenway to find it . As Kenway , the player must unravel a conspiracy between high - ranking Templars within the British and Spanish empires who , under the guise of cleaning up piracy in the Caribbean , have used their positions to locate the Sage -- later identified as Bartholomew Roberts -- who is the only man that can lead them to the Observatory , a First Civilization device which can monitor anyone anywhere in the world when provided a blood sample , which they intend to use to spy on and blackmail world leaders . Kenway becomes an unwitting player in their plot when he kills a rogue Assassin , Duncan Walpole . Seeing an opportunity for profit , Kenway takes Walpole 's place at a meeting of Templars in Havana , where he meets Woodes Rogers as well as Cuban Governor , and Templar Grandmaster , Laureano Torres . His recklessness endangers the entire Assassins ' Order , prompting him to pursue the Sage and the conspirators from the Yucatán Peninsula to Jamaica , eventually catching Roberts on the island of Príncipe off of the African coast . Meanwhile , a band of notorious pirates -- including Edward `` Blackbeard '' Thatch , Benjamin Hornigold , Mary Read ( under the alias `` James Kidd '' ) and Charles Vane , among others -- dream of a pirate utopia where man is free to live beyond the reach of kings and rulers . With Kenway 's help , they seize control of Nassau and establish a pirate republic . However , poor governance , a lack of an economy and an outbreak of disease bring the pirate state perilously close to collapse , with the founders divided on the best way forward . Kenway attempts to resolve the dispute , but is too late to stop the Templars from exploiting the situation for their own ends . Eventually , Kenway and Roberts uncover the location of the Observatory and retrieve the artifact powering it , but Kenway is betrayed by Roberts at the last moment . After a brief stint in prison for the crimes of piracy , Edward escapes with the aid of Ah Tabai , the Assassin Mentor , and elects to join their Order . Chasing down and eliminating Roberts and the Templar conspirators , Kenway retrieves the artifact and returns it to the Observatory , sealing it away for good . He is left facing an uncertain future with his newfound convictions until he receives a letter informing him of the passing of his wife and the imminent arrival of his hitherto unknown daughter , Jennifer Scott . Kenway travels back to England , promising Ah Tabai that he will continue the fight against the Templars back home in England . Some years later , Kenway , Jennifer ( using her mother 's surname in her memory ) and Kenway 's young son Haytham are about to watch a play in an English theatre . In the present day , the player is contacted by John , Abstergo Entertainment 's information technology manager . John convinces the player that their employers know more than they are telling , and encourages them to investigate in more detail . He convinces the player to hack several Animus terminals and security cameras , and then has them deliver the information taken to Shaun Hastings and Rebecca Crane , who are working undercover to infiltrate Abstergo . When the facility is locked down after the hackings are discovered , John arranges for the player to access the Animus ' core , at which point Juno materializes into an incorporeal form . She reveals that although it was necessary to open her temple to avert disaster , the world was not ready for her , and she is unable to affect it or possess the player character as her agents intended . John is unmasked as the reincarnated form of the Sage and attempts to murder the player to cover up the failed attempt at resurrecting Juno , but is killed by Abstergo 's security before he can do so , thus implicating him as the one responsible for the hacks . As Roberts , the Sage admits to Kenway that he owes no allegiance to the Assassins or the Templars and instead uses whoever he thinks represents his best chance of achieving his ends . With the Sage dead , the player is contacted by the Assassins as they continue their infiltration of Abstergo , but neither side is able to explain the Sage 's presence or identify his followers , the Instruments of the First Will . Freedom Cry ( edit ) The Freedom Cry downloadable content is set twenty years after the events of Black Flag and follows Adéwalé in his mission as an Assassin . While attempting to intercept Templar activities in the West Indies Sea , Adéwalé is shipwrecked off the coast of Haiti . Making his way into Port - au - Prince , he establishes that the Templars are working with Bastienne Josèphe , the proprietor of a local brothel and a sympathiser to the Maroons , a faction of freedom fighters made up of liberated slaves led by Augustin Dieufort . Despite his obligations to the Brotherhood of Assassins , Adéwalé becomes sympathetic to their cause , and joins with the Maroons in hijacking a vessel , Experto Crede , in order to interrupt the slave trade . Whilst working for Bastienne , Adéwalé begins to uncover a conspiracy within the French provincial government ruling Port - au - Prince . The local governor , Pierre de Fayet , plans a clandestine scientific expedition to measure the curvature of the earth and gather geographical data , which they intend to sell to the highest bidder with the promise of naval superiority . Adéwalé successfully sabotages the expedition by substituting the illiterate slaves being used by the expedition for literate members of the Maroons . Tensions begin to arise within the Maroons when Adéwalé plots further raids against the slave trade . Bastienne objects , as de Fayet will only punish those trapped in slavery further as punishment . Adéwalé ignores her , but is horrified when he witnesses a frigate fire on an unarmed slave ship to prevent the slaves from joining the Maroons . Adéwalé boards the slave ship and manages to save a few slaves from drowning before the ship capsized with the rest . He plans retribution , but Bastienne cautions that taking revenge will weaken the Maroons ' cause ; if Adéwalé is to kill de Fayet , then he should do so acting as an agent of justice . After assaulting the Governor 's Mansion , pursuing him through the city and fighting off a local garrison , Adéwalé finally corners and kills de Fayet , who claims that slaves are incapable of self - governance and turn to armed uprising at the slightest provocation . Adéwalé points out that none of the slaves or overseers came to his aid , and instead let him die . After killing de Fayet , Adéwalé returns to say goodbye to Bastienne before returning to the Assassin Order , but pledging to use his newfound convictions to aid people who are oppressed rather than the cause of their would - be liberators . Development ( edit ) In early February 2013 , during its quarterly financial call to investors , Ubisoft CEO Yves Guillemot confirmed that the next Assassin 's Creed game , due for release some time before April 2014 , would feature a new hero , time period , and development team . On February 28 , 2013 , Ubisoft posted their first promotional picture and cover for their next Assassin 's Creed game , following leaked marketing material days before . It announced the title of the game as Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag and featured an unnamed character holding a flintlock and a sword with a black flag in the back ground containing the Assassin 's symbol with a skull . A reported glitch on the official Assassin 's Creed IV website suggested the game will release on next - gen consoles and October 29 as the release date , which was confirmed by the first trailer for the game , released on March 4 , 2013 ( originally leaked on March 2 , 2013 , but was quickly pulled by Ubisoft ) . Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag was announced with a cinematic trailer on March 4 , 2013 . Development began in mid-2011 at Ubisoft Montreal by a separate team from the one on Assassin 's Creed III , with additional work done by Ubisoft studios in Annecy , Bucharest , Kyiv , Montpellier , Singapore and Sofia . Lead content manager Carsten Myhill stressed away the sentiment that the sequel should have been a spin - off in the same vein as Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood or Assassin 's Creed : Revelations , given the ostensible similarities with Assassin 's Creed III . He stated `` The whole feeling of the game is completely fresh and new . It will feel very different from Assassin 's Creed III . I think it completely warrants the Assassin 's Creed IV moniker , not only with the new name and setting , but the attitude and the tone of the experience . '' Assassin 's Creed IV is the first main series numbered title to carry a subtitle , a decision which Myhill says was made to clearly distinguish the pirate theme from the rest of the franchise . By utilizing the AnvilNext engine , the development team is able to work with one engine for both the next - gen and current - gen versions of the game , as the AnvilNext engine was designed with next - gen capabilities in mind , while still working on current - gen systems . In addition , each system will have their own intricacies and feature sets , with support for the different controllers and utilizing features specific to each console . The PC version supports Nvidia 's TXAA . Music ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Original Game Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album by Brian Tyler Released October 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 14 ) Genre Video game soundtrack Length 1 : 41 : 33 Label Ubisoft Music Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Original Game Soundtrack ) was composed by American composer Brian Tyler , who also composed the soundtrack of the previous Ubisoft title Far Cry 3 . Additional compositions and arrangements were provided by Sarah Schachner , Omar Fadel , Steve Davis , Mike Kramer , Jeremy Lamb , Matthew Llewellyn , and Robert Lydecker . The soundtrack was released on Amazon MP3 and iTunes on October 14 , 2013 . Two other soundtracks have also been released : Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Game Soundtrack -- Sea Shanty Edition ) , a second soundtrack containing a set of 16 sea shanties composed by various artists , was released on Amazon MP3 and iTunes on October 29 , 2013 . Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Game Soundtrack -- The Complete Edition ) , a complete soundtrack including the two previous soundtracks as well as the multiplayer soundtrack composed by Joe Henson and Alexis Smith , was released on Amazon MP3 and iTunes on December 2 , 2013 . The score to the Freedom Cry DLC was composed by French composer Olivier Deriviere . It was recorded at Avatar Studios in New York with La Troupe Makandal , a dedicated group for Haitian music , and at Galaxy Studios in Belgium with the Brussels Philharmonic . ( show ) Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Original Game Soundtrack ) / Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Game Soundtrack -- The Complete Edition ) ( Disc One ) No . Title Music Length 1 . `` Assassin 's Creed IV Black Flag Main Theme '' Sarah Schachner 2 : 13 2 . `` Pyrates Beware '' Schachner 3 : 16 3 . `` On the Horizon '' Brian Tyler , Schachner 3 : 01 4 . `` The High Seas '' Tyler 2 : 44 5 . `` The Fortune of Edward Kenway '' Schachner 1 : 57 6 . `` In This World or the One Below '' Tyler , Schachner 2 : 49 7 . `` Under the Black Flag '' Schachner 3 : 21 8 . `` The Ends of the Earth '' Tyler 2 : 53 9 . `` Stealing a Brig '' Tyler 1 : 52 10 . `` Fare Thee Well '' Tyler 5 : 14 11 . `` The Buccaneers '' Tyler 4 : 05 12 . `` Marked for Death '' Tyler 3 : 21 13 . `` Last Goodbyes '' Tyler 2 : 24 14 . `` Take What Is Ours ! '' Tyler 3 : 15 15 . `` I 'll Be with You '' Tyler 6 : 04 16 . `` Lay Aboard Lads '' Tyler 2 : 24 17 . `` A Pirate 's Life '' Tyler 2 : 02 18 . `` Men of War '' Tyler 2 : 57 19 . `` Order of the Assassin '' Tyler 3 : 10 20 . `` In the Midst '' Tyler 3 : 05 21 . `` The British Empire '' Tyler 3 : 08 22 . `` Batten Down the Hatches '' Tyler 1 : 37 23 . `` Modernity '' Tyler 2 : 14 24 . `` A Merry Life and a Short One '' Tyler 1 : 16 25 . `` Queen Anne 's Revenge '' Tyler 4 : 42 26 . `` Confrontation '' Tyler 3 : 15 27 . `` Prizes Plunder and Adventure '' Tyler 2 : 12 28 . `` Meet the Sage '' Omar Fadel 3 : 36 29 . `` Into the Jungle '' Tyler 1 : 46 30 . `` The Spanish Empire '' Tyler 3 : 57 31 . `` The Islands of the West Indies '' Tyler 3 : 06 32 . `` Ships of Legend '' Tyler 2 : 02 33 . `` Secrets of the Maya '' Tyler 3 : 24 34 . `` Life at Sea '' Fadel 3 : 10 Total length : 1 : 41 : 33 ( show ) Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Game Soundtrack -- Sea Shanty Edition ) / Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Game Soundtrack -- The Complete Edition ) ( Disc Two ) No . Title Music Length 1 . `` Randy Dandy Oh '' Sean Dagher , Nils Brown , Michiel Schrey 1 : 35 2 . `` Maid of Amsterdam '' Brown , Schrey , Dagher 1 : 41 3 . `` Leave Her Johnny '' Dagher , Brown , Schrey 2 : 12 4 . `` Whisky Johnny O ' '' Schrey , Dagher , Brown 1 : 21 5 . `` Good Morning Ladies '' Dagher , Brown , Schrey 1 : 38 6 . `` Fish in the Sea '' Schrey , Dagher , Brown 1 : 29 7 . `` Dead Horse '' Dagher , Brown , Schrey 1 : 07 8 . `` Running Down to Cuba '' Schrey , Dagher , Brown 1 : 29 9 . `` Trooper and the Maid '' Charlotte Cumberbirch , Dagher , Nelson Carter , Richard Irwin , David Gossage 1 : 57 10 . `` William Taylor '' Dagher , Brown , Schrey , Cumberbirch , Carter , Irwin , Gossage 2 : 16 11 . `` Patrick Spens '' Schrey , Dagher , Irwin , Gossage 1 : 52 12 . `` Fathom the Bowl '' Linda Morrison , Dagher , Carter , Patrick Graham , Gossage 2 : 13 13 . `` Admiral Benbow '' Schrey , Dagher , Brown , Carter , Irwin , Gossage 1 : 53 14 . `` All for Me Grog '' Morrison , Dagher , Carter , Graham , Gossage 2 : 06 15 . `` Buleria '' Marco Marin , Dominic Soulard , Eric Breton 2 : 06 16 . `` Verdiales '' Marin , Soulard , Breton 1 : 26 Total length : 28 : 22 ( show ) Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Game Soundtrack -- The Complete Edition ) ( Disc Three ) No . Title Music Length 1 . `` Saba Island '' Joe Henson , Alexis Smith 3 : 37 2 . `` Santa Lucia '' Joe Henson , Smith 3 : 10 3 . `` Tampa Bay '' Joe Henson , Smith , Christian Henson 3 : 19 4 . `` Prison '' Joe Henson , Smith 3 : 00 5 . `` La Havana '' Joe Henson , Smith 3 : 18 6 . `` Portobelo '' Joe Henson , Smith 3 : 45 7 . `` Saint Pierre '' Joe Henson , Smith , Christian Henson 3 : 23 8 . `` King Of The Seven Seas '' Orivian 3 : 08 Total length : ( Disc 3 ) 26 : 40 ( Complete ) 2 : 36 : 35 Notes signifies a song that is included in the `` Skull Edition '' Marketing and release ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag was released worldwide for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 on October 29 , 2013 , while the Wii U was released on October 29 , 2013 in North America , November 21 , 2013 in Australia , November 22 , 2013 in Europe and November 28 , 2013 in Japan . The Wii U version in Europe was delayed from its original November 1 , 2013 release date . It was announced on March 1 , 2013 that the game will also come to the PlayStation 4 , and on May 21 that it will release on the Xbox One . Both versions were launch titles , with the PlayStation 4 version releasing on November 15 and November 29 , 2013 in North America and Europe , respectively , and November 22 , 2013 worldwide for Xbox One . Ubisoft partnered with Sony to bring exclusive content to the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 versions of the game , which will feature the protagonist of Assassin 's Creed III : Liberation , Aveline de Grandpré , in three missions . The Aveline content , which was written by Liberation writer Jill Murray , picks up after the conclusion of her story in Liberation . The content is also available on the PC platform , through the Uplay Gold Edition . On June 21 , 2013 , it was announced that the Microsoft Windows version had been delayed `` a few weeks '' from its intended release of October 29 , 2013 . Its new release dates were later revealed to be November 19 , 2013 in North America and November 22 , 2013 in Europe . Lead designer Jean - Sebastien Decant explained that the delay was caused by the team working on the `` master version '' first , making sure it works and then proceeding to the other versions . For Black Flag , the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 version was the master , before the team adapted it to the other consoles . On October 31 , 2013 Ubisoft announced that the Uplay Passport requirement would be removed from Assassin 's Creed IV and all future games . Uplay Passport came with all new copies of the game and was required for accessing multiplayer and Edward 's Fleet minigame . Owners of used copies could download Uplay Passport for a fee before the removal . A Japanese manga adaptation of the game , written by Takashi Yano and illustrated by Kenji Oiwa , began serialization in Shueisha 's Jump X magazine on August 10 , 2013 . The manga however contradicts many parts of the game 's actual storyline , despite the manga being an adaptation of the game . Downloadable content ( edit ) On October 8 , 2013 , Ubisoft announced that a Season Pass would be available for purchase at the launch of the game on PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One and PC , and would include the Freedom Cry single - player missions , Kraken Ship pack featuring elements to personalize the Jackdaw , as well as additional single - player and multiplayer elements . Freedom Cry sees the player take on the role of Adéwalé , a freed slave from Trinidad who became Edward Kenway 's Quartermaster , and later a member of the Assassin Order . The story mode takes place 15 years after the events of Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag where Adéwalé has become a trained assassin and finds himself shipwrecked in Saint - Domingue , where he comes face - to - face with some of the most brutal slavery in the West Indies . The DLC is written by Jill Murray , who wrote Liberation and the Aveline content for Black Flag . In February 2014 , it was announced that Freedom Cry would be released as a standalone title on the PlayStation 4 and PlayStation 3 on February 18 , 2014 for North America and February 19 , 2014 for Europe . It was released for the PC on February 25 , 2014 . Blackbeard 's Wrath allows the player to play any one of three new characters in Black Flag 's multiplayer mode . These characters include Blackbeard , The Jaguar and The Orchid . This DLC is free with the Season Pass . Guild of Rogues adds three new characters to the multiplayer mode . These characters are The Shaman , The Siren and The Stowaway . It was not released for the Wii U . The PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 releases both contain an exclusive DLC , `` Aveline '' . As an exception it is available on PC in the Uplay Digital Deluxe Edition and Jackdaw Edition only . A Game of The Year Edition , called the Jackdaw Edition , was released only on the Xbox One , PlayStation 4 and PC . It includes all available downloadable content . Reception ( edit ) Reception Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic ( PS3 ) 88 / 100 ( WIIU ) 86 / 100 ( X360 ) 86 / 100 ( PS4 ) 83 / 100 ( PC ) 84 / 100 Review scores Publication Score CVG 9 / 10 Edge 9 / 10 EGM 9.5 / 10 Eurogamer 9 / 10 Famitsu 37 / 40 Game Informer 8.25 / 10 GameSpot 9 / 10 Giant Bomb IGN 8.5 / 10 Joystiq OPM ( UK ) 8 / 10 OXM ( US ) 9.0 / 10 PC Gamer ( UK ) 90 % VideoGamer.com 7 / 10 The Escapist Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag received positive reviews , with critics generally praising the open world gameplay , side - quests , graphics and naval combat . In November 2013 , Hardcore Gamer ranked Black Flag as the 70th greatest game of the seventh generation era . Black Flag was generally praised as superior to Assassin 's Creed III , with Game Informer 's Joe Juba noting that Ubisoft responded to criticisms the previous game faced and rectified them . CVG 's Matt Gilman called the game `` a return to form for the franchise , '' while Mikel Reparaz of Official Xbox Magazine stated that `` After weathering the somewhat diminishing returns of Revelations and ACIII , Black Flag is exactly the shot in the arm Assassin 's Creed needed . '' Two days after its release , IGN ranked Black Flag as the 2nd best game in the Assassin 's Creed series , only behind Assassin 's Creed II . Several reviewers directed heavy acclaim to the game 's open world structure , with the Edge staff declaring that Black Flag `` sets new benchmarks not only for Ubisoft 's series but for open - world gaming . '' Eurogamer 's Tom Bramwell called the open world gameplay `` a surprising breath of fresh sea air , '' with Gilman stating it `` revitalizes the series . '' The large scale of the open world was praised , with Greg Tito of The Escapist saying that the game `` opens up the whole Caribbean . '' Reviewers also praised the game 's side - quests and collectibles , as it actively encouraged the player to explore the open world , with GameSpot 's Shaun McInnis saying that `` Black Flag presents a world full of adventure and opportunity and full of reasons to go exploring . '' The side - quests were generally agreed to be superior to the main missions , with IGN 's Marty Sliva stating that `` Black Flag is at its best ( when you ) set out in search of your own fun . '' The assassination side - missions were particularly praised . The seamless exploration between ship , land , and sea without loading was also praised . The graphics were also widely acclaimed . The Edge staff stated that `` From a graphical standpoint , Black Flag 's world is built to amaze regardless of which console generation you 're playing it on . '' Reviewers praised the game 's open world as `` beautiful '' and `` gorgeous ; '' Sliva called Black Flag `` one of the best looking games of 2013 . '' The game 's level of detail was also acclaimed , with the open world 's water , rain and sea , being cited as `` amazing '' to look at . The game 's naval combat system drew much praise . Reviewers noted that the naval combat was Assassin 's Creed III 's best feature , and consequently praised Black Flag for improving on it . Tito explained that , while Assassin 's Creed III 's naval missions were linear and limited , Black Flag offered the player much greater freedom by allowing them to explore , fight or sail whenever they wanted . McInnis said that the game `` places a huge emphasis on naval combat , '' and stated that it `` builds on ACIII 's naval side missions to create an experience every bit as important as running around on dry land . '' The naval combat received praise for its additions of boarding ships and attacking forts , as well as the seamless transitions between ship and sword gameplay , with Tito calling it `` a great dual system that rewards both skill in naval combat , and ( in ) pirate action . '' The stealth in the game was praised for being more flexible than previous games by allowing the player more options to accomplish their goals . The Edge staff said that `` Stealth games are only as good as the flexibility of their encounters , and in that regard Black Flag is the most generous Assassin 's Creed game to date . '' However , some also criticized the stealth for being frustrating , due to its clunky and poorly defined controls . Reviewers noted that fighting as Edward was similar to previous games , with some criticizing it for being monotonous , too easy , and lacking nuance . However , it was also praised for being `` an effective and violent power trip , '' and for being `` fluid and lively . '' Some also complained about the enemy A.I. for lacking intelligence . The simplified crafting system was praised for improving over Assassin 's Creed III 's , with reviewers noting it took inspiration from Far Cry 3 . The story received a positive response overall . Reparaz praised it as `` engrossing '' and one of the Assassin 's Creed series ' best . Reparaz and McInnis also complimented the characters , and praised the way the story explores the human side of pirates , painting them in a sympathetic and relatable light . Bramwell felt that the story `` flourishes , '' particularly praising the supporting characters and Edward 's character arc . PlayStation Official Magazine 's Joel Gregory felt that Black Flag 's storyline was nothing unique for the series , though he praised the characters as `` far more interesting , more likeable , and more varied '' than previous games . While he praised the story 's first half , Gilman was more critical of the latter half , adding that its flawed pacing and structure resulted in player apathy towards the characters . Both Sliva and Juba also criticized the main story , with Juba complaining about its lack of purpose , or a compelling antagonist , and felt that most of the supporting characters were underdeveloped . The story missions also had a mixed reception . Reparaz , who gave the game high praise , felt that they were the weakest aspect of Black Flag . Juba and VideoGamer.com 's Steven Burns both felt that most of the story missions were extremely repetitive and were tediously tiring . Tito , however , felt that they were varied , and that the frustrating portions compensated by being challenging . One particular aspect that received heavy criticism from most reviewers were the eavesdropping and tailing missions , with several noting that these problems should have been fixed or removed entirely from the series . The tailing objectives were also extended to ship / sea missions , with reviewers also criticizing this form of naval stealth . The game 's pacing and opening were praised , as it introduced the pirate gameplay without the need of an overly long tutorial , with Juba noting it an improvement over Assassin 's Creed III . Several reviewers labelled Black Flag a more pirate game than it is an Assassin 's Creed one , due to its heavy focusing on pirating in gameplay , story , and characters . Reviewers felt that it was better for the game ; they praised Black Flag 's more light - hearted fare and tone compared to previous games , while also believing the game wisely avoided the usual convoluted Assassin 's plot in favor of a simplistic pirate story . Gilman stated that `` Black Flag is a better pirate game than it is an assassin game , '' with PC Gamer 's Tom Senior remarking that `` Black Flag does n't really want to be an Assassin 's Creed game , and ( ... ) that is a welcome move . '' Reparaz called it the greatest pirate game he had ever played , while Electronic Gaming Monthly 's Ray Carsillo declared Black Flag to be `` probably the best pirate simulation in gaming history . '' Tito stated that Black Flag 's gameplay reminded him more of a 3D version of Sid Meier 's Pirates ! than any Assassin 's Creed game . Edward Kenway 's character as a self - motivated pirate rather than an Assassin was also praised by most . Sliva believed that Edward 's character was a `` refreshing change of pace from a series that had started to take itself a bit too seriously , '' while he and Gilman stated that Edward was a `` livelier '' and more `` palatable '' protagonist than Assassin 's Creed III 's Connor . In December 2015 , Game Informer ranked the game as the fifth best game in the Assassin 's Creed series to date . Sales ( edit ) During the first week of sales in the United Kingdom , Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag became the best - selling game on all available formats , ahead of Battlefield 4 . However , the game 's opening week sales were 60 % down compared to 2012 's Assassin 's Creed III . Ubisoft blamed the fall in demand on uncertainty caused by the upcoming transition to eighth generation consoles . According to NPD Group figures , Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag was the third best - selling game of November 2013 in the United States , only behind Call of Duty : Ghosts and Battlefield 4 . In May 2014 , Ubisoft announced that the game had shipped over 11 million copies . Awards ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag has received Game of the Year nominations from media outlets Cheat Code Central , GameSpot , and the Inside Gaming Awards , It won the Spike VGX 2013 award for Best Action Adventure Game , and the GameSpot awards for PS4 Game of the Year and Xbox One Game of the Year . ( show ) List of notable awards and nominations for Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Year Award Category Result Ref . 2013 5th Annual Inside Gaming Awards Game of the Year Nominated Best Story Nominated Gamers ' Choice Nominated Cheat Code Central 's 7th Annual Cody Awards Game of the Year Nominated Studio of the Year ( Ubisoft Montreal ) Nominated Best Graphics Nominated Best Action / Adventure Game Nominated Spike VGX 2013 Best Action Adventure Game Won Game Revolution 's Best of 2013 Awards Best Action - Adventure Game Won Best Publisher ( Ubisoft ) Nominated GameSpot 's Game of the Year 2013 Awards PS4 Game of the Year Won Xbox One Game of the Year Won Game of the Year Nominated PS3 Game of the Year Nominated Xbox 360 Game of the Year Nominated Hardcore Gamer 's Game of the Year Awards 2013 Best Adventure Game Won The Sequel of Sequels Won Game of the Year Nominated Best Multiplatform Game Nominated Best Multiplayer Nominated Best New Character ( Edward Kenway ) Nominated Best Technical Graphics Nominated Destructoid 's Best of 2013 Best Multiplatform Game Nominated Best Action Game Nominated Best Competitive Game Nominated Giant Bomb 's 2013 Game of the Year Awards Best Surprise Won Best Game Nominated 13th Annual National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards Art Direction , Period Influence Nominated Character Design Won Costume Design Won Game Design , Franchise Nominated Graphics , Technical Nominated Game , Franchise Adventure Nominated 2014 GameTrailers Game of the Year Awards 2013 Game of the Year Nominated Best Multiplatform Game Nominated Best Action / Adventure Game Nominated IGN 's Best of 2013 Best PS4 Multiplayer Game Won Xbox One Game of the Year Won Best Xbox One Action - Adventure Game Won Best Xbox One Story Won Best Wii U Action - Adventure Game Won Best Wii U Sound Won Best Overall Action - Adventure Game Nominated Best Overall Music Nominated Best PC Action - Adventure Game Nominated Best PS3 Action - Adventure Game Nominated Best PS3 Sound Nominated Best PS3 Story Nominated PS4 Game of the Year Nominated Best Xbox 360 Action - Adventure Game Nominated Best Xbox 360 Sound Nominated Best Xbox 360 Story Nominated Best Xbox One Sound Nominated Wii U Game of the Year Nominated Best Wii U Multiplayer Game Nominated Best Wii U Music Nominated The Escapist Awards 2013 Game of the Year Nominated Best Action - Adventure Game Nominated Official Xbox Magazine 's Game of the Year Awards 2013 Best Action Game Won Game of the Year Nominated 66th Writers Guild of America Awards Outstanding Achievement in Videogame Writing ( Story by Darby McDevitt , Mustapha Mahrach , Jean Guesdon ; Lead Scriptwriter Darby McDevitt ; Scriptwriter Jill Murray ; AI Scriptwriter Nicholas Grimwood ; Scriptwriter Singapore Mark Llabres Hill ) Nominated 17th Annual D.I.C.E. Awards Game of the Year Nominated Adventure Game of the Year Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Animation Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Gameplay Engineering Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Visual Engineering Nominated 10th BAFTA Video Games Awards Best Game Nominated Action / Adventure Nominated Game Design Nominated Music Nominated 14th Annual Game Developers Choice Awards Best Technology Nominated 32nd Golden Joystick Awards Best Visual Design Won Studio of the Year ( Ubisoft Montreal ) Won Best Audio Won Best Gaming Moment ( Sea shanties ) Nominated Game of the Year Nominated PETA criticism ( edit ) The People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals ( PETA ) , an animal rights organisation criticised Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag for the usage of harpoons and `` glorification '' of whaling . The organisation said it was disgraceful that the video game industry does n't condemn the addition . Ubisoft responded to the claims by saying that Assassin 's Creed 's is based on history and is a `` work of fiction which depicts real events during the Golden Era of Pirates '' . Ubisoft claimed they do not condone whaling , along with other mechanics and features in the 4th installment in the series . PETA has had a history of criticising video games , some of the notable cases being Mario and Pokémon . Series continuation ( edit ) Main articles : Assassin 's Creed Unity and Assassin 's Creed Rogue Assassin 's Creed Unity , set in Paris on the eve of the French Revolution , was released worldwide on PlayStation 4 , Xbox One and Windows on November 11 , 2014 . Additionally , Assassin 's Creed Rogue is the sequel to Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag and the prequel to both Unity and III , following Shay Cormac , an Assassin - turned - Templar who hunts members of the Assassin order . Taking place in North America during the Seven Years ' War , the game was released worldwide on PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 on November 11 , 2014 . See also ( edit ) Skull & Bones -- expanded on the naval battles of Black Flag Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The character is referred to as `` Thatch '' in this game , rather than the more common `` Teach '' . `` Thatch '' is one of the many variations of Blackbeard 's name known to have existed . Please see Blackbeard : Early life for more information . Jump up ^ The player is able to find collectible items scattered throughout both past and present - day game worlds . These items establish the Sage 's backstory and are used as a means of communicating with other unidentified agents of the First Civilization . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hanson , Ben ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` Why Pirates ? Assassin 's Creed IV 's Developers Explain The New Setting '' . Gameinformer.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Totilo , Stephen ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` Be Excited About Assassin 's Creed IV . And Be Skeptical . '' . Kotaku.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Kirk ( November 7 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed III Was Disappointing . How Does Black Flag Stack Up ? '' . Kotaku . Gawker Media . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Helgeson , Matt ( November 4 , 2014 ) . `` Composer Sarah Schachner On Assassin 's Creed Unity 's Soundtrack '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Retrieved November 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Usher , William ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 Interview : Olivier Deriviere Talks Freedom Cry '' . Gaming Blend . Cinema Blend . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag -- Game Reveal Interview '' . IGN.com . March 4 , 2013 . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Dyer , Mitch ( September 30 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 PC Release Date Revealed , Wii U Version Delayed '' . IGN . Retrieved September 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` REPORT : Assassin 's Creed IV Coming in October , Next - Gen Confirmed '' . GameTrailers . March 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Drake , Audrey ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 Confirmed for Xbox One '' . IGN . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gera , Emily ( October 15 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag European release date moved forward for Xbox 360 and PS3 '' . Polygon . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hamilton , Kirk ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV Gets A PC Release Date '' . Kotaku . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Holzworth , Chris ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` RUMOR : Assassin 's Creed IV Aveline DLC to Remain a PlayStation Exclusive '' . Electronic Gaming Monthly . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ivan , Tom ( September 30 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 receives firm PS4 , PC , Xbox One release dates '' . Computer and Video Games . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Vore , Bryan ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag '' . Gameinformer.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hanson , Ben ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` Exploring The Open World Of Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag '' . Gameinformer.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed III Review '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed 3 Review '' . Official Xbox Magazine . Retrieved October 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Juba , Joe ( 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag How to be a pirate '' . GameInformer . GameStop . XXIII ( 244 ) : 62 . Jump up ^ Lakha , Parvez ( August 2 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV Black Flag -- Present Day Q&A '' . Ubiblog . Ubisoft . Retrieved August 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kato , Matthew ( August 30 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Voice Actors discuss Their Craft '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Williams , Kathryn ( September 22 , 2013 ) . `` PIRATE HERO IN NEW ASSASSIN 'S CREED GAME IS A WELSHMAN '' . WalesOnline . WalesOnline . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McDevitt , Darby ( March 25 , 2013 ) . `` PS : We are using `` Ed Thatch '' for Blackbeard , not the more common but probably incorrect `` Teach . '' Ask Colin Woodard why ... `` . Twitter . Retrieved July 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ George , Richard ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` The Dawn of Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag '' . IGN . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Is The Next Assassin 's Creed , Ubisoft Confirms . Now , About That ... '' . Kotaku . February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , Luke ( February 26 , 2013 ) . `` The Other Side of that Supposed Assassin 's Creed IV Poster is a Map '' . Kotaku . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ VanOrd , Kevin ( June 10 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : A Pirate 's Life for Thee '' . GameSpot . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dyer , Mitch ( February 7 , 2013 ) . `` Next Assassin 's Creed Has New Hero , Time Period , Developer '' . IGN . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Schreier , Jason ( February 26 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV Is All About Pirates , According To This Poster '' . Kotaku.com . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Philips , Tom . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag release date , next - gen launch leaked '' . Eurogamer . ^ Jump up to : `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag -- Debut Trailer '' . IGN.com . March 4 , 2013 . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mallory , Jordan ( March 2 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag debut trailer leaks ( Update : It 's gone ! '' . Joystiq . Retrieved March 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hussain , Tamoor ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 moniker ' completely warranted , ' insists Ubisoft dev '' . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lavaris , Romeo ( June 17 , 2013 ) . `` E3 2013 - Prepare For Adventure With Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag '' . Geforce . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` omar fadel - ACBF '' . SoundCloud . Retrieved 5 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag ( Original Game Soundtrack ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag ( Original Game Soundtrack ) '' . iTunes / Apple Inc . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag ( Sea Shanty Edition ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag ( Sea Shanty Edition ) ( Original Game Soundtrack ) '' . iTunes / Apple Inc . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag ( The Complete Edition ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag ( The Complete Edition ) ( Original Game Soundtrack ) '' . iTunes / Apple Inc . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bit disappointed with the Skull edition 's soundtrack '' . forums.ubi.com . November 5 , 2013 . Retrieved January 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 『アサシンクリード 4 ブラックフラッグ』発売日が 11 月 28 日に決定 4 本のトレーラーも公開 '' . Famitsu . July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Graziani , Gabriel ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Coming to PS4 + PS3 , PlayStation - Exclusive Content '' . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Anne ( July 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV Black Flag -- Aveline Returns '' . Ubiblog . Ubisoft . Retrieved August 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Uplay Store - Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Gold Edition Jump up ^ Plunkett , Luke ( June 21 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed Delayed On PC . Again . But This Time It 's OK . '' . Retrieved June 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Corriea , Alexa Ray ( October 2 , 2013 ) . `` Why Assassin 's Creed always launches last on PC '' . Polygon . Retrieved October 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Steinman , Gary ( 31 October 2013 ) . `` Assassin _́ s Creed IV Black Flag and Uplay Passport '' . Ubiblog . Ubisoft . Retrieved 1 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley ( 1 November 2013 ) . `` Ubisoft ditches Uplay Passport after Assassin 's Creed 4 furore '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Retrieved 1 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the N.H.K. 's Oiwa Draws Assassin 's Creed 4 Manga '' . Anime News Network . July 9 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed ® IV Black Flag Season Pass '' . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Steinman , Gary ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` ASSASSIN 'S CREED IV BLACK FLAG -- FREEDOM CRY DLC RELEASE DATE & STORY '' . Ubiblog . Ubisoft . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( 5 February 2014 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Freedom Cry Releasing as Standalone Title '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved 5 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Anne . `` ASSASSIN 'S CREED IV BLACK FLAG -- BLACKBEARD 'S WRATH DLC '' . UbiBlog . Retrieved 25 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Farokhmanesh , Megan ( 11 February 2014 ) . `` Ubisoft releases Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag Guild of Rogues DLC '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag for PlayStation 3 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag for Wii U Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag for Xbox 360 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag for PlayStation 4 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag for PC Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gilman , Matt ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Review : Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag marks a return to form for the franchise '' . ComputerAndVideoGames.com . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Edge Staff ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag review '' . Edge . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Carsillo , Ray ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` EGM Review : Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Next - Gen ) '' . Electronic Gaming Monthly . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bramwell , Tom ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag review '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Romano , Sal ( November 19 , 2013 ) . `` Famitsu Review Scores : Issue 1303 '' . Gematsu . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Juba , Joe ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag '' . Game Informer . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McInnis , Shaun ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Review '' . GameSpot . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Navarro , Alex ( December 3 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Review '' . Giant Bomb . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sliva , Marty ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag '' . IGN . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kietzmann , Ludwig ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 review : Avast , conspiracy ahead '' . Joystiq . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gregory , Joel ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag PS4 review '' . Official PlayStation Magazine . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Reparaz , Mikel ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV Black Flag review '' . Official Xbox Magazine . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Senior , Tom ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag review '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Burns , Steven ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag Review '' . VideoGamer.com . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Tito , Greg ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Review -- Pirate this Game ! '' . The Escapist . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ HG Staff ( November 5 , 2013 ) . `` Top 100 Games of the Generation : 70 - 61 '' . Hardcore Gamer . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Davis , Justin ( October 31 , 2013 ) . `` The Best Assassin 's Creed Games '' . IGN . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Juba , Joe ( December 4 , 2015 ) . `` Ranking The Entire Assassin 's Creed Series '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scammell , David ( November 7 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed sales down 60 % year - on - year , Battlefield 4 down 69 % on Battlefield 3 '' . VideoGamer.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Scammell , David ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 sales slump attributed to next - gen launch '' . VideoGamer.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Conditt , Jessica ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` November NPD : PS4 is ' top - selling ' console , Xbox One is ' fastest - selling ' ( Update : Nintendo boasts big numbers , too ) '' . Joystiq . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Eric ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Ships 10 Million Copies '' . IGN . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Game of the Year Winner 2013 '' . Cheat Code Central . December 7 , 2013 . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Overall Game of the Year 2013 Winner '' . GameSpot . December 19 , 2013 . Retrieved December 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Rob ( November 21 , 2013 ) . `` Inside Gaming Awards 2013 Nominees Announced '' . Machinima.com . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Dane , Patrick ( December 7 , 2013 ) . `` ' Grand Theft Auto V ' Tops Spike VGX 2013 Award Winners List '' . Game Rant . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` PS4 Game of the Year 2013 Winner '' . GameSpot . December 14 , 2013 . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Xbox One Game of the Year 2013 Winner '' . GameSpot . December 16 , 2013 . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Game of the Year Nominees 2013 '' . Cheat Code Central . December 6 , 2013 . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Studio of the Year Nominees 2013 '' . Cheat Code Central . December 6 , 2013 . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Graphics Nominees 2013 '' . Cheat Code Central . December 6 , 2013 . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Action / Adventure Game Nominees 2013 '' . Cheat Code Central . December 6 , 2013 . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tan , Nicholas ( December 16 , 2013 ) . `` Best Action - Adventure Game 2013 '' . Game Revolution . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bischoff , Daniel ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` Best Publisher 2013 '' . Game Revolution . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PS3 Game of the Year 2013 Winner '' . GameSpot . December 13 , 2013 . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Xbox 360 Game of the Year 2013 Winner '' . GameSpot . December 15 , 2013 . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Best Adventure Game '' . Hardcore Gamer . December 21 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 The Sequel of Sequels '' . Hardcore Gamer . December 21 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Games of the Year '' . Hardcore Gamer . December 23 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Best Multiplatform Game '' . Hardcore Gamer . December 21 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Best Multiplayer Game '' . Hardcore Gamer . December 21 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Best New Character '' . Hardcore Gamer . December 21 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Best Technical Graphics '' . Hardcore Gamer . December 21 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The winner of Destructoid 's best 2013 multiplatform game '' . Destructoid . December 24 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The winner of Destructoid 's best of 2013 action game '' . Destructoid . December 24 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The winner of Destructoid 's best of 2013 competitive game '' . Destructoid . December 24 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Giant Bomb Staff ( December 23 , 2013 ) . `` Giant Bomb 's 2013 Game of the Year Awards : Day One '' . Giant Bomb . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Giant Bomb Staff ( December 27 , 2013 ) . `` Giant Bomb 's 2013 Game of the Year Awards : Day Five '' . Giant Bomb . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ admin ( January 8 , 2014 ) . `` 2013 NAVGTR Nominations '' . National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 GameTrailers Game of the Year Awards Video -- Winners Montage '' . GameTrailers . January 7 , 2014 . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Best PS4 Multiplayer Game -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Xbox One Game -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Xbox One Action Game -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Xbox One Story -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Wii U Action - Adventure Game -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Wii U Sound -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Overall Action - Adventure Game -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Overall Music -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best PC Action - Adventure Game -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best PS3 Action - Adventure Game -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best PS3 Sound -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best PS3 Story -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best PS4 Game -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Xbox 360 Action - Adventure Game -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Xbox 360 Sound -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Xbox 360 Story -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Xbox One Sound -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Wii U Game -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Wii U Multiplayer Game -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Wii U Music -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Escapist Staff ( January 11 , 2014 ) . `` The Escapist Awards -- Game of the Year 2013 '' . The Escapist . p. 1 . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Escapist Staff ( January 1 , 2014 ) . `` The Winners of The Escapist Awards and Game of the Year Nominees '' . The Escapist . p. 6 . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ OXM Staff ( January 13 , 2014 ) . `` Official Xbox Magazine 's 2013 Awards : Categories , Genres , and Platforms -- Best Action Game '' . Official Xbox Magazine . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ OXM Staff ( January 13 , 2014 ) . `` The OXM 2013 Game of the Year '' . Official Xbox Magazine . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Writers Guild Awards Videogame Nominees Announced '' . Writers Guild of America , West . January 9 , 2014 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2014 . Retrieved January 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 17th Annual D.I.C.E. Finalists '' ( PDF ) . Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences . January 17 , 2014 . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 14th Annual Game Developers Choice Awards '' . Game Developers Choice Awards . January 9 , 2014 . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Joystick 2014 Awards Nominee 's Revealed '' . Lazy Gamers . Retrieved October 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tom Ivan ( October 25 , 2014 ) . `` Golden Joysticks 2014 : Full list of winners '' . Computer and Video Games . Retrieved October 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Grubb , Jeffrey . `` PETA : It 's ' disgraceful ' for Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag to ' glorify ' whaling '' . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Luke . `` PETA Condemns Assassin 's Creed 4 's Whaling as `` Disgraceful '' `` . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Thier , Dave ( 6 March 2013 ) . `` PETA Attacks Assassin 's Creed 4 For Including Whaling UPDATE : Ubisoft Responds '' . Forbes . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Lien , Tracey ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed Unity hits Oct. 28 , pre-orders live '' . Polygon . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` E3 2014 : Assassin 's Creed Unity Release Date , Collector 's Edition Announced '' . IGN . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McWhertor , Michael ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed Rogue confirmed by Ubisoft -- here 's the first trailer '' . Polygon . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Purchese , Robert ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` Ubisoft reveals new pirate game Skull & Bones '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . External links ( edit ) Official website Video games portal 2010s portal Assassin 's Creed Video games Main series Assassin 's Creed II Brotherhood Revelations III IV : Black Flag Rogue Unity Syndicate Origins Other games Altaïr 's Chronicles Bloodlines II : Discovery III : Liberation Identity Chronicles Adaptations Novels Lineage The Fall The Chain Brahman Trial by Fire Assassin 's Creed ( film ) Characters Desmond Miles Altaïr Ibn - La'Ahad Ezio Auditore da Firenze Related Prince of Persia Skull & Bones Soulcalibur V Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assassin%27s_Creed_IV:_Black_Flag&oldid=804378112 '' Categories : 2013 video games Action - adventure games Assassin 's Creed Multiplayer and single - player video games Naval video games Nintendo Network games Open world video games Parkour video games PlayStation 3 games PlayStation 4 games Stealth video games Video game prequels Video games about pirates Video games about slavery Video games developed in Bulgaria Video games developed in Canada Video games developed in Italy Video games set in Canada Video games set in Cuba Video games set in Florida Video games set in Haiti Video games set in Jamaica Video games set in Martinique Video games set in Montreal Video games set in Panama Video games set in Saint Lucia Video games set in the 18th century Video games set in the Bahamas Video games set in the Caribbean Video games using PhysX Video games with downloadable content Wii U eShop games Wii U games Windows games Xbox 360 games Xbox One games Cultural depictions of Blackbeard Cultural depictions of William Kidd Video games set on islands Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2013 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Track listings with input errors Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский کوردی Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 16 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did assassin's creed freedom cry come out	[ "Freedom Cry sees the player take on the role of Adéwalé, a freed slave from Trinidad who became Edward Kenway's Quartermaster, and later a member of the Assassin Order. The story mode takes place 15 years after the events of Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag where Adéwalé has become a trained assassin and finds himself shipwrecked in Saint-Domingue, where he comes face-to-face with some of the most brutal slavery in the West Indies. The DLC is written by Jill Murray, who wrote Liberation and the Aveline content for Black Flag.[52] In February 2014, it was announced that Freedom Cry would be released as a standalone title on the PlayStation 4 and PlayStation 3 on February 18, 2014 for North America and February 19, 2014 for Europe. It was released for the PC on February 25, 2014.[53]" ]	[ "February 18, 2014 for North America and February 19, 2014 for Europe" ]
-671817534580820283	Form 1040	Form 1040 - wikipedia Form 1040 Jump to : navigation , search An automated process has detected links on this page on the local or global blacklist . If the links are appropriate you may request whitelisting by following these instructions ; otherwise consider removing or replacing them with more appropriate links . ( To hide this tag , set the `` invisible '' field to `` true '' ) List of blacklisted links : ( show ) http://www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/should-you-file-your-taxes-electronically.html Triggered by \ bnolo \. com \ b on the local blacklist Form 1040 for 2015 tax year Form 1040 ( officially , the `` U.S. Individual Income Tax Return '' ) is one of three IRS tax forms ( see variants section for explanations of each ) used for personal ( individual ) federal income tax returns filed with the Internal Revenue Service ( IRS ) by United States residents for tax purposes . Income tax returns for individual calendar year taxpayers are due by Tax Day , which is usually April 15 of the next year , except when April 15 falls on a Saturday , Sunday , or a legal holiday . In those circumstances , the returns are due on the next business day . An automatic extension until October 15 to file Form 1040 can be obtained by filing Form 4868 . Form 1040 consists of two full pages ( 79 lines in total ) not counting attachments . The first page collects information about the taxpayer ( s ) , dependents , income items , and adjustments to income . In particular , the taxpayer specifies his / her filing status and personal exemptions on this page . The second page calculates the allowable deductions and credits , tax due given the income figure , and applies funds already withheld from wages or estimated payments made towards the tax liability . At the top of the first page is the presidential election campaign fund checkoff , which allows individuals to designate that the federal government give $3 of the tax it receives to the Presidential election campaign fund . The instructions booklet for Form 1040 is 104 pages as of 2014 . Altogether , over 147 million returns were filed for Form 1040 and its variants in the year 2014 , 80 % of which were filed electronically . Contents ( hide ) 1 Filing requirements 1.1 Who must file ? 1.2 Filing modalities 1.2. 1 Paper filing 1.2. 2 Electronic filing 1.2. 3 Comparison 1.3 Signature requirement 1.4 Substitute return 2 Variants 2.1 1040A 2.2 1040EZ 2.3 1040X 3 Accompanying payments 3.1 Form 1040 - V 4 Schedules and extra forms 5 Estimated payments and withholding 6 Payments , refunds , and penalties 7 Relationship with state tax returns 8 OMB control number controversy 9 History 9.1 Original form structure and tax rates 9.2 Subsequent changes 9.3 Changes to complexity and tax rates 9.4 Cost of filing 10 See also 11 References Filing requirements ( edit ) Who must file ? ( edit ) Form 1040 ( or a variant thereof ) is the main tax form filed by individuals who are deemed residents of the United States for tax purposes . The corresponding main form filed by businesses is Form 1120 , also called the U.S. Corporation Income Tax Return . An individual is considered a resident of the United States for tax purposes if he or she is a citizen of the United States or a resident alien of the United States for tax purposes . An individual is a resident alien of the United States if he or she passes either the Substantial Presence Test or the Green Card Test , although there are also some other cases ; individuals who have taxable income in the United States but fail the criteria for being resident aliens must file as nonresident aliens for tax purposes . While residents of the United States for tax purposes file Forms 1040 , 1040A , or 1040EZ , nonresident aliens must file Form 1040NR or 1040NR - EZ . There is also a `` dual status alien '' for aliens whose status changed during the year . Resident aliens of the United States for tax purposes must generally file if their income crosses a threshold where their taxable income is likely to be positive , but there are many other cases where it may be legally desirable to file . For instance , even if not required , individuals can file a return in order to receive a refund on withheld income or to receive certain credits ( e.g. earned income tax credit ) . Filing modalities ( edit ) The form may be filed either by paper or online . Paper filing ( edit ) Paper filing is the universally accepted filing method . Form 1040 , along with its variants , schedules , and instructions , can be downloaded as PDFs from the Internal Revenue Service website . Finalized versions of the forms for the tax year ( which in the US is the same as the calendar year ) are released near the end of January of the following year . Paper forms can be filled and saved electronically using a compatible PDF reader , and then printed . This way , it is easy to keep electronic copies of one 's filled forms despite filing by paper . Alternatively , they can be printed out and filled by hand . A combination of the approaches may also be used , with some content filled in electronically and additional content written in by hand . As a general rule , where possible , it makes sense to fill electronically , but in some cases filling by hand may be necessary ( for instance , if additional notes of explanation need to be added , or the font used for electronic filling is too large to fit the information in the space provided . The only parts of the form that can not be filled electronically are the signature lines . The paper Form 1040 , along with all relevant schedules and additional forms , must be sent in a single packet by mail or courier to an IRS address determined by the US state the taxpayer is filing from and whether or not a payment is enclosed ; the addresses for the three forms ( 1040 , 1040A , 1040EZ ) are identical . The IRS accepts returns that are stapled or paperclipped together . However , any check or payment voucher , as well as accompanying Form 1040 - V , must not be stapled or paperclipped with the rest of the return , since payments are processed separately . Electronic filing ( edit ) The IRS allows US residents for tax purposes to file electronically in three ways : Those with incomes of $66,000 or less may file electronically using IRS Free File , a free e-filing tool ( there are some other conditions necessary to be eligible for free filing ; in particular , some kinds of income and deductions can not be handled by free filing ) . It is possible to prepare one 's tax return using a tax compliance software approved by the IRS and have the software file the return electronically . One can use a tax professional who has been accepted by the IRS for electronic filing . Many paid tax preparers are required to file individual tax returns electronically , and most tax compliance software file electronically on the taxpayer 's behalf . Even tax preparers who are not so required , must file Form 8948 if they choose paper filing , providing an explanation for why they are not filing electronically . Comparison ( edit ) If one is not eligible for IRS Free File , it might cost hundreds of dollars to file electronically , whereas paper filing has no costs beyond those of printing and mailing . Furthermore , the available existing electronic filing options may not offer sufficient flexibility with respect to arranging one 's tax return , adding attachments , or putting written notes of explanation that can help preempt IRS questions . In addition , electronic filing makes one 's tax return more likely to be audited because it is already in a format accessible to the IRS , whereas of paper returns , only 40 % are transcribed , so that the remaining are not even in the running for being audited . For these reasons , law resource NOLO as well as Forbes argue that the more complicated one 's tax return , the better it is to file on paper . Filing electronically also exposes the taxpayer 's data to the risk of accidental loss or identity theft . Signature requirement ( edit ) Form 1040 must be signed and dated in order to be considered valid . If filing jointly with a spouse , both must sign and date . If a return is submitted electronically , individuals must use either a Self - Select PIN or Practitioner PIN . Substitute return ( edit ) If an individual decides not to file a return , the IRS may ( after it has sent several reminders ) file a substitute return . Variants ( edit ) For filing the regular tax return , in addition to the standard Form 1040 , there are also four variants : the 1040A , 1040EZ , 1040NR , and 1040X . Form 1040 and 1040A use the same line numbering up to and including line 9 . Form 1040EZ uses completely different line numbering . Line numbering is important to keep in mind since many state income tax returns reference line numbers on the 1040 . Forms 1040A and EZ may only be used if a filer wants to take only the standard deduction : if a filer wants to itemize deductions then the 1040 must be used . Forms 1040NR is used by taxpayers who are considered `` non-resident aliens '' for tax purposes . Form 1040X is used to amend any of the 1040 series forms . 1040A ( edit ) Form 1040A , 2015 tax year The 1040A ( nicknamed the `` short form '' ) is a shorter version of the standard Form 1040 . It is limited to taxpayers with taxable income below $100,000 who take the standard deduction instead of itemizing deductions . The 1040 can always be used instead of the 1040A , but the 1040A can only be used when the restrictions apply . 1040EZ ( edit ) Form 1040EZ , 2011 The 1040EZ ( officially called `` Income Tax Return for Single and Joint Filers with No Dependents '' , but nicknamed the `` easy form '' ) is a simplified , six - section version of the 1040 . Its use is limited to taxpayers with no dependents to claim , with taxable income below $100,000 who take the standard deduction instead of itemizing deductions . The 1040 or 1040A can always be used in place of the 1040EZ , but not the other way around . 1040X ( edit ) Form 1040X , 2011 The 1040X ( officially , the `` Amended U.S. Individual Tax Return '' ) is used to make corrections on Form 1040 , Form 1040A , and Form 1040EZ tax returns that have been previously filed . Accompanying payments ( edit ) Form 1040 - V ( edit ) Form 1040 - V payment voucher form The 1040 - V ( officially , the `` Payment Voucher for Form 1040 '' ) is used as an optional payment voucher to be sent in along with a payment for any balance due on the `` Amount you owe '' line of the 1040 . The form is entirely optional . The IRS will accept payment without the 1040V form . However including the 1040 - V allows the IRS to process payments more efficiently . Form 1040 - V and any accompanying payment should be included in the same packet as the tax return , but should not be stapled or paperclipped along with the tax return , since it is processed separately . Schedules and extra forms ( edit ) Form 1040 has 14 attachments , called `` schedules '' , which may need to be filed depending on the taxpayer . For 2009 and 2010 there was an additional form , Schedule M , due to the `` Making Work Pay '' provision of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 ( `` the stimulus '' ) . In addition to the listed schedules , there are dozens of other forms that may be required when filing a personal income tax return . Typically these will provide additional details for deductions taken or income earned that are listed either on form 1040 or its subsequent schedules . Type Explanation Lines where schedule is referenced or needed in Form 1040 Schedule A Itemizes allowable deductions against income ; instead of filling out Schedule A , taxpayers may choose to take a standard deduction of between $6,300 and $12,600 ( for tax year 2015 ) , depending on age , filing status , and whether the taxpayer and / or spouse is blind . 40 Schedule B Enumerates interest and / or dividend income , and is required if either interest or dividends received during the tax year exceed $1,500 from all sources or if the filer had certain foreign accounts . 8a , 9a Schedule C Lists income and expenses related to self - employment , and is used by sole proprietors . 12 Schedule D Is used to compute capital gains and losses incurred during the tax year . 13 Schedule E Is used to report income and expenses arising from the rental of real property , royalties , or from pass - through entities ( like trusts , estates , partnerships , or S corporations ) . 17 Schedule EIC Is used to document a taxpayer 's eligibility for the Earned Income Credit . 66a Schedule F Is used to report income and expenses related to farming . 18 Schedule H Is used to report taxes owed due to the employment of household help . 60a Schedule J Is used when averaging farm income over a period of three years . 44 Schedule L ( Until 2010 ) was used to figure an increased standard deduction in certain cases . N / A Schedule M ( 2009 and 2010 ) was used to claim the Making Work Pay tax credit ( 6.2 % earned income credit , up to $400 ) . N / A Schedule R Is used to calculate the Credit for the Elderly or the Disabled . 54 Schedule SE Is used to calculate the self - employment tax owed on income from self - employment ( such as on a Schedule C or Schedule F , or in a partnership ) . 57 Schedule 8812 Is used to calculate the Child Tax Credit . 52 , 67 In 2014 there were two additions to Form 1040 due to the implementation of the Affordable Care Act -- the premium tax credit and the individual mandate . In most situations , other Internal Revenue Service or Social Security Administration forms such as Form W - 2 must be attached to the Form 1040 , in addition to the Form 1040 schedules . There are over 100 other specialized forms that may need to be completed along with Schedules and the Form 1040 . However , Form 1099 need not be attached if no tax was withheld . In general , employer - sent forms are used to substantiate claims of withholding , so only forms that involve withholding need to be attached . Estimated payments and withholding ( edit ) For most individuals , withholding is the main way through which taxes are paid . However , income that is not subject to withholding must be estimated using Form 1040 - ES . ( It may be possible to avoid filing Form 1040 - ES by increasing one 's withholding and instead filing a Form W - 4 . ) Estimated payments can be made using the Electronic Federal Tax Payment System . Payments , refunds , and penalties ( edit ) Main article : IRS penalties There is a three - year limit to when individuals can claim a tax refund . However , payments that are due must be paid immediately . In addition it is possible to apply one 's refunds to next year 's taxes and also to change one 's mind later . There is a penalty for not filing a tax return by April 15 that depends on whether the individual got a filing extension and the amount of unpaid taxes . However , since the maximum penalty is 25 % of unpaid taxes , if an individual has paid all their taxes , there is no penalty for not filing . In addition to making sure that one pays one 's taxes for the year by Tax Day , it is also important to make sure that one has paid partial taxes throughout the tax year in the form of estimated tax payments of employer tax withholding . If one has not done so , then a tax penalty may be assessed . The minimum amount of estimated taxes that need to be paid to avoid penalties depends on a variety of factors , including one 's income in the tax year in question as well as one 's income in the previous year ( in general , if one pays 90 % of the current year 's tax liability or 100 % of the previous year 's tax liability during the tax year , one is not subject to estimated tax penalty even if this year 's taxes are higher , but there are some caveats to that rule ) . Employer withholding is also treated differently from estimated tax payment , in that for the latter , the time of the year when the payment was made matters , whereas for the former , all that matters is how much has been withheld as of the end of the year ( though there are other restrictions on how one can adjust one 's withholding pattern that need to be enforced by the employer ) . When filing Form 1040 , the penalty for failing to pay estimated taxes must be included on the form ( on line 79 ) and included in the total on line 78 ( if a net payment is due ) . The taxpayer is not required to compute other interest and penalties ( such as penalty for late filing or late payment of taxes ) . If the taxpayer does choose to compute these , the computed penalty can be listed on the bottom margin of page 2 of the form , but should not be included on the amount due line ( line 78 ) . Relationship with state tax returns ( edit ) Each state has separate tax codes in addition to federal taxes . Form 1040 is only used for federal taxes , and state taxes should be filed separately based off the individual state 's form . Some states do not have any income tax . Although state taxes are filed separately , many state tax returns will reference items from Form 1040 . For example , California 's 540 Resident Income Tax form makes a reference to Form 1040 's line 37 in line 13 . Certain tax filing software , such as TurboTax , will simultaneously file state tax returns using information filled in on the 1040 form . The Federal government allows individuals to deduct their state income tax or their state sales tax from their federal tax through Schedule A of Form 1040 , but not both . In addition to deducting either income tax or sales tax , an individual can further deduct any state real estate taxes or private property taxes . OMB Control number controversy ( edit ) Main article : Tax protester administrative arguments One argument used by tax protesters against the legitimacy of the 1040 Form is the OMB Control Number or the Paperwork Reduction Act argument . Tax protesters contend that Form 1040 does not contain an `` OMB Control Number '' which is issued by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget under the Paperwork Reduction Act . The relevant clauses of the Paperwork Reduction Act state that : § 1320.6 Public protection . ( a ) Notwithstanding any other provision of law , no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information that is subject to the requirements of this part if : ( 1 ) The collection of information does not display , in accordance with § 1320.3 ( f ) and § 1320.5 ( b ) ( 1 ) , a currently valid OMB control number assigned by the Director in accordance with the Act ... ( e ) The protection provided by paragraph ( a ) of this section does not preclude the imposition of a penalty on a person for failing to comply with a collection of information that is imposed on the person by statute -- e.g. , 26 U.S.C. § 6011 ( a ) ( statutory requirement for person to file a tax return ) ... The Courts have responded to the OMB Control Number arguments with the following arguments . 1 ) Form 1040 , U.S. Individual Income Tax Return has contained the OMB Control number since 1981 . 2 ) As ruled in a number of cases , the absence of an OMB Control number does not eliminate the legal obligation to file or pay taxes . Cases involving the OMB Control Number Argument include : United States v. Wunder The United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit argues that the provisions on the Paperwork Reduction Act are not relevant as the act applies only to information requests made after December 31 , 1981 and tax returns starting from 1981 contained an OMB Control Number . United States v. Patridge The United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit rejected the convicted taxpayer 's OMB control number argument by stating `` Finally , we have no doubt that the IRS has complied with the Paperwork Reduction Act . Form 1040 bears a control number from OMB , as do the other forms the IRS commonly distributes to taxpayers . That this number has been constant since 1981 does not imply that OMB has shirked its duty . '' United States v. Lawrence In this Case , IRS agents who had calculated Mr. Lawrence 's tax liability had made an error and it was discovered that Mr. Lawrence owed less taxes than originally determined . Lawrence asked the trial court to order the government to reimburse him for his legal fees , to which the trial court ruled against him . He appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit , contending that the government 's conduct against him had been `` vexatious , frivolous , or in bad faith . '' and also raising the OMB Control Number Argument . The United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit rejected the OMB argument stating that According to Lawrence , the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 ( PRA ) required the Internal Revenue Service to display valid Office of Management and Budget ( OMB ) numbers on its Form 1040 ... . Lawrence argues that the PRA by its terms prohibits the government from imposing a criminal penalty upon a citizen for the failure to complete a form where the information request at issue does not comply with the PRA ... Yet Lawrence conceded at oral argument that no case from this circuit establishes such a proposition , and in fact Lawrence cites no caselaw from any jurisdiction that so holds . In contrast , the government referenced numerous cases supporting its position that the PRA does not present a defense to a criminal action for failure to file income taxes . '' History ( edit ) Original Form structure and tax rates ( edit ) The first Form 1040 was published for use for the tax years 1913 , 1914 , and 1915 . For 1913 , taxes applied only from March 1 to December 31 . The original Form 1040 , available on the IRS website as well as elsewhere , is three pages and 31 lines long , with the first page focused on computing one 's income tax , the second page focused on more detailed documentation of one 's income and the third page describing deductions and including a signature area . There is an additional page of instructions . The main rules were : The taxable income was calculated starting from gross income , subtracting business - related expenses to get net income , and then subtracting specific exemptions ( usually $3,000 or $4,000 ) . In other words , people with net incomes below $3,000 would have to pay no income tax at all . The inflation calculator used by the Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates the corresponding amount in 2015 dollars as $71,920 . The base income tax rate on taxable income was 1 % . High earners had to pay additional taxes . The first high - earning tax bracket , $20,000 -- $50,000 , has an additional tax of 1 % on the part of net income above $20,000 . Thus , somebody with a taxable income of $50,000 ( over a million dollars in 2015 dollars according to the BLS ) would pay a total of $800 ( 1 % of $50,000 + 1 % of $ ( 50,000 − 20,000 ) ) in federal income tax . At the time ( when the United States as a whole was much poorer ) these higher taxes applied to fewer than 0.5 % of the residents of the United States . Just over 350,000 forms were filed in 1914 and all were audited . Subsequent changes ( edit ) For 1916 , Form 1040 was converted to an annual form ( i.e. , updated each year with the new tax year printed on the form ) . Initially , the IRS mailed tax booklets ( Form 1040 , instructions , and most common attachments ) to all households . As alternative delivery methods ( CPA / Attorneys , Internet forms ) increased in popularity , the IRS sent fewer packets via mail . In 2009 this practice was discontinued . With the Current Tax Payment Act of 1943 , income tax withholding was introduced . The Individual Income Tax Act of 1944 created standard deductions on the 1040 . In 1954 the tax return deadline was changed to April 15 . Form 1040A was introduced in 1941 to simplify the filing process . Form 1040EZ was introduced by the Internal Revenue Service for the 1982 tax year . The title of the 1982 form was `` Income Tax Return for Single filers with no dependents . '' Electronic filing was introduced in a limited form in 1986 , with the passage of the Tax Reform Act of 1986 , and starting 1992 , taxpayers who owed money were allowed to file electronically . The Electronic Federal Tax Payment System , jointly managed by the IRS and Financial Management Service , started in 1996 and allowed people to make estimated payments . Changes to complexity and tax rates ( edit ) The complexity and compliance burden of the form and its associated instructions have increased considerably since 1913 . The National Taxpayers Union has documented the steady increase in complexity from a 34 - line form in 1935 to a 79 - line form in 2014 , while Quartz created an animated GIF showing the gradual changes to the structure and complexity of the form . The NTU table is below : Tax year Lines , Form 1040 Pages , Form 1040 Pages , Form 1040 Instruction Booklet 2014 79 209 2013 77 206 2012 77 214 2011 77 189 77 179 2005 76 142 2000 70 117 1995 66 84 1985 68 52 67 39 1965 54 17 1955 28 16 1945 24 1935 34 The number of pages in the federal tax law grew from 400 in 1913 to over 72,000 in 2011 . The increase in complexity can be attributed to an increase in the number and range of activities being taxed , an increase in the number of exemptions , credits , and deductions available , an increase in the subtlety of the rules governing taxation and the edge cases explicitly spelled out based on historical experience , and an increase in the base of taxpayers making it necessary to offer longer , more explicit instructions for less sophisticated taxpayers . As an example , whereas the initial versions of Form 1040 came only with a rate schedule included in the tax form itself , the IRS now publishes a complete tax table for taxable income up to $100,000 so that people can directly look up their tax liability from their taxable income without having to do complicated arithmetic calculations based on the rate schedule . The IRS still publishes its rate schedule so that people can quickly compute their approximate tax liability , and lets people with incomes of over $100,000 compute their taxes directly using the Tax Computation Worksheet . In addition to an increase in the complexity of the form , the tax rates have also increased , though the increase in tax rates has not been steady ( with huge upswings and downswings ) in contrast with the steady increase in tax complexity . Cost of filing ( edit ) Main article : Tax preparation § Controversy For tax return preparation , Americans spent roughly 20 % of the amount collected in taxes ( estimating the compliance costs and efficiency costs is difficult because neither the government nor taxpayers maintain regular accounts of these costs ) . As of 2013 , there were more tax preparers in the US ( 1.2 million ) than there were law enforcement officers ( 765 thousand ) and firefighters ( 310,400 ) combined . In 2008 , 57.8 % of tax returns were filed with assistance from paid tax preparers , compared to about 20 % of taxpayers employing a paid preparer in the 1950s . See also ( edit ) List of countries by tax rates References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Form 1040 ( 2014 ) '' ( PDF ) . Internal Revenue Service . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Blake . `` The real story behind the $3 tax checkoff box '' . CNN Money . Retrieved 6 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1040 Instructions 2014 '' ( PDF ) . Internal Revenue Service . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Tax Statistics '' ( PDF ) . Internal Revenue Service . Jump up ^ `` Form 1120 , U.S. Corporation Income Tax Return '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Tax Guide for Aliens For use in preparing 2014 Returns '' ( PDF ) . Internal Revenue Service . Jump up ^ `` Aliens - Which Form to File '' . Internal Revenue Service . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Form 1040 , U.S. Individual Income Tax Return '' . IRS . Jump up ^ `` Where to File Addresses for Taxpayers and Tax Professionals '' . Internal Revenue Service . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Form 1040 - V , Payment Voucher for Form 1040 '' . Internal Revenue Service . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` E-File Options for Individuals '' . Internal Revenue Service . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Free File : Do Your Federal Taxes for Free '' . Internal Revenue Service . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Form 8948 , Preparer Explanation for Not Filing Electronically '' . Internal Revenue Service . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fishman , Stephen ( October 1 , 2012 ) . `` Should You File Your Taxes Electronically ? Not necessarily . There are some reasons you may want to stick to the old fashioned way '' . NOLO . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wood , Robert ( March 15 , 2011 ) . `` Paper Or E-File Your IRS Return ? '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Internal Revenue Service Is Not Adequately Protecting Taxpayer Data on Laptop Computers and Other Portable Electronic Media Devices '' ( PDF ) . Treasury.gov . TREASURY INSPECTOR GENERAL FOR TAX ADMINISTRATION. 23 March 2007 . Retrieved 2 August 2016 . IRS employees reported the loss or theft of at least 490 computers between January 2 , 2003 , and June 13 , 2006 ... we conducted a separate test on 100 laptop computers currently in use by employees and determined 44 laptop computers contained unencrypted sensitive data , including taxpayer data and employee personnel data Jump up ^ Anderson , Nate ( 6 April 2007 ) . `` Inspectors : IRS lost 490 laptops , many with unencrypted data '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 2 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taxpayer Signature '' . Internal Revenue Service . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Signing an Electronic Tax Return '' . Internal Revenue Service . November 6 , 2014 . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Delafuente , Charles ( February 11 , 2012 ) . `` If You Do n't File , Beware the Ghost Return '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Morrow , Stephanie ( September 1 , 2009 ) . `` What Are The Penalties For Not Filing Taxes ? '' . LegalZoom . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` If you do n't file a tax return , when will the IRS file a `` substitute return '' ? `` . Personal Finance & Money Stack Exchange . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` What is the IRS 1040A Form ? '' . TurboTax . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` What 's the difference between IRS Forms 1040EZ and 1040A ? '' . Investopedia . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` What is IRS Form 1040 - V ? '' . TurboTax . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Schedule L and Schedule M are gone '' . Bankrate.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Schedule M , ( Instructions ) Jump up ^ Ashlea Ebeling ( 4 November 2014 ) . `` IRS Commissioner Predicts Miserable 2015 Tax Filing Season '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` Forms & Attachments Listing 1040 / 1040SSPR / 1040 - A / 1040 - EZ '' ( PDF ) . Internal Revenue Service . September 5 , 2014 . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Naomi . `` Do You Need to Attach 1099 Forms to a Federal Tax Return ? '' . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Form 1040 - ES 2015 : Estimated Tax for Individuals '' ( PDF ) . Internal Revenue Service . ^ Jump up to : `` Welcome to EFTPS - Help & Information '' . Electronic Federal Tax Payment System . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently asked questions about EFTPS '' . Bethpage Federal Credit Union . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` IRS Penalties for Not Filing a Tax Return or Not Paying Taxes Owed '' . efile.com . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How do I apply my refund to next year 's taxes ? '' . TurboTax . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` What if I chose to apply my federal refund to next year 's taxes , filed , and later changed my mind ? '' . TurboTax . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Eight Facts on Late Filing and Late Payment Penalties '' . Internal Revenue Service . April 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Blankenship , Jim ( May 17 , 2011 ) . `` Adjusting Your Withholding and Estimated Tax Payments '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` IRS Publication 505 , Chapter 1 . Tax Withholding for 2015 '' . Internal Revenue Service . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Estimated Taxes : How to Determine What to Pay and When '' . TurboTax . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Underpayment of Estimated Tax '' . H&R Block . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1040 ( 2015 ) '' . Internal Revenue Service . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Where is payment for failure - to - file and failure - to - pay penalties included on Form 1040 ? '' . money.stackexchange.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chris Khan . `` States With No Income Tax : Better or Worse ? '' . Bankrate . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Form 540 - California Resident Income Tax Return '' ( PDF ) . State of California Franchise Tax Board . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . TurboTax . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tax Topics - Deductible Taxes '' . Internal Revenue Service . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How to Claim State Taxes on a Federal Tax Return '' . TurboTax . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 5 C.F.R. sec . 1320.6 . Jump up ^ The OMB control number is in the upper right corner of page 1 of the form . The short forms , Form 1040A and Form 1040EZ , also bear OMB control numbers . Jump up ^ 919 F. 2d 34 , 90 - 2 U.S. Tax Cas . ( CCH ) paragr . 50,575 ( 6th Cir. 1990 ) . Jump up ^ United States v. Patridge , 507 F. 3d 1092 , 2007 - 2 U.S. Tax Cas . ( CCH ) paragr . 50,806 ( 7th Cir. 2007 ) , cert . denied , 552 U.S. ___ , 128 S. Ct. 1721 ( 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Judgment , page 2 , docket entry 39 , March 26 , 2007 , United States v. Lawrence , United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit , No. 06 - 3205 . ^ Jump up to : `` How You Must Pay Your Income Tax : Treasury Issues Form 1,040 , Which Individuals Must Fill Out and File by March 1 '' . The New York Times . January 6 , 1914 . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Jonnelle Marte ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` 100 years of tax form 1040 '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved July 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` RETURN OF ANNUAL NET INCOME OF INDIVIDUALS '' ( PDF ) . Internal Revenue Service . October 3 , 1913 . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1913 Internal Revenue Service 1040 Form '' . Tax Foundation . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` History Of The 1040 Form Runs Only 80 Years '' . Chicago Tribune . March 27 , 1994 . Retrieved July 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Inflation Calculator '' . Bureau of Labor Statistics . Jump up ^ `` True Origin of the 1040 Income Tax Form '' . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ See Publication 1796 - A , IRS Historical Tax Products ( rev . Feb. 2007 ) , Internal Revenue Service , U.S. Dep 't of the Treasury . ^ Jump up to : `` Historical Highlights of the IRS '' . Internal Revenue Service . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Thorndike , Joseph J. `` Tax History : The Love - Hate Relationship With the Standard Deduction '' . Tax History Project . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Tasselmyer , Michael ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` A Complex Problem : The Compliance Burdens of the Tax Code '' . National Taxpayers Union . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Yanofsky , David ( December 13 , 2012 ) . `` Line for line , US income taxes are more complex than ever '' . Quartz . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` When tax complexity puts dinner on the table '' . Face the Facts USA . George Washington University . 15 August 2012 . Retrieved 27 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tax Tables 2014 '' ( PDF ) . Internal Revenue Service . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ King , Ritchie ( April 14 , 2013 ) . `` Check your US tax rate for 2012 -- and every year since 1913 '' . Quartz . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tax Policy : Summary of Estimates of the Costs of the Federal Tax System by the U.S. Government Accountability Office Jump up ^ `` Why do low - income families use tax preparers ? '' . Tax Policy Center . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lawrence Zelenak ( 2013 ) . Learning to Love Form 1040 : Two Cheers for the Return - Based Mass Income Tax . The University of Chicago Press . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Form_1040&oldid=834524974 '' Categories : United States government forms Internal Revenue Service IRS tax forms Personal taxes in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Tagged pages containing blacklisted links Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 04 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is required to file a form 1040	[]	[]
-3433596277783483875	Puerto Rico	Puerto Rico - Wikipedia Puerto Rico Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the U.S. territory . For other uses , see Puerto Rico ( disambiguation ) . `` Porto Rico '' and `` Borinquen '' redirect here . For other uses , see Porto Rico ( disambiguation ) and Borinquen ( disambiguation ) . Coordinates : 18 ° 12 ′ N 66 ° 30 ′ W / 18.2 ° N 66.5 ° W / 18.2 ; - 66.5 Commonwealth of Puerto Rico Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico ( Spanish ) Flag Seal Motto : `` Joannes est nomen ejus '' ( Latin ) `` John is his name '' Anthem : `` La Borinqueña '' `` The Borinquenian '' `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' Coat of arms Status Unincorporated territory Capital and largest city San Juan 18 ° 27 ′ N 66 ° 6 ′ W / 18.450 ° N 66.100 ° W / 18.450 ; - 66.100 Official languages Spanish English Common languages 94.7 % Spanish 5.3 % English Ethnic groups 75.8 % White 12.4 % Black 3.3 % Two or more races 0.5 % American Indian & Alaskan Native 0.2 % Asian < 0.1 % Pacific Islander 7.8 % Other Demonym Puerto Rican ( formal ) American ( since 1917 ) Boricua ( colloquial ) Country United States Government Commonwealth President Donald Trump ( R ) Governor Ricardo Rosselló ( NPP ) Delegate Resident Commissioner Jenniffer González ( NPP ) President of the Senate Thomas Rivera Schatz ( NPP ) Speaker of the House of Representatives Johnny Méndez ( NPP ) Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Maite Oronoz Rodríguez Legislature Legislative Assembly Upper house Senate Lower house House of Representatives Commonwealth within the United States Cession from Spain December 10 , 1898 U.S. citizenship granted March 2 , 1917 Constitution adopted July 25 , 1952 Area Total 9,104 km ( 3,515 sq mi ) Water ( % ) 1.6 Population 2016 estimate 3,411,307 ( 130th ) 2010 census 3,725,789 Density 375 / km ( 971.2 / sq mi ) ( 29th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2015 estimate Total $125.861 billion ( 75th ) Per capita $35,024 ( 29th ) GDP ( nominal ) 2015 estimate Total $103.676 billion ( 62th ) Per capita $27,939 ( 32nd ) Gini ( 2011 ) 53.1 high HDI ( 2015 ) 0.845 very high 40th Currency United States dollar ( USD ) Time zone Atlantic ( UTC − 4 ) Summer ( DST ) no longer observed ( UTC − 4 ) Drives on the right Calling code + 1 - 787 , + 1 - 939 ISO 3166 code PR Internet TLD . pr ^ `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' serves as the national anthem for the United States of America and its territories . ^ The term ' Commonwealth ' does not describe or provide for any specific political status or relationship . It has , for example , been applied to both states and territories . When used in connection with areas under U.S. sovereignty that are not states , the term broadly describes an area that has a constitution of its adoption . Puerto Rico ( Spanish for `` Rich Port '' ) , officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ( Spanish : Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico , lit . `` Free Associated State of Puerto Rico '' ) and briefly called Porto Rico , is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the northeast Caribbean Sea . An archipelago among the Greater Antilles , Puerto Rico includes the main island of Puerto Rico and a number of smaller ones , such as Mona , Culebra , and Vieques . The capital and most populous city is San Juan . Its official languages are Spanish and English , though Spanish predominates . The island 's population is approximately 3.4 million . Puerto Rico 's history , tropical climate , natural scenery , traditional cuisine , and tax incentives make it a destination for travelers from around the world . Originally populated by the indigenous Taíno people , the island was claimed in 1493 by Christopher Columbus for Spain during his second voyage . Later it endured invasion attempts from the French , Dutch , and British . Four centuries of Spanish colonial government influenced the island 's cultural landscapes with waves of African slaves , Canarian , and Andalusian settlers . In the Spanish Empire , Puerto Rico played a secondary , but strategic role when compared to wealthier colonies like Peru and the mainland parts of New Spain . Spain 's distant administrative control continued up to the end of the 19th century , helping to produce a distinctive creole Hispanic culture and language that combined elements from the Native Americans , Africans , and Iberians . In 1898 , following the Spanish -- American War , the United States acquired Puerto Rico under the terms of the Treaty of Paris . Puerto Ricans are by law natural - born citizens of the United States and may move freely between the island and the mainland . As it is not a state , Puerto Rico does not have a vote in the United States Congress , which governs the territory with full jurisdiction under the Puerto Rico Federal Relations Act of 1950 . As a U.S. territory , American citizens residing on the island are disenfranchised at the national level and do not vote for president and vice president of the United States , and do not pay federal income tax on Puerto Rican income . Congress approved a local constitution , allowing U.S. citizens on the territory to elect a governor . A 2012 referendum showed a majority ( 54 % of those who voted ) disagreed with `` the present form of territorial status '' . A second question asking about a new model , had full statehood the preferred option among those who voted for a change of status , although a significant number of people did not answer the second question of the referendum . Another fifth referendum was held on June 11 , 2017 , with `` Statehood '' and `` Independence / Free Association '' initially as the only available choices . At the recommendation of the Department of Justice , an option for the `` current territorial status '' was added . The referendum showed an overwhelming support for statehood , with 97.18 % voting for it , although the voter turnout had a historically low figure of only 22.99 % of the registered voters casting their ballots . In early 2017 , the Puerto Rican government - debt crisis posed serious problems for the government . The outstanding bond debt had climbed to $70 billion at a time with 12.4 % unemployment . The debt had been increasing during a decade long recession . This was the second major financial crisis to affect the island after the Great Depression when the U.S. government , in 1935 , provided relief efforts through the Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration . On May 3 , 2017 , Puerto Rico 's financial oversight board in the U.S. District Court for Puerto Rico filed the debt restructuring petition which was made under Title III of PROMESA . By early August 2017 , the debt was $72 billion with a 45 % poverty rate . In late September 2017 , the category 5 Hurricane Maria hit Puerto Rico causing devastating damage . The island 's electrical grid was largely destroyed , with repairs expected to take months to complete , provoking the largest power outage in American history . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Pre-Columbian era 2.2 Spanish colony ( 1493 -- 1898 ) 2.2. 1 Conquest and early settlement 2.2. 2 Colonization , the Habsburgs 2.2. 3 Late colonial period 2.2. 4 Politics of liberalism 2.3 American era ( 1898 -- present ) 2.3. 1 United States unincorporated organized territory ( 1900 -- 1952 ) 2.3. 1.1 U.S. citizenship and Puerto Rican citizenship 2.3. 2 United States unincorporated organized territory with commonwealth constitution ( 1952 -- present ) 2.3. 3 Estado Libre Asociado 2.4 Referendums on statehood or independence 2.5 United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization 2.5. 1 International status 2.5. 2 21st century 2.6 Political status 3 Geography 3.1 Climate 3.2 Biodiversity 4 Demographics 4.1 Population makeup 4.1. 1 Population genetics 4.2 Immigration and emigration 4.3 Population distribution 4.4 Languages 4.5 Religion 5 Government 5.1 Political parties and elections 5.2 Law 5.3 Political status 5.3. 1 Within the United States 5.4 Foreign and intergovernmental relations 5.5 Military 5.6 Administrative divisions 6 Economy 6.1 Heavy debt load 6.2 Public finances 6.3 Cost of living 7 Education 8 Public health and safety 8.1 Crime 9 Culture 9.1 Architecture 9.2 Arts 9.3 Literature 9.4 Media 9.5 Music 9.6 Cuisine 9.7 Philately 9.8 Sports 10 Infrastructure 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Etymology Puerto Rico means `` rich port '' in Spanish . Puerto Ricans often call the island Borinquén -- a derivation of Borikén , its indigenous Taíno name , which means `` Land of the Valiant Lord '' . The terms boricua and borincano derive from Borikén and Borinquen respectively , and are commonly used to identify someone of Puerto Rican heritage . The island is also popularly known in Spanish as la isla del encanto , meaning `` the island of enchantment '' . Columbus named the island San Juan Bautista , in honor of Saint John the Baptist , while the capital city was named Ciudad de Puerto Rico ( `` Rich Port City '' ) . Eventually traders and other maritime visitors came to refer to the entire island as Puerto Rico , while San Juan became the name used for the main trading / shipping port and the capital city . The island 's name was changed to `` Porto Rico '' by the United States after the Treaty of Paris of 1898 . The anglicized name was used by the U.S. government and private enterprises . The name was changed back to Puerto Rico by a joint resolution in Congress introduced by Félix Córdova Dávila in 1931 . The official name of the entity in Spanish is Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico ( `` free associated state of Puerto Rico '' ) , while its official English name is Commonwealth of Puerto Rico . History Main article : History of Puerto Rico Pre-columbian era A reconstructed Taíno village at the Tibes Ceremonial Center The ancient history of the archipelago which is now Puerto Rico is not well known . Unlike other indigenous cultures in the New World ( Aztec , Maya and Inca ) which left behind abundant archeological and physical evidence of their societies , scant artifacts and evidence remain of the Puerto Rico 's indigenous population . Scarce archaeological findings and early Spanish accounts from the colonial era constitute all that is known about them . The first comprehensive book on the history of Puerto Rico was written by Fray Íñigo Abbad y Lasierra in 1786 , nearly three centuries after the first Spaniards landed on the island . The first known settlers were the Ortoiroid people , an Archaic Period culture of Amerindian hunters and fishermen who migrated from the South American mainland . Some scholars suggest their settlement dates back about 4,000 years . An archeological dig in 1990 on the island of Vieques found the remains of a man , designated as the `` Puerto Ferro Man '' , which was dated to around 2000 BC . The Ortoiroid were displaced by the Saladoid , a culture from the same region that arrived on the island between 430 and 250 BC . The Igneri tribe migrated to Puerto Rico between 120 and 400 AD from the region of the Orinoco river in northern South America . The Arcaico and Igneri co-existed on the island between the 4th and 10th centuries . Between the 7th and 11th centuries , the Taíno culture developed on the island . By approximately 1000 AD , it had become dominant . At the time of Columbus ' arrival , an estimated 30,000 to 60,000 Taíno Amerindians , led by the cacique ( chief ) Agüeybaná , inhabited the island . They called it Boriken , meaning `` the great land of the valiant and noble Lord '' . The natives lived in small villages , each led by a cacique . They subsisted by hunting and fishing , done generally by men , as well as by the women 's gathering and processing of indigenous cassava root and fruit . This lasted until Columbus arrived in 1493 . Spanish colony ( 1493 -- 1898 ) Further information : Captaincy General of Puerto Rico Juan Ponce de León ( Santervás de Campos , Valladolid , Spain ) , Puerto Rico 's first governor Conquest and early settlement When Columbus arrived in Puerto Rico during his second voyage on November 19 , 1493 , the island was inhabited by the Taíno . They called it Borikén ( Borinquen in Spanish transliteration ) . Columbus named the island San Juan Bautista , in honor of St John the Baptist . Having reported the findings of his first travel , Columbus brought with him this time a letter from King Ferdinand empowered by a papal bull that authorized any course of action necessary for the expansion of the Spanish Empire and the Christian faith . Juan Ponce de León , a lieutenant under Columbus , founded the first Spanish settlement , Caparra , on August 8 , 1508 . He later served as the first governor of the island . Eventually , traders and other maritime visitors came to refer to the entire island as Puerto Rico , and San Juan became the name of the main trading / shipping port . At the beginning of the 16th century , the Spanish people began to colonize the island . Despite the Laws of Burgos of 1512 and other decrees for the protection of the indigenous population , some Taíno Indians were forced into an encomienda system of forced labor in the early years of colonization . The population suffered extremely high fatalities from epidemics of European infectious diseases . Colonization , the habsburgs In 1520 , King Charles I of Spain issued a royal decree collectively emancipating the remaining Taíno population . By that time , the Taíno people were few in number . Enslaved Africans had already begun to compensate for the native labor loss , but their numbers were proportionate to the diminished commercial interest Spain soon began to demonstrate for the island colony . Other nearby islands , like Cuba , Saint - Domingue , and Guadeloupe , attracted more of the slave trade than Puerto Rico , probably because of greater agricultural interests in those islands , on which colonists had developed large sugar plantations and had the capital to invest in the Atlantic slave trade . From the beginning of the country , the colonial administration relied heavily on the industry of enslaved Africans and creole blacks for public works and defenses , primarily in coastal ports and cities , where the tiny colonial population had hunkered down . With no significant industries or large - scale agricultural production as yet , enslaved and free communities lodged around the few littoral settlements , particularly around San Juan , also forming lasting Afro - creole communities . Meanwhile , in the island 's interior , there developed a mixed and independent peasantry that relied on a subsistence economy . This mostly unsupervised population supplied villages and settlements with foodstuffs and , in relative isolation , set the pattern for what later would be known as the Puerto Rican Jíbaro culture . By the end of the 16th Century , the Spanish Empire was diminishing and , in the face of increasing raids from European competitors , the colonial administration throughout the Americas fell into a `` bunker mentality '' . Imperial strategists and urban planners redesigned port settlements into military posts with the objective of protecting Spanish territorial claims and ensuring the safe passing of the king 's silver - laden Atlantic Fleet to the Iberian Peninsula . San Juan served as an important port - of - call for ships driven across the Atlantic by its powerful trade winds . West Indies convoys linked Spain to the island , sailing between Cádiz and the Spanish West Indies . The colony 's seat of government was on the forested Islet of San Juan and for a time became one of the most heavily fortified settlements in the Spanish Caribbean earning the name of the `` Walled City '' . The islet is still dotted with the various forts and walls , such as La Fortaleza , Castillo San Felipe del Morro , and Castillo San Cristóbal , designed to protect the population and the strategic Port of San Juan from the raids of the Spanish European competitors . Hendricksz 1625 attack on San Juan , Puerto Rico In 1625 , in the Battle of San Juan , the Dutch commander Boudewijn Hendricksz tested the defenses ' limits like no one else before . Learning from Francis Drake 's previous failures here , he circumvented the cannons of the castle of San Felipe del Morro and quickly brought his 17 ships into the San Juan Bay . He then occupied the port and attacked the city while the population hurried for shelter behind the Morro 's moat and high battlements . Historians consider this event the worst attack on San Juan . Though the Dutch set the village on fire , they failed to conquer the Morro , and its batteries pounded their troops and ships until Hendricksz deemed the cause lost . Hendricksz 's expedition eventually helped propel a fortification frenzy . Constructions of defenses for the San Cristóbal Hill were soon ordered so as to prevent the landing of invaders out of reach of the Morro 's artillery . Urban planning responded to the needs of keeping the colony in Spanish hands . Late colonial period Hacienda La Fortuna . A sugar mill complex in Puerto Rico painted by Francisco Oller in 1885 ( Brooklyn Museum ) During the late 16th and early 17th centuries , Spain concentrated its colonial efforts on the more prosperous mainland North , Central , and South American colonies . With the advent of the lively Bourbon Dynasty in Spain in the 1700s , the island of Puerto Rico began a gradual shift to more imperial attention . More roads began connecting previously isolated inland settlements to coastal cities , and coastal settlements like Arecibo , Mayaguez , and Ponce began acquiring importance of their own , separate from San Juan . By the end of the 18th century , merchant ships from an array of nationalities threatened the tight regulations of the Mercantilist system , which turned each colony solely toward the European metropole and limited contact with other nations . U.S. ships came to surpass Spanish trade and with this also came the exploitation of the island 's natural resources . Slavers , which had made but few stops on the island before , began selling more enslaved Africans to growing sugar and coffee plantations . The increasing number of Atlantic wars in which the Caribbean islands played major roles , like the War of Jenkins ' Ear , the Seven Years ' War and the Atlantic Revolutions , ensured Puerto Rico 's growing esteem in Madrid 's eyes . On April 17 , 1797 , Sir Ralph Abercromby fleet invaded the island with a force of 6,000 -- 13,000 men , which included German soldiers and Royal Marines and 60 to 64 ships . Fierce fighting continued for the next days with Spanish troops . Both sides suffered heavy losses . On Sunday April 30 the British ceased their attack and began their retreat from San Juan . By the time independence movements in the larger Spanish colonies gained success , new waves of loyal creole immigrants began to arrive in Puerto Rico , helping to tilt the island 's political balance toward the Crown . The 16th - century fort , Castillo San Felipe del Morro , in San Juan , Puerto Rico In 1809 , to secure its political bond with the island and in the midst of the European Peninsular War , the Supreme Central Junta based in Cádiz recognized Puerto Rico as an overseas province of Spain . This gave the island residents the right to elect representatives to the recently convened Spanish parliament ( Cádiz Cortes ) , with equal representation to mainland Iberian , Mediterranean ( Balearic Islands ) and Atlantic maritime Spanish provinces ( Canary Islands ) . Ramón Power y Giralt , the first Spanish parliamentary representative from the island of Puerto Rico , died after serving a three - year term in the Cortes . These parliamentary and constitutional reforms were in force from 1810 to 1814 , and again from 1820 to 1823 . They were twice reversed during the restoration of the traditional monarchy by Ferdinand VII . Immigration and commercial trade reforms in the 19th century increased the island 's ethnic European population and economy and expanded the Spanish cultural and social imprint on the local character of the island . Minor slave revolts had occurred on the island throughout the years , with the revolt planned and organized by Marcos Xiorro in 1821 being the most important . Even though the conspiracy was unsuccessful , Xiorro achieved legendary status and is part of Puerto Rico 's folklore . Politics of liberalism The flag flown by Fidel Vélez and his men during the `` Intentona de Yauco '' revolt In the early 19th century , Puerto Rico spawned an independence movement that , due to harsh persecution by the Spanish authorities , convened in the island of St. Thomas . The movement was largely inspired by the ideals of Simón Bolívar in establishing a United Provinces of New Granada and Venezuela , that included Puerto Rico and Cuba . Among the influential members of this movement were Brigadier General Antonio Valero de Bernabé and María de las Mercedes Barbudo . The movement was discovered , and Governor Miguel de la Torre had its members imprisoned or exiled . With the increasingly rapid growth of independent former Spanish colonies in the South and Central American states in the first part of the 19th century , the Spanish Crown considered Puerto Rico and Cuba of strategic importance . To increase its hold on its last two New World colonies , the Spanish Crown revived the Royal Decree of Graces of 1815 as a result of which 450,000 immigrants , mainly Spaniards , settled on the island in the period up until the American conquest . Printed in three languages -- Spanish , English , and French -- it was intended to also attract non-Spanish Europeans , with the hope that the independence movements would lose their popularity if new settlers had stronger ties to the Crown . Hundreds of non Spanish families , mainly from Corsica , France , Germany , Ireland , Italy and Scotland , also immigrated to the island . Free land was offered as an incentive to those who wanted to populate the two islands , on the condition that they swear their loyalty to the Spanish Crown and allegiance to the Roman Catholic Church . The offer was very successful , and European immigration continued even after 1898 . Puerto Rico still receives Spanish and European immigration . The Lares Revolutionary Flag Poverty and political estrangement with Spain led to a small but significant uprising in 1868 known as Grito de Lares . It began in the rural town of Lares , but was subdued when rebels moved to the neighboring town of San Sebastián . Leaders of this independence movement included Ramón Emeterio Betances , considered the `` father '' of the Puerto Rican independence movement , and other political figures such as Segundo Ruiz Belvis . Slavery was abolished in Puerto Rico in 1873 , `` with provisions for periods of apprenticeship '' . Abolition Park in Ponce , Puerto Rico Leaders of `` El Grito de Lares '' went into exile in New York City . Many joined the Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee , founded on December 8 , 1895 , and continued their quest for Puerto Rican independence . In 1897 , Antonio Mattei Lluberas and the local leaders of the independence movement in Yauco organized another uprising , which became known as the Intentona de Yauco . They raised what they called the Puerto Rican flag , which was adopted as the national flag . The local conservative political factions opposed independence . Rumors of the planned event spread to the local Spanish authorities who acted swiftly and put an end to what would be the last major uprising in the island to Spanish colonial rule . In 1897 , Luis Muñoz Rivera and others persuaded the liberal Spanish government to agree to grant limited self - government to the island by royal decree in the Autonomic Charter , including a bicameral legislature . In 1898 , Puerto Rico 's first , but short - lived , quasi-autonomous government was organized as an `` overseas province '' of Spain . This bilaterally agreed - upon charter maintained a governor appointed by the King of Spain -- who held the power to annul any legislative decision -- and a partially elected parliamentary structure . In February , Governor - General Manuel Macías inaugurated the new government under the Autonomic Charter . General elections were held in March and the new government began to function on July 17 , 1898 . American era ( 1898 -- present ) Main article : Puerto Rican Campaign In 1890 , Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan , a member of the Navy War Board and leading U.S. strategic thinker , published a book titled The Influence of Sea Power upon History in which he argued for the establishment of a large and powerful navy modeled after the British Royal Navy . Part of his strategy called for the acquisition of colonies in the Caribbean , which would serve as coaling and naval stations . They would serve as strategic points of defense with the construction of a canal through the Isthmus of Panama , to allow easier passage of ships between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans . The first company of Puerto Ricans enlisted in the U.S. Army , 1899 William H. Seward , the former Secretary of State under presidents Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson , had also stressed the importance of building a canal in Honduras , Nicaragua or Panama . He suggested that the United States annex the Dominican Republic and purchase Puerto Rico and Cuba . The U.S. Senate did not approve his annexation proposal , and Spain rejected the U.S. offer of 160 million dollars for Puerto Rico and Cuba . Since 1894 , the United States Naval War College had been developing contingency plans for a war with Spain . By 1896 , the U.S. Office of Naval Intelligence had prepared a plan that included military operations in Puerto Rican waters . Except for one 1895 plan , which recommended annexation of the island then named Isle of Pines ( later renamed as Isla de la Juventud ) , a recommendation dropped in later planning , plans developed for attacks on Spanish territories were intended as support operations against Spain 's forces in and around Cuba . Recent research suggests that the U.S. did consider Puerto Rico valuable as a naval station , and recognized that it and Cuba generated lucrative crops of sugar -- a valuable commercial commodity which the United States lacked , before the development of the Sugar Beet industry in the United States . Children in a company housing settlement , 1941 On July 25 , 1898 , during the Spanish -- American War , the U.S. invaded Puerto Rico with a landing at Guánica . As an outcome of the war , Spain ceded Puerto Rico , along with the Philippines and Guam , then under Spanish sovereignty , to the U.S. under the Treaty of Paris . Spain relinquished sovereignty over Cuba , but did not cede it to the U.S. United States unincorporated organized territory ( 1900 -- 1952 ) The United States and Puerto Rico began a long - standing metropolis - colony relationship . In the early 20th century , Puerto Rico was ruled by the military , with officials including the governor appointed by the President of the United States . The Foraker Act of 1900 gave Puerto Rico a certain amount of civilian popular government , including a popularly elected House of Representatives . The upper house and governor were appointed by the United States . The First Supreme Court of Puerto Rico , appointed pursuant to the Foraker Act Its judicial system was constructed to follow the American legal system ; a Puerto Rico Supreme Court and a United State District Court for the territory were established . It was authorized a non-voting member of Congress , by the title of `` Resident Commissioner '' , who was appointed . In addition , this Act extended all U.S. laws `` not locally inapplicable '' to Puerto Rico , specifying , in particular , exemption from U.S. Internal Revenue laws . The Act empowered the civil government to legislate on `` all matters of legislative character not locally inapplicable '' , including the power to modify and repeal any laws then in existence in Puerto Rico , though the U.S. Congress retained the power to annul acts of the Puerto Rico legislature . During an address to the Puerto Rican legislature in 1906 , President Theodore Roosevelt recommended that Puerto Ricans become U.S. citizens . In 1914 , the Puerto Rican House of Delegates voted unanimously in favor of independence from the United States , but this was rejected by the U.S. Congress as `` unconstitutional '' , and in violation of the 1900 Foraker Act . U.S. citizenship and Puerto Rican citizenship In 1917 , the U.S. Congress passed the Jones -- Shafroth Act , popularly called the Jones Act , which granted Puerto Ricans , born on or after , April 25 , 1898 , U.S. citizenship . Opponents , which included all of the Puerto Rican House of Delegates , who voted unanimously against it , said that the U.S. imposed citizenship in order to draft Puerto Rican men into the army as American entry into World War I became likely . The same Act provided for a popularly elected Senate to complete a bicameral Legislative Assembly , as well as a bill of rights . It authorized the popular election of the Resident Commissioner to a four - year term . Soldiers of the 65th Infantry training in Salinas , Puerto Rico ( August 1941 ) Natural disasters , including a major earthquake and tsunami in 1918 , and several hurricanes , and the Great Depression impoverished the island during the first few decades under U.S. rule . Some political leaders , such as Pedro Albizu Campos , who led the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party , demanded change in relations with the United States . He organized a protest at the University of Puerto Rico in 1935 , in which four were killed by police . In 1936 , U.S. Senator Millard Tydings introduced a bill supporting independence for Puerto Rico , but it was opposed by Luis Muñoz Marín of the Liberal Party of Puerto Rico . ( Tydings had co-sponsored the Tydings -- McDuffie Act , which provided independence to the Philippines after a 10 - year transition under a limited autonomy . ) All the Puerto Rican parties supported the bill , but Muñoz Marín opposed it . Tydings did not gain passage of the bill . In 1937 , Albizu Campos ' party organized a protest in which numerous people were killed by police in Ponce . The Insular Police , resembling the National Guard , opened fire upon unarmed cadets and bystanders alike . The attack on unarmed protesters was reported by the U.S. Congressman Vito Marcantonio and confirmed by the report of the Hays Commission , which investigated the events . The commission was led by Arthur Garfield Hays , counsel to the American Civil Liberties Union . Nineteen people were killed and over 200 were badly wounded , many in their backs while running away . The Hays Commission declared it a massacre and police mob action , and it has since been known as the Ponce massacre . In the aftermath , on April 2 , 1943 , Tydings introduced a bill in Congress calling for independence for Puerto Rico . This bill ultimately was defeated . During the latter years of the Roosevelt -- Truman administrations , the internal governance was changed in a compromise reached with Luis Muñoz Marín and other Puerto Rican leaders . In 1946 , President Truman appointed the first Puerto Rican - born governor , Jesús T. Piñero . Since 2007 , the Puerto Rico State Department has developed a protocol to issue certificates of Puerto Rican citizenship to Puerto Ricans . In order to be eligible , applicants must have been born in Puerto Rico ; born outside of Puerto Rico to a Puerto Rican -- born parent ; or be an American citizen with at least one year of residence in Puerto Rico . United States unincorporated organized territory with Commonwealth Constitution ( 1952 -- present ) In 1947 , the U.S. granted Puerto Ricans the right to democratically elect their own governor . In 1948 , Luis Muñoz Marín became the first popularly elected governor of Puerto Rico . Painting of bayonet charge by the U.S. 65th Infantry Regiment , made up of Puerto Rican troops , against a Chinese division during the Korean War A bill was introduced before the Puerto Rican Senate which would restrain the rights of the independence and nationalist movements in the island . The Senate at the time was controlled by the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) , and was presided over by Luis Muñoz Marín . The bill , also known as the Gag Law ( Spanish : Ley de la Mordaza ) , was approved by the legislature on May 21 , 1948 . It made it illegal to display a Puerto Rican flag , to sing a pro-independence tune , to talk of independence , or to campaign for independence . The bill , which resembled the Smith Act passed in the United States , was signed and made into law on June 10 , 1948 , by the U.S. appointed governor of Puerto Rico , Jesús T. Piñero , and became known as `` Law 53 '' ( Spanish : Ley 53 ) . In accordance with this law , it would be a crime to print , publish , sell , exhibit , organize or help anyone organize any society , group or assembly of people whose intentions are to paralyze or destroy the insular government . Anyone accused and found guilty of disobeying the law could be sentenced to ten years of prison , be fined $10,000 ( U.S. ) , or both . According to Dr. Leopoldo Figueroa , a member of the Puerto Rico House of Representatives , the law was repressive and in violation of the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution , which guarantees Freedom of Speech . He asserted that the law as such was a violation of the civil rights of the people of Puerto Rico . The law was repealed in 1957 . Estado Libre Asociado In 1950 , the U.S. Congress granted Puerto Ricans the right to organize a constitutional convention via a referendum that gave them the option of voting their preference , `` yes '' or `` no '' , on a proposed U.S. law that would organize Puerto Rico as a `` commonwealth '' that would continue United States sovereignty over Puerto Rico and its people . Puerto Rico 's electorate expressed its support for this measure in 1951 with a second referendum to ratify the constitution . The Constitution of Puerto Rico was formally adopted on July 3 , 1952 . The Constitutional Convention specified the name by which the body politic would be known . On February 4 , 1952 , the convention approved Resolution 22 which chose in English the word Commonwealth , meaning a `` politically organized community '' or `` state '' , which is simultaneously connected by a compact or treaty to another political system . Puerto Rico officially designates itself with the term `` Commonwealth of Puerto Rico '' in its constitution , as a translation into English of the term to `` Estado Libre Asociado '' ( ELA ) . In 1967 Puerto Rico 's Legislative Assembly polled the political preferences of the Puerto Rican electorate by passing a plebiscite act that provided for a vote on the status of Puerto Rico . This constituted the first plebiscite by the Legislature for a choice among three status options ( commonwealth , statehood , and independence ) . In subsequent plebiscites organized by Puerto Rico held in 1993 and 1998 ( without any formal commitment on the part of the U.S. Government to honor the results ) , the current political status failed to receive majority support . In 1993 , Commonwealth status won by a plurality of votes ( 48.6 % versus 46.3 % for statehood ) , while the `` none of the above '' option , which was the Popular Democratic Party - sponsored choice , won in 1998 with 50.3 % of the votes ( versus 46.5 % for statehood ) . Disputes arose as to the definition of each of the ballot alternatives , and Commonwealth advocates , among others , reportedly urged a vote for `` none of the above '' . In 1950 , the U.S. Congress approved Public Law 600 ( P.L. 81 - 600 ) , which allowed for a democratic referendum in Puerto Rico to determine whether Puerto Ricans desired to draft their own local constitution . This Act was meant to be adopted in the `` nature of a compact '' . It required congressional approval of the Puerto Rico Constitution before it could go into effect , and repealed certain sections of the Organic Act of 1917 . The sections of this statute left in force were entitled the Puerto Rican Federal Relations Act . U.S. Secretary of the Interior Oscar L. Chapman , under whose Department resided responsibility of Puerto Rican affairs , clarified the new commonwealth status in this manner : `` The bill ( to permit Puerto Rico to write its own constitution ) merely authorizes the people of Puerto Rico to adopt their own constitution and to organize a local government ... The bill under consideration would not change Puerto Rico 's political , social , and economic relationship to the United States . '' External video Puerto Rico , U.S. Embassy in Vienna , October 24 , 2014 View newsreel scenes in Spanish of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s on YouTube On October 30 , 1950 , Pedro Albizu Campos and other nationalists led a three - day revolt against the United States in various cities and towns of Puerto Rico , in what is known as the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s . The most notable occurred in Jayuya and Utuado . In the Jayuya revolt , known as the Jayuya Uprising , the Puerto Rican governor declared martial law , and attacked the insurgents in Jayuya with infantry , artillery and bombers under control of the Puerto Rican commander . The Utuado uprising culminated in what is known as the Utuado massacre . On November 1 , 1950 , Puerto Rican nationalists from New York City , Griselio Torresola and Oscar Collazo , attempted to assassinate President Harry S. Truman at his temporary residence of Blair House . Torresola was killed during the attack , but Collazo was wounded and captured . He was convicted of murder and sentenced to death , but President Truman commuted his sentence to life . After Collazo served 29 years in a federal prison , President Jimmy Carter commuted his sentence to times served and he was released in 1979 . Pedro Albizu Campos served many years in a federal prison in Atlanta , for seditious conspiracy to overthrow the U.S. government in Puerto Rico . The Constitution of Puerto Rico was approved by a Constitutional Convention on February 6 , 1952 , and 82 % of the voters in a March referendum . It was modified and ratified by the U.S. Congress , approved by President Truman on July 3 of that year , and proclaimed by Gov. Muñoz Marín on July 25 , 1952 . This was the anniversary of July 25 , 1898 , landing of U.S. troops in the Puerto Rican Campaign of the Spanish -- American War , until then celebrated as an annual Puerto Rico holiday . A shantytown along the Martin Peña Channel ( 1973 ) Puerto Rico adopted the name of Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico ( literally `` Associated Free State of Puerto Rico '' ) , officially translated into English as Commonwealth , for its body politic . `` The United States Congress legislates over many fundamental aspects of Puerto Rican life , including citizenship , the currency , the postal service , foreign policy , military defense , communications , labor relations , the environment , commerce , finance , health and welfare , and many others . '' During the 1950s and 1960s , Puerto Rico experienced rapid industrialization , due in large part to Operación Manos a la Obra ( `` Operation Bootstrap '' ) , an offshoot of FDR 's New Deal . It was intended to transform Puerto Rico 's economy from agriculture - based to manufacturing - based to provide more jobs . Puerto Rico has become a major tourist destination , as well as a global center for pharmaceutical manufacturing . Referendums on statehood or independence Four referendums have been held since the late 20th century to resolve the political status . The 2012 referendum showed a majority ( 54 % of the voters ) in favor of a change in status , with full statehood the preferred option of those who wanted a change . Because there were almost 500,000 blank ballots in the 2012 referendum , creating confusion as to the voters ' true desire , Congress decided to ignore the vote . The first three plebiscites provided voters with three options : statehood , free association , and independence . The Puerto Rican status referendum , 2017 in June 2017 was going to offer only two options : Statehood and Independence / Free Association . However , a letter from the Donald Trump administration recommended adding the Commonwealth , the current status , in the plebiscite . The option had been removed from this plebiscite in response to the results of the plebiscite in 2012 which asked whether to remain in the current status and No had won . The Trump administration cited changes in demographics during the past 5 years to add the option once again . Amendments to the plebiscite bill were adopted making ballot wording changes requested by the Department of Justice , as well as adding a `` current territorial status '' option . While 97 percent voted in favor of statehood , the turnout was low ; only some 23 percent voted . After the ballots were counted the Justice Department was non-committal . The Justice Department had asked for the 2017 plebiscite to be postponed but the Rosselló government chose not to do so . After the outcome was announced , the department told the Associated Press that it had `` not reviewed or approved the ballot 's language '' . Former Governor Aníbal Acevedo Vilá ( 2005 -- 2009 ) is convinced that statehood is not the solution for either the U.S. or for Puerto Rico `` for economic , identity and cultural reasons '' . He pointed out that voter turnout for the 2017 referendum was extremely low , and suggests that a different type of mutually - beneficial relationship should be found . If the federal government agrees to discuss an association agreement , the conditions would be negotiated between the two entities . The agreement might cover topics such as the role of the U.S. military in Puerto Rico , the use of the U.S. currency , free trade between the two entities , and whether Puerto Ricans would be U.S. citizens . The three current Free Associated States ( Marshall Islands , Micronesia and Palau ) use the American dollar , receive some financial support and the promise of military defense if they refuse military access to any other country . Their citizens are allowed to work in the U.S. and serve in its military . Governor Ricardo Rosselló is strongly in favor of statehood to help develop the economy and help to `` solve our 500 - year - old colonial dilemma ... Colonialism is not an option ... It 's a civil rights issue ... 3.5 million citizens seeking an absolute democracy , '' he told the news media . Benefits of statehood include an additional $10 billion per year in federal funds , the right to vote in presidential elections , higher Social Security and Medicare benefits , and a right for its government agencies and municipalities to file for bankruptcy . The latter is currently prohibited . Statehood might be useful as a means of dealing with the financial crisis , since it would allow for bankruptcy and the relevant protection . According to the Government Development Bank , this might be the only solution to the debt crisis . Congress has the power to vote to allow Chapter 9 protection without the need for statehood , but in late 2015 there was very little support in the House for this concept . Other benefits to statehood include increased disability benefits and Medicaid funding , the right to vote in Presidential elections and the higher ( federal ) minimum wage . Subsequent to the 2017 referendum , Puerto Rico 's legislators are also expected to vote on a bill that would allow the Governor to draft a state constitution and hold elections to choose senators and representatives to the federal Congress . In spite of the outcome of the referendum , and the so - called Tennessee Plan ( above ) , action by the United States Congress would be necessary to implement changes to the status of Puerto Rico under the Territorial Clause of the United States Constitution . United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization Since 1953 , the UN has been considering the political status of Puerto Rico and how to assist it in achieving `` independence '' or `` decolonization '' . In 1978 , the Special Committee determined that a `` colonial relationship '' existed between the U.S. and Puerto Rico . The UN 's Special Committee on Decolonization has often referred to Puerto Rico as a `` nation '' in its reports , because , internationally , the people of Puerto Rico are often considered to be a Caribbean nation with their own national identity . Most recently , in a June 2016 report , the Special Committee called for the United States to expedite the process to allow self - determination in Puerto Rico . More specifically , the group called on the United States to expedite a process that would allow the people of Puerto Rico to exercise fully their right to self - determination and independence ... allow the Puerto Rican people to take decisions in a sovereign manner , and to address their urgent economic and social needs , including unemployment , marginalization , insolvency and poverty `` . International status On November 27 , 1953 , shortly after the establishment of the Commonwealth , the General Assembly of the United Nations approved Resolution 748 , removing Puerto Rico 's classification as a non-self - governing territory . The General Assembly did not apply the full list of criteria which was enunciated in 1960 when it took favorable note of the cessation of transmission of information regarding the non-self - governing status of Puerto Rico . According to the White House Task Force on Puerto Rico 's Political Status in its December 21 , 2007 report , the U.S. , in its written submission to the UN in 1953 , never represented that Congress could not change its relationship with Puerto Rico without the territory 's consent . It stated that the U.S. Justice Department in 1959 reiterated that Congress held power over Puerto Rico pursuant to the Territorial Clause of the U.S. Constitution . In 1993 the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit stated that Congress may unilaterally repeal the Puerto Rican Constitution or the Puerto Rican Federal Relations Act and replace them with any rules or regulations of its choice . In a 1996 report on a Puerto Rico status political bill , the U.S. House Committee on Resources stated , `` Puerto Rico 's current status does not meet the criteria for any of the options for full self - government under Resolution 1541 '' ( the three established forms of full self - government being stated in the report as ( 1 ) national independence , ( 2 ) free association based on separate sovereignty , or ( 3 ) full integration with another nation on the basis of equality ) . The report concluded that Puerto Rico `` ... remains an unincorporated colony and does not have the status of ' free association ' with the United States as that status is defined under United States law or international practice '' , that the establishment of local self - government with the consent of the people can be unilaterally revoked by the U.S. Congress , and that U.S. Congress can also withdraw the U.S. citizenship of Puerto Rican residents of Puerto Rico at any time , for a legitimate Federal purpose . The application of the U.S. Constitution to Puerto Rico is limited by the Insular Cases . In 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , and 2011 the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization passed resolutions calling on the United States to expedite a process `` that would allow Puerto Ricans to fully exercise their inalienable right to self - determination and independence '' , and to release all Puerto Rican political prisoners in U.S. prisons , to clean up , decontaminate and return the lands in the islands of Vieques and Culebra to the people of Puerto Rico , to perform a probe into U.S. human rights violations on the island and a probe into the killing by the FBI of pro-independence leader Filiberto Ojeda Rios . 21st century Further information : Proposed political status for Puerto Rico ; Puerto Rican status referendum , 2012 ; and President 's Task Force on Puerto Rico 's Status Puerto Rican status referendum , 2012 Location Puerto Rico Date November 6 , 2012 ; 4 years ago ( 2012 - 11 - 06 ) Voting system simple majority for the first question first - past - the - post for the second question Should Puerto Rico continue its current territorial status ? Yes 46.00 % No 54.00 % Which non-territorial option do you prefer ? Statehood 61.16 % Sovereign Free Associated State 33.34 % Independence 5.49 % There were 515,348 blank and invalidated ballots counted alongside the 1,363,854 ballots which indicated a choice for one of the non-territorial alternatives . Under Puerto Rico Law , these ballots are not considered cast votes and are therefore not reflected in the final tally . On July 15 , 2009 , the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization approved a draft resolution calling on the Government of the United States to expedite a process that would allow the Puerto Rican people to exercise fully their inalienable right to self - determination and independence . On April 29 , 2010 , the U.S. House voted 223 -- 169 to approve a measure for a federally sanctioned process for Puerto Rico 's self - determination , allowing Puerto Rico to set a new referendum on whether to continue its present form of commonwealth , or to have a different political status . If Puerto Ricans voted to continue as a commonwealth , the Government of Puerto Rico was authorized to conduct additional plebiscites at intervals of every eight years from the date on which the results of the prior plebiscite were certified ; if Puerto Ricans voted to have a different political status , a second referendum would determine whether Puerto Rico would become a U.S. state , an independent country , or a sovereign nation associated with the U.S. that would not be subject to the Territorial Clause of the United States Constitution . During the House debate , a fourth option , to retain its present form of commonwealth ( sometimes referred to as `` the status quo '' ) political status , was added as an option in the second plebiscite . Immediately following U.S. House passage , H.R. 2499 was sent to the U.S. Senate , where it was given two formal readings and referred to the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources . On December 22 , 2010 , the 111th United States Congress adjourned without any Senate vote on H.R. 2499 , killing the bill . The latest Task Force report was released on March 11 , 2011 . The report suggested a two - plebiscite process , including a `` first plebiscite that requires the people of Puerto Rico to choose whether they wish to be part of the United States ( either via Statehood or Commonwealth ) or wish to be independent ( via Independence or Free Association ) . If continuing to be part of the United States were chosen in the first plebiscite , a second vote would be taken between Statehood and Commonwealth . '' On June 14 , 2011 , President Barack Obama `` promised to support ' a clear decision ' by the people of Puerto Rico on statehood '' . That same month , the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization passed a resolution and adopted a consensus text introduced by Cuba 's delegate on June 20 , 2011 , calling on the United States to expedite a process `` that would allow Puerto Ricans to fully exercise their inalienable right to self - determination and independence '' . On November 6 , 2012 , a two - question referendum took place , simultaneous with the general elections . The first question asked voters whether they wanted to maintain the current status under the territorial clause of the U.S. Constitution . The second question posed three alternate status options if the first question was approved : statehood , independence or free association . For the first question , 54 percent voted against the current Commonwealth status . For the second question , 61.16 % voted for statehood , 33.34 % for a sovereign free associated state , and 5.49 % for independence . There were also 515,348 blank and invalidated ballots , which are not reflected in the final tally , as they are not considered cast votes under Puerto Rico law . On December 11 , 2012 , Puerto Rico 's Legislature passed a concurrent resolution to request to the President and the U.S. Congress action on November 6 , 2012 plebiscite results . But on April 10 , 2013 , with the issue still being widely debated , the White House announced that it will seek $2.5 million to hold another referendum , this next one being the first Puerto Rican status referendum to be financed by the U.S. Federal government . In December 2015 , the U.S. Government submitted a brief as Amicus Curiae to the U.S. Supreme Court related to the case Commonwealth of Puerto Rico v. Sanchez Valle . The U.S. Government official position is that the U.S. Constitution does not contemplate `` sovereign territories '' . That the Court has consistently recognized that `` there is no sovereignty in a Territory of the United States but that of the United States itself '' . and a U.S. territory has `` no independent sovereignty comparable to that of a state . That is because `` the Government of a territory owes its existence wholly to the United States '' . Congress 's plenary authority over federal territories includes the authority to permit self - government , whereby local officials administer a territory 's internal affairs . On June 9 , 2016 , in Commonwealth of Puerto Rico vs Sanchez Valle , an 6 -- 2 majority of the Supreme Court of the United States determined that Puerto Rico is a territory and lacks Sovereignty . On June 30 , 2016 , the President of the United States of America signed a new law approved by U.S. Congress , H.R. 5278 : PROMESA , establishing a Control Board over the Puerto Rico Government . This board will have a significant degree of federal control involved in its establishment and operations . In particular , the authority to establish the control board derives from the federal government 's constitutional power to `` make all needful rules and regulations '' regarding U.S. territories ; The President would appoint all seven voting members of the board ; and the board would have broad sovereign powers to effectively overrule decisions by Puerto Rico 's legislature , governor , and other public authorities . Political status The latest referendum on statehood , independence , or an associated republic was held on November 6 , 2012 . The people of Puerto Rico made history by requesting , for the first time ever , the conclusion of the island 's current territorial status . Almost 78 % of registered voters participated in a plebiscite held to resolve Puerto Rico 's status , and a slim but clear majority ( 54 % ) disagreed with Puerto Rico maintaining its present territorial status . Furthermore , among the possible alternatives , sixty - one percent ( 61 % ) of voters chose the statehood option , while one third of the ballots were submitted blank . On December 11 , 2012 , the Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico enacted a concurrent resolution requesting the President and the Congress of the United States to respond to the referendum of the people of Puerto Rico , held on November 6 , 2012 , to end its current form of territorial status and to begin the process to admit Puerto Rico as a State . The initiative has not made Puerto Rico into a state . In May , 2017 , the Natural Resources Defense Council reported that Puerto Rico 's water system was the worst as measured by the Clean Water Act . 70 % of the population drank water that violated U.S. law . Geography Main articles : Geography of Puerto Rico and Geology of Puerto Rico A map of Puerto Rico Puerto Rico consists of the main island of Puerto Rico and various smaller islands , including Vieques , Culebra , Mona , Desecheo , and Caja de Muertos . Of these five , only Culebra and Vieques are inhabited year - round . Mona , which has played a key role in maritime history , is uninhabited most of the year except for employees of the Puerto Rico Department of Natural Resources . There are many other even smaller islets , like Monito , which is near to Mona , Isla de Cabras and La Isleta de San Juan , both located on the San Juan Bay . The latter is the only inhabited islet with communities like Old San Juan and Puerta de Tierra , and connected to the main island by bridges . The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico has an area of 13,790 square kilometers ( 5,320 sq mi ) , of which 8,870 km ( 3,420 sq mi ) is land and 4,921 km ( 1,900 sq mi ) is water . Puerto Rico is larger than two U.S. states , Delaware and Rhode Island . The maximum length of the main island from east to west is 180 km ( 110 mi ) , and the maximum width from north to south is 65 km ( 40 mi ) . Puerto Rico is the smallest of the Greater Antilles . It is 80 % of the size of Jamaica , just over 18 % of the size of Hispaniola and 8 % of the size of Cuba , the largest of the Greater Antilles . The island is mostly mountainous with large coastal areas in the north and south . The main mountain range is called `` La Cordillera Central '' ( The Central Range ) . The highest elevation in Puerto Rico , Cerro de Punta 1,338 meters ( 4,390 ft ) , is located in this range . Another important peak is El Yunque , one of the highest in the Sierra de Luquillo at the El Yunque National Forest , with an elevation of 1,065 m ( 3,494 ft ) . The coast at Patillas , Puerto Rico Puerto Rico has 17 lakes , all man - made , and more than 50 rivers , most originating in the Cordillera Central . Rivers in the northern region of the island are typically longer and of higher water flow rates than those of the south , since the south receives less rain than the central and northern regions . Puerto Rico is composed of Cretaceous to Eocene volcanic and plutonic rocks , overlain by younger Oligocene and more recent carbonates and other sedimentary rocks . Most of the caverns and karst topography on the island occurs in the northern region in the carbonates . The oldest rocks are approximately 190 million years old ( Jurassic ) and are located at Sierra Bermeja in the southwest part of the island . They may represent part of the oceanic crust and are believed to come from the Pacific Ocean realm . Puerto Rico lies at the boundary between the Caribbean and North American plates and is being deformed by the tectonic stresses caused by their interaction . These stresses may cause earthquakes and tsunamis . These seismic events , along with landslides , represent some of the most dangerous geologic hazards in the island and in the northeastern Caribbean . The most recent major earthquake occurred on October 11 , 1918 , and had an estimated magnitude of 7.5 on the Richter scale . It originated off the coast of Aguadilla , several kilometers off the northern coast , and was accompanied by a tsunami . It caused extensive property damage and widespread losses , damaging infrastructure , especially bridges . It resulted in an estimated 116 deaths and $4 million in property damage . The failure of the government to move rapidly to provide for the general welfare contributed to political activism by opponents and eventually to the rise of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party . The Puerto Rico Trench , the largest and deepest trench in the Atlantic , is located about 115 km ( 71 mi ) north of Puerto Rico at the boundary between the Caribbean and North American plates . It is 280 km ( 170 mi ) long . At its deepest point , named the Milwaukee Deep , it is almost 8,400 m ( 27,600 ft ) deep . Climate Main article : Climate of Puerto Rico The climate of Puerto Rico in the Köppen climate classification is tropical rainforest . Temperatures are warm to hot year round , averaging near 85 ° F ( 29 ° C ) in lower elevations and 70 ° F ( 21 ° C ) in the mountains . Easterly trade winds pass across the island year round . Puerto Rico has a rainy season which stretches from April into November . The mountains of the Cordillera Central are the main cause of the variations in the temperature and rainfall that occur over very short distances . The mountains can also cause wide variation in local wind speed and direction due to their sheltering and channeling effects adding to the climatic variation . The island has an average temperature of 82.4 ° F ( 28 ° C ) throughout the year , with an average minimum temperature of 66.9 ° F ( 19 ° C ) and maximum of 85.4 ° F ( 30 ° C ) . Daily temperature changes seasonally are quite small in the lowlands and coastal areas . The temperature in the south is usually a few degrees higher than the north and temperatures in the central interior mountains are always cooler than those on the rest of the island . Between the dry and wet season , there is a temperature change of around 6 ° F ( 3.3 ° C ) . This is mainly due to the warm waters of the tropical Atlantic Ocean , which significantly modify cooler air moving in from the north and northwest . Coastal waters temperatures around the years are about 75 ° F ( 24 ° C ) in February to 85 ° F ( 29 ° C ) in August . The highest temperature ever recorded was 99 ° F ( 37 ° C ) at Arecibo , while the lowest temperature ever recorded was 40 ° F ( 4 ° C ) in the mountains at Adjuntas , Aibonito , and Corozal . The average yearly precipitation is 1,687 mm ( 66 in ) . ( hide ) Climate data for San Juan Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 28 ( 83 ) 29 ( 84 ) 29 ( 85 ) 30 ( 86 ) 31 ( 88 ) 32 ( 89 ) 32 ( 89 ) 32 ( 89 ) 32 ( 89 ) 32 ( 89 ) 30 ( 86 ) 29 ( 84 ) 31 ( 87 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 22 ( 72 ) 22 ( 72 ) 23 ( 73 ) 23 ( 74 ) 24 ( 76 ) 26 ( 78 ) 26 ( 78 ) 26 ( 78 ) 26 ( 78 ) 25 ( 77 ) 24 ( 75 ) 23 ( 73 ) 24 ( 75 ) Average rainfall mm ( inches ) 95.5 ( 3.76 ) 62.7 ( 2.47 ) 49.5 ( 1.95 ) 118.9 ( 4.68 ) 149.9 ( 5.90 ) 112 ( 4.41 ) 128.8 ( 5.07 ) 138.7 ( 5.46 ) 146.6 ( 5.77 ) 142 ( 5.59 ) 161.3 ( 6.35 ) 127.5 ( 5.02 ) 1,433.4 ( 56.43 ) Average rainy days 17 13 12 13 17 15 19 18 17 17 18 19 196 Average relative humidity ( % ) 78.0 75.5 73.9 75.0 77.2 77.0 78.0 77.6 77.7 78.2 78.6 78.3 77.1 Mean daily sunshine hours 8 8 9 9 8 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8.6 Source : `` Average Weather for San Juan , PR '' . The Weather Channel . Retrieved March 22 , 2014 . Puerto Rico experiences the Atlantic hurricane season , similar to the remainder of the Caribbean Sea and North Atlantic oceans . On average , a quarter of its annual rainfall is contributed from tropical cyclones , which are more prevalent during periods of La Niña than El Niño . A cyclone of tropical storm strength passes near Puerto Rico , on average , every five years . A hurricane passes in the vicinity of the island , on average , every seven years . Since 1851 , the Lake Okeechobee Hurricane of September 1928 is the only hurricane to make landfall as a Category 5 hurricane . In the busy 2017 Atlantic hurricane season , Puerto Rico avoided a direct hit by the Category 5 Hurricane Irma on September 8 , 2017 , but high winds caused a loss of electrical power to some one million residents . Almost 50 % of hospitals were operating with power provided by generators . The Category 4 Hurricane Jose , as expected , veered away from Puerto Rico . A short time later , the devastating Hurricane Maria made landfall in Puerto Rico as a Category 4 hurricane , with sustained 155 mph ( 249 km / h ) winds , powerful rains and widespread flooding causing tremendous destruction , including the electrical grid , which could remain out for 4 -- 6 months . With such widespread destruction and a great need for supplies - everything from drinking water , food , medicine and personal care items to fuel for generators and construction materials for rebuilding the island - Gov. Rossello and several Congressmen called on the federal government to waive the WWI - era Jones Act ( protectionist provisions : ships made and owned in U.S. , and with U.S. crews ) , which essentially double Puerto Rico 's cost for shipped goods relative to neighboring islands . On September 28 , U.S. President Donald Trump waived the Act for ten days . Biodiversity Main articles : Fauna of Puerto Rico and Flora of Puerto Rico Common Coquí Species endemic to the archipelago number 239 plants , 16 birds and 39 amphibians / reptiles , recognized as of 1998 . Most of these ( 234 , 12 and 33 respectively ) are found on the main island . The most recognizable endemic species and a symbol of Puerto Rican pride is the coquí , a small frog easily identified by the sound of its call , from which it gets its name . Most coquí species ( 13 of 17 ) live in the El Yunque National Forest , a tropical rainforest in the northeast of the island previously known as the Caribbean National Forest . El Yunque is home to more than 240 plants , 26 of which are endemic to the island . It is also home to 50 bird species , including the critically endangered Puerto Rican amazon . Across the island in the southwest , the 40 km ( 15 sq mi ) of dry land at the Guánica Commonwealth Forest Reserve contain over 600 uncommon species of plants and animals , including 48 endangered species and 16 endemic to Puerto Rico . Demographics Main articles : Demographics of Puerto Rico and Cultural diversity in Puerto Rico Population density , Census 2000 The population of Puerto Rico has been shaped by Amerindian settlement , European colonization , slavery , economic migration , and Puerto Rico 's status as unincorporated territory of the United States . Population makeup Main article : Puerto Rican people Historical population Year Pop . ± % 1765 44,883 -- 1775 70,250 + 56.5 % 1800 155,426 + 121.2 % 1815 220,892 + 42.1 % 1832 350,051 + 58.5 % 1846 447,914 + 28.0 % 1860 583,308 + 30.2 % 1877 731,648 + 25.4 % 1887 798,565 + 9.1 % 1899 953,243 + 19.4 % 1910 1,118,012 + 17.3 % 1920 1,299,809 + 16.3 % 1930 1,543,913 + 18.8 % 1940 1,869,255 + 21.1 % 1950 2,210,703 + 18.3 % 1960 2,349,544 + 6.3 % 1970 2,712,033 + 15.4 % 1980 3,196,520 + 17.9 % 3,522,037 + 10.2 % 2000 3,808,610 + 8.1 % 3,725,789 − 2.2 % 2016 3,411,307 − 8.4 % 1765 -- 2010 2016 Estimate The estimated population of Puerto Rico as of July 1 , 2015 , was 3,474,182 , a 6.75 % decrease since the 2010 United States Census . From 2000 to 2010 , the population decreased , the first such decrease in census history for Puerto Rico . It went from the 3,808,610 residents registered in the 2000 Census to 3,725,789 in the 2010 Census . A declining and aging population presents additional problems for the society . The U.S. Census Bureau 's estimate for July 1 , 2016 was 3,411,307 people , down substantially from the 2010 data which had indicated 3,725,789 people . Continuous European immigration and high natural increase helped the population of Puerto Rico grow from 155,426 in 1800 , to almost a million by the close of the 19th century . A census conducted by royal decree on September 30 , 1858 gave the following totals of the Puerto Rican population at that time : 341,015 were Free colored ; 300,430 identified as Whites ; and 41,736 were slaves . During the 19th century hundreds of families arrived in Puerto Rico , primarily from the Canary Islands and Andalusia , but also from other parts of Spain such as Catalonia , Asturias , Galicia and the Balearic Islands and numerous Spanish loyalists from Spain 's former colonies in South America . Settlers from outside Spain also arrived in the islands , including from Corsica , France , Lebanon , China , Portugal , Ireland , Scotland , Germany and Italy . This immigration from non-Hispanic countries was the result of the Real Cedula de Gracias de 1815 ( `` Royal Decree of Graces of 1815 '' ) , which allowed European Catholics to settle in the island with land allotments in the interior of the island , provided they paid taxes and continued to support the Catholic Church . Racial and Ethnic Composition in Puerto Rico ( 2015 Census est . ) Ethnicity White 75.8 % Black or African American 12.4 % Asian 0.2 % Two or more races 3.3 % American Indian 0.5 % Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander 0.1 % Other races 7.8 % Between 1960 and 1990 the census questionnaire in Puerto Rico did not ask about race or ethnicity . The 2000 United States Census included a racial self - identification question in Puerto Rico . According to the census , most Puerto Ricans identified as White and Hispanic ; few identified as Black or some other race . Population genetics A recent population genetics study conducted in Puerto Rico suggests that between 52.6 % and 84 % of the population possess some degree of Amerindian mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA ) in their maternal ancestry , usually in a combination with other ancestries such as aboriginal Guanche North - West African ancestry brought by Spanish settlers from the Canary Islands . In addition , these DNA studies show Amerindian ancestry in addition to the Taíno . One genetic study on the racial makeup of Puerto Ricans ( including all races ) found them to be roughly around 61 % West Eurasian / North African ( overwhelmingly of Spanish provenance ) , 27 % Sub-Saharan African and 11 % Native American . Another genetic study from 2007 , claimed that `` the average genomewide individual ( ie . Puerto Rican ) ancestry proportions have been estimated as 66 % , 18 % , and 16 % , for European , West African , and Native American , respectively . '' Other study estimates 63.7 % European , 21.2 % ( Sub-Saharan ) African , and 15.2 % Native American ; European ancestry is more prevalent in the West and in Central Puerto Rico , African in Eastern Puerto Rico , and Native American in Northern Puerto Rico . A Pew Research survey indicated a literacy rate of 90.4 % ( adult population ) in 2012 based on data from the United Nations and a life expectancy of 79.3 years . Immigration and emigration Racial groups Year Population White Mixed ( mainly biracial white European and black African ) Black Asian Other 2000 3,808,610 80.5 % ( 3 064 862 ) 11.0 % ( 418 426 ) 8.0 % ( 302 933 ) 0.2 % ( 7 960 ) 0.4 % ( 14 429 ) 3,725,789 75.8 % ( ' 2 824 148 ) 11.1 % ( ' 413 563 ) 12.4 % ( ' 461 998 ) 0.2 % ( ' 7 452 ) 0.6 % ( ' 22 355 ) Puerto Rico has recently become the permanent home of over 100,000 legal residents . The vast majority of recent immigrants , both legal and illegal , come from the Dominican Republic and Haiti . Other sources sending in significant numbers of recent immigrants include Cuba , Mexico , Colombia , Panama , Jamaica , Venezuela , Spain , and Nigeria . Also , there are many non-Puerto Rican U.S. citizens settling in Puerto Rico , from the mainland United States and the U.S. Virgin Islands , as well as Nuyoricans ( stateside Puerto Ricans ) coming back to Puerto Rico . Most recent immigrants settle in and around San Juan . Emigration is a major part of contemporary Puerto Rican history . Starting soon after World War II , poverty , cheap airfares , and promotion by the island government caused waves of Puerto Ricans to move to the United States , particularly to the Northeastern states , and Florida . This trend continued even as Puerto Rico 's economy improved and its birth rate declined . Puerto Ricans continue to follow a pattern of `` circular migration '' , with some migrants returning to the island . In recent years , the population has declined markedly , falling nearly 1 % in 2012 and an additional 1 % ( 36,000 people ) in 2013 due to a falling birthrate and emigration . According to the 2010 Census , the number of Puerto Ricans living in the United States outside of Puerto Rico far exceeds those living in Puerto Rico . Emigration exceeds immigration . As those who leave tend to be better educated than those that remain , this accentuates the drain on Puerto Rico 's economy . Based on the July 1 , 2016 estimate by the U.S. Census Bureau , the population of the Commonwealth had declined by 314,482 people since the 2010 Census data had been tabulated . Population distribution The most populous city is the capital , San Juan , with approximately 371,400 people based on a 2015 estimate by the Census Bureau . Other major cities include Bayamón , Carolina , Ponce , and Caguas . Of the ten most populous cities on the island , eight are located within what is considered San Juan 's metropolitan area , while the other two are located in the south ( Ponce ) and west ( Mayagüez ) of the island . Largest cities or towns in Puerto Rico 2010 Census Rank Name Metropolitan Statistical Area Pop . San Juan Bayamón San Juan San Juan - Caguas - Guaynabo 395,326 Carolina Ponce Bayamón San Juan - Caguas - Guaynabo 208,116 Carolina San Juan - Caguas - Guaynabo 176,762 Ponce Ponce 166,327 5 Caguas San Juan - Caguas - Guaynabo 142,893 6 Guaynabo San Juan - Caguas - Guaynabo 97,924 7 Arecibo San Juan - Caguas - Guaynabo 96,440 8 Toa Baja San Juan - Caguas - Guaynabo 89,609 9 Mayagüez Mayagüez 89,080 10 Trujillo Alto San Juan - Caguas - Guaynabo 74,842 Languages The official languages of the executive branch of government of Puerto Rico are Spanish and English , with Spanish being the primary language . Spanish is , and has been , the only official language of the entire Commonwealth judiciary system , despite a 1902 English - only language law . All official business of the U.S. District Court for the District of Puerto Rico is conducted in English . English is the primary language of less than 10 % of the population . Spanish is the dominant language of business , education and daily life on the island , spoken by nearly 95 % of the population . The U.S. Census Bureau 's 2015 update provides the following facts : 94.1 % of adults speak Spanish , 5.8 % speak only English , 78.3 % do not speak English `` very well '' . In Puerto Rico , public school instruction is conducted almost entirely in Spanish . There have been pilot programs in about a dozen of the over 1,400 public schools aimed at conducting instruction in English only . Objections from teaching staff are common , perhaps because many of them are not fully fluent in English . English is taught as a second language and is a compulsory subject from elementary levels to high school . The languages of the deaf community are American Sign Language and its local variant , Puerto Rican Sign Language . The Spanish of Puerto Rico has evolved into having many idiosyncrasies in vocabulary and syntax that differentiate it from the Spanish spoken elsewhere . As a product of Puerto Rican history , the island possesses a unique Spanish dialect . Puerto Rican Spanish utilizes many Taíno words , as well as English words . The largest influence on the Spanish spoken in Puerto Rico is that of the Canary Islands . The Spanish of Puerto Rico also includes Taíno words , typically in the context of vegetation , natural phenomena or primitive musical instruments . Similarly , words attributed to primarily West African languages were adopted in the contexts of foods , music or dances , particularly in coastal towns with concentrations of descendants of Sub-Saharan Africans . Religion Religious Affiliation ( 2014 ) Roman Catholic ( 56 % ) Protestant ( 33 % ) Other ( 3 % ) Irreligious ( 8 % ) The Roman Catholic Church was brought by Spanish colonists and gradually became the dominant religion in Puerto Rico . The first dioceses in the Americas , including that of Puerto Rico , were authorized by Pope Julius II in 1511 . One Pope , John Paul II , visited Puerto Rico in October 1984 . All municipalities in Puerto Rico have at least one Catholic Church , most of which are located at the town center or `` plaza '' . African slaves brought and maintained various ethnic African religious practices associated with different peoples ; in particular , the Yoruba beliefs of Santería and / or Ifá , and the Kongo - derived Palo Mayombe . Some aspects were absorbed into syncretic Christianity . Protestantism , which was suppressed under the Spanish Catholic regime , has slightly reemerged under United States rule , making contemporary Puerto Rico more interconfessional than in previous centuries , although Catholicism continues to be the dominant religion . The first Protestant church , Iglesia de la Santísima Trinidad , was established in Ponce by the Anglican Diocese of Antigua in 1872 . It was the first non-Roman Catholic Church in the entire Spanish Empire in the Americas . Pollster Pablo Ramos stated in 1998 that the population was 38 % Roman Catholic , 28 % Pentecostal , and 18 % were members of independent churches , which would give a Protestant percentage of 46 % if the last two populations are combined . Protestants collectively added up to almost two million people . Another researcher gave a more conservative assessment of the proportion of Protestants : Puerto Rico , by virtue of its long political association with the United States , is the most Protestant of Latin American countries , with a Protestant population of approximately 33 to 38 percent , the majority of whom are Pentecostal . David Stoll calculates that if we extrapolate the growth rates of evangelical churches from 1960 -- 1985 for another twenty - five years Puerto Rico will become 75 percent evangelical . ( Ana Adams : `` Brincando el Charco ... '' in Power , Politics and Pentecostals in Latin America , Edward Cleary , ed. , 1997 . p. 164 ) . The data provided for 2014 by Pew Research Center , is summarized in the chart to the right . An Associated Press article in March 2014 stated that `` more than 70 percent of whom identify themselves as Catholic '' but provided no source for this information . The CIA World Factbook reports that 85 % of the population of Puerto Rico identifies as Roman Catholic , while 15 % identify as Protestant and Other . Neither a date or a source for that information is provided and may not be recent . A 2013 Pew Research survey found that only about 45 % of Puerto Rican adults identified themselves as Catholic , 29 % as Protestant and 20 % as unaffiliated with a religion . The people surveyed by Pew consisted of Puerto Ricans living in the 50 states and DC and may not be indicative of those living in the Commonwealth . By 2014 , a Pew Research report , with the sub-title Widespread Change in a Historically Catholic Region , indicated that only 56 % of Puerto Ricans were Catholic and that 33 % were Protestant ; this survey was completed between October 2013 and February 2014 . An Eastern Orthodox community , the Dormition of the Most Holy Theotokos / St. Spyridon 's Church is located in Trujillo Alto , and serves the small Orthodox community . This affiliation accounted for under 1 % of the population in 2010 according to the Pew Research report . In 1940 , Juanita García Peraza founded the Mita Congregation , the first religion of Puerto Rican origin . Taíno religious practices have been rediscovered / reinvented to a degree by a handful of advocates . Similarly , some aspects of African religious traditions have been kept by some adherents . In 1952 , a handful of American Jews established the island 's first synagogue ; this religion accounts for under 1 % of the population in 2010 according to the Pew Research report . The synagogue , called Sha'are Zedeck , hired its first rabbi in 1954 . Puerto Rico has the largest Jewish community in the Caribbean , numbering 3000 people ( date not stated ) , and is the only Caribbean island in which the Conservative , Reform and Orthodox Jewish movements all are represented . In 2007 , there were about 5,000 Muslims in Puerto Rico , representing about 0.13 % of the population . Eight mosques are located throughout the island , with most Muslims living in Río Piedras and Caguas , most of these Muslims are of Palestinian and Jordanian descent . In 2015 , the 25,832 Jehovah 's Witnesses represented about 0.70 % of the population , with 324 congregations . The Padmasambhava Buddhist Center , whose followers practice Tibetan Buddhism , has a branch in Puerto Rico . Roman Catholic Cathedral of San Juan Bautista . Anglican Iglesia Santísima Trinidad in Ponce Islamic Center at Ponce Inside Sha'are Zedeck in San Juan Government Main articles : Government of Puerto Rico and Politics of Puerto Rico Puerto Rico has 8 senatorial districts , 40 representative districts and 78 municipalities . It has a republican form of government with separation of powers subject to the jurisdiction and sovereignty of the United States . Its current powers are all delegated by the United States Congress and lack full protection under the United States Constitution . Puerto Rico 's head of state is the President of the United States . The government of Puerto Rico , based on the formal republican system , is composed of three branches : the executive , legislative , and judicial branch . The executive branch is headed by the governor , currently Ricky Rosselló . The legislative branch consists of a bicameral legislature called the Legislative Assembly , made up of a Senate as its upper chamber and a House of Representatives as its lower chamber . The Senate is headed by the President of the Senate , currently Thomas Rivera Schatz , while the House of Representatives is headed by the Speaker of the House , currently Johnny Méndez . The governor and legislators are elected by popular vote every four years with the last election held in November 2016 . The judicial branch is headed by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico , currently Maite Oronoz Rodríguez . Members of the judicial branch are appointed by the governor with the advice and consent of the Senate . Puerto Rico is represented in the United States Congress by a nonvoting delegate , the Resident Commissioner , currently Jenniffer González . Current congressional rules have removed the Commissioner 's power to vote in the Committee of the Whole , but the Commissioner can vote in committee . Puerto Rican elections are governed by the Federal Election Commission and the State Elections Commission of Puerto Rico . While residing in Puerto Rico , Puerto Ricans can not vote in U.S. presidential elections , but they can vote in primaries . Puerto Ricans who become residents of a U.S. state can vote in presidential elections . Puerto Rico hosts consulates from 41 countries , mainly from the Americas and Europe , with most located in San Juan . As an unincorporated territory of the United States , Puerto Rico does not have any first - order administrative divisions as defined by the U.S. government , but has 78 municipalities at the second level . Mona Island is not a municipality , but part of the municipality of Mayagüez . Municipalities are subdivided into wards or barrios , and those into sectors . Each municipality has a mayor and a municipal legislature elected for a four - year term . The municipality of San Juan ( previously called `` town '' ) , was founded first , in 1521 , San Germán in 1570 , Coamo in 1579 , Arecibo in 1614 , Aguada in 1692 and Ponce in 1692 . An increase of settlement saw the founding of 30 municipalities in the 18th century and 34 in the 19th . Six were founded in the 20th century ; the last was Florida in 1971 . Political parties and elections Main article : Political party strength in Puerto Rico The difference between the incumbent party , the PPD , and its opponent , the PNP , was a mere 0.6 % in the last election . This difference is common as the political landscape experiences political cycles between both parties , with the PPD ruling all branches of government for 36 of the past 64 years . The PNP , on the other hand , has ruled both the executive and legislative branch concurrently for 16 years . The other 12 years experienced a divided government . Since 1952 , Puerto Rico has had three main political parties : the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD in Spanish ) , the New Progressive Party ( PNP in Spanish ) and the Puerto Rican Independence Party ( PIP ) . The three parties stand for different political status . The PPD , for example , seeks to maintain the island 's status with the U.S. as a commonwealth , while the PNP , on the other hand , seeks to make Puerto Rico a state of the United States . The PIP , in contrast , seeks a complete separation from the United States by seeking to make Puerto Rico a sovereign nation . In terms of party strength , the PPD and PNP usually hold about 47 % of the vote each while the PIP holds only about 5 % . After 2007 , other parties emerged on the island . The first , the Puerto Ricans for Puerto Rico Party ( PPR in Spanish ) was registered that same year . The party claims that it seeks to address the islands ' problems from a status - neutral platform . But it ceased to remain as a registered party when it failed to obtain the required number of votes in the 2008 general election . Four years later , the 2012 election saw the emergence of the Movimiento Unión Soberanista ( MUS ; English : Sovereign Union Movement ) and the Partido del Pueblo Trabajador ( PPT ; English : Working People 's Party ) but none obtained more than 1 % of the vote . Other non-registered parties include the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party , the Socialist Workers Movement , and the Hostosian National Independence Movement . Law Main articles : Constitution of Puerto Rico and Law of Puerto Rico The insular legal system is a blend of civil law and the common law systems . Puerto Rico is the only current U.S. possession whose legal system operates primarily in a language other than American English : namely , Spanish . Because the U.S. federal government operates primarily in English , all Puerto Rican attorneys must be bilingual in order to litigate in English in U.S. federal courts , and litigate federal preemption issues in Puerto Rican courts . Title 48 of the United States Code outlines the role of the United States Code to United States territories and insular areas such as Puerto Rico . After the U.S. government assumed control of Puerto Rico in 1901 , it initiated legal reforms resulting in the adoption of codes of criminal law , criminal procedure , and civil procedure modeled after those then in effect in California . Although Puerto Rico has since followed the federal example of transferring criminal and civil procedure from statutory law to rules promulgated by the judiciary , several portions of its criminal law still reflect the influence of the California Penal Code . The judicial branch is headed by the Chief Justice of the Puerto Rico Supreme Court , which is the only appellate court required by the Constitution . All other courts are created by the Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico . There is also a Federal District Court for Puerto Rico . Someone accused of a criminal act at the federal level may not be accused for the same act in a Commonwealth court , unlike a state court , since Puerto Rico as a territory lacks sovereignty separate from Congress as a state does . Such a parallel accusation would constitute double jeopardy . Political status Main articles : Political status of Puerto Rico and Proposed political status for Puerto Rico The nature of Puerto Rico 's political relationship with the U.S. is the subject of ongoing debate in Puerto Rico , the United States Congress , and the United Nations . Specifically , the basic question is whether Puerto Rico should remain a U.S. territory , become a U.S. state , or become an independent country . Within the United States The Capitol of Puerto Rico , home of the Legislative Assembly in Puerto Rico Constitutionally , Puerto Rico is subject to the plenary powers of the United States Congress under the territorial clause of Article IV of the U.S. Constitution . Laws enacted at the federal level in the United States apply to Puerto Rico as well , regardless of its political status . Their residents do not have voting representation in the U.S. Congress . Like the different states of the United States , Puerto Rico lacks `` the full sovereignty of an independent nation '' , for example , the power to manage its `` external relations with other nations '' , which is held by the U.S. federal government . The Supreme Court of the United States has indicated that once the U.S. Constitution has been extended to an area ( by Congress or the courts ) , its coverage is irrevocable . To hold that the political branches may switch the Constitution on or off at will would lead to a regime in which they , not this Court , say `` what the law is '' . Puerto Ricans `` were collectively made U.S. citizens '' in 1917 as a result of the Jones - Shafroth Act . U.S. citizens residing in Puerto Rico can not vote for the U.S. president , though both major parties , Republican and Democratic , run primary elections in Puerto Rico to send delegates to vote on a presidential candidate . Since Puerto Rico is an unincorporated territory ( see above ) and not a U.S. state , the United States Constitution does not fully enfranchise U.S. citizens residing in Puerto Rico . Only fundamental rights under the American federal constitution and adjudications are applied to Puerto Ricans . Various other U.S Supreme Court decisions have held which rights apply in Puerto Rico and which ones do not . Puerto Ricans have a long history of service in the U.S. Armed Forces and , since 1917 , they have been included in the U.S. compulsory draft whensoever it has been in effect . Though the Commonwealth government has its own tax laws , Puerto Ricans are also required to pay many kinds of U.S. federal taxes , not including the federal personal income tax for Puerto Rico - sourced income , but only under certain circumstances . In 2009 , Puerto Rico paid $3.742 billion into the U.S. Treasury . Residents of Puerto Rico pay into Social Security , and are thus eligible for Social Security benefits upon retirement . They are excluded from the Supplemental Security Income ( SSI ) , and the island actually receives a smaller fraction of the Medicaid funding it would receive if it were a U.S. state . Also , Medicare providers receive less - than - full state - like reimbursements for services rendered to beneficiaries in Puerto Rico , even though the latter paid fully into the system . While a state may try an individual for the same crime he / she was tried in federal court , this is not the case in Puerto Rico . Being a U.S. territory , Puerto Rico 's authority to enact a criminal code derives from Congress and not from local sovereignty as with the states . Thus , such a parallel accusation would constitute double jeopardy and is constitutionally impermissible . In 1992 , President George H.W. Bush issued a memorandum to heads of executive departments and agencies establishing the current administrative relationship between the federal government and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico . This memorandum directs all federal departments , agencies , and officials to treat Puerto Rico administratively as if it were a state , insofar as doing so would not disrupt federal programs or operations . Many federal executive branch agencies have significant presence in Puerto Rico , just as in any state , including the Federal Bureau of Investigation , Federal Emergency Management Agency , Transportation Security Administration , Social Security Administration , and others . While Puerto Rico has its own Commonwealth judicial system similar to that of a U.S. state , there is also a U.S federal district court in Puerto Rico , and Puerto Ricans have served as judges in that Court and in other federal courts on the U.S. mainland regardless of their residency status at the time of their appointment . Sonia Sotomayor , a New Yorker of Puerto Rican descent , serves as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States . Puerto Ricans have also been frequently appointed to high - level federal positions , including serving as United States Ambassadors to other nations . Foreign and intergovernmental relations Main article : Foreign and intergovernmental relations of Puerto Rico Puerto Rico is subject to the Commerce and Territorial Clause of the Constitution of the United States and , therefore , is restricted on how it can engage with other nations , sharing the opportunities and limitations that state governments have albeit not being one . As is the case with state governments , regardless , it has established several trade agreements with other nations , particularly with Hispanic American countries such as Colombia and Panamá . It has also established trade promotion offices in many foreign countries , all Spanish - speaking , and within the United States itself , which now include Spain , the Dominican Republic , Panama , Colombia , Washington , D.C. , New York City and Florida , and has included in the past offices in Chile , Costa Rica , and Mexico . Such agreements require permission from the U.S. Department of State ; most , are simply allowed by existing laws or trade treaties between the United States and other nations which supersede trade agreements pursued by Puerto Rico and different U.S. states . At the local level , Puerto Rico established by law that the international relations which states and territories are allowed to engage must be handled by the Department of State of Puerto Rico , an executive department , headed by the Secretary of State of Puerto Rico , who also serves as the territory 's lieutenant governor . It is also charged to liaise with general consuls and honorary consuls based in Puerto Rico . The Puerto Rico Federal Affairs Administration , along with the Office of the Resident Commissioner , manage all its intergovernmental affairs before entities of or in the United States ( including the federal government of the United States , local and state governments of the United States , and public or private entities in the United States ) . Both entities frequently assist the Department of State of Puerto Rico in engaging with Washington , D.C. - based ambassadors and federal agencies that handle Puerto Rico 's foreign affairs , such as the U.S. Department of State , the Agency for International Development , and others . The current Secretary of State is Víctor Suárez Meléndez from the Popular Democratic Party and member of the Democratic Party of the United States , while the current Director of the Puerto Rico Federal Affairs Administration is Juan Eugenio Hernández Mayoral also from the Popular Democratic and member of the Democratic Party . The Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico , the delegate elected by Puerto Ricans to represent them before the federal government , including the U.S. Congress , sits in the United States House of Representatives , serves and votes on congressional committees , and functions in every respect as a legislator except being denied a vote on the final disposition of legislation on the House floor , also engages in foreign affairs to the same extent as other members of Congress . The current Resident Commissioner is Pedro Pierluisi from the New Progressive Party and member of the Democratic Party of the United States . Many Puerto Ricans have served as United States ambassadors to different nations and international organizations , such as the Organization of American States , mostly but not exclusively in Latin America . For example , Maricarmen Aponte , a Puerto Rican and now an Acting Assistant Secretary of State , previously served as U.S. ambassador to El Salvador . Military Main article : Military of Puerto Rico As it is a territory of the United States of America , the defense of Puerto Rico is provided by the United States as part of the Treaty of Paris with the President of the United States as its commander - in - chief . Puerto Rico has its own Puerto Rico National Guard , and its own state defense force , the Puerto Rico State Guard , which by local law is under the authority of the Puerto Rico National Guard . The commander - in - chief of both local forces is the governor of Puerto Rico who delegates his authority to the Puerto Rico Adjutant General , currently Colonel Marta Carcana . The Adjutant General , in turn , delegates the authority over the State Guard to another officer but retains the authority over the Puerto Rico National Guard as a whole . U.S. military installations in Puerto Rico ( including the United States Virgin Islands ) throughout the 20th century U.S. military installations in Puerto Rico were part of the U.S. Atlantic Command ( LANTCOM after 1993 USACOM ) , which had authority over all U.S. military operations that took place throughout the Atlantic . Puerto Rico had been seen as crucial in supporting LANTCOM 's mission until 1999 , when U.S. Atlantic Command was renamed and given a new mission as United States Joint Forces Command . Puerto Rico is currently under the responsibility of United States Northern Command . Both the Naval Forces Caribbean ( NFC ) and the Fleet Air Caribbean ( FAIR ) were formerly based at the Roosevelt Roads Naval Station . The NFC had authority over all U.S. Naval activity in the waters of the Caribbean while FAIR had authority over all U.S. military flights and air operations over the Caribbean . With the closing of the Roosevelt Roads and Vieques Island training facilities , the U.S. Navy has basically exited from Puerto Rico , except for the ships that steam by , and the only significant military presence in the island is the U.S. Army at Ft Buchanan , the Puerto Rican Army and Air National Guards , and the U.S. Coast Guard . Protests over the noise of bombing practice forced the closure of the naval base . This resulted in a loss of 6,000 jobs and an annual decrease in local income of $300 million . A branch of the U.S. Army National Guard is stationed in Puerto Rico -- known as the Puerto Rico Army National Guard -- which performs missions equivalent to those of the Army National Guards of the different states of the United States , including ground defense , disaster relief , and control of civil unrest . The local National Guard also incorporates a branch of the U.S. Air National Guard -- known as the Puerto Rico Air National Guard -- which performs missions equivalent to those of the Air National Guards of each one of the U.S. states . Ohio - class ballistic missile submarine USS Maryland , Roosevelt Roads Naval Station , 1997 At different times in the 20th century , the U.S. had about 25 military or naval installations in Puerto Rico , some very small ones , as well as large installations . The largest of these installations were the former Roosevelt Roads Naval Station in Ceiba , the Atlantic Fleet Weapons Training Facility ( AFWTF ) on Vieques , the National Guard training facility at Camp Santiago in Salinas , Fort Allen in Juana Diaz , the Army 's Fort Buchanan in San Juan , the former U.S. Air Force Ramey Air Force Base in Aguadilla , and the Puerto Rico Air National Guard at Muñiz Air Force base in San Juan . The former U.S. Navy facilities at Roosevelt Roads , Vieques , and Sabana Seca have been deactivated and partially turned over to the local government . Other than U.S. Coast Guard and Puerto Rico National Guard facilities , there are only two remaining military installations in Puerto Rico : the U.S. Army 's small Ft. Buchanan ( supporting local veterans and reserve units ) and the PRANG ( Puerto Rico Air National Guard ) Muñiz Air Base ( the C - 130 Fleet ) . In recent years , the U.S. Congress has considered their deactivations , but these have been opposed by diverse public and private entities in Puerto Rico -- such as retired military who rely on Ft. Buchanan for the services available there . Puerto Ricans have participated in many of the military conflicts in which the United States has been involved . For example , they participated in the American Revolution , when volunteers from Puerto Rico , Cuba , and Mexico fought the British in 1779 under the command of General Bernardo de Gálvez ( 1746 -- 1786 ) , and have continued to participate up to the present - day conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan . A significant number of Puerto Ricans participate as members and work for the U.S. Armed Services , largely as National Guard members and civilian employees . The size of the overall military - related community in Puerto Rico is estimated to be 100,000 individuals . This includes retired personnel . Fort Buchanan has about 4,000 military and civilian personnel . In addition , approximately 17,000 people are members of the Puerto Rico Army and Air National Guards , or the U.S. Reserve forces . Puerto Rican soldiers have served in every U.S. military conflict from World War I to the current military engagement known by the United States and its allies as the War against Terrorism . The 65th Infantry Regiment , nicknamed `` The Borinqueneers '' from the original Taíno name of the island ( Borinquen ) , is a Puerto Rican regiment of the United States Army . The regiment 's motto is Honor et Fidelitas , Latin for Honor and Fidelity . The 65th Infantry Regiment participated in World War I , World War II , the Korean War , and the War on Terror and in 2014 was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal , presented by President Barack Obama , for its heroism during the Korean War . Administrative divisions Main article : Municipalities of Puerto Rico There are no counties , as there are in the 50 United States . There are 78 municipalities . Municipalities are subdivided into barrios , and those into sectors . Each municipality has a mayor and a municipal legislature elected to four - year terms . A map of Puerto Rico showing its municipalities Economy Main articles : Economy of Puerto Rico and Puerto Rico government - debt crisis Puerto Rico 's gross domestic product ( GDP ) by economic sector The economy of Puerto Rico is classified as a high income economy by the World Bank and as the most competitive economy in Latin America by the World Economic Forum but Puerto Rico currently has a public debt of $72.204 billion ( equivalent to 103 % of GNP ) , and a government deficit of $2.5 billion . According to World Bank , gross national income per capita of Puerto Rico in 2013 is $23,830 ( PPP , International Dollars ) , ranked as 63rd among all sovereign and dependent territories entities in the world . Its economy is mainly driven by manufacturing ( primarily pharmaceuticals , textiles , petrochemicals and electronics ) followed by the service industry ( primarily finance , insurance , real estate and tourism ) . In recent years , the territory has also become a popular destination for MICE ( meetings , incentives , conferencing , exhibitions ) , with a modern convention centre district overlooking the Port of San Juan . The geography of Puerto Rico and its political status are both determining factors on its economic prosperity , primarily due to its relatively small size as an island ; its lack of natural resources used to produce raw materials , and , consequently , its dependence on imports ; as well as its territorial status with the United States , which controls its foreign policy while exerting trading restrictions , particularly in its shipping industry . Puerto Rico experienced a recession from 2006 to 2011 , interrupted by 4 quarters of economic growth , and entered into recession again in 2013 , following growing fiscal imbalance and the expiration of the IRS Section 936 corporate incentives that the U.S. Internal Revenue Code had applied to Puerto Rico . This IRS section was critical to the economy , as it established tax exemptions for U.S. corporations that settled in Puerto Rico , and allowed their insular subsidiaries to send their earnings to the parent corporation at any time , without paying federal tax on corporate income . Puerto Rico has surprisingly been able to maintain a relatively low inflation in the past decade while maintaining a purchasing power parity per capita higher than 80 % of the rest of the world . Academically , most of Puerto Rico 's economic woes stem from federal regulations that expired , have been repealed , or no longer apply to Puerto Rico ; its inability to become self - sufficient and self - sustainable throughout history ; its highly politicized public policy which tends to change whenever a political party gains power ; as well as its highly inefficient local government which has accrued a public debt equal to 68 % of its gross domestic product throughout time . In comparison to the different states of the United States , Puerto Rico is poorer than Mississippi ( the poorest state of the U.S. ) with 41 % of its population below the poverty line . When compared to Latin America , Puerto Rico has the highest GDP per capita in the region . Its main trading partners are the United States itself , Ireland , and Japan , with most products coming from East Asia , mainly from China , Hong Kong , and Taiwan . At a global scale , Puerto Rico 's dependency on oil for transportation and electricity generation , as well as its dependency on food imports and raw materials , makes Puerto Rico volatile and highly reactive to changes in the world economy and climate . Puerto Rico 's agricultural sector represents less than 1 % of GNP . Heavy debt load In early 2017 , the Puerto Rican government - debt crisis posed serious problems for the government which was saddled with outstanding bond debt that had climbed to $70 billion at a time with a 45 percent poverty rate and 12.4 % unemployment that is more than twice the mainland U.S. average . The debt had been increasing during a decade long recession . The Commonwealth had been defaulting on many debts , including bonds , since 2015 . With debt payments due , the Governor was facing the risk of a government shutdown and failure to fund the managed health care system . `` Without action before April , Puerto Rico 's ability to execute contracts for Fiscal Year 2018 with its managed care organizations will be threatened , thereby putting at risk beginning July 1 , 2017 the health care of up to 900,000 poor U.S. citizens living in Puerto Rico '' , according to a letter sent to Congress by the Secretary of the Treasury and the Secretary of Health and Human Services . They also said that `` Congress must enact measures recommended by both Republicans and Democrats that fix Puerto Rico 's inequitable health care financing structure and promote sustained economic growth . '' Initially , the oversight board created under PROMESA called for Puerto Rico 's governor Ricardo Rosselló to deliver a fiscal turnaround plan by January 28 . Just before that deadline , the control board gave the Commonwealth government until February 28 to present a fiscal plan ( including negotiations with creditors for restructuring debt ) to solve the problems . A moratorium on lawsuits by debtors was extended to May 31 . It is essential for Puerto Rico to reach restructuring deals to avoid a bankruptcy - like process under PROMESA . An internal survey conducted by the Puerto Rican Economists Association revealed that the majority of Puerto Rican economists reject the policy recommendations of the Board and the Rosselló government , with more than 80 % of economists arguing in favor of auditing the debt . In early August 2017 , the island 's financial oversight board ( created by PROMESA ) planned to institute two days off without pay per month for government employees , down from the original plan of four days per month ; the latter had been expected to achieve $218 million in savings . Governor Rossello rejected this plan as unjustified and unnecessary . Pension reforms were also discussed including a proposal for a 10 % reduction in benefits to begin addressing the $50 billion in unfunded pension liabilities . Public finances Main articles : Puerto Rico government - debt crisis , Budget of the Government of Puerto Rico , and public debt of Puerto Rico Puerto Rico has an operating budget of about U.S. $9.8 billion with expenses at about $10.4 billion ; creating a structural deficit of $775 million ( about 7.9 % of the budget ) . The practice of approving budgets with a structural deficit has been done for 17 consecutive years starting in 2000 . Throughout those years , including present time , all budgets contemplated issuing bonds to cover said projected deficits rather than make proper adjustments . This practice eroded Puerto Rico 's treasury as the government had already been issuing bonds to balance its actual budget for four decades since 1973 . The 2012 Budget of the Government of Puerto Rico Projected deficits added substantial burdens to an already indebted nation which accrued a public debt of $71 B or about 70 % of Puerto Rico 's gross domestic product . This sparked an ongoing government - debt crisis after Puerto Rico 's general obligation bonds were downgraded to speculative non-investment grade ( `` junk status '' ) by three credit rating agencies . In terms of financial control , almost 9.6 % -- or about $1.5 billion -- of Puerto Rico 's central government budget expenses for FY2014 is expected to be spent on debt service . Harsher budget cuts are expected as Puerto Rico must now repay larger chunks of debts in the following years . For practical reasons the budget is divided into two aspects : a `` general budget '' which comprises the assignments funded exclusively by the Department of Treasury of Puerto Rico , and the `` consolidated budget '' which comprises the assignments funded by the general budget , by Puerto Rico 's government - owned corporations , by revenue expected from loans , by the sale of government bonds , by subsidies extended by the federal government of the United States , and by other funds . Both budgets contrast each other drastically , with the consolidated budget being usually thrice the size of the general budget ; currently $29 B and $9.0 B respectively . Almost one out of every four dollars in the consolidated budget comes from U.S. federal subsidies while government - owned corporations compose more than 31 % of the consolidated budget . The critical aspects come from the sale of bonds , which comprise 7 % of the consolidated budget ; a ratio that increased annually due to the government 's inability to prepare a balanced budget in addition to being incapable of generating enough income to cover all its expenses . In particular , the government - owned corporations add a heavy burden to the overall budget and public debt as not a single one is self - sufficient , all of them carrying extremely inefficient operations . For example , in FY2011 the government - owned corporations reported aggregated losses of more than $1.3 B with the Puerto Rico Highways and Transportation Authority ( PRHTA ) reporting losses of $409 M , the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority ( PREPA ; the government monopoly that controls all electricity on the island ) reporting losses of $272 M , while the Puerto Rico Aqueducts and Sewers Authority ( PRASA ; the government monopoly that controls all water utilities on the island ) reported losses of $112 M . Losses by government - owned corporations have been defrayed through the issuance of bonds compounding more than 40 % of Puerto Rico 's entire public debt today . Holistically , from FY2000 -- FY2010 Puerto Rico 's debt grew at a compound annual growth rate ( CAGR ) of 9 % while GDP remained stagnant . This has not always provided a long - term solution . In early July 2017 for example , the PREPA power authority was effectively bankrupt after defaulting in a plan to restructure $9 billion in bond debt ; the agency planned to seek Court protection . In terms of protocol , the governor , together with the Puerto Rico Office of Management and Budget ( OGP in Spanish ) , formulates the budget he believes is required to operate all government branches for the ensuing fiscal year . He then submits this formulation as a budget request to the Puerto Rican legislature before July 1 , the date established by law as the beginning of Puerto Rico 's fiscal year . While the constitution establishes that the request must be submitted `` at the beginning of each regular session '' , the request is typically submitted during the first week of May as the regular sessions of the legislature begin in January and it would be unpractical to submit a request so far ahead . Once submitted the budget is then approved by the legislature , typically with amendments , through a joint resolution and referred back to the governor for his approval . The governor then either approves it or vetoes it . If vetoed the legislature can then either refer it back with amendments for the governor 's approval , or approve it without the governor 's consent by two - thirds of the bodies of each chamber . Once approved the Department of Treasury disburses funds to the Office of Management and Budget which in turn disburses the funds to the respective agencies , all while the Puerto Rico Government Development Bank ( the government 's intergovernmental bank ) manages all related banking affairs including those related to the government - owned corporations . Cost of living A map of Jones Act carrier routes for Puerto Rico The cost of living in Puerto Rico is high and has increased over the past decade . San Juan 's in particular is higher than Atlanta , Dallas , and Seattle but lower than Boston , Chicago , and New York City . One factor is housing prices which are comparable to Miami and Los Angeles , although property taxes are considerably lower than most places in the United States . Statistics used for cost of living sometimes do not take into account certain costs , such as the high cost of electricity , which has hovered in the 24 ¢ to 30 ¢ range per kilowatt / hour , two to three times the national average , increased travel costs for longer flights , additional shipping fees , and the loss of promotional participation opportunities for customers `` outside the continental United States '' . While some online stores do offer free shipping on orders to Puerto Rico , many merchants exclude Hawaii , Alaska , Puerto Rico and other United States territories . The household median income is stated as $19,350 and the mean income as $30,463 in the U.S. Census Bureau 's 2015 update . The report also indicates that 45.5 % of individuals are below the poverty level . The median home value in Puerto Rico ranges from U.S. $100,000 to U.S. $214,000 , while the national median home value sits at $119,600 . One of the most cited contributors to the high cost of living in Puerto Rico is the Merchant Marine Act of 1920 , also known as the Jones Act , which prevents foreign - flagged ships from carrying cargo between two American ports , a practice known as cabotage . Because of the Jones Act , foreign ships inbound with goods from Central and South America , Western Europe , and Africa can not stop in Puerto Rico , offload Puerto Rico - bound goods , load mainland - bound Puerto Rico - manufactured goods , and continue to U.S. ports . Instead , they must proceed directly to U.S. ports , where distributors break bulk and send Puerto Rico - bound manufactured goods to Puerto Rico across the ocean by U.S. - flagged ships . The local government of Puerto Rico has requested several times to the U.S. Congress to exclude Puerto Rico from the Jones Act restrictions without success . The most recent measure has been taken by the 17th Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico through R. Conc . del S. 21 . These measures have always received support from all the major local political parties . In 2013 the Government Accountability Office published a report which concluded that `` repealing or amending the Jones Act cabotage law might cut Puerto Rico shipping costs '' and that `` shippers believed that opening the trade to non-U.S. - flag competition could lower costs '' . However , the same GAO report also found that `` ( shippers ) doing business in Puerto Rico that GAO contacted reported that the freight rates are often -- although not always -- lower for foreign carriers going to and from Puerto Rico and foreign locations than the rates shippers pay to ship similar cargo to and from the United States , despite longer distances . Data were not available to allow us to validate the examples given or verify the extent to which this difference occurred . '' Ultimately , the report concluded that `` ( the ) effects of modifying the application of the Jones Act for Puerto Rico are highly uncertain '' for both Puerto Rico and the United States , particularly for the U.S. shipping industry and the military preparedness of the United States . Education Main article : Education in Puerto Rico The first school in Puerto Rico was the Escuela de Gramática ( Grammar School ) . It was established by Bishop Alonso Manso in 1513 , in the area where the Cathedral of San Juan was to be constructed . The school was free of charge and the courses taught were Latin language , literature , history , science , art , philosophy and theology . Education in Puerto Rico is divided in three levels -- Primary ( elementary school grades 1 -- 6 ) , Secondary ( intermediate and high school grades 7 -- 12 ) , and Higher Level ( undergraduate and graduate studies ) . As of 2002 , the literacy rate of the Puerto Rican population was 94.1 % ; by gender , it was 93.9 % for males and 94.4 % for females . According to the 2000 Census , 60.0 % of the population attained a high school degree or higher level of education , and 18.3 % has a bachelor 's degree or higher . Instruction at the primary school level is compulsory between the ages of 5 and 18 . As of 2010 , there are 1539 public schools and 806 private schools . The largest and oldest university system is the public University of Puerto Rico ( UPR ) with 11 campuses . The largest private university systems on the island are the Sistema Universitario Ana G. Mendez which operates the Universidad del Turabo , Metropolitan University and Universidad del Este . Other private universities include the multi-campus Inter American University , the Pontifical Catholic University , Universidad Politécnica de Puerto Rico , and the Universidad del Sagrado Corazón . Puerto Rico has four schools of Medicine and three ABA - approved Law Schools . Public health and safety As of 2015 medical care in Puerto Rico had been heavily impacted by emigration of doctors to the mainland and underfunding of the Medicare and Medicaid programs which serve 60 % of the island 's population . Affordable medical insurance under the Affordable Care Act is not available in Puerto Rico as , since Puerto Ricans pay no income tax , no subsidies are available . The city of San Juan has a system of triage , hospital , and preventive care health services . The municipal government sponsors regular health fairs in different areas of the city focusing on health care for the elderly and the disabled . In 2017 , there were 69 hospitals in Puerto Rico . There are twenty hospitals in San Juan , half of which are operated by the government . The largest hospital is the Centro Médico de Río Piedras ( the Río Piedras Medical Center ) . Founded in 1956 , it is operated by the Medical Services Administration of the Department of Health of Puerto Rico , and is actually a network of eight hospitals : San Juan Municipal Hospital : This hospital is operated by the San Juan municipal government . Industrial Hospital : This is the hospital for Puerto Rico government employees , whether municipal or Commonwealth government employees . Normally , injured police officers and firefighters are cared for here . San Juan Pediatric Hospital -- Also operated by the San Juan municipal government . Pediatric Hospital : Operated by the government of the Commonwealth , this is the main trauma hospital for pediatric cases . Centro Medico Emergency Room : This is the main hospital for trauma cases for Puerto Rico and the Caribbean . Centro Cardiovascular del Caribe ( Caribbean Cardiovascular Center ) : This is the main hospital for open heart surgery in the Caribbean . It features a hotel for the patients ' families . Psychiatric Hospital : The main psychiatric hospital in Puerto Rico . Operated by the government of Puerto Rico . Psychiatric Correctional Hospital : It is both a hospital and correctional facility . It is operated jointly by the Puerto Rico Department of Corrections and the Medical Services Administration . The city of San Juan operates nine other hospitals . Of these , eight are Diagnostic and Treatment Centers located in communities throughout San Juan . These nine hospitals are : La Perla Puerta de Tierra Llorens Torres Puerto Nuevo San José Río Piedras Sabana Llana Hoare Santurce Parada 19 There are also ten private hospitals in San Juan . These are : Hospital Metropilitano Hospital Auxilio Mutuo Hospital Auxilio Mutuo Expreso Hospital de Veteranos : The main Veterans hospital in the Caribbean . Operated by the U.S. Veteran Healthcare System . Ashford Presbyterian Hospital Hospital Pavia Hato Rey Hospital Pavia Santurce San Jorge Children 's Hospital : The most well known children 's hospital in the San Juan Metropolitan Area . Hospital San Gerardo : Located at the Cupey neighborhood , is a small hospital but is also specialized in psychiatry and elderly . Hospital del Maestro ( Teachers Hospital ) : Located in Hato Rey , this hospital is operated by the Puerto Rico Teachers Association . The city of Ponce is served by several clinics and hospitals . There are four comprehensive care hospitals : Hospital Dr. Pila , Hospital San Cristobal , Hospital San Lucas , and Hospital de Damas . In addition , Hospital Oncológico Andrés Grillasca specializes in the treatment of cancer , and Hospital Siquiátrico specializes in mental disorders . There is also a U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Outpatient Clinic that provides health services to U.S. veterans . The U.S. Veterans Administration will build a new hospital in the city to satisfy regional needs . Hospital de Damas is listed in the U.S. News & World Report as one of the best hospitals under the U.S. flag . Ponce has the highest concentration of medical infrastructure per inhabitant of any municipality in Puerto Rico . On the island of Culebra , there is a small hospital in the island called Hospital de Culebra . It also offers pharmacy services to residents and visitors . For emergencies , patients are transported by plane to Fajardo on the main island . The town of Caguas has three hospitals : Hospital Hima San Pablo , Menonita Caguas Regional Hospital , and the San Juan Bautista Medical Center . The town of Cayey is served by the Hospital Menonita de Cayey , and the Hospital Municipal de Cayey . Reforma de Salud de Puerto Rico ( Puerto Rico Health Reform ) -- locally referred to as La Reforma ( The Reform ) -- is a government - run program which provides medical and health care services to the indigent and impoverished , by means of contracting private health insurance companies , rather than employing government - owned hospitals and emergency centers . The Reform is administered by the Puerto Rico Health Insurance Administration . Crime The overall rate of crime is low in Puerto Rico . The territory has a high firearm homicide rate . The homicide rate of 19.2 per 100,000 inhabitants was significantly higher than any U.S. state in 2014 . Most homicide victims are gang members and drug traffickers with about 80 % of homicides in Puerto Rico being drug related . Culture Main article : Culture of Puerto Rico Modern Puerto Rican culture is a unique mix of cultural antecedents : including people European ( predominantly Spanish , Italian , French , German and Irish ) , African , and , more recently , some North American and lots of South Americans . A large number of Cubans and Dominican have relocated to the island in the past few decades . From the Spanish , Puerto Rico received the Spanish language , the Catholic religion and the vast majority of their cultural and moral values and traditions . The United States added English - language influence , the university system and the adoption of some holidays and practices . On March 12 , 1903 , the University of Puerto Rico was officially founded , branching out from the `` Escuela Normal Industrial '' , a smaller organization that was founded in Fajardo three years before . Much of Puerto Rican culture centers on the influence of music and has been shaped by other cultures combining with local and traditional rhythms . Early in the history of Puerto Rican music , the influences of Spanish and African traditions were most noticeable . The cultural movements across the Caribbean and North America have played a vital role in the more recent musical influences which have reached Puerto Rico . The official symbols of Puerto Rico are the reinita mora or Puerto Rican spindalis ( a type of bird ) , the flor de maga ( a type of flower ) , and the ceiba or kapok ( a type of tree ) . The unofficial animal and a symbol of Puerto Rican pride is the coquí , a small frog . Other popular symbols of Puerto Rico are the jíbaro ( the `` countryman '' ) , and the carite . Architecture Main article : Architecture of Puerto Rico The architecture of Puerto Rico demonstrates a broad variety of traditions , styles and national influences accumulated over four centuries of Spanish rule , and a century of American rule . Spanish colonial architecture , Ibero - Islamic , art deco , post-modern , and many other architectural forms are visible throughout the island . From town to town , there are also many regional distinctions . Old San Juan Old San Juan is one of the two barrios , in addition to Santurce , that made up the municipality of San Juan from 1864 to 1951 , at which time the former independent municipality of Río Piedras was annexed . With its abundance of shops , historic places , museums , open air cafés , restaurants , gracious homes , tree - shaded plazas , and its old beauty and architectonical peculiarity , Old San Juan is a main spot for local and internal tourism . The district is also characterized by numerous public plazas and churches including San José Church and the Cathedral of San Juan Bautista , which contains the tomb of the Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León . It also houses the oldest Catholic school for elementary education in Puerto Rico , the Colegio de Párvulos , built in 1865 . The oldest parts of the district of Old San Juan remain partly enclosed by massive walls . Several defensive structures and notable forts , such as the emblematic Fort San Felipe del Morro , Fort San Cristóbal , and El Palacio de Santa Catalina , also known as La Fortaleza , acted as the primary defenses of the settlement which was subjected to numerous attacks . La Fortaleza continues to serve also as the executive mansion for the Governor of Puerto Rico . Many of the historic fortifications are part of San Juan National Historic Site . During the 1940s , sections of Old San Juan fell into disrepair , and many renovation plans were suggested . There was even a strong push to develop Old San Juan as a `` small Manhattan '' . Strict remodeling codes were implemented to prevent new constructions from affecting the common colonial Spanish architectural themes of the old city . When a project proposal suggested that the old Carmelite Convent in San Juan be demolished to erect a new hotel , the Institute had the building declared as a historic building , and then asked that it be converted to a hotel in a renewed facility . This was what became the Hotel El Convento in Old San Juan . The paradigm to reconstruct and renovate the old city and revitalize it has been followed by other cities in the Americas , particularly Havana , Lima and Cartagena de Indias . Ponce Creole is an architectural style created in Ponce , Puerto Rico , in the late 19th and early 20th centuries . This style of Puerto Rican buildings is found predominantly in residential homes in Ponce that developed between 1895 and 1920 . Ponce Creole architecture borrows heavily from the traditions of the French , the Spaniards , and the Caribbean to create houses that were especially built to withstand the hot and dry climate of the region , and to take advantage of the sun and sea breezes characteristic of the southern Puerto Rico 's Caribbean Sea coast . It is a blend of wood and masonry , incorporating architectural elements of other styles , from Classical revival and Spanish Revival to Victorian . Arts Main article : Puerto Rican art Puerto Rican art reflects many influences , much from its ethnically diverse background . A form of folk art , called santos evolved from the Catholic Church 's use of sculptures to convert indigenous Puerto Ricans to Christianity . Santos depict figures of saints and other religious icons and are made from native wood , clay , and stone . After shaping simple , they are often finished by painting them in vivid colors . Santos vary in size , with the smallest examples around eight inches tall and the largest about twenty inches tall . Traditionally , santos were seen as messengers between the earth and Heaven . As such , they occupied a special place on household altars , where people prayed to them , asked for help , or tried to summon their protection . Also popular , caretas or vejigantes are masks worn during carnivals . Similar masks signifying evil spirits were used in both Spain and Africa , though for different purposes . The Spanish used their masks to frighten lapsed Christians into returning to the church , while tribal Africans used them as protection from the evil spirits they represented . True to their historic origins Puerto Rican caretas always bear at least several horns and fangs . While usually constructed of papier - mâché , coconut shells and fine metal screening are sometimes used as well . Red and black were the typical colors for caretas but their palette has expanded to include a wide variety of bright hues and patterns . Literature Main article : Puerto Rican literature Eugenio María de Hostos Puerto Rican literature evolved from the art of oral story telling to its present - day status . Written works by the native islanders of Puerto Rico were prohibited and repressed by the Spanish colonial government . Only those who were commissioned by the Spanish Crown to document the chronological history of the island were allowed to write . Diego de Torres Vargas was allowed to circumvent this strict prohibition for three reasons : he was a priest , he came from a prosperous Spanish family , and his father was a Sergeant Major in the Spanish Army , who died while defending Puerto Rico from an invasion by the Dutch armada . In 1647 , Torres Vargas wrote Descripción de la Ciudad e Isla de Puerto Rico ( `` Description of the Island and City of Puerto Rico '' ) . This historical book was the first to make a detailed geographic description of the island . The book described all the fruits and commercial establishments of the time , mostly centered in the towns of San Juan and Ponce . The book also listed and described every mine , church , and hospital in the island at the time . The book contained notices on the State and Capital , plus an extensive and erudite bibliography . Descripción de la Ciudad e Isla de Puerto Rico was the first successful attempt at writing a comprehensive history of Puerto Rico . Some of Puerto Rico 's earliest writers were influenced by the teachings of Rafael Cordero . Among these was Dr. Manuel A. Alonso , the first Puerto Rican writer of notable importance . In 1849 he published El Gíbaro , a collection of verses whose main themes were the poor Puerto Rican country farmer . Eugenio María de Hostos wrote La peregrinación de Bayoán in 1863 , which used Bartolomé de las Casas as a spring board to reflect on Caribbean identity . After this first novel , Hostos abandoned fiction in favor of the essay which he saw as offering greater possibilities for inspiring social change . In the late 19th century , with the arrival of the first printing press and the founding of the Royal Academy of Belles Letters , Puerto Rican literature began to flourish . The first writers to express their political views in regard to Spanish colonial rule of the island were journalists . After the United States invaded Puerto Rico during the Spanish -- American War and the island was ceded to the Americans as a condition of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 , writers and poets began to express their opposition to the new colonial rule by writing about patriotic themes . Alejandro Tapia y Rivera , also known as the Father of Puerto Rican Literature , ushered in a new age of historiography with the publication of The Historical Library of Puerto Rico . Cayetano Coll y Toste was another Puerto Rican historian and writer . His work The Indo - Antillano Vocabulary is valuable in understanding the way the Taínos lived . Dr. Manuel Zeno Gandía in 1894 wrote La Charca and told about the harsh life in the remote and mountainous coffee regions in Puerto Rico . Dr. Antonio S. Pedreira , described in his work Insularismo the cultural survival of the Puerto Rican identity after the American invasion . With the Puerto Rican diaspora of the 1940s , Puerto Rican literature was greatly influenced by a phenomenon known as the Nuyorican Movement . Puerto Rican literature continued to flourish and many Puerto Ricans have since distinguished themselves as authors , journalists , poets , novelists , playwrights , screenwriters , essayists and have also stood out in other literary fields . The influence of Puerto Rican literature has transcended the boundaries of the island to the United States and the rest of the world . Over the past fifty years , significant writers include Ed Vega , Luis Rafael Sánchez , Piri Thomas , Giannina Braschi , and Miguel Piñero . Esmeralda Santiago has written an autobiographical trilogy about growing up in modern Puerto Rico as well as an historical novel , Conquistadora , about life on a sugar plantation during the mid-19th century . Media Main article : Media in Puerto Rico The media in Puerto Rico includes local radio stations , television stations and newspapers , the majority of which are conducted in Spanish . There are also three stations of the U.S. Armed Forces Radio and Television Service . Newspapers with daily distribution are El Nuevo Dia , El Vocero and Indice , Metro , and Primera Hora . El Vocero is distributed free of charge as well as Indice and Metro . Newspapers distributed on a weekly or regional basis include Claridad , La Perla del Sur , La Opinion , Vision , and La Estrella del Norte , among others . Several television channels provide local content in the island . These include WIPR - TV , Telemundo , Univision Puerto Rico , WAPA - TV , and WKAQ - TV . Music Main article : Music of Puerto Rico Play media A dancer performs typical bomba choreography . The music of Puerto Rico has evolved as a heterogeneous and dynamic product of diverse cultural resources . The most conspicuous musical sources have been Spain and West Africa , although many aspects of Puerto Rican music reflect origins elsewhere in Europe and the Caribbean and , over the last century , from the U.S. Puerto Rican music culture today comprises a wide and rich variety of genres , ranging from indigenous genres like bomba , plena , aguinaldo , danza and salsa to recent hybrids like reggaeton . Puerto Rico has some national instruments , like the Cuatro ( Spanish for Four ) . The cuatro is a local instrument that was made by the `` Jibaro '' or people from the mountains . Originally , the Cuatro consisted of four steel strings , hence its name , but currently the Cuatro consists of five double steel strings . It is easily confused with a guitar , even by locals . When held upright , from right to left , the strings are G , D , A , E , B . In the realm of classical music , the island hosts two main orchestras , the Orquesta Sinfónica de Puerto Rico and the Orquesta Filarmónica de Puerto Rico . The Casals Festival takes place annually in San Juan , drawing in classical musicians from around the world . With respect to opera , the legendary Puerto Rican tenor Antonio Paoli was so celebrated , that he performed private recitals for Pope Pius X and the Czar Nicholas II of Russia . In 1907 , Paoli was the first operatic artist in world history to record an entire opera -- when he participated in a performance of Pagliacci by Ruggiero Leoncavallo in Milan , Italy . Over the past fifty years , Puerto Rican artists such as Jorge Emmanuelli , Yomo Toro , Ramito , Jose Feliciano , Bobby Capo , Rafael Cortijo , Ismael Rivera , Chayanne , Tito Puente , Eddie Palmieri , Ray Barreto , Dave Valentin , Omar Rodríguez - López , Hector Lavoe , Ricky Martin , Marc Anthony and Luis Fonsi have thrilled audiences around the world . Cuisine Main article : Puerto Rican cuisine Cuchifritos ( Carnitas ) in New York Puerto Rican cuisine has its roots in the cooking traditions and practices of Europe ( Spain ) , Africa and the native Taínos . In the latter part of the 19th century , the cuisine of Puerto Rico was greatly influenced by the United States in the ingredients used in its preparation . Puerto Rican cuisine has transcended the boundaries of the island , and can be found in several countries outside the archipelago . Basic ingredients include grains and legumes , herbs and spices , starchy tropical tubers , vegetables , meat and poultry , seafood and shellfish , and fruits . Main dishes include mofongo , arroz con gandules , pasteles , alcapurrias and pig roast ( or lechón ) . Beverages include maví and piña colada . Desserts include flan , arroz con dulce ( sweet rice pudding ) , piraguas , brazo gitanos , tembleque , polvorones , and dulce de leche . Locals call their cuisine cocina criolla . The traditional Puerto Rican cuisine was well established by the end of the 19th century . By 1848 the first restaurant , La Mallorquina , opened in Old San Juan . El Cocinero Puertorriqueño , the island 's first cookbook was published in 1849 . Plantain `` arañitas '' and `` tostones rellenos '' From the diet of the Taíno people come many tropical roots and tubers like yautía ( taro ) and especially Yuca ( cassava ) , from which thin cracker - like casabe bread is made . Ajicito or cachucha pepper , a slightly hot habanero pepper , recao / culantro ( spiny leaf ) , achiote ( annatto ) , peppers , ají caballero ( the hottest pepper native to Puerto Rico ) , peanuts , guavas , pineapples , jicacos ( cocoplum ) , quenepas ( mamoncillo ) , lerenes ( Guinea arrowroot ) , calabazas ( tropical pumpkins ) , and guanabanas ( soursops ) are all Taíno foods . The Taínos also grew varieties of beans and some maize / corn , but maize was not as dominant in their cooking as it was for the peoples living on the mainland of Mesoamerica . This is due to the frequent hurricanes that Puerto Rico experiences , which destroy crops of maize , leaving more safeguarded plants like conucos ( hills of yuca grown together ) . Spanish / European influence is also seen in Puerto Rican cuisine . Wheat , chickpeas ( garbanzos ) , capers , olives , olive oil , black pepper , onions , garlic , cilantrillo ( cilantro ) , oregano , basil , sugarcane , citrus fruit , eggplant , ham , lard , chicken , beef , pork , and cheese all came to Borikén ( Puerto Rico 's native Taino name ) from Spain . The tradition of cooking complex stews and rice dishes in pots such as rice and beans are also thought to be originally European ( much like Italians , Spaniards , and the British ) . Early Dutch , French , Italian , and Chinese immigrants influenced not only the culture but Puerto Rican cooking as well . This great variety of traditions came together to form La Cocina Criolla . Coconuts , coffee ( brought by the Arabs and Corsos to Yauco from Kafa , Ethiopia ) , okra , yams , sesame seeds , gandules ( pigeon peas in English ) sweet bananas , plantains , other root vegetables and Guinea hen , all come to Puerto Rico from Africa . Philately Main article : Puerto Rico on stamps San Juan 450th 1971 issue Puerto Rico has been commemorated on four U.S. postal stamps and four personalities have been featured . Insular Territories were commemorated in 1937 , the third stamp honored Puerto Rico featuring ' La Fortaleza ' , the Spanish Governor 's Palace . The first free election for governor of the U.S. colony of Puerto Rico was honored on April 27 , 1949 , at San Juan , Puerto Rico . ' Inauguration ' on the 3 - cent stamp refers to the election of Luis Munoz Marin , the first democratically elected governor of Puerto Rico . San Juan , Puerto Rico was commemorated with an 8 - cent stamp on its 450th anniversary issued September 12 , 1971 , featuring a sentry box from Castillo San Felipe del Morro . In the `` Flags of our nation series '' 2008 -- 2012 , of the fifty - five , five territorial flags were featured . Forever stamps included the Puerto Rico Flag illustrated by a bird issued 2011 . Four Puerto Rican personalities have been featured on U.S. postage stamps . These include Roberto Clemente in 1984 as an individual and in the Legends of Baseball series issued in 2000 . Luis Muñoz Marín in the Great Americans series , on February 18 , 1990 . Julia de Burgos in the Literary Arts series , issued 2010. , and José Ferrer in the Distinguished American series , issued 2012 . Sports Main article : Sports in Puerto Rico Baseball was one of the first sports to gain widespread popularity in Puerto Rico . The Puerto Rico Baseball League serves as the only active professional league , operating as a winter league . No Major League Baseball franchise or affiliate plays in Puerto Rico , however , San Juan hosted the Montreal Expos for several series in 2003 and 2004 before they moved to Washington , D.C. and became the Washington Nationals . The Puerto Rico national baseball team has participated in the World Cup of Baseball winning one gold ( 1951 ) , four silver and four bronze medals , the Caribbean Series ( winning fourteen times ) and the World Baseball Classic . On March 2006 , San Juan 's Hiram Bithorn Stadium hosted the opening round as well as the second round of the newly formed World Baseball Classic . Puerto Rican baseball players include Hall of Famers Roberto Clemente , Orlando Cepeda and Roberto Alomar , enshrined in 1973 , 1999 , and 2011 respectively . Boxing , basketball , and volleyball are considered popular sports as well . Wilfredo Gómez and McWilliams Arroyo have won their respective divisions at the World Amateur Boxing Championships . Other medalists include José Pedraza , who holds a silver medal , and three boxers who finished in third place , José Luis Vellón , Nelson Dieppa and McJoe Arroyo . In the professional circuit , Puerto Rico has the third-most boxing world champions and it is the global leader in champions per capita . These include Miguel Cotto , Félix Trinidad , Wilfred Benítez and Gómez among others . Puerto Rico Islanders supporters ' Orange Star Ultras at an association football game The Puerto Rico national basketball team joined the International Basketball Federation in 1957 . Since then , it has won more than 30 medals in international competitions , including gold in three FIBA Americas Championships and the 1994 Goodwill Games August 8 , 2004 , became a landmark date for the team when it became the first team to defeat the United States in an Olympic tournament since the integration of National Basketball Association players . Winning the inaugural game with scores of 92 -- 73 as part of the 2004 Summer Olympics organized in Athens , Greece . Baloncesto Superior Nacional acts as the top - level professional basketball league in Puerto Rico , and has experienced success since its beginning in 1930 . Puerto Rico is also a member of FIFA and CONCACAF . In 2008 , the archipelago 's first unified league , the Puerto Rico Soccer League , was established . Other sports include professional wrestling and road running . The World Wrestling Council and International Wrestling Association are the largest wrestling promotions in the main island . The World 's Best 10K , held annually in San Juan , has been ranked among the 20 most competitive races globally . The `` Puerto Rico All Stars '' team , which has won twelve world championships in unicycle basketball . Organized Streetball has gathered some exposition , with teams like `` Puerto Rico Street Ball '' competing against established organizations including the Capitanes de Arecibo and AND1 's Mixtape Tour Team . Six years after the first visit , AND1 returned as part of their renamed Live Tour , losing to the Puerto Rico Streetballers . Consequently , practitioners of this style have earned participation in international teams , including Orlando `` El Gato '' Meléndez , who became the first Puerto Rican born athlete to play for the Harlem Globetrotters . Orlando Antigua , whose mother is Puerto Rican , in 1995 became the first Hispanic and the first non-black in 52 years to play for the Harlem Globetrotters . Puerto Rico has representation in all international competitions including the Summer and Winter Olympics , the Pan American Games , the Caribbean World Series , and the Central American and Caribbean Games . Puerto Rico hosted the Pan Am Games in 1979 ( officially in San Juan ) , and The Central American and Caribbean Games were hosted in 1993 in Ponce and in 2010 in Mayagüez . Puerto Rican athletes have won nine medals in Olympic competition ( one gold , two silver , six bronze ) , the first one in 1948 by boxer Juan Evangelista Venegas . Monica Puig won the first gold medal for Puerto Rico in the Olympic Games by winning the Women 's Tennis singles title in Rio 2016 . Infrastructure Main articles : Transportation in Puerto Rico , Communications in Puerto Rico , Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority , and Puerto Rico Aqueducts and Sewers Authority Puerto Rico interstate highways Cities and towns in Puerto Rico are interconnected by a system of roads , freeways , expressways , and highways maintained by the Highways and Transportation Authority under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Department of Transportation , and patrolled by the Puerto Rico Police Department . The island 's metropolitan area is served by a public bus transit system and a metro system called Tren Urbano ( in English : Urban Train ) . Other forms of public transportation include seaborne ferries ( that serve Puerto Rico 's archipelago ) as well as Carros Públicos ( private mini buses ) . Puerto Rico has three international airports , the Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport in Carolina , Mercedita Airport in Ponce , and the Rafael Hernández Airport in Aguadilla , and 27 local airports . The Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport is the largest aerial transportation hub in the Caribbean . The Tren Urbano system at Bayamón Station Puerto Rico has nine ports in different cities across the main island . The San Juan Port is the largest in Puerto Rico , and the busiest port in the Caribbean and the 10th busiest in the United States in terms of commercial activity and cargo movement , respectively . The second largest port is the Port of the Americas in Ponce , currently under expansion to increase cargo capacity to 1.5 million twenty - foot containers ( TEUs ) per year . The Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority ( PREPA ) -- Spanish : Autoridad de Energía Eléctrica ( AEE ) -- is an electric power company and the government - owned corporation of Puerto Rico responsible for electricity generation , power transmission , and power distribution in Puerto Rico . PREPA is the only entity authorized to conduct such business in Puerto Rico , effectively making it a government monopoly . The Authority is ruled by a Governing Board appointed by the Governor with the advice and consent of the Senate of Puerto Rico , and is run by an Executive Director . Telecommunications in Puerto Rico includes radio , television , fixed and mobile telephones , and the Internet . Broadcasting in Puerto Rico is regulated by the U.S. Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) . As of 2007 , there were 30 TV stations , 125 radio stations and roughly 1 million TV sets on the island . Cable TV subscription services are available and the U.S. Armed Forces Radio and Television Service also broadcast on the island . See also Outline of Puerto Rico Index of Puerto Rico - related articles Military history of Puerto Rico Privileges and Immunities Clause * Puerto Rico ( proposed state ) Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2007 ( H.R. 900 & S. 1936 ) Sovereigntism ( Puerto Rico ) Voting rights in Puerto Rico Puerto Rico portal United States portal New Spain portal Caribbean portal Book : Puerto Rico Notes Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico '' pronunciations : English : / ˌpɔːrtə ˈriːkoʊ / or / ˌpwɛərtə ˈriːkoʊ / ; Spanish : ( ˈpweɾto ˈriko ) , rural , locally also ( ˈpwelto ˈχiko ; ˈʀ̥iko ) . Jump up ^ The Spanish word for commonwealth is typically mancomunidad . Jump up ^ In 1932 , the U.S. Congress officially back - corrected the former Anglicization of Porto Rico into the Spanish name Puerto Rico . It had been using the former spelling in its legislative and judicial records since it acquired the territory . Patricia Gherovici states that both `` Porto Rico '' and `` Puerto Rico '' were used interchangeably in the news media and documentation before , during , and after the U.S. conquest of the island in 1898 . The `` Porto '' spelling , for instance , was used in the Treaty of Paris , but `` Puerto '' was used by The New York Times that same year . Nancy Morris clarifies that `` a curious oversight in the drafting of the Foraker Act caused the name of the island to be officially misspelled '' . However , Gervasio Luis Garcia traces the Anglicized spelling to a National Geographic article from 1899 , after which the spelling was kept by many agencies and entities because of the ethnic and linguistic pride of the English - speaking citizens of the American mainland . Jump up ^ Proyecto Salón Hogar ( in Spanish ) `` Los españoles le cambiaron el nombre de Borikén a San Juan Bautista ya la capital le llamaron Ciudad de Puerto Rico . Con los años , Ciudad de Puerto Rico pasó a ser San Juan , y San Juan Bautista pasó a ser Puerto Rico . '' Jump up ^ Today , Puerto Ricans are also known as Boricuas , or people from Borinquen . Jump up ^ Vicente Yañez Pinzón is considered the first appointed governor of Puerto Rico , but he never arrived from Spain . Jump up ^ PBS , to which they had no natural immunity . For example , a smallpox outbreak in 1518 -- 1519 killed much of the Island 's indigenous population . `` The first repartimiento in Puerto Rico is established , allowing colonists fixed numbers of Tainos for wage - free and forced labor in the gold mines . When several priests protest , the crown requires Spaniards to pay native laborers and to teach them the Christian religion ; the colonists continue to treat the natives as slaves . '' Jump up ^ Tavenner ( 2010 ) `` The Taíno people living ( in Puerto Rico ) at the time ( ... ) were forced into slavery . '' Jump up ^ Poole ( 2011 ) `` ( The Taíno ) began to starve ; many thousands fell prey to smallpox , measles and other European diseases for which they had no immunity ( ... ) '' Jump up ^ PBS `` ( The Taíno ) eventually succumbed to the Spanish soldiers and European diseases that followed Columbus 's arrival in the New World in 1492 . '' Jump up ^ Yale University `` ( ... ) the high death rate among the Taíno due to enslavement and European diseases ( smallpox , influenza , measles , and typhus ) persisted . '' Jump up ^ Cockcroft ( 2001 ; in Spanish ) `` ( La Ley 53 ) fué llamada la ' pequeña ley Smith ' , debido a la semejanza con la Ley Smith de Estados Unidos ( ... ) '' Jump up ^ However , as Robert William Anderson states on page 14 of his book `` Party Politics in Puerto Rico '' ( Stanford , California : Stanford University Press . 1965 . ) , No one disputes the ambiguous status of the current Commonwealth . It is illustrated in the very different images conjured up by the English term `` commonwealth '' and the Spanish version , Estado Libre Asociado ( literally , free associated state ) . The issue seems to be whether this ambiguity is a purposeful virtue or a disguised colonial vice . Jump up ^ pr.gov ( in Spanish ) `` La manufactura es el sector principal de la economía de Puerto Rico . '' Jump up ^ pr.gov ( in Spanish ) `` Algunas de las industrias más destacadas dentro del sector de la manufactura son : las farmacéuticas , los textiles , los petroquímicos , las computadoras , la electrónica y las compañías dedicadas a la manufactura de instrumentos médicos y científicos , entre otros . '' Jump up ^ Torrech San Inocencio ( 2011 ; in Spanish ) `` Con los más de $1,500 millones anuales que recibimos en asistencia federal para alimentos podríamos desarrollar una industria alimentaria autosuficiente en Puerto Rico . '' Jump up ^ Millán Rodriguez ( 2013 ; in Spanish ) `` Los representantes del Pueblo en la Junta de Gobierno de la Autoridad de Energía Eléctrica ( ... ) denunciaron ayer que la propuesta del Gobernador para hacer cambios en la composición del organismo institucionaliza la intervención político partidista en la corporación pública y la convierte en una agencia del Ejecutivo ... '' Jump up ^ Vera Rosa ( 2013 ; in Spanish ) `` Aunque Puerto Rico mueve entre el sector público y privado $15 billones en el área de salud , las deficiencias en el sistema todavía no alcanzan un nivel de eficiencia óptimo . '' Jump up ^ Vera Rosado ( 2013 ; in Spanish ) `` Para mejorar la calidad de servicio , que se impacta principalmente por deficiencias administrativas y no por falta de dinero ( ... ) '' Jump up ^ González ( 2012 ; in Spanish ) `` ( ... ) al analizarse la deuda pública de la Isla contra el Producto Interno Bruto ( PIB ) , se ubicaría en una relación deuda / PIB de 68 % aproximadamente . '' Jump up ^ Bauzá ( 2013 ; in Spanish ) `` La realidad de nuestra situación económica y fiscal es resultado de años de falta de acción . Al Gobierno le faltó creatividad , innovación y rapidez en la creación de un nuevo modelo económico que sustentara nuestra economía . Tras la eliminación de la Sección 936 , debimos ser proactivos , y no lo fuimos . '' Jump up ^ Quintero ( 2013 ; in Spanish ) `` Los indicadores de una economía débil son muchos , y la economía en Puerto Rico está sumamente debilitada , según lo evidencian la tasa de desempleo ( 13.5 % ) , los altos niveles de pobreza ( 41.7 % ) , los altos niveles de quiebra y la pérdida poblacional . '' Jump up ^ Walsh ( 2013 ) `` In each of the last six years , Puerto Rico sold hundreds of millions of dollars of new bonds just to meet payments on its older , outstanding bonds -- a red flag . It also sold $2.5 billion worth of bonds to raise cash for its troubled pension system -- a risky practice -- and it sold still more long - term bonds to cover its yearly budget deficits . '' Jump up ^ PRGDB `` Financial Information and Operating Data Report to October 18 , 2013 '' p. 142 Jump up ^ MRGI ( 2008 ) `` Many female migrants leave their families behind due to the risk of illegal travel and the high cost of living in Puerto Rico . '' Jump up ^ Rivera . `` Housing prices in Puerto Rico are comparable to Miami or Los Angeles , but property taxes are considerably lower than most places in the US . '' Jump up ^ FRBNY ( 2011 ) `` ... home values vary considerably across municipios : for the metro area overall , the median value of owner - occupied homes was estimated at $126,000 ( based on data for 2007 -- 09 ) , but these medians ranged from $214,000 in Guaynabo to around $100,000 in some of the outlying municipios . The median value in the San Juan municipio was estimated at $170,000 . '' Jump up ^ Santiago ( 2021 ) `` Local detractors of the Jones Act ( ... ) for many years have unsuccessfully tried to have Puerto Rico excluded from the law 's provisions ( ... ) '' Jump up ^ JOC ( 2013 ) `` Repealing or amending the Jones Act cabotage law might cut Puerto Rico shipping costs '' Jump up ^ JOC ( 2013 ) `` The GAO report said its interviews with shippers indicated they ( ... ) believed that opening the trade to non-U.S. - flag competition could lower costs . '' References Jump up ^ `` P. Rico Senate declares Spanish over English as first official language '' . News Report . San Juan , Puerto Rico . Agencia EFE . September 4 , 2015 . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico 2011 -- 2015 American Community Survey 5 - Year Estimates '' . US Census . Department of Commerce . 2016 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census : Puerto Rico Profile '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Puerto Rico Commonwealth Population Totals Tables : 2010 -- 2016 '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GDP , PPP ( current international $ ) '' . Jump up ^ `` GDP per capita , PPP ( current international $ ) '' , World Development Indicators database , World Bank . Database updated on May 8 , 2014 . Accessed on May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Bank World Development Indicators , July 2013 '' . World Bank . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Global Competitiveness Report 2014 -- 2015 ( Puerto Rico ) '' ( PDF ) . World Economic Forum . Jump up ^ `` Household Income for States : 2010 and 2011 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Census Bureau . September 2012 . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fuentes - Ramírez , Ricardo R. ( 2017 ) . `` Human Development Index Trends and Inequality in Puerto Rico 2010 -- 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Ceteris Paribus : Journal of Socio - Economic Research . 7 . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Definition of Terms -- 1120 Acquisition of U.S. Nationality in U.S. Territories and Possessions '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs Manual Volume 7 -- Consular Affairs . U.S. Department of State . Jump up ^ Amaral , Patrícia & Ana Maria Carvalho ( 2014 ) . Portuguese - Spanish Interfaces : Diachrony , synchrony , and contact . Philadelphia : John Benjamins Publishing Company . p. 130 . ISBN 9789027258007 . Jump up ^ Pedro A. Malavet ( 2004 ) . America 's colony : the political and cultural conflict between the United States and Puerto Rico . NYU Press . pp. 43 , 181 note 76 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 5680 - 5 . Jump up ^ Patricia Gherovici ( 2003 ) . The Puerto Rican syndrome . Other Press , LLC . pp. 140 -- 141 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 892746 - 75 - 7 . Jump up ^ Historian , Office of the ( January 1 , 2013 ) . Hispanic Americans in Congress , 1822 -- 2012 . Government Printing Office . ISBN 9780160920684 . Jump up ^ Secretary 's , Puerto Rico ; Office , Puerto Rico Secretary 's ( January 1 , 1903 ) . Register of Porto Rico . Office of the Secretary . Jump up ^ Deusen , Richard James Van ; Deusen , Elizabeth Kneipple Van ( 1931 ) . Porto Rico : A Caribbean Isle . Henry Holt . Jump up ^ Sciences , New York Academy of ( 1922 ) . Scientific survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands . New York Academy of Sciences . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2015 . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Caban , Pedro A. ( 2009 ) . Constructing A Colonial People : Puerto Rico And The United States , 1898 -- 1932 . Westview Press . p. 10 . ISBN 0786748176 . Jump up ^ Santiago - Valles , Kelvin A. ( 1994 ) . Subject People and Colonial Discourses : Economic Transformation and Social Disorder in Puerto Rico , 1898 -- 1947 . SUNY Press . p. ix . ISBN 0791415899 . Jump up ^ Lipski , John M. ( 2005 ) . A History of Afro - Hispanic Language : Five Centuries , Five Continents . Cambridge University Press . p. 37 . ISBN 1107320372 . Jump up ^ 8 U.S. Code § 1402 -- Persons born in Puerto Rico on or after April 11 , 1899 ( 1941 ) Retrieved : January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Igartúa -- de la Rosa v. United States ( Igartúa III ) Archived March 16 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , 417 F. 3d 145 ( 1st Cir. 2005 ) ( en banc ) , GREGORIO IGARTÚA , ET AL. , Plaintiffs , Appellants , v. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA , ET AL. , Defendants , Appellees . No. 09 - 2186 ( November 24 , 2010 ) Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico 's Political Status and the 2012 Plebiscite : Background and Key Questions '' ( PDF ) . fas.org . Congressional Research Service . June 25 , 2013 . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` El Nuevo Día '' . Elnuevodia.com . ^ Jump up to : Associated Press ( January 29 , 2017 ) . `` Puerto Rico Gets More Time '' . Star Herald . Scottsbluff , ME . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dietz , James ( 1986 ) . Economic History of Puerto Rico . Princeton : Princeton University Press . p. 154 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico files for biggest ever U.S. local government bankruptcy '' . Reuters . May 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Puerto Rico oversight board orders furloughs , governor defiant '' . Reuters . August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Maria heads away from P.R. ahead of expected turn to the north far off U.S. coast '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Rhodium Group '' America 's Biggest Blackout `` . rhg.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Allatson , Paul ( 2007 ) . Key Terms in Latino / a Cultural and Literary Studies . Malden , Mass. : Blackwell Publishing . p. 47 . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 0250 - 0 . Jump up ^ Cayetano Coll y Toste , ed. ( 1972 ) . `` Taino Indigenous Peoples of the Caribbean '' . Clásicos de Puerto Rico ( 2nd ed . ) . Ediciones Latinoamericanas , S.A. Archived from the original on October 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Grose , Howard Benjamin ( August 8 , 2006 ) . H.B. Grose , Advance in the Antilles : the new era in Cuba and Porto Rico , Presbyterian Home Missions , 1910 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schechter , Patricia A. ( 2012 ) . `` ¡ Adelante Hermanas de la Raza ! , Josefina Silva de Cintron and Puerto Rican Women 's Feminismo . -- The New York 's World Fair : 1939 -- 1940 '' . Exploring the Decolonial Imaginary : Four Transnational Lives . New York : MacMillan . ISBN 9781137012845 . Note : The phase `` The Island of Enchantment '' has been traced back to a travel guide by that title that Theodore Roosevelt , Jr. offered in House & Garden magazine in 1938 Jump up ^ `` Historia de Puerto Rico '' . Proyectosalonhogar.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain ; December 10 , 1898 '' . The Avalon Project . Yale Law School . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Crafting an Identity '' . History , Art & Archives . Office of the Historian and the Clerk of the House 's Office of Art and Archives . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abbad y Lasierra , Iñigo . Historia Geográfica , Civil y Natural de la Isla de San Juan Bautista de Puerto Rico . ^ Jump up to : Rouse , Irving . The Tainos : Rise and Decline of the People Who Greeted Columbus ISBN 0 - 300 - 05696 - 6 . Jump up ^ Mahaffy , Cheryl ( January 28 , 2006 ) . `` Vieques Island -- What lies beneath '' . Edmonton Journal . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . Retrieved February 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Pedro Torres . `` The Dictionary of the Taíno Language '' . Taíno Inter-Tribal Council Inc . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2006 . Retrieved February 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Cheryl Mahaffy ( January 30 , 2006 ) . `` Vieques Island : What lies beneath '' . Edmonton Journal . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . 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CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Confirmation of troop count is unattainable , only Spanish and Puerto Rican sources are available regarding troop count . Jump up ^ Guillermo A. Baralt , Slave revolts in Puerto Rico : conspiracies and uprisings , 1795 -- 1873 ; Markus Wiener Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55876 - 463 - 7 Jump up ^ `` María de las Mercedes Barbudo ; Primera mujer independentista de Puerto Rico ; CLARIDAD ; December 1994 ; p. 19 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Real Cédula de 1789 `` para el comercio de Negros '' '' ( in Spanish ) . Ensayistas.org . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ways of ending slavery '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2013 . Retrieved April 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Negroni , Héctor Andrés ( 1992 ) . Historia militar de Puerto Rico ( in Spanish ) . Sociedad Estatal Quinto Centenario . ISBN 978 - 84 - 7844 - 138 - 9 . 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The Avalon Project at the Yale Law School . Yale Law School , Lillian Goldman Law Library . December 10 , 1898 . Jump up ^ Truman R. Clark . Puerto Rico and the United States , 1917 -- 1933 . 1975 . University of Pittsburgh Press . p. 129 . ^ Jump up to : `` Report by the President 's task force on Puerto Rico 's Status '' ( PDF ) . December 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 25 , 2007 . Retrieved October 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Efrén Rivera Ramos ( 2007 ) . American Colonialism in Puerto Rico : The Judicial and Social Legacy . Markus Wiener Publishers . pp. 54 -- 55 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55876 - 410 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Porto Rico En Fete : President 's Auto Tour Amid Shower of Roses : He Promises Citizenship '' . The Washington Post . November 22 , 1906 . p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Juan Gonzalez ; Harvest of Empire , pp. 60 -- 63 ; Penguin Press , 2001 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 311928 - 9 Jump up ^ Levinson , Sanford ; Sparrow , Bartholomew H. ( 2005 ) . The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion : 1803 -- 1898 . New York : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . pp. 166 , 178 . U.S. citizenship was extended to residents of Puerto Rico by virtue of the Jones Act , chap. 190 , 39 Stat. 951 ( 1971 ) ( codified at 48 U.S.C. § 731 ( 1987 ) Jump up ^ `` Sistema de Alerta de Tsunamis de Puerto Rico y el Caribe '' ( in Spanish ) . Red Sísmica de Puerto Rico . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2011 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Frank Otto Gatell , `` Independence Rejected : Puerto Rico and the Tydings Bill of 1936 '' , Hispanic American Historical Review , Vol. 38 , No. 1 ( Feb. 1958 ) , pp. 25 -- 44 , accessed December 15 , 2012 ^ Jump up to : `` Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Civil Rights in Puerto Rico . The Commission , 70p , np , May 22 , 1937 '' . Llmc.com . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2010 . 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América Latina y Estados Unidos : historia y política país por país ( in Spanish ) . Siglo XXI Editores . ISBN 9682323320 . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rican History '' . Topuertorico.org . January 13 , 1941 . Retrieved November 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` La Gobernación de Jesús T. Piñero y la Guerra Fría '' . Issuu.com . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Political Status of Puerto Rico : Options for Congress . Report RL32933 . By Keith Bea and R. Sam Garrett , Congressional Research Service . Dated June 19 , 2009 . p. 29 . Table B - 1 : Puerto Rico Status Votes in Plebiscites and Referenda , 1967 -- 1998 . p. 29 ... Retrieved December 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 Status Plebiscite Vote Summary '' . Electionspuertorico.org . November 14 , 1993 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 Status Plebiscite Vote Summary '' . Electionspuertorico.org . December 13 , 1998 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Act of July 3 , 1950 , Ch. 446 , 64 Stat. 319 . Jump up ^ `` View of Congress , the Courts and the Federal Government '' . Puertoricousa.com . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` On The Nature of Commonwealth V '' . Puertorico-herald.org . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Let Puerto Rico Decide How to end its Colony Status : True Nationhood Stands on the Pillar of Independence '' . Rosalinda de Jesus . The Allentown Morning Call . Republished by the Puerto Rico Herald . July 21 , 2002 . San Juan , Puerto Rico . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Let Puerto Rico Decide How To End Its Colony Status '' . Rosalinda De Jesus . The Morning Call . July 21 , 2002 . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ García , Marvin . `` Dr. Pedro Albizu Campos '' . National - Louis University . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2005 . Retrieved April 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Responses from Hon . Luis G. Fortuño to questions from Senator Domenici . Hearing before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources on the Report by the President 's Task Force on Puerto Rico 's Status . United States Senate . One Hundredth Ninth Congress . Second Session . U.S. Senate 109 -- 796 . November 15 , 2006 . ( Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office . 2007 . p. 56 . ) Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico -- in Spanish '' . Lexjuris.com . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2011 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico -- ( English translation ) '' . Topuertorico.org . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Levinson , Sanford ; Sparrow , Bartholomew H ( 2005 ) . The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion , 1803 -- 1898 . Ed. by Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow . ( Lanham : Rowman & Littlefield , 2005 . Cloth , ISBN 0 - 7425 - 4983 - 6 . Paper , ISBN 0 - 7425 - 4984 - 4 . ) pp. 166 -- 67 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 4984 - 5 . Retrieved November 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico 's Pharmaceutical Industry '' . September 20 , 2006 . Retrieved November 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wyss , Jim ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` Will Puerto Rico become the newest star on the American flag ? '' . Miami Herald . Miami Herald . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Willie , Santana , ( January 1 , 2016 ) . `` Incorporating the Lonely Star : How Puerto Rico Became Incorporated and Earned a Place in the Sisterhood of States '' . Tennessee Journal of Law & Policy . 9 ( 4 ) . Jump up ^ `` El Senado aprueba enmiendas a la ley del plebiscito '' . Elnuevodia.com. April 18 , 2017 . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pilkington , Ed ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` Puerto Rico governor to take statehood case to Washington but faces US snub '' . The Guardian . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` - The Washington Post '' . Washington Post . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Clash looms as Puerto Rico prepares to send reps to Washington , after statehood vote '' . Foxnews.com . July 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` What 's a Free Associated State ? '' . Puerto Rico Report . Puerto Rico Report . February 3 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico Statehood , Independence , or Free Association Referendum ( 2017 ) '' . Ballotpedia . BALLOTPEDIA . February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . With my vote , I make the initial request to the Federal Government to begin the process of the decolonization through : ( 1 ) Free Association : Puerto Rico should adopt a status outside of the Territory Clause of the Constitution of the United States that recognizes the sovereignty of the People of Puerto Rico . The Free Association would be based on a free and voluntary political association , the specific terms of which shall be agreed upon between the United States and Puerto Rico as sovereign nations . Such agreement would provide the scope of the jurisdictional powers that the People of Puerto Rico agree to confer to the United States and retain all other jurisdictional powers and authorities . Under this option the American citizenship would be subject to negotiation with the United States Government ; ( 2 ) Proclamation of Independence , I demand that the United States Government , in the exercise of its power to dispose of territory , recognize the national sovereignty of Puerto Rico as a completely independent nation and that the United States Congress enact the necessary legislation to initiate the negotiation and transition to the independent nation of Puerto Rico . My vote for Independence also represents my claim to the rights , duties , powers , and prerogatives of independent and democratic republics , my support of Puerto Rican citizenship , and a `` Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation '' between Puerto Rico and the United States after the transition process Jump up ^ Wyss , Jim . `` Will Puerto Rico become the newest star on the American flag ? '' . Miami Herald . Miami . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Coto , Danica ( February 3 , 2017 ) . `` Puerto Rico gov approves referendum in quest for statehood '' . Washington Post . DC . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , Gillian B. ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` Why Puerto Rican Statehood Matters So Much Right Now '' . The Atlantic . The Atlantic Monthly Group . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Six words : the ability to file for bankruptcy Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico goes to polls Sunday on statehood issue despite criticism over costs , timing '' . Nbcnews.com . 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General Assembly . Special Committee on the Situation With Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples ( 1971 ) . Report of the Special Committee on the Situation with Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples . 23 . United Nations Publications . pp. 10 -- 11 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 1 - 810211 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Special Committee on Decolonization Approves Text Calling upon United States Government to Expedite Self - Determination Process for Puerto Rico '' . United Nations . UN . June 20 , 2016 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ resolution 740 Archived May 14 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . ( November 27 , 1953 ) , `` Cessation of transmission o the information under article 73 e of the Charter in respect of Puerto Rico '' . Jump up ^ GA Resolution 1541 Archived May 14 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . ( December 15 1960 ) , `` Principles which should guide Members in determining whether or not an obligation exists to transmit the information called for in article 73 e of the Charter . ( See ANNEX ) . '' ^ Jump up to : `` Report by the President 's task force on Puerto Rico 's Status '' ( PDF ) . December 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 16 , 2008 . Retrieved December 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Art . IV , Sec. 3 , clause 2 , U.S. Constitution . Jump up ^ `` United States v. Sanchez , 992 F. 2D 1143 ( 1993 ) United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit ( Paragraphs 44 -- 46 ) '' . ftp.resources.com . June 4 , 1993 . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2011 . Retrieved January 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico Status Field Hearing '' . Committee on Resources , U.S. House of Representatives , 105th Congress . April 19 , 1997 . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2011 . Retrieved October 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 1541 ( XV ) . Principles which should guide Members in determining whether or not an obligation exists to transmit the information called for under Article 73 e of the Charter '' . United Nations General Assembly . December 15 , 1960 . Jump up ^ June 13 , 2006 . Special Committee on Decolonization Approves Text Calling on United States to Expedite Puerto Rican Self - determination Process . Draft Resolution Urges Probe of Pro-Independence Leader 's Killing , Human Rights Abuses ; Calls for Clean - up , Decontamination of Vieques . ( June 13 , 2006 ) Retrieved December 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ 14 June 2007 . Special Committee on Decolonization Calls on United States to Expedite Puerto Rico 's Self - Determination Process : Text Also Requests General Assembly to Consider Question ; Urges Clean Up of Vieques Island , Release of Puerto Rican Political Prisoners . ( June 14 , 2007 ) Archived January 18 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ June 15 , 2009 . Special Committee on Decolonization Approves Text Calling on United States to Expedite Self - determination Process for Puerto Rico . Members Hear Petitioners Speak up for Independence , Statehood , Free Association . ( June 15 , 2009 ) Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ June 21 , 2010 . Special Committee on Decolonization Passes Text Urging General Assembly to Consider Formally Situation Concerning Puerto Rico : Draft Resolution Calls on United States to Expedite Island 's Self - Determination . ( June 21 , 2010 ) Archived January 18 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved July 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ June 20 , 2011 . Special Committee on Decolonization Calls on United States , in Consensus Text , to Speed up Process Allowing Puerto Rico to Exercise Self - Determination : Nearly 25 Petitioners Underscore Gravity of Situation on Island , Buckling Under Economic Strain ; Vigorous Opposition to Death Penalty Also Expressed . ( June 20 , 2011 ) Retrieved April 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : casiano communications ( June 21 , 2011 ) . `` UN decolonization committee eyes PR '' . Caribbeanbusinesspr.com . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2011 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Article 2.003 ( 54 ) , Puerto Rico Election Code for the 21st Century , Act No. 78 of 2011 ( in English ) . Retrieved on August 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Members Hear Petitioners Speak up for Independence , Statehood , Free Association '' . General Assembly of the United Nations . June 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` US lawmakers clear path for new Puerto Rico referendum '' . Agence France - Presse. April 29 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Text of H.R. 2499 : Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2010 '' . govtrack.us. April 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` H.R. 2499 : Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2010 -- Bill Overview '' . 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Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico votes on whether to change relationship with US , elects governor and legislators '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2012 . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Senate and the House of Representative of Puerto Rico : Concurrent Resolution . Retrieved December 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Coto , Danica ( April 11 , 2013 ) . `` US Seeks to Fund New Puerto Rico Status Plebiscite '' . Associated Press . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` COMMONWEALTH OF PUERTO RICO , PETITIONER v. LUIS M. SANCHEZ VALLE , ET AL '' ( PDF ) . Scotusblog.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference Commonwealth_of_Puerto_Rico_v. _Sanchez_Valle was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` H.R. 5278 , Puerto Rico Oversight , Management and Economic Stability Act Of 2016 ( PROMESA ) '' . Policy.house.gov . June 6 , 2016 . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Ricans favor statehood for first time '' . CNN . November 7 , 2012 . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Ricans opt for statehood '' . Fox News . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Doreli , Oren ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` Puerto Rico 's water woes raise fears of health crisis '' . USA Today . New York City . pp. 1A , 2A . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cortés Zavala ; María Teresa & José Alfredo Uribe Salas ( 2014 ) . `` Ciencia y economía del guano : La isla mona en puerto rico , siglo XIX '' . Memorias : Revista Digital De Historia y Arqueología Desde El Caribe. 11 ( 22 ) : 81 -- 106 . doi : 10.14482 / memor. 22.5948 . Jump up ^ Schärer - Umpierre , Michelle T. ; et al. ( 2014 ) . `` Marine Managed Areas and Associated Fisheries in the US Caribbean '' . Marine managed areas and fisheries : 140 . Jump up ^ Helmer , Etienne ( 2011 ) . `` La ciudad contemporanea , una polis sin politica ? '' . Boletin Cientifico Sapiens Research . 1 ( 2 ) : 88 . Jump up ^ Esterrich , Carmelo ( 2009 ) . `` Edenes insostenibles : El campo de la ciudad en la intentona cultural de los cincuenta '' . CENTRO : Journal of the Center for Puerto Rican Studies . 21 ( 1 ) : 180 . ^ Jump up to : `` The World Factbook -- Puerto Rico # Geography '' . Cia.gov . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Puerto Rico ! '' . topuertorico.org . Retrieved December 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook -- Jamaica '' . CIA . Retrieved April 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook -- Cuba '' . CIA . Retrieved April 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Caribbean National Forest -- El Yunque Trail # 15 '' . GORP.com . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2010 . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Los Lagos de Puerto Rico '' . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2004 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 29 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ( archived from on June 29 , 2007 ) . ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ Andrzej Pisera ; Michael Martínez ; Hernan Santos ( May 2006 ) . `` Late Cretaceous Siliceous Sponges From El Rayo Formation , Puerto Rico '' . Journal of Paleontology . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2009 . Retrieved May 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Earthquake History of Puerto Rico '' . U.S. Geological Survey . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2007 . Retrieved September 11 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Uri ten Brink . `` Explorations : Puerto Rico Trench 2003 -- Cruise Summary and Results '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved November 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NOAA Ocean Explorer : Puerto Rico Trench '' . Oceanexplorer.noaa.gov . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ARECIBO 3 ESE , PUERTO RICO -- Climate Summary '' . Sercc.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NOWData -- NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2011 . Retrieved October 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Daly , Christopher ; Helmer , Eileen H. ; Quiñonez , Maya ( 2003 ) . `` Mapping the Climate of Puerto Rico , Vieques and Culebra '' . International Journal of Climatology. 23 ( 11 ) : 1359 -- 81 . Bibcode : 2003IJCli ... 23.1359 D . doi : 10.1002 / joc. 937 . Jump up ^ Edward B. Rodgers , Robert F. Adler , Harold F. Pierce . Contribution of Tropical Cyclones to the North Atlantic Climatological Rainfall as Observed from Satellites . Jump up ^ Aurelio Mercado and Harry Justiniano . Coastal Hazards of Puerto Rico . Retrieved on January 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` A look at the damage from Hurricane Irma in the Caribbean '' . ABC News . ABC News . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff , National Desk ( September 9 , 2017 ) . `` Jose remains dangerous Category 4 hurricane '' . KETV . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berg , Robbie ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` Hurricane Maria '' . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Maria cuts all electricity as it crushes Puerto Rico '' . Jump up ^ `` The entire island of Puerto Rico may be without electricity for months '' . Jump up ^ Chokshi , Niraj ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` Trump Waives Jones Act for Puerto Rico , Easing Hurricane Aid Shipments '' -- via www.nytimes.com . Jump up ^ `` Island Directory '' . Islands.unep.ch . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico '' . Scholastic.com . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Population History , 1765 -- 2010 '' . Welcome to Puerto Rico ! . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Table 1 . Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States , Regions , States , and Puerto Rico : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2015 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . December 26 , 2015 . Archived from the original ( CSV ) on December 23 , 2015 . Retrieved December 26 , 2015 . 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( 2005 ) . `` Reconstructing the population history of Puerto Rico by means of mtDNA phylogeographic analysis '' . Am J Phys Anthropol. 128 ( 1 ) : 131 -- 55 . doi : 10.1002 / ajpa. 20108 . PMID 15693025 . Jump up ^ `` Your Regional Ancestry : Reference Populations '' . The Genographic Project . Jump up ^ Tang , Hua ; Choudhry , Shweta ; Mei , Rui ; Morgan , Martin ; Rodríguez - Clintron , William ; González Burchard , Esteban ; Risch , Neil ( August 1 , 2007 ) . `` Recent Genetic Selection in the Ancestral Admixture of Puerto Ricans '' . The American Journal of Human Genetics . 81 ( 3 ) : 626 -- 633 . doi : 10.1086 / 520769 . PMC 1950843 . PMID 17701908 . Jump up ^ Via , Mark ; Gignoux , Christopher R. ; Roth , Lindsey ; Fejerman , Laura ; Galander , Joshua ; Choudhry , Shweta ; Toro - Labrador , Gladys ; Viera - Vera , Jorge ; Oleksyk , Taras K. ; Beckman , Kenneth ; Ziv , Elad ; Risch , Neil ; González Burchard , Esteban ; Nartínez - Cruzado , Juan Carlos ( 2011 ) . `` History Shaped the Geographic Distribution of Genomic Admixture on the Island of Puerto Rico '' . PLoS ONE . 6 ( 1 ) : e16513 . Bibcode : 2011PLoSO ... 616513V . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0016513 . PMC 3031579 . PMID 21304981 . ^ Jump up to : `` Demography -- Puerto Rico '' . Pew Research . Pew Research , DC . January 2017 . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples -- Puerto Rico : Dominicans '' . Minority Rights Group International . 2008 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Other Border : Puerto Rico 's Seas '' . Latino USA . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived January 14 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Portadilla de Revista '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Haiti Immigrants Using Puerto Rico As Gateway To U.S. In New Migrant Route '' . The Huffington Post . May 6 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Data Access and Dissemination Systems ( DADS ) . `` American FactFinder -- Results '' . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ James Bargent . `` Dominican People Smugglers Trafficked Cubans to Puerto Rico '' . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico 's population swap : The middle class for millionaires '' . BBC . May 5 , 2015 . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Data Access and Dissemination Systems ( DADS ) . `` American FactFinder -- Results '' . Jump up ^ `` Economy and Crime Spur New Puerto Rican Exodus '' . The New York Times . February 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Quick Facts -- San Juan '' . US Census . U.S. Department of Commerce . 2015 . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . 2015 ACS 5 - Year Population Estimate Jump up ^ `` Población de Puerto Rico por Municipios 2010 y 2000 '' . Elections Puerto Rico . Retrieved October 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Official Language '' , Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language , Ed . Tom McArthur , Oxford University Press , 1998 . Jump up ^ Pueblo v. Tribunal Superior , 92 D.P.R. 596 ( 1965 ) . Translation taken from the English text , 92 P.R.R. 580 ( 1965 ) , pp. 588 -- 89 . See also LOPEZ - BARALT NEGRON , `` Pueblo v. Tribunal Superior : Espanol : Idioma del proceso judicial '' , 36 Revista Juridica de la Universidad de Puerto Rico . 396 ( 1967 ) , and VIENTOS - GASTON , `` Informe del Procurador General sobre el idioma '' , 36 Rev. Col. Ab . ( P.R. ) 843 ( 1975 ) . Jump up ^ The Status of Languages in Puerto Rico . Muniz - Arguelles , Luis . University of Puerto Rico . c. 1988 . Page 466 . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Census Annual Population Estimates 2007 '' . Factfinder.census.gov . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2013 . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico 2011 -- 2015 American Community Survey 5 - Year Estimates '' . US Census . Department of Commerce . 2016 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Puerto Rico Governor Luis Fortuño Proposes Plan For Island 's Public Schools To Teach In English Instead Of Spanish . Archived August 31 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Danica Coto . Huffington Latino Voices. 05 / 08 / 12 ( May 8 , 2012 ) . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Language Education Policy in Puerto Rico '' . Language Education Policy Studies . International Association for Language Education Policy Studies . 2013 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Key findings about Puerto Rico '' . March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Religion in Latin America '' . November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Porto Rico '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Jump up ^ `` Sobre Nosotros '' . Episcopalpr.org . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2010 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Luis Fortuño Janeiro . Album Histórico de Ponce ( 1692 -- 1963 ) . Page 165 . Ponce , Puerto Rico : Imprenta Fortuño. 1963 . Jump up ^ `` La presencia Germanica en Puerto Rico '' . Preb.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Protestants in Puerto Rico '' . english.turkcebilgi.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( March 12 , 2014 ) . `` Catholic Church and Puerto Rico officials at odds in widening sex abuse investigation '' . FOX News . FOX News . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico People and Society '' . CIA Library . CIA . 2015 . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Roman Catholic 85 % , Protestant and other 15 % Jump up ^ LÓPEZ , Gustavo ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Hispanics of Puerto Rican Origin in the United States , 2013 '' . Pew Research . Pew Research Center , DC . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Puerto Ricans in this statistical profile are people who self - identified as Hispanics of Puerto Rican origin ; this means either they themselves were born in Puerto Rico1 or they were born in the 50 U.S. states , the District of Columbia or elsewhere , but trace their family ancestry to Puerto Rico . Jump up ^ `` Religion in Latin America '' . Pew Research . Pew Research Center . November 13 , 2014 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome '' . Parish.orthodoxtheologicalinstitute.org . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2011 . Retrieved November 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Latin American issues Vol. 3 '' . Webpub.allegheny.edu . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2010 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Eduardo Giorgetti Y Su Mundo : La Aparente Paradoja De Un Millonario Genio Empresarial Y Su Noble Humanismo ; by Delma S. Arrigoitia ; Publisher : Ediciones Puerto ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 942347 - 52 - 4 Jump up ^ `` Korber House '' . Prairieschooltraveler.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Virtual Jewish History Tour Puerto Rico '' . Jewishvirtuallibrary.org . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Jewish Palate : The Jews of Puerto Rico '' . The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Luxner News '' . Luxner.com . August 3 , 2004 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Number of Muslims and Percentage in Puero Rico '' . Institute of Islamic Information and Education . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Percent Puerto Rican population that are Muslims '' . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Retrieved June 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Muslim mosques in Pto . Rico '' . Pupr.edu . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2012 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Muslims concentrated in Rio Piedras '' . Saudiaramcoworld.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ 2016 Yearbook of Jehovah 's Witnesses , pp. 184 -- 85 Jump up ^ `` Budda Net '' . Buddhanet.net . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico , Article I , Section 2 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 29 , 2009 . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Department of State . Dependencies and Areas of Special Sovereignty '' . State.gov . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Department of State . Foreign Affairs Manual : Volume 7 -- Consular Affairs ( 7 FAM 1120 ) , ' Acquisition of U.S. Nationality in U.S. Territories and Possessions ' , pp. 1 -- 3 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved December 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rules of the House of Representatives . Rule III . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico Primary Election Report Notice '' . Fec.gov . February 2 , 2008 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Presidential Primary Dates and Candidates Filling Datelines for Ballot Access '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Consulados . Link to Puerto Rico '' . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2004 . Retrieved February 3 , 2009 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Mayagüez . Enciclopedia de Puerto Rico '' . Enciclopediapr.org . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` LinktoPR.com -- Fundación de los Pueblos '' . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2004 . Retrieved April 21 , 2004 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Martínez Torres , Juez ( Judge ) ( March 20 , 2015 ) . `` Opinión del Tribunal emitida por el Juez Asociado señor Martínez Torres '' ( PDF ) . Legal Document . El Tribunal Supremo de Puerto Rico . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Special committee on decolonization approves text calling on United States to expedite Puerto Rican self - determination process '' ( Press release ) . Department of Public Information , United Nations General Assembly . June 13 , 2006 . Retrieved October 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Keith Bea ( May 25 , 2005 ) . `` Political Status of Puerto Rico : Background , Options , and Issues in the 109th Congress '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved October 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ U.S. Const . art . IV , § 3 , cl. 2 ( `` The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the colony or other Property belonging to the United States ... '' ) . Jump up ^ Downes v. Bidwell , 182 U.S. 244 , 261 ( 1901 ) , commenting on an earlier Supreme Court decision , Loughborough v. Blake , 18 U.S. ( 5 Wheat . ) 317 ( 1820 ) ; Rasmussen v. United States , 197 U.S. 516 , 529 -- 530 , 536 ( 1905 ) ( concurring opinions of Justices Harlan and Brown ) , that once the Constitution has been extended to an area , its coverage is irrevocable ; Boumediene v. Bush -- That where the Constitution has been once formally extended by Congress to territories , neither Congress nor the territorial legislature can enact laws inconsistent therewith . The Constitution grants Congress and the President the power to acquire , dispose of , and govern territory , not the power to decide when and where its terms apply . Jump up ^ The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion : 1803 -- 1898 . By Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow . New York : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . 2005 . pp. 166 , 178 . `` U.S. citizenship was extended to residents of Puerto Rico by virtue of the Jones Act , chap. 190 , 39 Stat. 951 ( 1971 ) ( codified at 48 U.S.C. § 731 ( 1987 ) '' ) Jump up ^ `` Constitutional Topic : Citizenship '' . U.S. Constitution Online . Retrieved June 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Ricans pay import / export taxes '' . Stanford.wellsphere.com . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2010 . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Ricans pay federal commodity taxes '' . Stanford.wellsphere.com . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2010 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Internal Revenue Service . ' , Topic 903 -- Federal Employment Tax in Puerto Rico ' , '' . Irs.gov . December 18 , 2009 . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reuters , ' Puerto Rico hopes to gain from U.S. healthcare reform ' , 24 September 2009 '' . Reuters . September 24 , 2009 . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Schaefer , Brett . `` The Heritage Foundation , 11 March 2009 . `` D.C. Voting Rights : No Representation ? No Taxation ! '' , By Robert A. Book , PhD `` . Heritage.org . Retrieved October 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico Manufacturers Association , CEO Summit , Federal and Local Incentives : Where we are , Where We Want to be . Amaya Iraolagoitia , Partner , Tax Dept '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 16 , 2010 . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Joint Committee on Taxation . An Overview of the Special Tax Rules Related to Puerto Rico and an Analysis of the Tax and Economic Policy Implications of Recent Legislative Options '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Members of the military must pay federal income tax Jump up ^ `` Table 5 . Internal Revenue Gross Collections , by Type of Tax and State , Fiscal year 2009 '' ( XLS ) . Internal Revenue Service . Jump up ^ Puerto Rico hopes to gain from U.S. healthcare reform . Reuters . September 24 , 2009 . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` News & Media '' . PRFAA . July 6 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2011 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Colombia y Puerto Rico se dan la mano '' . El Nuevo Día ( in Spanish ) . July 20 , 2013 . Retrieved August 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Relaciones comerciales entre Colombia y Puerto Rico '' ( in Spanish ) . Universidad ICESI . July 23 , 2013 . Retrieved August 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mari Carmen Aponte '' . State.gov . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` After Closing of Navy Base , Hard Times in Puerto Rico '' . New York Times . April 3 , 2005 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ OSD , Washington Headquarters Services , Directorate for Information Operations and Reports ( DIOR ) ; `` Atlas / Data Abstract for the United States and Selected Areas -- Fiscal Year 1997 ; '' Department of Defense ; 1998 . Note : The count of 25 military installations included the branch component of the Roosevelt Roads Naval facility on the island of Vieques , as distinct from the Roosevelt Roads Naval station in Cieba ^ Jump up to : Meléndez , Edwin ; Meléndez , Edgardo ; Colonial Dilemma ; South End Press ; Boston ; 1993 Jump up ^ Maryland General Assembly ( April 8 , 1997 ) . `` Participation of Hispanics in the American Revolution '' . SJR2 . Retrieved August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Danny Nieves . `` Special Announcements '' . Valerosos.com . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense , Reserve Affairs ; `` Official Guard and Reserve Manpower Strengths and Statistics -- Summary End Fiscal Year 1996 ; '' 1996 Jump up ^ World Bank Indicators ; World Bank . `` World Bank Indicators 2012 : Puerto Rico '' . Retrieved February 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schwab , Klaus ( 2013 ) . `` The Global Competitiveness Report 2013 -- 2014 '' ( PDF ) . World Economic Forum . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ World Bank Indicators ; World Bank . `` Gross national income per capita 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved September 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Manufactura '' ( in Spanish ) . Government of Puerto Rico . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2013 . Retrieved 7 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico 's tourism industry continues to expand '' . Business Destinations . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alan Heston , Robert Summers and Bettina Aten , Penn World Table Version 7.1 , Center for International Comparisons of Production , Income and Prices at the University of Pennsylvania , July 2012 . Accessed on August 19 , 2012 . Note : GDP per capita data are `` PPP Converted GDP Per Capita , average GEKS - CPDW , at current prices ( in I $ ) '' , labeled as variable `` cgdp2 '' . Jump up ^ Torrcech San Inocencio , Rafael ( December 7 , 2011 ) . `` La autosuficiencia alimentaria '' . El Nuevo Día ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2013 . Retrieved September 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Millán Rodríguez , Yamilet ( April 4 , 2013 ) . `` Denuncian politización de Junta AEE '' . El Vocero ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2013 . Retrieved September 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Vera Rosado , Ileanexis ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` Ineficiencia arropa a los recursos económicos de salud '' . El Vocero ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2013 . Retrieved September 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ González , Jenisabel ( June 13 , 2012 ) . `` Debemos más de lo que producimos '' . El Nuevo Día ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2013 . Retrieved September 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bauzá , Nydia ( December 2 , 2013 ) . `` García Padilla insiste en que heredó un país `` en cantos '' `` . El Nuevo Día ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Quintero , Laura ( September 14 , 2013 ) . `` Las estadísticas hablan : Puerto Rico camino a ser el `` Detroit del Caribe '' `` . NotiCel ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PUERTO RICO FACT SHEET '' ( PDF ) . Gdb-pur.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Nick Brown , Reuters ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` Puerto Rico oversight board favors more time for restructuring talks '' . Fiscal Times . The Fiscal Times . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Platt , Eric ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` New Puerto Rico governor seeks amicable debt crisis resolution '' . Financial Times . New York . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Watson , Dan ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` Secretary Lew Sends Letter to 115th Congress on Puerto Rico '' . Department of the Treasury . Department of the Treasury . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nick Brown , Reuters ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` Puerto Rico oversight board favors more time for restructuring talks '' . Fiscal Times . The Fiscal Times . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . The bipartisan , seven - member oversight board was created under the federal Puerto Rico rescue law known as PROMESA , passed by the U.S. Congress last year . It is charged with helping the island manage its finances and navigate its way out of the economic jam , including by negotiating restructuring deals with creditors . Jump up ^ `` '' Economistas se Oponen a las Reformas para `` estimular la economía '' `` . El Nuevo Día. 20 February 2017 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Bases , Daniel ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Puerto Rico to furlough workers , proposes pension plan reform '' . Cnbc.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Castrodad , José ( April 7 , 2014 ) . `` La Estadidad es una , única , uniforme e irreversible '' . El Vocero . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Mary ( October 7 , 2013 ) . `` Worsening Debt Crisis Threatens Puerto Rico '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ¿ Cómo Puerto Rico llegó a tener crédito chatarra ? '' . El Nuevo Día ( in Spanish ) . February 4 , 2014 . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Financial Information and Operating Data Report to October 18 , 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Puerto Rico Government Development Bank . October 18 , 2013 . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` San Juan 2023 o la decadencia de un País '' . Centro Para Una Nueva Economía . Center for a New Economy . Jump up ^ `` SERVICIO DE LA DEUDA '' ( PDF ) . ``. pr.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Reporte General sobre Deuda Pública '' ( PDF ) . ``. pr.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Mary Williams ( July 2 , 2017 ) . `` Puerto Rico 's Power Authority Effectively Files for Bankruptcy '' . NYTimes.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PROCESO PRESUPUESTARIO '' ( PDF ) . 2.pr.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Fort Buchanan , Puerto Rico '' . Military Installations . Department of Defense . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico 's Cost of Living Skyrockets '' . Huffingtonpost.com . September 29 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2014 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Alvarez , Lizette ( February 8 , 2014 ) . `` Economy and Crime Spur New Puerto Rican Exodus '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Home -- El Nuevo Día '' . Elnuevodia.com . August 31 , 2013 . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2014 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MIDA concluye alto costo de vida es la preocupación mayor del boricua '' . Primerahora.com . February 13 , 2013 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dougherty , Conor ( August 14 , 2007 ) . `` Puerto Rico 's Economic Slump Weighs Hard on Consumers '' . Online.wsj.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Coto , Danica ( September 29 , 2013 ) . `` Life in Puerto Rico becomes costlier amid crisis '' . Nbclatino.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Worldwide Cost of Living Survey 2011 '' . Mercer.com . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2014 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rivera , Magaly . `` Moving to Puerto Rico '' . Welcome to Puerto Rico ! . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico 2011 -- 2015 American Community Survey 5 - Year Estimates '' . US Census . Department of Commerce . 2016 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico '' . Federal Reserve Bank of New York . August 2011 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gutierrez , Elías . `` Impact of the Coastwise Trade Laws on the Transportation System of the United States of America '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 2 , 2013 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Santiago , Jaime ( November 29 , 2012 ) . `` Jones Act requirement comes under new light '' . Caribbean Business . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` R. Conc . del S. 21 '' ( Microsoft Word ) ( in Spanish ) . Puerto Rico Office of Legislative Services . May 6 , 2013 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Senado aprueba proyecto para pedir trato preferencial en leyes de cabotaje '' . NotiCel ( in Spanish ) . June 5 , 2013 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` GAO 's Jones Act Report Is Inconclusive '' . The Journal of Commerce . March 20 , 2013 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` GAO - 13 - 260 , Puerto Rico : Characteristics of the Island 's Maritime Trade and Potential Effects of Modifying the Jones Act '' ( PDF ) . United States Government Accountability Office . March 2013 . Jump up ^ Nicolas Kanellos , `` Hispanic Firsts '' , Visible Ink Press ( ISBN 0 - 7876 - 0519 - 0 ) , p. 40 . Jump up ^ `` CIA FactBook '' . Cia.gov . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Perfil del Sistema Educativo -- Año Escolar 2010 -- 2011 '' . estadisticas.gobierno.pr . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lizette Alvarez ; Abby Goodnough ( August 2 , 2015 ) . `` Puerto Ricans Brace for Crisis in Health Care '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 ... more than 60 percent of residents receive Medicare or Medicaid ... Jump up ^ Dorell , Oren ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` Puerto Rico 's health system ' on life support ' after blow '' . USA Today . Melbourne , Florida . pp. 1B , 2B . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hospital San Lucas Retrieved July 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Resolucion Conjunta . Hon . Seilhamer Rodríguez . 16th Assembly -- 3rd Session . Senate of Puerto Rico . Joint Resolution Number 402 . March 3 , 2010 . Retrieved November 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Denuncian crisis en hospital siquiátrico . Reinaldo Millán . La Perla del Sur . Ponce , Puerto Rico . November 9 , 2011 . Year 30 . No. 1458 . Page 14 . Retrieved November 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ VA Clinic Archived January 7 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved July 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ponce tendrá su Hospital de Veteranos . Jason Rodríguez Grafal . La Perla del Sur . Ponce , Puerto Rico . October 10 , 2012 . Year 30 . Issue 1506 . Page 11 . ( Title in printed version : `` Sera en Ponce : Con luz verde federal el nuevo Hospital de Veteranos '' . ) Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ U.S. News and World Report . Archived April 12 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Hospital de Damas : among the best . Retrieved July 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Culebra Overview Archived June 18 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . on Let 's Go Jump up ^ Triple - S Management Corporation Annual Report ( Form 10 - K ) for the fiscal year ended on December 31 , 2005 , pursuant to Section 13 or 15 ( d ) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 , accessed on November 4 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Table 5 '' . Jump up ^ Chalabi , Mona ( July 22 , 2012 ) . `` Gun homicides and gun ownership listed by country '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Latin American Herald Tribune -- 80 % of Puerto Rico Murders Called Drug - Related '' . Laht.com . Jump up ^ Giovannetti , Jorge L. `` Popular Music and Culture in Puerto Rico : Jamaican and Rap Music as Cross-Cultural Symbols '' , in Musical Migrations : Transnationalism and Cultural Hybridity in the Americas , ed . Frances R. Aparicio and Cándida F. Jáquez , 81 -- 98 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rican Music TV '' . Puerto Rican Music TV . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Puerto Rico . By Randall Peffer . Page 225 . Books.google.com. 2002 . ISBN 9781740592741 . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ National Geographic Archived March 2 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Puerto Rico in the Great Depression '' . Newdeal.feri.org . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ortiz , Yvonne . A Taste of Puerto Rico : Traditional and New Dishes from the Puerto Rican Community . Penguin group , 1997 . p. 3 Jump up ^ 3 - cent Puerto Rico Issue Arago : people , postage & the post . Viewed March 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rod , Steven J. Puerto Rico Election Issue Arago : people , postage & the post . Viewed March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ San Juan Issue Arago : people , postage & the post . Viewed March 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Flags of our nation series 2008 -- 2012 , Arago : people , postage & the post '' , National Postal Museum . Viewed March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Roberto Clemente ( 1934 -- 1972 ) '' p. 178 , `` Legends of Baseball '' p. 254 , Scott 's Specialized Catalogue , 2013 , ISBN 0 - 89487 - 475 - 6 Jump up ^ `` Great Americans Issue '' Scott 's Specialized Catalogue , 2013 , ISBN 0 - 89487 - 475 - 6 , p. 183 Jump up ^ `` Literary Arts '' Scott 's Specialized Catalogue , 2013 , ISBN 0 - 89487 - 475 - 6 , p. 308 Jump up ^ `` Distinguished Americans '' Scott 's Specialized Catalogue , 2013 , ISBN 0 - 89487 - 475 - 6 , p. 317 Jump up ^ `` Baseball Hall of Fame entry for Roberto Clemente '' . Baseballhall.org . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Hall of Fame entry for Orlando Cepeda '' . Baseballhall.org . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Hall of Fame entry for Roberto Alomar '' . Baseballhall.org . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Olympics 2004 Basketball Shock defeat for USA '' . BBC News . August 15 , 2004 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jesús Omar Rivera ( October 29 , 2008 ) . `` Boricuas lucíos en una rueda '' ( in Spanish ) . Primera Hora . Retrieved October 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Raul Sosa ( July 27 , 2012 ) . `` AND1 & PR Streetball Put on a Show ! '' . BoricuaBallers.com . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2015 . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Joshua Hammann ( October 14 , 2008 ) . `` Melendez adds a new country to Globetrotters ' resume '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` A Non-Black Player Joins Globetrotters '' . New York Times . Antigua &Amp ; Barbuda . December 28 , 1995 . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Who is Mónica Puig the Puerto Rico player who won the gold medal in the Rio 2016 Olympic Games women 's tennis final ? '' . Rio2016.com . August 14 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2016 . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Waldstein , David ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` Monica Puig , Puerto Rico 's Favorite Daughter ( and Only Gold Medalist ) '' . NYTimes.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Aeropuertos Internacionales y Regionales ( Spanish ) '' . Puerto Rico Ports Authority . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2009 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` About the Project -- Overview '' . Port of the Americas Authority . Retrieved July 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ley de la Autoridad de Energía Eléctrica de Puerto Rico '' ( PDF ) . Presupuesto.gobierno.pr . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico profile '' , BBC News , May 23 , 2013 . Retrieved January 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Communications : Puerto Rico '' , World Factbook , U.S. Central Intelligence Agency , December 9 , 2013 . Retrieved January 8 , 2014 . Further reading Isar P. Godreau , Scripts of Blackness : Race , Cultural nationalism , and U.S. Colonialism in Puerto Rico . Urbana , IL : University of Illinois Press , 2015 . External links Find more aboutPuerto Ricoat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Official website ( in Spanish ) Investment Tourism Department Of Economic Development and Commerce `` Puerto Rico '' . Country profiles . BBC . `` Puerto Rico '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . `` Datos y Estadisticas de Puerto Rico y sus Municipios '' ( Data and Statistics about Puerto Rico and It 's Municipalities ) . Tendencias PR ( in Spanish ) . `` Puerto Rico '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Puerto Rico at DMOZ Geography Wikimedia Atlas of Puerto Rico Geographic data related to Puerto Rico at OpenStreetMap United States government `` Application of the U.S. Constitution in U.S. Insular Areas '' ( pdf ) . November 1997 . `` Puerto Rico State Guide '' . LOC . United Nations ( U.N. ) Declaration on Puerto Rico `` Special Committee on Decolonization Calls Upon United States to Expedite Puerto Rico 's Self - Determination Process '' . Special Committee on Decolonization . Press release . U.N. General Assembly . June 14 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2007 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did puerto rico become a commonwealth of the united states	[ "On February 4, 1952, the convention approved Resolution 22 which chose in English the word Commonwealth, meaning a \"politically organized community\" or \"state\", which is simultaneously connected by a compact or treaty to another political system. Puerto Rico officially designates itself with the term \"Commonwealth of Puerto Rico\" in its constitution, as a translation into English of the term to \"Estado Libre Asociado\" (ELA)." ]	[ "February 4, 1952" ]
7801117757342609296	Bed size	Bed size - wikipedia Bed size Single size bed Standard bed sizes are based on standard mattress sizes , which vary from country to country . Bed sizes also vary according to the size and degree of ornamentation of the bed frame . Dimensions and names vary considerably around the world , with most countries having their own standards and terminology . In addition , two mattresses with the same nominal size may still have slightly different dimensions , due to manufacturing tolerances , amount of padding , and support type . In almost all territories , standard beds are rectangular but other shapes , notably circular , may be obtained by special order . Contents 1 Table of common sizes 2 Canada and United States 2.1 Standard sizes 2.2 Other sizes 3 Europe 3.1 UK and Ireland 3.2 France 3.3 Italy 3.4 Northern Europe 3.5 Portugal 3.6 Spain 3.7 Switzerland 4 Oceania 4.1 Australia 4.2 New Zealand 5 Africa 5.1 South Africa 6 Asia 6.1 China 6.2 Indonesia , Singapore , and Malaysia 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Table of common sizes ( edit ) See also : Bedding § Bedding sizes Modern manufacturing conventions have produced many standard mattress and box spring sizes . Beds vary by country of origin as per the table below . These dimensions are for the mattress -- actual bed frames are a little larger to accommodate the mattress . Mattress thickness varies considerably . North America South America Europe Oceania Asia US and Canada Brazil Continental Europe Scandinavia UK and Ireland Australia New Zealand China Japan Singapore Thailand Small single or Cot 76 cm × 191 cm ( 30 in × 75 in ) 80 cm × 190 cm ( 31 in × 75 in ) 60 cm × 190 cm ( 24 in × 75 in ) 91 cm × 188 cm ( 36 in × 74 in ) 85 cm × 195 cm ( 33 in × 77 in ) Single , Twin , or Bunk 97 cm × 191 cm ( 38 in × 75 in ) 88 cm × 188 cm ( 35 in × 74 in ) 90 cm × 200 cm ( 35 in × 79 in ) 90 cm × 200 cm ( 35 in × 79 in ) 90 cm × 190 cm ( 35 in × 75 in ) 92 cm × 188 cm ( 36 in × 74 in ) 91 cm × 188 cm ( 36 in × 74 in ) 106 cm × 188 cm ( 42 in × 74 in ) 97 cm × 195 cm ( 38 in × 77 in ) 91 cm × 191 cm ( 36 in × 75 in ) 107 cm × 198 cm ( 42 in × 78 in ) Twin extra long 97 cm × 203 cm ( 38 in × 80 in ) 90 cm × 210 cm ( 35 in × 83 in ) 91 cm × 203 cm ( 36 in × 80 in ) 97 cm × 205 cm ( 38 in × 81 in ) King single or Super single 96 cm × 203 cm ( 38 in × 80 in ) 120 cm × 200 cm ( 47 in × 79 in ) 107 cm × 203 cm ( 42 in × 80 in ) 107 cm × 203 cm ( 42 in × 80 in ) 110 cm × 195 cm ( 43 in × 77 in ) 107 cm × 191 cm ( 42 in × 75 in ) Small double or Three - quarter 120 cm × 190 cm ( 48 in × 75 in ) 140 cm × 200 cm ( 55 in × 79 in ) 120 cm × 190 cm ( 47 in × 75 in ) 122 cm × 195 cm ( 48 in × 77 in ) Full or Double 130 cm × 190 cm ( 53 in × 75 in ) 138 cm × 188 cm ( 54 in × 74 in ) 140 cm × 200 cm ( 55 in × 79 in ) 180 cm × 200 cm ( 71 in × 79 in ) 135 cm × 190 cm ( 53 in × 75 in ) 138 cm × 188 cm ( 54 in × 74 in ) 137 cm × 188 cm ( 54 in × 74 in ) 152 cm × 188 cm ( 60 in × 74 in ) 140 cm × 195 cm ( 55 in × 77 in ) 122 cm × 198 cm ( 48 in × 78 in ) Double extra long 130 cm × 200 cm ( 53 in × 80 in ) 140 cm × 205 cm ( 55 in × 81 in ) Queen 150 cm × 200 cm ( 60 in × 80 in ) 158 cm × 198 cm ( 62 in × 78 in ) 152 cm × 203 cm ( 60 in × 80 in ) 152 cm × 203 cm ( 60 in × 80 in ) 182 cm × 188 cm ( 72 in × 74 in ) 154 cm × 195 cm ( 61 in × 77 in ) 152 cm × 191 cm ( 60 in × 75 in ) 152 cm × 198 cm ( 60 in × 78 in ) Expanded , Super , or Olympic queen 170 cm × 200 cm ( 66 in × 80 in ) King or Eastern King 190 cm × 200 cm ( 76 in × 80 in ) or 500 cm ( 78 in ) 193 cm × 203 cm ( 76 in × 80 in ) 160 cm × 200 cm ( 63 in × 79 in ) 152 cm × 198 cm ( 60 in × 78 in ) 183 cm × 203 cm ( 72 in × 80 in ) 167 cm × 203 cm ( 66 in × 80 in ) 182 cm × 212 cm ( 72 in × 83 in ) 170 cm × 195 cm ( 67 in × 77 in ) 183 cm × 191 cm ( 72 in × 75 in ) 183 cm × 198 cm ( 72 in × 78 in ) California King , Western King , or King long 180 cm × 210 cm ( 72 in × 84 in ) 180 cm × 210 cm ( 72 in × 84 in ) 200 cm × 200 cm ( 80 in × 80 in ) 170 cm × 205 cm ( 67 in × 81 in ) Grand King Super King , Athletic King , or Texas King 200 cm × 250 cm ( 80 in × 98 in ) 180 cm × 200 cm ( 71 in × 79 in ) 180 cm × 200 cm ( 71 in × 79 in ) 203 cm × 203 cm ( 80 in × 80 in ) 183 cm × 203 cm ( 72 in × 80 in ) 194 cm × 205 cm ( 76 in × 81 in ) Large Emperor 213 cm × 213 cm ( 84 in × 84 in ) Caesor 245 cm × 200 cm ( 96 in × 79 in ) Canada and united states ( edit ) Standard North American sizes ( not to scale ) A pillowtop queen - size mattress . Standard sizes ( edit ) Standard bed sizes in the US and Canada are : Twin or single 38 in × 75 in ( 97 cm × 191 cm ) There is a common misconception that a single bed is sometimes smaller than a twin . Full / Double 53 in × 75 in ( 135 cm × 191 cm ) Queen 60 in × 80 in ( 152 cm × 203 cm ) King 76 in × 80 in ( 193 cm × 203 cm ) Foundation or box spring size can be of two single L or twin XL . California king 72 in × 84 in ( 183 cm × 213 cm ) Other sizes ( edit ) Single L or twin XL 39 in × 80 in ( 99 cm × 203 cm ) Three - quarters 48 in × 75 in ( 122 cm × 191 cm ) Full XL 53 in × 80 in ( 135 cm × 203 cm ) Texas ( or athletic ) king 80 in × 98 in ( 203 cm × 249 cm ) California queen waterbed insert Used for conventional mattresses inside a waterbed frame . Subtract 2.0 inches from California queen waterbed size . 58 in × 82 in ( 147 cm × 208 cm ) California king waterbed insert Used for conventional mattresses inside a waterbed frame . Subtract 2.0 inches from California king waterbed size . 70 in × 82 in ( 178 cm × 208 cm ) Europe ( edit ) UK and Ireland ( edit ) Most modern beds / mattresses available in the UK and Ireland are sold using metric dimensions , as required by law . The names of standard mattress sizes were , however , originally attributed to specific imperial dimensions which remain in common use as a point of reference . Size Notes Small Single 75 cm × 190 cm ( 30 in × 75 in ) Common UK size for hospitality ( zip & link ) twin beds as beds can be combined to make a short king bed . Equivalent to previous 2'6 '' x 6'3 '' Single 90 cm × 190 cm ( 35 in × 75 in ) Also a standard hospitality sized twin bed in Ireland , two mattresses can be zip linked to make a short Superking bed . Equivalent to previous 3 ' x 6'3 '' European single 90 cm × 200 cm ( 35 in × 79 in ) Small Double 120 cm × 190 cm ( 47 in × 75 in ) Equivalent to previous 4 ' x 6'3 '' Double 135 cm × 190 cm ( 53 in × 75 in ) Equivalent to previous 4'6 '' x 6'3 '' European Double 140 cm × 200 cm ( 55 in × 79 in ) King 150 cm × 200 cm ( 59 in × 79 in ) Equivalent to previous 5 ' x 6'6 '' European King 160 cm × 200 cm ( 63 in × 79 in ) Superking 180 cm × 200 cm ( 71 in × 79 in ) Equivalent to previous 6 ' x 6'6 '' Emperor 200 cm × 202 cm ( 79 in × 80 in ) Equivalent to previous 6'6 x 6'8 '' Large Emperor 215 cm × 217 cm ( 85 in × 85 in ) Equivalent to previous 7 ' x 7 ' It is worth noting that `` bed size '' in the UK generally refers to mattress size . This is because mattresses have a standard size grading , whereas bed frames do not . While many companies in the UK do offer bespoke bed making services , most mass - produced bed linens , bed frames and mattresses fit only the standard bed sizes above . A Queen size mattress in the UK is often misunderstood to be one of the larger sizes as is the case in many other parts of the world . At 120cm in width , however , it is smaller than a UK double . Another common mistake is to use a mattress size as the required space for the full dimensions of the bed and mattress . France ( edit ) Single size beds are usually 90 centimetres ( 35 in ) wide by 190 centimetres ( 75 in ) long . Most common sizes for double beds are : 140 centimetres ( 55 in ) wide by 190 centimetres ( 75 in ) long 160 centimetres ( 63 in ) wide by 200 centimetres ( 79 in ) long 180 centimetres ( 71 in ) wide by 200 centimetres ( 79 in ) long ( less common , but increasing popularity ) . Due to the popularity of imported beds ( especially from IKEA ) , the 200 centimetres ( 79 in ) length is becoming more common . Italy ( edit ) In Italy , beds are classified by name and use the term Piazza as in `` one place '' Standard sizes are : Una piazza or singolo ( `` single '' ) 80 or 90 centimetres ( 31 or 35 in ) wide by 190 centimetres ( 75 in ) long . Una piazza e mezza ( 11⁄2 ) 120 centimetres ( 47 in ) wide by 190 centimetres ( 75 in ) long . Due piazze or letto matrimoniale 160 or 180 centimetres ( 63 or 71 in ) wide by 190 centimetres ( 75 in ) long long Less common : Piazza francese or `` Piazza e Mezza francese '' 140 centimetres ( 55 in ) wide by 190 centimetres ( 75 in ) long Due to the popularity of imported beds ( especially from IKEA ) , the 200 centimetres ( 79 in ) length is becoming more common . Northern europe ( edit ) These sizes are for Germany , Poland , Netherlands , Belgium , Norway , Sweden , Denmark , Iceland , Finland , Estonia , Latvia , and Lithuania . There are some variations between the Nordic countries and the Baltic nations , but these are the most common sizes : Single : 80 cm × 190 cm ( 31 in × 75 in ) , traditional standard for bunk beds in Germany 90 cm × 190 cm ( 35 in × 75 in ) , traditional standard in Germany 75 cm × 200 cm ( 30 in × 79 in ) , standard in Norway 80 cm × 200 cm ( 31 in × 79 in ) , common variant in Finland 90 cm × 200 cm ( 35 in × 79 in ) , standard single bed in Denmark , Norway , Sweden and Germany . 90 cm × 210 cm ( 35 in × 83 in ) 90 cm × 200 cm ( 35 in × 79 in ) , common variant in The Netherlands 90 cm × 220 cm ( 35 in × 87 in ) , extra large variant in The Netherlands 100 cm × 200 cm ( 39 in × 79 in ) , now very common in Germany 105 cm × 200 cm ( 41 in × 79 in ) 120 cm × 200 cm ( 47 in × 79 in ) Three - Quarter : 120 cm × 200 cm ( 47 in × 79 in ) , less common in Scandinavia 140 cm × 200 cm ( 55 in × 79 in ) , very common three - quarters in Scandinavia Double : 120 cm × 200 cm ( 47 in × 79 in ) , referred to as a `` doubter '' in the Netherlands , somewhat common for younger people 140 cm × 200 cm ( 55 in × 79 in ) 150 cm × 200 cm ( 59 in × 79 in ) , common 160 cm × 200 cm ( 63 in × 79 in ) , very common , common variant in Finland 180 cm × 200 cm ( 71 in × 79 in ) , very common double bed in current Danish , Swedish and Norwegian standards 180 cm × 210 cm ( 71 in × 83 in ) 200 cm × 200 cm ( 79 in × 79 in ) ( very wide ) Most beds are 200 cm ( 79 in ) cm long . Extra long beds are usually 220 cm ( 87 in ) , but they are rare . Portugal ( edit ) In Portugal the most common sizes for beds are : Solteiro ( single ) 80 centimetres ( 31 in ) wide by 190 centimetres ( 75 in ) long ( can go up to 105 cm wide by 200 cm long ) Casal ( double ) 140 centimetres ( 55 in ) wide by 190 centimetres ( 75 in ) , 195 or 200 cm long Queen Size 160 centimetres ( 63 in ) or 180 centimetres ( 71 in ) wide by 190 , 195 or 200 cm long King Size 180 centimetres ( 71 in ) wide by 190 , 195 or 200 cm long Super King Size 200 centimetres ( 79 in ) wide by 200 cm long Spain ( edit ) In Spain the most common sizes are : 180 / 190 / 200 cm long 80 / 90 / 105 / 120 / 135 / 150 cm wide , the most common : `` Individual '' ( single ) = 90 cm wide `` Matrimonio '' ( marital ) = 135 / 150 cm wide Switzerland ( edit ) Single : 70 cm × 200 cm ( 28 in × 79 in ) , only used for double beds with two separate mattresses 80 cm × 200 cm ( 31 in × 79 in ) , only used for double beds with two separate mattresses 90 cm × 200 cm ( 35 in × 79 in ) , common single bed 120 cm × 200 cm ( 47 in × 79 in ) , uncommon , mainly available as European - style futon beds that are sold with mattress , slats and frame 140 cm × 200 cm ( 55 in × 79 in ) , common , especially among young people Double : 160 cm × 200 cm ( 63 in × 79 in ) , common 180 cm × 200 cm ( 71 in × 79 in ) , common 200 cm × 200 cm ( 79 in × 79 in ) , proposed when enough space is available Oceania ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) The following bed sizes are available in Australia Single 92cm x 188cm ( 36in x 74in ) Long Single 92cm x 204cm ( 36in x 80in ) Three - quarter ( obsolete , but still present ) 120 cm × 188 cm ( 47in x 74in ) King Single 107cm x 203cm ( 42in x 80in ) Double 138cm x 188cm ( 54in x 74in ) Queen 153cm x 203cm ( 60in x 80in - Same as American Queen ) King 183cm x 203cm ( 72in x 80in ) California King 183cm x 213cm ( 72in x 82in ) Super King 204 cm x 204cm ( 80in x 80in ) New Zealand ( edit ) The following bed sizes are available in New Zealand Single 91cm x 188cm Single XL 91cm x 203cm Three - quarter ( uncommon ) 120 cm × 188 cm King Single 107cm x 203cm Double 137cm x 188cm Queen 153cm x 203cm King 167cm x 203cm Super King 183cm x 203cm Californian King 203cm x 203cm Water Bed King 213cm x 203cm Africa ( edit ) South Africa ( edit ) Comprehensive list of bed sizes in South Africa : Single 92 cm × 188 cm Single XL 92 cm × 200 cm Three - quarter 107 cm × 188 cm Three - quarter XL 107 cm × 200 cm Double 137 cm × 188 cm Double XL 137 cm × 200 cm Queen 152 cm × 188 cm Queen XL dimensions 152 cm × 200 cm King 183 cm × 188 cm ( equal to the width of two single mattresses ) King XL 183 cm × 200 cm ( equal to the width of two single mattresses ) XL mattress sizes vary only in length but not in width . Asia ( edit ) China ( edit ) In China , the regulation standard has following sizes available : Length : 1900 mm , 1950 mm , 2000 mm , 2100 mm ; Width : Single : 800 mm , 900 mm , 1000 mm , 1100 mm , 1200 mm ; Width : Double : 1350 mm , 1400 mm , 1500 mm , 1800 mm . In practice , bed sizes are usually categorized by the width . The length is typically two metres , but may vary . The most common sizes are : 1.2 m 120 cm × 200 cm ( 47 in × 79 in ) 1.5 m 150 cm × 200 cm ( 59 in × 79 in ) 1.8 m 180 cm × 200 cm ( 71 in × 79 in ) There are also extra size beds available , but they are less common . Indonesia , Singapore , and Malaysia ( edit ) The following bed sizes are available in Indonesia , Singapore , and Malaysia : Single 36 in × 75 in ( 91 cm x 191 cm ) Twin size 39 in × 75 in ( 99 cm × 191 cm ) Super single 42 in × 75 in ( 106 cm x 191 cm ) Queen ( double ) 60 in × 75 in ( 152 cm × 191 cm ) King ( double ) 72 in × 75 in ( 183 cm × 191 cm ) See also ( edit ) Design portal Infant bed Bed sheet References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Mattress Sizes '' . Better Sleep . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Apodaca , Frank ( 25 March 2017 ) . `` Single vs Twin Bed Size '' . The Sleep Judge . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Auer , Joe ( 22 December 2016 ) . `` Mattress Sizes And Dimensions - A Comprehensive Overview '' . Mattress Clarity . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What size is a three - quarter bed ? '' . Reference . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Buying guide : Choosing a mattress John Lewis Partnership Jump up ^ Buying guide : Choosing a small baby mattress ^ Jump up to : Bed buyer 's guide IKEA UK Jump up ^ Tiwatne , Sid ( 20 Jan 2018 ) . `` Mattress Dimension Guide '' . Nectar Sleep . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Single Bed Size & Mattress Dimensions -- Standard '' . www.standardbedsizes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` 中华人民共和国轻工业标准 QB / T1952. 2 -- 99 -- 弹簧软床垫 '' . 国家轻工业局. 1999 - 07 - 12 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 11 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Beds at Wikimedia Commons Media related to Mattresses at Wikimedia Commons Bedding Bed types ( Bed sizes ) Banig Bassinet Box - bed Bunk bed Cage bed Camp bed Canopy bed Couch bed Cradle ( bed ) Daybed Four - poster bed Futon Hammock Hospital bed Infant bed Kang bed - stove Lit a la turque Loft bed Charpai Murphy bed Petate Platform bed Sleigh bed Sofa bed Toddler bed Trundle bed Bed components Bed frame Bed sheet Bed skirt Cot side Footboard Headboard Mattresses Air mattress Featherbed Mattress pad Mattress protector Memory foam Orthopedic mattress Waterbed Bed bases Box - spring Bunkie board Blankets Afghan Comforter Duvet Duvet cover Electric blanket Hudson 's Bay point blanket Patchwork quilt Photo blanket Quilt Razai Security blanket Silk comforter Sleeping bag Pillows Acupressure pillow Bamboo wife Bolster Contour leg pillow Cushion Dakimakura Eye pillow Orthopedic pillow Sex pillow Speaker pillow Throw pillow Related items Bed warmer Couch Nightstand Commons Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bed_size&oldid=866302846 '' Categories : Beds Mattresses Mechanical standards Hidden categories : All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from May 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 15 : 07 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	what size is a queen size bed usa	[]	[]
-1156798031971566514	Chelsea F.C. in European football	Chelsea FC in European football - wikipedia Chelsea FC in European football Jump to : navigation , search Chelsea F.C. in European football Club Chelsea First entry 1958 -- 60 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup Latest entry 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League Titles Champions League 1 ( 2012 ) Europa League 1 ( 2013 ) Cup Winners ' Cup 2 ( 1971 , 1998 ) Super Cup 1 ( 1998 ) Chelsea Football Club is an English professional football club based in Fulham , London . The club 's involvement in European competition dates back to the 1950s . As champions of England , the club was invited to participate in the inaugural European Champions ' Cup in 1955 , but withdrew after pressure from the Football League . Three years later , Chelsea made their European debut against Stævnet in the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup , on 30 September 1958 . Chelsea won their first European title in 1971 , defeating Real Madrid to win the European Cup Winners ' Cup . In 1998 , they won the trophy again , followed by the UEFA Super Cup later that year . In 2012 Chelsea won the UEFA Champions League , the fifth English team , and the first from London , to win the competition . In 2013 Chelsea won the UEFA Europa League to become the fourth club to win all three main UEFA club competitions . Chelsea are presently England 's third-most successful club in Europe , with five trophies in total . John Terry holds the club record for appearances in European competitions with 124 , while striker Didier Drogba is the club 's leading European goalscorer with 36 goals . Chelsea 's biggest European win is 13 -- 0 , which came against Jeunesse Hautcharage in the Cup Winners ' Cup in 1971 . Their 21 -- 0 aggregate win over the same opposition is a joint - record in European football . Contents ( hide ) 1 European Cup / UEFA Champions League 2 Records 3 Matches 4 Finals 5 Overall record 5.1 By competition 5.2 By country 6 All - time top goal scorers in UEFA competitions 6.1 Key 7 References European Cup / UEFA Champions League ( edit ) Chelsea were invited to take part in the inaugural European Cup , now UEFA Champions League , in 1955 after they claimed their first league title the previous season . However , Chelsea were bullied into withdrawing from the tournament by the Football League FA . They had thus missed the chance to become the first English club to participate in and potentially win what is now the most prestigious club competition in European football . It was not until 44 years later that they would make their debut in the Champions League . The 1999 -- 2000 season saw the club progress through the group stage and the second group stage to reach the quarter - finals where they faced Barcelona of Spain . Chelsea won the first leg 3 -- 1 at Stamford Bridge with Gianfranco Zola scoring the opener and Tore André Flo a brace . However , they were beaten 1 -- 5 in Spain two weeks later and knocked out of the competition 4 -- 6 on aggregate , thus ended their first Champions League journey . Chelsea qualified for the 2003 -- 04 Champions League by finishing fourth in the 2002 -- 03 FA Premier League . Their place in the Champions League was secured on the final day of the season , beating fifth - place Liverpool 2 -- 1 at home . The game was dubbed ' the £ 20m match ' as Chelsea were only ahead of Liverpool on goal difference before kickoff ; a win for either side would see them qualify for the following season 's Champions League at the expense of the other . Jesper Grønkjær scored the winner in the 26th minute . The goal would later seemed by many as the most important in the club 's history and said to be worth £ 1 billion , as many believe had Liverpool won on that day the subsequent takeover by Russian billionaire Roman Abramovich would never have happened . Chelsea reached the semi-finals after defeating derby rivals Arsenal 2 -- 1 at Highbury . Having not beaten Arsenal since November 1998 , they went into the second leg with a 1 -- 1 home draw . José Antonio Reyes ' goal before the half time gave the Gunners the lead , however Chelsea managed to come back and won in the second half through Frank Lampard 's goal within six minutes of the restart and Wayne Bridge 's winning goal in the 88th minute . The first leg of the semi-final however turned out to be a disaster for Chelsea as they were defeated 1 -- 3 by ten - man Monaco at Stade Louis II stadium . Two weeks later at Stamford Bridge , they were leading 2 -- 0 shortly before the halftime . Had they kept this score to the final whistle , they would go through on away goals . However , Monaco eventually came back in the second half and the game ended a 2 -- 2 draw . As a consequence , Claudio Ranieri was sacked at the end of the season . Chelsea came very close to winning the Champions League several times during the 2000s . The closest they came was in the 2008 UEFA Champions League Final , being held in the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow . This was the first ever all - English Champions League / European Cup Final , with Chelsea facing Manchester United . The game was tightly contested , with the final score after extra time 1 -- 1 . In the penalty shootout , Chelsea were one kick away from winning the Champions League ( Petr Čech having saved Cristiano Ronaldo 's penalty ) . But Chelsea 's captain John Terry slipped on his run up for the final penalty and his shot hit the post . Edwin van der Sar then saved Nicolas Anelka 's spot kick and Manchester United were crowned European Champions for the third time in their history . The following season , Chelsea were on course to make their second final in two years . Following a 0 -- 0 draw at the Camp Nou , Chelsea were beating Barcelona 1 -- 0 at the Stamford Bridge . In a hugely controversial game , Barcelona managed to score an equaliser in the 94th minute of the game . With the score at 1 -- 1 , Barcelona progressed to the 2009 UEFA Champions League Final on away goals . Numerous Chelsea players protested in fury after the final whistle , most notable José Bosingwa and Didier Drogba . Drogba shouted into television cameras that the game was `` a fucking disgrace . '' Both players were handed bans by UEFA for their actions . Chelsea players celebrate their first UEFA Champions League title against Bayern Munich . Chelsea would not feature in a Champions League Final again until the 2012 Final that was being held in Munich 's Allianz Arena . Following several nerve - wracking encounters en route against Napoli , Benfica and Barcelona , Chelsea faced a game against Bayern Munich , who would be playing the Final in their home ground . Bayern controlled the game for the most part , and took the lead in the Final in the 83rd minute through Thomas Müller . Didier Drogba equalised five minutes later with a header from a corner from Juan Mata . In extra time , Bayern missed several opportunities ( including a penalty from former Chelsea player Arjen Robben ) and the game was to be decided with a penalty shootout . Chelsea eventually triumphed 4 -- 3 , despite Juan Mata missing their first penalty . Two Bayern Munich players , Ivica Olić and Bastian Schweinsteiger , failed to convert their penalties . Drogba scored the final penalty of the shootout for the first ever Champions League title for Chelsea . The importance of victory went beyond being the crown jewel of Europe , and meant that Chelsea would secure a place in next season 's Champions League after missing out of qualification , as a result of finishing sixth in the Premier League . It is interesting to note that in each of their Champions League Final appearances ( in 2008 and 2012 ) , Chelsea were being managed by an interim / caretaker manager at the time ( Avram Grant in 2008 and Roberto Di Matteo in 2012 ) . Di Matteo did receive a permanent contract after winning the 2012 trophy , but was sacked on 21 November that year after just eight months in charge ; he had also guided Chelsea to success in the FA Cup as well as the European Cup during his short tenure . Records ( edit ) Most appearances in UEFA competitions : John Terry , 124 Most goals in UEFA competitions : Didier Drogba , 36 First European match : Copenhagen XI v. Chelsea , 1958 -- 60 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup , 30 September 1958 Biggest win in UEFA competitions : 13 -- 0 , Chelsea v. Jeunesse Hautcharage , 1971 -- 72 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , 29 September 1971 Biggest defeat in UEFA competitions : 5 -- 1 , Barcelona v. Chelsea , 1999 -- 2000 UEFA Champions League , 18 April 2000 Matches ( edit ) All results ( home and away ) list Chelsea 's goal tally first . Key H = Home game A = Away game N = Neutral venue Season Competition Round Opposition Score 1955 -- 56 European Cup Denied entry 1958 -- 60 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup First round Copenhagen XI 3 -- 1 ( A ) 4 -- 1 ( H ) Quarter - finals Belgrade XI 1 -- 0 ( H ) 1 -- 4 ( A ) 1965 -- 66 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup First round Roma 4 -- 1 ( H ) 0 -- 0 ( A ) Second round Wiener Sport - Club 0 -- 1 ( A ) 2 -- 0 ( H ) Third round Milan 2 -- 1 ( H ) 1 -- 2 ( A ) 1 -- 1 ( A ) Quarter - finals 1860 Munich 2 -- 2 ( A ) 1 -- 0 ( H ) Semi-finals Barcelona 0 -- 2 ( A ) 2 -- 0 ( H ) 0 -- 5 ( A ) 1968 -- 69 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup First round Greenock Morton 5 -- 0 ( H ) 4 -- 3 ( A ) Second round DWS 0 -- 0 ( H ) 0 -- 0 ( A ) 1970 -- 71 European Cup Winners ' Cup First round Aris 1 -- 1 ( A ) 5 -- 1 ( H ) Second round CSKA Sofia 1 -- 0 ( A ) 1 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - finals Club Brugge 0 -- 2 ( A ) 4 -- 0 ( H ) Semi-finals Manchester City 1 -- 0 ( H ) 1 -- 0 ( A ) Final Real Madrid 1 -- 1 ( N ) 2 -- 1 ( N ) 1971 -- 72 European Cup Winners ' Cup First round Jeunesse Hautcharage 8 -- 0 ( A ) 13 -- 0 ( H ) Second Round Åtvidabergs FF 0 -- 0 ( A ) 1 -- 1 ( H ) 1994 -- 95 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup First round Viktoria Žižkov 4 -- 2 ( H ) 0 -- 0 ( A ) Second round Austria Wien 0 -- 0 ( H ) 1 -- 1 ( A ) Quarter - finals Club Brugge 0 -- 1 ( A ) 2 -- 0 ( H ) Semi-finals Real Zaragoza 0 -- 3 ( A ) 3 -- 1 ( H ) 1997 -- 98 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup First round Slovan Bratislava 2 -- 0 ( H ) 2 -- 0 ( A ) Second round Tromsø 2 -- 3 ( A ) 7 -- 1 ( H ) Quarter - finals Real Betis 2 -- 1 ( A ) 3 -- 1 ( H ) Semi-finals Vicenza 0 -- 1 ( A ) 3 -- 1 ( H ) Final VfB Stuttgart 1 -- 0 ( N ) 1998 UEFA Super Cup Real Madrid 1 -- 0 ( N ) 1998 -- 99 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup First round Helsingborgs IF 1 -- 0 ( H ) 0 -- 0 ( A ) Second round Copenhagen 1 -- 1 ( A ) 1 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - finals Vålerengens 3 -- 0 ( H ) 3 -- 2 ( A ) Semi-finals Mallorca 1 -- 1 ( H ) 0 -- 1 ( A ) 1999 -- 2000 Champions League Third qualifying round Skonto 3 -- 0 ( H ) 0 -- 0 ( A ) First Group Stage H Milan 0 -- 0 ( H ) 1 -- 1 ( A ) Hertha BSC 1 -- 2 ( A ) 2 -- 0 ( H ) Galatasaray 1 -- 0 ( H ) 5 -- 0 ( A ) Second Group Stage D Feyenoord 3 -- 1 ( H ) 3 -- 1 ( A ) Lazio 0 -- 0 ( A ) 1 -- 2 ( H ) Marseille 0 -- 1 ( A ) 1 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - finals Barcelona 3 -- 1 ( H ) 1 -- 5 ( A ) 2000 -- 01 UEFA Cup First round St. Gallen 1 -- 0 ( H ) 0 -- 2 ( A ) 2001 -- 02 UEFA Cup First round Levski Sofia 3 -- 0 ( H ) 2 -- 0 ( A ) Second round Hapoel Tel Aviv 0 -- 2 ( A ) 1 -- 1 ( H ) 2002 -- 03 UEFA Cup First round Viking 2 -- 1 ( H ) 2 -- 4 ( A ) 2003 -- 04 Champions League Third qualifying round Žilina 2 -- 0 ( A ) 3 -- 0 ( H ) Group G Sparta Prague 1 -- 0 ( A ) 0 -- 0 ( H ) Beşiktaş 0 -- 2 ( H ) 2 -- 0 ( A ) Lazio 2 -- 1 ( H ) 4 -- 0 ( A ) Round of 16 VfB Stuttgart 1 -- 0 ( A ) 0 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - finals Arsenal 1 -- 1 ( H ) 2 -- 1 ( A ) Semi-finals Monaco 1 -- 3 ( A ) 2 -- 2 ( H ) 2004 -- 05 Champions League Group H Paris Saint - Germain 3 -- 0 ( A ) 0 -- 0 ( H ) Porto 3 -- 1 ( H ) 1 -- 2 ( A ) CSKA Moscow 2 -- 0 ( H ) 1 -- 0 ( A ) Round of 16 Barcelona 1 -- 2 ( A ) 4 -- 2 ( H ) Quarter - finals Bayern Munich 4 -- 2 ( H ) 2 -- 3 ( A ) Semi-finals Liverpool 0 -- 0 ( H ) 0 -- 1 ( A ) 2005 -- 06 Champions League Group G Anderlecht 1 -- 0 ( H ) 2 -- 0 ( A ) Liverpool 0 -- 0 ( A ) 0 -- 0 ( H ) Real Betis 4 -- 0 ( H ) 0 -- 1 ( A ) Round of 16 Barcelona 1 -- 2 ( H ) 1 -- 1 ( A ) 2006 -- 07 Champions League Group A Werder Bremen 2 -- 0 ( H ) 0 -- 1 ( A ) Levski Sofia 3 -- 1 ( A ) 2 -- 0 ( H ) Barcelona 1 -- 0 ( H ) 2 -- 2 ( A ) Round of 16 Porto 1 -- 1 ( A ) 2 -- 1 ( H ) Quarter - finals Valencia 1 -- 1 ( H ) 2 -- 1 ( A ) Semi-finals Liverpool 1 -- 0 ( H ) 0 -- 1 ( A ) 2007 -- 08 Champions League Group B Rosenborg 1 -- 1 ( H ) 4 -- 0 ( A ) Valencia 2 -- 1 ( A ) 0 -- 0 ( H ) Schalke 04 2 -- 0 ( H ) 0 -- 0 ( A ) Round of 16 Olympiacos 0 -- 0 ( H ) 3 -- 0 ( A ) Quarter - finals Fenerbahçe 1 -- 2 ( A ) 2 -- 0 ( H ) Semi-finals Liverpool 1 -- 1 ( A ) 3 -- 2 ( H ) Final Manchester United 1 -- 1 ( N ) 2008 -- 09 Champions League Group A Bordeaux 4 -- 0 ( H ) 1 -- 1 ( A ) Cluj 0 -- 0 ( A ) 2 -- 1 ( H ) Roma 1 -- 0 ( H ) 1 -- 3 ( A ) Round of 16 Juventus 1 -- 0 ( H ) 2 -- 2 ( A ) Quarter - finals Liverpool 3 -- 1 ( A ) 4 -- 4 ( H ) Semi-finals Barcelona 0 -- 0 ( A ) 1 -- 1 ( H ) 2009 -- 10 Champions League Group D Porto 1 -- 0 ( H ) 1 -- 0 ( A ) APOEL 1 -- 0 ( A ) 2 -- 2 ( H ) Atlético Madrid 4 -- 0 ( H ) 2 -- 2 ( A ) Round of 16 Internazionale 1 -- 2 ( A ) 0 -- 1 ( H ) 2010 -- 11 Champions League Group F Žilina 4 -- 1 ( A ) 2 -- 1 ( H ) Marseille 2 -- 0 ( H ) 0 -- 1 ( A ) Spartak Moscow 2 -- 0 ( A ) 4 -- 1 ( H ) Round of 16 Copenhagen 2 -- 0 ( A ) 0 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - finals Manchester United 0 -- 1 ( H ) 1 -- 2 ( A ) 2011 -- 12 Champions League Group E Bayer Leverkusen 2 -- 0 ( H ) 1 -- 2 ( A ) Valencia 1 -- 1 ( A ) 3 -- 0 ( H ) Genk 5 -- 0 ( H ) 1 -- 1 ( A ) Round of 16 Napoli 1 -- 3 ( A ) 4 -- 1 ( H ) Quarter - finals Benfica 1 -- 0 ( A ) 2 -- 1 ( H ) Semi-finals Barcelona 1 -- 0 ( H ) 2 -- 2 ( A ) Final Bayern Munich 1 -- 1 ( N ) 2012 Super Cup Atlético Madrid 1 -- 4 ( N ) 2012 -- 13 Champions League Group E Juventus 2 -- 2 ( H ) 0 -- 3 ( A ) Nordsjælland 4 -- 0 ( A ) 6 -- 1 ( H ) Shakhtar Donetsk 1 -- 2 ( A ) 3 -- 2 ( H ) 2012 -- 13 Europa League Round of 32 Sparta Prague 1 -- 0 ( A ) 1 -- 1 ( H ) Round of 16 Steaua București 0 -- 1 ( A ) 3 -- 1 ( H ) Quarter - finals Rubin Kazan 3 -- 1 ( H ) 2 -- 3 ( A ) Semi-finals Basel 2 -- 1 ( A ) 3 -- 1 ( H ) Final Benfica 2 -- 1 ( N ) 2013 Super Cup Bayern Munich 2 -- 2 ( N ) 2013 -- 14 Champions League Group E Schalke 04 3 -- 0 ( A ) 3 -- 0 ( H ) Basel 1 -- 2 ( H ) 0 -- 1 ( A ) Steaua București 4 -- 0 ( A ) 1 -- 0 ( H ) Round of 16 Galatasaray 1 -- 1 ( A ) 2 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - finals Paris Saint - Germain 1 -- 3 ( A ) 2 -- 0 ( H ) Semi-finals Atlético Madrid 0 -- 0 ( A ) 1 -- 3 ( H ) 2014 -- 15 Champions League Group G Schalke 04 1 -- 1 ( H ) 5 -- 0 ( A ) Sporting CP 1 -- 0 ( A ) 3 -- 1 ( H ) Maribor 6 -- 0 ( H ) 1 -- 1 ( A ) Round of 16 Paris Saint - Germain 1 -- 1 ( A ) 2 -- 2 ( H ) 2015 -- 16 Champions League Group G Maccabi Tel - Aviv 4 -- 0 ( H ) 4 -- 0 ( A ) Porto 1 -- 2 ( A ) 2 -- 0 ( H ) Dynamo Kyiv 0 -- 0 ( A ) 2 -- 1 ( H ) Round of 16 Paris Saint - Germain 1 -- 2 ( A ) 1 -- 2 ( H ) 2017 -- 18 Champions League Group C Qarabağ 6 -- 0 ( H ) 4 -- 0 ( A ) Atlético Madrid 2 -- 1 ( A ) 1 -- 1 ( H ) Roma 3 -- 3 ( H ) 0 -- 3 ( A ) Round of 16 Barcelona 1 -- 1 ( H ) 0 -- 3 ( A ) Finals ( edit ) Year Competition Opposing Team Score Venue 1971 Cup Winners ' Cup Real Madrid 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) 2 -- 1 ( replay ) Karaiskakis Stadium , Athens 1998 Cup Winners ' Cup VfB Stuttgart 1 -- 0 Råsunda Stadium , Stockholm 2008 Champions League Manchester United 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) ( 5 -- 6 pen . ) Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow 2012 Champions League Bayern Munich 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) ( 4 -- 3 pen . ) Allianz Arena , Munich 2013 Europa League Benfica 2 -- 1 Amsterdam Arena , Amsterdam Overall record ( edit ) By competition ( edit ) Statistics are correct as of 14 March 2018 . Competition Seasons Games Wins Draws Losses UEFA Champions League 15 160 80 46 34 UEFA Cup / Europa League 17 10 5 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup 5 39 23 10 6 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 20 10 5 5 UEFA Super Cup Total 26 239 124 64 51 By country ( edit ) Includes matches in UEFA Champions League , UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , Inter-Cities Fairs Cup , UEFA Cup / Europa League , and UEFA Super Cup . Country Pld GF GA GD Win % Austria 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 + 1 07001250000000000000 ♠ 25.00 Azerbaijan 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 + 10 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Belgium 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 + 11 07001625000000000000 ♠ 62.50 Bulgaria 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 11 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Cyprus 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 + 1 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Czech Republic 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 + 4 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Denmark 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 + 17 07001750000000000000 ♠ 75.00 England 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 + 3 07001352900000000000 ♠ 35.29 France 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 + 4 07001312500000000000 ♠ 31.25 Germany 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 + 20 07001523800000000000 ♠ 52.38 Greece 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 + 7 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Israel 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 + 6 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Italy 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 + 1 07001320000000000000 ♠ 32.00 Latvia 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 + 3 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Luxembourg 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 + 21 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Netherlands 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 + 4 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Norway 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 + 12 07001625000000000000 ♠ 62.50 Portugal 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 + 11 07001769200000000000 ♠ 76.92 Romania 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 + 7 07001666700000000000 ♠ 66.67 Russia 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 + 9 07001833300000000000 ♠ 83.33 Scotland 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 + 6 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Slovakia 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 + 13 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Slovenia 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 6 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Spain 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7001580000000000000 ♠ 58 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 + 3 07001390200000000000 ♠ 39.02 Sweden 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 1 07001250000000000000 ♠ 25.00 Switzerland 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 + 0 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Turkey 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 + 9 07001625000000000000 ♠ 62.50 Ukraine 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 + 1 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Yugoslavia 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 − 2 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Jump up ^ Includes West Germany . All - time top goal scorers in UEFA competitions ( edit ) Below is the list of all - time top goal scorers for Chelsea in the official UEFA competitions , including qualifying rounds . Names , that appear in italics , indicate players currently playing for the first team . Statistics are correct as of 14 March 2018 . Key ( edit ) CL UEFA Champions League CWC UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup UEL UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League SC UEFA Super Cup Ranking Name Career CL CWC UEL SC Total Drogba , Didier Didier Drogba 2004 -- 2012 , 2014 -- 2015 36 0 0 0 36 Lampard , Frank Frank Lampard 2001 -- 2014 23 0 0 25 Torres , Fernando Fernando Torres 2011 -- 2014 10 0 6 17 Terry , John John Terry 1998 -- 2017 10 0 0 13 5 Anelka , Nicolas Nicolas Anelka 2008 -- 2012 12 0 0 0 12 5 Flo , Tore Andre Tore André Flo 1997 -- 2001 8 0 0 12 5 Osgood , Peter Peter Osgood 1964 -- 1974 0 12 0 0 12 8 Hazard , Eden Eden Hazard 2012 -- 8 0 10 9 Willian , Willian 2013 -- 9 0 0 0 9 9 Oscar , Oscar 2012 -- 2016 8 0 0 9 9 Zola , Gianfranco Gianfranco Zola 1996 -- 2003 5 0 9 12 Ivanovic , Branislav Branislav Ivanović 2008 -- 2017 7 0 0 8 11 Gudjohnsen , Eidur Eiður Guðjohnsen 2000 -- 2006 5 0 0 8 14 Ramires , Ramires 2010 -- 2016 7 0 0 0 7 14 Kalou , Salomon Salomon Kalou 2006 -- 2012 7 0 0 0 7 14 Vialli , Gianluca Gianluca Vialli 1996 -- 1999 0 7 0 0 7 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` John Terry '' . UEFA.com . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Didier Drogba '' . UEFA.com . Retrieved 25 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Jon Carter ( 29 September 2011 ) . `` Rewind to 1971 : The year Chelsea won 21 - 0 in Europe '' . ESPN . Retrieved 10 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea 3 -- 1 Barcelona '' . Retrieved 22 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea in Champions League '' . BBC Sport. 11 May 2003 . Retrieved 26 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jesper Gronkjaer : The winger who scored Chelsea 's £ 1bn goal '' . The Independent . London . 21 February 2011 . Retrieved 26 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 1 -- 2 Chelsea '' . Retrieved 22 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mark ( 6 May 2009 ) . `` Drogba rages as Chelsea crash out in blaze of fury '' . The Independent . Retrieved 12 August 2017 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 19 May 2012 ) . `` Chelsea 1 -- 1 Bayern Munich '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 12 August 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Chelsea FC -- History '' . UEFA.com . Retrieved 25 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` European Competitions 1959 - 60 '' . The Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 12 August 2017 . Jump up ^ As English champions Chelsea qualified for the inaugural European Cup , but were denied entry by the Football League , whose chairman Alan Hardaker felt priority should be given to domestic competitions . Jump up ^ Won on a toss of a coin Jump up ^ Lost on a toss of a coin ^ Jump up to : Lost on the Away goals rule Jump up ^ Won on the Away goals rule Jump up ^ Lost 4 -- 1 on Penalties Jump up ^ Lost 6 -- 5 on Penalties Jump up ^ Won 4 -- 3 on Penalties Jump up ^ Lost 5 -- 4 on Penalties Jump up ^ In the 1998 -- 99 season , Chelsea played in the UEFA Cup Winner 's Cup and in the UEFA Super Cup . In the 2012 -- 13 season , Chelsea played in the UEFA Champions League , UEFA Europa League and UEFA Super Cup . In the 2013 -- 14 season , Chelsea played in the UEFA Champions League and UEFA Super Cup . Chelsea Football Club Players Managers History Honours Records and statistics Seasons Current season Home stadium Stamford Bridge Chelsea Pitch Owners Cobham Training Centre Other teams Women Under - 23s & Academy Media Chelsea TV Rivalries League record by opponent Arsenal rivalry Leeds United rivalry Tottenham rivalry West London derby Other In Europe Chelsea Headhunters Notable matches All articles Book : Chelsea F.C. Category : Chelsea F.C. Portal : Association football Commons : Chelsea F.C. English football clubs in international competitions Arsenal Aston Villa Birmingham City Blackburn Rovers Bolton Wanderers Bradford City Burnley Chelsea Coventry City Crystal Palace Derby County Everton Fulham Hull City Ipswich Town Leeds United Leicester City Liverpool London XI Manchester City Manchester United Middlesbrough Millwall Newcastle United Norwich City Nottingham Forest Portsmouth Queens Park Rangers Sheffield Wednesday Southampton Stoke City Sunderland Tottenham Hotspur Watford West Bromwich Albion West Ham United Wigan Athletic Wolverhampton Wanderers English clubs in the European Cup and UEFA Champions League List of football matches between British clubs in UEFA competitions Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chelsea_F.C._in_European_football&oldid=831386409 '' Categories : Chelsea F.C. English football clubs in European football Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2013 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Nederlands Polski Русский Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 20 March 2018 , at 09 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did chelsea last not qualify for champions league	[]	[]
-2347129632360023778	United States Bill of Rights	United States Bill of Rights - wikipedia United States Bill of Rights Jump to : navigation , search United States Bill of Rights United States Bill of Rights Created September 25 , 1789 Ratified December 15 , 1791 Location National Archives Author ( s ) James Madison This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book The Bill of Rights is the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution . Proposed following the often bitter 1787 -- 88 battle over ratification of the U.S. Constitution , and crafted to address the objections raised by Anti-Federalists , the Bill of Rights amendments add to the Constitution specific guarantees of personal freedoms and rights , clear limitations on the government 's power in judicial and other proceedings , and explicit declarations that all powers not specifically delegated to Congress by the Constitution are reserved for the states or the people . The concepts codified in these amendments are built upon those found in several earlier documents , including the Virginia Declaration of Rights and the English Bill of Rights , along with earlier documents such as Magna Carta ( 1215 ) . In practice , the amendments had little impact on judgments by the courts for the first 150 years after ratification . On June 8 , 1789 , Representative James Madison introduced nine amendments to the Constitution in the House of Representatives . Among his recommendations Madison proposed opening up the Constitution and inserting specific rights limiting the power of Congress in Article One , Section 9 . Seven of these limitations would become part of the ten ratified Bill of Rights amendments . Ultimately , on September 25 , 1789 , Congress approved twelve articles of amendment to the Constitution , each consisting of one one - sentence paragraph , and submitted them to the states for ratification . Contrary to Madison 's original proposal that the articles be incorporated into the main body of the Constitution , they were proposed as supplemental additions ( codicils ) to it . Articles Three through Twelve were ratified as additions to the Constitution on December 15 , 1791 , and became Amendments One through Ten of the Constitution . Article Two became part of the Constitution on May 5 , 1992 , as the Twenty - seventh Amendment . Article One is technically still pending before the states . Although Madison 's proposed amendments included a provision to extend the protection of some of the Bill of Rights to the states , the amendments that were finally submitted for ratification applied only to the federal government . The door for their application upon state governments was opened in the 1860s , following ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment . Since the early 20th century both federal and state courts have used the Fourteenth Amendment to apply portions of the Bill of Rights to state and local governments . The process is known as incorporation . There are several original engrossed copies of the Bill of Rights still in existence . One of these is on permanent public display at the National Archives in Washington , D.C. Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 The Philadelphia Convention 1.2 The Anti-Federalists 1.3 The Federalists 1.4 Massachusetts compromise 2 Proposal and ratification 2.1 Anticipating amendments 2.2 Crafting amendments 2.3 Ratification process 3 Application and text 3.1 First Amendment 3.2 Second Amendment 3.3 Third Amendment 3.4 Fourth Amendment 3.5 Fifth Amendment 3.6 Sixth Amendment 3.7 Seventh Amendment 3.8 Eighth Amendment 3.9 Ninth Amendment 3.10 Tenth Amendment 4 Display and honoring of the Bill of Rights 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Background The Philadelphia convention Main article : Constitutional Convention ( United States ) Prior to the ratification and implementation of the United States Constitution , the thirteen sovereign states followed the Articles of Confederation , created by the Second Continental Congress and ratified in 1781 . However , the national government that operated under the Articles of Confederation was too weak to adequately regulate the various conflicts that arose between the states . The Philadelphia Convention set out to correct weaknesses of the Articles that had been apparent even before the American Revolutionary War had been successfully concluded . The convention took place from May 14 to September 17 , 1787 , in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Although the Convention was purportedly intended only to revise the Articles , the intention of many of its proponents , chief among them James Madison of Virginia and Alexander Hamilton of New York , was to create a new government rather than fix the existing one . The convention convened in the Pennsylvania State House , and George Washington of Virginia was unanimously elected as president of the convention . The 55 delegates who drafted the Constitution are among the men known as the Founding Fathers of the new nation . Thomas Jefferson , who was Minister to France during the convention , characterized the delegates as an assembly of `` demi - gods . '' Rhode Island refused to send delegates to the convention . On September 12 , George Mason of Virginia suggested the addition of a Bill of Rights to the Constitution modeled on previous state declarations , and Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts made it a formal motion . However , the motion was defeated by a unanimous vote of the state delegations after only a brief discussion . Madison , then an opponent of a Bill of Rights , later explained the vote by calling the state bills of rights `` parchment barriers '' that offered only an illusion of protection against tyranny . Another delegate , James Wilson of Pennsylvania , later argued that the act of enumerating the rights of the people would have been dangerous , because it would imply that rights not explicitly mentioned did not exist ; Hamilton echoed this point in Federalist No. 84 . Because Mason and Gerry had emerged as opponents of the proposed new Constitution , their motion -- introduced five days before the end of the convention -- may also have been seen by other delegates as a delaying tactic . The quick rejection of this motion , however , later endangered the entire ratification process . Author David O. Stewart characterizes the omission of a Bill of Rights in the original Constitution as `` a political blunder of the first magnitude '' while historian Jack N. Rakove calls it `` the one serious miscalculation the framers made as they looked ahead to the struggle over ratification '' . Thirty - nine delegates signed the finalized Constitution . Thirteen delegates left before it was completed , and three who remained at the convention until the end refused to sign it : Mason , Gerry , and Edmund Randolph of Virginia . Afterward , the Constitution was presented to the Articles of Confederation Congress with the request that it afterwards be submitted to a convention of delegates , chosen in each State by the people , for their assent and ratification . The Anti-Federalists On June 5 , 1788 , Patrick Henry spoke before Virginia 's ratification convention in opposition to the Constitution . Following the Philadelphia Convention , some leading revolutionary figures such as Patrick Henry , Samuel Adams , and Richard Henry Lee publicly opposed the new frame of government , a position known as `` Anti-Federalism '' . Elbridge Gerry wrote the most popular Anti-Federalist tract , `` Hon . Mr. Gerry 's Objections '' , which went through 46 printings ; the essay particularly focused on the lack of a bill of rights in the proposed constitution . Many were concerned that a strong national government was a threat to individual rights and that the president would become a king . Jefferson wrote to Madison advocating a Bill of Rights : `` Half a loaf is better than no bread . If we can not secure all our rights , let us secure what we can . '' The pseudonymous Anti-Federalist `` Brutus '' wrote , We find they have , in the ninth section of the first article declared , that the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended , unless in cases of rebellion -- that no bill of attainder , or ex post facto law , shall be passed -- that no title of nobility shall be granted by the United States , etc . If every thing which is not given is reserved , what propriety is there in these exceptions ? Does this Constitution any where grant the power of suspending the habeas corpus , to make ex post facto laws , pass bills of attainder , or grant titles of nobility ? It certainly does not in express terms . The only answer that can be given is , that these are implied in the general powers granted . With equal truth it may be said , that all the powers which the bills of rights guard against the abuse of , are contained or implied in the general ones granted by this Constitution . He continued with this observation : Ought not a government , vested with such extensive and indefinite authority , to have been restricted by a declaration of rights ? It certainly ought . So clear a point is this , that I can not help suspecting that persons who attempt to persuade people that such reservations were less necessary under this Constitution than under those of the States , are wilfully endeavoring to deceive , and to lead you into an absolute state of vassalage . The Federalists Supporters of the Constitution , known as Federalists , opposed a bill of rights for much of the ratification period , in part due to the procedural uncertainties it would create . Madison argued against such an inclusion , suggesting that state governments were sufficient guarantors of personal liberty , in No. 46 of The Federalist Papers , a series of essays promoting the Federalist position . Hamilton opposed a bill of rights in The Federalist No. 84 , stating that `` the constitution is itself in every rational sense , and to every useful purpose , a bill of rights . '' He stated that ratification did not mean the American people were surrendering their rights , making protections unnecessary : `` Here , in strictness , the people surrender nothing , and as they retain everything , they have no need of particular reservations . '' Patrick Henry criticized the Federalist point of view , writing that the legislature must be firmly informed `` of the extent of the rights retained by the people ... being in a state of uncertainty , they will assume rather than give up powers by implication . '' Other anti-Federalists pointed out that earlier political documents , in particular the Magna Carta , had protected specific rights . In response , Hamilton argued that the Constitution was inherently different : Bills of rights are in their origin , stipulations between kings and their subjects , abridgments of prerogative in favor of privilege , reservations of rights not surrendered to the prince . Such was the Magna Charta , obtained by the Barons , swords in hand , from King John . Massachusetts compromise Main article : Massachusetts Compromise George Washington 's 1788 letter to the Marquis de Lafayette observed , `` the Convention of Massachusetts adopted the Constitution in toto ; but recommended a number of specific alterations and quieting explanations . '' Source : Library of Congress In December 1787 and January 1788 , five states -- Delaware , Pennsylvania , New Jersey , Georgia , and Connecticut -- ratified the Constitution with relative ease , though the bitter minority report of the Pennsylvania opposition was widely circulated . In contrast to its predecessors , the Massachusetts convention was angry and contentious , at one point erupting into a fistfight between Federalist delegate Francis Dana and Anti-Federalist Elbridge Gerry when the latter was not allowed to speak . The impasse was resolved only when revolutionary heroes and leading Anti-Federalists Samuel Adams and John Hancock agreed to ratification on the condition that the convention also propose amendments . The convention 's proposed amendments included a requirement for grand jury indictment in capital cases , which would form part of the Fifth Amendment , and an amendment reserving powers to the states not expressly given to the federal government , which would later form the basis for the Tenth Amendment . Following Massachusetts ' lead , the Federalist minorities in both Virginia and New York were able to obtain ratification in convention by linking ratification to recommended amendments . A committee of the Virginia convention headed by law professor George Wythe forwarded forty recommended amendments to Congress , twenty of which enumerated individual rights and another twenty of which enumerated states ' rights . The latter amendments included limitations on federal powers to levy taxes and regulate trade . A minority of the Constitution 's critics , such as Maryland 's Luther Martin , continued to oppose ratification . However , Martin 's allies , such as New York 's John Lansing , Jr. , dropped moves to obstruct the Convention 's process . They began to take exception to the Constitution `` as it was , '' seeking amendments . Several conventions saw supporters for `` amendments before '' shift to a position of `` amendments after '' for the sake of staying in the Union . The New York Anti-Federalist `` circular letter '' was sent to each state legislature proposing a second constitutional convention for `` amendments before '' , but it failed in the state legislatures . Ultimately , only North Carolina and Rhode Island waited for amendments from Congress before ratifying . Article Seven of the proposed Constitution set the terms by which the new frame of government would be established . The new Constitution would become operational when ratified by at least nine states . Only then would it replace the existing government under the Articles of Confederation and would apply only to those states that ratified it . Following contentious battles in several states , the proposed Constitution reached that nine - state ratification plateau in June 1788 . On September 13 , 1788 , the Articles of Confederation Congress certified that the new Constitution had been ratified by more than enough states for the new system to be implemented and directed the new government to meet in New York City on the first Wednesday in March the following year . On March 4 , 1789 , the new frame of government came into force with eleven of the thirteen states participating . Proposal and ratification Anticipating amendments James Madison , primary author and chief advocate for the Bill of Rights in the First Congress The 1st United States Congress , which met in New York City 's Federal Hall , was a triumph for the Federalists . The Senate of eleven states contained 20 Federalists with only two Anti-Federalists , both from Virginia . The House included 48 Federalists to 11 Anti-Federalists , the latter of whom were from only four states : Massachusetts , New York , Virginia and South Carolina . Among the Virginia delegation to the House was James Madison , Patrick Henry 's chief opponent in the Virginia ratification battle . In retaliation for Madison 's victory in that battle at Virginia 's ratification convention , Henry and other Anti-Federalists , who controlled the Virginia House of Delegates , had gerrymandered a hostile district for Madison 's planned congressional run and recruited Madison 's future presidential successor , James Monroe , to oppose him . Madison defeated Monroe after offering a campaign pledge that he would introduce constitutional amendments forming a bill of rights at the First Congress . Originally opposed to the inclusion of a bill of rights in the Constitution , Madison had gradually come to understand the importance of doing so during the often contentious ratification debates . By taking the initiative to propose amendments himself through the Congress , he hoped to preempt a second constitutional convention that might , it was feared , undo the difficult compromises of 1787 , and open the entire Constitution to reconsideration , thus risking the dissolution of the new federal government . Writing to Jefferson , he stated , `` The friends of the Constitution , some from an approbation of particular amendments , others from a spirit of conciliation , are generally agreed that the System should be revised . But they wish the revisal to be carried no farther than to supply additional guards for liberty . '' He also felt that amendments guaranteeing personal liberties would `` give to the Government its due popularity and stability '' . Finally , he hoped that the amendments `` would acquire by degrees the character of fundamental maxims of free government , and as they become incorporated with the national sentiment , counteract the impulses of interest and passion '' . Historians continue to debate the degree to which Madison considered the amendments of the Bill of Rights necessary , and to what degree he considered them politically expedient ; in the outline of his address , he wrote , `` Bill of Rights -- useful -- not essential -- '' . On the occasion of his April 30 , 1789 inauguration as the nation 's first president , George Washington addressed the subject of amending the Constitution . He urged the legislators , whilst you carefully avoid every alteration which might endanger the benefits of an united and effective government , or which ought to await the future lessons of experience ; a reverence for the characteristic rights of freemen , and a regard for public harmony , will sufficiently influence your deliberations on the question , how far the former can be impregnably fortified or the latter be safely and advantageously promoted . Crafting amendments James Madison introduced a series of Constitutional amendments in the House of Representatives for consideration . Among his proposals was one that would have added introductory language stressing natural rights to the preamble . Another would apply parts of the Bill of Rights to the states as well as the federal government . Several sought to protect individual personal rights by limiting various Constitutional powers of Congress . Like Washington , Madison urged Congress to keep the revision to the Constitution `` a moderate one '' , limited to protecting individual rights . Madison was deeply read in the history of government and used a range of sources in composing the amendments . The English Magna Carta of 1215 inspired the right to petition and to trial by jury , for example , while the English Bill of Rights of 1689 provided an early precedent for the right to keep and bear arms ( although this applied only to Protestants ) and prohibited cruel and unusual punishment . The greatest influence on Madison 's text , however , was existing state constitutions . Many of his amendments , including his proposed new preamble , were based on the Virginia Declaration of Rights drafted by Anti-Federalist George Mason in 1776 . To reduce future opposition to ratification , Madison also looked for recommendations shared by many states . He did provide one , however , that no state had requested : `` No state shall violate the equal rights of conscience , or the freedom of the press , or the trial by jury in criminal cases . '' He did not include an amendment that every state had asked for , one that would have made tax assessments voluntary instead of contributions . James Madison 's proposed amendments to the Constitution : First . That there be prefixed to the constitution a declaration that all power is originally vested in , and consequently derived from the people . That government is instituted , and ought to be exercised for the benefit of the people ; which consists in the enjoyment of life and liberty , with the right of acquiring and using property , and generally of pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety . That the people have an indubitable , unalienable , and indefeasible right to reform or change their government , whenever it be found adverse or inadequate to the purposes of its institution . Secondly . That in article 1st , section 2 , clause 3 , these words be struck out , to wit : `` The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand , but each State shall have at least one Representative , and until such enumeration shall be made ; '' and in place thereof be inserted these words , to wit : `` After the first actual enumeration , there shall be one Representative for every thirty thousand , until the number amounts to -- , after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress , that the number shall never be less than -- , nor more than -- , but each State shall , after the first enumeration , have at least two Representatives ; and prior thereto . '' Thirdly . That in article 2nd , section 6 , clause 1 , there be added to the end of the first sentence , these words , to wit , `` But no law varying the compensation last ascertained shall operate before the next ensuing election of representatives . '' Fourthly . That in article 2nd , section 9 , between clauses 3 and 4 , be inserted these clauses , to wit , The civil rights of none shall be abridged on account of religious belief or worship , nor shall any national religion be established , nor shall the full and equal rights of conscience by in any manner , or on any pretext infringed . The people shall not be deprived or abridged of their right to speak , to write , or to publish their sentiments ; and the freedom of the press , as one of the great bulwarks of liberty , shall be inviolable . The people shall not be restrained from peaceably assembling and consulting for their common good , nor from applying to the legislature by petitions , or remonstrances for redress of their grievances . The right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed ; a well armed , and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country : but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms , shall be compelled to render military service in person . No soldier shall in time of peace be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner ; nor at any time , but in a manner warranted by law . No person shall be subject , except in cases of impeachment , to more than one punishment , or one trial for the same office ; nor shall be compelled to be a witness against himself ; nor be deprived of life , liberty , or property without due process of law ; nor be obliged to relinquish his property , where it may be necessary for public use , without a just compensation . Excessive bail shall not be required , nor excessive fines imposed , nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted . The rights of the people to be secured in their persons , their houses , their papers , and their other property from all unreasonable searches and seizures , shall not be violated by warrants issued without probable cause , supported by oath or affirmation , or not particularly describing the places to be searched , or the persons or things to be seized . In all criminal prosecutions , the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial , to be informed of the cause and nature of the accusation , to be confronted with his accusers , and the witnesses against him ; to have a compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor ; and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense . The exceptions here or elsewhere in the constitution , made in favor of particular rights , shall not be so construed as to diminish the just importance of other rights retained by the people ; or as to enlarge the powers delegated by the constitution ; but either as actual limitations of such powers , or as inserted merely for greater caution . Fifthly . That in article 2nd , section 10 , between clauses 1 and 2 , be inserted this clause , to wit : No state shall violate the equal rights of conscience , or the freedom of the press , or the trial by jury in criminal cases Sixthly . That article 3rd , section 2 , be annexed to the end of clause 2nd , these words to wit : but no appeal to such court shall be allowed where the value in controversy shall not amount to -- dollars : nor shall any fact triable by jury , according to the course of common law , be otherwise re-examinable than may consist with the principles of common law . Seventhly . That in article 3rd , section 2 , the third clause be struck out , and in its place be inserted the classes following , to wit : The trial of all crimes ( except in cases of impeachments , and cases arising in the land or naval forces , or the militia when on actual service in time of war or public danger ) shall be by an impartial jury of freeholders of the vicinage , with the requisite of unanimity for conviction , of the right of challenge , and other accustomed requisites ; and in all crimes punishable with loss of life or member , presentment or indictment by a grand jury shall be an essential preliminary , provided that in cases of crimes committed within any county which may be in possession of an enemy , or in which a general insurrection may prevail , the trial may by law be authorized in some other county of the same State , as near as may be to the seat of the offence . In cases of crimes committed not within any county , the trial may by law be in such county as the laws shall have prescribed . In suits at common law , between man and man , the trial by jury , as one of the best securities to the rights of the people , ought to remain inviolate . Eighthly . That immediately after article 6th , be inserted , as article 7th , the clauses following , to wit : The powers delegated by this constitution , are appropriated to the departments to which they are respectively distributed : so that the legislative department shall never exercise the powers vested in the executive or judicial ; nor the executive exercise the powers vested in the legislative or judicial ; nor the judicial exercise the powers vested in the legislative or executive departments . The powers not delegated by this constitution , nor prohibited by it to the states , are reserved to the States respectively . Ninthly . That article 7th , be numbered as article 8th . Federalist representatives were quick to attack Madison 's proposal , fearing that any move to amend the new Constitution so soon after its implementation would create an appearance of instability in the government . The House , unlike the Senate , was open to the public , and members such as Fisher Ames warned that a prolonged `` dissection of the constitution '' before the galleries could shake public confidence . A procedural battle followed , and after initially forwarding the amendments to a select committee for revision , the House agreed to take Madison 's proposal up as a full body beginning on July 21 , 1789 . The eleven - member committee made some significant changes to Madison 's nine proposed amendments , including eliminating most of his preamble and adding the phrase `` freedom of speech , and of the press '' . The House debated the amendments for eleven days . Roger Sherman of Connecticut persuaded the House to place the amendments at the Constitution 's end so that the document would `` remain inviolate '' , rather than adding them throughout , as Madison had proposed . The amendments , revised and condensed from twenty to seventeen , were approved and forwarded to the Senate on August 24 , 1789 . The Senate edited these amendments still further , making 26 changes of its own . Madison 's proposal to apply parts of the Bill of Rights to the states as well as the federal government was eliminated , and the seventeen amendments were condensed to twelve , which were approved on September 9 , 1789 . The Senate also eliminated the last of Madison 's proposed changes to the preamble . On September 21 , 1789 , a House -- Senate Conference Committee convened to resolve the numerous differences between the two Bill of Rights proposals . On September 24 , 1789 , the committee issued this report , which finalized 12 Constitutional Amendments for House and Senate to consider . This final version was approved by joint resolution of Congress on September 25 , 1789 , to be forwarded to the states on September 28 . By the time the debates and legislative maneuvering that went into crafting the Bill of Rights amendments was done , many personal opinions had shifted . A number of Federalists came out in support , thus silencing the Anti-Federalists ' most effective critique . Many Anti-Federalists , in contrast , were now opposed , realizing that Congressional approval of these amendments would greatly lessen the chances of a second constitutional convention . Anti-Federalists such as Richard Henry Lee also argued that the Bill left the most objectionable portions of the Constitution , such as the federal judiciary and direct taxation , intact . Madison remained active in the progress of the amendments throughout the legislative process . Historian Gordon S. Wood writes that `` there is no question that it was Madison 's personal prestige and his dogged persistence that saw the amendments through the Congress . There might have been a federal Constitution without Madison but certainly no Bill of Rights . '' ( hide ) Approval of the Bill of Rights in Congress and the States Seventeen Articles Approved by the House August 24 , 1789 Twelve Articles Approved by the Senate September 9 , 1789 Twelve Articles Approved by Congress September 25 , 1789 Ratification Status First Article : After the first enumeration , required by the first Article of the Constitution , there shall be one Representative for every thirty thousand , until the number shall amount to one hundred , after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress , that there shall be not less than one hundred Representatives , nor less than one Representative for every forty thousand persons , until the number of Representatives shall amount to two hundred , after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress , that there shall not be less than two hundred Representatives , nor less than one Representative for every fifty thousand persons . First Article : After the first enumeration , required by the first article of the Constitution , there shall be one Representative for every thirty thousand , until the number shall amount to one hundred ; to which number one Representative shall be added for every subsequent increase of forty thousand , until the Representatives shall amount to two hundred , to which number one Representative shall be added for every subsequent increase of sixty thousand persons . First Article : After the first enumeration required by the first article of the Constitution , there shall be one Representative for every thirty thousand , until the number shall amount to one hundred , after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress , that there shall be not less than one hundred Representatives , nor less than one Representative for every forty thousand persons , until the number of Representatives shall amount to two hundred ; after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress , that there shall not be less than two hundred Representatives , nor more than one Representative for every fifty thousand persons . Pending : Congressional Apportionment Amendment Second Article : No law varying the compensation to the members of Congress , shall take effect , until an election of Representatives shall have intervened . Second Article : No law , varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives , shall take effect , until an election of Representatives shall have intervened . Second Article : No law , varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives , shall take effect , until an election of Representatives shall have intervened . Ratified : May 5 , 1992 Twenty - seventh Amendment Third Article : Congress shall make no law establishing religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof , nor shall the rights of Conscience be infringed . Third Article : Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ; or abridging the freedom of speech , or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble , and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances . Third Article : Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ; or abridging the freedom of speech , or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble , and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances . Ratified : December 15 , 1791 First Amendment Fourth Article : The Freedom of Speech , and of the Press , and the right of the People peaceably to assemble , and consult for their common good , and to apply to the Government for a redress of grievances , shall not be infringed . ( see Third Article above ) Fifth Article : A well regulated militia , composed of the body of the People , being the best security of a free State , the right of the People to keep and bear arms , shall not be infringed , but no one religiously scrupulous of bearing arms , shall be compelled to render military service in person . Fourth Article : A well regulated Militia , being necessary to the security of a free State , the right of the people to keep and bear Arms , shall not be infringed . Fourth Article : A well regulated Militia , being necessary to the security of a free State , the right of the people to keep and bear Arms , shall not be infringed . Ratified : December 15 , 1791 Second Amendment Sixth Article : No soldier shall , in time of peace , be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner , nor in time of war , but in a manner to be prescribed by law . Fifth Article : No soldier shall , in time of peace , be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner , nor in time of war , but in a manner to be prescribed by law . Fifth Article : No soldier shall , in time of peace , be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner , nor in time of war , but in a manner to be prescribed by law . Ratified : December 15 , 1791 Third Amendment Seventh Article : The right of the People to be secure in their persons , houses , papers and effects , against unreasonable searches and seizures , shall not be violated , and no warrants shall issue , but upon probable cause supported by oath or affirmation , and particularly describing the place to be searched , and the persons or things to be seized . Sixth Article : The right of the People to be secure in their persons , houses , papers and effects , against unreasonable searches and seizures , shall not be violated , and no warrants shall issue , but upon probable cause supported by oath or affirmation , and particularly describing the place to be searched , and the persons or things to be seized . Sixth Article : The right of the People to be secure in their persons , houses , papers and effects , against unreasonable searches and seizures , shall not be violated , and no warrants shall issue , but upon probable cause supported by oath or affirmation , and particularly describing the place to be searched , and the persons or things to be seized . Ratified : December 15 , 1791 Fourth Amendment Eighth Article : No person shall be subject , except in case of impeachment , to more than one trial , or one punishment for the same offense , nor shall be compelled in any criminal case , to be a witness against himself , nor be deprived of life , liberty or property , without due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation . Seventh Article : No person shall be held to answer for a capital , or otherwise infamous crime , unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury , except in cases arising in the land or naval forces , or in the militia , when in actual service in time of war or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case , to be a witnesses against himself , nor be deprived of life , liberty or property , without due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation . Seventh Article : No person shall be held to answer for a capital , or otherwise infamous crime , unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury , except in cases arising in the land or naval forces , or in the Militia , when in actual service in time of War or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself , nor be deprived of life , liberty , or property , without due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use , without just compensation . Ratified : December 15 , 1791 Fifth Amendment Ninth Article : In all criminal prosecutions , the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial , to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation , to be confronted with the witnesses against him , to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor , and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence . Eighth Article : In all criminal prosecutions , the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial , to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation , to be confronted with the witnesses against him , to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favour , and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence . Eighth Article : In all criminal prosecutions , the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial , by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed , which district shall have been previously ascertained by law , and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor , and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence . Ratified : December 15 , 1791 Sixth Amendment Tenth Article : The trial of all crimes ( except in cases of impeachment , and in cases arising in the land or naval forces , or in the militia when in actual service in time of War or public danger ) shall be by an Impartial Jury of the Vicinage , with the requisite of unanimity for conviction , the right of challenge , and other accostomed ( sic ) requisites ; and no person shall be held to answer for a capital , or otherways ( sic ) infamous crime , unless on a presentment or indictment by a Grand Jury ; but if a crime be committed in a place in the possession of an enemy , or in which an insurrection may prevail , the indictment and trial may by law be authorised in some other place within the same State . ( see Seventh Article above ) Eleventh Article : No appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States , shall be allowed , where the value in controversy shall not amount to one thousand dollars , nor shall any fact , triable by a Jury according to the course of the common law , be otherwise re-examinable , than according to the rules of common law . Ninth Article : In suits at common law , where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars , the right of trial by Jury shall be preserved , and no fact , tried by a Jury , shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States , than according to the rules of the common law . Ninth Article : In suits at common law , where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars , the right of trial by Jury shall be preserved , and no fact , tried by a Jury , shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States , than according to the rules of the common law . Ratified : December 15 , 1791 Seventh Amendment Twelfth Article : In suits at common law , the right of trial by Jury shall be preserved . ( see Ninth Article above ) Thirteenth Article : Excessive bail shall not be required , nor excessive fines imposed , nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted . Tenth Article : Excessive bail shall not be required , nor excessive fines imposed , nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted . Tenth Article : Excessive bail shall not be required , nor excessive fines imposed , nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted . Ratified : December 15 , 1791 Eighth Amendment Fourteenth Article : No State shall infringe the right of trial by Jury in criminal cases , nor the rights of conscience , nor the freedom of speech , or of the press . Fifteenth Article : The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights , shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people . Eleventh Article : The enumeration in the Constitution , of certain rights , shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people . Eleventh Article : The enumeration in the Constitution , of certain rights , shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people . Ratified : December 15 , 1791 Ninth Amendment Sixteenth Article : The powers delegated by the Constitution to the government of the United States , shall be exercised as therein appropriated , so that the Legislative shall never exercise the powers vested in the Executive or Judicial ; nor the Executive the powers vested in the Legislative or Judicial ; nor the Judicial the powers vested in the Legislative or Executive . Seventeenth Article : The powers not delegated by the Constitution , nor prohibited by it , to the States , are reserved to the States respectively . Twelfth Article : The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution , nor prohibited by it to the States , are reserved to the States respectively , or to the people . Twelfth Article : The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution , nor prohibited by it to the States , are reserved to the States respectively , or to the people . Ratified : December 15 , 1791 Tenth Amendment Ratification process The twelve articles of amendment approved by congress were officially submitted to the Legislatures of the several States for consideration on September 28 , 1789 . The following states ratified some or all of the amendments : New Jersey : Articles One and Three through Twelve on November 20 , 1789 , and Article Two on May 7 , 1992 Maryland : Articles One through Twelve on December 19 , 1789 North Carolina : Articles One through Twelve on December 22 , 1789 South Carolina : Articles One through Twelve on January 19 , 1790 New Hampshire : Articles One and Three through Twelve on January 25 , 1790 , and Article Two on March 7 , 1985 Delaware : Articles Two through Twelve on January 28 , 1790 New York : Articles One and Three through Twelve on February 24 , 1790 Pennsylvania : Articles Three through Twelve on March 10 , 1790 , and Article One on September 21 , 1791 Rhode Island : Articles One and Three through Twelve on June 7 , 1790 , and Article Two on June 10 , 1993 Vermont : Articles One through Twelve on November 3 , 1791 Virginia : Article One on November 3 , 1791 , and Articles Two through Twelve on December 15 , 1791 ( After failing to ratify the 12 amendments during the 1789 legislative session . ) Having been approved by the requisite three - fourths of the several states , there being 14 States in the Union at the time ( as Vermont had been admitted into the Union on March 4 , 1791 ) , the ratification of Articles Three through Twelve was completed and they became Amendments 1 through 10 of the Constitution . President Washington informed Congress of this on January 18 , 1792 . As they had not yet been approved by 11 of the 14 states , the ratification of Article One ( ratified by 10 ) and Article Two ( ratified by 6 ) remained incomplete . The ratification plateau they needed to reach soon rose to 12 of 15 states when Kentucky joined the Union ( June 1 , 1792 ) . On June 27 , 1792 , the Kentucky General Assembly ratified all 12 amendments , however this action did not come to light until 1996 . Article One came within one state of the number needed to become adopted into the Constitution on two occasions between 1789 and 1803 . Despite coming close to ratification early on , it has never received the approval of enough states to become part of the Constitution . As Congress did not attach a ratification time limit to the article , it is still technically pending before the states . Since no state has approved it since 1792 , ratification by an additional 27 states would now be necessary for the article to be adopted . Article Two , initially ratified by seven states through 1792 ( including Kentucky ) , was not ratified by another state for eighty years . The Ohio General Assembly ratified it on May 6 , 1873 in protest of an unpopular Congressional pay raise . A century later , on March 6 , 1978 , the Wyoming Legislature also ratified the article . Gregory Watson , a University of Texas at Austin undergraduate student , started a new push for the article 's ratification with a letter - writing campaign to state legislatures . As a result , by May 1992 , enough states had approved Article Two ( 38 of the 50 states in the Union ) for it to become the Twenty - seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution . The amendment 's adoption was certified by Archivist of the United States Don W. Wilson and subsequently affirmed by a vote of Congress on May 20 , 1992 . Three states did not complete action on the twelve articles of amendment when they were initially put before the states . Georgia found a Bill of Rights unnecessary and so refused to ratify . Both chambers of the Massachusetts General Court ratified a number of the amendments ( the Senate adopted 10 of 12 and the House 9 of 12 ) , but failed to reconcile their two lists or to send official notice to the Secretary of State of the ones they did agree upon . Both houses of the Connecticut General Assembly voted to ratify Articles Three through Twelve but failed to reconcile their bills after disagreeing over whether to ratify Articles One and Two . All three later ratified the Constitutional amendments originally known as Articles Three through Twelve as part of the 1939 commemoration of the Bill of Rights ' sesquicentennial : Massachusetts on March 2 , Georgia on March 18 , and Connecticut on April 19 . Connecticut and Georgia would also later ratify Article Two , on May 13 , 1987 and February 2 , 1988 respectively . Application and text The Bill of Rights had little judicial impact for the first 150 years of its existence ; in the words of Gordon S. Wood , `` After ratification , most Americans promptly forgot about the first ten amendments to the Constitution . '' The Court made no important decisions protecting free speech rights , for example , until 1931 . Historian Richard Labunski attributes the Bill 's long legal dormancy to three factors : first , it took time for a `` culture of tolerance '' to develop that would support the Bill 's provisions with judicial and popular will ; second , the Supreme Court spent much of the 19th century focused on issues relating to intergovernmental balances of power ; and third , the Bill initially only applied to the federal government , a restriction affirmed by Barron v. Baltimore ( 1833 ) . In the twentieth century , however , most of the Bill 's provisions were applied to the states via the Fourteenth Amendment -- a process known as incorporation -- beginning with the freedom of speech clause , in Gitlow v. New York ( 1925 ) . In Talton v. Mayes ( 1896 ) , the Court ruled that Constitutional protections , including the provisions of the Bill of Rights , do not apply to the actions of American Indian tribal governments . Through the incorporation process the United States Supreme Court succeeded in extending to the States almost all of the protections in the Bill of Rights , as well as other , unenumerated rights . The Bill of Rights thus imposes legal limits on the powers of governments and acts as an anti-majoritarian / minoritarian safeguard by providing deeply entrenched legal protection for various civil liberties and fundamental rights . The Supreme Court for example concluded in the West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette ( 1943 ) case that the founders intended the Bill of Rights to put some rights out of reach from majorities , ensuring that some liberties would endure beyond political majorities . As the Court noted , the idea of the Bill of Rights `` was to withdraw certain subjects from the vicissitudes of political controversy , to place them beyond the reach of majorities and officials and to establish them as legal principles to be applied by the courts . '' This is why `` fundamental rights may not be submitted to a vote ; they depend on the outcome of no elections . '' First Amendment Main article : First Amendment to the United States Constitution Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ; or abridging the freedom of speech , or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble , and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances . The First Amendment prohibits the making of any law respecting an establishment of religion , impeding the free exercise of religion , abridging the freedom of speech , infringing on the freedom of the press , interfering with the right to peaceably assemble or prohibiting the petitioning for a governmental redress of grievances . Initially , the First Amendment applied only to laws enacted by Congress , and many of its provisions were interpreted more narrowly than they are today . In Everson v. Board of Education ( 1947 ) , the Court drew on Thomas Jefferson 's correspondence to call for `` a wall of separation between church and State '' , though the precise boundary of this separation remains in dispute . Speech rights were expanded significantly in a series of 20th - and 21st - century court decisions that protected various forms of political speech , anonymous speech , campaign financing , pornography , and school speech ; these rulings also defined a series of exceptions to First Amendment protections . The Supreme Court overturned English common law precedent to increase the burden of proof for libel suits , most notably in New York Times Co. v. Sullivan ( 1964 ) . Commercial speech is less protected by the First Amendment than political speech , and is therefore subject to greater regulation . The Free Press Clause protects publication of information and opinions , and applies to a wide variety of media . In Near v. Minnesota ( 1931 ) and New York Times v. United States ( 1971 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that the First Amendment protected against prior restraint -- pre-publication censorship -- in almost all cases . The Petition Clause protects the right to petition all branches and agencies of government for action . In addition to the right of assembly guaranteed by this clause , the Court has also ruled that the amendment implicitly protects freedom of association . Second Amendment Main article : Second Amendment to the United States Constitution A well regulated Militia , being necessary to the security of a free State , the right of the people to keep and bear Arms , shall not be infringed . The Second Amendment protects the individual right to keep and bear arms . The concept of such a right existed within English common law long before the enactment of the Bill of Rights . First codified in the English Bill of Rights of 1689 ( but there only applying to Protestants ) , this right was enshrined in fundamental laws of several American states during the Revolutionary era , including the 1776 Virginia Declaration of Rights and the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 . Long a controversial issue in American political , legal , and social discourse , the Second Amendment has been at the heart of several Supreme Court decisions . In United States v. Cruikshank ( 1875 ) , the Court ruled that `` ( t ) he right to bear arms is not granted by the Constitution ; neither is it in any manner dependent upon that instrument for its existence . The Second Amendment means no more than that it shall not be infringed by Congress , and has no other effect than to restrict the powers of the National Government . '' In United States v. Miller ( 1939 ) , the Court ruled that the amendment `` ( protects arms that had a ) reasonable relationship to the preservation or efficiency of a well regulated militia '' . In District of Columbia v. Heller ( 2008 ) , the Court ruled that the Second Amendment `` codified a pre-existing right '' and that it `` protects an individual right to possess a firearm unconnected with service in a militia , and to use that arm for traditionally lawful purposes , such as self - defense within the home '' but also stated that `` the right is not unlimited . It is not a right to keep and carry any weapon whatsoever in any manner whatsoever and for whatever purpose '' . In McDonald v. Chicago ( 2010 ) , the Court ruled that the Second Amendment limits state and local governments to the same extent that it limits the federal government . Third Amendment Main article : Third Amendment to the United States Constitution No Soldier shall , in time of peace be quartered in any house , without the consent of the Owner , nor in time of war , but in a manner to be prescribed by law . The Third Amendment restricts the quartering of soldiers in private homes , in response to Quartering Acts passed by the British parliament during the Revolutionary War . The amendment is one of the least controversial of the Constitution , and , as of 2018 , has never been the primary basis of a Supreme Court decision . Fourth Amendment Main article : Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution The right of the people to be secure in their persons , houses , papers , and effects , against unreasonable searches and seizures , shall not be violated , and no Warrants shall issue , but upon probable cause , supported by Oath or affirmation , and particularly describing the place to be searched , and the persons or things to be seized . The Fourth Amendment guards against unreasonable searches and seizures , along with requiring any warrant to be judicially sanctioned and supported by probable cause . It was adopted as a response to the abuse of the writ of assistance , which is a type of general search warrant , in the American Revolution . Search and seizure ( including arrest ) must be limited in scope according to specific information supplied to the issuing court , usually by a law enforcement officer who has sworn by it . The amendment is the basis for the exclusionary rule , which mandates that evidence obtained illegally can not be introduced into a criminal trial . The amendment 's interpretation has varied over time ; its protections expanded under left - leaning courts such as that headed by Earl Warren and contracted under right - leaning courts such as that of William Rehnquist . Fifth Amendment Main article : Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution No person shall be held to answer for a capital , or otherwise infamous crime , unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury , except in cases arising in the land or naval forces , or in the Militia , when in actual service in time of War or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself , nor be deprived of life , liberty , or property , without due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use , without just compensation . The Fifth Amendment protects against double jeopardy and self - incrimination and guarantees the rights to due process , grand jury screening of criminal indictments , and compensation for the seizure of private property under eminent domain . The amendment was the basis for the court 's decision in Miranda v. Arizona ( 1966 ) , which established that defendants must be informed of their rights to an attorney and against self - incrimination prior to interrogation by police . Sixth Amendment Main article : Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution In all criminal prosecutions , the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial , by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed , which district shall have been previously ascertained by law , and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor , and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence . The Sixth Amendment establishes a number of rights of the defendant in a criminal trial : to a speedy and public trial to trial by an impartial jury to be informed of criminal charges to confront witnesses to compel witnesses to appear in court to assistance of counsel In Gideon v. Wainwright ( 1963 ) , the Court ruled that the amendment guaranteed the right to legal representation in all felony prosecutions in both state and federal courts . Seventh Amendment Main article : Seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution In suits at common law , where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars , the right of trial by jury shall be preserved , and no fact tried by a jury , shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States , than according to the rules of the common law . The Seventh Amendment guarantees jury trials in federal civil cases that deal with claims of more than twenty dollars . It also prohibits judges from overruling findings of fact by juries in federal civil trials . In Colgrove v. Battin ( 1973 ) , the Court ruled that the amendment 's requirements could be fulfilled by a jury with a minimum of six members . The Seventh is one of the few parts of the Bill of Rights not to be incorporated ( applied to the states ) . Eighth Amendment Main article : Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution Excessive bail shall not be required , nor excessive fines imposed , nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted . The Eighth Amendment forbids the imposition of excessive bails or fines , though it leaves the term `` excessive '' open to interpretation . The most frequently litigated clause of the amendment is the last , which forbids cruel and unusual punishment . This clause was only occasionally applied by the Supreme Court prior to the 1970s , generally in cases dealing with means of execution . In Furman v. Georgia ( 1972 ) , some members of the Court found capital punishment itself in violation of the amendment , arguing that the clause could reflect `` evolving standards of decency '' as public opinion changed ; others found certain practices in capital trials to be unacceptably arbitrary , resulting in a majority decision that effectively halted executions in the United States for several years . Executions resumed following Gregg v. Georgia ( 1976 ) , which found capital punishment to be constitutional if the jury was directed by concrete sentencing guidelines . The Court has also found that some poor prison conditions constitute cruel and unusual punishment , as in Estelle v. Gamble ( 1976 ) and Brown v. Plata ( 2011 ) . Ninth Amendment Main article : Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution The enumeration in the Constitution , of certain rights , shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people . The Ninth Amendment declares that there are additional fundamental rights that exist outside the Constitution . The rights enumerated in the Constitution are not an explicit and exhaustive list of individual rights . It was rarely mentioned in Supreme Court decisions before the second half of the 20th century , when it was cited by several of the justices in Griswold v. Connecticut ( 1965 ) . The Court in that case voided a statute prohibiting use of contraceptives as an infringement of the right of marital privacy . This right was , in turn , the foundation upon which the Supreme Court built decisions in several landmark cases , including , Roe v. Wade ( 1973 ) , which overturned a Texas law making it a crime to assist a woman to get an abortion , and Planned Parenthood v. Casey ( 1992 ) , which invalidated a Pennsylvania law that required spousal awareness prior to obtaining an abortion . Tenth Amendment Main article : Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution , nor prohibited by it to the States , are reserved to the States respectively , or to the people . The Tenth Amendment reinforces the principles of separation of powers and federalism by providing that powers not granted to the federal government by the Constitution , nor prohibited to the states , are reserved to the states or the people . The amendment provides no new powers or rights to the states , but rather preserves their authority in all matters not specifically granted to the federal government . Congress has sometimes gotten around the Tenth Amendment by invoking the Commerce Clause in Article One or by threatening to withhold funding for a federal program from noncooperative States , as in South Dakota v. Dole ( 1987 ) . Display and honoring of the Bill of Rights George Washington had fourteen handwritten copies of the Bill of Rights made , one for Congress and one for each of the original thirteen states . The copies for Georgia , Maryland , New York , and Pennsylvania went missing . The New York copy is thought to have been destroyed in a fire . Two unidentified copies of the missing four ( thought to be the Georgia and Maryland copies ) survive ; one is in the National Archives , and the other is in the New York Public Library . North Carolina 's copy was stolen from the State Capitol by a Union soldier following the Civil War . In an FBI sting operation , it was recovered in 2003 . The copy retained by the First Congress has been on display ( along with the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence ) in the Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom room at the National Archives Building in Washington , D.C. since December 13 , 1952 . After fifty years on display , signs of deterioration in the casing were noted , while the documents themselves appeared to be well preserved . Accordingly , the casing was updated and the Rotunda rededicated on September 17 , 2003 . In his dedicatory remarks , President George W. Bush stated , `` The true ( American ) revolution was not to defy one earthly power , but to declare principles that stand above every earthly power -- the equality of each person before God , and the responsibility of government to secure the rights of all . '' In 1941 , President Franklin D. Roosevelt declared December 15 to be Bill of Rights Day , commemorating the 150th anniversary of the ratification of the Bill of Rights . In 1991 , the Virginia copy of the Bill of Rights toured the country in honor of its bicentennial , visiting the capitals of all fifty states . See also United States portal Law portal Human rights portal Anti-Federalism Constitutionalism in the United States Four Freedoms Institute of Bill of Rights Law Patients ' ( bill of ) rights Second Bill of Rights Substantive due process Taxpayer Bill of Rights Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom We Hold These Truths References Notes Jump up ^ Probably Robert Yates Citations ^ Jump up to : `` The Charters of Freedom : The Bill of Rights '' . Washington D.C. : National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ James Madison 's Proposed Amendments to the Constitution . Annals of Congress . June 8 , 1789 . https://www.archives.gov/legislative/resources/education/bill-of-rights/images/handout-2.pdf ^ Jump up to : The U.S. Constitution and Constitutional Law . Britannica Educational Publishing . 2012 . pp. 105 -- 08 . ISBN 9781615307555 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Bill of Rights -- Facts & Summary '' . History.com . 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Retrieved July 11 , 2013 -- via Google Books . Bibliography Amar , Akhil Reed ( 1998 ) . The Bill of Rights . Yale University Press . Beeman , Richard ( 2009 ) . Plain , Honest Men : The Making of the American Constitution . Random House . Berkin , Carol ( 2015 ) . The Bill of Rights : The Fight to Secure America 's Liberties . Simon & Schuster . Bessler , John D. ( 2012 ) . Cruel and Unusual : The American Death Penalty and the Founders ' Eighth Amendment . University Press of New England . Brookhiser , Richard ( 2011 ) . James Madison . Basic Books . Brutus ( 1787 ) `` To the Citizens of the State of New York '' . In The Complete Anti-Federalist , Volume 1 ( 2008 ) . Ed . Herbert J. Storing . University of Chicago Press . Ellis , Joseph J. ( 2015 ) . The Quartet : Orchestrating the Second American Revolution . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 9780385353410 -- via Google Books . Hamilton , Alexander , Madison , James , and Jay , John ( 2003 ) The Federalist : With Letters of Brutus . Ed . Terence Ball . Cambridge University Press . Kyvig , David E. ( 1996 ) . Explicit and Authentic Acts : Amending the U.S. Constitution , 1776 -- 1995 . Lawrence : University Press of Kansas . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0931 - 8 -- via Google Books . Labunski , Richard E. ( 2006 ) . James Madison and the struggle for the Bill of Rights . Oxford University Press . Levy , Leonard W. ( 1999 ) . Origins of the Bill of Rights . Yale University Press . Maier , Pauline ( 2010 ) . Ratification : The People Debate the Constitution , 1787 -- 1788 . Simon & Schuster . Rakove , Jack N. ( 1996 ) . Original Meanings . Alfred A. Knopf . Stewart , David O. ( 2007 ) . The Summer of 1787 . Simon & Schuster . Wood , Gordon S. ( 2009 ) . Empire of Liberty : A History of the Early Republic , 1789 -- 1815 . Oxford University Press . Further reading Barnett , Randy ( 2008 ) . `` The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism '' . In Hamowy , Ronald . The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism . Thousand Oaks , CA : SAGE ; Cato Institute . pp. 32 -- 33 . doi : 10.4135 / 9781412965811. n20 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 6580 - 4 . LCCN 2008009151 . OCLC 750831024 -- via Google Books . Bodenhamer , David J. ; James W. Ely ( 2008 ) . The Bill of Rights in modern America . Indiana University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 21991 - 6 -- via Google Books . Bordewich , Fergus M. The First Congress : How James Madison , George Washington , and a Group of Extraordinary Men Invented the Government ( 2016 ) on 1789 -- 1791 . Cogan , Neil H. ( 2015 ) . The Complete Bill of Rights : The Drafts , Debates , Sources , and Origins . Second edition . New York : Oxford University Press . Schwartz , Bernard ( 1992 ) . The great rights of mankind : a history of the American Bill of Rights . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 945612 - 28 - 5 -- via Google Books . Smith , Rich ( 2007 ) . The Bill of Rights : Defining Our Freedoms . ABDO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59928 - 913 - 7 -- via Google Books . Stair , Nancy L. ( 2003 ) . The Bill of Rights : a primary source investigation into the first ten amendments of the Constitution . The Rosen Publishing Group . p. 53 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8239 - 3800 - 1 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Bill of Rights . 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6320042964380563057	The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2009 film)	The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( 2009 film ) - wikipedia The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( 2009 film ) This article is about the Swedish - language film . For the English - language film based on the same novel , see The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( 2011 film ) . The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo Swedish release poster Directed by Niels Arden Oplev Produced by Søren Stærmose Screenplay by Nikolaj Arcel Rasmus Heisterberg Based on The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo by Stieg Larsson Starring Michael Nyqvist Noomi Rapace Music by Jacob Groth Cinematography Eric Kress Jens Fischer Edited by Anne Østerud Production company Yellow Bird Distributed by Nordisk Film Music Box Films Alliance Films Lumiere GAGA Release date 27 February 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 27 ) Running time 153 minutes Country Sweden Language Swedish Budget $13 million Box office $104 million The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( Swedish : Män som hatar kvinnor , literally `` Men who hate women '' ) is a 2009 Swedish drama thriller film based on the novel of the same name by Swedish author / journalist Stieg Larsson . It is the first book in the trilogy known as the Millennium series , published in Sweden in 2005 . By August 2009 , it had been sold to 25 countries outside Scandinavia and had been seen by more than 6 million people in the countries where it was already released . Directed by Niels Arden Oplev , the film stars Michael Nyqvist and Noomi Rapace . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Release 3.1 Critical response 3.2 Box office 3.3 Awards and nominations 4 TV mini-series 5 Sequels 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In December 2002 , Mikael Blomkvist , publisher of Millennium magazine , loses a libel case involving allegations he published about billionaire financier Hans - Erik Wennerström . He is sentenced to three months in prison and a hefty fine . Lisbeth Salander , a brilliant but damaged surveillance agent and hacker , is hired by Henrik Vanger , the patriarch of the wealthy Vanger family , to investigate Blomkvist . Vanger then hires Blomkvist to investigate the disappearance of his niece , Harriet , who vanished on Children 's Day in 1966 . Vanger believes that Harriet was murdered by a family member . Salander , who was ruled mentally incompetent as a child , is appointed a new legal guardian , Nils Bjurman ( Peter Andersson ) , after her previous guardian suffers a stroke . Bjurman , a sexual sadist , forces Salander to perform fellatio on him in return for the money she needs to buy a new computer ; he withholds the full amount she has requested . At her next meeting with Bjurman , he beats and rapes her . Having used a hidden camera to record Bjurman raping her , Salander returns to take her revenge , torturing and threatening to ruin him unless he gives her full control of her life and finances . She then uses a tattoo gun to brand Bjurman 's abdomen with the message `` I am a sadist pig and a rapist '' . Blomkvist moves to a cottage on the Vanger estate and meets the Vanger family , including Harriet 's brother Martin and cousin Cecilia . Inside Harriet 's diary , he finds a list of five names alongside what might appear to be phone numbers . He visits retiring police inspector Morell , who informs him that his investigation team had been unable to decipher them . After viewing photographs taken during the Children 's Day parade , Blomkvist sees Harriet 's facial expression change suddenly just before she leaves and , after obtaining photographs taken from the same side of the street as her , comes to believe that Harriet may have seen her murderer that day . Using her access to Blomkvist 's computer , Salander learns that the numbers in Harriet 's diary are references to verses in the Book of Leviticus and emails Blomkvist anonymously . Blomkvist works out that Salander sent the mail and hires her as a research assistant . Together , Blomkvist and Salander connect all but one of the names on Harriet 's list to murdered women . They are all Jewish names , which intrigues Blomkvist , as the Vanger family has a long history of antisemitism . During the investigation , Blomkvist and Salander become lovers . They suspect Henrik 's reclusive brother Harald to be the murderer , as the two other Vanger brothers had already died by the time Harriet disappeared . Salander searches through Vanger 's business records to trace Harald to the crime scenes , while Blomkvist breaks into Harald 's house , believing it to be unoccupied . When Harald attacks Blomkvist , Martin appears and saves him . He escorts Blomkvist to his home , where Blomkvist reveals what he and Salander have uncovered . Martin drugs him . Salander 's search of the company accounts points to Martin and his late father , Gottfried , having been jointly responsible for the murders . She returns to the cottage to find Blomkvist missing . Blomkvist wakes to find himself bound in Martin 's cellar . Martin boasts about raping and murdering women for decades but denies killing Harriet , insisting that she disappeared . As Martin is in the process of hanging Blomkvist , Salander appears and attacks Martin with a golf club . While she frees Blomkvist , Martin flees in his car . Salander gives chase on her motorcycle . When Martin drives off the road , Salander finds him still alive but trapped in the vehicle . As the car goes up in flames , she makes no attempt to save him . Blomkvist realizes that Cecilia 's late sister Anita was the near - double of Harriet and that some of the film taken on the day of Harriet 's disappearance show Anita , not Harriet as previously thought . Blomkvist and Salander discover that Harriet has been using Anita 's name and is still alive in Australia . Blomkvist flies there to look for her , and he persuades her to return to Sweden , where she is reunited with her uncle . Harriet explains the truth about her disappearance : that her father and her brother had repeatedly raped her ; that she killed her father by drowning him , only to find herself being blackmailed by Martin ; and that her cousin Anita had smuggled her away from the island . Salander 's mother , living in a nursing home , apologizes for not choosing a `` better papa '' for her . Salander then visits Blomkvist in prison and gives him new information on the Wennerström case . From prison , Blomkvist publishes a new story on Wennerström in Millennium , which ruins Wennerström and makes the magazine a national sensation . Wennerström is then found dead , a presumed suicide . His offshore bank account in the Cayman Islands is raided ; the police suspect a young woman caught on CCTV , whom Blomkvist recognizes as Salander in disguise . The film ends with Salander , dressed in disguise as she exits her car , walking along a sunny beach promenade . Cast ( edit ) Michael Nyqvist as Mikael Blomkvist Noomi Rapace as Lisbeth Salander Lena Endre as Erika Berger Sven - Bertil Taube as Henrik Vanger Peter Haber as Martin Vanger Peter Andersson as Nils Bjurman Marika Lagercrantz as Cecilia Vanger Ingvar Hirdwall as Dirch Frode Björn Granath as Gustav Morell Ewa Fröling as Harriet Vanger Michalis Koutsogiannakis as Dragan Armansky Annika Hallin as Annika Giannini Tomas Köhler as `` Plague '' Gunnel Lindblom as Isabella Vanger Gösta Bredefeldt as Harald Vanger Stefan Sauk as Hans - Erik Wennerström Jacob Ericksson as Christer Malm Julia Sporre as young Harriet Vanger Tehilla Blad as young Lisbeth Salander Sofia Ledarp as Malin Eriksson David Dencik as Janne Dahlman Reuben Sallmander as Enrico Giannini Release ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo was well received by critics . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a normalized score of 86 % based on 168 reviews , with an average score of 7.2 / 10 and declares it `` Certified Fresh '' . The critical consensus is : `` Its graphic violence and sprawling length will prove too much for some viewers to take , but Noomi Rapace 's gripping performance makes The Girl With the Dragon Tattoo an unforgettable viewing experience . '' Metacritic gives the film a weighted average score of 76 % based on reviews from 36 critics . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film four out of four stars , noting that `` ( the film ) is a compelling thriller to begin with , but it adds the rare quality of having a heroine more fascinating than the story '' . Box Office ( edit ) The film grossed more than $10 million in North America in a limited release of 202 theatres . The total gross worldwide is $104,617,430 . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Association Nominee Result Amanda Award Best Foreign Feature Film Niels Arden Oplev Nominated BAFTA Award Best Actress in a Leading Role Noomi Rapace Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Nikolaj Arcel and Rasmus Heisterberg Nominated Best Film Not in the English Language Won Broadcast Film Critics Association Award Best Actress Noomi Rapace Nominated Best Foreign Language Film Niels Arden Oplev Won Empire Awards Best Thriller Won Best Actress Noomi Rapace Won European Film Awards Audience Award Niels Arden Oplev Nominated Best Actress Noomi Rapace Nominated Best Composer Jacob Groth Nominated Guldbagge Award Audience Award Niels Arden Oplev Won Best Actress Noomi Rapace Won Best Film Søren Stærmose Won Best Cinematography Eric Kress Nominated Best Supporting Actor Sven - Bertil Taube Nominated Houston Film Critics Society Award Best Foreign Language Film Won Best Actress in a Leading Role Noomi Rapace Nominated London Film Critics Circle Award Actress of the Year Noomi Rapace Nominated New York Film Critics Online Award Breakthrough Performer Noomi Rapace Won Palm Springs International Film Festival Audience Award for Best Narrative Feature Niels Arden Oplev Won Satellite Award Best Actress -- Motion Picture Drama Noomi Rapace Won Best Foreign Language Film Won Best Adapted Screenplay Nikolaj Arcel and Rasmus Heisterberg Nominated St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Award Best Actress Noomi Rapace Nominated Best Foreign Language Film Nominated Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award Best Foreign Language Film Nominated TV mini-series ( edit ) French premium pay television channel Canal+ aired extended versions of the three movies as a mini-series ( 6 × 90 minutes ) between March and June 2010 , before the theatrical release of the second and third films . The series premiere attracted over 1.1 million viewers . Considering the network is only available in 8 million French households , the series was a substantial success . The series aired on US pay - for - view cable networks in the weeks leading up to the release of David Fincher 's 2011 film adaptation of the novel . In France , the audience of the Canal+ broadcast of the first part on 22 March 2010 was 1.2 million ( 18 % of the channel 's subscribers in the country ) and the largest audience of a foreign series at Canal+ that year . A home video set of all six parts of the mini-series was released on DVD and Blu - ray Disc by Music Box Home Entertainment on 6 December 2011 . Sequels ( edit ) The Girl Who Played with Fire , 2009 The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets ' Nest , 2009 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` MAN SOM HATAR KVINNOR - THE GIRL WITH THE DRAGON TATTOO ( 18 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 3 December 2009 . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Girl with the Dragon Tattoo director queries US remake '' . BBC News . 10 November 2010 . Retrieved 7 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 7 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( 2009 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 7 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( March 17 , 2010a ) . `` The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Chicago , Illinois : Sun - Times Media Group . Retrieved September 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Män som hatar kvinnor en internationell kassasuccé '' . The Swedish Film & TV Producers ( in Swedish ) . 4 August 2009 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Millennium trilogy '' . yellowbird.se. 25 March 2010 . Retrieved 13 January 2011 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo on IMDb The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo at the Swedish Film Institute Database The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo at Box Office Mojo The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo at Rotten Tomatoes The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo at Metacritic Charlie Rose : A look at the film ' The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ' with director Niels Arden Oplev The Millennium series Novels Stieg Larsson The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo The Girl Who Played with Fire The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets ' Nest David Lagercrantz The Girl in the Spider 's Web The Girl Who Takes an Eye for an Eye Films Swedish films The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( 2009 ) The Girl Who Played with Fire ( 2009 ) The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets ' Nest ( 2009 ) American films The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( 2011 ) ( soundtrack ) The Girl in the Spider 's Web ( 2018 ) Television Millennium ( 2010 ) Characters Mikael Blomkvist Lisbeth Salander Films directed by Niels Arden Oplev Portland ( 1996 ) Chop Chop ( 2001 ) Drømmen ( 2006 ) Worlds Apart ( 2008 ) The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( 2009 ) Dead Man Down ( 2013 ) Speed Walking ( 2014 ) Flatliners ( 2017 ) Awards for The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language Best Foreign Language Film 1982 -- 1987 Christ Stopped at Eboli ( 1982 ) Danton ( 1983 ) Carmen ( 1984 ) Colonel Redl ( 1985 ) Ran ( 1986 ) The Sacrifice ( 1987 ) Best Film Not in the English Language 1988 -- present Babette 's Feast ( 1988 ) Life and Nothing But ( 1989 ) Cinema Paradiso ( 1990 ) The Nasty Girl ( 1991 ) Raise the Red Lantern ( 1992 ) Farewell My Concubine ( 1993 ) To Live ( 1994 ) Il Postino : The Postman ( 1995 ) Ridicule ( 1996 ) The Apartment ( 1997 ) Central Station ( 1998 ) All About My Mother ( 1999 ) Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 2000 ) Amores perros ( 2001 ) Talk to Her ( 2002 ) In This World ( 2003 ) The Motorcycle Diaries ( 2004 ) The Beat That My Heart Skipped ( 2005 ) Pan 's Labyrinth ( 2006 ) The Lives of Others ( 2007 ) I 've Loved You So Long ( 2008 ) A Prophet ( 2009 ) The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( 2010 ) The Skin I Live In ( 2011 ) Amour ( 2012 ) The Great Beauty ( 2013 ) Ida ( 2014 ) Wild Tales ( 2015 ) Son of Saul ( 2016 ) The Handmaiden ( 2017 ) Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Foreign Language Film Il Postino : The Postman ( 1995 ) Ridicule ( 1996 ) Shall We Dance ? ( 1997 ) Life Is Beautiful ( 1998 ) All About My Mother ( 1999 ) Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 2000 ) Amélie ( 2001 ) Y Tu Mamá También ( 2002 ) The Barbarian Invasions ( 2003 ) The Sea Inside ( 2004 ) Kung Fu Hustle ( 2005 ) Letters from Iwo Jima ( 2006 ) The Diving Bell and the Butterfly ( 2007 ) Waltz with Bashir ( 2008 ) Broken Embraces ( 2009 ) The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( 2010 ) A Separation ( 2011 ) Amour ( 2012 ) Blue Is the Warmest Colour ( 2013 ) Force Majeure ( 2014 ) Son of Saul ( 2015 ) Elle ( 2016 ) In the Fade ( 2017 ) Guldbagge Award for Best Film 1963 -- 1990 The Silence ( 1963 / 64 ) Swedish Wedding Night ( 1964 / 65 ) Heja Roland ! ( 1965 / 66 ) Persona ( 1966 / 67 ) Hugo and Josephine ( 1967 / 68 ) The White Game ( 1968 / 69 ) A Swedish Love Story & Mistreatment ( 1969 / 70 ) The Emigrants ( 1970 / 71 ) The Apple War ( 1971 / 72 ) Cries and Whispers ( 1972 / 73 ) A Handful of Love ( 1973 / 74 ) The Last Adventure ( 1974 / 75 ) Release the Prisoners to Spring ( 1975 / 76 ) The Man on the Roof ( 1976 / 77 ) The Adventures of Picasso ( 1977 / 78 ) A Respectable Life ( 1978 / 79 ) To Be a Millionaire ( 1979 / 80 ) Children 's Island ( 1980 / 81 ) The Simple - Minded Murderer ( 1981 / 82 ) Fanny and Alexander ( 1982 / 83 ) Beyond Sorrow , Beyond Pain ( 1984 ) My Life as a Dog ( 1985 ) The Sacrifice ( 1986 ) Pelle the Conqueror ( 1987 ) Katinka & Back to Ararat ( 1988 ) The Miracle in Valby ( 1989 ) Good Evening , Mr. Wallenberg ( 1990 ) 1991 -- present Il Capitano : A Swedish Requiem ( 1991 ) House of Angels ( 1992 ) The Slingshot ( 1993 ) A Pizza in Jordbro ( 1994 ) All Things Fair ( 1995 ) Hamsun ( 1996 ) Tic Tac ( 1997 ) Show Me Love ( 1998 ) Tsatsiki , morsan och polisen ( 1999 ) Songs from the Second Floor ( 2000 ) As White as in Snow ( 2001 ) Lilya 4 - ever ( 2002 ) Evil ( 2003 ) Dalecarlians ( 2004 ) Nina 's Journey ( 2005 ) Kidz in da Hood ( 2006 ) You , the Living ( 2007 ) Everlasting Moments ( 2008 ) The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( 2009 ) Sebbe ( 2010 ) She Monkeys ( 2011 ) Eat Sleep Die ( 2012 ) The Reunion ( 2013 ) Force Majeure ( 2014 ) The Here After ( 2015 ) The Giant ( 2016 ) The Nile Hilton Incident ( 2017 ) Satellite Award for Best Foreign Language Film 1996 -- 1999 Breaking the Waves ( 1996 ) Shall We Dance ? ( 1997 ) Central Station ( 1998 ) All About My Mother / Three Seasons ( 1999 ) 2000 -- 2009 Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 2000 ) No Man 's Land ( 2001 ) Talk to Her ( 2002 ) City of God ( 2003 ) The Sea Inside ( 2004 ) Mother of Mine ( 2005 ) Volver ( 2006 ) Lust , Caution ( 2007 ) Gomorrah ( 2008 ) Broken Embraces / The Maid ( 2009 ) 2010 -- present The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( 2010 ) Mysteries of Lisbon ( 2011 ) The Intouchables / Pietà ( 2012 ) The Broken Circle Breakdown ( 2013 ) Tangerines ( 2014 ) Son of Saul ( 2015 ) The Salesman ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Girl_with_the_Dragon_Tattoo_(2009_film)&oldid=850063802 '' Categories : 2009 films Swedish - language films Millennium series 2000s drama films 2000s thriller films Swedish films Swedish drama films Swedish thriller films Films directed by Niels Arden Oplev Best Film Guldbagge Award winners Best Foreign Language Film BAFTA Award winners Best Thriller Empire Award winners Detective films Films about violence against women Films about journalists Films based on crime novels Films based on Swedish novels Films set in Australia Films set in Stockholm Films set in Sweden Films set in 2002 Films set in 2003 Films shot in Stockholm Incest in film Rape and revenge films Serial killer films Patricide in fiction Films shot in Almería Hidden categories : CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from July 2012 EngvarB from January 2014 Use dmy dates from January 2015 Articles containing Swedish - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 粵語中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 July 2018 , at 10 : 33 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	swedish version of the girl with the dragon tattoo	[]	[]
-5617783765776035499	Tom Holland (actor)	Tom Holland ( actor ) - wikipedia Tom Holland ( actor ) Jump to : navigation , search For other people of the same or similar names , see Tom Holland and Tom Hollander . Tom Holland Holland at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con promoting Spider - Man : Homecoming Thomas Stanley Holland ( 1996 - 06 - 01 ) 1 June 1996 ( age 21 ) Kingston upon Thames , London , England Citizenship British Education Donhead Prep School , Wimbledon College , The BRIT School for Performing Arts and Technology Occupation Actor dancer Years active 2008 -- present Parent ( s ) Dominic Holland Nicola Frost Thomas Stanley Holland ( born 1 June 1996 ) is an English actor and dancer . He is best known for starring as Peter Parker / Spider - Man in the superhero films Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) and Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) , as part of the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) . He previously appeared on stage in the title role of Billy Elliot the Musical in London 's West End . His other major films include The Impossible ( 2012 ) , In the Heart of the Sea ( 2015 ) , and The Lost City of Z ( 2016 ) . Holland received the BAFTA Rising Star Award in 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and education 2 Career 2.1 Theatre 2.2 Television 2.3 Cinema 2.3. 1 Spider - Man 2.4 Upcoming works 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Stage 4.4 Video games 5 Awards and nominations 6 See also 7 References 8 External links 9 Additional reading Early life and education Holland was born in Kingston upon Thames , London , to Nicola Elizabeth ( née Frost ) , a photographer , and Dominic Holland , a comedian and author . He has three brothers , twins Sam and Harry , three years younger , and Patrick , eight years younger . His paternal grandparents were born on the Isle of Man and Tipperary , Ireland . Holland was educated at Donhead , a Roman Catholic preparatory school in Wimbledon in South West London , followed by Wimbledon College , a voluntary aided Jesuit Roman Catholic comprehensive school ( also in Wimbledon ) , up until December 2012 . Holland has said he was bullied in school for being a dancer . After Wimbledon College he attended The BRIT School for Performing Arts and Technology . Career Theatre Holland ( centre ) performing at the fifth anniversary of Billy Elliot the Musical , 31 March 2010 Holland began dancing at a hip hop class at Nifty Feet Dance School in Wimbledon . His potential was spotted by choreographer Lynne Page ( who was an associate to Peter Darling , choreographer of Billy Elliot and Billy Elliot the Musical ) when he performed with his dance school as part of the 2006 Richmond Dance Festival . After eight auditions and subsequent two years of training , on 28 June 2008 , Holland made his West End debut in Billy Elliot the Musical as Michael , Billy 's best friend . He gave his first performance in the title role on 8 September 2008 , receiving positive notices . In September 2008 , Holland ( together with co-star Tanner Pflueger ) appeared on the news programme on channel FIVE and gave his first TV interview . The following year , he was featured on ITV1 show The Feel Good Factor . At the launch show on 31 January he and two other Billy Elliots , Tanner Pflueger and Layton Williams , performed a version of Angry Dance from Billy Elliot the Musical , after which Holland was interviewed by host Myleene Klass . He trained five British schoolboys for a dance routine he fronted for the final The Feel Good Factor show on 28 March 2009 . On 8 March 2010 , to mark the fifth anniversary of Billy Elliot the Musical , four current Billy Elliots , including Holland , were invited to 10 Downing Street to meet the Prime Minister Gordon Brown . Holland was chosen to be a lead at the fifth - anniversary show on 31 March 2010 . Holland had been appearing on a regular basis as Billy in Billy Elliot the Musical , rotating with three other performers , until 29 May 2010 , when he finished his running . Television In 2015 , Holland appeared in four episodes of BBC Two 's TV series Wolf Hall , as Gregory Cromwell , son of the protagonist Thomas Cromwell played by Mark Rylance . Cinema In 2011 , Holland was cast in the British version of the animated film Arrietty , produced by Japan 's Studio Ghibli . He provided a voice for the principal character Sho . Holland made his feature film debut in The Impossible , directed by Juan Antonio Bayona , alongside Naomi Watts and Ewan McGregor . Holland was praised so highly , that there were even rumors he was a contender for a Academy Award nomination. The film premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on 9 September 2012 and was a critical and commercial success , earning $180.3 million worldwide and Holland won universal praise from critics and several awards such as the National Board of Review Award for Breakthrough Performance and London Film Critics Circle Award for Young British Performer of the Year . Holland starred as Isaac in the drama film How I Live Now , which was released in the U.K. on 4 October 2013 , co-starring Saoirse Ronan and co-starred as Thomas Nickerson in the film In the Heart of the Sea ( 2015 ) , directed by Ron Howard . In 2016 , he plays Bradley Baker in the film Edge of Winter , where he co-stars with Joel Kinnaman and Percy Hynes White . In 2017 , Holland co-starred alongside Charlie Hunnam in the drama film The Lost City of Z , directed by James Gray , and released in April , to positive critical reception . In 2017 , he co-stars alongside Richard Armitage and Jon Bernthal in the film Pilgrimage . The film was released on 23 April 2017 in the Tribeca Film Festival in its `` Viewpoint '' sections . Spider - Man On 23 June 2015 , it was announced that Holland was cast as a teenage Peter Parker / Spider - Man , and his `` life was flipped upside down '' , as he later tweeted . As part of the Marvel Cinematic Universe , he first appeared as Spider - Man in Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) . The film was a massive critical and commercial success , grossing over $1.1 billion worldwide , making it the highest - grossing film of 2016 , with Holland receiving critical praise . In July 2017 , Spider - Man : Homecoming was released , in which Holland reprised his role from Captain America : Civil War . Earning $117,027,503 in box office receipts in its first weekend , Homecoming received positive reviews and Holland considerable praise , with his appearance being called `` a star performance given by a born actor . '' Holland is scheduled to reprise his role of Spider - Man in Avengers : Infinity War and its untitled sequel , each scheduled to be released on 4 May 2018 , and 3 May 2019 , respectively , as well as the sequel to Homecoming , which has a release date of 5 July 2019 . He has a six - picture deal with Marvel Studios not including his Captain America : Civil War appearance . Holland was originally cast in the Jumanji remake but had to give up the role to focus on Spider - Man . Nick Jonas replaced him in that film . Upcoming works Holland was cast to play Samuel Insull in Alfonso Gomez - Rejon 's The Current War , which will be released on 24 November 2017 . Holland was cast in the film adaptation of Patrick Ness 's bestselling YA series Chaos Walking as Todd Hewitt , alongside with Star Wars star Daisy Ridley , which will be directed by Doug Liman . In May 2017 , it was announced that he had been cast as a young Nathan Drake in the film adaptation of Naughty Dog 's Uncharted video game series . He is also now cast as the lead role in the film adaptation of Beneath the Scarlet Sky with Pascal Pictures . He is set to star in 20th Century Fox Animation 's Spies in Disguise in 2019 alongside Will Smith . Holland says that his long - term career plans are to `` do some more franchises , '' play `` some meatier indie roles and eventually ... transition to the other side of the camera and branch into directing . '' Personal life Holland resides in the London neighbourhood of Kingston upon Thames , near the house of his parents and younger brothers . He has a dog named Tessa . When he was seven years old , Holland was diagnosed with dyslexia . Holland is a supporter of English football club Arsenal and also practises gymnastics . Along with his three siblings Holland sponsors The Brothers Trust , a UK Registered Charity that raises money for various charitable causes . Holland publicly credits his father , comedian and writer Dominic Holland , for keeping his massive wave of Spider - Man fame from going to his head . Filmography Film Year Title Role Notes 2011 Arrietty Shō ( voice ) English dub ( UK , AU , NZL ) 2012 The Impossible Lucas Bennett 2013 How I Live Now Isaac Moments Boy Short film 2014 Locke Eddie ( voice ) Billy Elliot the Musical Live Former Billy Encore , cameo 2015 In the Heart of the Sea Thomas Nickerson ( young ) Tweet Himself Short film ; director 2016 Captain America : Civil War Peter Parker / Spider - Man Edge of Winter Bradley Baker A Monster Calls The Monster Stand - in The Lost City of Z Jack Fawcett 2017 Pilgrimage The Novice / Brother Diarmuid Spider - Man : Homecoming Peter Parker / Spider - Man The Current War Samuel Insull 2018 Avengers : Infinity War Peter Parker / Spider - Man Post-production 2019 Spies in Disguise Walter ( voice ) In production Chaos Walking Todd Hewitt Post-production Untitled Avengers film Peter Parker / Spider - Man Filming Television Year Title Role Notes 2015 Wolf Hall Gregory Cromwell Recurring role ; 4 episodes 2017 Lip Sync Battle Himself Episode : `` Tom Holland vs. Zendaya '' Stage Year Title Role Venue Notes 2008 -- 2010 Billy Elliot the Musical Billy Elliot / Michael Victoria Palace Theatre 8 September 2008 -- 29 May 2010 Video games Year Title Role Notes 2016 Lego Marvel Avengers Peter Parker / Spider - Man DLC 2017 Spider - Man : Homecoming - Virtual Reality Experience Peter Parker / Spider - Man 2017 Lego Marvel Superheroes 2 Peter Parker / Spider - Man Likenesses Only Awards and nominations Year Award Nominated work Result 2012 Hollywood Film Awards Spotlight Award The Impossible Won Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards Best Youth Performance Nominated St. Louis Film Critics Association Special Merit ( shared with Naomi Watts , Ewan McGregor , Samuel Joslin , Oaklee Pendergast ) Won Chicago Film Critics Association Awards Most Promising Performer Nominated Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards Best Youth Performance in a Lead or Supporting Role - Male Won Nevada Film Critics Society Best Youth Performance Won 2013 Central Ohio Film Critics Association Breakthrough Film Artist Nominated National Board of Review Breakthrough Performance - Male Won Critics ' Choice Awards Best Young Actor / Actress Nominated London Film Critics ' Circle Awards Young British Performer of the Year Won Online Film & Television Association Best Youth Performance Won Best Breakthrough Performance - Male Nominated Most Cinematic Moment ( shared with Naomi Watts , Ewan McGregor , Samuel Joslin , Oaklee Pendergast ) Nominated Cinema Writers Circle Awards Best New Actor Nominated Goya Awards Best New Actor Nominated Gold Derby Awards Best Breakthrough Performer Nominated Empire Awards Best Male Newcomer Won Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a Feature Film - Leading Young Actor Won Saturn Awards Best Performance by a Younger Actor Nominated 2014 CinEuphoria Awards Best Actor - International Competition Nominated 2016 Golden Schmoes Awards Breakthrough Performance of the Year Captain America : Civil War Won Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a Feature Film - Supporting Young Actor ( 14 - 21 ) In the Heart of the Sea Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Scene Stealer Captain America : Civil War Nominated 2017 British Academy Film Awards Rising Star Award Himself Won Empire Awards Best Male Newcomer Captain America : Civil War Nominated Saturn Awards Best Performance by a Younger Actor Won Teen Choice Awards Choice Breakout Movie Star Spider - Man : Homecoming Nominated Choice Summer Movie Actor Won See also Billy Elliot the Musical casts References Jump up ^ Profile , tribute.ca ; accessed 24 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Births , Marriages & Deaths Index of England & Wales , 1916 -- 2005 ; ancestry.com ; accessed 19 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Person Details for Thomas Stanley Holland , `` England and Wales Birth Registration Index , 1837 - 2008 '' -- FamilySearch.org `` . familysearch.org . ^ Jump up to : `` Meet Tom Holland ... the 16 - year - old star of The Impossible '' , standard.co.uk , 20 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Schoolboy actor Tom Holland finds himself in Oscar contention for role in tsunami drama '' , The Scotsman , 21 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Holland and Pflueger Are West End 's Two New ' Billy Elliots ' '' , BroadwayWorld.com , 28 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Richard and Margaret Povey of Jersey , Channel Islands , UK : Information about Thomas Stanley Holland '' . Familytreemaker.genealogy.com . Retrieved 18 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Byrne , John ( 28 June 2017 ) . `` Spider - Man star Tom Holland is proud of his Irish roots '' . Jump up ^ `` Tom Holland to play Billy Elliot '' , donhead.org.uk ; accessed 22 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spider - Man Homecoming Tom Holland Talks Being Bullied '' . Retrieved 19 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Billy Elliot leaving the garage '' , ichmondandtwickenhamtimes.co.uk , 31 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Billy Elliot the Musical - Tom Holland - Billy . YouTube . 27 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` A Tale of four Billys : Tom Holland '' , valchess.livejournal.com , 28 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Feel Good Factor '' , tvthrong.co.uk ; accessed 22 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Thames Christian College schoolboys join Myleene Klass for The Feelgood Factor '' , www.wandsworthguardian.co.uk , 5 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Government launches £ 600,000 arts bursaries pilot '' , thestage.co.uk , 8 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` BILLY 's Chapman , Holland , Gardner & Jackson - Keen Visit Prime Minister '' , BroadwayWorld.com , 8 March 2010 Jump up ^ `` Elton John ' blown away ' by Billy Elliot fifth birthday '' ( video with John 's interview and fragments of Holland 's performance ) , BBC News , 1 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Being Billy Elliot '' , NewsOnStage.co.uk , 29 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Wolf Hall '' . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` First News interviews Arrietty 's Tom Holland '' First News , 5 August 2011 ^ Jump up to : `` 33rd Critics ' Circle Film Awards winners '' . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` National Board of Review Current Awards '' . Archived from the original on 12 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Howard Whaling Tale ' In The Heart Of The Sea ' Casts Tom Holland '' , Deadline.com , 10 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Lost City of Z reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Pictures and Marvel Studios Find Their ' Spider - Man ' Star and Director '' . Marvel.com. 23 June 2015 . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Holland Reflects On Being Cast As Spider - Man '' . Marvel . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ; Siegel , Tatiana ( 23 June 2015 ) . `` ' Spider - Man ' Finds Tom Holland to Star as New Web - Slinger '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 24 June 2015 . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chang , Justin ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Film Review : ' Captain America : Civil War ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2016 . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Captain America : Civil War ' review : Choose your own avenger '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2016 . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office History for Spider - Man Movies '' . Retrieved 19 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( 29 June 2017 ) . `` ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' Review : New Reboot of Marvel Webslinger Really Is Amazing '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Featurette Shows Off First Footage From Set '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 11 February 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ; Couch , Aaron ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's Kevin Feige on Why the Studio Wo n't Make R - Rated Movies , ' Guardians 2 ' and Joss Whedon 's DC Move '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 18 April 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Spider - Man : Homecoming 2 ' Shoots Web Around Independence Day 2019 Frame ; ' Bad Boys 4 ' Moves To Memorial Day '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on 10 December 2016 . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Tom Holland Learned He Got His ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' Role From a Marvel Instagram Post '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 9 November 2016 . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Before Nick Jonas , Spiderman 's Tom Holland Was Cast in Jumanji ! '' . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mary Magdalene ' , ' Current War ' & ' Wind River ' Get 2017 Release Dates From Weinstein '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lodderhose , Diana ( 11 May 2017 ) . `` Lionsgate Unleashing Daisy Ridley & Tom Holland Starrer ' Chaos Walking ' In Cannes '' . Deadline . Retrieved 13 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Jr , Mike Fleming ( 22 May 2017 ) . `` ' Uncharted ' Reconfigured : ' Spider - Man Homecoming 's Tom Holland To Play Young Nathan Drake For Shawn Levy '' . Jump up ^ `` Tom Holland to Star in WWII Spy Movie Beneath a Scarlet Sky '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Will Smith , Tom Holland to Star in Fox Animation 's ' Spies in Disguise ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Mandle , Chris ( 26 June 2017 ) . `` ' Tom Holland might just be the most chipper superhero of all time ' '' . shortlist.com . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Holland 's Mom Tricks Him Into Staying Close to Home '' . E ! . Jump up ^ Desta , Yohana. `` 5 things to know about your new Spider - Man : Tom Holland '' . Mashable . Jump up ^ `` Dyslexia is in the news ... '' . DominicHolland.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Meet new Spider - Man Tom Holland : Arsenal - loving , free - running teenager who lives at home - and is set to become a household name '' . Daily Mirror . Jump up ^ `` The Brothers Trust '' . www.thebrotherstrust.org . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Hanna , Beth ( 17 December 2012 ) . `` PTA 's ' Master ' Leads Chicago Film Critics Nominations , UPDATED : Houston and Indiana Critics Nominations '' . IndieWire . Retrieved 2 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nominaciones Goya 2013 Telecinco Cinema -- ENG '' ( PDF ) . Mediaset.es. 8 January 2013 . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Blackall , Luke ( 24 March 2013 ) . `` Jameson Empire Film Awards : Martin Freeman wins best actor for performance in The Hobbit '' . The Independent . Retrieved 24 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 34th Annual Young Artist Awards '' . YoungArtistAwards.org . Archived from the original on 2 April 2013 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards 2016 -- Captain America : Civil War Leads Second Wave of Nominations '' . E ! Online . June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BAFTA Film Award Nominations : ' La La Land ' Leads Race '' . Variety . 10 January 2017 . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vulpo , Mike ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 Reveal `` Second Wave '' of Nominations `` . E ! Online . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tom Holland . Holland at Curtis Brown Literary and Talent Agency Tom Holland at AllMovie Tom Holland on IMDb Tom Holland at Rotten Tomatoes Tom Holland on Twitter The Brothers Trust Works by or about Tom Holland in libraries ( WorldCat catalog ) Additional reading Holland , Dominic ( 2017 ) . Eclipsed : How Tom Holland Eclipsed His ' Celebrity ' Dad . ( 1 ) Awards for Tom Holland BAFTA Rising Star Award 2006 -- present James McAvoy ( 2006 ) Eva Green ( 2007 ) Shia LaBeouf ( 2008 ) Noel Clarke ( 2009 ) Kristen Stewart ( 2010 ) Tom Hardy ( 2011 ) Adam Deacon ( 2012 ) Juno Temple ( 2013 ) Will Poulter ( 2014 ) Jack O'Connell ( 2015 ) John Boyega ( 2016 ) Tom Holland ( 2017 ) Empire Award for Best Male Newcomer Tom Hiddleston ( 2012 ) Tom Holland ( 2013 ) Aidan Turner ( 2014 ) Taron Egerton ( 2015 ) John Boyega ( 2016 ) Dave Johns ( 2017 ) National Board of Review Award for Breakthrough Performance Alicia Silverstone ( 1995 ) Renée Zellweger ( 1996 ) Bai Ling ( 1997 ) Billy Crudup / Angelina Jolie ( 1998 ) Hilary Swank / Wes Bentley ( 1999 ) Jamie Bell / Michelle Rodriguez ( 2000 ) Hayden Christensen / Naomi Watts ( 2001 ) Maggie Gyllenhaal / Derek Luke ( 2002 ) Charlize Theron / Paul Giamatti ( 2003 ) Emmy Rossum / Topher Grace ( 2004 ) Q'orianka Kilcher / Terrence Howard ( 2005 ) Jennifer Hudson / Rinko Kikuchi / Ryan Gosling ( 2006 ) Ellen Page / Emile Hirsch ( 2007 ) Viola Davis / Dev Patel ( 2008 ) Gabourey Sidibe / Jeremy Renner ( 2009 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2010 ) Rooney Mara / Felicity Jones ( 2011 ) Quvenzhané Wallis / Tom Holland ( 2012 ) Adèle Exarchopoulos / Michael B. Jordan ( 2013 ) Jack O'Connell ( 2014 ) Abraham Attah / Jacob Tremblay ( 2015 ) Lucas Hedges / Royalty Hightower ( 2016 ) Timothée Chalamet ( 2017 ) Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor Noah Hathaway ( 1984 ) Barret Oliver ( 1985 ) Carrie Henn ( 1986 ) Kirk Cameron ( 1987 ) Fred Savage ( 1988 ) Adan Jodorowsky ( 1989 / 90 ) Edward Furlong ( 1991 ) Scott Weinger ( 1992 ) Elijah Wood ( 1993 ) Kirsten Dunst ( 1994 ) Christina Ricci ( 1995 ) Lucas Black ( 1996 ) Jena Malone ( 1997 ) Tobey Maguire ( 1998 ) Haley Joel Osment ( 1999 ) Devon Sawa ( 2000 ) Haley Joel Osment ( 2001 ) Tyler Hoechlin ( 2002 ) Jeremy Sumpter ( 2003 ) Emmy Rossum ( 2004 ) Dakota Fanning ( 2005 ) Ivana Baquero ( 2006 ) Freddie Highmore ( 2007 ) Jaden Smith ( 2008 ) Saoirse Ronan ( 2009 ) Chloë Grace Moretz ( 2010 ) Joel Courtney ( 2011 ) Suraj Sharma ( 2012 ) Chloë Grace Moretz ( 2013 ) Mackenzie Foy ( 2014 ) Ty Simpkins ( 2015 ) Tom Holland ( 2016 ) Young Artist Award for Best Leading Young Actor in a Feature Film 1979 -- 1990 Dennis Christopher ( 1979 ) Justin Henry ( 1980 ) Ricky Schroder ( 1981 ) Henry Thomas ( 1982 ) C. Thomas Howell ( 1983 ) Anthony Michael Hall ( 1984 ) Sean Astin ( 1985 ) Peter Billingsley ( 1986 ) River Phoenix ( 1987 ) Fred Savage ( 1987 ) Patrick Dempsey ( 1987 ) Corey Feldman ( 1987 ) Christian Bale ( 1988 ) Corey Feldman ( 1988 ) Corey Haim ( 1988 ) Lukas Haas ( 1988 ) Sean Astin ( 1989 ) Macaulay Culkin ( 1990 ) 1991 -- 2010 Ethan Embry ( 1991 ) Elijah Wood ( 1993 ) Edward Furlong ( 1994 ) Jason James Richter ( 1994 ) Mason Gamble ( 1994 ) Brad Renfro ( 1995 ) Wil Horneff ( 1996 ) Lucas Black ( 1997 ) Blake Heron ( 1998 ) Kevin Zegers ( 1998 ) Miko Hughes ( 1999 ) Haley Joel Osment ( 2000 ) Rob Brown ( 2001 ) Anton Yelchin ( 2002 ) Tyler Hoechlin ( 2003 ) Jeremy Sumpter ( 2004 ) Jamie Bell ( 2005 ) Josh Hutcherson ( 2006 ) Logan Lerman ( 2007 ) Josh Hutcherson ( 2008 ) Nate Hartley ( 2009 ) Max Records ( 2010 ) 2011 -- present Jaden Smith ( 2011 ) Dakota Goyo ( 2012 ) Tom Holland ( 2013 ) Miles Elliot ( 2014 ) Reese Hartwig ( 2015 ) Michael Grant ( 2016 ) Julian Feder ( 2017 ) VIAF : 300279794 LCCN : no2013044290 ISNI : 0000 0004 0355 4279 SUDOC : 170004732 BNF : cb16706349t ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom_Holland_(actor)&oldid=815066475 '' Categories : 1996 births 21st - century English male actors BAFTA winners ( people ) Best Male Newcomer Empire Award winners English male child actors English male film actors English male stage actors English male musical theatre actors English male voice actors English people of Irish descent English people of Manx descent Living people Male actors from London People from Kingston upon Thames People educated at the BRIT School People educated at Wimbledon College Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from August 2016 Use British English from August 2016 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Magyar მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 15 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays spiderman in captain america civil war	[ "Thomas Stanley Holland (born 1 June 1996)[2] is an English actor and dancer. He is best known for starring as Peter Parker / Spider-Man in the superhero films Captain America: Civil War (2016) and Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), as part of the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU)." ]	[ "Thomas Stanley Holland" ]
5501022183394603457	Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013	Right to fair compensation and Transparency in land acquisition , rehabilitation and resettlement Act , 2013 - Wikipedia Right to fair compensation and Transparency in land acquisition , rehabilitation and resettlement Act , 2013 hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs attention from an expert in Law . Please add a reason or a talk parameter to this template to explain the issue with the article . WikiProject Law may be able to help recruit an expert . ( November 2013 ) This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( September 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition , Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act , 2013 An Act to ensure , in consultation with institutions of local self - government and Gram Sabhas established under the Constitution , a humane , participative , informed and transparent process for land acquisition for industrialisation , development of essential infrastructural facilities and urbanisation with the least disturbance to the owners of the land and other affected families and provide just and fair compensation to the affected families whose land has been acquired or proposed to be acquired or are affected by such acquisition and make adequate provisions for such affected persons for their rehabilitation and resettlement and for ensuring that the cumulative outcome of compulsory acquisition should be that affected persons become partners in development leading to an improvement in their post -- acquisition social and economic status and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto . Citation No. 30 of 2013 Territorial extent India ( except state of Jammu & Kashmir ) Enacted by Parliament of India Date enacted 29 August 2013 and 5 September 2013 ( Lok Sabha ) 4 September 2013 ( Rajya Sabha ) Date assented to 27 September 2013 Date signed 27 September 2013 Date commenced 1 January 2014 Bill citation No. 77 - C of 2011 Committee report 17 May 2012 Repealing legislation Land Acquisition Act , 1894 Status : In force The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition , Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act , 2013 ( also Land Acquisition Act , 2013 ) is an Act of Indian Parliament that regulates land acquisition and lays down the procedure and rules for granting compensation , rehabilitation and resettlement to the affected persons in India . The Act has provisions to provide fair compensation to those whose land is taken away , brings transparency to the process of acquisition of land to set up factories or buildings , infrastructural projects and assures rehabilitation of those affected . The Act establishes regulations for land acquisition as a part of India 's massive industrialisation drive driven by public - private partnership . The Act replaced the Land Acquisition Act , 1894 , a nearly 120 - year - old law enacted during British rule . The Land Acquisition , Rehabilitation and Resettlement Bill , 2011 was introduced in Lok Sabha on 7 September 2011 . The bill was then passed by it on 29 August 2013 and by Rajya Sabha on 4 September 2013 . The bill then received the assent of the President of India , Pranab Mukherjee on 27 September 2013 . The Act came into force from 1 January 2014 . An amendment bill was then introduced in Parliament to endorse the Ordinance . Lok Sabha passed the bill but the same is still lying for passage by the Rajya Sabha . On 30 May 2015 , President of India promulgated the amendment ordinance for third time . Contents 1 Background 1.1 History 1.2 Need 2 Aims and objectives 3 Purpose and scope 4 Provisions 4.1 Definition of public purpose 4.2 Definition of ' land owner ' 4.3 Limits on acquisition 5 Compensation 5.1 Market value 5.2 Rehabilitation and resettlement 5.3 Issues & Expectations regarding Compensation 5.3. 1 Issues 5.3. 2 Example 5.4 Expectations 6 Benefits and effects 7 Criticisms 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Background ( edit ) History ( edit ) The Land Acquisition Act , 1894 was a British era law that governed the process of land acquisition in India until 2013 and continues to do so in Pakistan and Myanmar . It allows the acquisition of land for some public purpose by a government agency from individual landowners after paying a government - determined compensation to cover losses incurred by landowners from surrendering their land to the agency . In India , a new Act , The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition , Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act , 2013 , replaced this law . Need ( edit ) The Government of India believed there was a heightened public concern on land acquisition issues in India . Of particular concern was that despite many amendments , over the years , to India 's Land Acquisition Act of 1894 , there was an absence of a cohesive national law that addressed fair compensation when private land is acquired for public use , and fair rehabilitation of land owners and those directly affected from loss of livelihoods . The Government of India believed that a combined law was necessary , one that legally requires rehabilitation and resettlement necessarily and simultaneously follow government acquisition of land for public purposes . Forty - Fourth Amendment Act of 1978 omitted Art 19 ( 1 ) ( f ) with the net result being : - The right not to be deprived of one 's property save by authority of law has since been no longer a fundamental right . `` No person shall be deprived of his property saved by authority of law '' ( Constitution 44th Amendment , w.e.f. 10.6. 1979 ) . The amendment ensured that the right to property ‟ is no more a fundamental right but rather a constitutional / legal right / as a statutory right and in the event of breach , the remedy available to an aggrieved person is through the High Court under Article 226 of the Indian Constitution and not the Supreme Court under Article 32 of the Constitution ... Moreover , no one can challenge the reasonableness of the restriction imposed by any law the legislature made to deprive the person of his property . State must pay compensation at the market value for such land , building or structure acquired ( Inserted by Constitution , Seventeenth Amendment Act , 1964 ) , the same can be found in the earlier rulings when property right was a fundamental right ( such as 1954 AIR 170 , 1954 SCR 558 , which propounded that the word `` Compensation '' deployed in Article 31 ( 2 ) implied full compensation , that is the market value of the property at the time of the acquisition . The Legislature must `` ensure that what is determined as payable must be compensation , that is , a just equivalent of what the owner has been deprived of '' ) . Elsewhere , Justice , Reddy , O Chinnappa ruled ( State Of Maharashtra v. Chandrabhan Tale on 7 July 1983 ) that the fundamental right to property has been abolished because of its incompatibility with the goals of `` justice '' social , economic and political and `` equality of status and of opportunity '' and with the establishment of `` a socialist democratic republic , as contemplated by the Constitution . There is no reason why a new concept of property should be introduced in the place of the old so as to bring in its wake the vestiges of the doctrine of Laissez Faire and create , in the name of efficiency , a new oligarchy . Efficiency has many facets and one is yet to discover an infallible test of efficiency to suit the widely differing needs of a developing society such as ours '' ( 1983 AIR 803 , 1983 SCR ( 3 ) 327 ) ( Dey Biswas 2014 , 14 - 15 footnote ) . The Land Acquisition , Rehabilitation and Resettlement Bill , 2011 was introduced in Lok Sabha . Two Bills on similar lines were introduced in Lok Sabha in 2007 . These Bills lapsed with the dissolution of the 14th Lok Sabha . Aims and objectives ( edit ) The aims and objectives of the Act include : To ensure , in consultation with institutions of local self - government and Gram Sabhas established under the Constitution of India , a humane , participative , informed and transparent process for land acquisition for industrialisation , development of essential infrastructural facilities and urbanisation with the least disturbance to the owners of the land and other affected families Provide just and fair compensation to the affected families whose land has been acquired or proposed to be acquired or are affected by such acquisition Make adequate provisions for such affected persons for their rehabilitation and resettlement Ensure that the cumulative outcome of compulsory acquisition should be that affected persons become partners in development leading to an improvement in their post acquisition social and economic status and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto . Purpose and scope ( edit ) The Act aims to establish the law on land acquisition , as well as the rehabilitation and resettlement of those directly affected by the land acquisition in India . The scope of the Act includes all land acquisition whether it is done by the Central Government of India , or any State Government of India , except the state of Jammu & Kashmir . The Act is applicable when : Government acquires land for its own use , hold and control , including land for Public sector undertakings . Government acquires land with the ultimate purpose to transfer it for the use of private companies for stated public purpose . The purpose of LARR 2011 includes public - private - partnership projects , but excludes land acquired for state or national highway projects . Government acquires land for immediate and declared use by private companies for public purpose . The provisions of the Act does not apply to acquisitions under 16 existing legislations including the Special Economic Zones Act , 2005 , the Atomic Energy Act , 1962 , the Railways Act , 1989 , etc . Provisions ( edit ) Definition of public purpose ( edit ) Section 2 ( 1 ) of the Act defines the following as public purpose for land acquisition within India : For strategic purposes relating to naval , military , air force , and armed forces of the Union , including central paramilitary forces or any work vital to national security or defence of India or State police , safety of the people ; or For infrastructure projects , which includes the following , namely : All activities or items listed in the notification of the Government of India in the Department of Economic Affairs ( Infrastructure Section ) number 13 / 6 / 2009 - INF , dated 27 March 2012 , excluding private hospitals , private educational institutions and private hotels ; Projects involving agro-processing , supply of inputs to agriculture , warehousing , cold storage facilities , marketing infrastructure for agriculture and allied activities such as dairy , fisheries , and meat processing , set up or owned by the appropriate Government or by a farmers ' cooperative or by an institution set up under a statute ; Project for industrial corridors or mining activities , national investment and manufacturing zones , as designated in the National Manufacturing Policy ; Project for water harvesting and water conservation structures , sanitation ; Project for Government administered , Government aided educational and research schemes or institutions ; Project for sports , health care , tourism , transportation of space programme ; Any infrastructure facility as may be notified in this regard by the Central Government and after tabling of such notification in Parliament ; Project for project affected families ; Project for housing , or such income groups , as may be specified from time to time by the appropriate Government ; Project for planned development or the improvement of village sites or any site in the urban areas or provision of land for residential purposes for the weaker sections in rural and urban areas ; Project for residential purposes to the poor or landless or to persons residing in areas affected by natural calamities , or to persons displaced or affected by reason of the implementation of any scheme undertaken by the Government , any local authority or a corporation owned or controlled by the State . When government declares public purpose and shall control the land directly , consent of the land owner shall not be required . However , when the government acquires the land for private companies , the consent of at least 80 % of the project affected families shall be obtained through a prior informed process before government uses its power under the Act to acquire the remaining land for public good , and in case of a public - private project at least 70 % of the affected families should consent to the acquisition process . The Act includes an urgency clause for expedited land acquisition . The urgency clause may only be invoked for national defense , security and in the event of rehabilitation of affected people from natural disasters or emergencies . Definition of ' land owner ' ( edit ) The Act defines the following as land owner : person whose name is recorded as the owner of the land or building or part thereof , in the records of the authority concerned ; or person who is granted forest rights under The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers ( Recognition of Forest Rights ) Act , 2006 or under any other law for the time being in force ; or Person who is entitled to be granted Patta rights on the land under any law of the State including assigned lands ; or any person who has been declared as such by an order of the court or Authority ; Limits on acquisition ( edit ) The Act forbids land acquisition when such acquisition would include multi-crop irrigated area . However such acquisition may be permitted on demonstrable last resort , which will be subjected to an aggregated upper limit for all the projects in a District or State as notified by the State Government . In addition to the above condition , wherever multi-crop irrigated land is acquired an equivalent area of cultivable wasteland shall be developed by the state for agricultural purposes . In other type of agricultural land , the total acquisition shall not exceed the limit for all the projects in a District or State as notified by the Appropriate Authority . These limits shall not apply to linear projects which includes projects for railways , highways , major district roads , power lines , and irrigation canals . Compensation ( edit ) Section 26 of the Act defines the method by which market value of the land shall be computed under the proposed law . Schedule I outlines the proposed minimum compensation based on a multiple of market value . Schedule II through VI outline the resettlement and rehabilitation entitlements to land owners and livelihood losers , which shall be in addition to the minimum compensation per Schedule I . Market value ( edit ) The market value of the proposed land to be acquired , shall be set as the higher of : the minimum land value , if any , specified in the Indian Stamp Act , 1899 for the registration of sale deeds in the area , where the land is situated ; or the average of the sale price for similar type of land being acquired , ascertained from the highest fifty per cent of the sale deeds registered during the preceding three years in the nearest village or nearest vicinity of the land being acquired. ; or the consented amount in case the land is acquired for private companies or public - private partnership projects . The market value would be multiplied by a factor of , at least one to two times the market value for land acquired in rural areas and at least one times the market value for land acquired in urban areas . The Act stipulates that the minimum compensation to be a multiple of the total of above ascertained market value , value to assets attached to the property , plus a solatium equal to 100 percent of the market value of the property including value of assets . In addition to above compensation , the Act proposes a wide range of rehabilitation and resettlement entitlements to land owners and livelihood losers from the land acquirer. Market value is often used interchangeably with open market value , fair value or fair market value , although these terms have distinct definitions in different standards , and may differ in some circumstances . Rehabilitation and resettlement ( edit ) For land owners , the Act provides : an additional subsistence allowance of ₹ 38,000 ( US $800 ) for the first year - may be an additional entitlement of a job to the family member , or a payment of ₹ 5 , 00,000 ( US $11,000 ) up front , or a monthly annuity totaling ₹ 24,000 ( US $550 ) per year for 20 years with adjustment for inflation -- the option from these three choices shall be the legal right of the affected land owner family , not the land acquirer an additional upfront compensation of ₹ 50,000 ( US $1,100 ) for transportation an additional upfront resettlement allowance of ₹ 50,000 ( US $1,100 ) if the land owner loses a home in a rural area , then an additional entitlement of a house with no less than 50 square meters in plinth area if the land is acquired for urbanization , 20 % of the developed land will be reserved and offered to land owning families , in proportion to their land acquired and at a price equal to cost of acquisition plus cost of subsequent development if acquired land is resold without development , 20 % of the appreciated land value shall be mandatorily shared with the original owner whose land was acquired In addition to the above compensation and entitlements under the proposed LARR 2011 , scheduled caste and schedule tribe ( SC / ST ) families will be entitled to several other additional benefits per Schedule II of the proposed bill . India has over 250 million people protected and classified as SC / ST , about 22 % of its total population . The proposed additional benefits to these families include : an additional land grant of 2.5 acres per affected family an additional assistance of ₹ 50,000 ( US $1,100 ) free land for community and social gatherings , and special Schedule V and VI benefits Schedule III of LARR 2011 proposes additional amenities over and beyond those outlined above . Schedule III proposes that the land acquirer shall provide 25 additional services to families affected by the land acquisition . Some examples of the 25 additional services include schools , health centres , roads , safe drinking water , child support services , places of worship , burial and cremation grounds , post offices , fair price shops , and storage facilities . LARR Bill 2011 proposes that Schedule II through VI shall apply even when private companies willingly buy land from willing sellers , without any involvement of the government . The Bill as drafted mandates compensation and entitlements without limit to number of claimants . Thus , for clarity and as an example , if 1000 acres of rural land is to be acquired for a project , with market price of ₹ 2 , 25,000 per acre ( US $5000 per acre ) , 100 families claim to be land owners , and 5 families per acre claim their rights as livelihood losers under the proposed LARR 2011 Bill , the total cost to acquire the 1000 acre would be Land compensation = ₹ 90 , 00 , 00,000 ( US $20,000,000 ) Land owner entitlements = ₹ 6 , 30 , 00,000 ( US $1,400,000 ) + 100 replacement homes Livelihood loser entitlements = ₹ 365 , 00 , 00,000 ( US $70,000,000 ) + 5000 replacement homes The average effective cost of land , in the above example will be at least ₹ 41 , 00,000 ( US $91,400 ) per acre plus replacement homes and additional services per Schedule III to VI of the proposed bill . Even if the pre-acquisition average market price for land were just ₹ 22,500 per acre ( US $500 per acre ) in the above example , the proposed R&R , other entitlements and Schedule III to VI would raise the effective cost of land to at least ₹ 33 , 03,000 ( US $73,400 ) per acre . The LARR Bill of 2011 proposes the above benchmarks as minimum . The state governments of India , or private companies , may choose to set and implement a policy that pays more than the minimum proposed by LARR 2011 . For context purposes , the proposed land prices because of compensation and R&R LARR 2011 may be compared with land prices elsewhere in the world : According to The Financial Times , in 2008 , the farmland prices in France were Euro 6,000 per hectare ( $2,430 per acre ; ₹ 1 , 09,350 per acre ) . According to the United States Department of Agriculture , as of January 2010 , the average farmland value in the United States was $2,140 per acre ( ₹ 96,300 per acre ) . The farmland prices in the United States varied between different parts of the country , ranging between $480 per acre to $4,690 per acre . A 2010 report by the Government of India , on labour whose livelihood depends on agricultural land , claims that , per 2009 data collected across all states in India , the all - India annual average daily wage rates in agricultural occupations ranged between ₹ 53 to 117 per day for men working in farms ( US $354 to 780 per year ) , and between ₹ 41 to 72 per day for women working in farms ( US $274 to 480 per year ) . This wage rate in rural India study included the following agricultural operations common in India : ploughing , sowing , weeding , transplanting , harvesting , winnowing , threshing , picking , herdsmen , tractor driver , unskilled help , mason , etc . Issues & expectations regarding compensation ( edit ) Issues ( edit ) 1 . Compensation criteria is not understandable / clear 2 . Compensation prices variation place to place 3 . Compensation as per newly amended bill is not distributed ( Under below mentioned circumstances ) Example ( edit ) Land acquired in the period bill is under discussion in parliament . No many changes are done in bill after parliamentary discussions and LLRR 2011 bill passed with marginal changes . Large land acquisition are done by government / others during the period bill is under discussion in parliament . During this period LARR 2011 bill under discussion , Compensation is as per previous Land acquisition bill ( Poor farmers lost their lands in unfair / unfavorable condition ) Multiplication factors in rural and urban area are added rather than increasing the base Land cost ( Land is most essential component for any infrastructure geographically , socially , economically , as per terrain available with / without resources ) Expectations ( edit ) Bill recommendation to be implemented as dated bill appeared in parliament. ( 2011 ) Compensation should be time bound and to amount to be released with is a time frame / as per bill recommendations . Fair compensation including life time productive income from land to Farmer / land owner ( Till date he / she or family holding land ) Land Holding & maintenance cost to farmers / Land owners ( as per current date land situation ) till land acquired by government / others ( As crop price are also not favorable to farmers in compression to other item in economy ) Benefits and effects ( edit ) The 2013 Act is expected to affect rural families in India whose primary livelihood is derived from farms . The Act will also affect urban households in India whose land or property is acquired . Per an April 2010 report , over 50 % of Indian population ( about 60 crore people ) derived its livelihood from farm lands . With an average rural household size of 5.5 , LARR Bill 2011 R&R entitlement benefits may apply to about 10.9 crore rural households in India . According to Government of India , the contribution of agriculture to Indian economy 's gross domestic product has been steadily dropping with every decade since its independence . As of 2009 , about 15.7 % of India 's GDP is derived from agriculture . Act will mandate higher payments for land as well as guaranteed entitlements from India 's non-agriculture - derived GDP to the people supported by agriculture - derived GDP . It is expected that the Act will directly affect 13.2 crore hectares ( 32.6 crore acres ) of rural land in India , over 10 crore land owners , with an average land holding of about 3 acres per land owner . Families whose livelihood depends on farming land , the number of livelihood - dependent families per acre varies widely from season to season , demands of the land , and the nature of crop . Act provides to compensate rural households -- both land owners and livelihood losers . The Act goes beyond compensation , it mandates guaranteed series of entitlements to rural households affected . According to a July 2011 report from the Government of India , the average rural household per capita expenditure / income in 2010 , was ₹ 928 per month ( US $252 per year ) . For a typical rural household that owns the average of 3 acres of land , the Act will replace the loss of annual average per capita income of ₹ 11,136 for the rural household , with : four times the market value of the land , and an upfront payment of ₹ 1 , 36,000 ( US $3,000 ) for subsistence , transportation and resettlement allowances , and an additional entitlement of a job to the family member , or a payment of ₹ 5 , 00,000 ( US $11,000 ) up front , or a monthly annuity totaling ₹ 24,000 ( US $550 ) per year for 20 years with adjustment for inflation -- the option from these three choices shall be the legal right of the affected land owner family , not the land acquirer , and a house with no less than 50 square meters in plinth area , and additional benefits may apply if the land is resold without development , used for urbanization , or if the land owner belongs to SC / ST or other protected groups per rules of the Government of India If the affected families on the above rural land demand 100 % upfront compensation from the land acquirer , and the market value of land is ₹ 1 , 00,000 per acre , the Act mandates the land acquirer to offset the loss of an average per capita 2010 income of ₹ 11,136 per year created by this 3 acre of rural land , with the following : ₹ 18 , 36,000 ( US $41,727 ) to the rural land owner ; which is the total of R&R allowances of ₹ 6 , 36,000 plus ₹ 12 , 00,000 -- which is four times the market value of the land , plus a house with no less than 50 square metres in plinth area and benefits from Schedule III - VI as applicable to the rural land owner , plus additional payments of ₹ 6 , 36,000 each to any additional families claiming to have lost its livelihood because of the acquisition , even if they do not own the land The effects of LARR Bill 2011 , in certain cases , will apply retroactively to pending and incomplete projects . land acquisition for all linear projects such as highways , irrigation canals , railways , ports and others . Criticisms ( edit ) The proposed Bill , LARR 2011 , is being criticized on a number of fronts : Some criticize the Act citing that it is heavily loaded in favour of land owners and ignores the needs of poor Indians who need affordable housing , impoverished families who need affordable hospitals , schools , employment opportunities and infrastructure and industries . Some economists suggest that it attaches an arbitrary mark - up to the historical market price to determine compensation amounts , along with its numerous entitlements to potentially unlimited number of claimants . This according to them shall guarantee neither social justice nor the efficient use of resources . LARR 2011 as proposed mandates that compensation and rehabilitation payments to land owners and livelihood losers be upfront . This misaligns the interests of land acquirer and those affected . Once the payment is made , one or more of the affected families may seek to delay the progress of the project to extract additional compensation , thereby adversely affecting those who chose long term employment in the affected families . The Bill , these economists suggest , should link compensation and entitlements to the progress and success of the project , such as through partial compensation in form of land bonds . These success - linked infrastructure bonds may also help poor states reduce the upfront cost of land acquisition for essential public projects such as hospitals , schools , universities , affordable housing , clean drinking water treatment plants , electricity power generation plants , sewage treatment plants , flood control reservoirs , and highways necessary to bring relief to affected public during fires , epidemics , earthquakes , floods and other natural disasters . The state of Kerala has decided to pursue the use of infrastructure bonds as a form of payment to land owners . LARR 2011 places no limit on total compensation or number of claimants ; nor does it place any statute of limitations on claims or claimants . The beneficiaries of the Bill , with guaranteed jobs for 26 years , will have no incentive to be productive . The Bill should place a limit on total value of entitlement benefits that can be annually claimed per acre , this entitlement pool should then be divided between the affected families , and the government should run this program if it is considered to be fair . LARR 2011 as proposed severely curtails free market transactions between willing sellers and willing buyers . For example , DLF Limited -- India 's largest real estate developer -- claims that the current bill may limit private companies such as DLF from developing affordable housing for millions of Indians . DLF suggests that direct land transactions with owners on a willing voluntary basis , at market - determined rate , should be kept out of the purview of the bill . There should be no conditions imposed on free market transactions between willing sellers and willing buyers . An article in The Wall Street Journal claims that the proposed LARR 2011 rules will apply even when any private company acquires 100 acres of land or more . For context , POSCO India seeks about 4000 acres for its US $12 billion proposed steel manufacturing plant in the Indian state of Orissa . In most cases , even small companies planning US $10 - US $300 million investment , seeking 100 or more acres will be affected by the compensation plus rehabilitation effort and expenses of LARR 2011 . The WSJ article further claims that the proposed LARR 2011 bill does n't actually define the word `` acquisition , '' and leaves open a loophole that could allow government agencies to continue banking land indefinitely . The Observer Research Foundation 's Sahoo argues that the bill fails to adequately define `` public purpose '' . The current definition , he claims , can be interpreted vaguely . In leaving public purpose too vague and porous , it would ensure that land acquisition will remain hostage to politics and all kinds of disputes . More clarity is needed , perhaps with the option that each state have the right to hold a referendum , whereby the voters in the state can vote to approve or disapprove proposed public purpose land acquisitions through the referendum , as is done through local elections in the United States for certain public acquisition of private or agricultural land . The Confederation of Real Estate Developers ' Association of India claims that the proposed LARR 2011 bill is kind of one - sided , its ill - thought - out entitlements may sound very altruistic and pro-poor , but these are unsustainable and will kill the goose that lays the golden egg . This group further claims that the bill , if passed , will increase the cost of acquisition of land to unrealistic level . It will be almost impossible to acquire 50 - acre or 100 - acre land at one place for planned development . They suggest that if India does not facilitate urbanization in an organized manner , all the incremental population will be housed in disorganized housing developments such as slums with dire consequences for Indian economy . In the long run , even farmers will suffer as fringe development of urban centres will largely be in the form of unauthorized developments and they will not realize the true economic potential of their lands . The bill inflates the cost of land to help a small minority of Indians at the cost of the vast majority of Indian citizens , as less than 10 % of Indian population owns rural or urban land. , The LARR Bill 2011 favours a privileged minority of land owners as the Bill mandates above market prices for their land plus an expensive rehabilitation package . The Bill does not mandate a process by which the time involved in land acquisition is reduced from current levels of years . Nor does the Bill consider the effect of excessive costs upfront , and expensive rehabilitation mandate over time , on the financial feasibility of large - scale , socially necessary infrastructure projects needed by 90 % + of Indians who are not landowners . In an editorial , Vidya Bala writes that the most important weakness in the Bill is bringing non-government transactions too under its purview . Private players buying 50 + acres of urban land tracts or 100 + acres of rural areas would be required to comply with the R&R package stated in the Bill . LARR 2011 Bill 's sections 97 , 98 and 99 are incongruous with other laws of India in details and intent . Section 98 , for example , says that the provisions of the Bill shall not apply to the enactments relating to land acquisition specified in the Fourth Schedule of the Bill . According to Indian Legal Code , the Fourth Schedule referred to by LARR 2011 Bill , consists of 16 bills , including the ancient monuments and archaeological sites and remains Act , 1958 , the atomic energy Act , 1962 , the special economic zones Act , 2005 , the cantonments Act , 2006 , the railways Act , 1989 amongst others . Laws can not be in conflict with each other . LARR Bill carve outs through Sections 97 , 98 and 99 add confusion , offering a means for numerous citizen petitions , lawsuits and judicial activism . The LARR 2011 Bill thus fails to deliver on the goals motivating it . See also ( edit ) Eminent domain Public use Land bonds 2011 land acquisition protests in Uttar Pradesh POSCO India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Cabinet clears land bill despite protests '' . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Cabinet clears land bill despite protests '' . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 01 . http://www.ndtv.com/article/array/cabinet-clears-land-acquisition-and-rehabilitation-bill-131514 Jump up ^ http://www.hindustantimes.com/rssfeed/NewDelhi/Land-Acquisition-Bill-introduced-in-Lok-Sabha/Article1-742576.aspx Jump up ^ `` President Pranab Mukherjee gives nod to Land Acquisition Bill '' . NDTV. 27 September 2013 . Retrieved 10 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Land Acquisition Ordinance re-promulgated as Amendment Bill lies with Joint Parl Committee '' . 1 , Law Street . 1 June 2015 . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gazette Notification of coming into force of the Act '' ( PDF ) . Government of India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 January 2014 . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The New Land Acquisition Act to come into effect from 2014 '' . Economic Times . 16 October 2013 . Retrieved 1 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Land Acquisition bill to be notified early next year : Jairam Ramesh '' . Economic Times . 15 September 2013 . Retrieved 10 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Bhattacharyya , Debjani ( 2015 ) . `` The_history_of_eminent_domain_in_colonial_thought_and_legal_practice_ '' . Economic and Political Weekly . 50 ( 50 ) . Jump up ^ `` Land Acquisition Law and Practice in Myanmar '' . 1 , Displacement Solutions . Jump up ^ `` Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition , Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act , 2013 '' . 1 , Law Street . The Gazette of India . 26 September 2013 . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` THE DRAFT LAND ACQUISITION AND REHABILITATION AND RESETTLEMENT BILL ( LARR ) , 2011 -- AN OVERVIEW '' . Ministry of Rural Development , Government of India . ^ Jump up to : `` Bill Track - The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition , Rehabilitation and Resettlement Bill , 2013 '' . PRS India . Retrieved 10 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition , Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act , 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Parliament of India . Retrieved 10 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` THE LAND ACQUISITION , REHABILITATION AND RESETTLEMENT BILL , 2011 -- FULL TEXT OF BILL '' . Ministry of Rural Development , Government of India . Jump up ^ Section 2 ( 2 ) of the Act Jump up ^ Section 10 of the Act Jump up ^ `` Indian Stamp Act , 1899 '' ( PDF ) . Government of Punjab , India . Jump up ^ `` European farmland hits record prices '' . The Financial Times . Jump up ^ `` Land use , value and management : Agricultural Land Values '' . USDA Economic Research Service . Archived from the original on 2 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` WAGE RATES IN RURAL INDIA '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Labour and Employment , Government of India . 30 March 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Agriculture Census -- All Social Groups , 2005 -- 2006 , India '' . Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperation , Government of India . April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Consumption Expenditure of Farmer Households , India '' . Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation . Jump up ^ `` KEY INDICATORS OF HOUSEHOLD CONSUMER EXPENDITURE IN INDIA , 2009 -- 10 '' ( PDF ) . GOVERNMENT OF INDIA , MINISTRY OF STATISTICS AND PROGRAMME IMPLEMENTATION , NATIONAL SAMPLE SURVEY OFFICE. 8 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Assocham seeks review of Land Acquisition Bill '' . The Times of India . 6 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Why India Needs A Reformed Land Acquisition Act '' . Jump up ^ Ghatak & Ghosh ( September 2011 ) . `` The Land Acquisition Bill : A Critique and a Proposal '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Kerala : Govt nod for land acquisition rehabilitation policy '' . The Times of India . 23 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Industry against proposed law on land acquisition '' . Chennai , India : The Hindu . 14 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` DLF calls for some changes in the new Land Acquisition Bill '' . CNBC , India . Jump up ^ Lahiri , Tripti ( 4 August 2011 ) . `` Jairam Ramesh Speaks on Land Acquisition '' . The Wall Street Journal , India Real Time . Jump up ^ Sahoo ( Sep 2011 ) . `` The New Land Acquisition Bill : A Critique '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Builders call land acquisition bill anti-development '' . The Times of India . 7 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Proposed land acquisition Bill seen as a retrograde step '' . The Hindu Business Line . 15 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Land Acquisition Bill -- Short of expectations '' . The Hindu . October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jairam Ramesh controversial land bill draws flak '' . India Today . 20 November 2011 . 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civil code Lapsed Judges Assets Bill Women 's Reservation Bill Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Right_to_Fair_Compensation_and_Transparency_in_Land_Acquisition,_Rehabilitation_and_Resettlement_Act,_2013&oldid=851121317 '' Categories : Property law in India Manmohan Singh administration Acts of the Parliament of India 2013 Hidden categories : Use Indian English from March 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from March 2013 Articles needing expert attention with no reason or talk parameter Articles needing expert attention from November 2013 All articles needing expert attention Law articles needing expert attention Wikipedia articles in need of updating from September 2013 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 20 July 2018 , at 06 : 53 ( UTC ) . 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-2283980481444050880	Shawn-Douglas Brady	Shawn - Douglas Brady - wikipedia Shawn - Douglas Brady Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( March 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article does not follow Wikipedia 's guidelines on the use of different tenses . Please consider copy editing to past tense if historic , present tense if not time - based ( e.g. fiction ) , or future tense if upcoming . ( March 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Shawn - Douglas Brady Brandon Beemer as Shawn - Douglas Brady Days of Our Lives character Portrayed by Noel Bennett Castle ( 1987 ) Paul Zachary ( 1990 ) Scott Groff ( 1990 -- 95 ) Collin O'Donnell ( 1995 -- 99 ) Jason Cook ( 1999 -- 2006 , 2015 ) Brandon Beemer ( 2006 -- 08 , 2016 -- ) Duration 1990 -- 2008 2015 -- First appearance April 6 , 1987 Created by Leah Laiman Introduced by Betty Corday , Ken Corday and Al Rabin ( 1987 ) Ken Corday , Albert Alarr and Greg Meng ( 2015 ) Classification Present ; recurring ( departing ) Profile Occupation Police cadet Courier Mechanic Legal assistant Residence Hong Kong , China Jason Cook as Shawn Brady ( show ) Family Family Brady Horton Kiriakis Parents Bo Brady Hope Williams Siblings Chelsea Brady Zack Brady Ciara Brady Spouse Mimi Lockhart ( 2006 -- 07 ) Belle Black ( 2007 -- ) Children Claire Brady Grandparents Victor Kiriakis Caroline Brady Doug Williams Addie Horton Shawn Brady ( legal ) Aunts and uncles Julie Olson Steven Olson Roman Brady Kimberly Brady Kayla Brady Isabella Toscano Douglas LeClaire Philip Kiriakis Frankie Brady ( adoptive ) Max Brady ( adoptive ) First cousins David Banning Robert Anderson Jr . Spencer Olson Brady Black Tyler Kiriakis Carrie Brady Eric Brady Sami Brady Rex Brady Cassie Brady Andrew Donovan IV Theresa Donovan Stephanie Johnson Joey Johnson Shawn - Douglas Brady is a fictional character on the television soap opera , Days of Our Lives . He is the son of supercouple Bo Brady and Hope Williams and one half of the supercouple Shawn Brady and Belle Black . Jason Cook is most identifiable in the role , portraying the character from October 15 , 1999 , to September 22 , 2006 . Brandon Beemer was in the role from September 28 , 2006 , to March 21 , 2008 . In May 2015 , Soap Opera Digest reported the character will be returning for the show 's 50th anniversary , once again portrayed by Cook . On November 10 , 2015 , it was confirmed that Beemer would return to the role in 2016 , replacing Cook yet again . In March 2016 , it was revealed that Beemer along with three other actors were let go from the show . However , in May 2016 , Daytime Confidential revealed that Beemer was back taping with the show to honor the rest of the contract . Contents ( hide ) 1 Fictional character history 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Fictional character history ( edit ) Shawn is the son of supercouple , Bo and Hope Brady . In 1990 , Shawn fell into a pipe and lost his hearing . With his mother gone , Shawn and his father became close with Shawn 's doctor and eventually Bo 's fiancée , Carly Manning . When Bo and Carly 's engagement ended , Shawn bonded with Bo 's new girlfriend , Billie Reed , who later became Bo 's wife . Then , Shawn 's mother , Hope , returned to Salem . Although Hope did not know who she was at first , her memory returned and Bo and Hope reunited . Shawn eventually regained his hearing . At an early age , Shawn was kidnapped by Stefano DiMera , but escaped . In high school , Shawn competed with Philip Kiriakis for the romantic affections of both Belle Black and Chloe Lane . Shawn and Belle became a couple , while Philip and Chloe enjoyed a brief romance . The following summer , Shawn and Belle joined other teens from Salem High on an ill - fated trip to Puerto Rico . While hunting for Alice Horton 's missing ruby , Shawn got caught up in Jan Spears 's personal tragedy . She became pregnant after being raped while on the island , and Shawn offered to say he was the father to spare her any additional humiliation , tearing his relationship with Belle apart . By the end of senior year , Belle learned the truth , and the two were on the brink of reconciliation . However , impending college careers , the arrival of Rex and Cassie Brady , and old trust issues kept them apart . When Hope and Shawn 's baby brother were kidnapped , which brought Belle and Shawn together on a mission to find them . However , Philip Kiriakis returned to Salem , and he and Belle were matched up on the dating show `` Love is Blind . '' More trouble ensued when Jan Spears reared her devious head in Salem . Shawn left Salem distraught and confused by the revelation that Belle 's mother , Marlena Evans , was the Salem Stalker and responsible for the death of Shawn 's family members . That was just the opportunity Jan needed . She cast her net and held Shawn captive in a giant cage . This allowed Belle to grow closer to Philip . Once Shawn finally escaped , he crashed his motorcycle , leaving him with amnesia . Jan furthered her evil plans by not only convincing Shawn they were in love , but that they were engaged . Fate intervened - Shawn realized his love for Belle , and he crashed his motorcycle through the window of St. Luke 's , but could n't stop her marriage to Philip . Later , Shawn even helped in a rescue mission when Philip 's troop was taken hostage overseas . He finally moved on after Belle gave birth to Philip 's daughter , Claire , although unknown to all , Claire was in fact the daughter of Shawn . Following Belle and Philip 's wedding , Shawn and Mimi explored their feelings for each other . On New Year 's Eve they got engaged and later married . A DNA test proved to all that Shawn was Claire 's biological father . This created a complex predicament for Shawn and Belle , since an in vitro mix - up meant that Belle was carrying a second baby fathered by Shawn . When Shawn learned that Mimi knew he was Claire 's father and never told him , he declared their marriage was over and left . Upon hearing that Victor also knew the truth about Claire 's paternity , he ran a race car through a wall at the Kiriakis mansion and declared that he was done with Victor as well . Belle lost the baby she was carrying . Shortly afterwards , Shawn misunderstood a conversation Belle was having with Carrie , leading him to believe she wanted nothing to do with him . He found solace with Willow , a former hooker , and the two eventually moved in together . Shawn insisted Willow hide from Belle , which created much tension in their relationship . He still wanted to have a relationship with Claire , and Belle told him the only way was to clear up his life . Staying with Willow out of sympathy , which seemed to be a habit with Shawn , he drove Belle further and further away . After yet another bad decision to work for E.J. Wells as a courier , Bo decided it was time to step in and warn his son . After several run - ins with Willow and Belle , Shawn finally decided to be a good father to Claire and that he needed to quit working for EJ Wells as well as break it off with Willow . Shortly after Shawn asked Willow to move out , she set fire to the apartment and Shawn was kicked out . Shawn was forced to move in with his parents . Just as Belle and Shawn were getting closer , they were issued court papers that Philip was fighting them for custody . Philip was awarded temporary custody of Claire and devastated Shawn and Belle were ordered to take parenting classes . As Victor and Philip left the court room , Shawn overheard Victor saying they would never give up Claire now that they have her . Everyone knew that Victor had paid off the judge just as he had the Child Protective Service worker , and even Willow to testify in court against Shawn . Mimi told Shawn just a day later that while at the Kiriakis mansion to confront Philip she saw a passport for Claire . Shawn made the decision that he and Belle had to beat Philip and Victor at their own game , by kidnapping Claire and going on the run . In the course of a few months they went to Canada and then got on a boat to go to Australia . They were pursued by Philip at every corner . They ended up on a small island called Tinda Lau where they ultimately had to flee from Philip once again . It was in this final pursuit that Philip ruined the engine of their boat and nearly killed everyone including himself . As they realized that death was a possibility they promised that if they would get out of this to return to Salem as friends and that they would work out an agreeable custody arrangement . During the time of their fleeing Philip , Shawn and Belle grew closer and got back together . Belle asked Philip to help Shawn find a job and so Philip arranged for Shawn to get a job with a company that Titan owned , in Ohio - one that would require extensive travel . It was n't long before Shawn found out how he landed the interview and by coincidence , he got a call from Mimi about the baby that Philip was supposed to have with the surrogate mother . On July 4 , 2007 , Shawn was supposed to have gone to the interview but instead flew out to Indianapolis to meet with Lauren , the surrogate mother . Instead of ending the pregnancy as she said she would , she kept the baby and extorted money from Bonnie Lockhart until she could n't do so any longer . This led to Philip receiving harassing phone calls until he confronted Lauren . On July 25 , 2007 , Shawn asked Belle Black to marry him . Temptation and grief over losing her father led Belle to sleep with Philip . On November 23 , 2007 , Belle and Shawn were married in a ceremony at his parents ' house . His father did not attend . On December 31 , 2007 , Belle admitted to Shawn that she slept with Philip . In March 2008 , Shawn and Belle reconciled and decided to do as Shawn 's parents had once done and sail the world to strengthen their marriage and find peace . In October 2011 , it was mentioned by Hope that she received an email from Shawn , saying that he was glad that everything had worked out with his parents and that their granddaughter , Claire , missed them . Shawn briefly returned to Salem in late 2015 , much to surprise of his mother , at the Brady Pub before leaving again . In January 2016 , again returns to Salem , with the intentions of being there for his daughter and work things out with Belle . When Belle turns him down , telling him that their marriage is over and moves on with her ex-husband Philip , Shawn gets himself a job at Salem PD , where he meets Lani Price ( Sal Stowers ) . Shawn and Lani date for a little while , but Shawn and Belle finally decide to give their marriage a second chance . Therefore Shawn breaks up with Lani . Belle gets a job offer in Hong Kong . As a result , Shawn and Belle move there . In late 2016 , Shawn return to Salem as his mother Hope Brady is on trail for the murder of Stefano Dimera . Shawn sticks around for a while to support his mother , sister Ciara and daughter Claire during this difficult time . Hope is let out of prison and Shawn returns to Belle in Hong Kong . Shawn and Belle return to Salem in December 2017 to support their daughter after the shooting of her boyfriend Theo Carver . See also ( edit ) Supercouple Shawn Brady and Belle Black Brady Family References ( edit ) Jump up ^ SOD ( March 18 , 2015 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE ! JASON COOK BACK TO DAYS '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : soapoperadigest.com . American Media . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CONFIRMED ! BRANDON BEEMER BACK TO DAYS '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States . American Media , Inc . November 10 , 2015 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Days of Our Lives BLOODBATH : Brandon Beemer , Martha Madison , Marie Wilson and Sal Stowers All OUT ! '' . Daytime Confidential . Confidential Media ( SAY Media ) . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ SOD ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` BLOODBATH AT DAYS ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States . American Media , Inc . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brandon Beemer , Martha Madison , Marie Wilson , Sal Stowers out at Days '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . March 22 , 2016 . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( May 30 , 2016 ) . `` Brandon Beemer Back Taping at Days of Our Lives ( Exculsive ) '' . Daytime Confidential . Confidential Media ( SAY Media ) . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Shawn at soapcentral.com Days of Our Lives Current characters Vivian Alamain Brady Black John Black Caroline Brady Carrie Brady Reed Ciara Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Abe Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Andre DiMera Anna DiMera Chad DiMera Stefan DiMera Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Parker Jonas Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Notable past characters Alice Horton Tom Horton Lawrence Alamain Susan Banks Belle Black Bo Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Sami Brady Shawn Brady Dr. Lexie Carver Theo Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Jack Deveraux Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Kristen DiMera Johnny DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Eve Donovan Shane Donovan Theresa Donovan Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Calliope Jones Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Ben Rogers Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Clyde Weston Related information Cast members Producers and writers Awards and nominations 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Will and Sonny Shane and Kimberly Salem Cruise of Deception Fictional families DiMera family Horton family Brady family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family ( hide ) Days of Our Lives characters Present and future characters Vivian Alamain Brady Black John Black Tate Black Ciara Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Abe Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Chad DiMera Stefan DiMera Thomas DiMera Eve Donovan Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Arianna Horton Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Past characters Tom Horton Alice Horton Hattie Adams Lawrence Alamain Susan Banks Bart Beiderbecke Belle Black Peter Blake Eugene Bradford Bo Brady Caroline Brady Carrie Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Rex Brady Sami Brady Shawn Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Lexie Carver Theo Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Anjelica Deveraux Jack Deveraux André DiMera Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Johnny DiMera Kristen DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Shane Donovan Theresa Donovan Lee DuMonde Renée DuMonde Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Dario Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Parker Jonas Calliope Jones Bradford Alexander Kiriakis Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Maxine Landis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Mia McCormick Jade Michaels Anne Milbauer Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Wilhelm Rolf Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Fay Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Ben Weston Clyde Weston Character lists 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Cast members Previous cast members Producers and writers Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Shane and Kimberly Will and Sonny Salem Cruise of Deception Horton family Brady family DiMera family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shawn-Douglas_Brady&oldid=834545842 '' Categories : Days of Our Lives characters Fictional American people of Greek descent Fictional American people of Irish descent Fictional American people of English descent Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from March 2010 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Wikipedia articles with incorrect tenses Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 08 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played shawn douglas on days of our lives	[ "\n\nShawn-Douglas Brady\n\n\n\nBrandon Beemer as Shawn-Douglas Brady\n\n\n\nDays of Our Lives character\n\n\nPortrayed by\n\n\n\nNoel Bennett Castle (1987)\nPaul Zachary (1990)\nScott Groff (1990–95)\nCollin O'Donnell (1995–99)\nJason Cook (1999–2006, 2015)\nBrandon Beemer (2006–08, 2016–)\n\n\n\n\n\nDuration\n\n\n\n1987\n1990–2008\n2015–\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst appearance\nApril 6, 1987\n\n\nCreated by\nLeah Laiman\n\n\nIntroduced by\n\n\n\nBetty Corday, Ken Corday and Al Rabin (1987)\nKen Corday, Albert Alarr and Greg Meng (2015)\n\n\n\n\n\nClassification\nPresent; recurring (departing)\n\n\nProfile\n\n\nOccupation\n\n\n\nPolice cadet\nCourier\nMechanic\nLegal assistant\n\n\n\n\n\nResidence\nHong Kong, China\n\n\n\nJason Cook as Shawn Brady\n\n\n\n\n\n\n[show]Family\n\n\nFamily\nBrady\nHorton\nKiriakis\n\n\nParents\nBo Brady\nHope Williams\n\n\nSiblings\nChelsea Brady\nZack Brady\nCiara Brady\n\n\nSpouse\nMimi Lockhart (2006–07)\nBelle Black (2007–)\n\n\nChildren\nClaire Brady\n\n\nGrandparents\nVictor Kiriakis\nCaroline Brady\nDoug Williams\nAddie Horton\nShawn Brady (legal)\n\n\nAunts and uncles\nJulie Olson\nSteven Olson\nRoman Brady\nKimberly Brady\nKayla Brady\nIsabella Toscano\nDouglas LeClaire\nPhilip Kiriakis\nFrankie Brady (adoptive)\nMax Brady (adoptive)\n\n\nFirst cousins\nDavid Banning\nRobert Anderson Jr.\nSpencer Olson\nBrady Black\nTyler Kiriakis\nCarrie Brady\nEric Brady\nSami Brady\nRex Brady\nCassie Brady\nAndrew Donovan IV\nTheresa Donovan\nStephanie Johnson\nJoey Johnson\n\n\n\n\n", "\n\nShawn-Douglas Brady\n\n\n\nBrandon Beemer as Shawn-Douglas Brady\n\n\n\nDays of Our Lives character\n\n\nPortrayed by\n\n\n\nNoel Bennett Castle (1987)\nPaul Zachary (1990)\nScott Groff (1990–95)\nCollin O'Donnell (1995–99)\nJason Cook (1999–2006, 2015)\nBrandon Beemer (2006–08, 2016–)\n\n\n\n\n\nDuration\n\n\n\n1987\n1990–2008\n2015–\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst appearance\nApril 6, 1987\n\n\nCreated by\nLeah Laiman\n\n\nIntroduced by\n\n\n\nBetty Corday, Ken Corday and Al Rabin (1987)\nKen Corday, Albert Alarr and Greg Meng (2015)\n\n\n\n\n\nClassification\nPresent; recurring (departing)\n\n\nProfile\n\n\nOccupation\n\n\n\nPolice cadet\nCourier\nMechanic\nLegal assistant\n\n\n\n\n\nResidence\nHong Kong, China\n\n\n\nJason Cook as Shawn Brady\n\n\n\n\n\n\n[show]Family\n\n\nFamily\nBrady\nHorton\nKiriakis\n\n\nParents\nBo Brady\nHope Williams\n\n\nSiblings\nChelsea Brady\nZack Brady\nCiara Brady\n\n\nSpouse\nMimi Lockhart (2006–07)\nBelle Black (2007–)\n\n\nChildren\nClaire Brady\n\n\nGrandparents\nVictor Kiriakis\nCaroline Brady\nDoug Williams\nAddie Horton\nShawn Brady (legal)\n\n\nAunts and uncles\nJulie Olson\nSteven Olson\nRoman Brady\nKimberly Brady\nKayla Brady\nIsabella Toscano\nDouglas LeClaire\nPhilip Kiriakis\nFrankie Brady (adoptive)\nMax Brady (adoptive)\n\n\nFirst cousins\nDavid Banning\nRobert Anderson Jr.\nSpencer Olson\nBrady Black\nTyler Kiriakis\nCarrie Brady\nEric Brady\nSami Brady\nRex Brady\nCassie Brady\nAndrew Donovan IV\nTheresa Donovan\nStephanie Johnson\nJoey Johnson\n\n\n\n\n", "\n\nShawn-Douglas Brady\n\n\n\nBrandon Beemer as Shawn-Douglas Brady\n\n\n\nDays of Our Lives character\n\n\nPortrayed by\n\n\n\nNoel Bennett Castle (1987)\nPaul Zachary (1990)\nScott Groff (1990–95)\nCollin O'Donnell (1995–99)\nJason Cook (1999–2006, 2015)\nBrandon Beemer (2006–08, 2016–)\n\n\n\n\n\nDuration\n\n\n\n1987\n1990–2008\n2015–\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst appearance\nApril 6, 1987\n\n\nCreated by\nLeah Laiman\n\n\nIntroduced by\n\n\n\nBetty Corday, Ken Corday and Al Rabin (1987)\nKen Corday, Albert Alarr and Greg Meng (2015)\n\n\n\n\n\nClassification\nPresent; recurring (departing)\n\n\nProfile\n\n\nOccupation\n\n\n\nPolice cadet\nCourier\nMechanic\nLegal assistant\n\n\n\n\n\nResidence\nHong Kong, China\n\n\n\nJason Cook as Shawn Brady\n\n\n\n\n\n\n[show]Family\n\n\nFamily\nBrady\nHorton\nKiriakis\n\n\nParents\nBo Brady\nHope Williams\n\n\nSiblings\nChelsea Brady\nZack Brady\nCiara Brady\n\n\nSpouse\nMimi Lockhart (2006–07)\nBelle Black (2007–)\n\n\nChildren\nClaire Brady\n\n\nGrandparents\nVictor Kiriakis\nCaroline Brady\nDoug Williams\nAddie Horton\nShawn Brady (legal)\n\n\nAunts and uncles\nJulie Olson\nSteven Olson\nRoman Brady\nKimberly Brady\nKayla Brady\nIsabella Toscano\nDouglas LeClaire\nPhilip Kiriakis\nFrankie Brady (adoptive)\nMax Brady (adoptive)\n\n\nFirst cousins\nDavid Banning\nRobert Anderson Jr.\nSpencer Olson\nBrady Black\nTyler Kiriakis\nCarrie Brady\nEric Brady\nSami Brady\nRex Brady\nCassie Brady\nAndrew Donovan IV\nTheresa Donovan\nStephanie Johnson\nJoey Johnson\n\n\n\n\n", "\n\nShawn-Douglas Brady\n\n\n\nBrandon Beemer as Shawn-Douglas Brady\n\n\n\nDays of Our Lives character\n\n\nPortrayed by\n\n\n\nNoel Bennett Castle (1987)\nPaul Zachary (1990)\nScott Groff (1990–95)\nCollin O'Donnell (1995–99)\nJason Cook (1999–2006, 2015)\nBrandon Beemer (2006–08, 2016–)\n\n\n\n\n\nDuration\n\n\n\n1987\n1990–2008\n2015–\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst appearance\nApril 6, 1987\n\n\nCreated by\nLeah Laiman\n\n\nIntroduced by\n\n\n\nBetty Corday, Ken Corday and Al Rabin (1987)\nKen Corday, Albert Alarr and Greg Meng (2015)\n\n\n\n\n\nClassification\nPresent; recurring (departing)\n\n\nProfile\n\n\nOccupation\n\n\n\nPolice cadet\nCourier\nMechanic\nLegal assistant\n\n\n\n\n\nResidence\nHong Kong, China\n\n\n\nJason Cook as Shawn Brady\n\n\n\n\n\n\n[show]Family\n\n\nFamily\nBrady\nHorton\nKiriakis\n\n\nParents\nBo Brady\nHope Williams\n\n\nSiblings\nChelsea Brady\nZack Brady\nCiara Brady\n\n\nSpouse\nMimi Lockhart (2006–07)\nBelle Black (2007–)\n\n\nChildren\nClaire Brady\n\n\nGrandparents\nVictor Kiriakis\nCaroline Brady\nDoug Williams\nAddie Horton\nShawn Brady (legal)\n\n\nAunts and uncles\nJulie Olson\nSteven Olson\nRoman Brady\nKimberly Brady\nKayla Brady\nIsabella Toscano\nDouglas LeClaire\nPhilip Kiriakis\nFrankie Brady (adoptive)\nMax Brady (adoptive)\n\n\nFirst cousins\nDavid Banning\nRobert Anderson Jr.\nSpencer Olson\nBrady Black\nTyler Kiriakis\nCarrie Brady\nEric Brady\nSami Brady\nRex Brady\nCassie Brady\nAndrew Donovan IV\nTheresa Donovan\nStephanie Johnson\nJoey Johnson\n\n\n\n\n", "\n\nShawn-Douglas Brady\n\n\n\nBrandon Beemer as Shawn-Douglas Brady\n\n\n\nDays of Our Lives character\n\n\nPortrayed by\n\n\n\nNoel Bennett Castle (1987)\nPaul Zachary (1990)\nScott Groff (1990–95)\nCollin O'Donnell (1995–99)\nJason Cook (1999–2006, 2015)\nBrandon Beemer (2006–08, 2016–)\n\n\n\n\n\nDuration\n\n\n\n1987\n1990–2008\n2015–\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst appearance\nApril 6, 1987\n\n\nCreated by\nLeah Laiman\n\n\nIntroduced by\n\n\n\nBetty Corday, Ken Corday and Al Rabin (1987)\nKen Corday, Albert Alarr and Greg Meng (2015)\n\n\n\n\n\nClassification\nPresent; recurring (departing)\n\n\nProfile\n\n\nOccupation\n\n\n\nPolice cadet\nCourier\nMechanic\nLegal assistant\n\n\n\n\n\nResidence\nHong Kong, China\n\n\n\nJason Cook as Shawn Brady\n\n\n\n\n\n\n[show]Family\n\n\nFamily\nBrady\nHorton\nKiriakis\n\n\nParents\nBo Brady\nHope Williams\n\n\nSiblings\nChelsea Brady\nZack Brady\nCiara Brady\n\n\nSpouse\nMimi Lockhart (2006–07)\nBelle Black (2007–)\n\n\nChildren\nClaire Brady\n\n\nGrandparents\nVictor Kiriakis\nCaroline Brady\nDoug Williams\nAddie Horton\nShawn Brady (legal)\n\n\nAunts and uncles\nJulie Olson\nSteven Olson\nRoman Brady\nKimberly Brady\nKayla Brady\nIsabella Toscano\nDouglas LeClaire\nPhilip Kiriakis\nFrankie Brady (adoptive)\nMax Brady (adoptive)\n\n\nFirst cousins\nDavid Banning\nRobert Anderson Jr.\nSpencer Olson\nBrady Black\nTyler Kiriakis\nCarrie Brady\nEric Brady\nSami Brady\nRex Brady\nCassie Brady\nAndrew Donovan IV\nTheresa Donovan\nStephanie Johnson\nJoey Johnson\n\n\n\n\n", "\n\nShawn-Douglas Brady\n\n\n\nBrandon Beemer as Shawn-Douglas Brady\n\n\n\nDays of Our Lives character\n\n\nPortrayed by\n\n\n\nNoel Bennett Castle (1987)\nPaul Zachary (1990)\nScott Groff (1990–95)\nCollin O'Donnell (1995–99)\nJason Cook (1999–2006, 2015)\nBrandon Beemer (2006–08, 2016–)\n\n\n\n\n\nDuration\n\n\n\n1987\n1990–2008\n2015–\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst appearance\nApril 6, 1987\n\n\nCreated by\nLeah Laiman\n\n\nIntroduced by\n\n\n\nBetty Corday, Ken Corday and Al Rabin (1987)\nKen Corday, Albert Alarr and Greg Meng (2015)\n\n\n\n\n\nClassification\nPresent; recurring (departing)\n\n\nProfile\n\n\nOccupation\n\n\n\nPolice cadet\nCourier\nMechanic\nLegal assistant\n\n\n\n\n\nResidence\nHong Kong, China\n\n\n\nJason Cook as Shawn Brady\n\n\n\n\n\n\n[show]Family\n\n\nFamily\nBrady\nHorton\nKiriakis\n\n\nParents\nBo Brady\nHope Williams\n\n\nSiblings\nChelsea Brady\nZack Brady\nCiara Brady\n\n\nSpouse\nMimi Lockhart (2006–07)\nBelle Black (2007–)\n\n\nChildren\nClaire Brady\n\n\nGrandparents\nVictor Kiriakis\nCaroline Brady\nDoug Williams\nAddie Horton\nShawn Brady (legal)\n\n\nAunts and uncles\nJulie Olson\nSteven Olson\nRoman Brady\nKimberly Brady\nKayla Brady\nIsabella Toscano\nDouglas LeClaire\nPhilip Kiriakis\nFrankie Brady (adoptive)\nMax Brady (adoptive)\n\n\nFirst cousins\nDavid Banning\nRobert Anderson Jr.\nSpencer Olson\nBrady Black\nTyler Kiriakis\nCarrie Brady\nEric Brady\nSami Brady\nRex Brady\nCassie Brady\nAndrew Donovan IV\nTheresa Donovan\nStephanie Johnson\nJoey Johnson\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "Noel Bennett Castle (1987)", "Paul Zachary (1990)", "Scott Groff (1990–95)", "Collin O'Donnell (1995–99)", "Jason Cook (1999–2006, 2015)", "Brandon Beemer (2006–08, 2016–)" ]
2256071962091302277	Visa requirements for Chilean citizens	Visa requirements for Chilean citizens - wikipedia Visa requirements for Chilean citizens Jump to : navigation , search The new style Chilean passport Visa requirements for Chilean citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Chile entering with a Chilean passport . As of 1 January 2018 , Chilean citizens had visa - free or visa on arrival access to 161 countries and territories , ranking the Chilean passport 16th in terms of travel freedom according to the Henley Passport Index . Notably , the regular passports of Chile , Israel , South Korea and Hong Kong are the only ones to provide visa - free access to all of Europe , and the passports of Chile and South Korea are the only ones to allow visa - free access to all G8 countries . ( Citizens of Israel and Hong Kong require visas for the United States ) In addition , citizens of Chile do not need a passport when traveling to Argentina , Bolivia , Brazil , Colombia , Ecuador , Paraguay , Peru , Uruguay and Venezuela . For these countries , they may just use their domestic identification cards called Cédula de Identidad . Contents 1 Visa requirements map 2 Visa requirements 3 Territories 4 APEC Business Travel Card 5 See also 6 References Visa requirements map ( edit ) Visa requirements for Chilean citizens Chile ID card travel Visa free access Visa on arrival eVisa Visa available both on arrival or online Visa required Visa requirements ( edit ) Visa requirements for holders of normal passports traveling for tourist purposes : Country Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Afghanistan Visa required Albania Visa not required 90 days Algeria Visa required Andorra Visa not required Angola Visa required Antigua and Barbuda Visa not required 1 month Argentina Visa not required 90 days National ID card accepted Armenia eVisa / Visa on arrival 120 days Obtainable on arrival at Zvartnots International Airport or prior to travel online . Australia Visa required May apply online ( Online Visitor e600 visa ) . Transit visa is not required . Austria Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Azerbaijan eVisa 30 days Bahamas Visa not required 3 months Bahrain eVisa / Visa on arrival 14 days Visa is also obtainable online . Bangladesh Visa on arrival 30 days Not available at all entry points . Barbados Visa not required 6 months Belarus Visa not required 5 days , must arrive via Minsk International Airport ; Visas are issued on arrival at the Minsk International Airport if the support documents were submitted not later than 3 business days before expected date of arrival . Belgium Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Belize Visa not required 90 days Benin eVisa Bhutan Visa required Bolivia Visa not required 90 days National ID card accepted Bosnia and Herzegovina Visa not required 90 days within any 6 month period Botswana Visa not required 90 days within any year period Brazil Visa not required 90 days National ID card accepted Brunei Visa required Bulgaria Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period Burkina Faso Visa required Burundi Visa required Cambodia eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Visa is also obtainable online . Cameroon Visa required Canada Visa not required 6 months eTA required if arriving by air . Cape Verde Visa on arrival Not available at all entry points . Central African Republic Visa required Chad Visa required China Visa required 72 - hours visa free visit when in transit at , Changsha , Chengdu , Chongqing , Guangzhou , Guilin , Harbin , Kunming , Qingdao , Wuhan , Xi'an and Xiamen . 144 - hours visa free visit when in transit at Beijing ( Beijing Capital International Airport ) , Dalian , Hangzhou , Hebei ( Shijiazhuang Zhengding International Airport ) , Nanjing , Shanghai ( Hongqiao and Pudong international airports , Railway Station and port ) , Shenyang and Tianjin ( Tianjin Binhai International Airport ) Hong Kong , Macau , and Taiwan do count as third countries under the 72 and 144 - hours transit policy . Colombia Visa not required 90 days National ID card accepted Comoros Visa on arrival Republic of the Congo Visa required Democratic Republic of the Congo Visa required Costa Rica Visa not required 90 days Côte d'Ivoire Visa required Croatia Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period Cuba Visa required ! Tourist Card required Cyprus Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period Czech Republic Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Denmark Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period regardless of previous time spent in other Schengen countries ( except the other Nordic countries ) Djibouti Visa on arrival Not available at all entry points . Dominica Visa not required 21 days Dominican Republic Visa not required 90 days Ecuador Visa not required 90 days National ID card accepted Egypt Visa on arrival 30 days El Salvador Visa not required 3 months Equatorial Guinea Visa required Eritrea Visa required Estonia Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Ethiopia Visa required Fiji Visa not required 4 months Finland Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area France and territories Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area ( in Regions of France ) Gabon eVisa Electronic visa holders must arrive via Libreville International Airport . Gambia Visa not required An entry clearance must be obtained from the Gambian Immigration prior to travel . Georgia Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period Germany Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Ghana Visa required Greece Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Grenada Visa not required Guatemala Visa not required 90 days Guinea Visa required Guinea - Bissau eVisa / Visa on arrival 90 days Guyana Visa not required 90 days Haiti Visa not required 3 months Honduras Visa not required 3 months Hungary Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Iceland Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area India e-Visa 60 days e-Visa holders must arrive via 24 designated airports or 3 designated seaports . Indonesia Visa not required 30 days Iran Visa on arrival 15 days Iraq Visa required Ireland Visa not required 3 months Israel Visa not required 3 months Italy Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Jamaica Visa not required 30 days Japan Visa not required 90 days Jordan Visa on arrival Conditions apply . Not available at all entry points . Kazakhstan Visa not required 30 days Kenya eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months Kiribati Visa required North Korea Visa required South Korea Visa not required 90 days Kuwait Visa required Kyrgyzstan eVisa / Visa on arrival 1 month Available at Manas International Airport . Laos Visa on arrival 30 days . Not available at all entry points . Latvia Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Lebanon Visa on arrival 1 month 1 month extendable for 2 additional months ; granted free of charge at Beirut International Airport or any other port of entry if there is no Israeli visa or seal , holding a telephone number , an address in Lebanon , and a non refundable return or circle trip ticket . Lesotho eVisa Liberia Visa required Libya Visa required Liechtenstein Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Lithuania Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Luxembourg Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Macedonia Visa not required 90 days within 180 days Madagascar Visa on arrival 90 days Malawi Visa on arrival Malaysia Visa not required 1 month Maldives Visa on arrival 30 days Mali Visa required Malta Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Marshall Islands Visa on arrival 90 days Mauritania Visa on arrival Available at Nouakchott -- Oumtounsy International Airport . Mauritius Visa not required 90 days Mexico Visa not required 180 days Micronesia Visa not required 30 days Moldova Visa not required 90 days Monaco Visa not required Mongolia Visa required Montenegro Visa not required 90 days Morocco Visa not required 3 months Mozambique Visa on arrival 30 days Conditions apply Myanmar eVisa 28 days eVisa holders must arrive via Yangon International Airport . Namibia Visa required Nauru Visa required Nepal Visa on arrival 90 days Netherlands Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area ( European Netherlands ) New Zealand Visa not required 3 months Nicaragua Visa not required 90 days Niger Visa required Nigeria Visa required Norway Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Oman eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Pakistan Visa required Visa on arrival when travelling on business valid for 30 days . Conditions apply . Palau Visa on arrival 30 days Panama Visa not required 180 days Papua New Guinea Visa on arrival 60 days Paraguay Visa not required 90 days National ID card accepted Peru Visa not required up to 183 days National ID card accepted Philippines Visa not required 30 days Poland Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Portugal Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Qatar eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Available at Hamad International Airport . eVisa is also available . Romania Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period Russia Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period Rwanda eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Saint Kitts and Nevis Visa not required 3 months Saint Lucia Visa not required 6 weeks Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Visa not required 1 month Samoa Visa on arrival ! Entry Permit on arrival 60 days San Marino Visa not required São Tomé and Príncipe Visa required Visa is obtained online . Saudi Arabia Visa required Senegal Visa required Serbia Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period Seychelles Visa on arrival ! Visitor 's Permit on arrival 3 months Sierra Leone Visa required Singapore Visa not required 30 days Slovakia Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Slovenia Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Solomon Islands Visa on arrival ! Visitor 's permit on arrival 3 months Somalia Visa on arrival 30 days , available at Bosaso , Galcaio and Mogadishu airports . South Africa Visa not required 90 days South Sudan Visa required Spain Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Sri Lanka eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Sudan Visa required Suriname Visa on arrival Swaziland Visa not required 30 days Sweden Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Switzerland Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Syria Visa required Tajikistan Visa on arrival 45 days At Dushanbe International Airport . Visa also available online . E-visa holders can enter through all border points . Tanzania Visa on arrival Thailand Visa not required 3 months Timor - Leste Visa on arrival 30 days Not available at all entry points . Togo Visa on arrival 7 days Tonga Visa required Trinidad and Tobago Visa not required 90 days Tunisia Visa not required 90 days Turkey Visa not required 3 months Turkmenistan Visa required Tuvalu Visa on arrival 1 month Uganda eVisa / Visa on arrival Determined at the port of entry . May apply online . Ukraine Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period United Arab Emirates Visa not required 90 days United Kingdom Visa not required 6 months United States Visa not required ! Visa Waiver Program 90 days On arrival from overseas ESTA ( valid for 2 years when issued ) required if arriving by air or cruise ship . Biometric passport holders only . Uruguay Visa not required 3 months National ID card accepted Uzbekistan Visa required Vanuatu Visa not required 30 days Vatican City Visa not required Venezuela Visa not required 90 days National ID card accepted Vietnam Visa not required 90 days Yemen Visa required Zambia eVisa / Visa on arrival 90 days up to 90 days Zimbabwe eVisa / Visa on arrival Territories ( edit ) Visa requirements for Chilean citizens for visits to various territories , disputed areas , partially recognized countries and restricted zones : Africa Visitor to Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) British Indian Ocean Territory Special permit required Special permit required . Eritrea outside Asmara Travel permit required To travel in the rest of the country , a Travel Permit for Foreigners is required ( 20 Eritrean nakfa ) . Ascension Island Entry Permit required Entry Permit must be obtained minimum 28 days in advance ( 3 months for 20 / 30 pounds sterling , single / double entry ) . Saint Helena Visitor 's Pass required Visitor 's Pass granted on arrival valid for 4 / 10 / 21 / 60 / 90 days for 12 / 14 / 16 / 20 / 25 pound sterling . Tristan da Cunha Permission required Permission to land required for 15 / 30 pounds sterling ( yacht / ship passenger ) for Tristan da Cunha Island or 20 pounds sterling for Gough Island , Inaccessible Island or Nightingale Islands . Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Undefined visa regime in the Western Sahara controlled territory . Somaliland Visa on arrival 30 days for 30 US dollars , payable on arrival . Sudan Travel permit required All foreigners traveling more than 25 kilometers outside of Khartoum must obtain a travel permit . Darfur Travel permit required Separate travel permit is required . Asia Visitor to Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Hong Kong Visa not required 3 months India PAP / RAP PAP / RAP required Protected Area Permit ( PAP ) required for whole states of Nagaland and Sikkim and parts of states Manipur , Arunachal Pradesh , Uttaranchal , Jammu and Kashmir , Rajasthan , Himachal Pradesh . Restricted Area Permit ( RAP ) required for all of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and parts of Sikkim . Some of these requirements are occasionally lifted for a year . Kazakhstan Special permission required Special permission required for the town of Baikonur and surrounding areas in Kyzylorda Oblast , and the town of Gvardeyskiy near Almaty . Kish Island Visa not required Visitors to Kish Island do not require a visa . Macao Visa not required 30 days Sabah and Sarawak Visa not required These states have their own immigration authorities and passport is required to travel to them , however the same visa applies . Maldives Permission required With the exception of the capital Malé , tourists are generally prohibited from visiting non-resort islands without the express permission of the Government of Maldives . North Korea outside Pyongyang Special permit required People are not allowed to leave the capital city , tourists can only leave the capital with a governmental tourist guide ( no independent moving ) Palestine Visa not required Arrival by sea to Gaza Strip not allowed . Taiwan Visa not required 90 days Gorno - Badakhshan Autonomous Province OIVR permit required OIVR permit required ( 15 + 5 Tajikistani Somoni ) and another special permit ( free of charge ) is required for Lake Sarez . Tibet Autonomous Region TTP required Tibet Travel Permit required ( 10 US Dollars ) . Korean Demilitarized Zone Restricted zone . UNDOF Zone and Ghajar Restricted zone . Phú Quốc Visa not required 30 days Yemen Special permission required Special permission needed for travel outside Sana'a or Aden . Caribbean and North Atlantic Visitor to Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Anguilla Visa not required 3 months Aruba Visa not required 30 days , extendable to 180 days Bermuda Visa not required Up to 6 months , decided on arrival . Bonaire , St. Eustatius and Saba Visa not required 3 months British Virgin Islands Visa not required 30 days , extensions possible Cayman Islands Visa not required 6 months Curacao Visa not required 3 months French Guiana Visa not required 3 months French West Indies Visa not required 3 months ( French West Indies refers to Martinique , Guadeloupe , Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy ) Greenland Visa not required Margarita Island Visa not required All visitors are fingerprinted . Montserrat Visa not required 6 months Puerto Rico Visa not required Under the Visa Waiver Program , for 90 days on arrival from overseas for 2 years . ESTA and a biometric passport required . Sint Maarten Visa not required 3 months Turks and Caicos Islands Visa not required 90 days U.S. Virgin Islands Visa not required Under the Visa Waiver Program , for 90 days on arrival from overseas for 2 years . ESTA and a biometric passport required . Europe Visitor to Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Abkhazia Visa required Mount Athos Special permit required Special permit required ( 4 days : 25 euro for Orthodox visitors , 35 euro for non-Orthodox visitors , 18 euro for students ) . There is a visitors ' quota : maximum 100 Orthodox and 10 non-Orthodox per day and women are not allowed . Brest and Grodno Visa not required Visa - free for 10 days Crimea Visa not required Territory accessed under Russian visa policy . Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Visa not required 3 months UN Buffer Zone in Cyprus Access Permit required Access Permit is required for travelling inside the zone , except Civil Use Areas . Faroe Islands Visa not required Gibraltar Visa not required Guernsey Visa not required Isle of Man Visa not required Jan Mayen Permit required Permit issued by the local police required for staying for less than 24 hours and permit issued by the Norwegian police for staying for more than 24 hours . Jersey Visa not required Kosovo Visa not required 90 days Nagorno - Karabakh Republic Visa required Travellers with Nagorno - Karabakh visa ( expired or valid ) or evidence of travel to Nagorno - Karabakh ( stamps ) will be permanently denied entry to Azerbaijan . Russia Special authorization required Several closed cities and regions in Russia require special authorization . South Ossetia Visa not required Multiple entry visa to Russia and three - day prior notification are required to enter South Ossetia . Transnistria Visa not required Registration required after 24h . Oceania Visitor to Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) American Samoa Entry permit required Entry permit is required . Ashmore and Cartier Islands Special authorisation required Special authorisation required . Clipperton Island Special permit required Special permit required . Cook Islands Visa not required 31 days Guam Visa not required Under the Visa Waiver Program , for 90 days on arrival from overseas for 2 years . ESTA and a biometric passport required . Lau Province Special permission required Special permission required . French Polynesia Visa not required 90 days within 180 days Niue Visa on arrival 30 days Northern Mariana Islands Visa not required Visa not required under the Visa Waiver Program , for 90 days on arrival from overseas for 2 years . ESTA and a biometric passport required . Pitcairn Islands Visa not required 14 days visa free and landing fee 35 USD or tax of 5 USD if not going ashore . United States Minor Outlying Islands Special permits required Special permits required for Baker Island , Howland Island , Jarvis Island , Johnston Atoll , Kingman Reef , Midway Atoll , Palmyra Atoll and Wake Island . South America Visitor to Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Galápagos Pre-registration required Online pre-registration is required . Transit Control Card must also be obtained at the airport prior to departure . South Atlantic and Antarctica Visitor to Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Falkland Islands Visa not required Visa is not required . South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Permit required Pre-arrival permit from the Commissioner required ( 72 hours / 1 month for 110 / 160 pounds sterling ) . Antarctica Special permits required for British Antarctic Territory , French Southern and Antarctic Lands , Argentine Antarctica , Australian Antarctic Territory , Heard Island and McDonald Islands , Peter I Island , Queen Maud Land , Ross Dependency . APEC business travel card ( edit ) Full members of the scheme Transitional members ( United States , Canada ) Holders of an APEC Business Travel Card ( ABTC ) travelling on business do not require a visa to the following countries : Australia Brunei China Hong Kong Indonesia Japan South Korea Malaysia Mexico New Zealand Papua New Guinea Peru Philippines Russia Singapore Taiwan Thailand Vietnam The card must be used in conjunction with a passport and has the following advantages : no need to apply for a visa or entry permit to APEC countries , as the card is treated as such ( except by Canada and United States ) undertake legitimate business in participating economies expedited border crossing in all member economies , including transitional members expedited scheduling of visa interview ( United States ) See also ( edit ) Chile portal Visa policy of Chile Chilean passport References ( edit ) ^ `` Global Ranking - Passport Index 2018 '' ( PDF ) . Henley & Partners . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . ^ ( 1 ) ^ Visa information , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Afghanistan . ^ Visa regime for foreign citizens , Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs of Albania . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel to Andorra , Ministry of External Affairs of Andorra . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Countries exempt from visa , Department of Immigration of Antigua and Barbuda . ^ Visa regime , National Directorate of Migrations of Argentina ( in Spanish ) . ^ Visa , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Armenia . ^ e-Visa - Republic of Armenia Electronic Visa System ^ Visitor visa options , Department of Home Affairs of Australia . ^ `` Visitor e600 Visa Online Applications '' . Department of Immigration and Border Protection . Retrieved 31 August 2015 . ^ Do I need a visa to transit through Australia ? ^ Schengen visa , Federal Ministry for Europe , Integration and Foreign Affairs of Austria . ^ Countries with visa - free travel regime , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan ( in Azerbaijani ) . ^ Electronic Visa System of Azerbaijan Republic ^ Visa requirements for foreigners travelling to the Bahamas , Government of the Bahamas , 18 February 2014 . ^ Bahrain eVisas , Ministry of Interior of Bahrain . ^ ( 2 ) ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Available at Shahjalal International Airport , Shah Amanat International Airport and Osmani International Airport only . ^ Visa requirements for foreign nationals entering Barbados , Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade of Barbados , 3 June 2009 . ^ Visa - free travel , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Belarus . ^ http://www.mfa.gov.by/en/visa/airport/ ^ Visa for Belgium , Federal Public Service Foreign Affairs of Belgium . ^ Countries not requiring an entry visa , Department of Immigration and Nationality Services of Belize , September 2016 . ^ ( 3 ) ^ Visa , Emigration and Immigration Directorate of Benin . ^ Visa , Tourism Council of Bhutan . ^ Requirements to enter Bolivia , General Directorate of Migration of Bolivia ( in Spanish ) . ^ Visas , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bosnia and Herzegovina . ^ Requirements for visa application , Government of Botswana . ^ Visas to travel to Brazil , Ministry of External Relations of Brazil ( in Portuguese and English ) . ^ ( www.mofat.gov.bn/Pages/Visa-Information.aspx Country category for visa application ) , Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade of Brunei . ^ Visa for Bulgaria , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ http://evisa.mfaic.gov.kh ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ canada.ca/eTA ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Obtainable at Nelson Mandela International Airport , Cesária Évora Airport , Amílcar Cabral International Airport and Aristides Pereira International Airport . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` 144 小时过境免签政策 '' ^ `` 144 小时过境免签政策 '' ^ `` 144 小时过境免签政策 '' ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Visa requirements overview , Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of Croatia . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Visa policy , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Cyprus . ^ List of states whose citizens are exempt from visa requirement , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic , 13 July 2017 . ^ Countries with a visa requirement and visa - free countries , Danish Immigration Service , 8 December 2017 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Obtainable at Djibouti -- Ambouli International Airport . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Extendable length of stay . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Who does not need a visa to visit Estonia ? , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Estonia , 2 November 2017 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Visa requirement and travel documents accepted by Finland , Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland . ^ Foreign nationals holding ordinary passports exempt from visa requirements , Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs of France , January 2016 . ^ Gabon e-Visa ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` ENTRY INTO THE GAMBIA . GAMBIA IMMIGRATION DEPARTMENT '' . gid.gov.gm. 2017 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . ^ ( 4 ) ^ Overview of visa requirements / exemptions for entry into the Federal Republic of Germany , Federal Foreign Office of Germany . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Countries requiring or not requiring a visa , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Greece , 13 June 2017 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Countries that do not need a visa , Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade of Hungary . ^ Who does not need a visa , Directorate of Immigration of Iceland . ^ Indian e-Visa ^ e-Visa ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Countries that need a visa for Ireland , Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service . ^ Tourist visa table , Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs , 23 May 2017 . ^ Visa for Italy , Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of Italy . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Visa Information '' . Timatic . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ Visa on arrival obtainable at most international ports of entry and at most international land border crossings ( except King Hussein / Allenby Bridge crossing ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Republic of Kenya - eCitizen portal ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Available at international airports Wattay Vientiane , Pakse Savannakhet and Luang Prabang , and at land borders Friendship Bridge , Vientiane and Savannakhet ; Nam Heuang Friendship Bridge , Sayabouly Province ; and border crossings at Boten - Mohan , Dansavan - Lao Bao , Houaysay - Chiang Khong , Thakhek - Nakhon Phanom , Nong Haet - Nam Kan , Nam Phao - Kao Cheo , Veun Kham - Dong Calor , and Vangtao - Chong Mek as well as Tha Naleng train station in Vientiane , which connects to the train station in Nongkhai , Thailand . Entry points Napao - Chalo , Taichang - Sophoun , Pakxan - Bungkan , and Xiengkok are open only to visa holders . ^ Countries whose citizens may enter Latvia without a visa , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Latvia , 9 October 2017 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ eVisa Lesotho ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Visa , Government of Liechtenstein ( in German ) . ^ Do I need a visa ? , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Lithuania , 30 August 2017 . ^ Staying in Luxembourg for less than 90 days , Government of Luxembourg . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Who requires a visa ? , Identity Malta . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ http://www.mfa.gov.md/entry-visas-moldova/citizens-additional-checks/#link ^ Before you leave , Monaco Government Tourist Office . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Visa Information '' . Timatic . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ ( 5 ) ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Short - stay Schengen visa ( 90 days or less ) , Government of the Netherlands . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Persons who do not need a visa to visit Norway , Norwegian Directorate of Immigration . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Business Visa . Ministry of Interior of Pakistan ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Visa - free countries , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Poland . ^ Third countries whose citizens are required to have a visa , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Portugal . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Do I need a visa ? , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Romania . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Border formalities , San Marino Tourism Board . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ http://www.smf.st/virtualvisa/ ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Consular information and travel visa , Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of Slovakia . ^ Visa regimes and visas , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Slovenia . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Entry requirements , Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Spain . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ List of foreign citizens who require visa for entry into Sweden , Government of Sweden . ^ Overview of ID and visa provisions according to nationality , State Secretariat for Migration of Switzerland . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ https://www.evisa.tj ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Obtainable at the Presidente Nicolau Lobato International Airport or at the Dili Sea Port . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Uganda Electronic Visa / Permit Application System ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ ( 6 ) ^ UK visa requirements : list for carriers , Government of the United Kingdom , 2 October 2017 . ^ Travel without a visa , United States Department of State . ^ ( 7 ) ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Visa - free travel between Vietnam and Chile ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/asia-oceania/british-indian-ocean-territory?ta=entryRequirements&pg=4 ^ http://www.eritrea.be/MoT.htm ^ http://www.ascension-island.gov.ac/services/entry-permits/ ^ http://www.sthelenatourism.com/the-island/useful-info/ ^ http://www.tristandc.com/visitsadmin.php ^ http://www.lonelyplanet.com/somaliland-puntland-and-somalia/practical-information/visas ^ http://www.somalilandgov.com/Visa%20Application.htm ^ `` Republic of South Sudan Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 19 November 2013 . ^ Visit visa / entry permit requirements for the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region , Immigration Department of Hong Kong , April 2017 . ^ ( 8 ) ^ http://as.and.nic.in/TourismAND/TCorner/ForeignersNew.htm ^ http://arunachaltourism.com/entry_formalities.php ^ http://manipurbhawan.nic.in/entryformalities.htm ^ http://manipurhub.com/news/manipur/protected-area-permit-requirement-lifted-from-manipur-for-one-year/ ^ http://lakshadweeptourism.nic.in/web9.htm ^ `` Kazakhstan Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ `` Iran Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ Entry and exit of non-residents , Public Security Police Force of Macau . ^ `` Malaysia Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ `` Maldives Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ Tourist visa table , Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs , 23 May 2017 . ^ `` Israel Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ Visa , Bureau of Consular Affairs of Taiwan . ^ http://www.pamirs.org/visas.htm ^ http://www.traveltajikistan.com/visas/gbao.html ^ http://tajiktourism.com/tajikistan-visa/ ^ http://www.xzta.gov.cn/yww/Essential/Notice/4719.shtml ^ http://www.tibettravel.org/tibet-travel-permit/tibet-permits.html ^ http://www.tibettravelplanner.com/travel_permit.htm ^ http://www.vietseatourist.vn/News/category1/news-57/No-visa-required-for-tourists-to-Phu-Quoc-on-short-stay.html ^ `` Yemen Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 19 November 2013 . ^ Visa requirements for Anguilla , Government of Anguilla , October 2016 . ^ Do I need a visa for the Caribbean parts of the Kingdom ? , Government of the Netherlands . ^ `` Aruba Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 19 November 2013 . ^ Bermuda entry visas , Government of Bermuda . ^ Do I need a visa for the Caribbean parts of the Kingdom ? , Government of the Netherlands . ^ `` Bonaire , St. Eustatius , and Saba ( BES ) Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 19 November 2013 . ^ Visas , Tourism Board of the British Virgin Islands . ^ Visa - free and visa - required countries , Department of Immigration of the Cayman Islands . ^ Do I need a visa for the Caribbean parts of the Kingdom ? , Government of the Netherlands . ^ Ruling of 26 July 2011 regarding the documents and visas required for the entry of foreigners in the territory of Guadeloupe , French Guiana , Martinique , Réunion and the collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon , Légifrance ( in French ) . ^ Ruling of 26 July 2011 regarding the documents and visas required for the entry of foreigners in the territory of Guadeloupe , French Guiana , Martinique , Réunion and the collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon , Légifrance ( in French ) . ^ ( 9 ) ^ `` Vietnam Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 19 November 2013 . ^ ( 10 ) ^ Countries not requiring a visa , Immigration Department of Montserrat . ^ Travel without a visa , United States Department of State . ^ Do I need a visa for the Caribbean parts of the Kingdom ? , Government of the Netherlands . ^ `` Sint Maarten Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 19 November 2013 . ^ Requirements to obtain a Turks and Caicos visitor 's visa , Ministry of Border Control and Employment of the Turks and Caicos Islands . ^ Travel without a visa , United States Department of State . ^ http://mfaapsny.org/aps/council/visa.php ^ http://www.athosfriends.org/PilgrimsGuide/planning/ ^ http://www.mountathosinfos.gr/pages/agionoros/pilgrims_info.en.html ^ ( 11 ) ^ Foreigners Now Need Russian Visa to Visit Crimea ^ http://www.korinia.com/living-north-cyprus.php ^ http://www.cypnet.co.uk/ncyprus/tourism/tourist.html ^ http://www.unficyp.org/nqcontent.cfm?a_id=1608&tt=graphic&lang=l1 ^ Visas and immigration , Government of Gibraltar . ^ Do I require an entry clearance / VISA ^ An overview of Immigration in the Isle of Man ^ http://www.jan-mayen.no/visit.htm ^ http://www.lovdata.no/for/sf/jd/xd-19620601-0001.html ^ Visa and passport requirements for visitors ^ http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page=2,158 ^ http://www.nkr.am/en/the-procedure-of-foreign-citizens-entry-to-the-nkr/92/ ^ http://www.nkrusa.org/nkr_office/visa_travel.shtml ^ http://mfa.gov.az/index.php?options=content&id=587 ^ `` Russian Federation Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ http://mfa-rso.su/node/55 ^ http://mfa-rso.su/en/node/406 ^ http://www.luxlana.net/Transdniestr.html ^ http://transnistria-tour.com/en/rules-and-tipps ^ General information , American Samoa Visitors Bureau . ^ http://www.environment.gov.au/coasts/mpa/ashmore/activities.html ^ http://www.clipperton.fr/incagen.html?geopolitique.htm~main ^ http://www.cook-islands.gov.ck/faq.php ^ Travel without a visa , United States Department of State . ^ `` Fiji Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ Ruling of 29 December 2011 regarding the documents and visas required for the entry of foreigners in the territory of French Polynesia , Légifrance ( in French ) . ^ http://www.niueisland.com/getting-niue ^ Travel without a visa , United States Department of State . ^ http://www.visitpitcairn.pn/visitpitcairn/visaslegalinfo/touristinfo/index.html ^ http://www.government.pn/visaInfo.php ^ http://www.government.pn/immigration%20ordinance.pdf ^ http://www.fws.gov/bakerisland/visit.html ^ http://www.fws.gov/howlandisland/visit.html ^ http://www.fws.gov/jarvisisland/ ^ http://www.fws.gov/johnstonisland/visit.html ^ http://www.fws.gov/kingmanreef/visit.html ^ http://www.fws.gov/midway/visit.html ^ http://www.fws.gov/palmyraatoll/visit.html ^ Sistema de Calificación y Control de Residencia - Consejo de Gobierno de Galápagos ^ http://www.falklandislands.com/product.php/35/17/entry_and_exit_requirements/abce58e896311945651c12e01c7562dc ^ http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/south-america/south-georgia-south-sandwich#entryRequirements ^ http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/(v)Information_for_Visitors_to_South_Georgia?useskin=vis ^ http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/about_antarctica/tourism/index.php ^ http://www.fco.gov.uk/content/en/travel-advice/north-central-south-america/12940285/fco_trv_ca_britishantarcticterr?ta=travelSummary&pg=1 ^ http://britishantarcticterritory.fco.gov.uk/en/tourism/ ^ http://www.taaf.fr/Acces-a-l-Antarctique ^ http://www.taaf.fr/Acces-aux-iles-australes ^ http://www.taaf.fr/Acces-aux-iles-Eparses ^ http://www.dna.gov.ar/DIVULGAC/INDEX.HTM ^ http://www.antarctica.gov.au/living-and-working/predeparture/expeditioner-engagement-information ^ http://www.heardisland.aq/about/frequently-asked-questions#visit_heard_island ^ http://www.npolar.no/en/antarctica/peter-I-oy.html ^ http://www.npolar.no/en/antarctica/dronning-maud-land.html ^ http://www.mfat.govt.nz/Foreign-Relations/Antarctica/3-New-Zealand-Procedures-for-Visitors-to-Antarctica/index.php ^ APEC Business Travel Card ^ APEC Business Travel Card Visa policy by country Visa Passport Travel document Africa Central Angola Cameroon Central African Republic Chad DR Congo R Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon São Tomé and Príncipe Eastern Burundi Comoros Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Rwanda Seychelles Somalia ( Somaliland ) South Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Northern Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Sudan Tunisia Southern Botswana Lesotho Namibia Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha South Africa Swaziland Western Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Liberia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Americas Caribbean Dutch Caribbean ( Aruba , Caribbean Netherlands , Curaçao , Sint Maarten ) Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Haiti Jamaica Montserrat Puerto Rico St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Central Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama North Bermuda Canada Mexico United States South Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Falkland Islands Guyana Paraguay Peru South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Asia Central & North Afghanistan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan East China Hong Kong Macau Japan North Korea South Korea Mongolia Taiwan ( Republic of China ) South Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Southeast ( ASEAN ) Brunei Cambodia East Timor Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam Western Abkhazia Akrotiri and Dhekelia Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Bahrain Cyprus Egypt Georgia Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Northern Cyprus Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia South Ossetia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Europe European Union / EFTA Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Cyprus Denmark Faroe Islands Estonia Finland France Overseas Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Overseas Norway Svalbard Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Overseas Other Europe Abkhazia Akrotiri and Dhekelia Albania Andorra Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Georgia Kazakhstan Kosovo Macedonia Moldova Monaco Montenegro Northern Cyprus Russia San Marino Serbia South Ossetia Transnistria Turkey Ukraine Vatican City Oceania American Samoa Australia Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Pitcairn Islands Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu British Overseas Territories . Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia , therefore Russia as a whole is included as a European country here . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Azerbaijan ( Artsakh ) and Georgia ( Abkhazia ; South Ossetia ) are transcontinental countries . Both have part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Has part of its territories located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe . Armenia and Cyprus ( Northern Cyprus ; Akrotiri and Dhekelia ) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East . Has part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai Peninsula . Part of the Realm of New Zealand . Partially recognized . Unincorporated territory of the United States . Part of Norway , not part of the Schengen Area , special open - border status under Svalbard Treaty Visa requirements Visa Passport Travel document Africa Central Angolan Cameroonian Central African Republic Chadian DR Congo R Congo Equatorial Guinean Gabonese Santomean Eastern Burundian Comorian Djiboutian Eritrean Ethiopian Kenyan Malagasy Malawian Mauritian Mozambican Rwandan Seychellois Somali ( Somaliland ) South Sudanese Tanzanian Ugandan Zambian Zimbabwean Northern Algerian Egyptian Libyan Moroccan Sudanese Tunisian Southern Botswana Lesotho Namibian Saint Helena South African Swazi Western Beninese Burkinabe Cape Verdean Gambian Ghanaian Guinean Guinea - Bissauan Ivorian Liberian Malian Mauritanian Nigerian Nigerien Senegalese Sierra Leonean Togolese Americas Caribbean Anguillan Antigua and Barbuda Bahamian Barbadian British Virgin Islands Caymanian Cuban Dominica Dominican Republic Grenadian Haitian Jamaican Montserratian Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucian Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands Central Belizean Costa Rican El Salvador Guatemalan Honduran Nicaraguan Panamanian North Bermudian Canadian Mexican United States South Argentine Bolivian Brazilian Chilean Colombian Ecuadorian Guyanese Paraguayan Peruvian Surinamese Uruguayan Venezuelan Asia Central & North Afghanistani Kazakhstani Kyrgyzstani Russian Tajik Turkmen Uzbekistani East Chinese Hong Kongese Macanese Japanese North Korean South Korean Mongolian Taiwanese South Bangladeshi Bhutanese Indian Maldivian Nepalese Pakistani Sri Lankan Southeast Bruneian Cambodian East Timorese Indonesian Laotian Malaysian Myanmar Philippine Singaporean Thai Vietnamese Western Abkhaz Armenian Artsakh Azerbaijani Bahraini Cypriot Egyptian Georgian Emirati Iranian Iraqi Israeli Jordanian Kuwaiti Lebanese Northern Cypriot Omani Palestinian Qatari Saudi South Ossetian Syrian Turkish Yemeni Europe European Union Austrian Belgian British ( BOTC BN ( O ) BOC ) Bulgarian Croatian Cypriot Czech Danish Dutch Estonian ( Non-citizens ) Finnish French German Greek Hungarian Irish Italian Latvian ( Non-citizens ) Lithuanian Luxembourg Maltese Polish Portuguese Romanian Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swedish Other Europe Abkhaz Albanian Andorran Armenian Artsakh Azerbaijani Belarusian Bosnian and Herzegovinian Georgian Gibraltar Icelandic Kazakhstani Kosovan Liechtenstein Macedonia Moldovan Monégasque Montenegrin Northern Cypriot Norwegian Russian San Marino Serbian South Ossetian Sovereign Military Order of Malta Swiss Transnistrian Turkish Ukrainian Vatican City Oceania Australian Fijian Kiribati Marshallese Micronesian Nauruan New Zealand Palauan Papua New Guinean Pitcairn Islands Samoan Solomon Islands Tongan Tuvaluan Vanuatuan British Overseas Territories . Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The vast majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has a small part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Azerbaijan and Georgia ( Abkhazia ; South Ossetia ) are transcontinental countries . Both have a small part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Has a small part of its territories located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe . Armenia ( Artsakh ) and Cyprus ( Northern Cyprus ) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East . Has a small part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai peninsula . Partially recognized . Immigration law Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visa_requirements_for_Chilean_citizens&oldid=827864789 '' Categories : Visa requirements by nationality Foreign relations of Chile Hidden categories : Articles with Spanish - language external links Articles with Azerbaijani - language external links Articles with German - language external links Articles with French - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 February 2018 , at 04 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	do you need a visa to travel to chile from the us	[]	[]
7924117555189772584	New moon	New moon - wikipedia New moon Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see New moon ( disambiguation ) . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article has an unclear citation style . The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A graphic depicting the new moon phase In astronomy , the new moon is the first lunar phase , when the Moon and Sun have the same ecliptic longitude . At this phase , the lunar disk is not visible to the unaided eye , except when silhouetted during a solar eclipse . Daylight outshines the earthlight that dimly illuminates the dark side of the new Moon . The actual phase is usually a very thin crescent because the Moon rarely passes directly in front of the Sun , except in a solar eclipse . The original meaning of the term new moon , which is still sometimes used in non-astronomical contexts , was the first visible crescent of the Moon , after conjunction with the Sun . This crescent Moon is briefly visible when low above the western horizon shortly after sunset and before moonset . A lunation or synodic month is the average time from one new moon to the next . In the J2000. 0 epoch , the average length of a lunation is 29.530588 days ( or 29 days , 12 hours , 44 minutes , and 2.8 seconds ) . However , the length of any one synodic month can vary from 29.26 to 29.80 days due to the perturbing effects of the Sun 's gravity on the Moon 's eccentric orbit . In a lunar calendar , each month corresponds to a lunation . Each lunar cycle can be assigned a unique lunation number to identify it . Contents ( hide ) 1 Determining new moons : an approximate formula 1.1 Explanation of the formula 2 Lunation Number 3 Lunar calendars 3.1 Hindu calendar 3.2 Islamic calendar 3.3 Chinese calendar 3.4 Jewish calendar 3.5 Bahá'í calendar 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Determining new moons : an approximate formula ( edit ) This article contains instructions , advice , or how - to content . The purpose of Wikipedia is to present facts , not to train . Please help improve this article either by rewriting the how - to content or by moving it to Wikiversity , Wikibooks or Wikivoyage . ( January 2018 ) The length of a lunation is about 29.53 days . Its precise duration is linked to many phenomena in nature , such as the variation between spring and neap tides ( the extreme highest and lowest tides , respectively ) . An approximate formula to compute the mean moments of new moon ( conjunction between Sun and Moon ) for successive months is : d = 5.597661 + 29.5305888610 × N + ( 102.026 × 10 − 12 ) × N 2 ( \ displaystyle d = 5.597661 + 29.5305888610 \ times N+ ( 102.026 \ times 10 ^ ( - 12 ) ) \ times N ^ ( 2 ) ) where N is an integer , starting with 0 for the first new moon in the year 2000 , and that is incremented by 1 for each successive synodic month ; and the result d is the number of days ( and fractions ) since 2000 - 01 - 01 00 : 00 : 00 reckoned in the time scale known as Terrestrial Time ( TT ) used in ephemerides . To obtain this moment expressed in Universal Time ( UT , world clock time ) , add the result of following approximate correction to the result d obtained above : − 0.000739 − ( 235 × 10 − 12 ) × N 2 ( \ displaystyle - 0.000739 - ( 235 \ times 10 ^ ( - 12 ) ) \ times N ^ ( 2 ) ) days Periodic perturbations change the time of true conjunction from these mean values . For all new moons between 1601 and 2401 , the maximum difference is 0.592 days = 14h13m in either direction . The duration of a lunation ( i.e. the time from new moon to the next new moon ) varies in this period between 29.272 and 29.833 days , i.e. − 0.259 d = 6h12m shorter , or + 0.302 d = 7h15m longer than average . This range is smaller than the difference between mean and true conjunction , because during one lunation the periodic terms can not all change to their maximum opposite value . See the article on the full moon cycle for a fairly simple method to compute the moment of new moon more accurately . The long - term error of the formula is approximately : 1 cy seconds in TT , and 11 cy seconds in UT ( cy is centuries since 2000 ; see section Explanation of the formulae for details . ) Explanation of the formula ( edit ) The moment of mean conjunction can easily be computed from an expression for the mean ecliptical longitude of the Moon minus the mean ecliptical longitude of the Sun ( Delauney parameter D ) . Jean Meeus gave formulae to compute this in his Astronomical Formulae for Calculators based on the ephemerides of Brown and Newcomb ( ca . 1900 ) ; and in his 1st edition of Astronomical Algorithms based on the ELP2000 - 85 ( the 2nd edition uses ELP2000 - 82 with improved expressions from Chapront et al. in 1998 ) . These are now outdated : Chapront et al. ( 2002 ) published improved parameters . Also Meeus 's formula uses a fractional variable to allow computation of the four main phases , and uses a second variable for the secular terms . For the convenience of the reader , the formula given above is based on Chapront 's latest parameters and expressed with a single integer variable , and the following additional terms have been added : constant term : Like Meeus , apply the constant terms of the aberration of light for the Sun 's motion and light - time correction for the Moon to obtain the apparent difference in ecliptical longitudes : Sun : + 20.496 '' Moon : − 0.704 '' Correction in conjunction : − 0.000451 days For UT : at 1 January 2000 , ΔT ( = TT − UT ) was + 63.83 s ; hence the correction for the clock time UT = TT − ΔT of the conjunction is : − 0.000739 days . quadratic term : In ELP2000 -- 85 ( see Chapront et alii 1988 ) , D has a quadratic term of − 5.8681 `` T ; expressed in lunations N , this yields a correction of + 87.403 × 10 N days to the time of conjunction . The term includes a tidal contribution of 0.5 × ( − 23.8946 `` / cy ) . The most current estimate from Lunar Laser Ranging for the acceleration is ( see Chapront et alii 2002 ) : ( − 25.858 ± 0.003 ) '' / cy . Therefore , the new quadratic term of D is = - 6.8498 `` T. Indeed , the polynomial provided by Chapront et alii ( 2002 ) provides the same value ( their Table 4 ) . This translates to a correction of + 14.622 × 10 N days to the time of conjunction ; the quadratic term now is : + 102.026 × 10 N days . For UT : analysis of historical observations shows that ΔT has a long - term increase of + 31 s / cy . Converted to days and lunations , the correction from ET to UT becomes : − 235 × 10 N days . The theoretical tidal contribution to ΔT is about + 42 s / cy the smaller observed value is thought to be mostly due to changes in the shape of the Earth . Because the discrepancy is not fully explained , uncertainty of our prediction of UT ( rotation angle of the Earth ) may be as large as the difference between these values : 11 s / cy . The error in the position of the Moon itself is only maybe 0.5 `` / cy , or ( because the apparent mean angular velocity of the Moon is about 0.5 '' / s ) , 1 s / cy in the time of conjunction with the Sun . Lunation Number ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Lunation Number or Lunation Cycle is a number given to each lunation beginning from a certain one in history . Several conventions are in use . The most commonly used is the Brown Lunation Number ( BLN ) , which defines lunation 1 as beginning at the first new moon of 1923 , the year when Ernest William Brown 's lunar theory was introduced in the major national astronomical almanacs . Lunation 1 occurred at approximately 02 : 41 UTC , January 17 , 1923 . New moons occur on Julian Dates 2449128.59 + 29.53058867 ∗ ( B L N − 871 ) ± 0.25 ( \ displaystyle 2449128.59 + 29.53058867 * ( \ mathrm ( BLN ) - 871 ) \ pm 0.25 ) , with the given uncertainty due to varying torques from the sun . Another increasingly popular lunation number ( simply called the Lunation Number ) , introduced by Jean Meeus , defines lunation 0 as beginning on the first new moon of 2000 ( this occurred at approximately 18 : 14 UTC , January 6 , 2000 ) . The formula relating this Lunation Number with the Brown Lunation Number is : BLN = LN + 953 . The Goldstine Lunation Number refers to the lunation numbering used by Herman Goldstine in his 1973 book New and Full Moons : 1001 B.C. to A.D. 1651 , with lunation 0 beginning on January 11 , 1001 BC , and can be calculated using GLN = LN + 37105 . The Hebrew Lunation Number is the count of lunations in the Hebrew calendar with lunation 1 beginning on October 7 , 3761 BC . It can be calculated using HLN = LN + 71234 . The Islamic Lunation Number is the count of lunations in the Islamic calendar with lunation 1 as beginning on July 16 , 622 . It can be calculated using ILN = LN + 17038 . The Thai Lunation Number is called `` มา ส เกณฑ์ '' ( Maasa - Kendha ) , defines lunation 0 as beginning of the SouthEast - Asian Calendar on Sunday March 22 , 638 ( Julian Calendar ) . It can be calculated using TLN = LN + 16843 . Lunar calendars ( edit ) See also : Lunar calendar This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In non-astronomical contexts , new moon refers to the first visible crescent of the Moon , after conjunction with the Sun . This takes place over the western horizon in a brief period between sunset and moonset , and therefore the precise time and even the date of the appearance of the new moon by this definition will be influenced by the geographical location of the observer . The astronomical new moon , sometimes known as the dark moon to avoid confusion , occurs by definition at the moment of conjunction in ecliptical longitude with the Sun , when the Moon is invisible from the Earth . This moment is unique and does not depend on location , and in certain circumstances it coincides with a solar eclipse . In the above meaning , the first crescent marks the beginning of the month in the Islamic calendar , and in some lunisolar calendars such as the Hebrew calendar . In the Chinese calendar , the beginning of the month is marked by the dark moon . The new moon is also important in astrology , as is the full moon . Hindu calendar ( edit ) The new moon is significant in the Hindu calendar . People generally wait for the new moon to begin projects , as the waxing period of the moon is considered to be favorable for new work . There are fifteen moon dates for each of the waxing and waning periods . These fifteen dates divided evenly into five categories : Nanda , Bhadra ' , Jaya , Rikta , and Purna , which are cycled through in that order . Nanda dates are considered to be favorable for auspicious works ; Bhadra dates for works related with community , social , family , friends ; and Jaya dates for dealing with conflict . Rikta dates are considered beneficial only for works related to cruelty . Purna dates are considered to be favorable for all work . The first day of the Lunar Hindu calendar starts the day after the new moon ( Amavasya ) , which is considered a powerful force for good or evil . The Hindu epic Mahabharatha states that the Kurukshetra War started this day , which was also a Tuesday ( Mangalvaar , day of the week named after Mars ) . Islamic calendar ( edit ) The Islamic calendar has retained an observational definition of the new moon , marking the new month when the first crescent moon is actually seen , and making it impossible to be certain in advance of when a specific month will begin ( in particular , the exact date on which Ramadan will begin is not known in advance ) . In Saudi Arabia , the new King Abdullah Centre for Crescent Observations and Astronomy in Makkah has a clock for addressing this as an international scientific project . In Pakistan , there is a `` Central Ruet - e-Hilal Committee '' whose head is Mufti Muneeb - ur - Rehman , assisted by 150 observatories of the Pakistan Meteorological Department , which announces the sighting of the new moon . Since its creation in 1974 , the status of the Central Ruet - e-Hilal Committee has been controversial as it refused the `` Witnesses '' ( Shahadats ) from other sects . In Iran a special committee receives observations of every new moon to determine the beginning of each month . This committee uses one hundred groups of observers . An attempt to unify Muslims on a scientifically calculated worldwide calendar was adopted by both the Fiqh Council of North America and the European Council for Fatwa and Research in 2007 . The new calculation requires that conjunction occur before sunset in Mecca , Saudi Arabia , and that moonset on the following day must take place after sunset . These can be precisely calculated and therefore a unified calendar is imminent if it becomes adopted worldwide . Chinese calendar ( edit ) The new moon is the beginning of the month in the Chinese calendar . Some Buddhist Chinese keep a vegetarian diet on the new moon and full moon each month . Jewish calendar ( edit ) Main article : Rosh Chodesh The new moon signifies the start of every Jewish month , and is considered an important date and minor holiday in the Hebrew calendar . The modern form of the calendar is a rule - based lunisolar calendar , akin to the Chinese calendar , measuring months defined in lunar cycles as well as years measured in solar cycles , and distinct from the purely lunar Islamic calendar and the predominantly solar Gregorian calendar . The Jewish calendar is calculated based on mathematical rules designed to ensure that festivals are observed in their traditional season . Passover always falls in the springtime . This fixed lunisolar calendar follows rules introduced by Hillel II and refined until the ninth century This calculation makes use of a mean lunation length used by Ptolemy and handed down from Babylonians , which is still very accurate : ca . 29.530594 days vs. a present value ( see below ) of 29.530589 days . This difference of only 0.0000005 , or five millionths of a day , adds up to about only four hours since Babylonian times . The messianic Pentecostal group , the New Israelites of Peru , keeps the new moon as a Sabbath of rest . As an evangelical church , it follows the Bible 's teachings that God sanctified the seventh - day Sabbath , and the new moons in addition to it . See Ezekiel 46 : 1 , 3 . No work may be done from dusk until dusk , and the services run for 11 hours , although a large number spend 24 hours within the gates of the temples , sleeping and singing praises throughout the night . Bahá'í calendar ( edit ) In the Bahá'í Faith , effective from 2015 onwards , the `` Twin Holy Birthdays '' , referring to two successive holy days in the Bahá'í calendar ( the birth of the Báb and the birth of Bahá'u'lláh ) , will be observed on the first and the second day following the occurrence of the eighth new moon after Naw - Rúz ( Bahá'í New Year ) , as determined in advance by astronomical tables using Tehran as the point of reference . This will result in the observance of the Twin Birthdays moving , year to year , from mid-October to mid-November according to the Gregorian calendar . See also ( edit ) Moon portal Solar eclipse Dark moon Black moon Blue moon Hilal Lunar phase Wet moon Lilith ( hypothetical moon ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ On July 8 , 2013 , French astrophotographer Thierry Legault successfully photographed the new Moon , although the crescent itself was invisible to the unaided eye . ( astrophoto.fr ) Jump up ^ Annual aberration is the ratio of Earth 's orbital velocity ( around 30 km / s ) to the speed of light ( about 300,000 km / s ) , which shifts the Sun 's apparent position relative to the celestial sphere toward the west by about 1 / 10,000 radian . Light - time correction for the Moon is the distance it moves during the time it takes its light to reach Earth divided by the Earth - Moon distance , yielding an angle in radians by which its apparent position lags behind its computed geometric position . Light - time correction for the Sun is negligible because it is almost motionless relative to the barycenter ( center - of - mass ) of the solar system during the 8.3 minutes that light travels between Sun and Earth . The aberration of light for the Moon is also negligible ( the center of the Earth moves too slowly around the Earth - Moon barycenter ( 0.002 km / s ) ; and the so - called diurnal aberration , caused by the motion of an observer on the surface of the rotating Earth ( 0.5 km / s at the equator ) can be neglected . Although aberration and light - time are often combined as planetary aberration , Meeus separated them ( op. cit . p. 210 ) . Jump up ^ Apparent mean solar longitude is − 20.496 '' from mean geometric longitude ; apparent mean lunar longitude − 0.704 '' from mean geometric longitude ; correction to D = Moon − Sun is − 0.704 '' + 20.496 '' = + 19.792 '' that the apparent Moon is ahead of the apparent Sun ; divided by 360 × 3600 `` / circle is 1.527 × 10 part of a circle ; multiplied by 29.53 ... days for the Moon to travel a full circle with respect to the Sun is 0.000451 days that the apparent Moon reaches the apparent Sun ahead of time . Jump up ^ see e.g. `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 17 . ; the IERS is the official source for these numbers ; they provide TAI − UTC here and UT1 − UTC here ; ΔT = 32.184 s + ( TAI − UTC ) − ( UT1 − UTC ) Jump up ^ delay is − ( − 5.8681 `` ) / ( 60 × 60 × 360 `` / circle ) / ( 36525 / 29.530 ... lunations per Julian century ) × ( 29.530 ... days / lunation ) days Jump up ^ − 5.8681 '' + 0.5 × ( − 25.858 − − 23.8946 ) Jump up ^ 31 s / ( 86400 s / d ) / ( ( 36525 d / cy ) / ( 29.530 ... d / lunation ) ) Jump up ^ from differences of various earlier determinations of the tidal acceleration , see e.g. Stephenson 1997 op. cit . par. 2.2. 3 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Meeus , Jean ( 1991 ) . Astronomical Algorithms . Willmann - Bell . ISBN 0 - 943396 - 35 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` new moon '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . September 2005 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Jump up ^ Espenak , Fred . `` Eclipses and the Moon 's Orbit '' . NASA Eclipse Web Site . NASA . Retrieved 11 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Jawad , Ala'a H. ( November 1993 ) . Roger W. Sinnott , ed . `` How Long Is a Lunar Month ? '' . Sky&Telescope : 76 ... 77 . Jump up ^ Meeus , Jean ( 2002 ) . The duration of the lunation , in More Mathematical Astronomy Morsels . Willmann - Bell , Richmond VA USA . pp. 19 ... 31 . ISBN 0 - 943396 - 74 - 3 . Jump up ^ formula 47.1 in Jean Meeus ( 1991 ) : Astronomical Algorithms ( 1st ed . ) ISBN 0 - 943396 - 35 - 2 Jump up ^ M. Chapront - Touzé , J. Chapront ( 1988 ) : `` ELP2000 - 85 : a semianalytical lunar ephemeris adequate for historical times '' . Astronomy & Astrophysics 190 , 342 ... 352 Jump up ^ J. Chapront , M. Chapront - Touzé , G. Francou ( 2002 ) : `` A new determination of lunar orbital parameters , precession constant , and tidal acceleration from LLR measurements '' . Astronomy & Astrophysics 387 , 700 -- 709 Jump up ^ Derived Constant No. 14 from the IAU ( 1976 ) System of Astronomical Constants ( proceedings of IAU Sixteenth General Assembly ( 1976 ) : Transactions of the IAU XVIB p. 58 ( 1977 ) ) ; or any astronomical almanac ; or e.g. Astronomical units and constants Jump up ^ formula in : G.M. Clemence , J.G. Porter , D.H. Sadler ( 1952 ) : `` Aberration in the lunar ephemeris '' , Astronomical Journal 57 ( 5 ) ( # 1198 ) pp. 46 ... 47 ; but computed with the conventional value of 384400 km for the mean distance which gives a different rounding in the last digit . Jump up ^ F.R. Stephenson , Historical Eclipses and Earth 's Rotation . Cambridge University Press 1997 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 46194 - 4 . p. 507 , eq. 14.3 Jump up ^ Stephenson 1997 op. cit . p. 38 eq. 2.8 Jump up ^ Stephenson 1997 op. cit . par. 14.8 Jump up ^ Lunation number in ScienceWorld Jump up ^ `` new moon '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . September 2005 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Jump up ^ `` Senate body decides to draft Ruet - e-Hilal Constitution '' . Jump up ^ Fiqh Council of North America Decision : `` Astronomical Calculations and Ramadan '' Jump up ^ Islamic Society of North America Decision : `` Revised ISNA Ramadan and Eid Announcement '' Jump up ^ `` A Buddhist Perspective on Fasting '' . www.urbandharma.org . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ Posner , Menachem ( 2016 ) . `` How Does the Spring Equinox Relate to the Timing of Passover ? '' . Chabad . Retrieved 9 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Momen , Moojan ( 2014 ) . The Badí ` ( Bahá'í ) Calendar : An Introduction . Jump up ^ The Universal House of Justice ( 2014 - 07 - 10 ) . `` To the Bahá'ís of the World '' . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 01 . 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-670272242863563880	Just a Girl	Just a Girl - wikipedia Just a Girl Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Just a Girl ( disambiguation ) . For the Bonnie Pink album , see Just a Girl ( album ) . For the silent film , see Just a Girl ( film ) . `` Just a Girl '' Standard artwork ( US Enhanced CD single pictured ) Single by No Doubt from the album Tragic Kingdom B - side `` Different People '' `` Open the Gate '' Released September 21 , 1995 ( United States ) Format CD Recorded Genre Punk rock new wave Length 3 : 28 Label Interscope Songwriter ( s ) Gwen Stefani Tom Dumont Producer ( s ) Matthew Wilder No Doubt singles chronology `` Squeal '' ( 1994 ) `` Just a Girl '' ( 1995 ) `` Spiderwebs '' ( 1995 ) `` Squeal '' ( 1994 ) `` Just a Girl '' ( 1995 ) `` Spiderwebs '' ( 1995 ) Music video Just a Girl at Youtube.com `` Just a Girl '' is a song by the American rock band No Doubt . The song was released in 1995 and helped the band break into mainstream music , peaking at number 23 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 . Upon release in the UK in 1996 the song only reached number 38 . However , after the massive success of `` Do n't Speak '' the song was re-released and managed a peak of number 3 . `` Just a Girl '' was first aired on the Californian radio show Ska Parade . It was also featured in the movie Clueless and the opening credits of Romy and Michele 's High School Reunion . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and writing 2 Music 3 Music video 4 Charts 4.1 Peak positions 4.2 End of year charts 5 Track listings 6 Cover versions 7 References 8 External links Background and writing ( edit ) After primary songwriter Eric Stefani left No Doubt in 1994 , the rest of the band took on the role of songwriters for the band , which dramatically changed the band 's musical style . Tragic Kingdom was the first album on which the band had written most of the material and singer Gwen Stefani had written the lyrics , and there were claims that the band had `` sold out '' - dropped their own style to pick up a more popular one in order to make more money . Tom Dumont explained the change of style in an interview with Backstage Online : `` This album was our first attempt ( to write simpler music ) . It was Gwen 's first time really writing all the lyrics herself so to me , it went the opposite from selling out , we have done something that is even more personal . In the past , Eric was writing songs about his life and having Gwen sing them . Now we have Gwen singing and writing about her own experiences . It makes it more natural . She 's a singer , she should sing about herself or sing what she wants to sing . I think that is the main reason why our musical style has changed . '' The song itself is written about Gwen Stefani 's exasperation over female stereotypes , portraying women as weak and in need of a man to look after them . It has distinct feminist undertones . This is evident from lyrics such as `` Do n't you think I know / Exactly where I stand ? / This world is forcing me / To hold your hand . '' She explained her inspiration in an interview for BAM Magazine : `` I wrote that because my dad got mad at me for going to Tony ( Kanal , No Doubt bassist ) 's house and driving home late at night . I mean , c'mon , I 'm , like , going on 30 here ! I would n't trade ( being female ) , but I really do n't think guys understand what a burden it can be sometimes . '' Music ( edit ) The song 's main riff , performed on a guitar and a Roland Jupiter - 8 . `` Just a Girl '' is a moderately fast song at 108 beats per minute and is written in the key of D major . Like the majority of popular music , it is set in common time . The voice of the singer , Gwen Stefani , spans nearly an octave and a half , from B to E in scientific pitch notation . The opening riff that Dumont uses was taken from an earlier effort by keyboardist Eric Stefani . The song is heavily influenced by new wave music , using synth noise from a Roland Jupiter - 8 , ' 80s keyboards and effects , and retro sounds . Music video ( edit ) The music video was directed by Mark Kohr . The video begins with the band members loading their silver car with recording equipment in front of the Stefani household . Gwen Stefani stands in front of a damaged red car and sings . They drive away , with Tom Dumont , Gwen Stefani and Tony Kanal sitting in the backseats . The band arrive at a building where Stefani enters the ladies ' bathroom , carrying a boombox , and the rest of the band enters the gents ' , carrying speakers , instruments and electrical equipment . The ladies ' bathroom is clean , brightly decorated and well furnished with flowers , fruit and two female assistants . The gents ' bathroom is dark , dirty and bare - walled . The men set up and play their equipment in the gents ' while Stefani sings in ladies ' . Various men and women enter their respective bathrooms ; the men use the urinals and the women check their make - up , before dancing with the band . Eventually , the men take to lifting each other through the ceiling to get into the other bathroom and the video ends with everyone dancing together in the ladies ' . Charts ( edit ) Peak positions ( edit ) Chart ( 1996 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 37 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 30 Canada Rock / Alternative ( RPM ) 25 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 14 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 9 Norway ( VG - lista ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 14 US Billboard Hot 100 23 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 24 US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 10 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 38 Chart ( 1997 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 21 France ( SNEP ) 28 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 24 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 31 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) End of year charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1996 ) Position U.S. Billboard Hot 100 68 Track listings ( edit ) American CD single `` Just a Girl '' -- 3 : 28 `` Different People '' -- 4 : 34 `` Just a Girl '' ( video ) European CD single `` Just a Girl '' -- 3 : 28 `` Just a Girl '' ( live from London , UK ) -- 5 : 39 `` Do n't Speak '' ( live from Hamburg , Germany ) -- 5 : 28 `` Hey You ! '' ( live from Den Haag , the Netherlands ) -- 3 : 20 German CD single `` Just a Girl '' -- 3 : 28 `` Different People '' -- 4 : 34 `` Open the Gate '' -- 3 : 38 Cover versions ( edit ) JC Chasez 's band Girl Radical released a cover version on iTunes in August 2013 . Country music duo Bomshel recorded a cover version on its 2009 debut album Fight Like a Girl . Miranda Cosgrove sang a cover version on her 2011 Dancing Crazy Tour . Kaela Kimura performed a cover of the song during her MTV Unplugged episode . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` No Doubt : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ Layne , Anni . `` The Ska Parade Is Coming To Town '' . Rolling Stone . May 9 , 1998 . Retrieved April 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Tom Dumont '' . No Doubt official website . October 31 , 1996 . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2008 . Retrieved October 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hermanson , Wendy ( November 17 , 1995 ) . `` Just a Girl '' . BAM . San Francisco . ISSN 0194 - 5793 . OCLC 4855429 . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2008 . Retrieved October 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` BPM Database for No Doubt '' . bpmdatabase.com . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Just a Girl '' sheet music . Hal Leonard Corporation . 1995 . Jump up ^ `` Just a Girl '' . Montoya , Paris and Lanham , Tom . 2003 . The Singles 1992 - 2003 ( liner notes ) . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- No Doubt -- Just a Girl '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- No Doubt -- Just a Girl '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- No Doubt -- Just a Girl '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Rock / Alternative Tracks : Issue 2982 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- No Doubt -- Just a Girl '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- No Doubt -- Just a Girl '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- No Doubt -- Just a Girl '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- No Doubt -- Just a Girl '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` No Doubt -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for No Doubt . Jump up ^ `` No Doubt -- Chart history '' Billboard Pop Songs for No Doubt . Jump up ^ `` No Doubt -- Chart history '' Billboard Alternative Songs for No Doubt . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- No Doubt -- Just a Girl '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- No Doubt -- Just a Girl '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- No Doubt Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- No Doubt -- Just a Girl '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` No Doubt : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1996 '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` American track listing of `` Just a Girl '' `` . No Doubt official website . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2008 . Retrieved October 26 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` International track listing of `` Just a Girl '' `` . No Doubt official website . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2008 . Retrieved October 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 木村カエラ、ビルボードでしっとり大人な「 MTV Unplugged 」ライブ '' . Natalie. 15 January 2017 . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . External links ( edit ) No Doubt 's official site `` Just a Girl '' lyrics and guitar tabulature ( hide ) No Doubt singles Discography Songs No Doubt `` Trapped in a Box '' The Beacon Street Collection `` Squeal '' Tragic Kingdom `` Just a Girl '' `` Spiderwebs '' `` Do n't Speak '' `` Excuse Me Mr . '' `` Happy Now ? '' `` Sunday Morning '' `` Hey You ! '' Return of Saturn `` New '' `` Ex-Girlfriend '' `` Simple Kind of Life '' `` Bathwater '' Rock Steady `` Hey Baby '' `` Hella Good '' `` Underneath It All '' `` Running '' Push and Shove `` Settle Down '' `` Looking Hot '' Other singles `` It 's My Life '' `` Bathwater ( Invincible Overlord Remix ) '' Promotional singles `` Making Out '' `` Stand and Deliver '' `` Push and Shove '' Other songs `` Love to Love You Baby '' `` Monkey Man '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Just_a_Girl&oldid=800131062 '' Categories : 1995 singles No Doubt songs Songs with feminist themes Songs written by Gwen Stefani Bomshel songs Songs written by Tom Dumont 1993 songs American new wave songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canadarock Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardalternativesongs Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Switzerland Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Português Simple English Slovenčina Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 17 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	i'm just a girl by no doubt	[]	[]
-4972267564383958923	Carmelite Sisters of the Most Sacred Heart of Los Angeles	Carmelite Sisters of the Most Sacred Heart of Los Angeles - wikipedia Carmelite Sisters of the Most Sacred Heart of Los Angeles Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Carmelite Sisters of the Most Sacred Heart of Los Angeles is a Roman Catholic religious institute of the Carmelite Order founded by Venerable Mother Maria Luisa Josefa of the Most Blessed Sacrament , also known as Mother Luisita . It is based in Alhambra , California , outside Los Angeles . Contents ( hide ) 1 About the Carmelite Sisters 2 History 3 Apostolic Work 3.1 Elder Care 3.2 Retreat Work 3.3 Education 3.3. 1 Child Care Centers 3.3. 2 Elementary Schools 3.3. 3 High Schools 4 Carmelite Saints 5 Sources 6 References 7 External links About the Carmelite Sisters ( edit ) The way of life of the Carmelite Sisters of the Most Sacred Heart of Los Angeles is rooted in the Gospel , the Church , and the spirituality of Carmel as lived out through the charism of their foundress , Venerable Mother Maria Luisa Josefa of the Most Blessed Sacrament . Their mission statement is three-fold : `` Educating for Life with the Mind and Heart of Christ '' in schools ; being `` At the Service of the Family for Life '' through eldercare ; and `` Fostering a Deeper Spiritual Life '' through individual and group retreats . History ( edit ) In the 1920s during the revolution and religious persecution in Mexico , Mother Luisita established schools , hospitals , and orphanages despite being scrutinized by the government . The very persecution which sought to destroy her work only spread it to another land when Mother Luisita and two companions entered the United States as religious refugees in 1927 . They established roots in the Archdiocese of Los Angeles . The community has grown since its humble beginnings with 3 sisters in 1927 . Today , the Carmelite Sisters of the Most Sacred Heart of Los Angeles has grown to 143 professed sisters . Apostolic work ( edit ) Although most Carmelites are cloistered nuns , the Carmelite Sisters of the Most Sacred Heart of Los Angeles are an active community combining the contemplative charism of Carmel and bringing this spirit out to the world through services in elder care , education and retreat work . They carry out this work at 13 sites located in the states of California , Arizona , Colorado and Florida , serving tens of thousands of people yearly . Elder Care ( edit ) Santa Teresita - established 1930 ( Skilled Nursing & Assisted Living ) Avila Gardens - established 2000 ( Independent Living ) Marycrest Manor - established 1956 ( Skilled Nursing ) Retreat Work ( edit ) Sacred Heart Retreat House - established 1941 St. Joseph 's Conference and Evangelization Center Education ( edit ) Child Care Centers ( edit ) Little Flower Educational Child Care Center - established 1929 Hayden Child Care Center - established 1958 Elementary Schools ( edit ) Saint Joseph ( La Puente , CA ) Saint Philomena ( Carson , CA ) Holy Innocents ( Long Beach , CA ) Loretto School ( Douglas , AZ ) St. Theresa ( Coral Gables , FL ) Saints Peter and Paul ( Wheat Ridge , CO ) High Schools ( edit ) Coleman F. Carroll High School ( Coral Gables , FL ) JSerra High School ( San Juan Capistrano , CA ) Carmelite Saints ( edit ) Our Lady of Mount Carmel Saint Teresa of Avila Saint John of the Cross Saint Therese of the Child Jesus and the Holy Face Saint Teresa of Los Andes Saint Teresa Benedicta of the Cross Sources ( edit ) Caterine , Darryl V. ( 2001 ) . Conservative Catholicism and the Carmelites : Identity , Ethnicity , and Tradition in the Modern Church . Indiana University Press . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Contact Us '' . Carmelite Sisters of the Most Sacred Heart of Los Angeles . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.carmelitesistersocd.com/about/ External links ( edit ) Carmelite Sisters of the Most Sacred Heart of Los Angeles - Official Website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carmelite_Sisters_of_the_Most_Sacred_Heart_of_Los_Angeles&oldid=818625696 '' Categories : 1920s establishments in California Carmelite Order Alhambra , California Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 4 January 2018 , at 17 : 16 . About Wikipedia	carmelite sisters of the sacred heart los angeles	[]	[]
5742227688222449402	Inferior vena cava	Inferior vena cava - wikipedia Inferior vena cava Inferior vena cava Anterior ( frontal ) view of the opened heart . White arrows indicate normal blood flow . Superior vena cava , inferior vena cava , azygos vein and their tributaries Details Source common iliac vein lumbar veins testicular vein renal vein suprarenal vein hepatic vein Drains to right atrium Artery abdominal aorta Identifiers Latin vena cava inferior Acronym ( s ) IVC MeSH D014682 TA A12. 3.09. 001 FMA 10951 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The inferior vena cava ( or IVC ) is a large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower and middle body into the right atrium of the heart . Its walls are rigid and has valves so the blood does not flow down via gravity . It is formed by the joining of the right and the left common iliac veins , usually at the level of the fifth lumbar vertebra . The inferior vena cava is the lower ( `` inferior '' ) of the two venae cavae , the two large veins that carry deoxygenated blood from the body : the inferior vena cava carries blood from the lower half of the body whilst the superior vena cava carries blood from the upper half of the body . It is a large retroperitoneal vein that lies posterior to the abdominal cavity and runs along the right side of the vertebral column . It enters the right atrium at the lower right , back side of the heart . The name derives from Latin : vena , `` vein '' , cavus , `` hollow '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Tributaries 1.2 Development 1.3 Variation 2 Function 3 Clinical significance 4 Additional images 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Structure ( edit ) The inferior vena cava is formed by the joining of the left and right common iliac veins and brings collected blood into the right atrium of the heart . It also joins with the azygos vein ( which runs on the right side of the vertebral column ) and venous plexuses next to the spinal cord . The inferior vena cava begins as the left and right common iliac veins behind the abdomen unite , at about the level of L5 . It passes through the thoracic diaphragm at the caval opening at the level of T8 . Tributaries ( edit ) The specific levels of the tributaries are as follows : Level Vein T8 hepatic veins , inferior phrenic vein L1 right suprarenal vein , renal veins L2 right gonadal vein L1 -- L5 lumbar veins L5 common iliac veins Because the inferior vena cava is located to the right of the midline , drainage of the tributaries is not always symmetrical . On the right , the gonadal veins and suprarenal veins drain into the inferior vena cava directly . On the left , they drain into the renal vein which in turn drains into the inferior vena cava . By contrast , all the lumbar veins and hepatic veins usually drain directly into the inferior vena cava . Development ( edit ) In the embryo , the inferior vena cava and right atrium are separated by the valve of the inferior vena cava , also known as the Eustachian valve . In the adult , this valve typically has totally regressed or remains as a small fold of endocardium . Variation ( edit ) Rarely , the inferior vena cava may vary in its size and position . In transposition of the great arteries the inferior vena cava may lie on the left . It may be replaced by two vessels beneath the level of the renal veins . Function ( edit ) The inferior vena cava is a vein . It carries deoxygenated blood from the lower half of the body to the right atrium of the heart . The corresponding vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the upper half of the body is the superior vena cava . Clinical significance ( edit ) Health problems attributed to the IVC are most often associated with it being compressed ( ruptures are rare because it has a low intraluminal pressure ) . Typical sources of external pressure are an enlarged aorta ( abdominal aortic aneurysm ) , the gravid uterus ( aortocaval compression syndrome ) and abdominal maligancies , such as colorectal cancer , renal cell carcinoma and ovarian cancer . Since the inferior vena cava is primarily a right - sided structure , unconscious pregnant women should be turned on to their left side ( the recovery position ) , to relieve pressure on it and facilitate venous return . In rare cases , straining associated with defecation can lead to restricted blood flow through the IVC and result in syncope ( fainting ) . Blockage of the inferior vena cava is rare , and is treated urgently as a life - threatening condition . It is associated with deep vein thrombosis , IVC filters , liver transplantation and surgical procedures such as the insertion of a catheter in the femoral vein in the groin . Branches of Inferior Vena Cava Trauma to the vena cava is usually fatal as unstoppable excessive blood loss occurs . Additional images ( edit ) Inferior vena cava Inferior vena cava front view See also ( edit ) Atriocaval shunt Inferior vena cava syndrome Recovery position References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Turhan Yavuz ; Nazli , C ; Kinay , O ; Kutsal , A ( 2002 ) . `` Giant Eustachian Valve : with Echocardiographic Appearance of Divided Right Atrium '' . Texas Heart Institute Journal . 29 ( 4 ) : 336 -- 8 . PMC 140300 . PMID 12484622 . ^ Jump up to : Susan Standring ; Neil R. Borley ; et al. , eds. ( 2008 ) . Gray 's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice ( 40th ed . ) . London : Churchill Livingstone . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8089 - 2371 - 8 . Jump up ^ Brophy , CM ; Evans , L ; Sumpio , BE ( 1993 ) . `` Defecation syncope secondary to functional inferior vena caval obstruction during a Valsalva maneuver '' . Annals of Vascular Surgery . 7 ( 4 ) : 374 -- 7 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02002893 . PMID 8268080 . Jump up ^ Geehan DM , Inferior Vena Caval Thrombosis , emedicine.com , URL : http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic2718.htm , Accessed : August 3 , 2005 . External links ( edit ) Anatomy photo : 40 : 13 - 0101 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center - `` Posterior Abdominal Wall : Tributaries to the Inferior Vena Cava '' Cross section image : pembody / body12a -- Plastination Laboratory at the Medical University of Vienna hide Veins of the abdomen and pelvis To azygos system ascending lumbar subcostal IVC ( Systemic ) To IVC or left renal vein inferior phrenic hepatic central veins of liver liver sinusoid suprarenal renal gonadal ovarian ♀ / testicular ♂ pampiniform plexus ♂ lumbar common iliac Common iliac Unpaired median sacral vein Internal iliac posterior : iliolumbar superior gluteal lateral sacral anterior : inferior gluteal obturator uterine ♀ uterine plexus ♀ vesical vesical plexus prostatic plexus ♂ deep of penis ♂ / clitoris ♀ posterior scrotal ♂ / labial ♀ vaginal plexus / vein ♀ middle rectal internal pudendal inferior rectal bulb of penis ♂ / vestibule ♀ rectal plexus External iliac inferior epigastric deep circumflex iliac vein Portal vein ( Portal ) Splenic short gastric left gastroepiploic pancreatic inferior mesenteric superior rectal left colic Superior mesenteric right gastroepiploic pancreaticoduodenal jejunal ileal middle colic right colic ileocolic appendicular Direct cystic left gastric / esophageal right gastric paraumbilical Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inferior_vena_cava&oldid=848009209 '' Categories : Veins of the torso Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Anatomy NAV infobox with use of other NAV parameters Articles containing Latin - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego Hrvatski Italiano Қазақша Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 June 2018 , at 06 : 42 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the function of the vena cava	[ "The inferior vena cava (or IVC) is a large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower and middle body into the right atrium of the heart. Its walls are rigid and has valves so the blood does not flow down via gravity. It is formed by the joining of the right and the left common iliac veins, usually at the level of the fifth lumbar vertebra.\n" ]	[ "large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower and middle body into the right atrium of the heart." ]
4546409328284994529	Twilight	Twilight - wikipedia Twilight Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the time of the night . For other uses , see Twilight ( disambiguation ) . `` Civil twilight '' redirects here . For other uses , see Civil twilight ( disambiguation ) . Twilight is the time between dawn and sunrise , or between sunset and dusk . Morning : civil , nautical , and astronomical twilight at dawn . Here , twilight is incorrectly shown to begin when the geometric centre of the Sun is at 0 ° , instead of its extreme high point . The Sun is shown to scale . Evening : civil , nautical , and astronomical twilight at dusk . Midtown Manhattan at civil twilight , demonstrating blue hour Twilight on Earth is the illumination of the lower atmosphere when the Sun itself is not directly visible because it is below the horizon . Twilight is produced by sunlight scattering in the upper atmosphere , illuminating the lower atmosphere so that Earth 's surface is neither completely lit nor completely dark . The word twilight is also used to denote the periods of time when this illumination occurs . The farther the Sun is below the horizon , the dimmer the twilight ( other things such as atmospheric conditions being equal ) . When the Sun reaches 18 degrees below the horizon , the twilight 's brightness is nearly zero , and evening twilight becomes nighttime . When the Sun again reaches 18 ° below the horizon , nighttime becomes morning twilight . Owing to its distinctive quality , primarily the absence of shadows and the appearance of objects silhouetted against the bright sky , twilight has long been popular with photographers , who refer to it as ' sweet light ' , and painters , who refer to it as the blue hour , after the French expression , l'heure bleue . Twilight should not be confused with auroras , which can have a similar appearance in the night sky at high latitudes . By analogy with evening twilight , the word twilight is also sometimes used metaphorically , to imply that something is losing strength and approaching its end . For example , very old people may be said to be `` in the twilight of their lives '' . The collateral adjective for twilight is crepuscular which is sometimes applied to insects , fish , and mammals that are most active during that time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definitions by geometry 2 Definitions and illustrations by illumination 3 Civil twilight 4 Nautical twilight 4.1 Definition 4.2 Nautical dawn and dusk 5 Astronomical twilight 5.1 Astronomical dawn and dusk 5.1. 1 Definition 6 Times of occurrence 6.1 Between day and night 6.2 Lasting from one day to the next 6.3 Between one night and the next 6.4 Lasting for 24 hours 7 Duration 8 On other planets 9 In religion 9.1 Christianity 9.2 Hinduism 9.3 Islam 9.4 Judaism 10 Gallery 11 See also 12 References 13 Footnotes 14 Further reading 15 External links Definitions by geometry ( edit ) Twilight is defined according to the solar elevation angle θ , which is the position of the geometric center of the sun relative to the horizon . There are three established and widely accepted subcategories of twilight : civil twilight ( nearest the horizon ) , nautical twilight , and astronomical twilight ( farthest from the horizon ) . Definitions and illustrations by illumination ( edit ) Civil twilight in a small town in the Mojave desert Long exposure of nautical twilight in a small town in the Mojave desert Long exposure of astronomical twilight ( dusk ) in a small town in the Mojave desert Long exposure of nightfall in a small town in the Mojave desert , with star trails , and unknown airborne object There are three established and widely accepted subcategories of twilight : civil twilight ( brightest ) , nautical twilight , and astronomical twilight ( darkest ) . Civil twilight ( edit ) Morning civil twilight begins when the geometric center of the sun is 6 ° below the horizon and ends at sunrise . Evening civil twilight begins at sunset and ends when the geometric center of the sun reaches 6 ° below the horizon . In the United States ' military , the initialisms BMCT ( begin morning civil twilight , i.e. civil dawn ) and EECT ( end evening civil twilight , i.e. civil dusk ) are used to refer to the start of morning civil twilight and the end of evening civil twilight , respectively . Civil dawn is preceded by morning nautical twilight and civil dusk is followed by evening nautical twilight . Under clear weather conditions , civil twilight approximates the limit at which solar illumination suffices for the human eye to clearly distinguish terrestrial objects . Enough illumination renders artificial sources unnecessary for most outdoor activities . At civil dawn and at civil dusk sunlight clearly defines the horizon while the brightest stars and planets can appear . As observed from the Earth ( see apparent magnitude ) , sky - gazers know Venus , the brightest planet , as the `` morning star '' or `` evening star '' because they can see it during civil twilight . Lawmakers have enshrined the concept of civil twilight . Such statutes typically use a fixed period after sunset or before sunrise ( most commonly 20 -- 30 minutes ) , rather than how many degrees the sun is below the horizon . Examples include the following periods : when drivers of automobiles must turn on their headlights ( called lighting - up time in the UK ) ; when hunting is restricted ; when the crime of burglary is to be treated as nighttime burglary , which carries stiffer penalties in some jurisdictions . The period may affect when pilots require a night rating to fly aircraft . In the US , civil twilight for aviation is defined in Part 1.1 of the Federal Aviation Regulations ( FARs ) as the time listed in the American Air Almanac . Nautical twilight ( edit ) Definition ( edit ) Morning nautical twilight begins ( nautical dawn ) when the geometric center of the sun is 12 ° below the horizon in the morning and ends when the geometric center of the sun is 6 ° below the horizon in the morning . Evening nautical twilight begins when the geometric center of the sun is 6 ° below the horizon in the evening and ends ( nautical dusk ) when the geometric center of the sun is 12 ° below the horizon in the evening . Nautical dawn and dusk ( edit ) Nautical dawn is the moment when the geometric center of the Sun is 12 degrees below the horizon in the morning . It is preceded by morning astronomical twilight and followed by morning nautical twilight . Nautical dusk is the moment when the geometric center of the Sun is 12 degrees below the horizon in the evening . It marks the beginning of evening astronomical twilight and the end of evening nautical twilight . At the beginning of nautical twilight , artificial lighting must be used to see terrestrial objects clearly . Evening nautical twilight on Lake Ontario , Canada Before nautical dawn and after nautical dusk , sailors can not navigate via the horizon at sea . At nautical dawn and nautical dusk , the human eye finds it difficult , if not impossible , to discern traces of illumination near the sunset or sunrise point of the horizon ( `` first light '' after nautical dawn but before civil dawn and `` nightfall '' after civil dusk but before nautical dusk ) . Sailors can take reliable star sightings of well - known stars , during the stage of nautical twilight when they can distinguish a visible horizon for reference . Under good atmospheric conditions with the absence of other illumination , during nautical twilight , the human eye may distinguish general outlines of ground objects but can not participate in detailed outdoor operations . Nautical twilight has military considerations as well . The initialisms BMNT ( begin morning nautical twilight , i.e. nautical dawn ) and EENT ( end evening nautical twilight , i.e. nautical dusk ) are used and considered when planning military operations . A military unit may treat BMNT and EENT with heightened security , e.g. by `` standing to '' , in which everyone assumes a defensive position . This is partially due to tactics dating back to the French and Indian War ( part of the Seven Years ' War of 1756 -- 1763 ) , when combatants on both sides would launch attacks at nautical dawn or dusk . Astronomical twilight ( edit ) Astronomical dawn and dusk ( edit ) Astronomical dawn is the moment when the geometric center of the Sun is 18 degrees below the horizon in the morning . Astronomical dusk is the moment when the geometric center of the Sun is 18 degrees below the horizon in the evening . After astronomical dusk and before astronomical dawn , the sky is not illuminated by the sun . Definition ( edit ) Morning astronomical twilight begins ( astronomical dawn ) when the geometric center of the sun is 18 ° below the horizon in the morning and ends when the geometric center of the sun is 12 ° below the horizon in the morning . Evening astronomical twilight begins when the geometric center of the sun is 12 ° below the horizon in the evening and ends ( astronomical dusk ) when the geometric center of the sun is 18 ° below the horizon in the evening . In some places ( away from urban light pollution , moonlight , auroras , and other sources of light ) , where the sky is dark enough for nearly all astronomical observations , astronomers can easily make observations of point sources such as stars both during and after astronomical twilight in the evening and both before and during astronomical twilight in the morning . However , some critical observations , such as of faint diffuse items such as nebulae and galaxies , may require observation beyond the limit of astronomical twilight . Theoretically , the faintest stars detectable by the naked eye ( those of approximately the sixth magnitude ) will become visible in the evening at astronomical dusk , and become invisible at astronomical dawn . Evening astronomical twilight ( dusk ) However , in other places , especially those with skyglow , astronomical twilight may be almost indistinguishable from night . In the evening , even when astronomical twilight has yet to end and in the morning when astronomical twilight has already begun , most casual observers would consider the entire sky fully dark . Because of light pollution , observers in some localities , generally in large cities , may never have the opportunity to view even fourth - magnitude stars , irrespective of the presence of any twilight at all , and to experience truly dark skies . Times of occurrence ( edit ) World map showing limiting latitudes of each type of twilight during the solstices Between day and night ( edit ) Observers within 48.5 degrees of the Equator can view twilight twice each day on every date of the year between astronomical dawn , nautical dawn , or civil dawn , and sunrise as well as between sunset and civil dusk , nautical dusk , or astronomical dusk . This also occurs for most observers at higher latitudes on many dates throughout the year , except those around the summer solstice . However , at latitudes closer than 9 degrees to either Pole , the Sun can not rise above the horizon nor sink more than 18 degrees below it on the same day on any date , this example of twilight can not occur because the angular difference between solar noon and solar midnight elevates less than 18 degrees . Lasting from one day to the next ( edit ) At latitudes greater than about 48.5 degrees North or South , on dates near the summer solstice , twilight can last from sunset to sunrise , since the Sun does not go more than 18 degrees below the horizon , so complete darkness does not occur even at solar midnight . These latitudes include many densely populated regions of the Earth , including the entire United Kingdom and other countries in northern Europe . Between one night and the next ( edit ) In Arctic and Antarctic latitudes in wintertime , the polar night only rarely produces complete darkness for 24 hours each day . This can occur only at locations within 5.5 degrees of latitude of the Pole , and there only on dates close to the winter solstice . At all other latitudes and dates , the polar night includes a daily period of twilight , when the Sun is not far below the horizon . Around winter solstice , when the solar declination changes slowly , complete darkness lasts several weeks at the Pole itself , e.g. , from May 11 to July 31 at Amundsen -- Scott South Pole Station . North Pole has the experience of this from November 12 to January 30 . Lasting for 24 hours ( edit ) At latitudes within 9 degrees of either Pole , as the sun 's angular elevation difference is less than 18 degrees , twilight can last for the entire 24 hours . This occurs for one day at latitudes near 9 degrees from the Pole and extends up to several weeks the further towards the Pole one goes . The only permanent settlement to experience this condition is Alert , Nunavut , Canada , where it occurs for a week in late February , and again in late October . Duration ( edit ) The number of daylight hours depends on the latitude and time of year . Each pole has continuous daylight near its summer solstice . Carpet plot of sunshine at latitude 70 North Carpet plot of sunshine at latitude 50 North Carpet plot of sunshine at the equator Twilight at Paranal Observatory in Chile The apparent travel of the sun occurs at the rate of 15 degrees per hour ( 360 ° per day ) , but sunrise and sunset happen typically at oblique angles to the horizon and the actual duration of any twilight period will be a function of that angle , being longer for more oblique angles . This angle of the sun 's motion with respect to the horizon changes with latitude as well as the time of year ( affecting the angle of the Earth 's axis with respect to the sun ) . At Greenwich , England ( 51.5 ° N ) , the duration of civil twilight will vary from 33 minutes to 48 minutes , depending on the time of year . At the equator , conditions can go from day to night in as little as 20 -- 25 minutes . This is true because at low latitudes the sun 's apparent movement is perpendicular to the observer 's horizon . But at the poles , civil twilight can be as long as 2 -- 3 weeks . In the Arctic and Antarctic regions , twilight ( if there is any ) can last for several hours . There is no astronomical twilight at the poles near the winter solstice ( for about 74 days at the North Pole and about 80 days at the South Pole ) . As one gets closer to the Arctic and Antarctic circles , the sun 's disk moves toward the observer 's horizon at a lower angle . The observer 's earthly location will pass through the various twilight zones less directly , taking more time . Within the polar circles , twenty - four - hour daylight is encountered in summer , and in regions very close to the poles , twilight can last for weeks on the winter side of the equinoxes . Outside the polar circles , where the angular distance from the polar circle is less than the angle which defines twilight ( see above ) , twilight can continue through local midnight near the summer solstice . The precise position of the polar circles , and the regions where twilight can continue through local midnight , varies slightly from year to year with Earth 's axial tilt . The lowest latitudes at which the various twilights can continue through local midnight are approximately 60.561 ° ( 60 ° 33 ′ 43 '' ) for civil twilight , 54.561 ° ( 54 ° 33 ′ 43 '' ) for nautical twilight and 48.561 ° ( 48 ° 33 ′ 43 '' ) for astronomical twilight . These are the largest cities of their respective countries where the various twilights can continue through local solar midnight : Civil twilight from sunset to sunrise : Tampere , Umeå , Trondheim , Tórshavn , Reykjavík , Nuuk , Whitehorse , Anchorage , Fairbanks , Ålesund , Nome , and Baltasound . Nautical twilight from civil dusk to civil dawn : Moscow , Vitebsk , Vilnius , Riga , Tallinn , Wejherowo , Flensburg , Helsinki , Stockholm , Copenhagen , Oslo , Newcastle upon Tyne , Glasgow , Belfast , Letterkenny , Petropavl , Grande Prairie , Juneau , Ushuaia , and Puerto Williams . Astronomical twilight from nautical dusk to nautical dawn : Hulun Buir , Erdenet , Astana , Samara , Kiev , Minsk , Warsaw , Košice , Paris , Dublin , Zwettl , Prague , Stanley ( Falkland Islands ) , Berlin , Luxembourg City , Brussels , Amsterdam , London , Cardiff , Calgary , Unalaska ( Bellingham , largest in the continental USA ) , Rio Gallegos , and Punta Arenas . Major cities that near astronomical twilight from nautical dusk to nautical dawn : Saguenay ( 48 ° 25 ′ 0 `` N ) , Brest ( 48 ° 23 ′ 26 '' N ) , Thunder Bay ( 48 ° 22 ′ 56 '' N ) , Vienna ( 48 ° 12 ′ 30 '' N ) , Bratislava ( 48 ° 8 ′ 38 '' N ) , Munich ( 48 ° 8'0 '' N ) Although Helsinki , Oslo , Stockholm , Tallinn , and Saint Petersburg also enter into nautical twilight after sunset , they do have noticeably lighter skies at night during the summer solstice than other locations mentioned in their category above , because they do not go far into nautical twilight . A white night is a night with only civil twilight which lasts from sunset to sunrise . At the winter solstice within the polar circle , twilight can extend through solar noon at latitudes below 72.561 ° ( 72 ° 33 ′ 43 '' ) for civil twilight , 78.561 ° ( 78 ° 33 ′ 43 '' ) for nautical twilight , and 84.561 ° ( 84 ° 33 ′ 43 '' ) for astronomical twilight . On other planets ( edit ) Twilight on Mars is longer than on Earth , lasting for up to two hours before sunrise or after sunset . Dust high in the atmosphere scatters light to the night side of the planet . Similar twilights are seen on Earth following major volcanic eruptions . In religion ( edit ) Christianity ( edit ) American Benedictine monks around an Easter fire preparing to light the Paschal candle prior to Easter Vigil mass In Christian practice , `` vigil '' observances often occur during twilight on the evening before major feast days or holidays . For example , the Easter Vigil is held in the hours of darkness between sunset on Holy Saturday and sunrise on Easter Day -- most commonly in the evening of Holy Saturday or midnight -- and is the first celebration of Easter , days traditionally being considered to begin at sunset . Hinduism ( edit ) Twilight is sacred in Hinduism . It is called गोधूळिवेळ gōdhūḷivēḷ in Marathi or गोधूलिवेला godhūlivelā in Hindi , గొధూళివేళ `` godhoolivela '' in Telugu , literally `` cow dust time '' . Many rituals , including Sandhyavandanam and Puja , are performed at twilight hour . Eating of food is not advised during this time . Sometimes it is referred to as Asurasandhya vela . It is believed that Asuras are active during these hours . One of the avatars of Lord Vishnu , Narasimha , is closely associated with the twilight period . According to Hindu scriptures , a daemonic king , Hiranakashipa , performed penance and obtained a boon from Brahma that he could not be killed during day or night and neither by human nor animal . Lord Vishnu appeared in a half - man half - lion form ( neither human nor animal ) , ended the life of Hiranakashipa during twilight ( neither day nor night ) . Islam ( edit ) Twilight is important in Islam as it determines when certain universally obligatory prayers are to be recited . Morning twilight is when morning prayers ( Fajr ) are done , while evening twilight is the time for evening prayers ( Maghrib prayer ) . Suhoor ( early morning meal ) time for fasting ( during Ramadan and other times ) ends at morning twilight ( at dawn ) . Fasting is from the beginning of dawn to sunset . There is also an important discussion in Islamic jurisprudence between `` true dawn '' and `` false dawn '' . Judaism ( edit ) In Judaism , twilight is considered neither day nor night ; consequently it is treated as a safeguard against encroachment upon either . For example , the twilight of Friday is reckoned as Sabbath eve , and that of Saturday as Sabbath day ; and the same rule applies to festival days . Gallery ( edit ) View from the Chiang Kai - shek Memorial Hall , at evening civil twilight , Taipei , Taiwan Morning twilight mountain moonset Midsummer twilight over Rainbow Ridge , Landers , California . Clouds begin to glow with colors at nautical dawn , the second stage of twilight , when the Sun is 12 degrees below the horizon . Characteristic polar night blue twilight , Longyearbyen , Svalbard , located at 78 ° north See also ( edit ) Belt of Venus Earth 's shadow , visible at twilight Gloom Green flash Polar night References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Van Flandern , T. ; K. Pulkkinen ( 1980 ) . `` Low precision formulae for planetary positions '' . Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series . 31 ( 3 ) . Bibcode : 1979ApJS ... 41 ... 391V . doi : 10.1086 / 190623 . ^ Jump up to : `` Definitions from the US Astronomical Applications Dept ( USNO ) '' . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : ftp://ftp.flaterco.com/xtide/Bowditch.pdf#238 The American Practical Navigator , 2002 ; page 238 ^ Jump up to : http://msi.nga.mil/MSISiteContent/StaticFiles/NAV_PUBS/APN/Gloss-1.pdf#9 Glossary of Marine Navigation ^ Jump up to : http://www.ast.cam.ac.uk/public/ask/2445 University of Cambridge -- Institute of Astronomy -- Ask an Astronomer ( NB : questionable source as its sources refer back to Wikipedia ) Jump up ^ https://www.timeanddate.com/astronomy/civil-twilight.html Jump up ^ `` Title 14 : Aeronautics and Space PART 1 -- Definitions '' . ELECTRONIC CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS . U.S. Government Publishing Office . Jump up ^ http://aa.usno.navy.mil/publications/docs/aira.php Jump up ^ https://www.timeanddate.com/astronomy/nautical-twilight.html Jump up ^ http://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/docs/RST_defs.php Rise , Set , and Twilight Definitions Jump up ^ https://www.timeanddate.com/astronomy/astronomical-twilight.html Jump up ^ `` Venus and the Moon strike a pose '' . Retrieved 18 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Length of Day and Twilight ( Formulas ) '' . www.gandraxa.com . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Herbert Glarner 's website , reference 2 . `` Civil Twilight '' `` 6 ° '' , `` Nautical Twilight '' `` 12 ° '' . `` 90 ° - Axis ( 23.439 ° ) - 12 ° = 54.561 ° . Jump up ^ https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/white_night Jump up ^ NASA - Jet Propulsion Laboratory : Winter Solstice on Mars : Rovers Look Forward to A Second Martian Spring , August 07 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Jossleyn Hennessy ( 1955 ) . `` ch . VII Education in the villages `` Cow - dust time '' `` . India democracy and education . Orient Longmans . p. 127 . Jump up ^ http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/14114-sun-rising-and-setting-of-the Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This is the range of dates when the Sun is more than 18 degrees north of the Celestial equator , so it is more than 18 degrees below the horizon as seen from the South Pole . See Position of the Sun # Declination of the Sun as seen from Earth . Further reading ( edit ) Mateshvili , Nina ; Didier Fussen ; Filip Vanhellemont ; Christine Bingen ; Erkki Kyrölä ; Iuri Mateshvili ; Giuli Mateshvili ( 2005 ) . `` Twilight sky brightness measurements as a useful tool for stratospheric aerosol investigations '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 110 ( D09209 ) : D09209 . Bibcode : 2005JGRD ... 11009209M . doi : 10.1029 / 2004JD005512 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Twilight Look up twilight in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Twilight . Twilight Calculator Compute twilight times . Definition of Twilight US Naval Observatory . Twilight time calculator Formulae to calculate twilight duration by Herbert Glarner . The colors of twilight and sunset HM Nautical Almanac Office Websurf Compute twilight times . Geoscience Australia `` Sunrise and sunset times '' Compute twilight times . `` Twilight '' . Collier 's New Encyclopedia . 1921 . `` Twilight '' . The New Student 's Reference Work . 1914 . An Excel workbook with VBA functions for twilight ( dawn and dusk ) , sunrise , solar noon , sunset , and solar position ( azimuth and elevation ) by Greg Pelletier , translated from NOAA 's online calculator for sunrise / sunset Time and Date to find the current state of the sun in a specified place . ( hide ) Parts of a day Dawn -- Twilight -- Sunrise Morning Daytime Evening Sunset -- Twilight -- Dusk Night Related articles : Belt of Venus Blue hour Golden hour Terminator Daylight Forenoon Noon Afternoon Midnight Midnight sun Polar night Zodiacal light GND : 4148736 - 9 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twilight&oldid=824365626 '' Categories : Earth phenomena Night Dawn Parts of a day Visibility Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Collier 's Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW with an wstitle parameter Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote ܐܪܡܝܐ Bahasa Banjar Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 February 2018 , at 22 : 29 . 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-8922196742161990403	Giraffe	Giraffe - wikipedia Giraffe Jump to : navigation , search Tall African ungulate For other uses , see Giraffe ( disambiguation ) . Giraffe Temporal range : 11.61 -- 0 Ma PreЄ Є Pg Miocene to Recent Masai giraffe ( G. c. tippelskirchi ) at the Mikumi National Park , Tanzania Conservation status Vulnerable ( IUCN 3.1 ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Order : Artiodactyla Family : Giraffidae Genus : Giraffa Brisson , 1772 Type species Giraffa camelopardalis ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) Species See Taxonomy Range map of extant Giraffa subspecies . The giraffe ( Giraffa ) is a genus of African even - toed ungulate mammals , the tallest living terrestrial animals and the largest ruminants . The genus currently consists of one species , Giraffa camelopardalis , the type species . Seven other species are extinct , prehistoric species known from fossils . Taxonomic classifications of one to eight extant giraffe species have been described , based upon research into the mitochondrial and nuclear DNA , as well as morphological measurements of Giraffa , but the IUCN currently recognises only one species with nine subspecies . The giraffe 's chief distinguishing characteristics are its extremely long neck and legs , its horn - like ossicones , and its distinctive coat patterns . It is classified under the family Giraffidae , along with its closest extant relative , the okapi . Its scattered range extends from Chad in the north to South Africa in the south , and from Niger in the west to Somalia in the east . Giraffes usually inhabit savannahs and woodlands . Their food source is leaves , fruits and flowers of woody plants , primarily acacia species , which they browse at heights most other herbivores can not reach . They may be preyed on by lions , leopards , spotted hyenas and African wild dogs . Giraffes live in herds of related females and their offspring , or bachelor herds of unrelated adult males , but are gregarious and may gather in large aggregations . Males establish social hierarchies through `` necking '' , which are combat bouts where the neck is used as a weapon . Dominant males gain mating access to females , which bear the sole responsibility for raising the young . The giraffe has intrigued various cultures , both ancient and modern , for its peculiar appearance , and has often been featured in paintings , books , and cartoons . It is classified by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as Vulnerable to extinction , and has been extirpated from many parts of its former range . Giraffes are still found in numerous national parks and game reserves but estimations as of 2016 indicate that there are approximately 97,500 members of Giraffa in the wild , with around 1,144 in captivity . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Taxonomy 2.1 Evolution 2.2 Species and subspecies 3 Appearance and anatomy 3.1 Skull and ossicones 3.2 Legs , locomotion and posture 3.3 Neck 3.4 Internal systems 4 Behaviour and ecology 4.1 Habitat and feeding 4.2 Social life 4.3 Reproduction and parental care 4.4 Necking 4.5 Mortality and health 5 Relationship with humans 5.1 Exploitation and conservation status 6 References 7 External links Etymology The name `` giraffe '' has its earliest known origins in the Arabic word zarāfah ( زرافة ) , perhaps borrowed from the animal 's Somali name geri . The Arab name is translated as `` fast - walker '' . There were several Middle English spellings , such as jarraf , ziraph , and gerfauntz . The Italian form giraffa arose in the 1590s . The modern English form developed around 1600 from the French girafe . `` Camelopard '' is an archaic English name for the giraffe deriving from the Ancient Greek for camel and leopard , referring to its camel - like shape and its leopard - like colouring . Taxonomy Living giraffes were originally classified as one species by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 . He gave it the binomial name Cervus camelopardalis . Morten Thrane Brünnich classified the genus Giraffa in 1772 . The species name camelopardalis is from Latin . Evolution Ruminantia Tragulina Tragulidae Pecora Antilocapridae Giraffidae Cervidae Bovidae Moschidae Cladogram based on a 2003 study by Hassanin and Douzery . The giraffe is one of only two living genera of the family Giraffidae in the order Artiodactyla , the other being the okapi . The family was once much more extensive , with over 10 fossil genera described . Their closest known relatives are the extinct deer - like climacocerids . They , together with the family Antilocapridae ( whose only extant species is the pronghorn ) , belong to the superfamily Giraffoidea . These animals may have evolved from the extinct family Palaeomerycidae which might also have been the ancestor of deer . The elongation of the neck appears to have started early in the giraffe lineage . Comparisons between giraffes and their ancient relatives suggest that vertebrae close to the skull lengthened earlier , followed by lengthening of vertebrae further down . One early giraffid ancestor was Canthumeryx which has been dated variously to have lived 25 -- 20 million years ago ( mya ) , 17 -- 15 mya or 18 -- 14.3 mya and whose deposits have been found in Libya . This animal was medium - sized , slender and antelope - like . Giraffokeryx appeared 15 mya in the Indian subcontinent and resembled an okapi or a small giraffe , and had a longer neck and similar ossicones . Giraffokeryx may have shared a clade with more massively built giraffids like Sivatherium and Bramatherium . The extinct giraffid Samotherium ( middle ) in comparison with the okapi ( below ) and giraffe . The anatomy of Samotherium appears to have shown a transition to a giraffe - like neck . Giraffids like Palaeotragus , Shansitherium and Samotherium appeared 14 mya and lived throughout Africa and Eurasia . These animals had bare ossicones and small cranial sinuses and were longer with broader skulls . Paleotragus resembled the okapi and may have been its ancestor . Others find that the okapi lineage diverged earlier , before Giraffokeryx . Samotherium was a particularly important transitional fossil in the giraffe lineage as its cervical vertebrae was intermediate in length and structure between a modern giraffe and an okapi , and was more vertical than the okapi 's . Bohlinia , which first appeared in southeastern Europe and lived 9 -- 7 mya was likely a direct ancestor of the giraffe . Bohlinia closely resembled modern giraffes , having a long neck and legs and similar ossicones and dentition . Bohlinia entered China and northern India in response to climate change . From there , the genus Giraffa evolved and , around 7 mya , entered Africa . Further climate changes caused the extinction of the Asian giraffes , while the African giraffes survived and radiated into several new species . Living giraffes appear to have arisen around 1 mya in eastern Africa during the Pleistocene . Some biologists suggest the modern giraffes descended from G. jumae ; others find G. gracilis a more likely candidate . G. jumae was larger and more heavily built while G. gracilis was smaller and more lightly built . The main driver for the evolution of the giraffes is believed to have been the changes from extensive forests to more open habitats , which began 8 mya . During this time , tropical plants disappeared and were replaced by arid C4 plants , and a dry savannah emerged across eastern and northern Africa and western India . Some researchers have hypothesised that this new habitat coupled with a different diet , including acacia species , may have exposed giraffe ancestors to toxins that caused higher mutation rates and a higher rate of evolution . The coat patterns of modern giraffes may also have coincided with these habitat changes . Asian giraffes are hypothesised to have had more okapi - like colourations . In the early 19th century , Jean - Baptiste Lamarck believed the giraffe 's long neck was an `` acquired characteristic '' , developed as generations of ancestral giraffes strove to reach the leaves of tall trees . This theory was eventually rejected , and scientists now believe the giraffe 's neck arose through Darwinian natural selection -- that ancestral giraffes with long necks thereby had a competitive feeding advantage ( competing browsers hypothesis ) that better enabled them to survive and reproduce to pass on their genes . The giraffe genome is around 2.9 billion base pairs in length compared to the 3.3 billion base pairs of the okapi . Of the proteins in giraffe and okapi genes , 19.4 % are identical . The two species are equally distantly related to cattle , suggesting the giraffe 's unique characteristics are not because of faster evolution . The divergence of giraffe and okapi lineages dates to around 11.5 mya . A small group of regulatory genes in the giraffe appear to be responsible for the animal 's stature and associated circulatory adaptations . Species and subspecies `` Approximate geographic ranges , fur patterns , and phylogenetic relationships between some giraffe subspecies based on mitochondrial DNA sequences . Colored dots on the map represent sampling localities . The phylogenetic tree is a maximum - likelihood phylogram based on samples from 266 giraffes . Asterisks along branches correspond to node values of more than 90 % bootstrap support . Stars at branch tips identify paraphyletic haplotypes found in Maasai and reticulated giraffes '' . The IUCN currently recognises only one species of giraffe with nine subspecies . In 2001 , a two - species taxonomy was proposed . A 2007 study on the genetics of Giraffa , suggested they were six species : the West African , Rothschild 's , reticulated , Masai , Angolan , and South African giraffe . The study deduced from genetic differences in nuclear and mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA ) that giraffes from these populations are reproductively isolated and rarely interbreed , though no natural obstacles block their mutual access . This includes adjacent populations of Rothschild 's , reticulated , and Masai giraffes . The Masai giraffe was also suggested to consist of possibly two species separated by the Rift Valley . Reticulated and Masai giraffes have the highest mtDNA diversity , which is consistent with giraffes originating in eastern Africa . Populations further north are more closely related to the former , while those to the south are more related to the latter . Giraffes appear to select mates of the same coat type , which are imprinted on them as calves . The implications of these findings for the conservation of giraffes were summarised by David Brown , lead author of the study , who told BBC News : `` Lumping all giraffes into one species obscures the reality that some kinds of giraffe are on the brink . Some of these populations number only a few hundred individuals and need immediate protection . '' A 2011 study using detailed analyses of the morphology of giraffes , and application of the phylogenetic species concept , described eight species of living giraffes . The eight species are : G. angolensis , G. antiquorum , G. camelopardalis , G. giraffa , G. peralta , G. reticulata , G. thornicrofti , and G. tippelskirchi . A 2016 study also concluded that living giraffes consist of multiple species . The researchers suggested the existence of four species , which have not exchanged genetic information between each other for 1 million to 2 million years . Those four species are the northern giraffe ( G. camelopardalis ) , southern giraffe ( G. giraffa ) , reticulated giraffe ( G. reticulata ) , and Masai giraffe ( G. tippelskirchi ) . Since then , a response to this publication has been published , highlighting seven problems in data interpretation , and concludes `` the conclusions should not be accepted unconditionally '' . There are an estimated 90,000 individuals of Giraffa in the wild , with 1,144 currently in captivity . There are also seven extinct species of giraffe , listed as the following : † Giraffa gracilis † Giraffa jumae † Giraffa priscilla † Giraffa punjabiensis † Giraffa pygmaea † Giraffa sivalensis † Giraffa stillei G. attica , also extinct , was formerly considered part of Giraffa but was reclassified as Bohlinia attica in 1929 . Species and subspecies of giraffe One species taxonomy Four species taxonomy Eight species taxonomy Description Image Giraffe ( G. camelopardalis ) Northern giraffe ( G. camelopardalis ) Kordofan giraffe ( G. antiquorum ) The Kordofan giraffe ( G. c. antiquorum ) has a distribution which includes southern Chad , the Central African Republic , northern Cameroon , and north - eastern DR Congo . Populations in Cameroon were formerly included in G. c. peralta , but this was incorrect . Compared to the Nubian giraffe , this subspecies has smaller and more irregular spotting patterns . Its spots may be found below the hocks and the insides of the legs . A median lump is present in males . Some 2,000 are believed to remain in the wild . Considerable confusion has existed over the status of this species and G. c. peralta in zoos . In 2007 , all alleged G. c. peralta in European zoos were shown to be , in fact , G. c. antiquorum . With this correction , about 65 are kept in zoos . The formerly recognised subspecies G. c. congoesis is now considered part of Kordofan species . Nubian giraffe including Rothschild 's giraffe ( G. camelopardalis ) also known as Baringo giraffe or Ugandan giraffe The Nubian giraffe ( G. c. camelopardalis ) , is found in eastern South Sudan and south - western Ethiopia , in addition to Kenya and Uganda . It has sharply defined chestnut - coloured spots surrounded by mostly white lines , while undersides lack spotting . The median lump is particularly developed in the male . Around 2,150 are thought to remain in the wild , with another 1,500 individuals belonging to the Rothschild ecotype . With the addition of Rothschild 's giraffe to the Nubian subspecies , the Nubian giraffe is very common in captivity , although the original phenotype is rare - a group is kept at Al Ain Zoo in the United Arab Emirates . In 2003 , this group numbered 14 . The Rothschild 's giraffe ( G. c. rothschildi ) may be an ecotype of G. camelopardalis . Its range includes parts of Uganda and Kenya . Its presence in South Sudan is uncertain . This giraffe has large dark patches that usually have complete margins , but may also have sharp edges . The dark spots may also have paler radiating lines or streaks within them . Spotting does not often reach below the hocks and almost never to the hooves . This ecotype may also develop five `` horns '' . Around 1,500 individuals believed to remain in the wild , and more than 450 are kept in zoos . According to genetic analysis circa September 2016 , it is conspecific with the Nubian giraffe ( G. c. camelopardalis ) . West African giraffe ( G. peralta ) , also known as Niger giraffe or Nigerian giraffe The West African giraffe ( G. c. peralta ) is endemic to south - western Niger . This animal has a lighter pelage than other subspecies , with red lobe - shaped blotches that reach below the hocks . The ossicones are more erect than in other subspecies and males have well - developed median lumps . It is the most endangered subspecies within Giraffa , with 400 individuals remaining in the wild . Giraffes in Cameroon were formerly believed to belong to this species , but are actually G. c. antiquorum . This error resulted in some confusion over its status in zoos , but in 2007 , it was established that all `` G. c. peralta '' kept in European zoos actually are G. c. antiquorum . The same 2007 study found that The West African giraffe was more closely related to the Rothchild 's giraffe than the Kordofan and its ancestor may have migrated from eastern to northern Africa and then to its current range with the development of the Sahara Desert . At its largest , Lake Chad may have acted as a barrier between West African and Kordofan giraffes during the Holocene ( before 5000 BC ) . Reticulated giraffe ( G. reticulata ) , also known as Somali giraffe The reticulated giraffe ( G. c. reticulata ) is native to north - eastern Kenya , southern Ethiopia , and Somalia . Its distinctive coat pattern consists of sharp - edged , reddish brown polygonal patches divided by a network of thin white lines . Spots may or may not extend below the hocks , and a median lump is present in males . An estimated 8,660 individuals remain in the wild , and based on International Species Information System records , more than 450 are kept in zoos . Southern giraffe ( G. giraffa ) Angolan giraffe ( G. angolensis ) , also known as Namibian giraffe The Angolan giraffe ( G. c. angolensis ) is found in northern Namibia , south - western Zambia , Botswana , and western Zimbabwe . A 2009 genetic study on this subspecies suggested the northern Namib Desert and Etosha National Park populations form a separate subspecies . This species has large brown blotches with edges that are either somewhat notched or have angular extensions . The spotting pattern extends throughout the legs but not the upper part of the face . The neck and rump patches tend to be fairly small . The species also has a white ear patch . An estimated 13,000 animals are estimated to remain in the wild ; and about 20 are kept in zoos . South African giraffe ( G. giraffa ) also known as Cape giraffe The South African giraffe ( G. c. giraffa ) is found in northern South Africa , southern Botswana , southern Zimbabwe , and south - western Mozambique . It has dark , somewhat rounded patches `` with some fine projections '' on a tawny background colour . The spots extend down the legs and get smaller . The median lump of males is less developed . A maximum of 31,500 are estimated to remain in the wild , and around 45 are kept in zoos . Masai giraffe ( G. tippelskirchi ) Masai giraffe ( G. tippelskirchi ) , also known as Kilimanjaro giraffe The Masai giraffe ( G. c. tippelskirchi ) can be found in central and southern Kenya and in Tanzania . It has distinctive , irregular , jagged , star - like blotches which extend to the hooves . A median lump is usually present in males . A total of 32,550 are thought to remain in the wild , and about 100 are kept in zoos . Thornicroft 's giraffe ( `` G. thornicrofti '' , after Harry Scott Thornicroft ) , also known as Luangwa giraffe , or Rhodesian giraffe The Thornicroft 's giraffe ( G. c. thornicrofti ) is restricted to the Luangwa Valley in eastern Zambia . The patches are notched and somewhat star - shaped , and may or may not extend across the legs . The median lump of males is underdeveloped . No more than 550 remain in the wild , with none kept in zoos . Appearance and anatomy Wikimedia Commons has media related to Giraffa camelopardalis anatomy . Closeup of the head of a giraffe at the Melbourne Zoo Giraffe skeleton on display at the Museum of Osteology , Oklahoma City , Oklahoma Right hind leg of a Masai giraffe at San Diego Zoo Fully grown giraffes stand 4.3 -- 5.7 m ( 14.1 -- 18.7 ft ) tall , with males taller than females . The tallest recorded male was 5.88 m ( 19.3 ft ) and the tallest recorded female was 5.17 m ( 17.0 ft ) tall . The average weight is 1,192 kg ( 2,628 lb ) for an adult male and 828 kg ( 1,825 lb ) for an adult female with maximum weights of 1,930 kg ( 4,250 lb ) and 1,180 kg ( 2,600 lb ) having been recorded for males and females , respectively . Despite its long neck and legs , the giraffe 's body is relatively short . Located at both sides of the head , the giraffe 's large , bulging eyes give it good all - round vision from its great height . Giraffes see in colour and their senses of hearing and smell are also sharp . The animal can close its muscular nostrils to protect against sandstorms and ants . The giraffe 's prehensile tongue is about 45 cm ( 18 in ) long . It is purplish - black in colour , perhaps to protect against sunburn , and is useful for grasping foliage , as well as for grooming and cleaning the animal 's nose . The upper lip of the giraffe is also prehensile and useful when foraging and is covered in hair to protect against thorns . The tongue , and inside of the mouth are covered in papillae . Play media ( video ) A pair of giraffes at Tobu Zoo , in Saitama , Japan The coat has dark blotches or patches ( which can be orange , chestnut , brown , or nearly black in colour ) separated by light hair ( usually white or cream in colour ) . Male giraffes become darker as they age . The coat pattern has been claimed to serve as camouflage in the light and shade patterns of savannah woodlands . While adult giraffes standing among trees and bushes are hard to see at even a few metres ' distance , they actively move into the open to gain the best view of an approaching predator , obviating any benefit that camouflage might bring . Instead , the adults rely on their size and ability to defend themselves . However , camouflage appears to be important for calves , which spend a large part of the day in hiding , away from their mothers ; further , over half of all calves die within a year , so predation is certainly important . It appears , therefore , that the spotted coat of the giraffe functions as camouflage for the young , while adults simply inherit this coloration as a by - product . The skin underneath the dark areas may serve as windows for thermoregulation , being sites for complex blood vessel systems and large sweat glands . Each individual giraffe has a unique coat pattern . The skin of a giraffe is mostly gray . Its thickness allows the animal to run through thorn bush without being punctured . The fur may serve as a chemical defence , as its parasite repellents give the animal a characteristic scent . At least 11 main aromatic chemicals are in the fur , although indole and 3 - methylindole are responsible for most of the smell . Because the males have a stronger odour than the females , the odour may also have sexual function . Along the animal 's neck is a mane made of short , erect hairs . The one - metre ( 3.3 - ft ) tail ends in a long , dark tuft of hair and is used as a defense against insects . Skull and ossicones Both sexes have prominent horn - like structures called ossicones , which are formed from ossified cartilage , covered in skin and fused to the skull at the parietal bones . Being vascularized , the ossicones may have a role in thermoregulation , and are also used in combat between males . Appearance is a reliable guide to the sex or age of a giraffe : the ossicones of females and young are thin and display tufts of hair on top , whereas those of adult males end in knobs and tend to be bald on top . Also , a median lump , which is more prominent in males , emerges at the front of the skull . Males develop calcium deposits that form bumps on their skulls as they age . A giraffe 's skull is lightened by multiple sinuses . However , as males age , their skulls become heavier and more club - like , helping them become more dominant in combat . The upper jaw has a grooved palate and lacks front teeth . The giraffe 's molars have a rough surface . Legs , locomotion and posture The front and back legs of a giraffe are about the same length . The radius and ulna of the front legs are articulated by the carpus , which , while structurally equivalent to the human wrist , functions as a knee . It appears that a suspensory ligament allows the lanky legs to support the animal 's great weight . The foot of the giraffe reaches a diameter of 30 cm ( 12 in ) , and the hoof is 15 cm ( 5.9 in ) high in males and 10 cm ( 3.9 in ) in females . The rear of each hoof is low and the fetlock is close to the ground , allowing the foot to provide additional support to the animal 's weight . Giraffes lack dewclaws and interdigital glands . The giraffe 's pelvis , though relatively short , has an ilium that is outspread at the upper ends . A giraffe has only two gaits : walking and galloping . Walking is done by moving the legs on one side of the body at the same time , then doing the same on the other side . When galloping , the hind legs move around the front legs before the latter move forward , and the tail will curl up . The animal relies on the forward and backward motions of its head and neck to maintain balance and the counter momentum while galloping . The giraffe can reach a sprint speed of up to 60 km / h ( 37 mph ) , and can sustain 50 km / h ( 31 mph ) for several kilometres . A giraffe rests by lying with its body on top of its folded legs . To lie down , the animal kneels on its front legs and then lowers the rest of its body . To get back up , it first gets on its knees and spreads its hind legs to raise its hindquarters . It then straightens its front legs . With each step , the animal swings its head . In captivity , the giraffe sleeps intermittently around 4.6 hours per day , mostly at night . It usually sleeps lying down , however , standing sleeps have been recorded , particularly in older individuals . Intermittent short `` deep sleep '' phases while lying are characterised by the giraffe bending its neck backwards and resting its head on the hip or thigh , a position believed to indicate paradoxical sleep . If the giraffe wants to bend down to drink , it either spreads its front legs or bends its knees . Giraffes would probably not be competent swimmers as their long legs would be highly cumbersome in the water , although they could possibly float . When swimming , the thorax would be weighed down by the front legs , making it difficult for the animal to move its neck and legs in harmony or keep its head above the surface . Neck The giraffe ( right ) and its close relative the okapi ( left ) both have seven cervical vertebrae The giraffe has an extremely elongated neck , which can be up to 2 -- 2.4 m ( 6.6 -- 7.9 ft ) in length , accounting for much of the animal 's vertical height . The long neck results from a disproportionate lengthening of the cervical vertebrae , not from the addition of more vertebrae . Each cervical vertebra is over 28 cm ( 11 in ) long . They comprise 52 -- 54 per cent of the length of the giraffe 's vertebral column , compared with the 27 -- 33 percent typical of similar large ungulates , including the giraffe 's closest living relative , the okapi . This elongation largely takes place after birth , perhaps because giraffe mothers would have a difficult time giving birth to young with the same neck proportions as adults . The giraffe 's head and neck are held up by large muscles and a strengthened nuchal ligament , which are anchored by long dorsal spines on the anterior thoracic vertebrae , giving the animal a hump . Adult male reticulated giraffe feeding high up on an acacia , in Kenya The giraffe 's neck vertebrae have ball and socket joints . In particular , the atlas -- axis joint ( C1 and C2 ) allows the animal to tilt its head vertically and reach more branches with the tongue . The point of articulation between the cervical and thoracic vertebrae of giraffes is shifted to lie between the first and second thoracic vertebrae ( T1 and T2 ) , unlike most other ruminants where the articulation is between the seventh cervical vertebra ( C7 ) and T1 . This allows C7 to contribute directly to increased neck length and has given rise to the suggestion that T1 is actually C8 , and that giraffes have added an extra cervical vertebra . However , this proposition is not generally accepted , as T1 has other morphological features , such as an articulating rib , deemed diagnostic of thoracic vertebrae , and because exceptions to the mammalian limit of seven cervical vertebrae are generally characterised by increased neurological anomalies and maladies . There are several hypotheses regarding the evolutionary origin and maintenance of elongation in giraffe necks . The `` competing browsers hypothesis '' was originally suggested by Charles Darwin and challenged only recently . It suggests that competitive pressure from smaller browsers , such as kudu , steenbok and impala , encouraged the elongation of the neck , as it enabled giraffes to reach food that competitors could not . This advantage is real , as giraffes can and do feed up to 4.5 m ( 15 ft ) high , while even quite large competitors , such as kudu , can feed up to only about 2 m ( 6 ft 7 in ) high . There is also research suggesting that browsing competition is intense at lower levels , and giraffes feed more efficiently ( gaining more leaf biomass with each mouthful ) high in the canopy . However , scientists disagree about just how much time giraffes spend feeding at levels beyond the reach of other browsers , and a 2010 study found that adult giraffes with longer necks actually suffered higher mortality rates under drought conditions than their shorter - necked counterparts . This study suggests that maintaining a longer neck requires more nutrients , which puts longer - necked giraffes at risk during a food shortage . Another theory , the sexual selection hypothesis , proposes that the long necks evolved as a secondary sexual characteristic , giving males an advantage in `` necking '' contests ( see below ) to establish dominance and obtain access to sexually receptive females . In support of this theory , necks are longer and heavier for males than females of the same age , and the former do not employ other forms of combat . However , one objection is that it fails to explain why female giraffes also have long necks . It has also been proposed that the neck serves to give the animal greater vigilance . Internal systems Reticulated giraffe bending down to drink , in Kenya . The circulatory system is adapted to deal with blood flow rushing down its neck . In mammals , the left recurrent laryngeal nerve is longer than the right ; in the giraffe it is over 30 cm ( 12 in ) longer . These nerves are longer in the giraffe than in any other living animal ; the left nerve is over 2 m ( 6 ft 7 in ) long . Each nerve cell in this path begins in the brainstem and passes down the neck along the vagus nerve , then branches off into the recurrent laryngeal nerve which passes back up the neck to the larynx . Thus , these nerve cells have a length of nearly 5 m ( 16 ft ) in the largest giraffes . The structure of a giraffe 's brain resembles that of domestic cattle . It is kept cool by evaporative heat loss in the nasal passages . The shape of the skeleton gives the giraffe a small lung volume relative to its mass . Its long neck gives it a large amount of dead space , in spite of its narrow windpipe . These factors increase the resistance to airflow . Nevertheless , the animal can still supply enough oxygen to its tissues and it can increase its respiratory rate and oxygen diffusion when running . Giraffe 's snout while drinking The circulatory system of the giraffe has several adaptations for its great height . Its heart , which can weigh more than 11 kg ( 25 lb ) and measures about 60 cm ( 2 ft ) long , must generate approximately double the blood pressure required for a human to maintain blood flow to the brain . As such , the wall of the heart can be as thick as 7.5 cm ( 3.0 in ) . Giraffes have unusually high heart rates for their size , at 150 beats per minute . When the animal lowers its head the blood rushes down fairly unopposed and a rete mirabile in the upper neck , with its large cross sectional area , prevents excess blood flow to the brain . When it raises again , the blood vessels constrict and direct blood into the brain so the animal does not faint . The jugular veins contain several ( most commonly seven ) valves to prevent blood flowing back into the head from the inferior vena cava and right atrium while the head is lowered . Conversely , the blood vessels in the lower legs are under great pressure because of the weight of fluid pressing down on them . To solve this problem , the skin of the lower legs is thick and tight ; preventing too much blood from pouring into them . Giraffes have oesophageal muscles that are unusually strong to allow regurgitation of food from the stomach up the neck and into the mouth for rumination . They have four chambered stomachs , as in all ruminants , and the first chamber has adapted to their specialised diet . The intestines of an adult giraffe measure more than 70 m ( 230 ft ) in length and have a relatively small ratio of small to large intestine . The liver of the giraffe is small and compact . A gallbladder is generally present during fetal life , but it may disappear before birth . Behaviour and Ecology. Habitat and feeding A Masai giraffe extending its tongue to feed , in Tanzania . Its tongue , lips and palate are tough enough to deal with sharp thorns in trees . Giraffes usually inhabit savannahs and open woodlands . They prefer Acacieae , Commiphora , Combretum and open Terminalia woodlands over denser environments like Brachystegia woodlands . The Angolan giraffe can be found in desert environments . Giraffes browse on the twigs of trees , preferring trees of the subfamily Acacieae and the genera Commiphora and Terminalia , which are important sources of calcium and protein to sustain the giraffe 's growth rate . They also feed on shrubs , grass and fruit . A giraffe eats around 34 kg ( 75 lb ) of foliage daily . When stressed , giraffes may chew the bark off branches . Although herbivorous , the giraffe has been known to visit carcasses and lick dried meat off bones . During the wet season , food is abundant and giraffes are more spread out , while during the dry season , they gather around the remaining evergreen trees and bushes . Mothers tend to feed in open areas , presumably to make it easier to detect predators , although this may reduce their feeding efficiency . As a ruminant , the giraffe first chews its food , then swallows it for processing and then visibly passes the half - digested cud up the neck and back into the mouth to chew again . It is common for a giraffe to salivate while feeding . The giraffe requires less food than many other herbivores because the foliage it eats has more concentrated nutrients and it has a more efficient digestive system . The animal 's faeces come in the form of small pellets . When it has access to water , a giraffe drinks at intervals no longer than three days . Giraffes have a great effect on the trees that they feed on , delaying the growth of young trees for some years and giving `` waistlines '' to trees that are too tall . Feeding is at its highest during the first and last hours of daytime . Between these hours , giraffes mostly stand and ruminate . Rumination is the dominant activity during the night , when it is mostly done lying down . Social life Gathering of female southern giraffes in Tswalu Kalahari Reserve , South Africa . These animals commonly gather in herds . Giraffes are usually found in groups . Traditionally , the composition of these groups has been described as open and ever - changing . Giraffes were thought to have few social bonds and for research purposes , a `` group '' has been defined as `` a collection of individuals that are less than a kilometre apart and moving in the same general direction . '' More recent studies have found that giraffes do have long - term social associations and may form groups or pairs based on kinship , sex or other factors . These groups may regularly associate with one another in larger communities or sub-communities within a fission -- fusion society . The number of giraffes in a group can range up to 44 individuals . Giraffe hum Giraffe hum , ogg / Vorbis format . Giraffe snort Giraffe snort ogg / Vorbis format . Giraffe grunt Giraffe grunt ogg / Vorbis format . Giraffe bursts Giraffe bursts ogg / Vorbis format Problems playing these files ? See media help . Giraffe groups tend to be sex - segregated although mixed - sex groups made of adult females and young males are known to occur . Particularly stable giraffe groups are those made of mothers and their young , which can last weeks or months . Social cohesion in these groups is maintained by the bonds formed between calves . Female association appears to be based on space - use and individuals may be matrilineally related . In general , females are more selective than males in who they associate with in regards to individuals of the same sex . Young males also form groups and will engage in playfights . However , as they get older males become more solitary but may also associate in pairs or with female groups . Giraffes are not territorial , but they have home ranges . Male giraffes occasionally wander far from areas that they normally frequent . Although generally quiet and non-vocal , giraffes have been heard to communicate using various sounds . During courtship , males emit loud coughs . Females call their young by bellowing . Calves will emit snorts , bleats , mooing and mewing sounds . Giraffes also snore , hiss , moan , grunt and make flute - like sounds , and possibly communicate over long distances using infrasound -- though this is disputed . During nighttime , giraffes appear to hum to each other above the infrasound range for purposes which are unclear . Reproduction and parental care Southern giraffes courting ( above ) and mating in Namibia . Generally , only dominant males are able to mate with females . Reproduction in giraffes is broadly polygamous : a few older males mate with the fertile females . Male giraffes assess female fertility by tasting the female 's urine to detect oestrus , in a multi-step process known as the flehmen response . Males prefer young adult females over juveniles and older adults . Once an oestrous female is detected , the male will attempt to court her . When courting , dominant males will keep subordinate ones at bay . A courting male may lick a female 's tail , rest his head and neck on her body or nudge her with his horns . During copulation , the male stands on his hind legs with his head held up and his front legs resting on the female 's sides . Giraffe gestation lasts 400 -- 460 days , after which a single calf is normally born , although twins occur on rare occasions . The mother gives birth standing up . The calf emerges head and front legs first , having broken through the fetal membranes , and falls to the ground , severing the umbilical cord . The mother then grooms the newborn and helps it stand up . A newborn giraffe is 1.7 -- 2 m ( 5.6 -- 6.6 ft ) tall . Within a few hours of birth , the calf can run around and is almost indistinguishable from a one - week - old . However , for the first 1 -- 3 weeks , it spends most of its time hiding ; its coat pattern providing camouflage . The ossicones , which have lain flat while it was in the womb , become erect within a few days . Mother Masai giraffe and calves feeding in Kenya . It is mostly the females that raise young , and they may gather in nursery herds . Mothers with calves will gather in nursery herds , moving or browsing together . Mothers in such a group may sometimes leave their calves with one female while they forage and drink elsewhere . This is known as a `` calving pool '' . Adult males play almost no role in raising the young , although they appear to have friendly interactions . Calves are at risk of predation , and a mother giraffe will stand over her calf and kick at an approaching predator . Females watching calving pools will only alert their own young if they detect a disturbance , although the others will take notice and follow . The length time in which offspring stay with their mother varies , though it can last until the female 's next calving . Likewise , calves may suckle for only a month or as long as a year . Females become sexually mature when they are four years old , while males become mature at four or five years . Spermatogenesis in male giraffes begins at three to four years of age . Males must wait until they are at least seven years old to gain the opportunity to mate . Necking Here , male southern giraffes engage in low intensity necking to establish dominance , in Ithala Game Reserve , Kwa - Zulu - Natal , South Africa . The more active kind of necking , engaged with here by southern giraffes in Namibia . Male giraffes use their necks as weapons in combat , a behaviour known as `` necking '' . Necking is used to establish dominance and males that win necking bouts have greater reproductive success . This behaviour occurs at low or high intensity . In low intensity necking , the combatants rub and lean against each other . The male that can hold itself more erect wins the bout . In high intensity necking , the combatants will spread their front legs and swing their necks at each other , attempting to land blows with their ossicones . The contestants will try to dodge each other 's blows and then get ready to counter . The power of a blow depends on the weight of the skull and the arc of the swing . A necking duel can last more than half an hour , depending on how well matched the combatants are . Although most fights do not lead to serious injury , there have been records of broken jaws , broken necks , and even deaths . After a duel , it is common for two male giraffes to caress and court each other . Such interactions between males have been found to be more frequent than heterosexual coupling . In one study , up to 94 percent of observed mounting incidents took place between males . The proportion of same - sex activities varied from 30 -- 75 percent . Only one percent of same - sex mounting incidents occurred between females . Mortality and health Lioness seen with an adult Masai giraffe kill Giraffes have high adult survival probability , and an unusually long lifespan compared to other ruminants , up to 25 years in the wild . Because of their size , eyesight and powerful kicks , adult giraffes are usually not subject to predation , aside from lions . Giraffes are the most common prey for the big cats in Kruger National Park . Nile crocodiles can also be a threat to giraffes when they bend down to drink . Calves are much more vulnerable than adults , and are additionally preyed on by leopards , spotted hyenas and wild dogs . A quarter to a half of giraffe calves reach adulthood . Calf survival varies according to the season of birth , with calves born during the dry season having higher survival rates . The local , seasonal presence of large herds of migratory wildebeests and zebras reduces predation pressure on giraffe calves and increases their survival probability . Some parasites feed on giraffes . They are often hosts for ticks , especially in the area around the genitals , which has thinner skin than other areas . Tick species that commonly feed on giraffes are those of genera Hyalomma , Amblyomma and Rhipicephalus . Giraffes may rely on red - billed and yellow - billed oxpeckers to clean them of ticks and alert them to danger . Giraffes host numerous species of internal parasite and are susceptible to various diseases . They were victims of the ( now eradicated ) viral illness rinderpest . Giraffes can also suffer from a skin disorder , which comes in the form of wrinkles , lesions or raw fissures . In Tanzania , it appears to be caused by a nematode , and may be further affected by secondary infections . As much as 79 % of giraffes show signs of the disease in Ruaha National Park , but is less prevalent in areas with fertile soils . Relationship with humans San rock art in Namibia depicting a giraffe Humans have interacted with giraffes for millennia . The San people of southern Africa have medicine dances named after some animals ; the giraffe dance is performed to treat head ailments . How the giraffe got its height has been the subject of various African folktales , including one from eastern Africa which explains that the giraffe grew tall from eating too many magic herbs . Giraffes were depicted in art throughout the African continent , including that of the Kiffians , Egyptians and Meroë Nubians . The Kiffians were responsible for a life - size rock engraving of two giraffes that has been called the `` world 's largest rock art petroglyph '' . The Egyptians gave the giraffe its own hieroglyph , named ' sr ' in Old Egyptian and ' mmy ' in later periods . They also kept giraffes as pets and shipped them around the Mediterranean . Painting of a giraffe imported to China during the Ming dynasty The giraffe was also known to the Greeks and Romans , who believed that it was an unnatural hybrid of a camel and a leopard and called it camelopardalis . The giraffe was among the many animals collected and displayed by the Romans . The first one in Rome was brought in by Julius Caesar in 46 BC and exhibited to the public . With the fall of the Western Roman Empire , the housing of giraffes in Europe declined . During the Middle Ages , giraffes were known to Europeans through contact with the Arabs , who revered the giraffe for its peculiar appearance . Individual captive giraffes were given celebrity status throughout history . In 1414 , a giraffe was shipped from Malindi to Bengal . It was then taken to China by explorer Zheng He and placed in a Ming dynasty zoo . The animal was a source of fascination for the Chinese people , who associated it with the mythical Qilin . The Medici giraffe was a giraffe presented to Lorenzo de ' Medici in 1486 . It caused a great stir on its arrival in Florence . Zarafa , another famous giraffe , was brought from Egypt to Paris in the early 19th century as a gift from Muhammad Ali of Egypt to Charles X of France . A sensation , the giraffe was the subject of numerous memorabilia or `` giraffanalia '' . Giraffes continue to have a presence in modern culture . Salvador Dalí depicted them with burning manes in some of his surrealist paintings . Dali considered the giraffe to be a symbol of masculinity , and a flaming giraffe was meant to be a `` masculine cosmic apocalyptic monster '' . Several children 's books feature the giraffe , including David A. Ufer 's The Giraffe Who Was Afraid of Heights , Giles Andreae 's Giraffes Ca n't Dance and Roald Dahl 's The Giraffe and the Pelly and Me . Giraffes have appeared in animated films , as minor characters in Disney 's The Lion King and Dumbo , and in more prominent roles in The Wild and in the Madagascar films . Sophie the Giraffe has been a popular teether since 1961 . Another famous fictional giraffe is the Toys `` R '' Us mascot Geoffrey the Giraffe . The giraffe has also been used for some scientific experiments and discoveries . Scientists have looked at the properties of giraffe skin when developing suits for astronauts and fighter pilots because the people in these professions are in danger of passing out if blood rushes to their legs . Computer scientists have modeled the coat patterns of several subspecies using reaction -- diffusion mechanisms . The constellation of Camelopardalis , introduced in the seventeenth century , depicts a giraffe . The Tswana people of Botswana traditionally see the constellation Crux as two giraffes -- Acrux and Mimosa forming a male , and Gacrux and Delta Crucis forming the female . Exploitation and Conservation status Masai giraffe killed by tribesmen in German East Africa during the early 20th century Giraffes were probably common targets for hunters throughout Africa . Different parts of their bodies were used for different purposes . Their meat was used for food . The tail hairs served as flyswatters , bracelets , necklaces and thread . Shields , sandals and drums were made using the skin , and the strings of musical instruments were from the tendons . The smoke from burning giraffe skins was used by the medicine men of Buganda to treat nose bleeds . The Humr people of Sudan consume the drink Umm Nyolokh ; which is created from the liver and marrow of giraffes . Umm Nyolokh often contains DMT and other psychoactive substances from plants the giraffes eat such as Acacia ; and is known to cause hallucinations of giraffes , believed to be the giraffes ' ghosts by the Humr . In the 19th century , European explorers began to hunt them for sport . Habitat destruction has hurt the giraffe , too : in the Sahel , the need for firewood and grazing room for livestock has led to deforestation . Normally , giraffes can coexist with livestock , since they do not directly compete with them . In 2017 , severe droughts in northern Kenya have led to increased tensions over land and the killing of wildlife by herders , with giraffe populations being particularly hit . Aerial survey is the most common method of monitoring giraffe population trends in the vast roadless tracts of African landscapes , but aerial methods are known to undercount giraffes . Ground - based survey methods are more accurate and should be used in conjunction with aerial surveys to make accurate estimates of population sizes and trends . In 2010 , giraffes were assessed as Least Concern from a conservation perspective by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) , but the 2016 assessment categorized giraffes as Vulnerable . Giraffes have been extirpated from much of their historic range including Eritrea , Guinea , Mauritania and Senegal . They may also have disappeared from Angola , Mali , and Nigeria , but have been introduced to Rwanda and Swaziland . Two subspecies , the West African giraffe and the Rothschild giraffe , have been classified as endangered , as wild populations of each of them number in the hundreds . In 1997 , Jonathan Kingdon suggested that the Nubian giraffe was the most threatened of all giraffes ; as of 2010 , it may number fewer than 250 , although this estimate is uncertain . Private game reserves have contributed to the preservation of giraffe populations in southern Africa . Giraffe Manor is a popular hotel in Nairobi that also serves as sanctuary for Rothschild 's giraffes . The giraffe is a protected species in most of its range . It is the national animal of Tanzania , and is protected by law . Unauthorised killing can result in imprisonment . 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Jump up ^ Qiu , Jane ( 22 June 2017 ) . `` Surge in wildlife killings is wiping out giraffes '' . Science . doi : 10.1126 / science. aan7000 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Derek E. ; Bond , Monica L. ( 2016 - 06 - 09 ) . `` Precision , accuracy , and costs of survey methods for giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis '' . Journal of Mammalogy. 97 ( 3 ) : 940 -- 948 . doi : 10.1093 / jmammal / gyw025 . ISSN 0022 - 2372 . Jump up ^ Lord . M ( 11 January 2012 ) . `` Outlandish Outposts : Giraffe Manor in Kenya '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved 4 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Knappert , J ( 1987 ) . East Africa : Kenya , Tanzania & Uganda . Vikas Publishing House . p. 57 . ISBN 0 - 7069 - 2822 - 9 . Jump up ^ Charles Foley ; Lara Foley ; Alex Lobora ; Daniela De Luca ; Maurus Msuha ; Tim R.B. Davenport ; Sarah M. Durant ( 8 June 2014 ) . A Field Guide to the Larger Mammals of Tanzania . Princeton University Press . pp. 179 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4008 - 5280 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` National Symbols : National Animal '' . tanzania.go.tz . Tanzania Government Portal . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chimpanzees among 33 breeds selected for special protection '' . BBC . 28 October 2017 . Retrieved 30 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Matt McGrath ( 8 December 2016 ) . `` Giraffes facing ' silent extinction ' as population plunges '' . BBC News . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New bird species and giraffe under threat -- IUCN Red List '' . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Giraffa . ARKive -- images and movies of the giraffe ( Giraffa camelopardalis ) . Giraffe , African Wildlife Foundation Giraffa camelopardalis , Encyclopedia of Life Giraffe fight on YouTube from BBC 's Africa series Extant Artiodactyla species Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Infraclass : Eutheria Superorder : Laurasiatheria ( hide ) Suborder Ruminantia Antilocapridae Antilocapra Pronghorn ( A. americana ) Giraffidae Okapia Okapi ( O. johnstoni ) Giraffa Northern giraffe ( G. camelopardalis ) Southern giraffe ( G. giraffa ) Reticulated giraffe ( G. reticulata ) Masai giraffe ( G. tippelskirchi ) Moschidae Moschus Anhui musk deer ( M. anhuiensis ) Dwarf musk deer ( M. berezovskii ) Alpine musk deer ( M. chrysogaster ) Kashmir musk deer ( M. cupreus ) Black musk deer ( M. fuscus ) Himalayan musk deer ( M. leucogaster ) Siberian musk deer ( M. moschiferus ) Tragulidae Hyemoschus Water chevrotain ( H. aquaticus ) Moschiola Indian spotted chevrotain ( M. indica ) Yellow - striped chevrotain ( M. kathygre ) Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain ( M. meminna ) Tragulus Java mouse - deer ( T. javanicus ) Lesser mouse - deer ( T. kanchil ) Greater mouse - deer ( T. napu ) Philippine mouse - deer ( T. nigricans ) Vietnam mouse - deer ( T. versicolor ) Williamson 's mouse - deer ( T. williamsoni ) Cervidae Large family listed below Bovidae Large family listed below Family Cervidae Cervinae Muntiacus Indian muntjac ( M. muntjak ) Reeves 's muntjac ( M. reevesi ) Hairy - fronted muntjac ( M. crinifrons ) Fea 's muntjac ( M. feae ) Bornean yellow muntjac ( M. atherodes ) Roosevelt 's muntjac ( M. rooseveltorum ) Gongshan muntjac ( M. gongshanensis ) Giant muntjac ( M. vuquangensis ) Truong Son muntjac ( M. truongsonensis ) Leaf muntjac ( M. putaoensis ) Sumatran muntjac ( M. montanus ) Pu Hoat muntjac ( M. puhoatensis ) Elaphodus Tufted deer ( E. cephalophus ) Dama Fallow deer ( D. dama ) Persian fallow deer ( D. mesopotamica ) Axis Chital ( A. axis ) Rucervus Barasingha ( R. duvaucelii ) Panolia Eld 's deer ( P. eldii ) Elaphurus Père David 's deer ( E. davidianus ) Hyelaphus Hog deer ( H. porcinus ) Calamian deer ( H. calamianensis ) Bawean deer ( H. kuhlii ) Rusa Sambar deer ( R. unicolor ) Rusa deer ( R. timorensis ) Philippine sambar ( R. mariannus ) Philippine spotted deer ( R. alfredi ) Cervus Red deer ( C. elaphus ) Elk ( C. canadensis ) Thorold 's deer ( C. albirostris ) Sika deer ( C. nippon ) Capreolinae Alces Moose ( A. alces ) Hydropotes Water deer ( H. inermis ) Capreolus Roe deer ( C. capreolus ) Siberian roe deer ( C. pygargus ) Rangifer Reindeer ( R. tarandus ) Hippocamelus Taruca ( H. antisensis ) South Andean deer ( H. bisulcus ) Mazama Red brocket ( M. americana ) Small red brocket ( M. bororo ) Merida brocket ( M. bricenii ) Dwarf brocket ( M. chunyi ) Gray brocket ( M. gouazoubira ) Pygmy brocket ( M. nana ) Amazonian brown brocket ( M. nemorivaga ) Yucatan brown brocket ( M. pandora ) Little red brocket ( M. rufina ) Central American red brocket ( M. temama ) Ozotoceros Pampas deer ( O. bezoarticus ) Blastocerus Marsh deer ( B. dichotomus ) Pudu Northern pudú ( P. mephistophiles ) Southern pudú ( P. pudu ) Odocoileus White - tailed deer ( O. virginianus ) Mule deer ( O. hemionus ) Family Bovidae Cephalophinae Cephalophus Abbott 's duiker ( C. spadix ) Aders 's duiker ( C. adersi ) Bay duiker ( C. dorsalis ) Black duiker ( C. niger ) Black - fronted duiker ( C. nigrifrons ) Brooke 's duiker ( C. brookei ) Harvey 's duiker ( C. harveyi ) Jentink 's duiker ( C. jentinki ) Ogilby 's duiker ( C. ogilbyi ) Peters 's duiker ( C. callipygus ) Red - flanked duiker ( C. rufilatus ) Red forest duiker ( C. natalensis ) Ruwenzori duiker ( C. rubidis ) Weyns 's duiker ( C. weynsi ) White - bellied duiker ( C. leucogaster ) White - legged duiker ( C. crusalbum ) Yellow - backed duiker ( C. Sylvicultor ) Zebra duiker ( C. zebra ) Philantomba Blue duiker ( P. monticola ) Maxwell 's duiker ( P. maxwellii ) Walter 's duiker ( P. walteri ) Sylvicapra Common duiker ( S. grimmia ) Hippotraginae Hippotragus Roan antelope ( H. equinus ) Sable antelope ( H. niger ) Oryx East African oryx ( O. beisa ) Scimitar oryx ( O. dammah ) Gemsbok ( O. gazella ) Arabian oryx ( O. leucoryx ) Addax Addax ( A. nasomaculatus ) Reduncinae Kobus Upemba lechwe ( K. anselli ) Waterbuck ( K. ellipsiprymnus ) Kob ( K. kob ) Lechwe ( K. leche ) Nile lechwe ( K. megaceros ) Puku ( K. vardonii ) Redunca Southern reedbuck ( R. arundinum ) Mountain reedbuck ( R. fulvorufula ) Bohor reedbuck ( R. redunca ) Aepycerotinae Aepyceros Impala ( A. melampus ) Peleinae Pelea Grey rhebok ( P. capreolus ) Alcelaphinae Beatragus Hirola ( B. hunteri ) Damaliscus Topi ( D. korrigum ) Common tsessebe ( D. lunatus ) Bontebok ( D. pygargus ) Bangweulu tsessebe ( D. superstes ) Alcelaphus Hartebeest ( A. buselaphus ) Red hartebeest ( A. caama ) Lichtenstein 's hartebeest ( A. lichtensteinii ) Connochaetes Black wildebeest ( C. gnou ) Blue wildebeest ( C. taurinus ) Pantholopinae Pantholops Tibetan antelope ( P. hodgsonii ) Caprinae Large subfamily listed below Bovinae Large subfamily listed below Antilopinae Large subfamily listed below Family Bovidae ( subfamily Caprinae ) Ammotragus Barbary sheep ( A. lervia ) Budorcas Takin ( B. taxicolor ) Capra Wild goat ( C. aegagrus ) Domestic goat ( C. aegagrus hircus ) West Caucasian tur ( C. caucasia ) East Caucasian tur ( C. cylindricornis ) Markhor ( C. falconeri ) Alpine ibex ( C. ibex ) Nubian ibex ( C. nubiana ) Spanish ibex ( C. pyrenaica ) Siberian ibex ( C. sibirica ) Walia ibex ( C. walie ) Capricornis Japanese serow ( C. crispus ) Taiwan serow ( C. swinhoei ) Sumatran serow ( C. sumatraensis ) Mainland serow ( C. milneedwardsii ) Red serow ( C. rubidusi ) Himalayan serow ( C. thar ) Hemitragus Nilgiri tahr ( H. hylocrius ) Arabian tahr ( H. jayakari ) Himalayan tahr ( H. jemlahicus ) Naemorhedus Red goral ( N. baileyi ) Long - tailed goral ( N. caudatus ) Himalayan goral ( N. goral ) Chinese goral ( N. griseus ) Oreamnos Mountain goat ( O. americanus ) Ovibos Muskox ( O. moschatus ) Ovis Argali ( O. ammon ) Domestic sheep ( O. aries ) Bighorn sheep ( O. canadensis ) Dall sheep ( O. dalli ) Mouflon ( O. musimon ) Snow sheep ( O. nivicola ) Urial ( O. orientalis ) Pseudois Bharal ( P. nayaur ) Dwarf blue sheep ( P. schaeferi ) Rupicapra Pyrenean chamois ( R. pyrenaica ) Chamois ( R. rupicapra ) Family Bovidae ( subfamily Bovinae ) Boselaphini Tetracerus Four - horned antelope ( T. quadricornis ) Boselaphus Nilgai ( B. tragocamelus ) Bovini Bubalus Water buffalo ( B. bubalis ) Wild Water Buffalo ( B. arnee ) Lowland anoa ( B. depressicornis ) Mountain anoa ( B. quarlesi ) Tamaraw ( B. mindorensis ) Bos Banteng ( B. javanicus ) Gaur ( B. gaurus ) Gayal ( B. frontalis ) Domestic yak ( B. grunniens ) Wild yak ( B. mutus ) Cattle ( B. taurus ) Kouprey ( B. sauveli ) Pseudonovibos Kting voar ( P. spiralis ) Pseudoryx Saola ( P. nghetinhensis ) Syncerus African buffalo ( S. caffer ) Bison American bison ( B. bison ) European bison ( B. bonasus ) Tragelaphini Tragelaphus ( including kudus ) Sitatunga ( T. spekeii ) Nyala ( T. angasii ) Kéwel ( T. scriptus ) Cape bushbuck ( T. sylvaticus ) Mountain nyala ( T. buxtoni ) Lesser kudu ( T. imberbis ) Greater kudu ( T. strepsiceros ) Bongo ( T. eurycerus ) Taurotragus Common eland ( T. oryx ) Giant eland ( T. derbianus ) Family Bovidae ( subfamily Antilopinae ) Antilopini Ammodorcas Dibatag ( A. clarkei ) Antidorcas Springbok ( A. marsupialis ) Antilope Blackbuck ( A. cervicapra ) Eudorcas Mongalla gazelle ( E. albonotata ) Red - fronted gazelle ( E. rufifrons ) Thomson 's gazelle ( E. thomsonii ) Heuglin 's gazelle ( E. tilonura ) Gazella Mountain gazelle ( G. gazella ) Neumann 's gazelle ( G. erlangeri ) Speke 's gazelle ( G. spekei ) Dorcas gazelle ( G. dorcas ) Chinkara ( G. bennettii ) Cuvier 's gazelle ( G. cuvieri ) Rhim gazelle ( G. leptoceros ) Goitered gazelle ( G. subgutturosa ) Litocranius Gerenuk ( L. walleri ) Nanger Dama gazelle ( N. dama ) Grant 's gazelle ( N. granti ) Soemmerring 's gazelle ( N. soemmerringii ) Procapra Mongolian gazelle ( P. gutturosa ) Goa ( P. picticaudata ) Przewalski 's gazelle ( P. przewalskii ) Saigini Pantholops Tibetan antelope ( P. hodgsonii ) Saiga Saiga antelope ( S. tatarica ) Neotragini Dorcatragus Beira ( D. megalotis ) Madoqua Günther 's dik - dik ( M. guentheri ) Kirk 's dik - dik ( M. kirkii ) Silver dik - dik ( M. piacentinii ) Salt 's dik - dik ( M. saltiana ) Neotragus Bates 's pygmy antelope ( N. batesi ) Suni ( N. moschatus ) Royal antelope ( N. pygmaeus ) Oreotragus Klipspringer ( O. oreotragus ) Ourebia Oribi ( O. ourebi ) Raphicerus Steenbok ( R. campestris ) Cape grysbok ( R. melanotis ) Sharpe 's grysbok ( R. sharpei ) Suborder Suina Suidae Babyrousa Buru babirusa ( B. babyrussa ) North Sulawesi babirusa ( B. celebensis ) Togian babirusa ( B. togeanensis ) Hylochoerus Giant forest hog ( H. meinertzhageni ) Phacochoerus Desert warthog ( P. aethiopicus ) Common warthog ( P. africanus ) Porcula Pygmy hog ( P. salvania ) Potamochoerus Bushpig ( P. larvatus ) Red river hog ( P. porcus ) Sus ( Pigs ) Palawan bearded pig ( S. ahoenobarbus ) Bornean bearded pig ( S. barbatus ) Indo - chinese warty pig ( S. bucculentus ) Visayan warty pig ( S. cebifrons ) Celebes warty pig ( S. celebensis ) Flores warty pig ( S. heureni ) Oliver 's warty pig ( S. oliveri ) Philippine warty pig ( S. philippensis ) Wild boar ( S. scrofa ) Timor warty pig ( S. timoriensis ) Javan warty pig ( S. verrucosus ) Tayassuidae Tayassu White - lipped peccary ( T. pecari ) Catagonus Chacoan peccary ( C. wagneri ) Pecari Collared peccary ( P. tajacu ) Giant peccary ( P. maximus ) Suborder Tylopoda Camelidae Lama Llama ( L. glama ) Guanaco ( L. guanicoe ) Vicugna Vicuña ( V. vicugna ) Alpaca ( V. pacos ) Camelus Dromedary ( C. dromedarius ) Bactrian camel ( C. bactrianus ) Wild Bactrian camel ( C. ferus ) Whippomorpha ( unranked clade ) Hippopotamidae Hippopotamus Hippopotamus ( H. amphibius ) Choeropsis Pygmy hippopotamus ( C. liberiensis ) Heraldry Armiger Law of heraldic arms Grant of arms Blazon Officers and officials Authorities Officers of arms King of Arms , Herald , Pursuivant Private Officer of Arms Conventional elements of coats of arms Escutcheon Chief Field ( Tincture ) Division Supporter Supporter Slogan ( battle cry ) Crest Torse Mantling Helmet / Galero Crown / Coronet Compartment Order Ordinaries Charges Motto Dexter Sinister ( right ) ( left ) Types of coats of arms National coat of arms Arms of dominion Ecclesiastical heraldry Burgher arms Civic heraldry Canting arms Attributed arms Heraldic achievement Escutcheon ( shield ) Field Divisions Variations Charge Chief Lines Ordinary Augmentation of honour Cadency Marshalling Quartering Impalement Pale Bar Bend Bordure Canton Chevron Cross Fess Flaunch Gyron Label Lozenge Orle Pall Roundel Saltire Creatures Beasts Bear Boar Bull / Ox Dog / Hound Camelopard ( giraffe ) Hind / Stag ( deer ) Kangaroo Leopard Lion Wolf Birds Cock Dove Eagle Martlet Pelican Rook Sea creatures Dolphin Ged Seahorse Lucy ( esox ) Scallop Legendary creatures Allocamelus Alphyn Basilisk Biscione Chollima Cockatrice Dragon Enfield Garuda Griffin / Keythong Harpy Konrul Lampago Lindworm Manticore Mermaid Pantheon Panther Pegasus Phoenix Salamander Hippocampus Hippogriff Sea - lion Turul Tyger Unicorn Wyvern Yale Others Bat Bee Crapaudy ( toad ) Emmet ( ant ) Serpent Knots Bourchier knot Bowen knot Cavendish knot Dacre knot Harrington knot Hastings knot Heneage knot Hinckaert knot Hungerford knot Lacy knot Medici knot Morvillier knot Ormonde knot Savoy knot Shakespeare knot Stafford knot Trafford knot Tristram knot Wake knot Tinctures Rules Tricking Hatching Metals Argent ( white ) Or ( gold ) Colours Gules ( red ) Sable ( black ) Azure ( blue ) Vert ( green ) Purpure ( purple ) Furs Ermines Erminois Erminites Pean Vair Potent Stains Murrey ( mulberry ) Sanguine ( blood red ) Tenné Non-traditional Metals Copper Colours Bleu - celeste Carnation Cendrée Orange Rose External Crowns and coronets Crest Compartment Helmet Mantling Motto Supporter Torse Mantle and pavilion See also List of oldest heraldry Heraldic flag ( Banner of arms ) Heraldic badge Women in heraldry Socialist heraldry Vexillology Non-traditional , rarely used traditions in italic ( typically regional or modern , considered unheraldic by some ) Heraldry portal Portal : Heraldry / Web resources Taxon identifiers Wd : Q862089 EoL : 38813 EPPO : 1GIRFG GBIF : 2441204 IRMNG : 1291817 ITIS : 898184 MSW : 14200475 NCBI : 9893 NARA : 10645771 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giraffe&oldid=842176372 '' Categories : IUCN Red List vulnerable species Giraffes Herbivorous mammals Mammals of Africa Mammal genera Vulnerable animals Vulnerable biota of Africa National symbols of Tanzania Mammals described in 1758 Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles with short description Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from May 2015 Articles with ' species ' microformats Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles needing more detailed references Featured articles Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Kurdî Latviešu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Русский Slovenčina Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 May 2018 , at 19 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the population of giraffes in africa	[ "In 1997, Jonathan Kingdon suggested that the Nubian giraffe was the most threatened of all giraffes;[4] as of 2010[update], it may number fewer than 250, although this estimate is uncertain. Private game reserves have contributed to the preservation of giraffe populations in southern Africa.[46] Giraffe Manor is a popular hotel in Nairobi that also serves as sanctuary for Rothschild's giraffes.[117] The giraffe is a protected species in most of its range. It is the national animal of Tanzania,[118] and is protected by law.[119] Unauthorised killing can result in imprisonment.[120] The UN backed Convention of Migratory Species selected giraffes for protection in 2017.[121] In 1999, it was estimated that over 140,000 giraffes existed in the wild,[34] estimations as of 2016 indicate that there are approximately 97,500 members of Giraffa in the wild, down from 155,000 in 1985, with around 1,144 in captivity.[122][123][full citation needed]" ]	[ "97,500" ]
-8408489477343470034	AFC East	AFC East - wikipedia AFC East Jump to : navigation , search AFC East Conference American Football Conference League National Football League Sport American football Founded 1960 ( as the American Football League Eastern Division ) Teams No. of teams Championships Most recent AFC East champion ( s ) New England Patriots ( 2017 ) Most AFC East titles New England Patriots ( 20 titles , have won 9 straight AFC East Titles ) The American Football Conference -- Eastern Division or AFC East is a division of the National Football League ( NFL ) 's American Football Conference ( AFC ) . There are currently four teams that reside in the division : the Buffalo Bills ( based in Orchard Park , New York ) ; the Miami Dolphins ( based in Miami Gardens , Florida ) ; the New England Patriots ( based in Foxborough , Massachusetts ) ; and the New York Jets ( based in East Rutherford , New Jersey ) . Since the division 's enfranchisement in 1960 , with the creation of the American Football League , the division has been represented in nineteen Super Bowls and won eight of them . The most recent appearance in the Super Bowl by an AFC East team was the Patriots in Super Bowl LII . Entering 2017 the Patriots had the most wins in the division 's history , with a record of 476 - 383 - 9 , with a playoff record of 32 - 19 ( 5 - 4 in Super Bowls ) entering the playoffs of that season . The Dolphins were second at 439 - 341 - 4 ( having played 84 fewer games than their division rivals ) with a playoff record of 20 - 21 ( 2 - 3 in Super Bowls ) . The Bills were at 400 - 460 - 8 with a playoff record of 14 - 15 ( with two American Football League titles ) and 0 - 4 in four consecutive Super Bowls . The Jets held a record of 392 - 468 - 8 , with a playoff record of 12 - 13 including victory in Super Bowl III . In 2012 , the Patriots broke a tie with the Dolphins for winning the most division titles ; with subsequent division titles in 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , and 2017 the Patriots have won 20 AFL / AFC East division titles to Miami 's 14 . The Bills have won ten division titles , and the Jets have won four . Two teams formerly in the division combined for ten AFL / AFC East titles -- the Houston Oilers ( now the Tennessee Titans ) won four division titles ( and the 1960 and 1961 league titles ) during the AFL era while the Baltimore -- Indianapolis Colts won six division titles ( and Super Bowl V ) in the 32 seasons they were in the division . Contents ( hide ) 1 AFL Eastern Division 2 Division lineups 3 Division champions 4 Wildcard Qualifiers 5 Total playoff berths while in the AFL / AFC East 6 See also 7 References AFL Eastern division ( edit ) The American Football League Eastern Division was formed during the inaugural season of the American Football League in 1960 , as a counterpart to the AFL Western Division . The divisional alignment consisted of the Buffalo Bills , Boston Patriots , New York Titans and Houston Oilers . The Miami Dolphins entered the AFL in 1966 as part of its Eastern division . Locale of the current 4 AFC East teams The division was absorbed nearly intact with the AFL -- NFL merger in 1970 , but Houston was moved to the AFC Central ( formerly the NFL Century Division , now the AFC North ) and replaced by the closer Baltimore Colts ( from the NFL Coastal Division , which became the NFC West ) . Despite relocating to Indianapolis , Indiana in 1984 , the Colts continued to play in the AFC East until NFL expansion from 31 to 32 teams with the addition of the Houston Texans ( successor club in Houston to the Oilers ) and 2002 re-alignment when they were moved to the AFC South ( the successor franchise to the Oilers , the Tennessee Titans , is also in the AFC South ) . Although Miami is farther south than the home cities of the other three teams , all of which are in the Northeast , all four AFC East teams have historical rivalries among them , dating from their years in the AFL during the 1960s . None of the AFC East teams currently plays within the central city of their metropolitan area : The Bills play in Orchard Park , New York . They played in the city of Buffalo from 1960 -- 72 . The Jets play in East Rutherford , New Jersey ( they played in the New York City borough of Manhattan from 1960 -- 63 , and in the borough of Queens from 1964 -- 83 ) The Dolphins play in Miami Gardens , Florida , a suburb of Miami ( Miami Gardens was separated from the city itself and incorporated in 2003 ) The Patriots play in Foxborough , Massachusetts ( they played in Boston , the largest city in New England , until 1970 and adopted their current name in 1971 when they moved into what eventually became known as Foxboro Stadium ) . All of the teams are or were coached by a first or second generation member of the Bill Parcells coaching tree : the Patriots have Bill Belichick ; the Dolphins had Tony Sparano ; the Jets had Eric Mangini ( who served as an assistant with both Belichick and Parcells ) ; and the Bills had Dick Jauron ( fired on November 17 , 2009 ) , who served as an assistant with former Parcells assistant Tom Coughlin . The Jets are now coached by Todd Bowles and the Bills were coached by Rex Ryan for 31 games ( the entire 2015 - 16 season , and he was fired before the last game of the 2016 - 17 season and replaced with interim Head Coach Anthony Lynn ) . Parcells himself coached the Patriots ( 1993 -- 6 ) and the Jets ( 1997 -- 9 ) and was Vice President of Football Operations for the Dolphins until the summer of 2010 . ESPN 's Chris Berman often calls this division the `` AFC Adams '' due to its geographical similarity to the old Adams Division of the NHL , now succeeded by the Atlantic Division . Along with the AFC ( formerly AFL ) West , the AFC East is the oldest NFL division in terms of creation date ( 1960 ) . Division lineups ( edit ) Place cursor over year for division champ or Super Bowl team . AFL Eastern Division 1900s 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 Buffalo Bills Boston Patriots New York Titans New York Jets Houston Oilers Miami Dolphins AFC East Division 1900s 2000s 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 Buffalo Bills Boston Patriots New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Colts Indianapolis Colts Miami Dolphins AFC East Division 2000s 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 New England Patriots Buffalo Bills New York Jets Miami Dolphins Team not in division Division Won AFL Championship Division Won AFC Championship Division Won Super Bowl Boston Patriots renamed to New England Patriots . Houston Oilers move to newly created AFC Central division ( 1970 season ) and later are renamed the Tennessee Oilers ( 1997 season ) , then Tennessee Titans ( 1999 season ) . Moved to AFC South in 2002 . New York Titans renamed to New York Jets ( 1963 season ) Miami Dolphins enfranchised ( 1966 season ) Baltimore Colts merge from NFL 's Western Division to AFC East ( 1970 season ) Baltimore Colts relocate to Indianapolis subsequently renamed Indianapolis Colts ( 1984 season ) . Moved to AFC South in 2002 . Division champions ( edit ) Season Team Record Playoff Results 1960 Houston Oilers 10 -- 4 -- 0 Won AFL Championship Game 1961 Houston Oilers 10 -- 3 -- 1 Won AFL Championship Game 1962 Houston Oilers 11 -- 3 -- 0 Lost AFL Championship Game 1963 Boston Patriots 7 -- 6 -- 1 Won Divisional Playoff , Lost AFL Championship Game 1964 Buffalo Bills 12 -- 2 -- 0 Won AFL Championship Game 1965 Buffalo Bills 10 -- 3 -- 1 Won AFL Championship Game 1966 Buffalo Bills 9 -- 4 -- 1 Lost AFL Championship Game 1967 Houston Oilers 9 -- 4 -- 1 Lost AFL Championship Game 1968 New York Jets 11 -- 3 -- 0 Won AFL Championship Game , Won Super Bowl III 1969 New York Jets 10 -- 4 -- 0 Lost Inter-Divisional Playoffs 1970 Baltimore Colts 11 -- 2 -- 1 Won Divisional and AFC Championship Games , Won Super Bowl V0 1971 Miami Dolphins 10 -- 3 -- 1 Won Divisional and AFC Championship Games , Lost Super Bowl VI 1972 Miami Dolphins 14 -- 0 -- 0 Won Divisional and AFC Championship Games , Won Super Bowl VII 1973 Miami Dolphins 12 -- 2 -- 0 Won Divisional and AFC Championship Games , Won Super Bowl VIII Miami Dolphins 11 -- 3 -- 0 Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs Baltimore Colts 10 -- 4 -- 0 Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs 1976 Baltimore Colts 11 -- 3 -- 0 Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs 1977 Baltimore Colts 10 -- 4 -- 0 Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs 1978 New England Patriots 11 -- 5 -- 0 Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs 1979 Miami Dolphins 10 -- 6 -- 0 Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs 1980 Buffalo Bills 11 -- 5 -- 0 Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs 1981 Miami Dolphins 11 -- 4 -- 1 Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs 1982 + Miami Dolphins 7 -- 2 -- 0 Won AFC First Round , Second Round and Championship Games , Lost Super Bowl XVII 0 Miami Dolphins 12 -- 4 -- 0 Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs 1984 Miami Dolphins 14 -- 2 -- 0 Won Divisional and AFC Championship Games , Lost Super Bowl XIX 1985 Miami Dolphins 12 -- 4 -- 0 Won AFC Divisional Playoffs , Lost AFC Championship Game 1986 New England Patriots 11 -- 5 -- 0 Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs Indianapolis Colts 9 -- 6 -- 0 Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs 1988 Buffalo Bills 12 -- 4 -- 0 Won AFC Divisional Playoffs , Lost AFC Championship Game 1989 Buffalo Bills 9 -- 7 -- 0 Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs 1990 Buffalo Bills 13 -- 3 -- 0 Won Divisional and AFC Championship Games , Lost Super Bowl XXV 1991 Buffalo Bills 13 -- 3 -- 0 Won Divisional and AFC Championship Games , Lost Super Bowl XXVI 1992 Miami Dolphins 11 -- 5 -- 0 Won Divisional Game , lost AFC Championship Game 1993 Buffalo Bills 12 -- 4 -- 0 Won Divisional and AFC Championship Games , Lost Super Bowl XXVIII 1994 Miami Dolphins 10 -- 6 -- 0 Won Wild Card Game , Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs 1995 Buffalo Bills 10 -- 6 -- 0 Won Wild Card Game , Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs New England Patriots 11 -- 5 -- 0 Won Divisional and AFC Championship Games , Lost Super Bowl XXXI 1997 New England Patriots 10 -- 6 -- 0 Won Wild Card Game , Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs 1998 New York Jets 12 -- 4 -- 0 Won Divisional Game , Lost AFC Championship Game 1999 Indianapolis Colts 13 -- 3 -- 0 Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs 2000 Miami Dolphins 11 -- 5 -- 0 Won Wild Card Game , Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs 2001 New England Patriots 11 -- 5 -- 0 Won Divisional and AFC Championship Games , Won Super Bowl XXXVI 2002 New York Jets 9 -- 7 -- 0 Won Wild Card Game , Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs 2003 New England Patriots 14 -- 2 -- 0 Won Divisional and AFC Championship Games , Won Super Bowl XXXVIII New England Patriots 14 -- 2 -- 0 Won Divisional and AFC Championship Games , Won Super Bowl XXXIX 2005 New England Patriots 10 -- 6 -- 0 Won Wild Card Game , Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs 2006 New England Patriots 12 -- 4 -- 0 Won Wild Card and AFC Divisional Games , Lost AFC Championship Game 2007 New England Patriots 16 -- 0 -- 0 Won Divisional and AFC Championship Games , Lost Super Bowl XLII 2008 Miami Dolphins 11 -- 5 -- 0 Lost AFC Wild Card Playoffs 2009 New England Patriots 10 -- 6 -- 0 Lost AFC Wild Card Playoffs New England Patriots 14 -- 2 -- 0 Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs 2011 New England Patriots 13 -- 3 -- 0 Won Divisional and AFC Championship Games , Lost Super Bowl XLVI 2012 New England Patriots 12 -- 4 -- 0 Won AFC Divisional Playoffs , Lost AFC Championship Game 2013 New England Patriots 12 -- 4 -- 0 Won AFC Divisional Playoffs , Lost AFC Championship Game 2014 New England Patriots 12 -- 4 -- 0 Won AFC Divisional and AFC Championship Games , Won Super Bowl XLIX 2015 New England Patriots 12 -- 4 -- 0 Won AFC Divisional Playoffs , Lost AFC Championship Game 2016 New England Patriots 14 -- 2 -- 0 Won AFC Divisional and AFC Championship Games , Won Super Bowl LI 2017 New England Patriots 13 -- 3 -- 0 Won AFC Divisional and AFC Championship Games , Lost Super Bowl LII + -- A players ' strike in 1982 reduced the regular season to nine games . Thus , the league used a special 16 - team playoff tournament just for this year . Division standings were ignored , Miami had the best record of the division teams . Wildcard qualifiers ( edit ) Season Team Record Playoff Results 1969 Houston Oilers 06 -- 6 -- 2 Lost AFL Interdivisional Game 1970 Miami Dolphins 10 -- 4 -- 0 Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs 1971 Baltimore Colts 10 -- 4 -- 0 Won AFC Divisional Playoffs , Lost AFC Championship Game Buffalo Bills 09 -- 5 -- 0 Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs 1976 New England Patriots 11 -- 3 -- 0 Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs 1978 Miami Dolphins 11 -- 5 -- 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs 1981 New York Jets Buffalo Bills 10 -- 5 -- 1 10 -- 6 -- 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs Won Wild Card Playoffs , Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs 1982 + New York Jets New England Patriots 06 -- 3 -- 0 05 -- 4 -- 0 Won AFC First Round and Second Round , Lost AFC Championship Game 0 Lost AFC First Round 1985 New York Jets New England Patriots 11 -- 5 -- 0 11 -- 5 -- 0 Lost AFC Wild Card Playoffs Won Wild Card , Divisional and AFC Championship Games , Lost Super Bowl XX 0 1986 New York Jets 10 -- 6 -- 0 Won Wild Card Game , Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs 1990 Miami Dolphins 12 -- 4 -- 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs , Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs 1991 New York Jets 08 -- 8 -- 0 Lost AFC Wild Card Playoffs 1992 Buffalo Bills 11 -- 5 -- 0 Won Wild Card , Divisional and AFC Championship Games , Lost Super Bowl XXVII 0 1994 New England Patriots 10 -- 6 -- 0 Lost AFC Wild Card Playoffs 1995 Indianapolis Colts Miami Dolphins 09 -- 7 -- 0 09 -- 7 -- 0 Won Wild Card and AFC Divisional Playoff games , Lost AFC Championship Game 0 Lost AFC Wild Card Playoffs Buffalo Bills Indianapolis Colts 10 -- 6 -- 0 09 -- 7 -- 0 Lost AFC Wild Card Playoffs Lost AFC Wild Card Playoffs 1997 Miami Dolphins 09 -- 7 -- 0 Lost AFC Wild Card Playoffs 1998 Miami Dolphins Buffalo Bills New England Patriots 10 -- 6 -- 0 10 -- 6 -- 0 09 -- 7 -- 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs , Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs Lost AFC Wild Card Playoffs Lost AFC Wild Card Playoffs 1999 Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins 11 -- 5 -- 0 09 -- 7 -- 0 Lost AFC Wild Card Playoffs Won Wild Card Playoffs , Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs 2000 Indianapolis Colts 10 -- 6 -- 0 Lost AFC Wild Card Playoffs 2001 Miami Dolphins New York Jets 11 -- 5 -- 0 10 -- 6 -- 0 Lost AFC Wild Card Playoffs Lost AFC Wild Card Playoffs New York Jets 10 -- 6 -- 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs , Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs 2006 New York Jets 10 -- 6 -- 0 Lost AFC Wild Card Playoffs 2009 New York Jets 09 -- 7 -- 0 Won Wild Card and AFC Divisional Playoff games , Lost AFC Championship Game 0 New York Jets 11 -- 5 -- 0 Won Wild Card and AFC Divisional Playoff games , Lost AFC Championship Game 2016 Miami Dolphins 10 -- 6 -- 0 Lost AFC Wild Card Playoffs 2017 Buffalo Bills 09 -- 7 -- 0 Lost AFC Wild Card Playoffs + -- A players ' strike in 1982 reduced the regular season to nine games . Thus , the league used a special 16 - team playoff tournament just for this year . Division standings were ignored , Miami had the best record of the division teams . Total playoff berths while in the AFL / AFC East ( edit ) ( AFC East records 1960 -- 2016 seasons ) Reflects Colts & Oilers results only while in the East Division . In the sortable table below , teams can be ordered by name , number of division wins , playoff berths , or titles . Team Division Titles Playoff Berths AFL Titles AFC Championships Super Bowl Championships New England Patriots 20 25 0 10 5 Miami Dolphins 14 23 0 5 Buffalo Bills 10 18 0 New York Jets 14 0 Indianapolis Colts * 6 10 0 0 0 Houston Oilers * 5 0 0 AFC East - Division -- Titles - Playoff - Berths AFL - Titles - AFC - Championships - Super Bowl - Championships - Totals - 1960 -- 2016 56 95 5 19 8 Realigned from NFL West in 1970 merger . Known as the Baltimore Colts before 1984 . Realigned into the AFC South beginning with the 2002 NFL season . Realigned into the AFC Central in 1970 merger , and into the AFC South in 2002 . Known as Tennessee Oilers from 1997 -- 98 , and Tennessee Titans since 1999 . See also ( edit ) Bills -- Dolphins rivalry Dolphins -- Jets rivalry Jets -- Patriots rivalry Colts -- Patriots rivalry Bills - Patriots rivalry Bills - Jets rivalry Dolphins - Patriots rivalry References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Boston / New England Patriots Team Encyclopedia - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Miami Dolphins Team Encyclopedia - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Buffalo Bills Team Encyclopedia - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` New York Jets Team Encyclopedia - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Houston Oilers / Tennessee Oilers / Tennessee Titans Team Encyclopedia - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts Team Encyclopedia - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ Urena , Ivan ( 11 December 2013 ) . `` Pro Football Schedules : A Complete Historical Guide from 1933 to the Present '' . McFarland -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` NFL and AFL announce merger - Jun 08 , 1966 - HISTORY.com '' . Jump up ^ `` Clayton : AFC South could be worst division ever '' . Jump up ^ `` Bill Parcells thinks Miami Dolphins could make a run at the AFC East title '' . National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network NFL RedZone Radio NFL Films Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - Pro Hall of Fame Foreign players Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Culture Cheerleading Mascots Lore Nicknames Numbers Retired Color Rush Buffalo Bills Founded in 1960 Based and headquartered in Orchard Park , New York Franchise Franchise History Players Seasons Pro Bowl selections First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Coaches Logos and uniforms NFL in Toronto Bills series Stadiums War Memorial Stadium New Era Field Rogers Centre ( Bills Toronto Series ) New Era Field II ( proposed ) Culture Buffalo sports curse Ralph Wilson Billy Buffalo Buffalo Jills Ken `` Pinto Ron '' Johnson Second String Flutie Flakes `` Shout '' ( The Isley Brothers song ) Four Falls of Buffalo Lore AAFC Buffalo Bills Electric Company The Comeback Wide Right The `` Forward Lateral '' Rivalries Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Division championships ( 10 ) 1964 1965 1966 1980 1988 1989 1990 1991 1993 1995 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1990 1991 1992 1993 League championships ( 2 ) 1964 1965 Wall of Fame Simpson Kemp McGroder Sestak Shaw Wilson 12th Man Dubenion Stratton Ferguson Levy DeLamielleure James Abramoski Kalsu Saimes Kelly Smerlas Hull Talley Ritcher Thomas Reed Tasker Smith Edgerson Hansen Polian Miller Saban Gilchrist Media Broadcasters Radio Radio Network WGR 550 Television MSG Western New York Personalities : John Murphy Van Miller Mark Kelso Steve Tasker Owners Wilson Pegula family Terry Kim Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : East Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Miami Dolphins Founded in 1966 Based in Miami Gardens , Florida Headquartered in Davie , Florida Franchise Franchise History Seasons Coaches Players First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Records Honor roll Training facility Broadcasters Stadiums Orange Bowl Hard Rock Stadium Culture `` Fins '' ( Jimmy Buffett song ) Wayne Huizenga Stephen M. Ross Joe Robbie T.D. Cheerleaders Ace Ventura : Pet Detective `` Only Wanna Be with You '' ( Hootie & the Blowfish song ) Ballers Lore Perfect season The Sea of Hands Announcerless Game Epic in Miami Snowplow Game Clock Play Monday Night Miracle Rivalries Buffalo Bills New England Patriots New York Jets Tampa Bay Buccaneers Division championships ( 13 ) 1971 1972 1973 1979 1981 1984 1985 1992 1994 2000 2008 Conference championships ( 5 ) 1971 1972 1973 1982 1984 League championships ( 2 ) 1972 ( VII ) 1973 ( VIII ) Retired numbers 12 13 39 Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : East Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1966 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 52 ) 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold New England Patriots Founded in 1960 Formerly the Boston Patriots ( 1960 -- 70 ) Based and headquartered in Foxborough , Massachusetts Franchise Franchise History Hall of Fame Patriot Place Seasons Players Coaches First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Strategy Broadcasters Stadiums Nickerson Field Fenway Park Alumni Stadium Harvard Stadium Foxboro Stadium Gillette Stadium Culture Billy Sullivan Robert Kraft Jonathan Kraft Pat Patriot Cheerleaders `` I 'm Shipping Up to Boston '' `` Crazy Train '' `` Your Love '' Patriot Reign Family Guy `` Patriot Games '' `` 3 Acts of God '' `` Gronkowsbees '' `` Stunning and Brave '' ( South Park episode ) Lore Snowplow Game St. Louis Stallions Tuck Rule Game 16 - 0 Spygate 2007 game vs. New York Giants Helmet Catch Butt fumble Deflategate 28 -- 3 Philly Special Rivalries Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Denver Broncos Indianapolis Colts Brady -- Manning rivalry Division championships ( 20 ) 1963 1978 1986 1997 2001 2003 2005 2006 2007 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Conference championships ( 10 ) 1985 2001 2003 2007 2011 2014 2016 2017 League championships ( 5 ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) 2003 ( XXXVIII ) 2004 ( XXXIX ) 2014 ( XLIX ) 2016 ( LI ) Retired numbers 20 40 56 57 73 78 79 89 Media Broadcasters WBZ - FM Radio network Gil Santos Gino Cappelletti Bob Socci Scott Zolak Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : East Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold New York Jets Founded in 1960 Formerly the New York Titans ( 1960 -- 62 ) Based in East Rutherford , New Jersey Headquartered in Florham Park , New Jersey Franchise Franchise History Seasons Players Coaches Logos and uniforms First - round draft picks Quarterbacks Flight Crew Stadiums Polo Grounds Shea Stadium Giants Stadium MetLife Stadium Culture Fireman Ed Alex Anthony Flash Gordon The Wonder Years West Side Stadium Generation Jets The King of Queens Lore Heidi Game The Guarantee Announcerless Game New York Sack Exchange Clock Play The Monday Night Miracle Spygate Butt fumble Rivalries Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Giants Key personnel Owner : Woody Johnson Chairman / CEO : Christopher Johnson President Neil Glat General Manager : Mike Maccagnan Head Coach : Todd Bowles Division championships ( 4 ) 1968 1969 1998 2002 League championships ( 1 ) 1968 ( III ) does not include 1968 AFL championship Retired numbers 12 13 28 73 90 Ewbank Media Broadcasters WEPN WEPN - FM WCBS - TV SportsNet New York Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : East Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Book : New York Jets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AFC_East&oldid=833322009 '' Categories : National Football League divisions Sports in the Eastern United States Buffalo Bills Indianapolis Colts Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets 1960 establishments in the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Čeština Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 21 : 16 . About Wikipedia	when was the last time the dolphins won their division	[ "\n\nSeason\nTeam\nRecord\nPlayoff Results\n\n\n1960\nHouston Oilers\n10–4–0\nWon AFL Championship Game\n\n\n1961\nHouston Oilers\n10–3–1\nWon AFL Championship Game\n\n\n1962\nHouston Oilers\n11–3–0\nLost AFL Championship Game\n\n\n1963\nBoston Patriots\n7–6–1\nWon Divisional Playoff, Lost AFL Championship Game\n\n\n1964\nBuffalo Bills\n12–2–0\nWon AFL Championship Game\n\n\n1965\nBuffalo Bills\n10–3–1\nWon AFL Championship Game\n\n\n1966\nBuffalo Bills\n9–4–1\nLost AFL Championship Game\n\n\n1967\nHouston Oilers\n9–4–1\nLost AFL Championship Game\n\n\n1968\nNew York Jets\n11–3–0\nWon AFL Championship Game, Won Super Bowl III\n\n\n1969\nNew York Jets\n10–4–0\nLost Inter-Divisional Playoffs\n\n\n1970\nBaltimore Colts\n11–2–1\nWon Divisional and AFC Championship Games, Won Super Bowl V0\n\n\n1971\nMiami Dolphins\n10–3–1\nWon Divisional and AFC Championship Games, Lost Super Bowl VI\n\n\n1972\nMiami Dolphins\n14–0–0\nWon Divisional and AFC Championship Games, Won Super Bowl VII\n\n\n1973\nMiami Dolphins\n12–2–0\nWon Divisional and AFC Championship Games, Won Super Bowl VIII\n\n\n1974\nMiami Dolphins\n11–3–0\nLost AFC Divisional Playoffs\n\n\n1975\nBaltimore Colts\n10–4–0\nLost AFC Divisional Playoffs\n\n\n1976\nBaltimore Colts\n11–3–0\nLost AFC Divisional Playoffs\n\n\n1977\nBaltimore Colts\n10–4–0\nLost AFC Divisional Playoffs\n\n\n1978\nNew England Patriots\n11–5–0\nLost AFC Divisional Playoffs\n\n\n1979\nMiami Dolphins\n10–6–0\nLost AFC Divisional Playoffs\n\n\n1980\nBuffalo Bills\n11–5–0\nLost AFC Divisional Playoffs\n\n\n1981\nMiami Dolphins\n11–4–1\nLost AFC Divisional Playoffs\n\n\n1982+\nMiami Dolphins\n7–2–0\nWon AFC First Round, Second Round and Championship Games, Lost Super Bowl XVII0\n\n\n1983\nMiami Dolphins\n12–4–0\nLost AFC Divisional Playoffs\n\n\n1984\nMiami Dolphins\n14–2–0\nWon Divisional and AFC Championship Games, Lost Super Bowl XIX\n\n\n1985\nMiami Dolphins\n12–4–0\nWon AFC Divisional Playoffs, Lost AFC Championship Game\n\n\n1986\nNew England Patriots\n11–5–0\nLost AFC Divisional Playoffs\n\n\n1987\nIndianapolis Colts\n9–6–0\nLost AFC Divisional Playoffs\n\n\n1988\nBuffalo Bills\n12–4–0\nWon AFC Divisional Playoffs, Lost AFC Championship Game\n\n\n1989\nBuffalo Bills\n9–7–0\nLost AFC Divisional Playoffs\n\n\n1990\nBuffalo Bills\n13–3–0\nWon Divisional and AFC Championship Games, Lost Super Bowl XXV\n\n\n1991\nBuffalo Bills\n13–3–0\nWon Divisional and AFC Championship Games, Lost Super Bowl XXVI\n\n\n1992\nMiami Dolphins\n11–5–0\nWon Divisional Game, lost AFC Championship Game\n\n\n1993\nBuffalo Bills\n12–4–0\nWon Divisional and AFC Championship Games, Lost Super Bowl XXVIII\n\n\n1994\nMiami Dolphins\n10–6–0\nWon Wild Card Game, Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs\n\n\n1995\nBuffalo Bills\n10–6–0\nWon Wild Card Game, Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs\n\n\n1996\nNew England Patriots\n11–5–0\nWon Divisional and AFC Championship Games, Lost Super Bowl XXXI\n\n\n1997\nNew England Patriots\n10–6–0\nWon Wild Card Game, Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs\n\n\n1998\nNew York Jets\n12–4–0\nWon Divisional Game, Lost AFC Championship Game\n\n\n1999\nIndianapolis Colts\n13–3–0\nLost AFC Divisional Playoffs\n\n\n2000\nMiami Dolphins\n11–5–0\nWon Wild Card Game, Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs\n\n\n2001\nNew England Patriots\n11–5–0\nWon Divisional and AFC Championship Games, Won Super Bowl XXXVI\n\n\n2002\nNew York Jets\n9–7–0\nWon Wild Card Game, Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs\n\n\n2003\nNew England Patriots\n14–2–0\nWon Divisional and AFC Championship Games, Won Super Bowl XXXVIII\n\n\n2004\nNew England Patriots\n14–2–0\nWon Divisional and AFC Championship Games, Won Super Bowl XXXIX\n\n\n2005\nNew England Patriots\n10–6–0\nWon Wild Card Game, Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs\n\n\n2006\nNew England Patriots\n12–4–0\nWon Wild Card and AFC Divisional Games, Lost AFC Championship Game\n\n\n2007\nNew England Patriots\n16–0–0\nWon Divisional and AFC Championship Games, Lost Super Bowl XLII\n\n\n2008\nMiami Dolphins\n11–5–0\nLost AFC Wild Card Playoffs\n\n\n2009\nNew England Patriots\n10–6–0\nLost AFC Wild Card Playoffs\n\n\n2010\nNew England Patriots\n14–2–0\nLost AFC Divisional Playoffs\n\n\n2011\nNew England Patriots\n13–3–0\nWon Divisional and AFC Championship Games, Lost Super Bowl XLVI\n\n\n2012\nNew England Patriots\n12–4–0\nWon AFC Divisional Playoffs, Lost AFC Championship Game\n\n\n2013\nNew England Patriots\n12–4–0\nWon AFC Divisional Playoffs, Lost AFC Championship Game\n\n\n2014\nNew England Patriots\n12–4–0\nWon AFC Divisional and AFC Championship Games, Won Super Bowl XLIX\n\n\n2015\nNew England Patriots\n12–4–0\nWon AFC Divisional Playoffs, Lost AFC Championship Game\n\n\n2016\nNew England Patriots\n14–2–0\nWon AFC Divisional and AFC Championship Games, Won Super Bowl LI\n\n\n2017\nNew England Patriots\n13–3–0\nWon AFC Divisional and AFC Championship Games, Lost Super Bowl LII\n\n" ]	[ "2008" ]
1240695226116326944	African trypanosomiasis	African trypanosomiasis - Wikipedia African trypanosomiasis `` Sleeping sickness '' and `` Sleep fever '' redirect here . For other uses , see Sleeping sickness ( disambiguation ) . African trypanosomiasis Synonyms African sleeping sickness Trypanosoma forms in a blood smear Specialty Infectious disease Symptoms Stage 1 : Fevers , headaches , itchiness , joint pains Stage 2 : Trouble sleeping , confusion , poor coordination Usual onset 1 -- 3 weeks post exposure Causes Trypanosoma brucei spread by tsetse flies Diagnostic method Blood smear , lumbar puncture Medication Pentamidine , suramin , eflornithine Prognosis Fatal without treatment Frequency 11,000 Deaths 3,500 African trypanosomiasis , also known as sleeping sickness , is an insect - borne parasitic disease of humans and other animals . It is caused by protozoa of the species Trypanosoma brucei . There are two types that infect humans , Trypanosoma brucei gambiense ( TbG ) and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense ( TbR ) . TbG causes over 98 % of reported cases . Both are usually transmitted by the bite of an infected tsetse fly and are most common in rural areas . Initially , in the first stage of the disease , there are fevers , headaches , itchiness and joint pains . This begins one to three weeks after the bite . Weeks to months later the second stage begins with confusion , poor coordination , numbness , and trouble sleeping . Diagnosis is via finding the parasite in a blood smear or in the fluid of a lymph node . A lumbar puncture is often needed to tell the difference between first and second stage disease . Prevention of severe disease involves screening the population at risk with blood tests for TbG . Treatment is easier when the disease is detected early and before neurological symptoms occur . Treatment of the first stage is with the medications pentamidine or suramin . Treatment of the second stage involves eflornithine or a combination of nifurtimox and eflornithine for TbG . While melarsoprol works for both stages , it is typically only used for TbR , due to serious side effects . Without treatment it typically results in death . The disease occurs regularly in some regions of sub-Saharan Africa with the population at risk being about 70 million in 36 countries . An estimated 11,000 people are currently infected with 2,800 new infections in 2015 . In 2015 it caused around 3,500 deaths , down from 34,000 in 1990 . More than 80 % of these cases are in the Democratic Republic of the Congo . Three major outbreaks have occurred in recent history : one from 1896 to 1906 primarily in Uganda and the Congo Basin and two in 1920 and 1970 in several African countries . It is classified as a neglected tropical disease . Other animals , such as cows , may carry the disease and become infected in which case it is known as animal trypanosomiasis . Contents 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Cause 2.1 Trypanosoma brucei 2.2 Vector 3 Mechanism 4 Diagnosis 5 Prevention 6 Treatment 6.1 First stage 6.2 Second stage 7 Epidemiology 8 Prognosis 9 History 10 Research 10.1 Funding 11 Other animals 12 References 13 External links Signs and symptoms ( edit ) African trypanosomiasis symptoms occur in two stages . The first stage , known as the hemolymphatic phase , is characterized by fever , headaches , joint pains , and itching . Fever is intermittent , with attacks lasting from a day to a week , separated by intervals of a few days to a month or longer . Invasion of the circulatory and lymphatic systems by the parasites is associated with severe swelling of lymph nodes , often to tremendous sizes . Winterbottom 's sign , the tell - tale swollen lymph nodes along the back of the neck , may appear . Occasionally , a chancre ( red sore ) will develop at the location of the tsetse fly bite . If left untreated , the disease overcomes the host 's defenses and can cause more extensive damage , broadening symptoms to include anemia , endocrine , cardiac , and kidney dysfunctions . The second phase of the disease , the neurological phase , begins when the parasite invades the central nervous system by passing through the blood -- brain barrier . Disruption of the sleep cycle is a leading symptom of this stage and is the one that gave the disease the name ' sleeping sickness . ' Infected individuals experience a disorganized and fragmented 24 - hour rhythm of the sleep - wake cycle , resulting in daytime sleep episodes and nighttime periods of wakefulness . Other neurological symptoms include confusion , tremor , general muscle weakness , hemiparesis , and paralysis of a limb . Parkinson - like movements might arise due to non-specific movement disorders and speech disorders . Individuals may also exhibit psychiatric symptoms such as irritability , psychotic reactions , aggressive behaviour , or apathy which can sometimes dominate the clinical diagnosis . Without treatment , the disease is invariably fatal , with progressive mental deterioration leading to coma , systemic organ failure , and death . An untreated infection with T. b . rhodesiense will cause death within months whereas an untreated infection with T. b . gambiense will cause death after several years . Damage caused in the neurological phase is irreversible . Cause ( edit ) The life cycle of the Trypanosoma brucei parasites . Trypanosoma brucei gambiense accounts for the majority of African trypanosomiasis cases , with humans as the main reservoir needed for the transmission , while Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense is mainly zoonotic , with the occasional human infection . African Trypanosomiasis is dependent on the interaction of the parasite ( trypanosome ) with the tsetse flies ( vector ) , as well as the host ( human for Trypanosoma brucei gambiense , and animals for Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense ) . The risk of contracting African Trypanosomiasis is dependent on coming in contact with an infected tsetse fly . Trypanosoma brucei ( edit ) There are two subspecies of the parasite that are responsible for starting the disease in humans . Trypanosoma brucei gambiense causes the diseases in west and central Africa , whereas Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense has a limited geographical range and is responsible for causing the disease in east and southern Africa . In addition , a third subspecies of the parasite known as Trypanosoma brucei brucei is responsible for affecting animals but not humans . Humans are the main reservoir for T. b . gambiense but this species can also be found in pigs and other animals . Wild game animals and cattle are the main reservoir of T. b . rhodesiense . These parasites primarily infect individuals in sub-Saharan Africa because that is where the vector ( tsetse fly ) is located . The two human forms of the disease also vary greatly in intensity . T. b . gambiense causes a chronic condition that can remain in a passive phase for months or years before symptoms emerge and the infection can last about 3 years before death occurs . T. b . rhodesiense is the acute form of the disease , and death can occur within months since the symptoms emerge within weeks and it is more virulent and faster developing than T. b . gambiense . Furthermore , trypanosomes are surrounded by a coat that is composed of variant surface glycoproteins ( VSG ) . These proteins act to protect the parasite from any lytic factors that are present in human plasma . The host 's immune system recognizes the glycoproteins present on the coat of the parasite leading to the production of different antibodies ( IgM and IgG ) . These antibodies will then act to destroy the parasites that circulate around the blood . However , from the several parasites present in the plasma , a small number of them will experience changes in their surface coats resulting in the formation of new VSGs . Thus , the antibodies produced by the immune system will no longer recognize the parasite leading to proliferation until new antibodies are created to combat the novel VSGs . Eventually the immune system will no longer be able to fight off the parasite due to the constant changes in VSGs and infection will arise . Vector ( edit ) The tsetse fly ( genus Glossina ) is a large , brown , biting fly that serves as both a host and vector for the trypanosome parasites . While taking blood from a mammalian host , an infected tsetse fly injects metacyclic trypomastigotes into skin tissue . From the bite , parasites first enter the lymphatic system and then pass into the bloodstream . Inside the mammalian host , they transform into bloodstream trypomastigotes , and are carried to other sites throughout the body , reach other body fluids ( e.g. , lymph , spinal fluid ) , and continue to replicate by binary fission . The entire life cycle of African trypanosomes is represented by extracellular stages . A tsetse fly becomes infected with bloodstream trypomastigotes when taking a blood meal on an infected mammalian host . In the fly 's midgut , the parasites transform into procyclic trypomastigotes , multiply by binary fission , leave the midgut , and transform into epimastigotes . The epimastigotes reach the fly 's salivary glands and continue multiplication by binary fission . The entire life cycle of the fly takes about three weeks . In addition to the bite of the tsetse fly , the disease can be transmitted by : Mother - to - child infection : the trypanosome can sometimes cross the placenta and infect the fetus . Laboratories : accidental infections , for example , through the handling of blood of an infected person and organ transplantation , although this is uncommon . Blood transfusion Sexual contact ( This may be possible ) Horse - flies ( Tabanidae ) and stable flies ( Muscidae ) possibly play a role in transmission of nagana ( the animal form of sleeping sickness ) and the human disease form . Mechanism ( edit ) Tryptophol is a chemical compound that induces sleep in humans . It is produced by the trypanosomal parasite in sleeping sickness . Diagnosis ( edit ) Two areas from a blood smear from a patient with African trypanosomiasis , thin blood smear stained with Giemsa : Typical trypomastigote stages ( the only stages found in patients ) , with a posterior kinetoplast , a centrally located nucleus , an undulating membrane , and an anterior flagellum . The two Trypanosoma brucei subspecies that cause human trypanosomiasis , T. b . gambiense and T. b . rhodesiense , are indistinguishable morphologically . The trypanosomes ' length range is 14 to 33 μm , Source : CDC The gold standard for diagnosis is identification of trypanosomes in a patient sample by microscopic examination . Patient samples that can be used for diagnosis include chancre fluid , lymph node aspirates , blood , bone marrow , and , during the neurological stage , cerebrospinal fluid . Detection of trypanosome - specific antibodies can be used for diagnosis , but the sensitivity and specificity of these methods are too variable to be used alone for clinical diagnosis . Further , seroconversion occurs after the onset of clinical symptoms during a T. b . rhodesiense infection , so is of limited diagnostic use . Trypanosomes can be detected from patient samples using two different preparations . A wet preparation can be used to look for the motile trypanosomes . Alternatively , a fixed ( dried ) smear can be stained using Giemsa 's or Field 's technique and examined under a microscope . Often , the parasite is in relatively low abundance in the sample , so techniques to concentrate the parasites can be used prior to microscopic examination . For blood samples , these include centrifugation followed by examination of the buffy coat ; mini anion - exchange / centrifugation ; and the quantitative buffy coat ( QBC ) technique . For other samples , such as spinal fluid , concentration techniques include centrifugation followed by examination of the sediment . Three serological tests are also available for detection of the parasite : the micro-CATT , wb - CATT , and wb - LATEX . The first uses dried blood , while the other two use whole blood samples . A 2002 study found the wb - CATT to be the most efficient for diagnosis , while the wb - LATEX is a better exam for situations where greater sensitivity is required . Prevention ( edit ) See also : Tsetse fly § Control techniques Currently there are few medically related prevention options for African Trypanosomiasis ( i.e. no vaccine exists for immunity ) . Although the risk of infection from a tsetse fly bite is minor ( estimated at less than 0.1 % ) , the use of insect repellants , wearing long - sleeved clothing , avoiding tsetse - dense areas , implementing bush clearance methods and wild game culling are the best options to avoid infection available for local residents of affected areas . At the 25th ISCTRC ( International Scientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research and Control ) in Mombasa , Kenya , in October 1999 , the idea of an African - wide initiative to control tsetse and trypanosomiasis populations was discussed . During the 36th summit of the Organization for African Unity in Lome , Togo , in July 2000 , a resolution was passed to form the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Eradication Campaign ( PATTEC ) . The campaign works to eradicate the tsetse vector population levels and subsequently the protozoan disease , by use of insecticide - impregnated targets , fly traps , insecticide - treated cattle , ultra-low dose aerial / ground spraying ( SAT ) of tsetse resting sites and the sterile insect technique ( SIT ) . The use of SIT in Zanzibar proved effective in eliminating the entire population of tsetse flies but was expensive and is relatively impractical to use in many of the endemic countries afflicted with African trypanosomiasis . Regular active surveillance , involving detection and prompt treatment of new infections , and tsetse fly control is the backbone of the strategy used to control sleeping sickness . Systematic screening of at - risk communities is the best approach , because case - by - case screening is not practical in endemic regions . Systematic screening may be in the form of mobile clinics or fixed screening centres where teams travel daily to areas of high infection rates . Such screening efforts are important because early symptoms are not evident or serious enough to warrant patients with gambiense disease to seek medical attention , particularly in very remote areas . Also , diagnosis of the disease is difficult and health workers may not associate such general symptoms with trypanosomiasis . Systematic screening allows early - stage disease to be detected and treated before the disease progresses , and removes the potential human reservoir . A single case of sexual transmission of West African sleeping sickness has been reported . Treatment ( edit ) First stage ( edit ) The current treatment for first - stage disease is intravenous or intramuscular pentamidine for T. b . gambiense or intravenous suramin for T. b . rhodesiense . Second stage ( edit ) For T. b . gambiense a regimen involving the combination of nifurtimox and eflornithine , nifurtimox - eflornithine combination treatment ( NECT ) , or eflornithine alone appear to be more effective and result in fewer side effects . These treatments may replace melarsoprol when available with the combination being first line . NECT has the benefit of requiring less injections of eflornithine . Intravenous melarsoprol was previously the standard treatment for second - stage ( neurological phase ) disease and is effective for both types . Melarsoprol is the only treatment for second stage T. b . rhodesiense ; however , it causes death in 5 % of people who take it . Resistance to melarsoprol can occur . Epidemiology. ( edit ) Deaths per 100,000 population due to African trypanosomiasis by country in 2002 . As of 2010 it caused around 9,000 deaths , down from 34,000 in 1990 . As of 2000 , the disability - adjusted life - years ( 9 to 10 years ) lost due to sleeping sickness are 2.0 million . From 2010 - 2014 , there was an estimated 55 million people at risk for gambiense African Trypanosomiasis and over 6 million people at risk for rhodesiense African Trypanosomiasis . In 2014 , the World Health Organization reported 3,797 cases of Human African Trypanosomiasis when the predicted number of cases were to be 5,000 . The number of total reported cases in 2014 is an 86 % reduction to the total number of cases reported in 2000 . The disease has been recorded as occurring in 37 countries , all in sub-Saharan Africa . It occurs regularly in southeast Uganda and western Kenya , and killed more than 48,000 Africans in 2008 . The Democratic Republic of the Congo is the most affected country in the world , accounting for 75 % of the Trypanosoma brucei gambiense cases . The population at risk being about 69 million with one third of this number being at a ' very high ' to ' moderate ' risk and the remaining two thirds at a ' low ' to ' very low ' risk . The number of people being affected by the disease has declined . At this rate , sleeping sickness elimination is a possibility . The World Health Organization plans to eradicate sleeping sickness by the year 2020 . Trypanosoma brucei gambiense 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Angola 1498 2094 2406 1796 1274 2441 6726 8275 6610 5351 4546 4577 3621 3115 2280 1727 1105 648 517 247 211 154 70 69 36 35 19 Benin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Burkina Faso 27 27 20 17 18 13 12 15 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cameroon 86 69 21 20 21 17 10 54 32 27 14 32 33 17 15 7 13 24 16 15 7 6 7 6 6 Central African Republic 308 197 362 262 368 676 492 730 1068 869 988 718 572 539 738 666 460 654 1194 1054 395 132 381 59 194 147 124 Chad 20 221 149 65 214 315 178 122 134 187 153 138 715 222 483 190 276 97 196 510 232 276 197 195 95 67 53 Congo 580 703 727 829 418 475 474 142 201 91 111 894 1005 717 873 398 300 189 182 87 87 61 39 20 21 36 18 Côte d'Ivoire 365 349 456 260 206 326 240 185 121 104 188 92 97 68 74 42 29 13 14 8 8 10 9 7 6 0 Democratic Republic of the Congo 7515 5825 7757 11384 19021 18182 19342 25094 26318 18684 16951 17300 13816 11459 10339 10249 8013 8155 7318 7178 5624 5590 5968 5647 3205 2351 1769 Equatorial Guinea 63 36 45 30 85 37 46 67 62 28 16 17 32 23 22 17 13 15 11 7 8 0 0 Gabon 80 45 33 80 61 20 32 11 6 38 45 30 26 26 49 53 31 30 24 14 22 17 9 17 10 9 10 Ghana 6 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Guinea 52 29 24 27 26 33 38 88 99 68 52 72 132 130 95 94 48 69 90 79 68 57 70 78 33 29 107 Mali 0 0 0 27 17 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nigeria 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 14 14 26 31 10 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 South Sudan 67 58 28 62 69 56 157 737 1726 1312 1801 1919 3121 3061 1742 1853 789 469 623 373 199 272 317 117 63 45 17 Togo 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Uganda 2066 1328 2042 1764 1469 1062 981 1123 971 1036 948 310 604 517 378 311 290 120 198 99 101 44 20 9 9 Total 12756 10987 14088 16607 23266 23671 28736 36585 37385 27862 25841 26095 23799 19941 17100 15624 11372 10466 10380 9680 6973 6632 7091 6228 3679 2733 2131 Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Kenya 91 8 0 5 14 22 15 10 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Malawi 228 195 143 53 31 15 8 7 10 11 35 38 43 70 48 41 58 50 49 39 29 23 18 35 32 30 37 Mozambique 7 24 10 16 No data No data No data No data No data No data No data No data No data No data No data No data No data No data No data No data No data No data No data No data Uganda 1417 832 606 503 342 497 178 217 283 283 300 426 329 338 335 473 261 119 138 129 112 84 71 43 70 28 10 United Republic of Tanzania 187 177 366 262 319 422 400 354 299 288 350 277 228 113 159 186 127 126 59 14 5 Zambia 7 No data No data No data 15 9 5 15 9 7 6 10 13 8 6 6 12 8 Zimbabwe No data No data No data No data No data No data 9 No data No data No data No data No data No data No data No data No data 0 9 Total 1933 1219 1147 831 710 935 591 583 606 619 709 755 617 536 552 707 453 305 259 187 154 111 101 85 115 68 52 Prognosis ( edit ) If untreated , T. b . gambiense almost always results in death , with only a few individuals shown in a long - term 15 year follow - up to have survived after refusing treatment . T. b . rhodesiense , being a more acute and severe form of the disease , is consistently fatal if not treated . Disease progression greatly varies depending on disease form . For individuals which are infected by T. b . gambiense , which accounts for 98 % of all of the reported cases , a person can be infected for months or even years without signs or symptoms until the advanced disease stage , where it is too late to be treated successfully . For individuals affected by T. b . rhodesiense , which accounts for 2 % of all reported cases , symptoms appear within weeks or months of the infection . Disease progression is rapid and invades the central nervous system , causing death within a short amount of time . History ( edit ) The condition has been present in Africa for thousands of years . Because of a lack of travel between indigenous people , sleeping sickness in humans had been limited to isolated pockets . This changed after Arab slave traders entered central Africa from the east , following the Congo River , bringing parasites along . Gambian sleeping sickness travelled up the Congo River , and then further east . An Arab writer of the 14th century left the following description in the case of a sultan of the Malli ( sic ) Kingdom : `` His end was to be overtaken by the sleeping sickness ( illat an - nawm ) which is a disease that frequently befalls the inhabitants of these countries especially their chieftains . Sleep overtakes one of them in such a manner that it is hardly possible to awake him . '' The British naval surgeon John Atkins described the disease on his return from West Africa in 1734 : `` The Sleepy Distemper ( common among the Negroes ) gives no other previous Notice , than a want of Appetite 2 or 3 days before ; their sleeps are sound , and Sense and Feeling very little ; for pulling , drubbing or whipping will scarce stir up Sense and Power enough to move ; and the Moment you cease beating the smart is forgot , and down they fall again into a state of Insensibility , drivling constantly from the Mouth as in deep salivation ; breathe slowly , but not unequally nor snort . Young people are more subject to it than the old ; and the Judgement generally pronounced is Death , the Prognostik seldom failing . If now and then one of them recovers , he certainly loses the little Reason he had , and turns Ideot ... '' In 1903 , David Bruce recognized the tsetse fly as the arthropod vector . In 1901 , a devastating epidemic erupted in Uganda , killing more than 250,000 people , including about two - thirds of the population in the affected lakeshore areas . According to The Cambridge History of Africa , `` It has been estimated that up to half the people died of sleeping - sickness and smallpox in the lands on either bank of the lower river Congo . '' The causative agent and vector were identified in 1903 by David Bruce , and the subspecies of the protozoa were differentiated in 1910 . Bruce had earlier shown that T. brucei was the cause of a similar disease in horses and cattle that was transmitted by the tse - tse fly ( Glossina morsitans ) . The first effective treatment , atoxyl , an arsenic - based drug developed by Paul Ehrlich and Kiyoshi Shiga , was introduced in 1910 , but blindness was a serious side effect . The British - led Sleeping Sickness Commission collecting tsetse flies , Uganda and Nyasaland , 1908 - 1913 Suramin was first synthesized by Oskar Dressel and Richard Kothe in 1916 for Bayer . It was introduced in 1920 to treat the first stage of the disease . By 1922 , Suramin was generally combined with tryparsamide ( another pentavalent organoarsenic drug ) , the first drug to enter the nervous system and be useful in the treatment of the second stage of the gambiense form . Tryparsamide was announced in the Journal of Experimental Medicine in 1919 and tested in the Belgian Congo by Louise Pearce of the Rockefeller Institute in 1920 . It was used during the grand epidemic in West and Central Africa on millions of people and was the mainstay of therapy until the 1960s . American medical missionary Arthur Lewis Piper was active in using tryparsamide to treat sleeping sickness in the Belgian Congo in 1925 . Pentamidine , a highly effective drug for the first stage of the disease , has been used since 1937 . During the 1950s , it was widely used as a prophylactic agent in western Africa , leading to a sharp decline in infection rates . At the time , eradication of the disease was thought to be at hand . The organoarsenical melarsoprol ( Arsobal ) developed in the 1940s is effective for patients with second - stage sleeping sickness . However , 3 -- 10 % of those injected have reactive encephalopathy ( convulsions , progressive coma , or psychotic reactions ) , and 10 -- 70 % of such cases result in death ; it can cause brain damage in those who survive the encephalopathy . However , due to its effectiveness , melarsoprol is still used today . Resistance to melarsoprol is increasing , and combination therapy with nifurtimox is currently under research . Eflornithine ( difluoromethylornithine or DFMO ) , the most modern treatment , was developed in the 1970s by Albert Sjoerdsma and underwent clinical trials in the 1980s . The drug was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration in 1990 . Aventis , the company responsible for its manufacture , halted production in 1999 . In 2001 , Aventis , in association with Médecins Sans Frontières and the World Health Organization , signed a long - term agreement to manufacture and donate the drug . In addition to sleeping sickness , previous names have included negro lethargy , maladie du sommeil ( Fr ) , Schlafkrankheit ( Gr ) , African lethargy , and Congo trypanosomiasis . Research ( edit ) The genome of the parasite has been sequenced and several proteins have been identified as potential targets for drug treatment . Analysis of the genome also revealed the reason why generating a vaccine for this disease has been so difficult . T. brucei has over 800 genes that make proteins the parasite `` mixes and matches '' to evade immune system detection . Using a genetically modified form of a bacterium that occurs naturally in the gut of the vectors is being studied as a method of controlling the disease . Recent findings indicate that the parasite is unable to survive in the bloodstream without its flagellum . This insight gives researchers a new angle with which to attack the parasite . Trypanosomiasis vaccines are undergoing research . Additionally , the Drugs for Neglected Disease Initiative has contributed to the African sleeping sickness research effort by developing a compound called fexinidazole . This project was originally started in April 2007 and is currently in a pivotal study in clinical phase II / III . The goal is to have the drug succeed and be proven effective against stage one and stage two HAT caused by T. b . gambiense , as well as HAT caused by T. b . rhodesiense . Funding ( edit ) For current funding statistics , human African trypanosomiasis is grouped with kinetoplastid infections . Kinetoplastids refer to a group of flagellate protozoa . Kinetoplastid infections include African sleeping sickness , Chagas ' disease , and Leishmaniasis . All together , these three diseases accounted for 4.4 million disability adjusted life years ( DALYs ) and an additional 70,075 recorded deaths yearly . For kinetoplastid infections , the total global research and development funding was approximately $136.3 million in 2012 . Each of the three diseases , African sleeping sickness , Chagas ' disease , and Leishmaniasis each received approximately a third of the funding , which was about $36.8 million US dollars , $38.7 million US dollars , and $31.7 million US dollars , respectively . For sleeping sickness , funding was split into basic research , drug discovery , vaccines , and diagnostics . The greatest amount of funding was directed towards basic research of the disease ; approximately $21.6 million US dollars were directed towards that effort . As for therapeutic development , approximately $10.9 billion were invested . The top funder for kinetoplastid infection research and development are public sources . About 62 % of the funding comes from high - income countries while 9 % comes from low - and middle - income countries . High - income countries public funding is largest contributors to the neglected disease research effort . However , in recent years , funding from high - income countries has been steadily decreasing ; in 2007 , high - income countries provided 67.5 % of the total funding whereas , in 2012 , high - income countries public funds only provided 60 % of the total funding for kinetoplastid infections . This downwards trend leaves a gap for other funders , such as philanthropic foundations and private pharmaceutical companies to fill . Much of the progress that has been made in African sleeping sickness and neglected disease research as a whole is a result of the other non-public funders . One of these major sources of funding has come from foundations , which have increasingly become more committed to neglected disease drug discovery in the 21st century . In 2012 , philanthropic sources provided 15.9 % of the total funding . The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation has been a leader in providing funding for neglected disease drug development . They have provided $444.1 million US dollars towards neglected disease research in 2012 . To date , they have donated over $1.02 billion US dollars towards the neglected disease discovery efforts . For kinetoplastid infections specifically , they have donated an average of $28.15 million US dollars annually between the years 2007 to 2011 . They have labeled human African trypanosomiasis a high - opportunity target meaning it is a disease that presents the greatest opportunity for control , elimination , and eradication , through the development of new drugs , vaccines , public - health programs , and diagnostics . They are the second highest funding source for neglected diseases , immediately behind the US National Institutes of Health . At a time where public funding is decreasing and government grants for scientific research are harder to obtain , the philanthropic world has stepped in to push the research forward . Another important component of increased interest and funding has come from industry . In 2012 , they contributed 13.1 % total to the kinetoplastid research and development effort , and have additionally played an important role by contributing to public - private partnerships ( PPP ) as well as product - development partnerships ( PDP ) . A public - private partnership is an arrangement between one or more public entities and one or more private entities that exists to achieve a specific health outcome or to produce a health product . The partnership can exist in numerous ways ; they may share and exchange funds , property , equipment , human resources , and intellectual property . These public - private partnerships and product - development partnerships have been established to address challenges in pharmaceutical industry , especially related to neglected disease research . These partnerships can help increase the scale of the effort towards therapeutic development by using different knowledge , skills , and expertise from different sources . These types of partnerships have been shown to be more effective than industry or public groups working independently . Other animals ( edit ) Trypanosoma of both the rhodesiense and gambiense types can affect other animals such as cattle and wild animals . 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( 2017 ) . `` Monitoring the elimination of human African trypanosomiasis : Update to 2014 '' . PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases . 11 . Jump up ^ `` Number of new reported cases ( T.b. gambiense ) '' . World Health Organisation. 15 September 2017 . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Number of new reported cases ( T.b. rhodesiense ) '' . World Health Organisation. 15 September 2017 . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Trypanosomiasis , human African ( sleeping sickness ) '' . World Health Organization . March 2014 . Archived from the original on 26 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Steverding , D ( 12 February 2008 ) . `` The history of African trypanosomiasis '' . Parasites & vectors. 1 ( 1 ) : 3 . doi : 10.1186 / 1756 - 3305 - 1 - 3 . PMC 2270819 . PMID 18275594 . ^ Jump up to : Strong , Richard P ( 1944 ) . Stitt 's Diagnosis , Prevention and Treatment of Tropical Diseases ( Seventh ed . ) . York , PA : The Blakiston company . p. 165 . Jump up ^ Fèvre EM , Coleman PG , Welburn SC , Maudlin I ( April 2004 ) . `` Reanalyzing the 1900 -- 1920 sleeping sickness epidemic in Uganda '' . Emerging Infect . Dis. 10 ( 4 ) : 567 -- 73 . doi : 10.3201 / eid1004. 020626 . PMID 15200843 . Archived from the original on 29 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Fage , John D. ( 5 September 1985 ) . The Cambridge History of Africa : From the earliest times to c. 500 BC . Cambridge University Press . p. 748 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 22803 - 9 . Archived from the original on 18 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Steverding , Dietmar ( 2010 ) . `` The development of drugs for treatment of sleeping sickness : a historical review '' . Parasites & Vectors. 3 ( 1 ) : 15 . doi : 10.1186 / 1756 - 3305 - 3 - 15 . PMC 2848007 . PMID 20219092 . Archived from the original on 18 October 2014 . Retrieved 14 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Klingman , Jack ( 1994 ) . `` Arthur Lewis Piper , M.D. : A Medical Missionary in the Belgian Congo '' . Journal of Community Health . 19 ( 2 ) . Periodicals Archive Online accessed 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Magill , Alan J. ; Strickland , G. Thomas ; Maguire , James H. ; Ryan , Edward T. ; Solomon , Tom ( 2012 ) . Hunter 's Tropical Medicine and Emerging Infectious Disease ( 9 ed . ) . Elsevier Health Sciences . p. 723 . ISBN 1455740438 . Jump up ^ Urban Hellgren ; Orjan Ericsson ; Yakoub AdenAbdi ; Lars L Gustafsson . Handbook of Drugs for Tropical Parasitic Infections . p. 60 . ISBN 9780203211519 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Victor , ed. ( 1939 ) . `` African Lethargy , Sleeping Sickness , or Congo trypanosomiasis ; Trypanosoma gambiense '' . The Modern Home Physician , A New Encyclopedia of Medical Knowledge . WM . H. Wise & Company ( New York ) . , pp. 20 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Strong , Richard P ( 1944 ) . Stitt 's Diagnosis , Prevention and Treatment of Tropical Diseases ( Seventh ed . ) . York , PA : The Blakiston company . p. 164 . Jump up ^ Berriman M ; Ghedin E ; Hertz - Fowler C ; et al. ( 2005 ) . `` The genome of the African trypanosome Trypanosoma brucei '' . Science . 309 ( 5733 ) : 416 -- 22 . Bibcode : 2005Sci ... 309 ... 416B . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1112642 . PMID 16020726 . Archived from the original on 23 February 2006 . Jump up ^ Doudoumis V , Alam U , Aksoy E , et al. ( March 2013 ) . `` Tsetse - Wolbachia symbiosis : comes of age and has great potential for pest and disease control '' . J. Invertebr . Pathol. 112 ( Suppl ) : S94 -- 103 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jip. 2012.05. 010 . PMC 3772542 . PMID 22835476 . Jump up ^ `` African Sleeping Sickness Breakthrough '' . Archived from the original on 13 May 2006 . Retrieved 7 April 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Fexinidazole '' . Drugs for Neglected Disease Initiative . October 2013 . Archived from the original on 28 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Moran , M. ; Guzman , J. ; Chapman , N. ; Abela - Oversteengen , L. ; Howard , R. ; Farrell , P. ; Luxford , J. `` Neglected Disease Research and Development : The Public Divide '' ( PDF ) . Global Funding of Innovation for Neglected Disease . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 1 April 2016 . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Strategy Overview '' . Neglected Infectious Diseases . Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation . 2013 . Archived from the original on 1 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Background Paper 8 : 8.1 Public - Private Partnerships and Innovation '' ( PDF ) . Priority Medicines for Europe and the World Update Report . World Health Organization . 2013 . Archived from the original on 20 August 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikipedia 's health care articles can be viewed offline with the Medical Wikipedia app . Classification ICD - 10 : B56 ICD - 9 - CM : 086.5 MeSH : D014353 DiseasesDB : 29277 External resources MedlinePlus : 001362 eMedicine : med / 2140 Patient UK : African trypanosomiasis `` Sleeping sickness '' . Médecins Sans Frontières . Archived from the original on 23 October 2013 . Links to pictures of Sleeping Sickness ( Hardin MD / University of Iowa ) archived 2006 - 02 - 19 . Hale Carpenter , G.D. ( 1920 ) . A Naturalist on Lake Victoria , with an Account of Sleeping Sickness and the Tse - tse Fly . Unwin . OCLC 2649363 . Infectious diseases -- Parasitic disease : protozoan infection : Excavata ( A06 -- A07 , B55 -- B57 , 007 , 085 -- 086 ) Discicristata Trypanosomatida Trypanosomiasis T. brucei African trypanosomiasis T. cruzi Chagas disease Leishmaniasis Leishmania major / L. mexicana / L. aethiopica / L. tropica Cutaneous leishmaniasis L. braziliensis Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis L. donovani / infantum Visceral leishmaniasis Schizopyrenida Naegleria fowleri Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis Trichozoa Diplomonadida Giardia lamblia ( Giardiasis ) Trichomonadida Trichomonas vaginalis Trichomoniasis Dientamoeba fragilis Dientamoebiasis Psychophysiology : Sleep and sleep disorders ( F51 and G47 / 307.4 and 327 ) Sleep stages Rapid eye movement ( REM ) Non-rapid eye movement Slow - wave Brain waves Alpha wave Beta wave Delta wave Gamma wave K - complex Mu rhythm Sensorimotor rhythm Sleep spindle Theta wave Sleep disorders Dyssomnia Hypersomnia Insomnia Kleine -- Levin syndrome Narcolepsy Sleep apnea Central hypoventilation syndrome Obesity hypoventilation syndrome Sleep state misperception Circadian rhythm disorder Advanced sleep phase disorder Delayed sleep phase disorder Irregular sleep -- wake rhythm Jet lag Non-24 - hour sleep -- wake disorder Shift work sleep disorder Parasomnia Catathrenia Night terror Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder Sleepwalking Somniloquy Other Bruxism Night eating syndrome Nocturia Nocturnal myoclonus Benign phenomena Dream Exploding head syndrome False awakening Hypnagogia / Sleep onset Hypnic jerk Lucid dream Nightmare Nocturnal clitoral tumescence Nocturnal emission Nocturnal penile tumescence Sleep paralysis Somnolence Related topics Bed Bunk bed Daybed Four - poster bed Futon Hammock Mattress Sleeping bag Bed bug Bedding Bedroom Bedtime Bedtime story Bedtime toy Biphasic and polyphasic sleep Chronotype Dream journal Excessive daytime sleepiness Hypnopompic state Lullaby Microsleep Nap Nightwear Polysomnography Power nap Second wind Siesta Sleep and creativity Sleep and learning Sleep debt Sleep deprivation Sleep diary Sleep hygiene Sleep induction Sleep inertia Sleep medicine `` Sleeping sickness '' Sleeping while on duty Sleepover Snoring Somnology Not a sleep disorder . Diseases of poverty Diseases of poverty AIDS Malaria Tuberculosis Measles Pneumonia Diarrheal diseases Neglected diseases Cholera Chagas disease African sleeping sickness Schistosomiasis Dracunculiasis River blindness Leishmaniasis Trachoma Miscellaneous Malnutrition Priority review voucher NDL : 00571566 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African_trypanosomiasis&oldid=852146210 '' Categories : Health in Africa Insect - borne diseases Neglected diseases Parasitic diseases Protozoal diseases Sleep disorders Tropical diseases Zoonoses Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Use dmy dates from April 2014 Infobox medical condition ( new ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010 Articles with medical app sidebar Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers RTT RTTID Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans አማርኛ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Igbo Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย ትግርኛ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Walon Yorùbá 粵語中文 58 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 July 2018 , at 23 : 25 ( UTC ) . 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6334568418999900261	The Voice (U.S. TV series)	The Voice ( U.S. TV series ) - wikipedia The Voice ( U.S. TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search For other versions of the series , see The Voice ( TV series ) . For the current season , see The Voice ( U.S. season 13 ) . The Voice Genre Reality competition Created by John de Mol Directed by Alan Carter Presented by Carson Daly Alison Haislip Christina Milian Judges Christina Aguilera CeeLo Green Adam Levine Blake Shelton Shakira Usher Gwen Stefani Pharrell Williams Miley Cyrus Alicia Keys Jennifer Hudson Composer ( s ) Martijn Schimmer Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 13 No. of episodes 322 Production Executive producer ( s ) John de Mol Mark Burnett Audrey Morrissey Stijn Bakkers Marc Jansen Jay Bienstock Lee Metzger Producer ( s ) Ashley Baumann Amanda Borden Carson Daly Keith Dinielli May Johnson Bart Kimball Michael Matsumoto David Offenheiser Dan Paschen Kyley Tucker Teddy Valenti Location ( s ) Universal Studios Hollywood , Los Angeles , California Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 44 -- 104 minutes Production company ( s ) Mark Burnett Productions ( 2011 -- 12 ) One Three Media ( 2012 -- 14 ) United Artists Media Group ( 2014 -- 15 ) MGM Television ( 2016 -- ) Talpa Media Warner Horizon Television Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network NBC Picture format HDTV 1080i Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release April 26 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 26 ) -- present Chronology Related shows The Voice ( franchise ) External links Official website www.nbc.com/the-voice The Voice is an American reality television singing competition broadcast on NBC . Based on the original The Voice of Holland , the concept of the series is to find currently unsigned singing talent ( solo or duets , professional and amateur ) contested by aspiring singers , age 15 or over ( reduced to 13 since season 12 ) , drawn from public auditions . The winner is determined by television viewers voting by telephone , Internet , SMS text , and iTunes Store purchases of the audio - recorded artists ' vocal performances . They receive US $100,000 and a record deal with Universal Music Group for winning the competition . The winners of the twelve seasons have been : Javier Colon , Jermaine Paul , Cassadee Pope , Danielle Bradbery , Tessanne Chin , Josh Kaufman , Craig Wayne Boyd , Sawyer Fredericks , Jordan Smith , Alisan Porter , Sundance Head , and Chris Blue . The series employs a panel of four coaches who critique the artists ' performances and guide their teams of selected artists through the remainder of the season . They also compete to ensure that their act wins the competition , thus making them the winning coach . Members of the coaching panel include Adam Levine , Blake Shelton , Christina Aguilera ( seasons 1 -- 3 , 5 , 8 , 10 ) , CeeLo Green ( seasons 1 -- 3 , and 5 ) , Shakira ( seasons 4 and 6 ) , Usher ( seasons 4 and 6 ) , Gwen Stefani ( seasons 7 , 9 , and 12 ) , Pharrell Williams ( seasons 7 -- 10 ) , Miley Cyrus ( seasons 11 and 13 ) , Alicia Keys ( seasons 11 -- 12 , and 14 ) , and Jennifer Hudson ( season 13 ) . The Voice began airing on April 26 , 2011 , as a spring TV season program . The show proved to be a hit for NBC and was subsequently expanded into the fall cycle when season three premiered on September 10 , 2012 . The series premiered its twelfth season on February 27 , 2017 . On October 18 , 2016 , NBC renewed the series through its thirteenth season . On May 10 , 2017 , NBC renewed the series for a fourteenth series , along with announcing Jennifer Hudson as a new coach in the thirteenth season . The following day , it was announced that Kelly Clarkson would be a new coach in the fourteenth season . The thirteenth season premiered on September 25 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Conception 2 Selection process and format 2.1 Voting system 3 Coaches and hosts 3.1 Coaches 3.2 Hosts 4 Coaches ' advisors 5 Series overview 6 Season synopses 6.1 Season 1 6.2 Season 2 6.3 Season 3 6.4 Season 4 6.5 Season 5 6.6 Season 6 6.7 Season 7 6.8 Season 8 6.9 Season 9 6.10 Season 10 6.11 Season 11 6.12 Season 12 6.13 Season 13 7 La Voz Kids 7.1 Series overview 8 Reception 8.1 Awards and nominations 8.2 Ratings 9 The Voice Live on Tour 10 Video game 11 Broadcast 12 References 13 External links Conception An adaptation of the Dutch show The Voice of Holland , NBC announced the show under the name The Voice of America in December 2010 ; its name was soon shortened to The Voice . In each season , the winner receives $100,000 and a record deal with Universal Republic Records ( seasons 1 & 2 ) or later Universal Music Group ( season 3 -- present ) . Selection process and Format Each season begins with the `` Blind Auditions , '' where coaches form their team of artists ( 8 in season 1 , 12 in season 2 and seasons 4 - 12 , and 16 in season 3 ) whom they mentor through the remainder of the season . The coaches ' chairs are faced towards the audience during artists ' performances ; those interested in an artist press their button , which turns their chair towards the artist and illuminates the bottom of the chair to read `` I want you . '' At the conclusion of the performance , an artist either defaults to the only coach who turned around , or selects his or her coach if more than one coach expresses interest . In the `` Battle Rounds , '' each coach pairs two of his or her team members to perform together , then chooses one to advance in the competition . In each season , coaches are assisted by celebrity advisors that are different each season . In the first season , coaches sit alongside their respective advisors in the battle stage . However , starting with the second season , the advisors no longer join the coaches in the battle stage . A new element was added in season three ; coaches were given two `` steals '' , allowing each coach to select two individuals who were eliminated during a battle round by another coach . The Knockout Rounds were also introduced in season three . A pair of artists within a team are selected to sing individual performances in succession . They are not told until a few minutes prior to their performances who their partner is . The artists get to choose their own songs in this round , although they continue to get help and advice from their respective coaches . At the conclusion of the performances , coaches would decide which one of each pair gets to advance to the next round . Just like in the battle rounds , the coaches can steal one eliminated artist from another coach starting with season five . The `` Battles , Round 2 '' were introduced to replace the Knockout Rounds in season six . Similar to the Knockout Rounds , each singer is paired randomly within their team . One celebrity key adviser also assists all four of the coaches and their teams in preparation of these rounds . Coaches give each Battle pairing a list of songs and each pair must agree on which song to sing . Each coach can still decide which of their singers in each pair will advance to the next round . The coaches are also allowed one steal . However , the Knockouts were brought back in season seven . In the final live performance phase of the competition , artists perform in weekly shows , where public voting narrows to a final group of artists and eventually declares a winner . The coaches have the power to save one artist that had not received the public 's vote that week . As of season two , these artists would give a last chance performance to win their coach 's save . However , in deciding who moves on to the final four phase , the television audience and the coaches have equal say . With one team member remaining for each coach , the contestants compete against each other in the finale , where the outcome is decided solely by public vote . In the first two seasons , one contestant from each team would advance to the final four . Due to the possibility of having multiple potential winners on the same team , eliminations were adjusted in season three to eliminate contestants who earned the lowest number of votes , thus not guaranteeing a coach and a contestant in the ( reduced ) final three ( having reverted to four since season seven ) . Voting system See also : The Voice ( U.S. TV series ) discography In a first for a music competition series , NBC and Universal Republic Records offered fans of the show the ability to vote for their favorite artists by purchasing the studio versions of the songs that they perform on the live show each week via the iTunes Store . Alternative methods of voting can be done through toll - free phone calls ( until season 8 ) , text messaging , the show 's app , and through online votes via NBC.com and Facebook . Each method is limited to ten votes per user . Voting lasts until noon EST the next day . As of the top 12 results show of season three , producers made changes in the voting system with regards to iTunes singles purchases . Previous voting via iTunes purchases of contestant performances had previously only counted singly during the official voting window and only accredited to the live show in concern . If a competitor 's performance charts within the Top 10 of the iTunes `` Top 200 Singles Chart '' during this window , it will be given an iTunes bonus that multiplies iTunes votes made by ten . Starting in season five , the iTunes bonus multiplier is now five for the studio versions of the songs performed by the competitors . The finale 's vote count will include a ' Cumulative iTunes Vote Total ' of all singles ( from top 12 onwards ) purchased during and outside of the various voting windows , with iTunes bonuses previously earned . Only the studio recording of the contestants ' performances , not the live performance , are available on iTunes . In the first season , the battle rounds were recorded in the studio with both artists in the pairing . However , from season two on , only the winner 's version of the song from the battle round is released . Season seven reverted to the old style of both artists . With the introduction of the Knockout Rounds in season three , where each contestant sang a separate song , only the winner 's single is released . The `` Instant Save '' was introduced in season five . During the live elimination episodes , viewers are given a five - minute window to vote for the contestants in danger of elimination by using their Twitter account to decide which contestant will move on to the next show , starting with the Top 12 . Home viewers can only vote once per account for one contestant of their choice . Coaches and hosts Coaches First Lady Michelle Obama and Dr. Jill Biden record social media videos with Adam Levine and Blake Shelton prior to the kick - off of the 5th anniversary of their Joining Forces initiative , May 2016 CeeLo Green of Gnarls Barkley and Adam Levine of Maroon 5 became the first confirmed coaches in February 2011 , followed by Christina Aguilera and Blake Shelton in March . Aguilera and Green did not return for season four and were replaced by Shakira and Usher as substitute coaches . Aguilera and Green then returned for season five , while Shakira and Usher returned for season six . In an interview with Ellen DeGeneres in February 2014 , Green revealed that he would not be returning to The Voice . On March 31 , 2014 , it was announced that Pharrell Williams would become Green 's replacement . On April 19 , 2014 , it was announced that No Doubt 's Gwen Stefani would replace Aguilera in season seven due to her pregnancy . On May 20 , 2014 , Shakira and Usher confirmed that after season six , they would focus on their music . On March 25 , 2016 , Miley Cyrus confirmed that following her role as key advisor during the tenth season that she would be joining the series once again in its eleventh season as a coach , replacing Christina Aguilera . That same day , Alicia Keys was also announced to be joining the series as a coach for the eleventh season . On October 18 , 2016 , it was announced that Stefani would re-join the coaches ' panel for the series ' twelfth season , alongside returning coaches Keys , Levine and Shelton ; it was also confirmed that Cyrus would return for the thirteenth season . On April 27 , 2017 , in an interview published by TV Insider , Keys confirmed that the twelfth season would be her last . She stated , `` Who knows what the future holds , but I know this one is my final season . '' On May 10 , 2017 , NBC announced that Jennifer Hudson would join the coaches lineup for the series ' thirteenth season . On May 11 , 2017 , it was announced that Kelly Clarkson would be a coach in season fourteen in 2018. On October 18 , 2017 , NBC has announced that Alicia Keys will be returning to the series for the upcoming 14th season . Adam Levine CeeLo Green ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Christina Aguilera ( 2011 -- 2016 ) Blake Shelton Shakira ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Usher ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Gwen Stefani ( 2014 -- 2015 , 2017 ) Pharrell Williams ( 2014 -- 2016 ) Miley Cyrus ( 2016 -- ) Alicia Keys ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Jennifer Hudson ( 2017 ) Hosts Carson Daly has hosted the series since the inaugural season . Alison Haislip served as the original `` backstage , online and social media correspondent '' and was replaced by Christina Milian . Milian did not return for season five , at which point Daly assumed her duties as the social media correspondent . Carson Daly Alison Haislip ( 2011 ) Christina Milian ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Coaches ' advisors Battle round advisors are first listed ; additional advisors and their roles are denoted by superscripts . Season 1 Team Adam -- Adam Blackstone Team Blake -- Reba McEntire Team CeeLo -- Monica Team Christina -- Sia Season 2 Team Adam -- Alanis Morissette , Robin Thicke Team Blake -- Kelly Clarkson , Miranda Lambert Team CeeLo -- Babyface , Ne - Yo Team Christina -- Jewel , Lionel Richie Season 3 Team Adam -- Mary J. Blige Team Blake -- Michael Bublé , Scott Hendricks Team CeeLo -- Rob Thomas , Jennifer Hudson , Bill Withers , Pat Monahan Team Christina -- Billie Joe Armstrong , Ron Fair Season 4 Team Adam -- Hillary Scott Team Blake -- Sheryl Crow Team Shakira -- Joel Madden , CeeLo Green Team Usher -- Pharrell Williams , Aakomon Jones , Taylor Swift Season 5 Team Adam -- Ryan Tedder Team Blake -- Cher Team CeeLo -- Miguel Team Christina -- Ed Sheeran Season 6 Team Adam -- Aloe Blacc , Graham Nash , James Valentine Team Blake -- The Band Perry , Scott Hendricks , Gwen Sebastian Team Shakira -- Miranda Lambert Team Usher -- Jill Scott Chris Martin ( all coaches ) Season 7 Team Adam -- Stevie Nicks , Patrick Stump Team Blake -- Little Big Town , Colbie Caillat Team Gwen -- Gavin Rossdale , Christina Aguilera Team Pharrell -- Alicia Keys , Diana Ross Taylor Swift ( all coaches ) Season 8 Team Adam -- Ellie Goulding , Dave Stewart , Usher Team Blake -- Meghan Trainor , Scott Hendricks , CeeLo Green Team Pharrell -- Lionel Richie , Ryan Tedder , Gwen Stefani Team Christina -- Nick Jonas , Mark Ronson , Gwen Stefani Nate Ruess ( all coaches ) Reba McEntire ( all coaches ) Season 9 Team Adam -- John Fogerty Team Blake -- Brad Paisley Team Gwen -- Selena Gomez Team Pharrell -- Missy Elliott Rihanna ( all coaches ) Dolly Parton ( all coaches ) Season 10 Team Adam -- Tori Kelly Team Blake -- Gwen Stefani Team Pharrell -- Diddy Team Christina -- Patti LaBelle Miley Cyrus ( all coaches ) Pink ( all coaches ) Season 11 Team Adam -- Sammy Hagar Team Blake -- Bette Midler Team Miley -- Joan Jett Team Alicia -- Charlie Puth Tim McGraw and Faith Hill ( all coaches ) Garth Brooks ( all coaches ) Season 12 Team Adam -- John Legend Team Blake -- Luke Bryan Team Gwen -- Celine Dion Team Alicia -- DJ Khaled Shania Twain ( all coaches ) Season 13 Team Adam -- Joe Jonas Team Blake -- Rascal Flatts Team Miley -- Billy Ray Cyrus Team Jennifer -- Kelly Rowland Kelly Clarkson ( all coaches ) ( show ) Notes ^ 1 During the week of the Top 10 performances , Cee Lo Green , Christina Aguilera and Blake Shelton brought in Jennifer Hudson , Ron Fair and Scott Hendricks respectively to help them coach their teams . ^ 2 During the week of the Top 8 performances , Cee Lo Green brought in Bill Withers to help coach his contestant Nicholas David on his performance of `` Lean on Me '' . ^ 3 Due to being sick during the rehearsals of the Top 6 , Cee Lo Green brought in Pat Monahan to coach his team for the week . Green did however pick the songs which his team members would sing that week and kept in touch with them by phone . ^ 4 The mentors of the Battle Rounds reprised their roles during the week of the Top 10 performances except Joel Madden who was working on The Voice in Australia . Shakira instead brought in Cee Lo Green to help coach her team that week . ^ 5 During the week of the Top 12 performances , Usher brought in his choreographer Aakomon Jones to help coach his team . ^ 6 During the week of the Top 6 performances , Taylor Swift attended Michelle Chamuel 's rehearsal of `` I Knew You Were Trouble '' . ^ 7 With the replacement of the Knockout Rounds with the `` Battles , Round 2 '' in season 6 , Coldplay frontman Chris Martin served as the sole advisor for every team . ^ 8 During the week of the Top 10 performances , all four coaches brought advisors to help coach their teams . Graham Nash helped Team Adam , busbee helped Team Shakira , Natural helped Team Usher , and Scott Hendricks helped Team Blake . ^ 9 During the week of the Top 8 performances , Adam Levine brought in fellow band member James Valentine and Blake Shelton brought in former season two contestant Gwen Sebastian to help coach their teams . ^ 10 With the return of the Knockout Rounds in season seven , Taylor Swift served as the sole advisor for every team . ^ 11 During the week of the Top 10 performances , all four coaches brought advisors to help coach their teams . ^ 12 During the week of the Top 12 performances , Reba McEntire help all four coaches coaching the teams . ^ 13 During the week of the Top 10 performances , all four coaches brought advisors to help coach their teams . Dave Stewart helped Team Adam , Ryan Tedder helped Team Pharrell , Mark Ronson helped Team Christina , and Scott Hendricks helped Team Blake . Series overview Team Adam Team Blake Team Christina Team CeeLo Team Shakira Team Usher Team Pharrell Team Gwen Team Miley Team Alicia Team Jennifer Season First aired Last aired Winner Runner - up Other finalist ( s ) Winning coach Host ( s ) Coaches Main Correspondent April 26 , 2011 June 29 , 2011 Javier Colon Dia Frampton Vicci Martinez Adam Levine Carson Daly Alison Haislip ( backstage ) Adam CeeLo Christina Blake Beverly McClellan February 5 , 2012 May 8 , 2012 Jermaine Paul Juliet Simms Tony Lucca Blake Shelton Christina Milian ( backstage ) Chris Mann September 10 , 2012 December 18 , 2012 Cassadee Pope Terry McDermott Nicholas David March 25 , 2013 June 18 , 2013 Danielle Bradbery Michelle Chamuel The Swon Brothers Shakira Usher 5 September 23 , 2013 December 17 , 2013 Tessanne Chin Jacquie Lee Will Champlin Adam Levine Carson Daly CeeLo Christina 6 February 24 , 2014 May 20 , 2014 Josh Kaufman Jake Worthington Christina Grimmie Usher Shakira Usher 7 September 22 , 2014 December 16 , 2014 Craig Wayne Boyd Matt McAndrew Chris Jamison Blake Shelton Gwen Pharrell Damien 8 February 23 , 2015 May 19 , 2015 Sawyer Fredericks Meghan Linsey Joshua Davis Pharrell Williams Pharrell Christina Koryn Hawthorne 9 September 21 , 2015 December 15 , 2015 Jordan Smith Emily Ann Roberts Barrett Baber Adam Levine Gwen Pharrell Jeffery Austin 10 February 29 , 2016 May 24 , 2016 Alisan Porter Adam Wakefield Hannah Huston Christina Aguilera Pharrell Christina Laith Al - Saadi 11 September 19 , 2016 December 13 , 2016 Sundance Head Billy Gilman Wé McDonald Blake Shelton Miley Alicia Josh Gallagher 12 February 27 , 2017 May 23 , 2017 Chris Blue Lauren Duski Aliyah Moulden Alicia Keys Gwen Jesse Larson 13 September 25 , 2017 December 12 , 2017 Miley Jennifer Season synopses Names in bold type indicate the winner of the season . Season 1 Main article : The Voice ( U.S. season 1 ) The first season of The Voice premiered on April 26 , 2011 , and concluded on June 29 . The coaching panel consisted of Christina Aguilera , Cee Lo Green , Adam Levine , and Blake Shelton . Carson Daly and Alison Haislip respectively appeared as the host and social media correspondent . Contestant auditions were held in Chicago , New York , Miami , Nashville , Minneapolis , Austin , Los Angeles , and Seattle during January and February . It delivered the highest 18 -- 49 rating for a series premiere on a major broadcast network since Undercover Boss debuted after the Super Bowl in February 2010 . It became the first new primetime series of the season ( from ABC , CBS , NBC , or Fox ) to increase in adults 18 -- 49 and total viewers from its first week to its second . Owing to the strong performance of the show , NBC offered expanded two - hour live episodes beginning June 7 , following America 's Got Talent , with an additional results show . Each coach was allowed to advance four top to the live shows : Team Adam Team CeeLo Team Christina Team Blake Javier Colon Vicci Martinez Beverly McClellan Dia Frampton Casey Weston Nakia Frenchie Davis Xenia Jeff Jenkins Curtis Grimes Lily Elise Jared Blake Devon Barley The Thompson Sisters Raquel Castro Patrick Thomas Four finalists were advanced to the final round . Javier Colon was announced as the winner of the season , while Dia Frampton was declared the runner - up . Third and fourth places were a draw between Vicci Martinez and Beverly McClellan . Season 2 Main article : The Voice ( U.S. season 2 ) Season two premiered on February 5 , 2012 as the lead - out program after Super Bowl XLVI ; it concluded on May 8 . The original coaching panel remained intact , while Haislip was replaced by Christina Milian as the social media correspondent . Its regular time slot held a 6.7 rating , 17 share in adults 18 -- 49 , 17.8 million viewers overall and winning every half - hour in adults 18 -- 49 , adults 18 -- 34 , adults 25 -- 54 and total viewers versus first - run competition on ABC , CBS , Fox and CW . The shows ' continued premiere on Monday delivered NBC 's highest 18 -- 49 rating in this time period , excluding Olympics , in nearly eight years ( since February 16 , 2004 ) and the network 's biggest overall non-Olympic viewership in the slot since January 15 , 2007 . That season , Kia Motors , Sprint and Starbucks became the official sponsors of The Voice . Each coach was allowed to advance six top to the live shows : Team Adam Team CeeLo Team Christina Team Blake Tony Lucca Juliet Simms Chris Mann Jermaine Paul Katrina Parker Jamar Rogers Lindsey Pavao Erin Willett Mathai Cheesa Ashley de La Rosa RaeLynn Pip James Massone Jesse Campbell Jordis Unga Karla Davis Erin Martin Moses Stone Charlotte Sometimes Kim Yarbrough Tony Vincent Sera Hill Naia Kete Four finalists were advanced to the final round . Jermaine Paul was announced as the winner of the season , while Juliet Simms , Tony Lucca , and Chris Mann placed second , third , and fourth , respectively . Season 3 Main article : The Voice ( U.S. season 3 ) Season three premiered on September 10 , 2012 , and concluded on December 18 . All personnel returned from the previous season . Each coach was allowed to advance five top to the live shows : Team Adam Team CeeLo Team Christina Team Blake Amanda Brown Nicholas David Dez Duron Cassadee Pope Melanie Martinez Trevin Hunte Sylvia Yacoub Terry McDermott Bryan Keith Cody Belew Adriana Louise Michaela Paige Loren Allred MacKenzie Bourg De'Borah Julio Cesar Castillo Joselyn Rivera Diego Val Devyn DeLoera Liz Davis Three finalists were advanced to the final round . Cassadee Pope was announced as the winner of the season , while Terry McDermott and Nicholas David placed second and third , respectively . Season 4 Main article : The Voice ( U.S. season 4 ) Season four premiered on March 25 , 2013 , and concluded on June 18 . The coaching panel was modified for the first time in the series ' history , with Shakira and Usher replacing Aguilera and Green during their hiatuses from the program . Daly and Milian continued appearing for their respective positions . 13.64 million viewers tuned in , up from last season by 1.36 million viewers . Each coach was allowed to advance four top to the live shows : Team Adam Team Shakira Team Usher Team Blake Amber Carrington Sasha Allen Michelle Chamuel Danielle Bradbery Judith Hill Kris Thomas Josiah Hawley The Swon Brothers Sarah Simmons Garrett Gardner VEDO Holly Tucker Caroline Glaser Karina Iglesias Cáthia Justin Rivers Three finalists were advanced to the final round . Danielle Bradbery was announced as the winner of the season , while Michelle Chamuel and The Swon Brothers placed second and third , respectively . Season 5 Main article : The Voice ( U.S. season 5 ) Season five premiered on September 23 , 2013 , and concluded on December 18 . The original coaching panel was reinstated with the returns of Green and Aguilera which was promoted with an advertisement featuring the coaches ' cover version of `` Reunited '' by Peaches & Herb . However , Milian left her position as the social media correspondent before production began , at which point Daly assumed her former duties . Each coach was allowed to advance five top to the live shows : Team Adam Team CeeLo Team Christina Team Blake Tessanne Chin Caroline Pennell Jacquie Lee Cole Vosbury Will Champlin Kat Robichaud Matthew Schuler Ray Boundreaux James Wolpert Jonny Gray Josh Logan Austin Jenckes Grey Tamara Chauniece Olivia Henken Nic Hawk Preston Pohl Amber Nicole Stephanie Anne Johnson Shelbie Z Three finalists were advanced to the final round . Tessanne Chin was announced as the winner of the season , while Jacquie Lee and Will Champlin placed second and third , respectively . This is also the first series in which Shelton did not have an act in the final . Season 6 Main article : The Voice ( U.S. season 6 ) Season six premiered on February 24 , 2014 , and concluded on May 20 , 2014 . After four seasons , Green departed the show and Aguilera took a hiatus . Shakira and Usher then returned to join Levine and Shelton as coaches , and Daly returned as host . Each coach was allowed to advance three top to the live shows : Team Adam Team Shakira Team Usher Team Blake Christina Grimmie Kristen Merlin Josh Kaufman Jake Worthington Kat Perkins Tess Boyer Bria Kelly Sisaundra Lewis Delvin Choice Dani Moz T.J. Wilkins Audra McLaughlin Three finalists were advanced to the final round . Josh Kaufman was announced as the winner of the season , while Jake Worthington and Christina Grimmie placed second and third , respectively . Season 7 Main article : The Voice ( U.S. season 7 ) Season seven premiered on September 22 , 2014 , and concluded on December 16 , 2014 . Levine and Shelton returned as coaches , with Pharrell Williams and Gwen Stefani completing the panel . Later that season Nissan became the official sponsor of The Voice , replacing Kia Motors . Each coach was allowed to advance five top to the live shows : Team Adam Team Gwen Team Pharrell Team Blake Matt McAndrew Taylor John Williams DaNica Shirey Craig Wayne Boyd Chris Jamison Ryan Sill Luke Wade Reagan James Damien Anita Antoinette Sugar Joans Jessie Pitts Mia Pfirrman Ricky Manning Jean Kelley Taylor Brashears Taylor Phelan Bryana Salaz Elyjuh René James David Carter Four finalists were advanced to the final round . Craig Wayne Boyd was announced as the winner of the season , while Matt McAndrew , Chris Jamison , and Damien placed second , third , and fourth , respectively . Season 8 Main article : The Voice ( U.S. season 8 ) Season eight premiered on February 23 , 2015 and concluded on May 19 , 2015 . Levine and Shelton return as coaches for their eighth season , along with Williams and Aguilera who returns after a two - season break . Each coach was allowed to advance five top to the live shows : Team Adam Team Pharrell Team Christina Team Blake Joshua Davis Sawyer Fredericks India Carney Meghan Linsey Deanna Johnson Koryn Hawthorne Kimberly Nichole Hannah Kirby Brian Johnson Mia Z Rob Taylor Corey Kent White Tonya Boyd - Cannon Caitlin Caporale Lexi Dávila Brooke Adee Nathan Hermida Lowell Oakley Sonic Sarah Potenza Four finalists were advanced to the final round . Sawyer Fredericks was announced as the winner of the season , while Meghan Linsey , Joshua Davis , and Koryn Hawthorne placed second , third , and fourth , respectively . Season 9 Main article : The Voice ( U.S. season 9 ) Season nine premiered on September 21 , 2015 and concluded on December 15 , 2015 , with coaches Levine , Shelton , Williams and Stefani . Each coach was allowed to advance five artists to the live shows . For the first time in the show history , the coaches had the chance to bring back four artists who were previously eliminated in the battles or the knockouts rounds . The four bring back artists performed in the live playoffs with the top 20 and had a chance to move on to the live shows along with the top 12 : Each coach was allowed to advance five plus one top to the live shows : Team Adam Team Gwen Team Pharrell Team Blake Jordan Smith Jeffery Austin Madi Davis Emily Ann Roberts Shelby Brown Braiden Sunshine Evan McKeel Barrett Baber Amy Vachal Korin Bukowski Mark Hood Zach Seabaugh Blaine Mitchell Viktor Király Celeste Betton Ivonne Acero Chance Peña Ellie Lawrence Riley Biederer Morgan Frazier Keith Semple Regina Love Darius Scott Nadjah Nicole Four finalists were advanced to the final round . Jordan Smith was announced as the winner of the season , while Emily Ann Roberts , Barrett Baber , and Jeffery Austin placed second , third , and fourth , respectively . Season 10 Main article : The Voice ( U.S. season 10 ) Season ten premiered on February 29 , 2016 and concluded on May 24 , 2016 , with coaches Levine , Shelton , Williams and Aguilera . Each coach was allowed to advance five artists to the live shows . Like the previous season , the coaches had the chance to bring back four artists who were previously eliminated in the battles or the knockouts rounds . The four bring back artists performed in the live playoffs with the top 20 and had a chance to move on to the live shows along with the top 12 . Each coach was allowed to advance five plus one top to the live shows : Team Adam Team Pharrell Team Christina Team Blake Laith Al - Saadi Hannah Huston Alisan Porter Adam Wakefield Shalyah Fearing Daniel Passino Bryan Bautista Mary Sarah Owen Danoff Emily Keener Nick Hagelin Paxton Ingram Caroline Burns Lacy Mandigo Ryan Quinn Katie Basden Nate Butler Moushumi Kata Hay Joe Maye Brian Nhira Caity Peters Tamar Davis Justin Whisnant Four finalists were advanced to the final round . Alisan Porter was announced as the winner of the season , while Adam Wakefield , Hannah Huston , and Laith Al - Saadi placed second , third , and fourth , respectively . Season 11 Main article : The Voice ( U.S. season 11 ) Season eleven premiered on September 19 , 2016 and concluded on December 13 , 2016 with coaches Levine , Shelton , and new coaches Miley Cyrus and Alicia Keys . Each coach was allowed to advance five to the live shows : Team Adam Team Miley Team Alicia Team Blake Billy Gilman Ali Caldwell Wé McDonald Sundance Head Josh Gallagher Aaron Gibson Christian Cuevas Austin Allsup Brendan Fletcher Darby Walker Sa'Rayah Courtney Harrell Riley Elmore Sophia Urista Kylie Rothfield Dana Harper Simone Gundy Belle Jewel Josh Halverson Jason Warrior Four finalists were advanced to the final round . Sundance Head was announced as the winner of the season , while Billy Gilman , Wé McDonald , and Josh Gallagher placed second , third , and fourth , respectively . Season 12 Main article : The Voice ( U.S. season 12 ) Season twelve premiered on February 27 , 2017 and concluded on May 23 , with Gwen Stefani and Alicia Keys returning as coaches alongside Levine and Shelton . Cyrus will be taking a break from the show ; however , she will return as coach on the show 's thirteenth season . Each coach was allowed to advance five plus one top to the live shows : Team Adam Team Gwen Team Alicia Team Blake Jesse Larson Brennley Brown Chris Blue Lauren Duski Mark Isaiah Hunter Plake Vanessa Ferguson Aliyah Moulden Lilli Passero Troy Ramey Stephanie Rice TSoul Hanna Eyre Johnny Gates Jack Cassidy Casi Joy Johnny Hayes JChosen Ashley Levin Aaliyah Rose Josh West Quizz Swanigan Anatalia Villaranda Felicia Temple Four finalists were advanced to the final round . Chris Blue was announced as the winner of the season , while Lauren Duski , Aliyah Moulden , and Jesse Larson placed second , third , and fourth , respectively . Season 13 Main article : The Voice ( U.S. season 13 ) The thirteenth season premiered on September 25 , 2017 , with new coach Jennifer Hudson , alongside Levine and Shelton , and returning coach Cyrus . La Voz Kids In 2013 , American Spanish - language network Telemundo ( a subsidiary of NBCUniversal Television Group ) introduced a children 's version of The Voice in Spanish called La Voz Kids . It featured Spanish - speaking American children from 7 to 15 years of age . Prizes include $50,000 cash for their education and a recording contract with Universal Music Group . The show debuted on May 5 , 2013 , and is hosted by Jorge Bernal ( from ¡ Suelta La Sopa ! ) and Daisy Fuentes . The coaches in season one were Prince Royce , Paulina Rubio , and Roberto Tapia . The first season aired 13 episodes with the season finale airing on July 28 , 2013 . Season two saw Natalia Jiménez replace Paulina Rubio as one of the coaches . The other coaches and hosts remained the same . For the show 's third season , Daddy Yankee and Pedro Fernandez took Tapia and Royce 's place as the new coaches along with season two veteran Natalia Jiménez . At their 2015 Upfronts , Telemundo announced that La Voz Kids would return for a fourth season , with all three Season 3 coaches returning . Series overview Team Royce Team Paulina Team Tapia Team Natalia Team Yankee Team Pedro Series Premiere Finale Winner Runners - up Winning coach Hosts Coaches ( chair 's order ) May 5 , 2013 July 28 , 2013 Paola Guanche Alanis Gonzáles Prince Royce Jorge Bernal Daisy Fuentes Prince Royce Paulina Tapia Alan Ponce March 16 , 2014 June 8 , 2014 Amanda Mena Leslie Mendoza Natalia Natalia Loya March 15 , 2015 June 7 , 2015 Jonael Santiago Shanty Zumaya Natalia Jiménez Yankee Pedro Franser Pazos April 17 , 2016 July 10 , 2016 Christopher Rivera Alejandra Gallardo Axel Cabrera Reception In 2016 , a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that The Voice `` is most popular in North Dakota and least popular in New York . It was behind only Duck Dynasty and Fast N ' Loud in its correlation with Trump voters '' . Awards and nominations Main article : List of awards and nominations received by The Voice ( U.S. TV series ) Ratings The first season premiered strong at 11.78 million viewers , and actually grew upon that audience through its first season . In the 18 -- 49 demographic , the show constantly found itself in the top 5 . For its average season rating , the show landed itself as No. 20 with total viewers at nearly 12 million viewers . In the 18 -- 49 rankings , the show was No. 4 at a 5.4 ranking . The second season premiered on Super Bowl Sunday , February 5 , 2012 , and for a while managed to keep a 6.0 in the adults 18 -- 49 demographic and 17 million viewers . Partnering The Voice with Smash ( NBC 's musical drama ) helped NBC win the Monday night ratings . However , by Monday , April 9 , the ratings had fallen to a 4.0 rating in the adult 18 -- 49 demographic . The third season premiered on Monday , September 10 , 2012 to 12.28 million viewers and a 4.2 rating in the 18 -- 49 demographic and has since then grown to a season high 4.8 rating in the 18 -- 49 demographic on October 8 , October 15 and 29 , 2012 and a 4.9 rating in the finale . The Voice , along with NBC 's new drama , Revolution has once again led NBC to win every Monday night of the season so far , just like it did last season . On Tuesdays , comedies Go On and The New Normal have been successful thanks to The Voice , leading NBC to be the only network of the Big 5 to grow in ratings from last season . The fourth season premiered on Monday , March 25 , 2013 to a 13.64 million viewer audience , scoring a 4.8 in the 18 -- 49 demographic but fell back to a 12.41 million viewer audience . In the 18 -- 49 demographic , this first episode had a 4.1 score . The fifth season premiered on Monday , September 23 , 2013 scoring 14.98 million viewers and a 5.1 in the 18 -- 49 demographic . The sixth season premiered on February 24 , 2014 and was watched by 15.74 million viewers with a 4.7 rating in the 18 -- 49 demographic . It was up from last season 's premiere by . 76 million viewers . The seventh season premiered on September 22 , 2014 and was watched by 12.95 million viewers with a 3.9 rating in the 18 -- 49 demographic . It was down from last season 's premiere by 2.91 million viewers . The eighth season premiered on February 23 , 2015 , and was watched by 13.97 million viewers with a 4.1 rating in the 18 -- 49 demographic . It was up from last season 's premiere by 1.02 million viewers . The ninth season premiered on September 21 , 2015 , and was watched by 12.37 million viewers with a 3.5 rating in the 18 -- 49 demographic . It was down from last falls premiere by . 48 million viewers . The tenth season premiered on February 29 , 2016 , and was watched by 13.33 million viewers with a 3.4 rating in the 18 -- 49 demographic . It was up from last season 's premiere by . 96 million viewers . The eleventh season premiered on September 19 , 2016 , and was watched by 12.10 million viewers with a 3.3 rating in the 18 -- 49 demographic . It is down from last season 's premiere by 1.23 million viewers . The twelfth season premiered on February 27 , 2017 , and was watched by 13.03 million viewers with a 3.1 in the 18 -- 49 demographic . It was up from last season 's premiere by . 93 million viewers . The thirteenth season premiered on September 25 , 2017 , and was watched by 10.57 million viewers with a 2.6 in the 18 - 49 demographic . It is down from last season 's premiere by 2.46 million viewers . Each U.S. network television season starts in late September and ends in late May , which coincides with the completion of May sweeps . Season Timeslot ( ET ) # Ep . Premiered Ended TV season Season ranking Viewers ( in millions ) Date Premiere viewers ( in millions ) Date Finale viewers ( in millions ) Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( eps. 1 -- 2 , 7 -- 9 , 11 ) Tuesday 10 : 00 pm ( eps. 3 -- 6 ) Wednesday 8 : 15 pm ( ep. 10 ) Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( finale ) 12 April 26 , 2011 11.78 June 29 , 2011 11.05 2010 -- 11 20 12.33 Sunday 10 : 21 pm Monday 8 : 00 pm Tuesday 9 : 00 pm 21 February 5 , 2012 37.61 May 8 , 2012 11.90 2011 -- 12 9 15.76 Monday 8 : 00 pm Tuesday 8 : 00 pm Wednesday 8 : 00 pm Thursday 8 : 00 pm ( ep. 20 ) 32 September 10 , 2012 12.28 December 18 , 2012 14.13 2012 -- 13 10 14.24 Monday 8 : 00 pm Tuesday 8 : 00 pm 28 March 25 , 2013 13.64 June 18 , 2013 15.59 5 Monday 8 : 00 pm Tuesday 8 : 00 pm Tuesday 9 : 00 pm Thursday 8 : 00 pm ( ep. 15 ) 27 September 23 , 2013 14.98 December 17 , 2013 14.01 2013 -- 14 7 14.57 6 Monday 8 : 00 pm Tuesday 8 : 00 pm 26 February 24 , 2014 15.86 May 20 , 2014 11.69 7 27 September 22 , 2014 12.95 December 16 , 2014 12.88 2014 -- 15 12 13.80 8 28 February 23 , 2015 13.97 May 19 , 2015 11.56 9 Monday 8 : 00 pm Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( eps. 2 , 4 , 6 , 16 -- 27 ) Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( eps. 8 , 10 , 12 , 14 ) 27 September 21 , 2015 12.37 December 15 , 2015 12.69 2015 -- 16 9 13.33 10 Monday 8 : 00 pm Tuesday 8 : 00 pm 28 February 29 , 2016 13.33 May 24 , 2016 10.59 11 26 September 19 , 2016 12.10 December 13 , 2016 12.14 2016 -- 17 13 12.40 12 28 February 27 , 2017 13.03 May 23 , 2017 9.35 13 TBA September 25 , 2017 10.57 TBA 2017 -- 18 TBA TBA † Including an episode that aired after a live broadcast of the Super Bowl : 10 : 19 -- 10 : 30 = 46.786 million viewers ( retention : 76.68 % -- football game itself reached a peak of 118.355 million viewers ) 10 : 30 -- 10 : 45 = 39.494 million viewers 10 : 45 -- 11 : 00 = 36.310 million viewers 11 : 00 -- 11 : 15 = 32.630 million viewers 11 : 15 -- 11 : 21 = 31.792 million viewers The Voice live on tour This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the final episode of the first season , Carson Daly announced a summer concert tour . This tour had six stops across the United States , including Los Angeles , Las Vegas , Chicago , Boston , Wallingford , and New York . The tour featured the top two finalists from each team , including Javier Colon , Dia Frampton , Vicci Martinez , Beverly McClellan , Xenia , Frenchie Davis , Nakia , and Casey Weston . Out of the six dates , the New York show was a sell - out . However , as overall ticket sales were lackluster , the tour was canceled in subsequent seasons . In 2014 , the tour was resumed from June 21 , 2014 to August 2 , 2014 , including the contestants of seasons five and six , and season one contestant Dia Frampton . Video game The Voice : I Want You is a video game based on the television show releasing on PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 , Wii and Wii U on October 21 , 2014 published by Activision . The game includes a microphone and it has songs from the show including songs performed by the coaches . Broadcast The show premiered in Canada on April 26 , 2011 on CTV . In Asia , the series aired on August 21 , 2011 on AXN , but later transferred to Star World ( now Fox Life ) starting Season 11 . It premiered in New Zealand on July 16 , 2011 on TV2 , in Australia on August 9 , 2011 on Go ! , in South Africa on October 5 , 2011 on SABC 3 , and on March 31 , 2012 in the Philippines on Studio 23 ( now S + A ) . References ^ Jump up to : `` About ' The Voice ' '' . NBC . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How to Audition for ' The Voice ' '' . NBC . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBC Sets Fall Premiere Dates for 2016 - 17 Season '' . Variety . 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Jump up ^ `` NBC Names Alison Haislip , G4 's `` Attack of the Show ! '' , As Backstage Online and Social Media Correspondent for New Musical Competition Series `` The Voice '' `` . The Futon Critic . March 28 , 2011 . Retrieved April 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Christina Milian Not Returning to ' The Voice ' '' . Extra. 23 August 2013 . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Sam ( 26 July 2013 ) . `` Christina Milian No Longer on ' The Voice ' '' . KTLA . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NBC 's ' The Voice ' enlists Monica , Reba McEntire , Sia and Adam Blackstone as advisors '' . The L.A. Times Music Blog . Los Angeles Times . April 29 , 2011 . Retrieved 6 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley . `` ' The Voice ' Nabs Ne - Yo , Robin Thicke , Miranda Lambert , 5 More As Advisers '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 6 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Kimberly Nordyke ( July 27 , 2012 ) . `` Green Day 's Billie Joe Armstrong to Mentor on ' The Voice ' '' . Billboard . 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Jump up ^ `` The Voice Scoop : Pharrell Williams Taps Alicia Keys as Season 7 Adviser '' . E ! Online . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Corriston , Michele . `` Little Big Town Joins The Voice as Blake Shelton 's Adviser ( PHOTO ) - Little Big Town , The Voice , TV News , Blake Shelton '' . People.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Joins ' The Voice ' As Season 7 Adviser '' . Jump up ^ `` ' The Voice ' Season 8 Mentors Revealed : Nick Jonas , Meghan Trainor & More '' . Hollywood Life . 2015 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking : Nate Ruess Of Fun To Join `` The Voice '' As A Key Adviser `` . 2015 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ SHERROW , Rita . `` TVtype : Oklahoma 's Reba McEntire set to advise ' The Voice ' Top 12 '' . Jump up ^ Gallo , Phil . `` Mark Ronson & Ryan Tedder to Advise ' The Voice ' Singers '' . Jump up ^ Gallo , Phil . `` The Voice Stages Major Reunion '' . Jump up ^ `` New Blood ! Taylor Swift Joins The Voice as a Season Seven Advisor '' . 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Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' TheVoice ' : Miley Cyrus & Alicia Keys Join As Judges For Season 11 , Pharrell Williams Departs '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Pena , Jessica ( 1 November 2016 ) . `` The Voice : Season 12 Start Date Announced by NBC '' . TVSeriesFinale.com . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Mandalit del Barco ( 2013 - 06 - 26 ) . `` Telemundo 's ' La Voz ' Hands Latino Kids The Mic '' . npr.org . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Mandalit del Barco ( 2013 - 06 - 01 ) . `` Paola Guanche , 12 - Year - Old Cuban Singer , Wins ' La Voz Kids ' '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Cristina Arreola ( 2014 - 01 - 15 ) . `` Paulina Rubio Sues Telemundo Over ' La Voz Kids ' '' . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Leila Cobo ( 2015 - 01 - 08 ) . `` Ranchera Star Pedro Fernandez to Coach ' La Voz Kids ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` TELEMUNDO Announces Over 900 Hours of New Original Programming '' . Broadway World . 2015 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Katz , Josh ( 2016 - 12 - 27 ) . `` ' Duck Dynasty ' vs. ' Modern Family ' : 50 Maps of the U.S. Cultural Divide '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Rome , Emily . `` NBC 's ' Idol ' rival ' The Voice ' debuts huge ; highest rated premiere of the season Inside TV EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice , ' ' America 's Got Talent , ' ' So You Think You Can Dance ' Adjusted Up -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Zap2it . June 30 , 2011 . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Final 2010 -- 11 Broadcast Primetime Show Average Viewership '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . June 1 , 2011 . Retrieved May 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 7 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : The ' Super Bowl , ' ' The Voice ' & All The Repeats '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . 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Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 25 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Bachelor ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' Almost Human ' or ' Star Crossed ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final TV Ratings : ' Dancing With The Stars : Road to the Finals ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Amanda Kondolojy ( September 23 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Forever ' , ' Dancing With the Stars ' & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scorpion ' & ' America 's Next Top Model ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2014 . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' & ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up , No Adjustment for ' Person of Interest ' or ' MasterChef Junior ' '' . TV by the Numbers . 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Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS : New Orleans ' adjusts up , ' Voice ' finale holds '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2015 . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Blindspot , ' ' Gotham ' and all others hold '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 25 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Voice , ' ' The Flash ' and ' The Real O'Neals ' finales adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Gotham ' adjust up , ' Kevin ' and ' Good Place ' hold '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' NCIS ' adjusts down , ' Voice ' finale holds : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Scorpion ' adjusted up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars finale adjusts up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang ' and ' Young Sheldon ' adjust up , ' Good Doctor , ' ' DWTS , ' ' The Brave , ' ' Me , Myself & I ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TV By The Numbers '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` AXN hits the high note with The Voice '' . The Philippine Star . August 21 , 2011 . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hear ' The Voice ' on Studio 23 '' . Lopez Group of Companies . March 30 , 2012 . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . 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3061037479835604801	Modern Vampires of the City	Modern Vampires of the City - wikipedia Modern Vampires of the City Jump to : navigation , search Modern Vampires of the City Studio album by Vampire Weekend Released May 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 14 ) Studio Downtown Studios in New York City ; Echo Park Back House , Vox Studios in Los Angeles ; Slow Death Studios in Burbank ; Rostam Batmanglij 's apartment Genre Indie rock art pop Length 42 : 54 Label XL Producer Rostam Batmanglij Ariel Rechtshaid Vampire Weekend chronology Contra ( 2010 ) Contra 2010 Modern Vampires of the City ( 2013 ) Singles from Modern Vampires of the City `` Diane Young '' Released : March 19 , 2013 `` Ya Hey '' Released : May 3 , 2013 `` Unbelievers '' Released : August 12 , 2013 `` Step '' Released : May 5 , 2014 Modern Vampires of the City is the 2013 third studio album by American indie rock band Vampire Weekend . The group began to write songs for the record during soundchecks on the supporting concert tour for their 2010 album Contra . After a period in which each member explored individual musical projects , they regrouped and continued working on Modern Vampires of the City in 2011 . With no deadline in mind , the band brought in an outside record producer for the first time , Ariel Rechtshaid , to record the album . With Modern Vampires of the City , Vampire Weekend attempted to depart from the African - influenced indie pop style of their previous records . Broadly experimental , the album 's sound was the result of a variety of unconventional recording assets , including pitch shifting . Subjects explored on the record include characters with adult responsibilities , reflections on growing old , mortality , and religious faith . Vampire Weekend titled Modern Vampires of the City after a lyric in the 1990 Junior Reid song `` One Blood '' and chose a Neal Boenzi photograph of the 1966 New York City smog event as the album cover , citing their haunting qualities as the reason for using them . Modern Vampires of the City was released on May 14 , 2013 , by XL Recordings and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 , becoming Vampire Weekend 's second consecutive number - one album in the United States . It received widespread critical acclaim and was named the year 's best record by several publications ; it was voted second in the annual Pazz & Jop critics poll . By December 2014 , the album had sold 505,000 copies in the US . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and writing 2 Recording and production 3 Music and lyrics 4 Release and reception 5 Track listing 6 Personnel 6.1 Vampire Weekend 6.2 Additional personnel 7 Charts 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Background and writing ( edit ) The success of Vampire Weekend 's second album , Contra ( 2010 ) , established the group as `` one of the past decade 's great indie - rock success stories . '' By the time their world tour for Contra ended , the band realized they had not taken a break in nearly five years . During the break , each member pursued individual projects : Baio performed DJ sets and scored the Bob Byington film Somebody Up There Likes Me , Batmanglij recorded solo material and produced tracks for Das Racist and spent time traveling India with three friends , and Koenig collaborated with Major Lazer . Koenig had broken up with his girlfriend shortly before the release of Contra and subsequently moved out of their shared apartment in New York . Feeling `` weird and aimless '' , Koenig attempted to stay in Los Angeles but he returned East after four months . By the time Vampire Weekend eventually regrouped in 2011 , the band members had amassed plenty of material and made sure to take their time making a new record . Koenig and Batmanglij met several times a week to write songs , some of which they 'd later scrap . The pair took a `` writing retreat '' to Martha 's Vineyard , where they bore down and composed several new tracks . Working with no deadline in mind , the group began recording Modern Vampires of the City . Recording and production ( edit ) Rostam Batmanglij , the band 's multi-instrumentalist and producer Ariel Rechtshaid , the album 's co-producer The songs for Modern Vampires of the City were recorded at several locations , including Downtown Studios in New York City , Echo Park Back House and Vox Studios in Los Angeles , Slow Death Studios in Burbank , and the apartment of Rostam Batmanglij , Vampire Weekend 's multi-instrumentalist and producer . Early drafts of the tracks `` Obvious Bicycle '' and `` Worship You '' were produced at OK Go frontman , Damian Kulash 's old house in Chicago , before being taken to an official studio to work on . Batmanglij and Ariel Rechtshaid , the album 's co-producer , used a pair of mirrored solid state MacBooks with UAD - 2 Satellite Firewire Cards so they could take their recordings anywhere and work on them from separate locations with maximum ease . The band credits Vox Studios with the defining special quality of the recordings , especially the use of their vintage analog tape machines , with Batmanglij remarking , `` Much of the overall sound and approach to the album was being able to record the drums to tape on an old Ampex machine . '' The group wanted a unique drum sound , and so they recorded in a room with high ceilings and had engineer David Schiffman use a `` pretty non-conventional drum miking setup '' in which a pair of Neumann U 47s were used as over head mics with RCA 77dx ribbon mics between the Neumanns and the drum kit for added texture . Tape recordings of the drums were then heavily treated and manipulated with Ableton Live plug - ins . Lastly , the band layered samples onto select portions of the drum recordings to accent or shape the finished tone . Modern Vampires of the City was an attempt Vampire Weekend to distance themselves from the sounds featured on their debut record and Contra . `` Whenever we came up with something familiar sounding , it was rejected '' , said Rechtshaid . Pitch shifting was a major component of recording the album . For tracks such as `` Step '' , drums were recorded on a Varispeed Tape deck set to a lower speed so that they would play back faster and more high pitched . Drummer Chris Tomson would then re-record the drums playing to the sped - up recording to get an uptempo live take . This second recording was then slowed back down to original speed to create an `` underwater '' effect . The effect is featured prominently on vocals as well . Ezra Koenig 's vocals were run through Eventide H949 and 910 on tracks such as `` Diane Young '' , with both the pitch and formant shifted changed to manipulate the sound of recorded vocals . Bass guitar was also recorded straight to tape `` with a fairly ambient miking approach where the mic was three feet away from the cabinet '' . Vocals were recorded with Soundelux U99 Microphones , in combination with 1176 Classic limiter plug - in , Fairchild 670 Compressor and Elektro - Mess - Technik 140 Plate Reverb , giving the vocals a quality Batmanglij described as `` buttery '' . For guitar sounds , Batmanglij chose not to mic his guitar and instead plugged his Les Paul direct - in to ProTools through a SansAmp Amp Emulation Pedal , a technique used by Jimmy Page . Vampire Weekend concentrated their efforts on giving each recording `` warmth '' , feeling that modern digital recordings lacked the sound quality of older records . In an attempt to make the tracks sound less harsh , the band and their recording engineers used a spectrum analyzer , Sonnox SuprEsser and heavily automated EQs to edit out harsher , colder frequencies and soften the mix . Vampire Weekend painstakingly listened to the record several separate times using technology from standard commercial iPod earbuds to professional equipment to ensure the record sounded nice regardless of equipment the listener owned . Desiring to `` check the relative warmth levels '' , the engineers would `` go in and perform surgery and automate EQs '' in order to make the mixes listenable . The band felt the finished product was something of a third chapter and a continuation of material explored in their previous two efforts . `` We thought these three albums should look like they belong together on a bookshelf '' , said Batmanglij . `` We realized that there are things connecting the songs across three albums , like an invisible hand was guiding us . It does feel like we 've been able to create three distinct worlds for each album , and yet have them be interconnected . '' The title was taken from a lyric in Junior Reid 's 1990 song `` One Blood '' . Koenig , a fan of the song , found the phrase `` Modern Vampires of the City '' humorous but also `` haunting '' as a title for their album . The cover art features an image taken by New York Times photographer Neal Boenzi , depicting a smog - shrouded , dystopian - looking New York City . Boenzi took the photo atop the Empire State Building in November 1966 , when the city was plagued by a smog problem . Because of the subsequent rise in global air pollution , the band chose the photo believing it may have rendered `` some kind of future '' . Music and lyrics ( edit ) `` Modern Vampires of the City is indeed a deeply God - haunted work ... ( Ezra ) Koenig does n't give any indication he himself is a believer ( more often just the opposite ) , but there is a recurring sense of engagement with God throughout the album , a sense of wrestling with the implications and impossibilities of faith . By accident or , more likely , by design , this builds and builds until Koenig puts everything on the table and addresses God directly . '' -- Barry Lenser , PopMatters Modern Vampires of the City is a departure from the percussive , African - influenced indie pop of Contra . Batmanglij said that the album has a recurring tension that distinguishes it from the band 's previous albums : `` Even if the songs are mostly in a major key , there 's something that 's hanging out there that 's a little bit dark . And I think that 's reflective of the world . '' According to Heather Phares of AllMusic , the album abandoned the eclectic influences of Contra in favor of `` a less audacious production style and smaller instrumental palette : guitar , organ , harpsichord , and the occasional sample combine into a rarefied sound that suggests a more insular version of their debut '' . She pointed to how the album is bookended by the stylistically narrow chamber pop on the songs `` Obvious Bicycle '' and `` Young Lion '' . `` Step '' was inspired by a lyric from Souls of Mischief 's 1993 song `` Step to My Girl '' , which sampled Grover Washington , Jr. 's cover of Bread 's `` Aubrey '' . The vocal melody of the chorus interprets the melody of `` Aubrey '' so close that the band had to clear it as a sample . The chorus vocals were recorded in Ableton Live using the onboard microphone in Batmanglij 's MacBook Pro . Alexis Petridis viewed that some songs echo lesser known `` musical tropes '' from the group 's previous albums -- a mock Irish folk influence is heard on `` Unbelievers '' , while `` Step '' features `` Left Banke - inspired baroque pop '' . Much of the lyrics were composed by Batmanglij and Koenig in Batmanglij 's apartment ( a former factory building in Brooklyn ) and at a rented cottage on Martha 's Vineyard . The lyrics explore more mature , world - weary themes such as growing old and disillusionment with American foreign policy . The album eschewed the theme of privileged youth from their first two albums in favor of characters with adult responsibilities and reflections on the passage of time . Faith and mortality are recurring themes on songs such as `` Unbelievers '' , `` Worship You '' , and `` Everlasting Arms '' . Koenig likened their first three albums to Brideshead Revisited : `` The naïve joyous school days in the beginning . Then the expansion of the world , travel , seeing other places , learning a little bit more about how people live . And then the end is a little bit of growing up , starting to think more seriously about your life and your faith . If people could look at our three albums as a bildungsroman , I 'd be O.K. with that . '' According to Brice Ezell from PopMatters , Modern Vampires of the City is `` very much an indie rock record '' because of Koenig 's voice and diction , which reveals `` the youth that he and his bandmates so often strive to shrug off . '' Ezell asserts that , on songs such as `` Unbelievers '' , the `` reckless abandon '' expressed by the lyrics reveals `` the group 's grasp on the genuine rebellion that indie rock ought to strive for . '' Release and reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Aggregate scores Source Rating AnyDecentMusic ? 8.2 / 10 Metacritic 84 / 100 Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Entertainment Weekly A − The Guardian The Independent MSN Music A+ NME 7 / 10 Pitchfork 9.3 / 10 Rolling Stone Spin 8 / 10 The Times Modern Vampires of the City was released by XL Recordings on May 14 , 2013 , and debuted number one on the Billboard 200 , selling 134,000 copies in its first week of release in the United States . It was Vampire Weekend 's second consecutive number - one record on the chart , as well as the nineteenth independently - distributed album to top the Billboard 200 in the Nielsen SoundScan era ( 1991 -- present ) . The record entered the British album charts at number three with first - week sales of 27,805 copies , becoming the group 's third consecutive top - twenty album in the United Kingdom . By December 2014 , it had been certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America and sold 505,000 copies in the US . In 2014 it was awarded a diamond certification from the Independent Music Companies Association , which indicated sales of at least 200,000 copies throughout Europe . Modern Vampires of the City was met with widespread acclaim from critics . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications , the album received an average score of 84 , based on 51 reviews . In The Independent , Simon Price called it Vampire Weekend 's `` most cohesive and convincing effort yet '' featuring their most accessible compositions , while Ryan Dombal from Pitchfork said the singing suited the music fluidly on songs that sounded more natural and dynamic than the band 's previous work . Alexis Petridis , lead critic for The Guardian , believed Vampire Weekend successfully avoided the gimmicky sounds of their previous albums and wrote more genuine lyrics dealing with mortality rather than `` arch depictions of moneyed young Wasp lives '' . Slant Magazine 's Jesse Cataldo said the songs may sound dense and wordy , but they would be `` immediately potent on a purely visceral level '' for listeners , `` striking a perfect balance that makes for what 's perhaps the best album of the year '' . Nathan Brackett of Rolling Stone said the album featured a particular spirit and songcraft evocative of urban life , while Robert Christgau appreciated how many twists the coming of age themes revealed . In his review for MSN Music , Christgau found the record similar to the Beatles ' Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ( 1967 ) because of how each lyric and musical element was `` pleasurable in itself and aptly situated in the sturdy songs and tracks , so that the whole signifies without a hint of concept '' . Greg Kot was more critical in the Chicago Tribune , writing that the group occasionally blundered in an attempt at ingenuity with the songs `` Ya Hey '' and `` Finger Back '' while finding the album `` darker , slower and weirder '' than their previous records . NME journalist John Calvert believed Vampire Weekend had sacrificed `` the sonic smarts that made them '' on what was an otherwise `` gorgeous album '' . By the end of 2013 , Modern Vampires of the City had been named the year 's best album in a number of polls ; according to Acclaimed Music , it was the highest ranked record on average in critics ' year - end lists . AllMusic named it one of the year 's 50 best records , and it was voted the second best album of 2013 in the Pazz & Jop , an annual poll of American critics nationwide , published by The Village Voice . Christgau , the poll 's creator , ranked it first in his own list for The Barnes & Noble Review , writing in an accompanying essay that Vampire Weekend had made an art pop record that `` simulates predigital warmth by tinkering with a dizzying panoply of studio stratagems and divides the most emotional songs of the band 's career into distinct parts impossible to enumerate due to how often the arrangements change up gorgeous drum tracks , but I dare you to dance to them '' . At the 2014 Grammy Awards , Modern Vampires of the City won in the category of Best Alternative Music Album . Publication Rank List American Songwriter 12 Top 50 Albums of 2013 The A.V. Club 5 The 23 Best Albums of 2013 Billboard 12 15 Best Albums of 2013 11 20 Best Albums of the 2010s So Far ( 2010 -- 14 ) Clash 9 Top Albums of 2013 Complex 47 The 50 Best Albums of 2013 Consequence of Sound Top 50 Albums of 2013 Drowned in Sound 6 Favourite Albums of 2013 Exclaim ! Top 20 Pop & Rock Albums The Fly 32 Albums of the Year The Guardian The best albums of 2013 GQ 17 21 Best Albums of the 21st Century ( 2000 -- 14 ) Magnet 19 Top 25 Albums of 2013 Mojo 7 Top 50 Albums of 2013 musicOMH 6 Top 100 Albums of 2013 The New York Times Top Ten Year - End List NME 14 50 Best Albums of 2013 19 50 Best Albums of the Decade So Far ( 2010 -- 14 ) Paste 7 The 50 Best Albums of 2013 Pitchfork The Top 50 Albums of 2013 6 The 100 Best Albums of the Decade So Far ( 2010 -- 14 ) PopMatters The 75 Best Albums of 2013 Q 50 Albums of the Year Rolling Stone 50 Best Albums of 2013 Slant Magazine The 25 Best Albums of 2013 Spin 50 Best Albums of 2013 60 300 Best Albums of the Past 30 Years ( 1985 -- 2014 ) Sputnikmusic 17 Top 50 Albums of 2013 Stereogum The 50 Best Albums of 2013 Time Top 10 Albums of 2013 Time Out 26 50 Best Albums of 2013 Uncut 20 Top 50 Albums of 2013 Under the Radar Top 125 Albums of 2013 The Village Voice Pazz and Jop Track listing ( edit ) All lyrics written by Koenig , except where noted ; all music composed by Rostam Batmanglij and Ezra Koenig , except where noted . Modern Vampires of the City No . Title Length 1 . `` Obvious Bicycle '' 4 : 11 2 . `` Unbelievers '' 3 : 22 3 . `` Step '' 4 : 11 4 . `` Diane Young '' 2 : 40 5 . `` Do n't Lie '' ( additional lyrics by Batmanglij ) 3 : 33 6 . `` Hannah Hunt '' 3 : 57 7 . `` Everlasting Arms '' 3 : 03 8 . `` Finger Back '' 3 : 25 9 . `` Worship You '' 3 : 21 10 . `` Ya Hey '' ( bass line of bridge section written by Ariel Rechtshaid ) 5 : 12 11 . `` Hudson '' ( music by Batmanglij , Koenig , and Chris Tomson ) 4 : 14 12 . `` Young Lion '' ( music and lyrics by Batmanglij ) 1 : 45 Total length : 42 : 54 ( show ) Japanese edition bonus tracks No . Title Length 13 . `` Ya Hey '' ( Paranoid Styles Mix ) 3 : 51 14 . `` Unbelievers '' ( Seeburg Drum Machine Mix ) 3 : 24 Total length : 49 : 09 Personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from the album 's liner notes . Vampire Weekend ( edit ) Chris Baio -- bass Rostam Batmanglij -- piano , guitars , banjo , vocal harmonies and backing vocals , drum and synth programming , keyboards , shaker , lead vocals ( track 12 ) , production , mixing ( tracks 1 , 5 - 9 , 11 , 12 ) , string and brass arrangements , engineer , album cover design , compact disk design , art direction Ezra Koenig -- lead vocals , piano ( track 2 ) , album cover design , art direction Chris Tomson -- drums Additional personnel ( edit ) Alex John Beck -- band photo Rich Costey -- mixing ( tracks 3 , 4 , 10 ) Hans Crump -- ProTools operator Johnny Cuomo -- flistle ( track 2 ) Jeff Curtin -- additional drums and additional engineering ( track 4 ) Angel Deradoorian -- back up vocals ( tracks 1 , 9 , 12 ) , additional vocal arrangement Matt de Jong -- packaging layout and booklet design Fanny Franklin -- back up vocals ( track 8 ) Justin Gerrish -- ProTools operator , additional mix engineering Michael Harris -- engineer Eric Isip -- assistant Scott Jacoby -- mixing ( track 2 ) Chris Kasych -- mix assistant and ProTools engineer Shruta Kumar -- score copyist Joe LaPorta -- mastering Emily Lazar -- mixing ( track 2 ) , mastering Fernando Lodero -- ProTools operator Elizabeth Lea -- trombone ( tracks 2 , 11 ) Danny T. Levin -- trumpet ( tracks 2 , 11 ) Juan Pieczanski -- additional engineering ( track 4 ) Ariel Rechtshaid -- additional drum and synth programming ( tracks 1 , 2 , 4 , 11 ) , additional bass ( track 7 ) , production , mixing ( tracks 1 , 5 - 9 , 11 , 12 ) , engineering Rich Rich -- ProTools operator Nick Rowe -- engineer Brendan Ryan -- accordion ( track 2 ) Asher Sarlin -- compact disc design Adam Schatz -- saxophone ( track 4 ) Dave Schiffman -- engineer Seth Shafer -- tuba ( tracks 2 , 11 ) Angelo Vasquex -- ProTools operator Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 ) Peak position American Albums Chart American Alternative Albums Chart American Independent Albums Chart American Rock Albums Chart Australian Albums Chart 7 Austrian Albums Chart 24 Belgian Albums Chart ( Flanders ) 5 Belgian Albums Chart ( Wallonia ) 29 British Albums Chart British Indie Albums Chart Canadian Albums Chart Danish Albums Chart 36 Dutch Albums Chart 20 Finnish Albums Chart 34 French Albums Chart 18 German Albums Chart 21 Greek Albums Chart 47 Irish Albums Chart Irish Independent Albums Chart Italian Albums Chart 55 Japanese Albums Chart 13 New Zealand Albums Chart 19 Norwegian Albums Chart Portuguese Albums Chart Scottish Albums Chart Spanish Albums Chart 13 Swedish Albums Chart 17 Swiss Albums Chart 18 Year - end charts ( edit ) Year Chart Position 2013 American Albums Chart 74 American Alternative Albums Chart 11 American Independent Albums Chart 6 American Rock Albums Chart 15 Belgian Albums Chart ( Flanders ) 81 British Albums Chart 94 2014 American Albums Chart 167 American Alternative Albums Chart 35 American Independent Albums Chart 13 American Rock Albums Chart 39 See also ( edit ) Alternative music portal List of number - one albums of 2013 ( U.S. ) List of number - one Billboard Alternative Albums of 2013 List of number - one independent albums ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Simon Vozick - Levinson ( May 2013 ) . `` 25 Reasons to Be Excited About Rock Right Now : Because Vampire Weekend Just Keeps Getting Better and Better '' . Rolling Stone ( 1182 ) . pp. 50 -- 51 . ^ Jump up to : Dan Hyman ( April 26 , 2012 ) . `` Vampire Weekend Hatching ' A Ton ' of Material for New LP '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved May 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Carrie Battan ( May 7 , 2013 ) . `` Feature : Vampire Weekend '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ROSTAM '' . Rostam.tumblr.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Coming Soon -- 2012 's Albums Worth Waiting For '' . Clash . January 2 , 2012 . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Modern Vampires of the City ( liner notes ) . Vampire Weekend . XL Recordings. 2013 . XLCD 556 . ^ Jump up to : Gallant , Michael ( May 22 , 2013 ) . `` Vampire Weekend Production Goes Mobile with Apollo and UAD Powered Plug - Ins '' . Universal Audio . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Micallef , Ken ( June 2014 ) . `` Nothing As It Seems '' . Electronic Musician . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Boilen , Bob ( May 1 , 2013 ) . `` Vampire Weekend On New York , Souls Of Mischief And The Secrets Of Its New Album '' . NPR . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lenser , Barry ( June 5 , 2013 ) . `` God and Man on ' Modern Vampires of the City ' '' . PopMatters . Retrieved June 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hall , James ( May 3 , 2013 ) . `` Vampire Weekend , Troxy , review '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved June 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Pareles , Jon ( May 12 , 2013 ) . `` Setting Their Sights on Wider Vistas '' . The New York Times . p . AR17 . Retrieved June 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Phares , Heather ( May 13 , 2013 ) . `` Modern Vampires of the City -- Vampire Weekend '' . AllMusic . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Petridis , Alexis ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` Vampire Weekend : Modern Vampires of the City -- review '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ezell , Brice ( May 14 , 2013 ) . `` Vampire Weekend : Modern Vampires of the City '' . PopMatters . Retrieved June 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Modern Vampires Of The City by Vampire Weekend reviews '' . AnyDecentMusic ? . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reviews for Modern Vampires of the City by Vampire Weekend '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rahman , Ray ( May 7 , 2013 ) . `` Vampire Weekend 's new album now streaming '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Price , Simon ( May 11 , 2013 ) . `` Album : Vampire Weekend , Modern Vampires of the City ( XL ) '' . The Independent . London . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2013 . Retrieved June 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Christgau , Robert ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Vampire Weekend / Deerhunter '' . MSN Music . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Calvert , John ( May 13 , 2013 ) . `` Vampire Weekend -- ' Modern Vampires Of The City ' '' . NME . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved May 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Dombal , Ryan ( May 13 , 2013 ) . `` Vampire Weekend : Modern Vampires of the City '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Brackett , Nathan ( May 7 , 2013 ) . `` Vampire Weekend : Modern Vampires of the City ( XL ) '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Powell , Mike ( May 13 , 2013 ) . `` Vampire Weekend , ' Modern Vampires of the City ' '' . Spin . Retrieved May 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Potton , Ed ( May 11 , 2013 ) . `` Vampire Weekend : Modern Vampires of the City '' . The Times . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Caulfield , Keith ( May 22 , 2013 ) . `` Vampire Weekend Debuts At No. 1 On Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan ( May 20 , 2013 ) . `` Official Charts Analysis : Rod Stewart breaks oldies record at the hits No. 1 '' . Music Week . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Payne , Chris ( December 3 , 2014 ) . `` Will Arcade Fire Repeat as Grammy Darlings ? '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.impalamusic.org/sites/default/files/pictures/Awards1.png Jump up ^ `` IMPALA Awards for European Independent Acts Hit Record Levels -- Impala '' . www.impalamusic.org . Jump up ^ Cataldo , Jesse ( May 13 , 2013 ) . `` Vampire Weekend : Modern Vampires of the City '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved May 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kot , Greg ( May 13 , 2013 ) . `` Album review : Vampire Weekend , ' Modern Vampires of the City ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Weekend '' . Acclaimed Music . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Allmusic Best of 2013 '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . December 10 , 2013 . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : The Village Voice ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` Pazz and Jop '' . Pazz and Jop . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2015 . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Christgau , Robert ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` The Consensus Has Consequences '' . The Barnes & Noble Review . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Christopher ( January 26 , 2014 ) . `` Grammy Winners List 2014 : Who Took Home Awards On Music 's Biggest Night ? '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` American Songwriter 's Top 50 Albums Of 2013 '' . American Songwriter . December 4 , 2013 . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 23 best albums of 2013 '' . The A.V. Club . December 3 , 2013 . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 15 Best Albums of 2013 : Critics ' Picks : 12 . Vampire Weekend , `` Modern Vampires of the City '' `` . Billboard . December 19 , 2013 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Lipshutz , Jason ( January 13 , 2015 ) . `` The 20 Best Albums of the 2010s ( So Far ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Harper , Simon ( December 13 , 2013 ) . `` Clash 's Top Albums of 2013 : 10 - 1 ; 9 . Vampire Weekend -- ' Modern Vampires of the City ' ( XL ) '' . Clash . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kramer , Kyle ( December 9 , 2013 ) . `` The 50 Best Albums of 2013 : Vampire Weekend , Modern Vampires of the City '' . Clash . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Levy , Pat ( December 13 , 2013 ) . `` Top 50 Albums of 2013 '' . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Adams , Sean ( December 9 , 2013 ) . `` Drowned in Sound 's Favourite Albums of 2013 : Top 20 '' . Drowned in Sound . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Exclaim ! 's Best of 2013 : Top 20 Pop & Rock Albums , Part Two '' . Exclaim ! . December 9 , 2013 . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Albums Of The Year '' . The Fly . December 17 , 2013 . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Empire , Kitty ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` The best albums of 2013 : No 4 -- Modern Vampires of the City '' . The Guardian . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Modern Vampires of the City '' . Acclaimed Music . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Burleson , Ryan ( December 1 , 2013 ) . `` Magnet 's Top 25 Albums of 2013 '' . Magnet . Alex Mulcahy . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` MOJO 's Top 50 Albums Of 2013 Unveiled '' . Mojo . December 2 , 2013 . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` musicOMH 's Top 100 Albums Of 2013 : Full List and Playlist '' . musicOMH . December 9 , 2013 . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pareles , Jon ( December 13 , 2013 ) . `` Lorde Rules a Year - End List '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ NME ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Pictures of NME 's 50 Best Albums Of 2013 '' . NME . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Deusner , Stephen M. ( December 3 , 2013 ) . `` The 50 Best Albums of 2013 '' . Paste . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Top 50 Albums of 2013 '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved 18 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Best Albums of the Decade So Far ( 2010 -- 2014 ) '' . Pitchfork . Jump up ^ Langhoff , Josh ( December 8 , 2013 ) . `` The 75 Best Albums of 2013 '' . PopMatters . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Q ( November 29 , 2013 ) . `` Q Magazine 's Top 50 Albums of 2013 '' . Album of the Year . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Time Out Music Team ( December 6 , 2013 ) . `` The 40 best albums of 2013 '' . Time Out . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Collett , Mike ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` The 25 Best Albums of 2013 : Vampire Weekend , Modern Vampires of the Weekend '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ C.M. ( December 2 , 2013 ) . `` Vampire Weekend , Modern Vampires in the City ( XL ) -- SPIN 's 50 Best Albums of 2013 '' . SPIN . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Trey ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` Staff 's Top 50 Albums of 2013 : 30 -- 11 '' . Sputnikmusic . Retrieved December 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stereogum ( December 3 , 2013 ) . `` 03 . Vampire Weekend -- Modern Vampires Of The City ( XL ) '' . Spin Media . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wolk , Douglas ( December 4 , 2013 ) . `` Top 10 Albums '' . time.com . Time magazine . Retrieved 10 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Uncut ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` Uncut 's Top 50 Albums of 2013 '' . Album of the Year . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Billy ( December 23 , 2013 ) . `` Under the Radar 's Top 125 Albums of 2013 '' . Under the Radar . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ モダン・ヴァンパイアズ・オブ・ザ・シティ ( Modern Vampires of the City ) ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.co.jp . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Weekend -- Chart history : Alternative Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Weekend -- Chart history : Independent Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Weekend -- Chart history : Rock Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vampire Weekend -- Modern Vampires Of The City '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Top 40 Official UK Albums Archive '' . Official Charts Company . May 25 , 2013 . Retrieved May 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Top 40 Independent Albums Archive '' . Official Charts Company . May 25 , 2013 . Retrieved May 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Weekend -- Chart history : Canadian Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Weekend , Modern Vampires Of The City '' ( in German ) . Media Control . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official IFPI Charts -- Top - 75 Albums Sales Chart ( Εβδομάδα : 20 / 2013 ) '' ( in Greek ) . IFPI Greece . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2013 . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Artist Album , Week Ending 16 May 2013 '' . Chart - Track . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Independent Artist Albums , Week Ending 16 May 2013 '' . Chart - Track . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Album -- Classifica settimanale WK 20 ( dal 13 - 05 - 2013 al 19 - 05 - 2013 ) '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2013 . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ヴァンパイア・ウィークエンドのアルバム売り上げランキング ( Vampire Weekend album sales ranking ) ( in Japanese ) . Oricon . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Top 40 Scottish Albums Archive '' . Official Charts Company . May 25 , 2013 . Retrieved May 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Year - End Charts -- Billboard 200 Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Alternative Albums : 2013 Year - End Charts '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Year End Charts -- Top Billboard Independent Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Year - End Charts -- Rock Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2013 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Retrieved December 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year 2013 '' ( PDF ) . UKChartsPlus . Retrieved June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Year - End Charts -- Billboard 200 Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alternative Albums : 2014 Year - End Charts '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Year End Charts -- Top Billboard Independent Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Year - End Charts -- Rock Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 12 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official website Modern Vampires of the City at Discogs ( list of releases ) Vampire Weekend Chris Baio Ezra Koenig Chris Tomson Rostam Batmanglij Studio albums Vampire Weekend Contra Modern Vampires of the City Singles `` Mansard Roof '' `` A-Punk '' `` Oxford Comma '' `` Cape Cod Kwassa Kwassa '' `` The Kids Do n't Stand a Chance '' `` Horchata '' `` Cousins '' `` Giving Up the Gun '' `` Holiday '' `` White Sky '' `` Run '' `` Diane Young '' `` Ya Hey '' `` Unbelievers '' `` Step '' Related articles Discography Awards and nominations Discovery I Had a Dream That You Were Mine Pitchfork 's Album of the Year 1999 The Dismemberment Plan -- Emergency & I 2000 Radiohead -- Kid A The Microphones -- The Glow Pt. 2 2002 Interpol -- Turn on the Bright Lights 2003 The Rapture -- Echoes Arcade Fire -- Funeral 2005 Sufjan Stevens -- Illinois 2006 The Knife -- Silent Shout 2007 Panda Bear -- Person Pitch 2008 Fleet Foxes -- Sun Giant / Fleet Foxes 2009 Animal Collective -- Merriweather Post Pavilion Kanye West -- My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy 2011 Bon Iver -- Bon Iver , Bon Iver 2012 Kendrick Lamar -- Good Kid , M.A.A.D City 2013 Vampire Weekend -- Modern Vampires of the City 2014 Run the Jewels -- Run the Jewels 2 2015 Kendrick Lamar -- To Pimp a Butterfly 2016 Solange -- A Seat at the Table Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Modern_Vampires_of_the_City&oldid=804213103 '' Categories : 2013 albums English - language albums Vampire Weekend albums XL Recordings albums Albums produced by Ariel Rechtshaid Albums produced by Rostam Batmanglij Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Greek - language sources ( el ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Use mdy dates from June 2013 Good articles Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Español Français Galego Italiano Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Русский Svenska Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 14 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	vampire weekend modern vampires of the city lyrics	[]	[]
2268195100903140836	YouTube Play Button	YouTube Play Button - Wikipedia YouTube Play Button This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 8 January 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search YouTube Play Buttons , a part of the YouTube Creator Rewards , are a recognition by YouTube of its most popular channels . These are distinct from the YouTube Awards which are intended to recognize the best quality videos , while the YouTube Creator Rewards are based solely on a channel 's subscriber count . Awards ( edit ) When a verified YouTuber reaches a specific milestone , they are awarded a relatively flat trophy in a metal casing with a YouTube play button symbol . The trophies are of different sizes : each button and plaque get progressively bigger the more subscribers the channel gets . There are currently three different tiers of rewards , plus a fourth one that has been awarded to only one YouTuber thus far : The Silver Play Button , for channels that surpass 100,000 subscribers . The old version was made of nickel plated copper - nickel alloy . The Gold Play Button , for channels that surpass 1,000,000 subscribers . It is made of gold - plated brass . The Diamond Play Button , for channels that surpass 10,000,000 subscribers . Made of silver plated metal inset with a large piece of crystal in the shape of a play button triangle . In December 2016 , YouTuber PewDiePie received a ruby trophy , known as the Ruby Play Button , as a gift for reaching 50,000,000 subscribers . It was made in the shape of his channel 's logo , a hand in the process of giving a fist bump . It also came with several mini-awards to be gifted to subscribers that had been subscribed the longest and were still active . It is not referenced in the Creators Award page and it is unknown if such a trophy will be given out to any other YouTuber who surpasses the milestone in the future . Notes ( edit ) Acuna , Kirsten ( July 19 , 2012 ) . `` YouTube Is Rewarding Its Most Popular Users With Gold '' . Business Insider . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Brouwer , Bree ( July 24 , 2015 ) . `` YouTube Gives New Diamond Play Button To Channels With 10 Million Subscribers '' . Tubefilter . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Cohen , Joshua ( June 29 , 2012 ) . `` YouTube Gives 24 - Karat Gold ' Play Button ' to Channels with 1M+ Subs '' . Tubefilter . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Dillon , Poppy ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` YouTube Announced Diamond Play Button '' . TenEighty . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` YouTube Creator Rewards '' n.d. Jump up ^ YouTube . `` YouTube Creator Hub '' . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube Creator Rewards '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` What is the Gold Play Button REALLY Made Of ? '' . YouTube . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PewdiePie 's video on receiving the award '' . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube Sends PewDiePie Custom Ruby Play Button To Commemorate 50 Million Subscribers '' . TubeFilter . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . YouTube Founders Steve Chen Chad Hurley Jawed Karim Events Awards CNN / YouTube presidential debates Comedy Week Live Music Awards Orchestra Channels Most - subscribed channels Spotlight channel Multi-channel network ( MCN ) Original channels Personalities Vevo channels YouTube Red ( List of original programs ) Culture Let 's Play Video game walkthrough YouTube Poop YouTube Rewind Lists Most - viewed videos in the first 24 hours videos and trailers Most - liked videos Most - disliked videos Most - viewed Vevo videos List of MCNs Related articles API Censorship Copyright issues Elsagate History Play Buttons Social impact Viacom conflict Viral video List of viral videos This Internet - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=YouTube_Play_Button&oldid=819300824 '' Categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) YouTube Awards established in 2012 Internet stubs Talk About Wikipedia Afrikaans Cebuano فارسی Français Português Русский Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 16 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when do you get your first play button	[]	[]
5994959633443338769	Papa, Can You Hear Me?	Papa , Can You Hear Me ? - Wikipedia Papa , Can You Hear Me ? For the song by N - Dubz , see Papa Can You Hear Me ? `` Papa , Can You Hear Me ? '' Single by Barbra Streisand from the album Yentl ( soundtrack ) A-side `` Papa , Can You Hear Me ? '' B - side `` Will Someone Ever Look At Me That Way ? '' Released January 1984 Format 7 '' ( 45 rpm ) Genre Traditional pop Length 3 : 01 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Alan Bergman , Marilyn Bergman ( words ) , Michel Legrand ( music ) Producer ( s ) Phil Ramone , Dave Grusin Barbra Streisand singles chronology `` The Way He Makes Me Feel '' ( 1983 ) `` Papa , Can You Hear Me ? '' ( 1984 ) `` Left in the Dark '' ( 1984 ) `` The Way He Makes Me Feel '' ( 1983 ) `` Papa , Can You Hear Me ? '' ( 1984 ) `` Left in the Dark '' ( 1984 ) `` Papa , Can You Hear Me ? '' is a 1983 song composed by Michel Legrand with lyrics by Alan Bergman and Marilyn Bergman , for Barbra Streisand in the title role of Yentl . The song was nominated for Best Original Song at the 56th Academy Awards ; Streisand 's longtime friend Donna Summer performed it during the ceremonies . The song peaked # 26 at Billboard 's Adult Contemporary . Contents 1 Critical reception 2 Covers 3 Popular culture 4 External links 5 References Critical reception ( edit ) Herald - Journal deemed it `` forgettably gooey '' . Ottawa Citizen negatively compared the song to the Star Wars theme , postulating that only the most loyal Streisand fans would make a cognitive connection to the musical upon hearing the tune . Chicago Sun - Times deemed it `` emotional '' . Newsweek International said it was a `` gay anthem '' . However , for many Jews , and others who have lost a father , `` Papa Can You Hear Me '' is comparable to the treasured `` My Yiddishe Momme '' , the moving lament for those who have lost a mother . Healing Times : A Personal Workbook created a therapeutic exercise based around the song . Covers ( edit ) Singer and pianist Nina Simone recorded the song in 1993 on her final album A Single Woman . Her father had died in the 1970s . Charlotte Church recorded the song as the 5th track on her 2001 album Enchantment . West End performer Meredith Braun recorded the song on her 2012 album `` Someone Else 's Story '' In 2010 , Glee did a cover in their episode ' Grilled Cheesus ' , sung by Lea Michele . Iranian songstress Helen Matevosian covered it in her studio album `` Oghyanoose Khali '' ( `` Empty Ocean '' ) . In 2006 at her `` Un Regard 9 '' concert in Paris , Lara Fabian , the Belgian - Canadian singer , paid homage to Streisand 's voice then sang the song live . Popular culture ( edit ) A parody of the song is briefly sung near the end of the film Austin Powers in Goldmember when Goldmember is shocked by his tractor beam device and sings `` Fahza can you hear me '' . The musical Spamalot features a song called `` You Wo n't Succeed on Broadway ( If You Do n't Have Any Jews ) '' which refers greatly to Jewish influence on musicals . At a certain point during the song , the lead singer , Sir Robin calls out , `` Papa , Can You Hear Me ? ! '' The song was referenced in the BBC comedy series Beautiful People in Episode 2 of the first series , `` How I Got My Nose '' . A brief excerpt is sung by the character of Debbie Doonan , as played by Olivia Colman . In the episode of The Simpsons `` Sleeping with the Enemy '' , Bart overhears Nelson singing the song while Nelson is staying with the family , as an ode to Nelson 's missing father . In an episode of the show Will & Grace , Jack sings the song on separate occasions , as does Will in an earlier episode while visiting a therapist . In the `` Grilled Cheesus '' episode of Glee , Rachel sings this song for Burt Hummel ( who is in a coma as the song is being sung ) and his son Kurt Hummel . Rachel sings the song outside as Yentl does in the movie , and later beside Burt 's hospital bed , with Mercedes , Finn , Quinn and Finn 's mother Carol with her . Kurt watches from outside the room , feeling emotional . The instrumental version of the song is frequently used as background music in figure skating competitions . The song is featured several times in Deadpool 2 where a running joke is made out of the title character Deadpool noticing ( initially while watching the film with his girlfriend ) , the `` obvious '' similarities between it and the song Do You Want to Build a Snowman ? from the film Frozen . As he is dying towards the end of the film , Deadpool sings the song 's chorus to his teammates . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Harmetz , Aljean ( February 17 , 1984 ) . `` ' Endearment ' tops Oscar nominations '' . The New York Times . Arthur Ochs Sulzberger , Jr . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Barbra Streisand - Yentl 's awards '' . www.allmusic.com . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Herald - Journal - Google News Archive Search '' . news.google.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ Sanello , Frank ( 28 June 1984 ) . `` Google News Archive Search '' . news.google.com . Ottawa Citizen . Retrieved 16 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Barbra Streisand in Los Angeles '' . 2000 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` The Minister as Muse '' . 2010 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Giroux , Louise ( 1997 - 02 - 01 ) . Healing Times : A Personal Workbook . Wood Lake Publishing Inc . ISBN 9781551450896 . Barbra Streisand Studio albums The Barbra Streisand Album ( 1963 ) The Second Barbra Streisand Album ( 1963 ) The Third Album ( 1964 ) People ( 1964 ) My Name Is Barbra ( 1965 ) My Name Is Barbra , Two ... ( 1965 ) Color Me Barbra ( 1966 ) Je m'appelle Barbra ( 1966 ) Simply Streisand ( 1967 ) A Christmas Album ( 1967 ) What About Today ? ( 1969 ) Stoney End ( 1971 ) Barbra Joan Streisand ( 1971 ) Barbra Streisand ... and Other Musical Instruments ( 1973 ) The Way We Were ( 1974 ) ButterFly ( 1974 ) Lazy Afternoon ( 1975 ) Classical Barbra ( 1976 ) Superman ( 1977 ) Songbird ( 1978 ) Wet ( 1979 ) Guilty ( 1980 ) Emotion ( 1984 ) The Broadway Album ( 1985 ) Till I Loved You ( 1988 ) Back to Broadway ( 1993 ) Higher Ground ( 1997 ) A Love Like Ours ( 1999 ) Christmas Memories ( 2001 ) The Movie Album ( 2003 ) Guilty Pleasures ( 2005 ) Love Is the Answer ( 2009 ) What Matters Most ( 2011 ) Partners ( 2014 ) Encore : Movie Partners Sing Broadway ( 2016 ) Live albums A Happening in Central Park ( 1968 ) Live Concert at the Forum ( 1972 ) One Voice ( 1987 ) Barbra : The Concert ( 1994 ) Timeless : Live in Concert ( 2000 ) Live in Concert 2006 ( 2007 ) Back to Brooklyn ( 2013 ) The Music ... The Mem'ries ... The Magic ! ( 2017 ) Compilations Barbra Streisand 's Greatest Hits ( 1970 ) Barbra Streisand 's Greatest Hits Volume 2 ( 1978 ) Memories ( 1981 ) A Collection : Greatest Hits ... and More ( 1989 ) Just for the Record ... ( 1991 ) The Essential Barbra Streisand ( 2002 ) Duets ( 2002 ) Barbra : The Ultimate Collection ( 2010 ) Release Me ( 2012 ) The Classic Christmas Album ( 2013 ) Cast recordings and soundtracks Funny Girl ( 1964 ) Funny Girl ( 1968 ) Hello , Dolly ! ( 1969 ) The Owl and the Pussycat ( 1970 ) On a Clear Day You Can See Forever ( 1970 ) The Way We Were ( 1974 ) Funny Lady ( 1975 ) A Star Is Born ( 1976 ) Yentl ( 1983 ) Nuts ( 1987 ) Television specials and videos My Name Is Barbra ( 1965 ) Timeless : Live in Concert ( 2001 ) One Night Only : Barbra Streisand and Quartet at The Village Vanguard ( 2010 ) Tours Barbra Streisand in Concert Timeless Streisand Barbra Live Barbra : The Music , The Mem'ries , The Magic Films directed Yentl ( 1983 ) The Prince of Tides ( 1991 ) The Mirror Has Two Faces ( 1996 ) Related articles Discography Streisand effect Elliott Gould ( first husband ) Jason Gould ( son ) James Brolin ( second husband ) Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Papa,_Can_You_Hear_Me%3F&oldid=846689716 '' Categories : 1980s ballads 1983 songs Songs written for films Barbra Streisand songs Nina Simone songs Songs with lyrics by Alan Bergman Songs with lyrics by Marilyn Bergman Songs with music by Michel Legrand Pop ballads Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 20 June 2018 , at 09 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	papa can you see me papa can you hear me	[]	[]
-5857148468826261472	Himalayas	Himalayas - wikipedia Himalayas `` Himalaya '' and `` Imaus '' redirect here . For the genus of moth , see Imaus ( moth ) . For other uses , see Himalaya ( disambiguation ) . Himalayas Aerial view of Mount Everest and surrounding landscape Highest point Peak Mount Everest ( Nepal and China ) Elevation 8,848 m ( 29,029 ft ) Coordinates 27 ° 59 ′ 17 '' N 86 ° 55 ′ 31 '' E / 27.98806 ° N 86.92528 ° E / 27.98806 ; 86.92528 Coordinates : 27 ° 59 ′ 17 '' N 86 ° 55 ′ 31 '' E / 27.98806 ° N 86.92528 ° E / 27.98806 ; 86.92528 Length 2,400 km ( 1,500 mi ) Geography The general location of the Himalayas mountain range ( this map has the Hindu Kush in the Himalaya , not normally regarded as part of the core Himalayas ) . Countries List ( show ) Bhutan China India Nepal Pakistan State / Province Asia A satellite image showing the arc of the Himalayas The Himalayas , or Himalaya ( / ˌhɪməˈleɪə , hɪˈmɑːləjə / ) , form a mountain range in Asia separating the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau . The Himalayan range has many of the Earth 's highest peaks , including the highest , Mount Everest . The Himalayas include over fifty mountains exceeding 7,200 metres ( 23,600 ft ) in elevation , including ten of the fourteen 8,000 - metre peaks . By contrast , the highest peak outside Asia ( Aconcagua , in the Andes ) is 6,961 metres ( 22,838 ft ) tall . Lifted by the subduction of the Indian tectonic plate under the Eurasian Plate , the Himalayan mountain range runs , west - northwest to east - southeast , in an arc 2,400 kilometres ( 1,500 mi ) long . Its western anchor , Nanga Parbat , lies just south of the northernmost bend of Indus river . Its eastern anchor , Namcha Barwa , is just west of the great bend of the Yarlung Tsangpo River ( upper stream of the Brahmaputra River ) . The Himalayan range is bordered on the northwest by the Karakoram and the Hindu Kush ranges , to the north , the chain is separated from the Tibetan Plateau by a 50 -- 60 kilometres ( 31 -- 37 mi ) wide tectonic valley called the Indus - Tsangpo Suture . Towards the south the arc of the Himalaya is ringed by the very low Indo - Gangetic Plain . The range varies in width from 350 kilometres ( 220 mi ) in the west ( Pakistan ) to 150 kilometres ( 93 mi ) in the east ( Arunachal Pradesh ) . The Himalayas are distinct from the other great ranges of central Asia , although sometimes the term Himalaya ( or Greater Himalaya ) is loosely used to include the Karakoram and some of the other ranges . The Himalayas are inhabited by 52.7 million people and are spread across five countries : Bhutan , China , India , Nepal , and Pakistan . Some of the world 's major rivers , the Indus , the Ganges and the Tsangpo - Brahmaputra , rise in the Himalayas , and their combined drainage basin is home to roughly 600 million people . The Himalayas have a profound effect on the climate of the region , helping to keep the monsoon rains on the Indian plain and limiting rainfall on the Tibetan plateau . The Himalayas ( 22,943 ft ) , prominence : 1,233 m ( 4,045 ft ) ) ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 Geography and key features 3 Geology 4 Hydrology 4.1 Glaciers 4.2 Lakes 5 Climate 6 Ecology 7 Culture 8 Religions of the region 9 Resources 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Name ( edit ) The name of the range derives from the Sanskrit Himā - laya ( हिमालय , `` Abode of Snow '' ) , from himá ( हिम , `` snow '' ) and ā - laya ( आलय , `` receptacle , dwelling '' ) . They are now known as the `` Himalaya Mountains '' , usually shortened to the `` Himalayas '' . Formerly , they were described in the singular as the `` Himalaya '' . This was also previously transcribed `` Himmaleh '' , as in Emily Dickinson 's poetry and Henry David Thoreau 's essays . The mountains are known as the Himālaya in Nepali and Hindi ( both written हिमालय ) , the Himalaya ( ཧི ་ མ ་ ལ ་ ཡ ་ ) or ' The Land of Snow ' ( གངས ་ ཅན ་ ལྗོངས ་ ) in Tibetan , the Hamaleh Mountain Range ( سلسلہ کوہ ہمالیہ ) in Urdu and the Ximalaya Mountain Range ( t 喜馬拉雅山脈 , > Xǐmǎlāyǎ Shānmài ) in Chinese . Geography and key features ( edit ) See also : List of Himalayan peaks and passes In the middle of the great curve of the Himalayan mountains lie the 8000m peaks of Dhaulagiri and Annapurna in Nepal , separated by the Kali Gandaki Gorge . The gorge splits the Himalayas into Western and Eastern sections both ecologically and orographically -- the pass at the head of the Kali Gandaki , the Kora La is the lowest point on the ridgeline between Everest and K2 . To the east of Annapurna are the 8000 m peaks of Manaslu and across the border in Tibet , Shishapangma . To the south of these lies Kathmandu , the capital of Nepal and the largest city in the Himalayas . East of the Kathmandu Valley lies valley of the Bhote / Sun Kosi river which rises in Tibet and provides the main overland route between Nepal and China -- the Araniko Highway / China National Highway 318 . Further east is the Mahalangur Himal with four of the world 's six highest mountains , including the highest : Cho Oyu , Everest , Lhotse and Makalu . The Khumbu region , popular for trekking , is found here on the south - western approaches to Everest . The Arun river drains the northern slopes of these mountains , before turning south and flowing through the range to the east of Makalu . In the far east of Nepal the Himalayas rise to the Kanchenjunga massif on the border with India , the third highest mountain in the world , the most easterly 8000 m summit and the highest point of India . The eastern side of Kanchenjunga is in the Indian state of Sikkim . Formerly an independent Kingdom , it lies on the main route from India to Lhasa , Tibet , which passes over the Nathu La pass into Tibet . East of Sikkim lies the ancient Buddhist Kingdom of Bhutan . The highest mountain in Bhutan is Gangkhar Puensum , which is also a strong candidate for the highest unclimbed mountain in the world . The Himalayas here are becoming increasingly rugged with heavily forested steep valleys . The Himalayas continue , turning slightly north east , through the Indian State of Arunachal Pradesh as well as Tibet , before reaching their easterly conclusion in the peak of Namche Barwa , situated in Tibet inside the great bend of the Yarlang Tsangpo river . On the other side of the Tsangpo , to the east , are the Kangri Garpo mountains . The high mountains to the north of the Tsangpo including Gyala Peri , however , are also sometimes also included in the Himalayas . Going west from Dhaulagiri , Western Nepal is somewhat remote and lacks major high mountains , but is home to Rara Lake , the largest lake in Nepal . The Karnali River rises in Tibet but cuts through the centre of the region . Further west , the border with India follows the Sarda River and provides a trade route into China , where on the Tibetan plateau lies the high peak of Gurla Mandhata . Just across Lake Manasarovar from this lies the sacred Mount Kailash , which stands close to the source of the four main rivers of Himalayas and is revered in Hinduism , Buddhism , Sufism , Jainism and Bonpo . In the newly created Indian state of Uttarkhand , the Himalayas rise again as the Garwhal Himalayas with the high peaks of Nanda Devi and Kamet . The state is also an important pilgrimage destination , with the source of the Ganges at Gangotri and the Yamuna at Yamunotri , and the temples at Badrinath and Kedarnath . Panoramic view of Langtang Range in Nepal The next Himalayan Indian state , Himachal Pradesh , lacks very high mountains , but is noted for its hill stations , particularly Shimla , the summer capital of the British Raj , and Dharmasala , the centre of the Tibetan community in exile in India . This area marks the start of the Punjab Himalaya and the Sutlej river , the most easterly of the five tributaries of the Indus , cuts through the range here . Further west , the Himalayas form most of the southern portion of the disputed Indian State of Jammu & Kashmir . The twin peaks of Nun Kun are the only mountains over 7000 m in this part of the Himalayas . Beyond lies the renown Kashmir Valley and the town and lakes of Srinagar . Finally , the Himalayas cross the Line of Control into Pakistan and reach their western end in the dramatic 8000 m peak of Nanga Parbat , which rises over 7000 m above the Indus valley and is the most westerly of the 8000 m summits . Geology ( edit ) The 6,000 - kilometre - plus journey of the India landmass ( Indian Plate ) before its collision with Asia ( Eurasian Plate ) about 40 to 50 million years ago Main article : Geology of the Himalaya The Himalayan range is one of the youngest mountain ranges on the planet and consists mostly of uplifted sedimentary and metamorphic rock . According to the modern theory of plate tectonics , its formation is a result of a continental collision or orogeny along the convergent boundary between the Indo - Australian Plate and the Eurasian Plate . The Arakan Yoma highlands in Myanmar and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal were also formed as a result of this collision . During the Upper Cretaceous , about 70 million years ago , the north - moving Indo - Australian Plate ( which has subsequently broken into the Indian Plate and the Australian Plate ) was moving at about 15 cm per year . About 50 million years ago this fast moving Indo - Australian Plate had completely closed the Tethys Ocean , the existence of which has been determined by sedimentary rocks settled on the ocean floor and the volcanoes that fringed its edges . Since both plates were composed of low density continental crust , they were thrust faulted and folded into mountain ranges rather than subducting into the mantle along an oceanic trench . An often - cited fact used to illustrate this process is that the summit of Mount Everest is made of marine limestone from this ancient ocean . Today , the Indian plate continues to be driven horizontally at the Tibetan Plateau , which forces the plateau to continue to move upwards . The Indian plate is still moving at 67 mm per year , and over the next 10 million years it will travel about 1,500 km into Asia . About 20 mm per year of the India - Asia convergence is absorbed by thrusting along the Himalaya southern front . This leads to the Himalayas rising by about 5 mm per year , making them geologically active . The movement of the Indian plate into the Asian plate also makes this region seismically active , leading to earthquakes from time to time . During the last ice age , there was a connected ice stream of glaciers between Kangchenjunga in the east and Nanga Parbat in the west . In the west , the glaciers joined with the ice stream network in the Karakoram , and in the north , they joined with the former Tibetan inland ice . To the south , outflow glaciers came to an end below an elevation of 1,000 -- 2,000 metres ( 3,300 -- 6,600 ft ) . While the current valley glaciers of the Himalaya reach at most 20 to 32 kilometres ( 12 to 20 mi ) in length , several of the main valley glaciers were 60 to 112 kilometres ( 37 to 70 mi ) long during the ice age . The glacier snowline ( the altitude where accumulation and ablation of a glacier are balanced ) was about 1,400 -- 1,660 metres ( 4,590 -- 5,450 ft ) lower than it is today . Thus , the climate was at least 7.0 to 8.3 ° C ( 12.6 to 14.9 ° F ) colder than it is today . Hydrology ( edit ) Indus River in the Himalayas The Himalayan range at Yumesongdong in Sikkim , in the Yumthang River valley Despite their scale the Himalayas do not form a major watershed , and a number of rivers cut through the range , particularly in the eastern part of the range . As a result , the main ridge of the Himalayas is not clearly defined , and mountain passes are not as significant for traversing the range as with other mountain ranges . The rivers of the Himalayas drain into two large river systems : The western rivers combine into the Indus Basin . The Indus itself forms the northern and western boundaries of the Himalayas . It begins in Tibet at the confluence of Sengge and Gar rivers and flows north - west through India into Pakistan before turning south - west to the Arabian Sea . It is fed by several major tributaries draining the southern slopes of the Himalayas , including the Jhelum , Chenab , Ravi , Beas and Sutlej rivers , the five rivers of the Punjab . The other Himalayan rivers drain the Ganges - Brahmaputra Basin . Its main rivers are the Ganges , the Brahmaputra and the Yamuna , as well as other tributaries . The Brahmaputra originates as the Yarlung Tsangpo River in western Tibet , and flows east through Tibet and west through the plains of Assam . The Ganges and the Brahmaputra meet in Bangladesh and drain into the Bay of Bengal through the world 's largest river delta , the Sunderbans . The northern slopes of Gyala Peri and the peaks beyond the Tsangpo , sometimes included in the Himalayas , drain into the Irrawaddy River , which originates in eastern Tibet and flows south through Myanmar to drain into the Andaman Sea . The Salween , Mekong , Yangtze and Yellow River all originate from parts of the Tibetan Plateau that are geologically distinct from the Himalaya mountains and are therefore not considered true Himalayan rivers . Some geologists refer to all the rivers collectively as the circum - Himalayan rivers . Glacier Glaciers ( edit ) The great ranges of central Asia , including the Himalayas , contain the third - largest deposit of ice and snow in the world , after Antarctica and the Arctic . The Himalayan range encompasses about 15,000 glaciers , which store about 12,000 km ( 3,000 cubic miles ) of fresh water . Its glaciers include the Gangotri and Yamunotri ( Uttarakhand ) and Khumbu glaciers ( Mount Everest region ) , Langtang glacier ( Langtang region ) and Zemu ( Sikkim ) . Owing to the mountains ' latitude near the Tropic of Cancer , the permanent snow line is among the highest in the world at typically around 5,500 metres ( 18,000 ft ) . In contrast , equatorial mountains in New Guinea , the Rwenzoris and Colombia have a snow line some 900 metres ( 2,950 ft ) lower . The higher regions of the Himalayas are snowbound throughout the year , in spite of their proximity to the tropics , and they form the sources of several large perennial rivers . In recent years , scientists have monitored a notable increase in the rate of glacier retreat across the region as a result of global climate change . For example , glacial lakes have been forming rapidly on the surface of debris - covered glaciers in the Bhutan Himalaya during the last few decades . Although the effect of this will not be known for many years , it potentially could mean disaster for the hundreds of millions of people who rely on the glaciers to feed the rivers during the dry seasons . Lakes ( edit ) Tilicho lake in Manang , Nepal The Himalayan region is dotted with hundreds of lakes . Most of the larger lakes are on the northern side of the main range . The most famous is the sacred freshwater Lake Manasarovar , near to Mount Kailas with an area of 410 km2 and an altitude of 4590m . It drains into the nearby Lake Rakshastal with an area of 250 km2 and slightly lower at 4575m . Pangong Tso , which is spread across the border between India and China , at far western end of Tibet , and Yamdrok Tso , located in south central Tibet , are among the largest with surface areas of 700 km2 , and 638 km2 , respectively . Lake Puma Yumco is one of the highest of the larger lakes at an elevation of 5030m . South of the main range the lakes are smaller . Tilicho Lake in Nepal in the Annapurna massif is one of the highest lakes in the world. Other notable lakes include Rara Lake in western Nepal , She - Phoksundo Lake in the Shey Phoksundo National Park of Nepal , Gurudongmar Lake , in North Sikkim , Gokyo Lakes in Solukhumbu district of Nepal and Lake Tsongmo , near the Indo - China border in Sikkim . Some of the lakes present a danger of a glacial lake outburst flood . The Tsho Rolpa glacier lake in the Rowaling Valley , in the Dolakha District of Nepal , is rated as the most dangerous . The lake , which is located at an altitude of 4,580 metres ( 15,030 ft ) has grown considerably over the last 50 years due to glacial melting . The mountain lakes are known to geographers as tarns if they are caused by glacial activity . Tarns are found mostly in the upper reaches of the Himalaya , above 5,500 metres . Climate ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The vast size , huge altitude range and complex topography of the Himalayas mean they experience a wide range of climates , from humid subtropical in the foothills to cold , dry desert conditions on the Tibetan side of the range . For much of Himalayas -- that on the south side of the high mountains , except in the furthest west , the most characteristic feature of the climate is the monsoon . Heavy rain arrives on the south - west monsoon in June and persists until September . The monsoon can seriously impact transport and cause major landslides . It restricts tourism -- the trekking and mountaineering season is limited to either before the monsoon in April / May or after the monsoon in October / November ( autumn ) . In Nepal and Sikkim , there are often considered to be five seasons : summer , monsoon , autumn ( or post-monsoon ) , winter and spring . Using the Köppen climate classification , the lower elevations of the Himalayas , reaching in mid elevations in central Nepal ( including the Kathmandu valley ) , are classified as Cwa , Humid subtropical climate with dry winters . Higher up , most of the Himalayas have a subtropical highland climate ( Cwb ) . In the furthest west of the Himalayas , in the west of the Kashmir valley and the Indus valley , the South Asian monsoon is no longer a dominant factor and most precipitation falls in the spring . Srinagar receives around 723 millimetres ( 28 in ) around half the rainfall of locations such as Shimla and Kathmandu , with the wettest months being March and April . The northern side of the Himalayas , also known as the Tibetan Himalaya , is dry , cold and generally wind swept particularly in the west where it has a cold desert climate . The vegetation is sparse and stunted and the winters are severely cold . Most of the precipitation in the region is in the form of snow during late winter and spring months . Local impacts on climate are significant throughout the Himalayas . Temperatures fall by 6.5 ° C ( 11.7 ° F ) for every 1000m rise in altitude . This gives rise to a variety of climates from nearly tropical in the foothills to tundra and permanent snow and ice . Local climate is also affected by the topography : The leeward side of the mountains receive less rain while the well exposed slopes get heavy rainfall and the rain shadow of large mountains can be significant , for example leading to near desert conditions in the Upper Mustang which is sheltered from the monsoon rains by the Annapurna and Dhaulagiri massifs and has annual precipitation of around 300mm , while Pokhara on the southern side of the massifs has substantial rainfall ( 3,900 mm / year ) . Thus although annual precipitation is generally higher in east than the west , local variations are often more important . The Himalayas have a profound effect on the climate of the Indian subcontinent and the Tibetan Plateau . They prevent frigid , dry winds from blowing south into the subcontinent , which keeps South Asia much warmer than corresponding temperate regions in the other continents . It also forms a barrier for the monsoon winds , keeping them from traveling northwards , and causing heavy rainfall in the Terai region . The Himalayas are also believed to play an important part in the formation of Central Asian deserts , such as the Taklamakan and Gobi . Vulture Ecology ( edit ) Main article : Ecology of the Himalayas Captive snow leopard The flora and fauna of the Himalayas vary with climate , rainfall , altitude , and soils . The climate ranges from tropical at the base of the mountains to permanent ice and snow at the highest elevations . The amount of yearly rainfall increases from west to east along the southern front of the range . This diversity of altitude , rainfall and soil conditions combined with the very high snow line supports a variety of distinct plant and animal communities . The extremes of high altitude ( low atmospheric pressure ) combined with extreme cold favor extremophile organisms . Male Himalayan Tahr in Nepal Red Panda At high altitudes , the elusive and previously endangered snow leopard is the main predator . Its prey includes members of the goat family grazing on the alpine pastures and living on the rocky terrain , notably the endemic bharal or Himalayan blue sheep . The Himalayan musk deer is also found at high altitude . Hunted for its musk , it is now rare and endangered . Other endemic or near endemic herbivores include the Himalayan tahr , the takin , the Himalayan serow , and the Himalayan goral . The critically endangered Himalayan subspecies of the brown bear is found sporadically across the range as is the Asian black bear . In the mountainous mixed deciduous and conifer forests of the eastern Himalayas , Red panda feed in the dense understories of bamboo . Lower down the forests of the foothills are inhabited by several different primates , including the endangered Gee 's golden langur and the Kashmir gray langur , with highly restricted ranges in the east and west of the Himalayas respectively . The unique floral and faunal wealth of the Himalayas is undergoing structural and compositional changes due to climate change . Hydrangea hirta is an example of floral species that can be found in this area . The increase in temperature is shifting various species to higher elevations . The oak forest is being invaded by pine forests in the Garhwal Himalayan region . There are reports of early flowering and fruiting in some tree species , especially rhododendron , apple and box myrtle . The highest known tree species in the Himalayas is Juniperus tibetica located at 4,900 metres ( 16,080 ft ) in Southeastern Tibet . Culture ( edit ) The Himalayan population belongs to four distinct cultural groups , who throughout history have systematically penetrated the isolated indigenous Himalayan population . Those migrating cultures -- Hindu ( Indian ) , Buddhist ( Tibetan ) , Islamic ( Afghanistan -- Iran ) and Animist ( Burmese and south - eastern Asian ) -- without any doubt have created here their own individual and unique place . Their current arrangement , though with a few exceptions , is linked to specific geographical regions , and the relative altitude at which they occur . There are many cultural aspects of the Himalayas . In Jainism , Mount Ashtapad in Himalayas is a sacred place where the first Jain Tirthankara , Rishabhdeva attained moksha . For the Hindus , the Himalayas are personified as Himavath , the father of the goddess Parvati . The Himalayas is also considered to be the father of the river Ganges . The Mountain Kailash is a sacred peak to the Hindus and is where the Lord Shiva is believed to live . Two of the most sacred places of pilgrimage for the Hindus is the temple complex in Pashupatinath and Muktinath , also known as Saligrama because of the presence of the sacred black rocks called saligrams . The Buddhists also lay a great deal of importance on the mountains of the Himalayas . Paro Taktsang is the holy place where Buddhism started in Bhutan. The Muktinath is also a place of pilgrimage for the Tibetan Buddhists . They believe that the trees in the poplar grove came from the walking sticks of eighty - four ancient Indian Buddhist magicians or mahasiddhas . They consider the saligrams to be representatives of the Tibetan serpent deity known as Gawo Jagpa . The Himalayan people 's diversity shows in many different ways . It shows through their architecture , their languages and dialects , their beliefs and rituals , as well as their clothing . The shapes and materials of the people 's homes reflect their practical needs and the beliefs . Another example of the diversity amongst the Himalayan peoples is that handwoven textiles display colors and patterns unique to their ethnic backgrounds . Finally , some people place a great importance on jewellery . The Rai and Limbu women wear big gold earrings and nose rings to show their wealth through their jewellery . Religions of the region ( edit ) The Taktsang Monastery , Bhutan , also known as the `` Tiger 's Nest '' Several places in the Himalayas are of religious significance in Hinduism , Buddhism , Jainism and Sikhism . A notable example of a religious site is Paro Taktsang , where Padmasambhava is said to have founded Buddhism in Bhutan . Padmasambhava is also worshipped as the patron saint of Sikkim . There are also Muslim and Hindhu Shaivite Kashmiri Pandit in the area of Kashmir . In Hinduism , the Himalayas have been personified as the king of all Mountain -- `` Giriraj Himavat '' , father of Ganga and Parvati ( form of Adi Shakti Durga ) . A number of Vajrayana Buddhist sites are situated in the Himalayas , in Tibet , Bhutan and in the Indian regions of Ladakh , Sikkim , Arunachal Pradesh , Spiti and Darjeeling . There were over 6,000 monasteries in Tibet , including the residence of the Dalai Lama . Bhutan , Sikkim and Ladakh are also dotted with numerous monasteries . The Tibetan Muslims have their own mosques in Lhasa and Shigatse . Resources ( edit ) The Himalayas are home to a diversity of medicinal resources . Plants from the forests have been used for millennia to treat conditions ranging from simple coughs to snake bites . Different parts of the plants -- root , flower , stem , leaves , and bark -- are used as remedies for different ailments . For example , a bark extract from an abies pindrow tree is used to treat coughs and bronchitis . Leaf and stem paste from an arachne cordifolia is used for wounds and as an antidote for snake bites . The bark of a callicarpa arborea is used for skin ailments . Nearly a fifth of the gymnosperms , angiosperms and pteridophytes in the Himalayas are found to have medicinal properties , and more are likely to be discovered . Most of the population in some Asian and African countries depend on medicinal plants rather than prescriptions and such . Since so many people use medicinal plants as their only source of healing in the Himalayas , the plants are an important source of income . This contributes to economic and modern industrial development both inside and outside the region . The only problem is that locals are rapidly clearing the forests on the Himalayas for wood , often illegally . This means that the number of medicinal plants is declining and that some of them might become rarer or , in some cases , go extinct . Although locals are clearing out portions of the forests in the Himalayas , there is still a large amount of greenery ranging from the tropical forests to the Alpine forests . These forests provide wood for fuel and other raw materials for use by industries . There are also many pastures for animals to graze upon . The many varieties of animals that live in these mountains do so based on the elevation . For example , elephants and rhinoceros live in the lower elevations of the Himalayas , also called the Terai region . Also , found in these mountains are the Kashmiri stag , black bears , musk deer , langur , and snow leopards . The Tibetan yak are also found on these mountains and are often used by the people for transportation . However , the populations of many of these animals and still others are declining and are on the verge of going extinct . The Himalayas are also a source of many minerals and precious stones . Amongst the tertiary rocks , are vast potentials of mineral oil . There is coal located in Kashmir , and precious stones located in the Himalayas . There is also gold , silver , copper , zinc , and many other such minerals and metals located in at least 100 different places in these mountains . See also ( edit ) List of Himalayan topics Eastern , Garhwal and Western Himalaya List of Himalayan peaks and passes and of Himalayan peaks of Uttarakhand Indian Himalayan Region List of mountains in India , Pakistan , Bhutan , Nepal and China List of Ultras of the Himalayas Mahalangur Himal Trekking peak References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Yang , Qinye ; Zheng , Du ( 2004 ) . Himalayan Mountain System . ISBN 9787508506654 . Retrieved 30 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Wadia , D.N. ( 1931 ) . The syntaxis of the northwest Himalaya : its rocks , tectonics and orogeny . Record Geol . Survey of India 65 ( 2 ) : 189 -- 220 . Jump up ^ Valdiya , K.S. ( 1998 ) . Dynamic Himalaya . Hyderabad : Universities Press . Jump up ^ Le Fort , P. ( 1975 ) . Himalayas : The collided range . Present knowledge of the continental arc . American Journal Science 275A : 1 -- 44 . ^ Jump up to : Apollo , M. ( 2017 ) . The population of Himalayan regions -- by the numbers : Past , present and future . ( In : ) R. Efe , M. Öztürk ( eds . ) , Contemporary Studies in Environment and Tourism , Chapter : 9 ( pp. 143 -- 159 ) . Publisher : Cambridge Scholars Publishing . Jump up ^ `` Definition of Himalayas '' . Oxford Dictionaries Online . Retrieved 9 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Dickinson , Emily , `` The Himmaleh was known to stoop '' . Jump up ^ Thoreau , Henry David ( 1849 ) , A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers . ^ Jump up to : `` The Himalayas : Two continents collide '' . USGS. 5 May 1999 . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 1995 ) Geologists Find : An Earth Plate Is Breaking in Two Jump up ^ Mount Everest - Overview and Information by Matt Rosenberg . ThoughtCo Updated 17 March 2017 Jump up ^ `` Plate Tectonics - The Himalayas '' . The Geological Society . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kuhle , M. ( 2011 ) . `` The High Glacial ( Last Ice Age and Last Glacial Maximum ) Ice Cover of High and Central Asia , with a Critical Review of Some Recent OSL and TCN Dates '' . In Ehlers , J. ; Gibbard , P.L. ; Hughes , P.D. Quaternary Glaciation -- Extent and Chronology , A Closer Look . Amsterdam : Elsevier BV . pp. 943 -- 965 . Jump up ^ glacier maps downloadable Jump up ^ Kuhle , M. ( 1987 ) . `` Subtropical mountain - and highland - glaciation as ice age triggers and the waning of the glacial periods in the Pleistocene '' . GeoJournal. 14 ( 4 ) : 393 -- 421 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02602717 . Jump up ^ Kuhle , M. ( 2005 ) . `` The maximum Ice Age ( Würmian , Last Ice Age , LGM ) glaciation of the Himalaya -- a glaciogeomorphological investigation of glacier trim - lines , ice thicknesses and lowest former ice margin positions in the Mt . Everest - Makalu - Cho Oyu massifs ( Khumbu - and Khumbakarna Himal ) including informations on late - glacial - , neoglacial - , and historical glacier stages , their snow - line depressions and ages '' . GeoJournal . Dordrecht : Kluwer. 62 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 193 -- 650 . doi : 10.1007 / s10708 - 005 - 2338 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Sunderbans the world 's largest delta '' . gits4u.com . Archived from the original on 3 January 2015 . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Gaillardet , J. ; Métivier , F. ; Lemarchand , D. ; Dupré , B. ; Allègre , C.J. ; Li , W. ; Zhao , J. ( 2003 ) . `` Geochemistry of the Suspended Sediments of Circum - Himalayan Rivers and Weathering Budgets over the Last 50 Myrs '' ( PDF ) . Geophysical Research Abstracts . European Geophysical Society . 5 . Bibcode : 2003EAEJA ... 13617G . Abstract 13617 . Retrieved 4 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Himalayas - Himalayas Facts - Nature - PBS '' . Nature on PBS . Retrieved 21 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` the Himalayan Glaciers '' . Fourth assessment report on climate change . IPPC. 2007 . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Shi , Yafeng ; Xie , Zizhu ; Zheng , Benxing ; Li , Qichun ( 1978 ) . `` Distribution , Feature and Variations of Glaciers in China '' ( PDF ) . World Glacier Inventory . Riederalp Workshop . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Henderson - Sellers , Ann ; McGuffie , Kendal . The Future of the World 's Climate : A Modelling Perspective . pp. 199 -- 201 . ISBN 9780123869173 . Jump up ^ `` Vanishing Himalayan Glaciers Threaten a Billion '' . Reuters. 4 June 2007 . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Glaciers melting at alarming speed '' . People 's Daily Online . 24 July 2007 . Retrieved 17 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Photograph of Tsho Rolpa Jump up ^ Tsho Rolpa Jump up ^ Drews , Carl . `` Highest Lake in the World '' . Retrieved 14 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Devitt , Terry ( 3 May 2001 ) . `` Climate shift linked to rise of Himalayas , Tibetan Plateau '' . University of Wisconsin -- Madison News . Retrieved 1 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Hogan , C. Michael ( 2010 ) . Monosson , E. , ed . `` Extremophile '' . Encyclopedia of Earth . Washington DC : National Council for Science and the Environment . Jump up ^ Miehe , Georg ; Miehe , Sabine ; Vogel , Jonas ; Co , Sonam ; Duo , La ( May 2007 ) . `` Highest Treeline in the Northern Hemisphere Found in Southern Tibet '' ( PDF ) . Mountain Research and Development . 27 ( 2 ) : 169 -- 173 . doi : 10.1659 / mrd. 0792 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` To heaven and back -- Times Of India '' . Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 2012 - 01 - 11 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ https://books.google.co.in/books?id=y4aVRLGhf-8C&pg=PA20&dq=ashtapad+jainism&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwifnuj2la7bAhUDto8KHZwyBFMQ6AEIKTAB#v=onepage&q=ashtapad%20jainism&f=false ^ Jump up to : Gupta , Pankaj ; Sharma , Vijay Kumar ( 2014 ) . Healing Traditions of the Northwestern Himalayas . Springer Briefs in Environmental Science . ISBN 8132219252 . ^ Jump up to : Jahangeer A. Bhat , Munesh Kumar and Rainer W. Bussmann ( 2 January 2013 ) . `` Ecological status and traditional knowledge of medicinal plants in Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary of Garhwal Himalaya , India '' . Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine . BioMed Central . 9 : 1 . doi : 10.1186 / 1746 - 4269 - 9 - 1 . PMC 3560114 . PMID 23281594 . Retrieved 22 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Cantor , Kimberly ( 2016 - 07 - 14 ) . `` Paro , Bhutan : The Tiger 's Nest '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Zurick , David ; Julsun , Pacheco ; Basanta , Raj Shrestha ; Birendra , Bajracharya ( 2006 ) . Illustrated Atlas of the Himalaya . Lexington : U of Kentucky . Jump up ^ Pommaret , Francoise ( 2006 ) . Bhutan Himalayan Mountains Kingdom ( 5th ed . ) . Odyssey Books and Guides . pp. 136 -- 7 . ISBN 978 - 9622178106 . Jump up ^ Dallapiccola , Anna ( 2002 ) . Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend . ISBN 0 - 500 - 51088 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Tibetan monks : A controlled life '' . BBC News . 20 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Mosques in Lhasa , Tibet '' . People 's Daily Online . 27 October 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Himalayan Forests Disappearing '' . Earth Island Journal . 21 ( 4 ) : 7 -- 8 . 2006 . Further reading ( edit ) Aitken , Bill , Footloose in the Himalaya , Delhi , Permanent Black , 2003 . ISBN 81 - 7824 - 052 - 1 Berreman , Gerald Duane , Hindus of the Himalayas : Ethnography and Change , 2nd rev . ed. , Delhi , Oxford University Press , 1997 . Bisht , Ramesh Chandra , Encyclopedia of the Himalayas , New Delhi , Mittal Publications , c2008 . Everest , the IMAX movie ( 1998 ) . ISBN 0 - 7888 - 1493 - 1 Fisher , James F. , Sherpas : Reflections on Change in Himalayan Nepal , 1990 . Berkeley , University of California Press , 1990 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 06941 - 2 Gansser , Augusto , Gruschke , Andreas , Olschak , Blanche C. , Himalayas . Growing Mountains , Living Myths , Migrating Peoples , New York , Oxford : Facts On File , 1987 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 1994 - 0 and New Delhi : Bookwise , 1987 . Gupta , Raj Kumar , Bibliography of the Himalayas , Gurgaon , Indian Documentation Service , 1981 Hunt , John , Ascent of Everest , London , Hodder & Stoughton , 1956 . ISBN 0 - 89886 - 361 - 9 Isserman , Maurice and Weaver , Stewart , Fallen Giants : The History of Himalayan Mountaineering from the Age of Empire to the Age of Extremes . Yale University Press , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 11501 - 7 Ives , Jack D. and Messerli , Bruno , The Himalayan Dilemma : Reconciling Development and Conservation . London / New York , Routledge , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 01157 - 4 Lall , J.S. ( ed . ) in association with Moddie , A.D. , The Himalaya , Aspects of Change . Delhi , Oxford University Press , 1981 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 561254 - X Nandy , S.N. , Dhyani , P.P. and Samal , P.K. , Resource Information Database of the Indian Himalaya , Almora , GBPIHED , 2006 . Palin , Michael , Himalaya , London , Weidenfeld & Nicolson Illustrated , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 297 - 84371 - 0 Swami Sundaranand , Himalaya : Through the Lens of a Sadhu . Published by Tapovan Kuti Prakashan ( August 2001 ) . ISBN 81 - 901326 - 0 - 1 Swami Tapovan Maharaj , Wanderings in the Himalayas , English Edition , Madras , Chinmaya Publication Trust , 1960 . Translated by T.N. Kesava Pillai . Tilman , H.W. , Mount Everest , 1938 , Cambridge University Press , 1948 . ' The Mighty Himalaya : A Fragile Heritage , ' National Geographic , 174 : 624 -- 631 ( November 1988 ) . Turner , Bethan , et al. Seismicity of the Earth 1900 -- 2010 : Himalaya and Vicinity . Denver , United States Geological Survey , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Himalayas ( category ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Himalayas . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Himalayas The Digital Himalaya research project at Cambridge and Yale Pierre Dèzes ( 1999 ) . `` The making of the Himalaya and major tectonic subdivisions '' . The geology of Zanskar . 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3634117294677963210	Stop and identify statutes	Stop and identify statutes - wikipedia Stop and identify statutes States ( colored red ) in which Stop and Identify statutes were in effect as of February 20 , 2013 . `` Stop and identify '' statutes are statutory laws in the United States that authorize police to legally obtain the identification of someone whom they reasonably suspect of having committed a crime . If there is no reasonable suspicion that a crime has been committed , is being committed , or is about to be committed , an individual is not required to provide identification , even in `` Stop and ID '' states . The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures and requires any warrant to be judicially sanctioned and supported by probable cause . Terry v. Ohio , 392 U.S. 1 ( 1968 ) established that it is constitutionally permissible for police to temporarily detain a person based on an articulable reasonable suspicion that a crime has been committed , and to conduct a patdown for weapons based on a reasonable belief that the person is armed . The question whether it is constitutionally permissible for the police to demand that a detainee provide his or her name was considered by the U.S. Supreme Court in Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada , 542 U.S. 177 ( 2004 ) , which held that the name disclosure did not violate the Fourth Amendment prohibition on unreasonable searches and seizures . The Hiibel case also held that , because Hiibel had no reasonable belief that his name would be used to incriminate him , the name disclosure did not violate the Fifth Amendment right against self - incrimination ; however , the Court left open the possibility that Fifth Amendment right might apply in situations where there was a reasonable belief that giving a name could be incriminating . The Court accepted the Nevada supreme court interpretation of the Nevada statute that a detained person could satisfy the Nevada law by simply stating his name . The Court did not rule on whether particular identification cards could be required , though it did mention one state law requiring `` credible and reliable '' identification had been struck down for vagueness . Contents 1 Police -- citizen encounters 1.1 Consensual 1.2 Reasonable suspicion 1.3 Arrest 2 Obligation to identify 2.1 Variations in `` stop and identify '' laws 2.2 Interaction with other laws 2.3 Interpretation by courts 2.4 Recommendations of legal - aid organizations 3 Other countries 4 See also 5 Notes 6 External links Police -- citizen encounters ( edit ) In the United States , interactions between police and citizens fall into three general categories : consensual ( `` contact '' or `` conversation '' ) , detention ( often called a Terry stop , after Terry v. Ohio , 392 U.S. 1 ( 1968 ) ) , or arrest . `` Stop and identify '' laws pertain to detentions . Different obligations apply to drivers of motor vehicles , who generally are required by state vehicle codes to present a driver 's license to police upon request . Consensual ( edit ) At any time , police may approach a person and ask questions . The objective may simply be a friendly conversation ; however , the police also may suspect involvement in a crime , but lack `` specific and articulable facts '' that would justify a detention or arrest , and hope to obtain these facts from the questioning . The person approached is not required to identify himself or answer any other questions , and may leave at any time . Police are not usually required to tell a person that he is free to decline to answer questions and go about his business ; however , a person can usually determine whether the interaction is consensual by asking , `` Am I free to go ? '' Reasonable suspicion ( edit ) A person is detained when circumstances are such that a reasonable person would believe he is not free to leave . Police may briefly detain a person if they have reasonable suspicion that the person has committed , is committing , or is about to commit a crime . Many state laws explicitly grant this authority . In Terry v. Ohio , the U.S. Supreme Court established that police may conduct a limited search for weapons ( known as a `` frisk '' ) if they reasonably suspect that the person to be detained may be armed and dangerous . Police may question a person detained in a Terry stop , but in general , the detainee is not required to answer . However , many states have `` stop and identify '' laws that explicitly require a person detained under the conditions of Terry to identify himself to police , and in some cases , provide additional information . Before Hiibel , it was unresolved whether a detainee could be arrested and prosecuted for refusing to disclose his name . Authority on this issue was split among the federal circuit courts of appeal , and the U.S. Supreme Court twice expressly refused to address the question . In Hiibel , the Court held , in a 5 -- 4 decision , that a Nevada `` stop and identify '' law did not violate the United States Constitution . The Court opinion implied that a detainee was not required to produce written identification , but could satisfy the requirement merely by stating his name . Some `` stop and identify '' laws do not require that a detainee identify himself , but allow refusal to do so to be considered along with other factors in determining whether there is probable cause to arrest . In some states , providing a false name is an offense . As of February 2011 , the Supreme Court has not addressed the validity of requirements that a detainee provide information other than his name , however some states such as Arizona have specifically codified that a detained person is not required to provide any information aside from their full name . Arrest ( edit ) Main article : Arrest A detention requires only that police have reasonable suspicion that a person is involved in criminal activity . However , to make an arrest , an officer must have probable cause to believe that the person has committed a crime . Some states require police to inform the person of the intent to make the arrest and the cause for the arrest . But it is not always obvious when a detention becomes an arrest . After making an arrest , police may search a person , his or her belongings , and his or her immediate surroundings . Whether an arrested person must identify himself may depend on the jurisdiction in which the arrest occurs . If a person is under arrest and police wish to question him , they are required to inform the person of his Fifth - Amendment right to remain silent by giving a Miranda warning . However , Miranda does not apply to biographical data necessary to complete booking . It is not clear whether a `` stop and identify '' law could compel giving one 's name after being arrested , although some states have laws that specifically require an arrested person to give his name and other biographical information , and some state courts have held that refusal to give one 's name constitutes obstructing a public officer . As a practical matter , an arrested person who refused to give his name would have little chance of obtaining a prompt release . Obligation to identify ( edit ) States with `` stop and identify '' laws Alabama Ala . Code § 15 - 5 - 30 Arizona Ari. Rev. Stat . Tit. 13 , § 2412 ( enacted 2005 ) & Tit. 28 , § 1595 Arkansas Ark . Code Ann . ( 1 ) § 5 - 71 - 213 - Loitering Colorado Colo . Rev. Stat. § 16 - 3 - 103 ( 1 ) Delaware Del . Code Ann. , Tit. 11 , § § 1902 , 1321 ( 6 ) Florida Fla . Stat . § 901.151 ( Stop and Frisk Law ) ; § 856.021 ( 2 ) ( loitering and prowling ) Georgia Ga . Code Ann . § 16 - 11 - 36 ( b ) ( loitering ) Illinois Ill . Comp . Stat. , ch. 725 , § 5 / 107 - 14 Indiana Indiana Code § 34 - 28 - 5 - 3.5 Kansas Kan . Stat . Ann . § 22 - 2402 ( 1 ) Louisiana La . Code Crim . Proc. Ann. , Art . 215.1 ( A ) ; La . Rev. Stat. 14 : 108 ( B ) ( 1 ) ( c ) Missouri ( Kansas City Only ) Mo . Rev. Stat. § 84.710 ( 2 ) Montana Mont . Code Ann . § 46 - 5 - 401 Nebraska Neb. Rev. Stat. § 29 - 829 Nevada Nev . Rev. Stat . § 171.123 New Hampshire N.H. Rev. Stat . Ann . § 594 : 2 , § 644 : 6 New Mexico N.M. Stat . Ann . § 30 - 22 - 3 New York N.Y. Crim . Proc. Law § 140.50 North Dakota N.D. Cent . Code § 29 - 29 - 21 ( PDF ) Ohio Ohio Rev. Code § 2921.29 ( enacted 2006 ) Rhode Island R.I. Gen. Laws § 12 - 7 - 1 Utah Utah Code Ann . § 77 - 7 - 15 Vermont Vt . Stat . Ann. , Tit. 24 , § 1983 Wisconsin Wis . Stat . § 968.24 States not listed do not have a requirement to show Identification to law enforcement officers . Some states listed have `` Stop and ID '' laws which may or may not require someone to identify themselves during an investigative detention . While Wisconsin statutes allow law enforcement officers to `` demand '' ID , there is no statutory requirement to provide them ID nor is there a penalty for refusing to , hence Wisconsin is not a must ID state . Henes v. Morrissey , 194 Wis. 2d 338 , 353 - 54 ( 1995 ) . Annotations for Wisconsin § 968.24 , however , state `` The principles of Terry permit a state to require a suspect to disclose his or her name in the course of a Terry stop and allow imposing criminal penalties for failing to do so '' , citing Hiibel as authority . Hiibel held that statutes requiring suspects to disclose their names during police investigations did not violate the Fourth Amendment if the statute first required reasonable and articulable suspicion of criminal involvement . The Wisconsin Supreme Court held in Henes v. Morrissey that `` A crime is made up of two parts : proscribed conduct and a prescribed penalty . `` The former without the latter is no crime ... In this case no statute penalizes a refusal to identify oneself to a law enforcement officer , and no penalty is set forth in the statute for refusing to identify oneself . This statute is part of Chapter 968 entitled `` Commencement of Criminal Proceedings . By its very terms sec . 968.24 empowers a law enforcement officer to stop and question `` in the vicinity where the person was stopped . '' The statute does not authorize a law enforcement officer to make an arrest . '' Additionally Henes v. Morrissey held that a detained person not providing their name is n't on its own a violation of 946.41 Resisting or obstructing officer as the act of not identifying ones self is n't a false statement with intent to mislead the officer in the performance of his or her duty . Neither is Illinois , since the Illinois Second District Appellate Court Decision in People v. Fernandez , 2011 IL App ( 2d ) 100473 , which specifically states that section 107 - 14 is found in the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 , not the Criminal Code of 1961 , and governs the conduct of police officers . The fact remains that there is no corresponding duty in the Criminal Code of 1961 for a suspect to identify himself or herself . By contrast , in Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada , 542 U.S. 177 , 181 ( 2004 ) , a Nevada statute ( Nev . Rev. Stat. § 171.123 ( 2003 ) ) specifically required that a person subjected to a Terry stop `` shall identify himself . '' The Supreme Court held that the statute was constitutional . As of February 2011 , there is no U.S. federal law requiring that an individual identify himself during a Terry stop , but Hiibel held that states may enact such laws , provided the law requires the officer to have reasonable and articulable suspicion of criminal involvement , and 24 states have done so . The opinion in Hiibel implied that persons detained by police in jurisdictions with constitutional `` stop and identify '' laws listed are obligated to identify themselves , and that persons detained in other jurisdictions are not . The issue may not be that simple , however , for several reasons : The wording of `` stop and identify '' laws varies considerably from state to state . Noncompliance with a `` stop and identify '' law that does not explicitly impose a penalty may constitute violation of another law , such as one to the effect of `` resisting , obstructing , or delaying a peace officer '' . State courts have made varying interpretations of both `` stop and identify '' and `` obstructing '' laws . Variations in `` stop and identify '' laws ( edit ) Four states ' laws ( Arizona , Indiana , Louisiana , and Nevada ) explicitly impose an obligation to provide identifying information . Fifteen states grant police authority to ask questions , with varying wording , but do not explicitly impose an obligation to respond : In Montana , police `` may request '' identifying information ; In Ohio , identifying information may be required `` when requested '' ; an obligation exists only when the police suspect a person is committing , has committed , or is about to commit a criminal offense , is witness to a violent felony offense , or is witness to an attempt or conspiracy to commit a violent felony offense ; In 12 states ( Alabama , Delaware , Illinois , Kansas , Missouri , Nebraska , New Hampshire , New York , North Dakota , Rhode Island , Utah , Wisconsin ) , police `` may demand '' identifying information . Of note , though , in New Hampshire for example ( RSA 594 : 2 ) , statutory language authorizing a ' demand ' for identity does not establish a legal requirement to provide documentation of identity ( ID ) , or even a requirement to respond in the first place . Further , a law enforcement officer is authorized to make such ' demand ' only of individuals for `` whom he has reason to suspect is committing , has committed or is about to commit a crime . '' Identifying information varies , but typically includes Name , address , and an explanation of the person 's actions ; In some cases it also includes the person 's intended destination , the person 's date of birth ( Indiana and Ohio ) , or written identification if available ( Colorado ) . Ohio does not require the person 's intended destination . Ohio requires only name , address , or date of birth . Date of birth is NOT required if the age of the person is an element to the crime ( such as underage drinking , curfew violation , etc ... ) that the person is reasonably suspected of . Indiana requires either name , address , and date of birth , or driver 's license , if on the person 's possession , and only applies if the person was stopped for an infraction or ordinance violation . Arizona law , apparently written specifically to codify the holding in Hiibel , requires a person 's `` true full name '' . Nevada law , which requires a person to `` identify himself or herself '' , apparently requires only that the person state his or her name . Texas law requires a person to provide their name , residence address and date of birth if lawfully arrested and asked by police . ( A detained person or witness of a crime is not required to provide any identifying information , however it is a crime for a detained person or witness to give a false name . ) In four states ( Arkansas , Florida , Georgia , and Rhode Island ) , failure to identify oneself is one factor to be considered in a decision to arrest . In all but Rhode Island , the consideration arises in the context of loitering or prowling . Seven states ( Arizona , Florida , Indiana , Louisiana , New Mexico , Ohio , and Vermont ) explicitly impose a criminal penalty for noncompliance with the obligation to identify oneself . As of February 2011 , the validity of a law requiring that a person detained provide anything more than stating his or her name has not come before the U.S. Supreme Court . Interaction with other laws ( edit ) In states whose `` stop and identify laws '' do not directly impose penalties , a lawful arrest must be for violation of some other law , such as one to the effect of `` resisting , obstructing , or delaying a peace officer '' . For example , the Nevada `` stop and identify '' law challenged in Hiibel did not impose a penalty on a person who refused to comply , but the Justice Court of Union Township , Nevada , determined that Hiibels refusal to identify himself constituted a violation of Nevada `` obstructing '' law . A similar conclusion regarding the interaction between Utah `` stop and identify '' and `` obstructing '' laws was reached in Oliver v. Woods ( 10th Cir. 2000 ) . Interpretation by courts ( edit ) `` Stop and identify '' laws in different states that appear to be nearly identical may be different in effect because of interpretations by state courts . For example , California `` stop and identify '' law , Penal Code § 647 ( e ) had wording similar to the Nevada law upheld in Hiibel , but a California appellate court , in People v. Solomon ( 1973 ) , 33 Cal. App. 3d 429 construed the law to require `` credible and reliable '' identification that carries a `` reasonable assurance '' of its authenticity . Using this construction , the U.S. Supreme Court held the law to be void for vagueness in Kolender v. Lawson , 461 U.S. 352 ( 1983 ) . Some courts have recognized a distinction authorizing police to demand identifying information and specifically imposing an obligation of a suspect to respond . Other courts have apparently interpreted demand to impose an obligation on the detainee to comply . Wording and interpretation by state courts of `` obstructing '' laws also varies ; for example , New York `` obstructing '' law apparently requires physical rather than simply verbal obstruction ; likewise , a violation of the Colorado `` obstructing '' law appears to require use or threat of use of physical force . However , the Colorado Supreme Court held in Dempsey v. People , No. 04SC362 ( 2005 ) ( PDF ) that refusing to provide identification was an element in the `` totality of the circumstances '' that could constitute obstructing an officer , even when actual physical interference was not employed . Utah `` obstructing '' law does not require a physical act , but merely a failure to follow a `` lawful order ... necessary to effect the ... detention '' ; a divided court in Oliver v. Woods concluded that failure to present identification constituted a violation of that law . It is not universally agreed that , absent a `` stop and identify law '' , there is no obligation for a detainee to identify himself . For example , as the U.S. Supreme Court noted in Hiibel , California `` stop and identify '' statute was voided in Kolender v. Lawson . But in People v. Long , decided four years after Kolender , a California appellate court found no constitutional impropriety in a police officer 's demand for written identification from a detainee . The issue before the Long court was a request for suppression of evidence uncovered in a search of the defendant 's wallet , so the issue of refusal to present identification was not directly addressed ; however , the author of the Long opinion had apparently concluded in a 1980 case that failure to identify oneself did not provide a basis for arrest . Nonetheless , some cite Long in maintaining that refusal to present written identification constitutes obstructing an officer . Others disagree , and maintain that persons detained by police in California can not be compelled to identify themselves . Some courts , e.g. , State v. Flynn ( Wis . 1979 ) and People v. Loudermilk ( Calif. 1987 ) have held that police may perform a search for written identification if a suspect refuses to provide it ; a later California decision , People v. Garcia ( 2006 ) strongly disagreed . In the case of Utah v. Strieff ( 2016 ) , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that an officer 's stop of Edward Strieff and his demand for identification from Strieff was unlawful under Utah state law , but that the evidence collected pursuant to the stop was admissible due to the determination that Strieff was subject to a pre-existing arrest warrant . Therefore , the pre-existing warrant `` attenuated '' the unlawful stop - and - identify . Recommendations of legal - aid organizations ( edit ) Some legal organizations , such as the National Lawyers Guild and the ACLU of Northern California , recommend to either remain silent or to identify oneself whether or not a jurisdiction has a `` stop and identify '' law : And in any state , police do not always follow the law , and refusing to give your name may make them suspicious and lead to your arrest , so use your judgment . If you fear that your name may be incriminating , you can claim the right to remain silent , and if you are arrested , this may help you later . Giving a false name could be a crime . In a more recent pamphlet , the ACLU of Northern California elaborated on this further , recommending that a person detained by police should : ... give your name and the information on your drivers ' license . If you do n't , you may be arrested , even though the arrest may be illegal . Other countries ( edit ) Main article : List of national identity card policies by country Many countries allow police to demand identification and arrest people who do not carry any . Normally these countries provide all residents with national identity cards , which have the identity information the police would want to know , including citizenship . Foreign visitors need to have their passport available to show at all times . In some cases national identity cards from certain other countries are accepted . For example , in Portugal it is compulsory to carry the state ID card at all times . This card named Cartão de Cidadão - Citizen Card is an electronic card which includes biometric information , id number , social security number , fiscal information , place of birth , etc . Police can only ask for the ID card in public or a place open to public and only if there is a reasonable suspicion the person committed a crime . A certified copy of the ID card can be presented in such situations . If a citizen does not carry the ID card or its certified copy , the police will escort the person to the police department to remain detained until clear identification can be obtained . See also ( edit ) Brown v. Texas Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada Kolender v. Lawson Miranda v. Arizona Loitering Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Although police and police officer are used throughout this article , most `` stop and identify '' laws use the term peace officer ( or sometimes law enforcement officer ) . In general , peace officers are state civil officers charged with preserving the public peace and granted the authority to do so . Peace officers normally include police officers , sheriffs and sheriffs ' deputies , marshals , constables , and often many other persons ; those included vary among the states . Jump up ^ In upholding Hiibel 's conviction , the Court noted , In this case petitioner 's refusal to disclose his name was not based on any articulated real and appreciable fear that his name would be used to incriminate him ... As best we can tell , petitioner refused to identify himself only because he thought his name was none of the officer 's business . -- 542 U.S. at 190 But the Court did leave open the possibility of different circumstances : Still , a case may arise where there is a substantial allegation that furnishing identity at the time of a stop would have given the police a link in the chain of evidence needed to convict the individual of a separate offense . In that case , the court can then consider whether the privilege applies , and , if the Fifth Amendment has been violated , what remedy must follow . We need not resolve those questions here . -- 542 U.S. at 191 Jump up ^ Writing for the Court in Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada , Justice Kennedy stated , Here the Nevada statute is narrower and more precise . The statute in Kolender had been interpreted to require a suspect to give the officer `` credible and reliable '' identification . In contrast , the Nevada Supreme Court has interpreted NRS § 171.123 ( 3 ) to require only that a suspect disclose his name . -- 542 U.S. at 184 -- 185 Justice Kennedy continued , As we understand it , the statute does not require a suspect to give the officer a drivers license or any other document . Provided that the suspect either states his name or communicates it to the officer by other means -- a choice , we assume , that the suspect may make -- the statute is satisfied and no violation occurs . -- 542 U.S. at 185 Writing for the Nevada Supreme Court in Hiibel v. Dist . Ct. , Chief Justice Young said , The suspect is not required to provide private details about his background , but merely to state his name to an officer when reasonable suspicion exists . -- 118 Nev . 868 at 875 Jump up ^ Writing for the Court in Terry v. Ohio , Chief Justice Warren stated , And in justifying the particular intrusion the police officer must be able to point to specific and articulable facts which , taken together with rational inferences from those facts , reasonably warrant that intrusion . -- 392 U.S. at 21 Jump up ^ Writing for the Court in Florida v. Royer 460 U.S. 491 ( 1983 ) , Justice White stated , The person approached , however , need not answer any question put to him ; indeed , he may decline to listen to the questions at all and may go on his way . -- 460 U.S. at 497 -- 498 Jump up ^ Writing for the Court in United States v. Mendenhall , 446 U.S. 544 ( 1980 ) Justice Stewart stated , Our conclusion that no seizure occurred is not affected by the fact that the respondent was not expressly told by the agents that she was free to decline to cooperate with their inquiry , for the voluntariness of her responses does not depend upon her having been so informed . -- 446 U.S. at 555 Jump up ^ The ACLU publication Know Your Rights When Encountering Law Enforcement states , You can say , `` I do not want to talk to you '' and walk away calmly . Or , if you do not feel comfortable doing that , you can ask if you are free to go . If the answer is yes , you can consider just walking away . Do not run from the officer . If the officer says you are not under arrest , but you are not free to go , then you are being detained . Jump up ^ If the encounter is consensual , a person approached need not actually leave to terminate the encounter , but may simply ignore police . In Michigan v. Chesternut , 486 U.S. 567 ( 1988 ) , Justice Blackmun explained the Court 's holding that Chesternut had not been detained , stating that the police conduct `` would not have communicated to a reasonable person that he was not at liberty to ignore the police presence and go about his business . '' -- 486 U.S. at 569 Jump up ^ Writing for the Court in United States v. Mendenhall , 446 U.S. 544 ( 1980 ) Justice Stewart stated : We conclude that a person has been `` seized '' within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment only if , in view of all of the circumstances surrounding the incident , a reasonable person would have believed that he was not free to leave . -- 446 U.S. at 554 Jump up ^ In a concurring opinion in Terry v. Ohio , Justice White stated that a person detained can be questioned but is `` not obliged to answer , answers may not be compelled , and refusal to answer furnishes no basis for an arrest . '' This opinion , in turn , was cited in many later cases , including Berkemer v. McCarty , 468 U.S. 420 ( 1984 ) . Jump up ^ In describing the split authority among the federal appellate court circuits in Hiibel v. Dist . Ct. , the Nevada Supreme Court stated : In Oliver v. Woods , ( 209 F. 3d 1179 , 1190 ( 10th Cir. 2000 ) ) the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld a Utah statute that requires individuals to produce identification to an officer during an investigatory stop . However , in Carey v. Nevada Gaming Control Board ( 279 F. 3d 873 , 881 ( 9th Cir. 2002 ) ) , the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals held that NRS 171.123 ( 3 ) violates the Fourth Amendment because `` ' the serious intrusion on personal security outweighs the mere possibility that identification ( might ) provide a link leading to arrest . ' '' Jump up ^ In Hiibel v. Dist . Ct. , the Nevada Supreme Court noted that the U.S. Supreme Court declined to address the issue of identification in Brown v. Texas , 443 U.S. 47 ( 1979 ) , at 53 n. 3 ( `` We need not decide whether an individual may be punished for refusing to identify himself in the context of a lawful investigatory stop which satisfies Fourth Amendment requirements . '' ) ; and Kolender v. Lawson , 461 U.S. 352 ( 1983 ) , 361 -- 62 n. 10 ( holding that a California statute was unconstitutional on vagueness grounds , but refusing to consider whether the statute violated the Fourth Amendment ) . Jump up ^ Texas does not require a detainee to identify himself unless he has been lawfully arrested , but does make it a crime to provide a false name . Texas Penal Code § 38.02 reads , in relevant part , ( b ) A person commits an offense if he intentionally gives a false or fictitious name , residence address , or date of birth to a peace officer who has : ( 1 ) lawfully arrested the person ; ( 2 ) lawfully detained the person ; or ( 3 ) requested the information from a person that the peace officer has good cause to believe is a witness to a criminal offense . Jump up ^ California Penal Code § 841 , states , in relevant part , The person making the arrest must inform the person to be arrested of the intention to arrest him , of the cause of the arrest , and the authority to make it ... Jump up ^ In Pennsylvania v. Muniz , 496 U.S. 582 ( 1990 ) , the Court cited the Brief for United States as Amicus Curiae 12 quoting United States v. Horton , 873 F. 2d 180 , 181 , n . 2 ( CA8 1989 ) ) , the questions fall within a `` routine booking question '' exception which exempts from Miranda coverage questions to secure the `` ' biographical data necessary to complete booking or pretrial services . ' '' -- 496 U.S. at 601 -- 602 Jump up ^ The Fifth Amendment prohibits only communication that is testimonial , incriminating , and compelled ; see United States v. Hubbell , 530 U.S. 27 ( 2000 ) , at 34 -- 38 . Hiibel held that , in the circumstances of the case , a person 's name is not incriminating , and consequently is not protected by the Fifth - Amendment privilege against self - incrimination. -- 530 U.S. at 34 -- 38 Jump up ^ Texas Penal Code , Title 8 , § 38.02 ( a ) , reads A person commits an offense if he intentionally refuses to give his name , residence address , or date of birth to a peace officer who has lawfully arrested the person and requested the information . Giving false information is a related , and usually more serious offense ( under Subsection ( b ) , noted above ) , and applies to detainees as well as arrestees . Jump up ^ In People v. Quiroga ( 1993 ) 16 Cal. App. 4th 961 , the Court held that refusal to disclose one 's identity following a felony arrest constituted obstructing an officer : These statutory provisions lead to the conclusion that a refusal to disclose personal identification following arrest for a misdemeanor or infraction can not constitute a violation of ( California ) Penal Code section 148 ... Section 148 can reasonably be construed as applying to nondisclosure of identity following arrest for felonies , but not minor offenses , if this exception applies to the provisions cited above dealing with arrests for minor offenses. -- 16 Cal. App. 4th 961 , 970 Similar refusal following arrest for a misdemeanor or infraction did not violate the statute because the Legislature had `` established other ways of dealing with such nondisclosure '' . Jump up ^ In Burkes v. State ( Fla. 2d DCA 1998 ) , Case No. 97 - 00552 , the Court , in affirming the appellant 's conviction for violation of § 843.02 , Florida Statutes , `` Resisting officer without violence to his or her person '' , stated : The most compelling argument we discern for answering this question in the affirmative is that the right to remain silent means just that and has no exceptions . We , nevertheless , conclude that after an individual has been lawfully arrested , he must provide his name or otherwise identify himself when asked by law enforcement officers . Jump up ^ http://www.illinoiscourts.gov/opinions/AppellateCourt/2011/2ndDistrict/December/2100473.pdf Jump up ^ The Hiibel Court held , `` The principles of Terry permit a State to require a suspect to disclose his name in the course of a Terry stop . '' -- 542 U.S. at 187 Jump up ^ The opinion in Hiibel included a list of 21 states with `` stop and identify '' laws . For some reason , the Indiana law was not included in the list ; the Arizona and Ohio laws have been enacted since Hiibel was decided . The Texas law only applies to arrested persons . Jump up ^ `` Constitutional '' means that the law requires the officer to have reasonable and articulable suspicion of criminal involvement . See Hiibel . Jump up ^ Writing for the Court in Hiibel , Justice Kennedy stated , `` the source of the legal obligation ( to identify oneself ) arises from Nevada state law '' . -- 542 U.S. at 187 Jump up ^ In Hiibel , Justice Kennedy stated , `` In other States , a suspect may decline to identify himself without penalty . '' -- 542 U.S. at 183 Jump up ^ `` Lawriter - ORC - 2921.29 Failure to disclose personal information '' . State of Ohio Codes . Jump up ^ Assembly , Indiana General . `` Indiana Code 2016 - Indiana General Assembly , 2016 Session '' . Jump up ^ The opinion noted that Hiibel was asked to provide identification , which the Court understood as a request to produce a driver 's license or some other form of written identification , 11 different times ; however , it did not indicate that Hiibel was ever asked simply to identify himself . Jump up ^ NRS § 199.280 provides a penalty for a person who `` willfully resists , delays or obstructs a public officer in discharging or attempting to discharge any legal duty of his office '' Jump up ^ California stop - and - identify law in Penal Code § 647 ( e ) was repealed several years after 1983 and the sub-sections re-lettered , so the current Penal Code § 647 ( e ) is what used to be Penal Code § 647 ( f ) . Also , do not confuse Penal Code § 647 ( e ) with Penal Code § 647e . Jump up ^ ( voided in Kolender v. Lawson ) , read , in relevant part , Every person who commits any of the following acts is guilty of disorderly conduct , a misdemeanor : ... ( e ) who loiters or wanders upon the streets or from place to place without apparent reason or business and who refuses to identify himself and to account for his presence when requested by any peace officer so to do , if the surrounding circumstances are such as to indicate to a reasonable man that the public safety demands such identification . Jump up ^ In voiding California Penal Code § 647 ( e ) in Kolender v. Lawson , Justice O'Connor , writing for the Court , noted that Section 647 ( e ) , as presently drafted and as construed by the state courts , contains no standard for determining what a suspect has to do in order to satisfy the requirement to provide a `` credible and reliable '' identification . As such , the statute vests virtually complete discretion in the hands of the police to determine whether the suspect has satisfied the statute . -- 461 U.S. at 358 Jump up ^ Writing for the Court in People v. Love , 318 Ill. App. 3d 534 ( 2000 ) , rev 'd on other grounds , People v. Love , No. 90806 ( 2002 ) , Justice O'Brien stated , The State next argues that the officer 's order was a justifiable means of compelling defendant to state her name pursuant to section 107 - 14 , which provides that an officer making a Terry stop may `` demand the name and address of the person and an explanation of his actions . '' 725 ILCS 5 / 107 - 14 ( West 1992 ) . However , while section 107 - 14 states that an officer may `` demand '' the defendant 's name , it does not provide that the officer may compel a response . Further , the United States Supreme Court has stated in the context of a Terry stop : `` ( T ) he officer may ask the detainee a moderate number of questions to determine his identity and to try to obtain information confirming or dispelling the officer 's suspicions . But the detainee is not obliged to respond . '' ( Emphasis added . ) Berkemer v. McCarty , 468 U.S. 420 , 438 , 82 L. Ed . 2d 317 , 334 , 104 S. Ct. 3138 , 3150 ( 1984 ) . Noting Berkemer v. McCarty ( and Justice White 's concurring opinion in Terry that Berkemer quoted ) , the Hiibel Court stated , `` We do not read these statements as controlling '' ( 542 U.S. at 187 ) , so Love is probably weakened to the extent that it relies on Berkemer . Jump up ^ In Cady v. Sheahan ( 7th Cir. 2006 ) , the Court stated , In Hiibel , the Supreme Court held that states are permitted to statutorily authorize the demand for identification during a Terry stop , and to require compliance with such demand . 542 U.S. at 188 , 124 S. Ct. 2451 . Cady 's identity was relevant to the purpose of the stop and the officers did not exceed the scope of the stop by requesting identification . ( footnotes omitted ) ^ Jump up to : Writing for the Court in Oliver v. Woods , 209 F. 3d 1179 ( 10th Cir. 2000 ) , Judge Brorby stated , Section 76 - 8 - 305 does not require the use of force ; mere refusal to perform any act required by a lawful order necessary to effect the detention is sufficient to constitute a violation of § 76 - 8 - 305 . Moreover , an individual who merely refuses to refrain from performing any act that would impede the arrest or detention violates this section ... Thus , Officer Woods gave a lawful order when he told Mr. Oliver to present identification and to remain in the parking lot while he conducted the investigation . By refusing to present identification , Mr. Oliver refused to perform an act required by lawful order , necessary to effect the detention . Jump up ^ New Yorks `` obstructing '' law , NY Consolidated Laws Penal ( PEN ) § 195.05 , reads , in relevant part , A person is guilty of obstructing governmental administration when he intentionally obstructs , impairs or perverts the administration of law or other governmental function , or prevents or attempts to prevent a public servant from performing an official function , by means of intimidation , physical force or interference , or by means of any independently unlawful act Jump up ^ In People v. Offen , 408 N.Y.S. 2d 914 , 96 Misc. 2d 147 ( 1978 ) , Judge Hertz stated , An essential element of the crime of obstructing governmental administration , to be charged in an information , must be an act of either ( 1 ) intimidation or ( 2 ) physical force or interference or ( 3 ) an independently unlawful act . Plainly , ignoring an officer 's request for identification is not a crime , nor does that act supply any such element . Though it is clear that such conduct risks pursuit and arrest , no crime has been charged here . -- 96 Misc. 2d at 150 Jump up ^ See When Do You Have to Give Your Name at the RNC Protests ? under External links for an analysis of New York `` stop and identify '' and `` obstructing '' laws by Just Cause Law Collective lawyer Katya Komisaruk . Jump up ^ Colorado `` obstructing '' law , Colorado Revised Statutes § 18 - 8 - 104 ( 1 ) , reads , in relevant part , A person commits obstructing a peace officer ... when by using or threatening to use violence , force , physical interference , or an obstacle , such person knowingly obstructs , impairs , or hinders the enforcement of the penal law or the preservation of the peace by a peace officer , acting under color of his or her official authority . Jump up ^ Utah `` obstructing '' law , Utah Code § 76 - 8 - 305 , reads as follows : Interference with arresting officer . A person is guilty of a class B misdemeanor if he has knowledge , or by the exercise of reasonable care should have knowledge , that a peace officer is seeking to effect a lawful arrest or detention of that person or another and interferes with the arrest or detention by : ( 1 ) use of force or any weapon ; ( 2 ) the arrested person 's refusal to perform any act required by lawful order : ( a ) necessary to effect the arrest or detention ; and ( b ) made by a peace officer involved in the arrest or detention ; or ( 3 ) the arrested person 's or another person 's refusal to refrain from performing any act that would impede the arrest or detention . Jump up ^ In People v. Long ( 1987 ) 189 Cal. App. 3d 77 , Justice Agliano wrote , The voluntary display of identification is a routine experience for most of us . Measured against the obvious and substantial need for police recording the identity of a person suspected of having committed a crime , we find reasonable the minimal intrusion involved here in requiring the production of identification . In addition , defendant 's oral statement of his name was suspect when he insisted he had no identification while appearing to carry a wallet and , in addition , he seemed intoxicated. -- 189 Cal. App. 3d at 88 Jump up ^ In In re Gregory S. ( 1980 ) , 112 Cal. App. 3d 764 , Justice Agliano wrote We find no authority to support the court 's legal conclusion that a person who merely refuses to identify himself or to answer questions in a context similar to that before us thereby violates Penal Code section 148 or otherwise furnishes ground for arrest . The Legislature has required citizen self - identification in prescribed situations . Vehicle Code section 40302 calls for the production of a driver 's license or identification upon arrest for a violation of that code ; Vehicle Code section 12951 requires production of a driver 's license by the driver of a motor vehicle upon the request of an officer . Penal Code section 647 , subdivision ( e ) imposes a duty to identify oneself when such person loiters or wanders upon the streets or from place to place without apparent reason or business , and the surrounding circumstances reasonably indicate that the public safety demands identification . Section 647 , subdivision ( e ) was held valid in People v. Solomon ( 1973 ) 33 Cal. App. 3d 429 ( 108 Cal. Rptr. 867 ) , in which strong consideration was given to the legislatively declared governmental purpose to be served by identification when the conditions described in the statute exist . ( Id , at p. 436 ; see also California v. Byers ( 1971 ) 402 U.S. 424 ( 29 L. Ed. 2d 9 , 91 S. Ct. 1535 ) . ) None of the statutory conditions requiring identification existed in this case . -- 112 Cal. App. 3d at 779 Note : Penal Code 647 , subdivision ( e ) was voided by the U.S. Supreme Court in Kolender v. Lawson ( 1983 ) . Jump up ^ Shortly after Hiibel was decided , the Alameda County ( California ) District Attorney 's Office provided a case analysis ( PDF ) maintaining that refusal to identify oneself and provide written identification ( if available ) constitutes a violation of Penal Code § 148 ( a ) ( 1 ) , resisting , delaying , or obstructing an officer . The topic is further discussed in the 2010 edition of Point of View . Jump up ^ The California Peace Officers Legal Sourcebook ( `` CPOLS '' ; written by the office of the California Attorney General ) maintains that failure to identify oneself does not constitute a violation of California Penal Code § 148 ( a ) ( 1 ) , resisting , delaying , or obstructing a peace officer : Unlike Nevada and other states , California does not have a statute mandating that a detainee identify himself , and that obligation can not be read into Penal Code section 148 ... Hiibel does not provide a means of arresting someone for failing or refusing to identify himself . ( Revision 176 , 9 / 15 / 2014 , p. 2.14 a ; page last revised 1 / 10 ) Jump up ^ In State v. Flynn ( 1979 ) 92 Wis. 2d 427 ( 285 N.W. 2d 710 , 718 ) , cert. den . 449 U.S. 846 , the Wisconsin Supreme Court held that the Terry limitation of a search `` to an intrusion reasonably designed to discover guns , knives , clubs , or other hidden instruments for the assault of the police officer . '' ( 392 U.S. at 29 ) was limited to the specific circumstances of Terry . Chief Justice Beilfuss wrote , It is clear from the language itself that the court 's holding in Terry was limited to the precise situation before it . The court did not say that the sole justification for any search on less than probable cause is the protection of the police officer and others , but that that was the sole justification of the search in the situation then before it . The situation before us is significantly different . Jump up ^ In People v. Loudermilk ( 1987 ) 195 Cal. App. 3d 996 , Justice Low stated , Neither case ( Kolender v. Lawson or Brown v. Texas ) could be interpreted to prevent a police officer from demanding that a Terry suspect produce proof of identification . Further , nothing in those or other cases cited by defendant prevents an officer from seizing a wallet found during a lawful patdown search after that suspect has lied to the officer that he had no identification . -- 195 Cal. App. 3d at 1003 Justice Low noted the similarity to Flynn , and continued , We must emphasize that we do not hold that a suspect may be detained and searched merely because he either refused to identify himself or refused to produce proof of identification . Nor do we hold that each time an officer conducts a Terry stop he may immediately conduct a search for identification . The rule we announce does not provide officers with unfettered discretion and does not open citizens to harassment. -- 195 Cal. App. 3d at 1004 Jump up ^ In People v. Garcia ( 2006 ) 145 Cal. App. 4th 782 , Justice Yegan , noting State v. Flynn ( Wis . 1979 ) and State v. Wilcox ( N.J. 1981 ) , stated , We need not look to other jurisdictions to decide this case . We would have to indulge in legal legerdemain to justify a patdown search for identification . In fact , it would require a rewriting of Terry v. Ohio , supra , which we could not and would not undertake even if we were so inclined . Here , the record is devoid of any concern that appellant was armed and dangerous . The sole reason for the patdown was to gather evidence of identification . A fair reading of Terry v. Ohio , and its reference to the lower court opinion in State v. Terry show that the `` frisk '' allowable upon a proper showing was `` ' ... only a `` frisk '' for a dangerous weapon . It by no means authorizes a search for contraband , evidentiary material , or anything else in the absence of reasonable grounds to arrest . Such a search is controlled by requirements of the Fourth Amendment , and probable cause is essential . ' `` ( Terry v. Ohio , supra , 392 U.S. at p. 16 , fn. 12 ( 20 L. Ed . 2d at p. 903 , fn. 12 . ) Our own Supreme Court has unanimously so held . ( People v. Lawler ( 1973 ) 9 Cal. 3d 156 , 161 ( pat - down search `` only '' for weapons ) . ) If stare decisis means anything ( and it does ) and if the word only means only ( and it does ) , the trial court was required to grant this suppression motion as a matter of law . ( Auto Equity Sales , Inc. v. Superior Court ( 1962 ) 57 Cal. 2d 450 . ) -- 145 Cal. App. 4th at 788 Jump up ^ `` Know Your Rights ! What to Do if Questioned by Police , FBI , Customs Agents or Immigration Officers '' ( pdf ) . National Lawyers Guild , S.F. Bay Area Chapter ; ACLU of Northern California ; American Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee . August 2004 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Your Rights and the Police '' . ACLU of Northern California . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ www.view.pt ) , VIEW . ( info@view.pt - . `` Um cidadão traz habitualmente consigo apenas uma fotocópia do cartão de cidadão ou do bilhete de identidade . Se a autoridade lhe exigir a identificação , pode estar descansado ? - Direitos e Deveres dos Cidadãos '' . External links ( edit ) ACLU `` Bust Card '' What To Do If You 're Stopped By The Police ACLU Know Your Rights When Encountering Law Enforcement 10 Rules for Dealing with Police from FlexYourRights.org , a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) educational nonprofit organization . California Codes Colorado Revised Statutes Nevada Revised Statutes New York Legislature Source for New York State Laws Stop - and - Identify Laws from Police Chief magazine Suspects Who Refuse to Identify Themselves from Police Chief magazine The Identity Project : Hiibel When Do You Have to Give Your Name at the RNC Protests ? An analysis of New York 's `` stop and identify '' law . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stop_and_identify_statutes&oldid=856359698 '' Categories : U.S. state criminal law Search and seizure case law United States Fourth Amendment case law United States Fifth Amendment self - incrimination case law Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018 , at 17 : 19 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	do you have to show id to police in ohio	[]	[]
1848488423823653501	List of Florida's highest points	List of Florida 's highest points - wikipedia List of Florida 's highest points Jump to : navigation , search This list of Florida 's highest points the state of Florida includes natural and manmade points . Most of the state 's highest named points are in Holmes , Walton , and Washington counties , in the sub-Piedmont highlands of northern Florida . The highest points in peninsular Florida are found along the Lake Wales Ridge , running through the central portion of the peninsula , and the Brooksville Ridge , which parallels the northwestern coast of the peninsula . Geographic points ( permanent earthworks ) of human origin are also included , designated as `` N / A , Artificial '' . Point Elevation ( ft ) Range / Region County Geographic Coordinates Britton Hill 345 feet ( 105 m ) Northern Florida Highlands Walton County 30 ° 59 ′ 18 '' N 86 ° 16 ′ 55 '' W / 30.988333 ° N 86.281944 ° W / 30.988333 ; - 86.281944 ( Britton Hill ) Oak Hill 331 Northern Florida Highlands Washington County 30 ° 41 ′ 46 '' N 85 ° 27 ′ 51 '' W / 30.696143 ° N 85.464037 ° W / 30.696143 ; - 85.464037 ( Oak Hill ) High Hill 323 Northern Florida Highlands Washington County 30 ° 43 ′ 53 '' N 85 ° 29 ′ 07 '' W / 30.731389 ° N 85.485278 ° W / 30.731389 ; - 85.485278 ( High Hill ) Falling Waters Hill 318 Northern Florida Highlands Washington County 30 ° 43 ′ 53 '' N 85 ° 32 ′ 06 '' W / 30.73131 ° N 85.535 ° W / 30.73131 ; - 85.535 ( Falling Waters Hill ) Sugarloaf Mountain 312 Lake Wales Ridge Lake County 28 ° 38 ′ 58 '' N 81 ° 43 ′ 59 '' W / 28.649441 ° N 81.733132 ° W / 28.649441 ; - 81.733132 ( Sugarloaf Mountain ) Unnamed Peak south of Camp Lake 310 Lake Wales Ridge Lake County 28 ° 35 ′ 55 '' N 81 ° 43 ′ 46 '' W / 28.598709 ° N 81.729345 ° W / 28.598709 ; - 81.729345 ( Unnamed Peak south of Camp Lake ) Unnamed Peak east of Jacks Lake 307 Lake Wales Ridge Lake County 28 ° 33 ′ 22 '' N 81 ° 43 ′ 06 '' W / 28.55622 ° N 81.71830 ° W / 28.55622 ; - 81.71830 ( Unnamed Peak east of Jacks Lake ) Danley Hill 305 Northern Florida Highlands Walton County 30 ° 58 ′ 25 '' N 86 ° 11 ′ 46 '' W / 30.97351 ° N 86.196 ° W / 30.97351 ; - 86.196 ( Danley Hill ) Clay Hill ( Pasco County High Point ) 301 Brooksville Ridge Pasco County 28 ° 25 ′ 38 '' N 82 ° 15 ′ 42 '' W / 28.42723 ° N 82.26164 ° W / 28.42723 ; - 82.26164 ( Pasco County High Point ) Polk County High Point 300 + Lake Wales Ridge Polk County 27 ° 48 ′ 32 '' N 81 ° 32 ′ 18 '' W / 27.8089 ° N 81.538405 ° W / 27.8089 ; - 81.538405 ( Polk County High Point ) Orange Hill 300 + Northern Florida Highlands Washington County 30 ° 40 ′ 26 '' N 85 ° 30 ′ 34 '' W / 30.67385 ° N 85.50937 ° W / 30.67385 ; - 85.50937 ( Orange Hill ) Hickory Hill 300 Brooksville Ridge Hernando County 28 ° 17 ′ 03 '' N 82 ° 10 ′ 29 '' W / 28.28404 ° N 82.17478 ° W / 28.28404 ; - 82.17478 ( Hickory Hill ) Iron Mountain 295 Lake Wales Ridge Polk County 27 ° 56 ′ 09 '' N 81 ° 34 ′ 38 '' W / 27.93583 ° N 81.577359 ° W / 27.93583 ; - 81.577359 ( Iron Mountain ) Mount Pleasant 295 Northern Florida Highlands Gadsden County 30 ° 39 ′ 25 '' N 84 ° 41 ′ 28 '' W / 30.657 ° N 84.691 ° W / 30.657 ; - 84.691 ( Mount Pleasant ) Sandy Mountain 295 Northern Florida Highlands Walton County 30 ° 39 ′ 45 '' N 86 ° 17 ′ 02 '' W / 30.6624 ° N 86.284 ° W / 30.6624 ; - 86.284 ( Sandy Mountain ) Mud Hill 285 Northern Florida Highlands Washington County 30 ° 37 ′ 05 '' N 85 ° 37 ′ 13 '' W / 30.61810 ° N 85.62017 ° W / 30.61810 ; - 85.62017 ( Mud Hill ) Hudson Hill 282 Northern Florida Highlands Holmes County 30 ° 51 ′ 28 '' N 85 ° 56 ′ 19 '' W / 30.85784 ° N 85.93856 ° W / 30.85784 ; - 85.93856 ( Hudson Hill ) Sexton Hill 282 Northern Florida Highlands Washington County 30 ° 36 ′ 40 '' N 85 ° 34 ′ 12 '' W / 30.61110 ° N 85.56991 ° W / 30.61110 ; - 85.56991 ( Sexton Hill ) Fox Hill 276 Northern Florida Highlands Walton County 30 ° 49 ′ 26 '' N 86 ° 17 ′ 36 '' W / 30.82387 ° N 86.29327 ° W / 30.82387 ; - 86.29327 ( Fox Hill ) Weaver Hill 276 Northern Florida Highlands Washington County 30 ° 37 ′ 08 '' N 85 ° 38 ′ 16 '' W / 30.61889 ° N 85.63783 ° W / 30.61889 ; - 85.63783 ( Weaver Hill ) Sand Mountain 272 Northern Florida Highlands Washington County 30 ° 33 ′ 33 '' N 85 ° 31 ′ 34 '' W / 30.559167 ° N 85.526111 ° W / 30.559167 ; - 85.526111 ( Sand Mountain ) Unnamed Peak southeast of Brooksville 270 + Brooksville Ridge Hernando County 28 ° 30 ′ 08 '' N 82 ° 21 ′ 38 '' W / 28.50213 ° N 82.36059 ° W / 28.50213 ; - 82.36059 ( Unnamed Peak southeast of Brooksville ) Chinsegut Hill 269 Brooksville Ridge Hernando County 28 ° 37 ′ 09 '' N 82 ° 21 ′ 52 '' W / 28.619158 ° N 82.364537 ° W / 28.619158 ; - 82.364537 ( Chinsegut Hill ) Chalk Hill 269 Northern Florida Highlands Washington County 30 ° 34 ′ 23 '' N 85 ° 33 ′ 30 '' W / 30.57297 ° N 85.55826 ° W / 30.57297 ; - 85.55826 ( Chalk Hill ) Munden Hill 262 Brooksville Ridge Hernando County 28 ° 32 ′ 39 '' N 82 ° 18 ′ 20 '' W / 28.54415 ° N 82.30550 ° W / 28.54415 ; - 82.30550 ( Munden Hill ) Tate Hill 262 Northern Florida Highlands Holmes County 30 ° 51 ′ 30 '' N 85 ° 55 ′ 41 '' W / 30.85829 ° N 85.92819 ° W / 30.85829 ; - 85.92819 ( Tate Hill ) Brownell Hill 259 Northern Florida Highlands Holmes County 30 ° 49 ′ 41 '' N 85 ° 55 ′ 37 '' W / 30.82797 ° N 85.92681 ° W / 30.82797 ; - 85.92681 ( Brownell Hill ) Reynolds Hill 256 Northern Florida Highlands Holmes County 30 ° 50 ′ 29 '' N 85 ° 57 ′ 20 '' W / 30.84150 ° N 85.95555 ° W / 30.84150 ; - 85.95555 ( Reynolds Hill ) Frazee Hill 251 Brooksville Ridge Pasco County 28 ° 23 ′ 47 '' N 82 ° 12 ′ 36 '' W / 28.39627 ° N 82.21006 ° W / 28.39627 ; - 82.21006 ( Frazee Hill ) Bunker Hill 249 Northern Florida Highlands Holmes County 30 ° 47 ′ 45 '' N 85 ° 58 ′ 25 '' W / 30.79597 ° N 85.97360 ° W / 30.79597 ; - 85.97360 ( Bunker Hill ) Corbett Hill 249 Northern Florida Highlands Holmes County 30 ° 58 ′ 18 '' N 85 ° 37 ′ 59 '' W / 30.97157 ° N 85.63318 ° W / 30.97157 ; - 85.63318 ( Corbett Hill ) Le Heup Hill 243 Brooksville Ridge Pasco County 28 ° 18 ′ 49 '' N 82 ° 12 ′ 04 '' W / 28.313523 ° N 82.201174 ° W / 28.313523 ; - 82.201174 ( Le Heup Hill ) Nursery Hill 243 Brooksville Ridge Pasco County 28 ° 19 ′ 03 '' N 82 ° 11 ′ 58 '' W / 28.31746 ° N 82.19935 ° W / 28.31746 ; - 82.19935 ( Nursery Hill ) Murphy Hill 243 Northern Florida Highlands Holmes County 30 ° 58 ′ 24 '' N 85 ° 34 ′ 33 '' W / 30.97330 ° N 85.57594 ° W / 30.97330 ; - 85.57594 ( Murphy Hill ) Ray Hill 240 + Northern Florida Highlands Walton County 30 ° 39 ′ 34 '' N 85 ° 57 ′ 30 '' W / 30.65949 ° N 85.95832 ° W / 30.65949 ; - 85.95832 ( Ray Hill ) Balcom Hill 240 Northern Florida Highlands Holmes County 30 ° 58 ′ 59 '' N 85 ° 33 ′ 47 '' W / 30.98304 ° N 85.56316 ° W / 30.98304 ; - 85.56316 ( Balcom Hill ) Riley Hill 240 Northern Florida Highlands Holmes County 30 ° 58 ′ 32 '' N 85 ° 33 ′ 49 '' W / 30.97562 ° N 85.56367 ° W / 30.97562 ; - 85.56367 ( Riley Hill ) Jackson Hill 236 Northern Florida Highlands Holmes County 30 ° 50 ′ 39 '' N 85 ° 56 ′ 26 '' W / 30.84429 ° N 85.94066 ° W / 30.84429 ; - 85.94066 ( Jackson Hill ) McIntosh Hill 233 Northern Florida Highlands Holmes County 30 ° 56 ′ 48 '' N 85 ° 35 ′ 00 '' W / 30.94663 ° N 85.58341 ° W / 30.94663 ; - 85.58341 ( McIntosh Hill ) Nancy Padgett Hill 233 Northern Florida Highlands Holmes County 30 ° 48 ′ 30 '' N 85 ° 59 ′ 49 '' W / 30.80833 ° N 85.99707 ° W / 30.80833 ; - 85.99707 ( Nancy Padgett Hill ) Citrus County High Point 230 + Brooksville Ridge Citrus County 28 ° 53 ′ 40 '' N 82 ° 26 ′ 41 '' W / 28.894434 ° N 82.444612 ° W / 28.894434 ; - 82.444612 ( Citrus County High Point ) Coates Hill 230 Northern Florida Highlands Holmes County 30 ° 59 ′ 15 '' N 85 ° 41 ′ 16 '' W / 30.98743 ° N 85.68764 ° W / 30.98743 ; - 85.68764 ( Coates Hill ) Marsh Hill 230 Northern Florida Highlands Holmes County 30 ° 56 ′ 41 '' N 85 ° 35 ′ 50 '' W / 30.94463 ° N 85.59715 ° W / 30.94463 ; - 85.59715 ( Marsh Hill ) Texas Hill 230 Northern Florida Highlands Jefferson County 30 ° 33 ′ 24 '' N 83 ° 52 ′ 19 '' W / 30.55653 ° N 83.87184 ° W / 30.55653 ; - 83.87184 ( Texas Hill ) Mount Trashmore 225 N / A , Artificial Broward County 26 ° 17 ′ 01 '' N 80 ° 09 ′ 42 '' W / 26.28349 ° N 80.16166 ° W / 26.28349 ; - 80.16166 ( Mt Trashmore ) Greer Hill 223 Brooksville Ridge Pasco County 28 ° 17 ′ 48 '' N 82 ° 11 ′ 20 '' W / 28.29674 ° N 82.18899 ° W / 28.29674 ; - 82.18899 ( Greer Hill ) Crater Hill 220 Northern Florida Highlands Holmes County 30 ° 56 ′ 52 '' N 85 ° 36 ′ 13 '' W / 30.94780 ° N 85.60367 ° W / 30.94780 ; - 85.60367 ( Crater Hill ) Kirk Hill 213 Brooksville Ridge Hernando County 28 ° 35 ′ 05 '' N 82 ° 18 ′ 27 '' W / 28.58479 ° N 82.30763 ° W / 28.58479 ; - 82.30763 ( Kirk Hill ) Brown Hill 213 Northern Florida Highlands Holmes County 30 ° 58 ′ 20 '' N 85 ° 35 ′ 29 '' W / 30.97230 ° N 85.59142 ° W / 30.97230 ; - 85.59142 ( Brown Hill ) Smothers Hill 213 Northern Florida Highlands Holmes County 30 ° 54 ′ 44 '' N 85 ° 35 ′ 26 '' W / 30.91211 ° N 85.59049 ° W / 30.91211 ; - 85.59049 ( Smothers Hill ) Taylor Hill 213 Northern Florida Highlands Holmes County 30 ° 57 ′ 21 '' N 85 ° 38 ′ 40 '' W / 30.95571 ° N 85.64441 ° W / 30.95571 ; - 85.64441 ( Taylor Hill ) Bailey Hill 210 Brooksville Ridge Hernando County 28 ° 36 ′ 07 '' N 82 ° 28 ′ 44 '' W / 28.60203 ° N 82.47889 ° W / 28.60203 ; - 82.47889 ( Bailey Hill ) Stokes Hill 203 Northern Florida Highlands Holmes County 30 ° 56 ′ 25 '' N 85 ° 36 ′ 43 '' W / 30.94037 ° N 85.61195 ° W / 30.94037 ; - 85.61195 ( Stokes Hill ) Blackburn Hill 200 Northern Florida Highlands Holmes County 30 ° 56 ′ 27 '' N 85 ° 39 ′ 18 '' W / 30.94090 ° N 85.65497 ° W / 30.94090 ; - 85.65497 ( Blackburn Hill ) Sixteenth Hill 200 Northern Florida Highlands Jackson County 30 ° 44 ′ 29 '' N 84 ° 56 ′ 13 '' W / 30.74141 ° N 84.93707 ° W / 30.74141 ; - 84.93707 ( Sixteenth Hill ) Saddle Hill 194 Northern Florida Highlands Holmes County 30 ° 46 ′ 49 '' N 85 ° 55 ′ 17 '' W / 30.78023 ° N 85.92128 ° W / 30.78023 ; - 85.92128 ( Saddle Hill ) Big Hill 190 Northern Florida Highlands Washington County 30 ° 40 ′ 57 '' N 85 ° 46 ′ 28 '' W / 30.68247 ° N 85.77443 ° W / 30.68247 ; - 85.77443 ( Big Hill ) Bunker Hill 186 Lake Wales Ridge Osceola County 28 ° 19 ′ 20 '' N 81 ° 35 ′ 56 '' W / 28.32219 ° N 81.59901 ° W / 28.32219 ; - 81.59901 ( Bunker Hill ) Dykes Hill 184 Northern Florida Highlands Walton County 30 ° 36 ′ 12 '' N 85 ° 58 ′ 33 '' W / 30.60331 ° N 85.97576 ° W / 30.60331 ; - 85.97576 ( Dykes Hill ) McKinnon Hill 184 Northern Florida Highlands Walton County 30 ° 36 ′ 10 '' N 85 ° 57 ′ 30 '' W / 30.60286 ° N 85.95837 ° W / 30.60286 ; - 85.95837 ( McKinnon Hill ) Tucker Hill 180 Brooksville Ridge Hernando County 28 ° 35 ′ 35 '' N 82 ° 17 ′ 49 '' W / 28.59294 ° N 82.29703 ° W / 28.59294 ; - 82.29703 ( Tucker Hill ) Worley Hill 180 Northern Florida Highlands Holmes County 30 ° 53 ′ 12 '' N 85 ° 36 ′ 46 '' W / 30.88665 ° N 85.61269 ° W / 30.88665 ; - 85.61269 ( Worley Hill ) Laurel Hill 177 Northern Florida Highlands Walton County 30 ° 35 ′ 32 '' N 85 ° 55 ′ 48 '' W / 30.59221 ° N 85.93006 ° W / 30.59221 ; - 85.93006 ( Laurel Hill ) Big Hill 174 Northern Florida Highlands Walton County 30 ° 36 ′ 02 '' N 85 ° 57 ′ 02 '' W / 30.60059 ° N 85.95057 ° W / 30.60059 ; - 85.95057 ( Big Hill ) Hudson Hill 174 Northern Florida Highlands Washington County 30 ° 34 ′ 14 '' N 85 ° 40 ′ 53 '' W / 30.57050 ° N 85.68130 ° W / 30.57050 ; - 85.68130 ( Hudson Hill ) Morrison Hill 174 Northern Florida Highlands Holmes County 30 ° 45 ′ 33 '' N 85 ° 57 ′ 30 '' W / 30.75919 ° N 85.95845 ° W / 30.75919 ; - 85.95845 ( Morrison Hill ) Hunter Hill 171 Northern Florida Highlands Walton County 30 ° 36 ′ 04 '' N 85 ° 56 ′ 27 '' W / 30.60105 ° N 85.94092 ° W / 30.60105 ; - 85.94092 ( Hunter Hill ) Nearing Hill 164 Northern Florida Highlands Washington County 30 ° 45 ′ 22 '' N 85 ° 33 ′ 15 '' W / 30.75599 ° N 85.55430 ° W / 30.75599 ; - 85.55430 ( Nearing Hill ) Haddock Hill 161 Northern Florida Highlands Washington County 30 ° 38 ′ 00 '' N 85 ° 39 ′ 30 '' W / 30.63345 ° N 85.65836 ° W / 30.63345 ; - 85.65836 ( Haddock Hill ) Poplar Head Hill 161 Northern Florida Highlands Washington County 30 ° 43 ′ 47 '' N 85 ° 39 ′ 07 '' W / 30.72986 ° N 85.65196 ° W / 30.72986 ; - 85.65196 ( Poplar Head Hill ) Sheep Hill 161 Northern Florida Highlands Holmes County 30 ° 43 ′ 29 '' N 85 ° 55 ′ 03 '' W / 30.72481 ° N 85.91750 ° W / 30.72481 ; - 85.91750 ( Sheep Hill ) Long Pond Hill 154 Northern Florida Highlands Holmes County 30 ° 43 ′ 38 '' N 85 ° 58 ′ 08 '' W / 30.72715 ° N 85.96899 ° W / 30.72715 ; - 85.96899 ( Long Pond Hill ) Sand Hill 154 Northern Florida Highlands Washington County 30 ° 46 ′ 58 '' N 85 ° 32 ′ 56 '' W / 30.78272 ° N 85.54886 ° W / 30.78272 ; - 85.54886 ( Sand Hill ) Reynold Hill 151 Northern Florida Highlands Holmes County 30 ° 54 ′ 09 '' N 85 ° 53 ′ 34 '' W / 30.90246 ° N 85.89269 ° W / 30.90246 ; - 85.89269 ( Reynold Hill ) Saint Paul Hill 148 Northern Florida Highlands Walton County 30 ° 40 ′ 54 '' N 85 ° 56 ′ 32 '' W / 30.68170 ° N 85.94215 ° W / 30.68170 ; - 85.94215 ( Saint Paul Hill ) Scrub Hill 144 Northern Florida Highlands Walton County 30 ° 34 ′ 23 '' N 86 ° 08 ′ 41 '' W / 30.57316 ° N 86.14470 ° W / 30.57316 ; - 86.14470 ( Scrub Hill ) Hickory Hill 131 Northern Florida Highlands Jackson County 30 ° 37 ′ 01 '' N 84 ° 56 ′ 03 '' W / 30.61696 ° N 84.93420 ° W / 30.61696 ; - 84.93420 ( Hickory Hill ) Hicks Hill 131 Northern Florida Highlands Washington County 30 ° 51 ′ 51 '' N 85 ° 35 ′ 13 '' W / 30.86408 ° N 85.58695 ° W / 30.86408 ; - 85.58695 ( Hicks Hill ) Mill Spring Hill 131 Northern Florida Highlands Holmes County 30 ° 50 ′ 59 '' N 85 ° 53 ′ 36 '' W / 30.84965 ° N 85.89340 ° W / 30.84965 ; - 85.89340 ( Mill Spring Hill ) Old Hammock Hill 131 Northern Florida Highlands Holmes County 30 ° 57 ′ 09 '' N 85 ° 40 ′ 51 '' W / 30.95260 ° N 85.68097 ° W / 30.95260 ; - 85.68097 ( Old Hammock Hill ) Steep Hollow Hill 128 Northern Florida Highlands Washington County 30 ° 41 ′ 33 '' N 85 ° 50 ′ 53 '' W / 30.69246 ° N 85.84819 ° W / 30.69246 ; - 85.84819 ( Steep Hollow Hill ) Hogan Hill 108 Northern Florida Highlands Walton County 30 ° 36 ′ 11 '' N 85 ° 56 ′ 01 '' W / 30.60308 ° N 85.93371 ° W / 30.60308 ; - 85.93371 ( Hogan Hill ) Crawford Hill 105 Northern Florida Highlands Walton County 30 ° 35 ′ 45 '' N 85 ° 55 ′ 36 '' W / 30.59587 ° N 85.92665 ° W / 30.59587 ; - 85.92665 ( Crawford Hill ) Bess Nook 92 Northern Florida Highlands Washington County 30 ° 43 ′ 07 '' N 85 ° 44 ′ 03 '' W / 30.71855 ° N 85.73426 ° W / 30.71855 ; - 85.73426 ( Bess Nook ) Skyline Drive 80 Atlantic Coastal Ridge Martin County 27 ° 15 ′ 09 '' N 80 ° 14 ′ 00 '' W / 27.25251 ° N 80.23333 ° W / 27.25251 ; - 80.23333 ( Skyline Drive ) Slaughter Hill 79 Northern Florida Highlands Holmes County 30 ° 51 ′ 46 '' N 85 ° 52 ′ 47 '' W / 30.86271 ° N 85.87971 ° W / 30.86271 ; - 85.87971 ( Slaughter Hill ) Blue Mountain 56 Northern Florida Highlands Walton County 30 ° 20 ′ 50 '' N 86 ° 12 ′ 11 '' W / 30.34736 ° N 86.20315 ° W / 30.34736 ; - 86.20315 ( Blue Mountain ) Red Hill 49 Northern Florida Highlands Liberty County 30 ° 13 ′ 20 '' N 85 ° 03 ′ 59 '' W / 30.22216 ° N 85.06626 ° W / 30.22216 ; - 85.06626 ( Red Hill ) References ( edit ) MountainPeaks.net . Mountainpeaks.net , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 29 . Notes : All Northern Florida Highlands peaks and Brooksville Ridge peaks except Citrus County High Point , Frazee Hill , Oak Hill , Pasco County High Point ( Unnamed peak near Jessamine Lake Northeast ) , and Unnamed Peak southeast of Brooksville MountainZone . Mountainzone.com , 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 30 . Notes : All Northern Florida Highlands peaks and Brooksville Ridge peaks except Citrus County High Point , Frazee Hill , Oak Hill , Pasco County High Point ( Unnamed peak near Jessamine Lake Northeast ) , and Unnamed Peak southeast of Brooksville Peakbagger . Peakbagger.com , November , 2004 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 30 . Notes : Polk County High Point , Unnamed Peak south of Camp Lake , Sugarloaf Mountain , Pasco County High Point ( Unnamed peak near Jessamine Lake Northeast ) , Citrus County High Point , and Oak Hill Topoquest . Topoquest.com , 2008 - 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 31 . Notes : Frazee Hill , Unnamed Peak southeast of Brooksville , and Unnamed Peak east of Jacks Lake Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Florida%27s_highest_points&oldid=826380343 '' Categories : Hills of Florida Lists of landforms of Florida Lists of highest points in the United States by state Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 20 : 05 . About Wikipedia	what is the highest mountain in florida and how high is it	[]	[]
2349370984733559352	Reserve Bank of India: Working and Functions	Reserve bank of India : working and functions - Wikipedia Reserve bank of India : working and functions Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that this article be merged with Reserve Bank of India . ( Discuss ) Proposed since January 2017 . RBI - Tower in Mumbai Reserve Bank of India is India 's central bank , headquartered at Bombay . Central bank of a country execute multiple functions such as overseeing monetary policy , issuing currency , managing foreign exchange , working as a bank of government and as banker of scheduled commercial banks , etc . It also works for overall economic growth of the country . The Reserve Bank of India was established in 1935 with the provision of Reserve Bank of India Act , 1934 . Though privately owned initially , it was nationalised in 1949 and since then fully owned by Government of India ( GoI ) . The preamble of the Reserve Bank of India describes it main functions as : ... to regulate the issue of Bank Notes and keeping of reserves with a view to securing monetary stability in India and generally to operate the currency and credit system of the country to its advantage . Contents ( hide ) 1 Issuer of Currency 1.1 Exchanging old notes 2 Cash Crunch and Affects 2.1 Banker and Debt Manager to Government 2.2 Banker 's bank and supervisor 2.3 Regulator of the Banking System 2.4 Manager of Foreign Exchange 2.5 Regulator and Supervisor of the Payment and Settlement Systems 2.6 Developmental Role 3 Monetary Policy 3.1 Quantitative Tools 3.1. 1 Reserve Ratios 3.1. 1.1 Statutory Liquidity Ratio ( SLR ) 3.1. 1.2 Cash Reserve Ratio ( CRR ) 3.1. 2 Open Market Operation ( OMO ) 3.1. 3 Policy Rates 3.1. 3.1 Bank Rate 3.1. 3.2 Liquidity Adjustment Facility ( LAF ) 3.1. 3.2. 1 Repo Rate 3.1. 3.2. 2 Reverse Repo Rate 3.1. 3.3 Marginal Standing Facility ( MSF ) 3.2 Qualitative Tools 3.2. 1 Margin Requirements or LTV 3.2. 2 Selective credit control 3.2. 3 Moral Suasion 3.3 Limitations of Monetary Policy 4 References 5 External links Issuer of currency ( edit ) Reserve bank of India is the sole body who is authorized to issue currency in India . While coins and one rupee notes are minted by Government of India ( GoI ) , the RBI works as an agent of GoI for distributing and handling of coins . RBI also works to prevent counterfeiting of currency by regularly upgrading security features of currency . For printing currency , RBI has four facilities at Dewas , Nasik , Mysore and Salboni . The RBI is authorized to issue notes up to value of Rupees ten thousands and coin up to one thousands . New notes of Rupees 500 and 2000 have been issued on 8th Nov 2016 . The old series note of Rupees 1000 and 500 are considered illegal and just paper from midnight on 8 November 2016 . earlier 5000 notes have been discarded by RBI . Exchanging old notes ( edit ) This section reads like a press release or a news article or is entirely based on routine coverage . Please expand this article with properly sourced content to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards , event notability guideline , or encyclopedic content policy . ( December 2016 ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( November 2016 ) People gathered at ATM of Axis Bank in Mehsana , Gujarat to withdraw cash following deposit of demonetised currency notes in bank on 15 November 2016 . The Reserve Bank of India laid down a detailed procedure for the exchange of the demonetised banknotes with new ₹ 500 and ₹ 2,000 banknotes of the Mahatma Gandhi New Series and ₹ 100 banknotes of the preceding Mahatma Gandhi Series . Following are the key points : Long queue in front of SBI ATM at Paravur near the city of Kollam in Kerala , 19th November 2016 . Citizens will have until 30 December 2016 to tender their old banknotes at any office of the RBI or any bank branch and credit the value into their respective bank accounts . Cash withdrawals from bank accounts were restricted to ₹ 10,000 per day and ₹ 20,000 per week per account from 10 to 13 November 2016 . This limit was increased to ₹ 24,000 per week from 14 November . For immediate cash needs , the old banknotes could be exchanged for the new ₹ 500 and ₹ 2,000 banknotes as well as ₹ 100 banknotes over the counter of bank branches by filling up a requisition form along with a valid ID proof . It was announced that this facility would be available until 30 December 2016 . Initially , the limit was fixed at ₹ 4,000 per person from 8 to 13 November 2016 . This limit was increased to ₹ 4,500 per person from 14 to 17 November 2016 . The limit was reduced to ₹ 2,000 per person from 18 November 2016 . All exchange of banknotes was abruptly stopped from 25 November 2016 . Initially , all ATMs were dispensing banknotes of only ₹ 50 and ₹ 100 denominations and cash withdrawals from ATMs were restricted to ₹ 2000 per day . From 14 November onwards , ATMs recalibrated to dispense new ₹ 500 and ₹ 2000 notes will allow a maximum withdrawal of ₹ 2,500 per day , while other ATMs dispensing banknotes of only ₹ 50 and ₹ 100 denominations will allow a maximum withdrawal of ₹ 2000 per day . However , exceptions were given to petrol , CNG and gas stations , government hospitals , railway and airline booking counters , state - government recognised dairies and ration stores , and crematoriums to accept the old ₹ 500 and ₹ 1,000 banknotes until 11 November 2016 , which was later extended to 14 November 2016 and once again to 24 November 2016 . International airports were also instructed to facilitate an exchange of notes amounting to a total value of ₹ 5,000 for foreign tourists and out - bound passengers . Under the revised guidelines issued on 17 November 2016 , families were allowed to withdraw ₹ 250,000 for wedding expenses from one account provided it was KYC compliant . The rules were also changed for farmers who are permitted to withdraw ₹ 25,000 per week from their accounts against crop loan . Cash crunch and affects ( edit ) Queue at an ATM for ₹ 100 banknotes in Howrah , on 8 November 2016 , 22 : 23 ( IST ) People queue outside a private bank to deposit and exchange old ₹ 500 and ₹ 1000 banknotes in Kolkata on 10 November 2016 . The scarcity of cash due to demonetisation led to chaos , and most people holding old banknotes faced difficulties exchanging them due to endless lines outside banks and ATMs across India , which became a daily routine for millions of people waiting to deposit or exchange the ₹ 500 and ₹ 1000 banknotes since 9 November . ATMs were running out of cash after a few hours of being functional , and around half the ATMs in the country were non-functional . Sporadic violence was reported in New Delhi , but there were no reports of any grievous injury , people attacked bank premises and ATMs , and a ration shop was looted in Madhya Pradesh after the shop owner refused to accept ₹ 500 banknotes . Banker and debt manager to government ( edit ) Just like individuals need a bank to carry out their financial transactions effectively & efficiently , Governments also need a bank to carry out their financial transactions . RBI serves this purpose for the Government of India ( GoI ) . As a banker to the GoI , RBI maintains its accounts , receive payments into & make payments out of these accounts . RBI also helps GoI to raise money from public via issuing bonds and government approved securities . Banker 's bank and supervisor ( edit ) RBI also works as banker to all the scheduled commercial banks . All the banks in India maintain accounts with RBI which helps them in clearing & settling inter bank transactions and customer transactions smoothly & swiftly . Maintaining accounts with RBI help banks to maintain statutory reserve requirements . RBI also acts as lender of last resort for all the banks . Regulator of the banking system ( edit ) RBI has the responsibility of regulating the nation 's financial system . As a regulator and supervisor of the Indian banking system it ensures financial stability & public confidence in the banking system . RBI uses methods like On - site inspections , off - site surveillance , scrutiny & periodic meetings to supervise new bank licenses , setting capital requirements and regulating interest rates in specific areas . RBI is currently focused on implementing Basel III norms . Manager of foreign exchange ( edit ) With increasing integration of the Indian economy with the global economy arising from greater trade and capital flows , the foreign exchange market has evolved as a key segment of the Indian financial market and RBI has an important role to play in regulating & managing this segment . RBI manages forex and gold reserves of the nation . On a given day , the foreign exchange rate reflects the demand for and supply of foreign exchange arising from trade and capital transactions . The RBI 's Financial Markets Department ( FMD ) participates in the foreign exchange market by undertaking sales / purchases of foreign currency to ease volatility in periods of excess demand for / supply of foreign currency . Regulator and supervisor of the payment and settlement systems ( edit ) Payment and settlement systems play an important role in improving overall economic efficiency . The Payment and Settlement Systems Act of 2007 ( PSS Act ) gives the Reserve Bank oversight authority , including regulation and supervision , for the payment and settlement systems in the country . In this role , the RBI focuses on the development and functioning of safe , secure and efficient payment and settlement mechanisms . Two payment systems National Electronic Fund Transfer ( NEFT ) and Real Time Gross Settlement ( RTGS ) allow individuals , companies and firms to transfer funds from one bank to another . These facilities can only be used for transferring money within the country . NEFT operates on a deferred net settlement ( DNS ) basis and settles transactions in batches . The settlement takes place for all transactions received till a particular cut - off time . It operates in hourly batches -- there are 12 settlements from 8 am to 7 pm on weekdays and SIX between 8 am and 1 pm on Saturdays . Any transaction initiated after the designated time would have to wait till the next settlement time . In RTGS , transactions are processed continuously , all through the business hours . RBI 's settlement time is 9 am to 4 : 30 pm on weekdays and 9 am to 2 : 00 pm on Saturdays . Developmental role ( edit ) This is one of the most critical role RBI plays in building the country 's financial structure . Key tools in this effort include Priority Sector Lending such as agriculture , micro and small enterprises ( MSE ) , housing and education . RBI work towards strengthening and supporting small local banks and encourage banks to open branches in rural areas to include large section of society in banking net . Monetary Policy ( edit ) Monetary Policy refers to the process employed by Central bank of the country to control availability & cost of currency and thus keeping Inflation & Deflation low and stable . The central bank does so by using various tools . Broadly these tools can be categorized in two parts as Quantitative & Qualitative tools . Quantitative tools ( edit ) Quantitative tools refer to reserve ratios . Reserve ratios ( edit ) Reserve ratios are the share of net demand & time liabilities ( NDTL ) which banks have to keep aside to ensure that they have sufficient cash to cover customer withdrawals . There are two types of reserve ratios . Statutory liquidity ratio ( SLR ) ( edit ) The share of net demand and time liabilities that banks must maintain in safe and liquid assets , such as government securities , cash and gold . The RBI has cut the SLR by 50 basis point to 20 % in June 2017 . Cash Reserve ratio ( CRR ) ( edit ) The share of net demand and time liabilities that banks must maintain as cash with RBI . The RBI has set CRR at 4 % . So if a bank has 200 Crore of NDTL then it has to keep Rs. 8 Crore in cash with RBI . RBI pays no interest on CRR . Let 's assume economy is showing inflationary trends & RBI wants to control this situation by adjusting SLR & CRR . If RBI increases SLR to 50 % and CRR to 20 % then bank will be left only with Rs. 60 crore for operations . Now it will be very difficult for bank to maintain profitability with such small capital . Bank will be left with no choice but to raise interest rate which will make borrowing costly . This will in turn reduce the overall demand & hence price will come down eventually . Open market operation ( omo ) ( edit ) Open market operation is the activity of buying and selling of government securities in open market to control the supply of money in banking system . When there is excess supply of money , central bank sells government securities thereby sucking out excess liquidity . Similarly , when liquidity is tight , RBI will buy government securities and thereby inject money supply into the economy . Policy rates ( edit ) Policy rates are various interest rate which RBI uses to control money supply in India . Repo Rate is often called as key policy rate in India as all the other rates can be derived from repo rate . Bank rate ( edit ) When banks want to borrow long term funds from RBI , it is the interest rate which RBI charges to them . It is currently set to 6.75 % ( Fourth Bi-monthly Monetary Policy Statement , 2015 -- 16 ) . The bank rate is not used to control money supply these days . Although penal rates are linked to bank rate . If a bank fails to keep SLR or CRR then RBI will impose penalty & it will be 300 basis points above bank rate . Liquidity Adjustment facility ( LAF ) ( edit ) Liquidity Adjustment facility was introduced in 2000 . LAF is a facility provided by the Reserve Bank of India to scheduled commercial banks to avail of liquidity in case of need or to park excess funds with the RBI on an overnight basis against the collateral of Government securities . RBI accept application for a minimum amount of Rs. 5 crore and in multiples of Rs. 5 crore thereafter . LAF enables liquidity management on a day - to - day basis . The operations of LAF are conducted by way of repurchase agreements called Repos & Reverse Repos . Repo rate ( edit ) If banks want to borrow money ( for short term , usually overnight ) from RBI then banks have to charge this interest rate . currently , Repo rate is set to 6 % w.e.f 9 August 2017 . Banks have to pledge government securities as collateral . This kind of deal happens through a re_purchase agreement . If a bank wants to borrow Rs. 100 crores , it has to provide government securities at least worth Rs. 100 crore ( could be more because of margin requirement which is 5 % - 10 % of loan amount ) and agree to repurchase them at Rs. 106.75 crore at the end of borrowing period . So the bank has paid Rs. 6.75 crore as interest . This is the reason it is called repo rate . The government securities which are provided by banks as collateral can not come from SLR quota ( otherwise the SLR will go below 21.5 % of NDTL and attract penalty ) . Banks have to provide these securities additionally . To curb inflation , RBI increases Repo rate which will make borrowing costly for banks . Banks will pass this increased cost to their customers which make borrowing costly in whole economy . Fewer people will apply for loan and aggregate demand will get reduced . This will result in inflation coming down . RBI does the opposite to fight deflation . Although when RBI reduce Repo rate , banks are not legally required to reduce their base rate . Reverse Repo Rate ( edit ) As the name suggest , reverse repo rate is just the opposite of repo rate . If a bank has surplus money , they can park this excess liquidity with RBI and central bank will pay interest on this . This interest rate is called reverse repo rate & it is set to 50 basis point ( post April 2016 ) below repo rate . So if Repo rate is set to 8 % reverse repo rate will be 7.5 %. At present , reverse repo rate is 6 % . Fourth Bi-monthly Monetary Policy Statement , 2015 -- 16 Marginal standing facility ( MSF ) ( edit ) This scheme was introduced in May , 2011 and all the scheduled commercial bank can participate in this scheme . Banks can borrow up to 2.5 % percent of their respective Net Demand and Time Liabilities . RBI receive application under this facility for a minimum amount of Rs . One crore and in multiples of Rs . One crore thereafter . The important difference with repo rate is that bank can pledge government securities from SLR quota ( up to one percent ) . So even if SLR goes below 20.5 % ( RBI / 2014 - 15 / 445 DBR. Ret. BC. 70 / 12.02. 001 / 2014 - 15 , dt. 16.10. 2016 ) by pledging SLR quota securities under MSF , bank will not have to pay any penalty . The MSF rate is set to 100 basis point above bank rate and currently is at 6.50 % as of 1.6. 17 . Qualitative tools ( edit ) Margin requirements or LTV ( edit ) Loan to Value is the ratio of loan amount to the actual value of asset purchased . RBI regulates this ratio so as to control the amount bank can lend to its customers . For example , if an individual wants to buy a car from borrowed money and the car value is Rs. 10 Lac , he can only avail a loan amount of Rs. 7 Lac if the LTV is set to 70 % . RBI can decrease or increase to curb inflation or deflation respectively . Selective credit control ( edit ) Under this measure , RBI can specifically instruct banks not to give loans to traders of certain commodities e.g. sugar , edible oil etc . This prevents speculations / hoarding of commodities using money borrowed from banks . Moral suasion ( edit ) Under this measure RBI try to persuade bank through meetings , conferences , media statements to do specific things under certain economic trends . For example , when RBI reduces repo rate , it asks banks to reduce their base rate as well . Another example of this measure is to ask banks to reduce their Non-performing assets ( NPAs ) . Limitations of monetary Policy ( edit ) In developing countries like India , Monetary Policy fails to show immediate or no results because of below factors : People do not employ alternative investment options . A large section of society still depends on saving accounts , fixed deposits , Public Provident Fund for investment . Commercial banks have large deposits . RBI is not the main or even prominent money supplier for these banks . So whatever monetary action central bank takes has little or late impact on the economy . Many people in rural areas are out of banking net and whatever RBI does has no impact on their financial activities . Monsoon uncertainty adversely affects food production and thereby cause food inflation . Monetary Policy has no impact on food inflation . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/OccasionalPublications.aspx?head=Reserve%20Bank%20of%20India%20Act ^ Jump up to : `` Finance Ministry has reviewed the position regarding availability and distribution of all denominations of bank notes '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Finance , Government of India . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Withdrawal of Legal Tender Character of existing ₹ 500 / - and ₹ 1000 / - Bank Notes -- Revision in limits '' . Reserve Bank of India . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Central Government takes several decisions to facilitate farmers , small traders , Group ' C ' Employees of Central Government including equivalent levels in the Defence and Para Military Forces , Railways and Central Public Sector Enterprises in the aftermath of the cancellation of the legal tender character of the old Rs. 500 and Rs. 1000 notes ; Also decides to reduce the limit of exchange of old Rs. 500 / - and Rs. 1000 / - notes across the counter in banks from Rs. 4500 / - to Rs. 2000 / - with effect from 18th November , 2016 . '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Finance , Government of India . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . Jump up ^ http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/pm-modi-said-exchange-limit-to-be-hiked-after-november-24-exchange-stopped-4393985/ Jump up ^ `` ATMs -- Non-dispensing of Old High Denomination Notes -- Closure of operations '' . Reserve Bank of India . 8 November 2016 . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Govt extends old notes exemption deadline to midnight Nov 24 '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FAQs on Withdrawal of Legal Tender Character of the existing Bank Notes in the denominations of ₹ 500 / - and ₹ 1000 / - '' . Reserve Bank of India . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Outlets that will accept Rs 1,000 and Rs 500 notes in next 72 hours '' . The Economic Times . 8 November 2016 . Retrieved 9 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Demonetisation rule modified , families can withdraw Rs 2.5 lakh for weddings from one account '' . India Today . 17 November 2016 . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` India demonetisation : Chaos as ATMs run dry '' . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 9 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Demonetisation : Chaos grows , queues get longer at banks , ATMs on weekend '' . 12 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` India : Demonetisation takes its toll on the poor '' . Al Jazeera. 16 November 2016 . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Queues get longer at banks , ATMs on weekend '' . The Hindu . 12 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Demonetisation : Sporadic violence in Delhi , cops receive 4.5 K calls '' . New Indian Express . Jump up ^ `` Unrest erupts in UP towns as cashless crowds vent ire on bank staff -- Times of India '' . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` In western UP , violence marks day 13 of demonetisation -- Times of India '' . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Demonetisation effect : ATM vandalism on rise '' . 18 November 2016 . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Demonetisation : Angry customers break bank 's glass door in Kollam '' . The Indian Express . 12 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Reporter , Staff ( 13 November 2016 ) . `` No cash : ' frustrated ' man smashes ATM glass wall '' . The Hindu . Jump up ^ `` Hid in Washroom For an Hour : Official After Attack at IDBI Bank '' . Jump up ^ `` Villagers loot fair price shop after dealer refuses scrapped banknotes '' . Hindustan Times . 12 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nerves snap in long cash wait , shop looted '' . Jump up ^ `` Villagers looted ration shops in Madhya Pradesh after the shop owner refused to accept old notes '' . Jump up ^ `` Demonetisation Fallout : Cashless Villagers Loot PDS Shop in MP 's Chhatarpur Village '' . 12 November 2016 . Jump up ^ http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Publications/PDFs/86706.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/FAQView.aspx?Id=60 Jump up ^ http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/FAQView.aspx?Id=65 Jump up ^ http://www.rbi.org.in/home.aspx Jump up ^ https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/NotificationUser.aspx?Id=8248&Mode=0 Jump up ^ Monetary policy of India External links ( edit ) FAQ answers and Guidelines on Reserve Bank of India What the FAQ just happened ! 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-7389728563150416899	Demonym	Demonym - wikipedia Demonym Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A demonym ( / ˈdɛmənɪm / ; δῆμος dẽmos `` people , tribe '' , ὄνομα ónoma `` name '' ) is a word that identifies residents or natives of a particular place , which is derived from the name of that particular place . It is a neologism ( i.e. , a recently minted term ) ; previously gentilic was recorded in English dictionaries , e.g. , the Oxford English Dictionary and Chambers Twentieth Century Dictionary . Examples of demonyms include a Swahili for a person of the Swahili coast , the colloquial Kiwi for a person from New Zealand , and a Cochabambino for a person from the city of Cochabamba . Demonyms do not always clearly distinguish place of origin or ethnicity from place of residence or citizenship , and many demonyms overlap with the ethnonym for the ethnically dominant group of a region . Thus a Thai may be any resident or citizen of Thailand of any ethnic group , or more narrowly a member of the Thai people . Conversely , some groups of people may be associated with multiple demonyms . For example , a native of the United Kingdom may be called a British person , a Briton or , informally , a Brit . In some languages , when a parallel demonym does not exist , a demonym is borrowed from another language as a nickname or descriptive adjective of a group of people . In English , demonyms are capitalized and are often the same as the adjectival form of the place , e.g. Egyptian , Japanese , or Greek . Significant exceptions exist ; for instance the adjectival form of Spain is `` Spanish '' , but the demonym is `` Spaniard '' . English commonly uses national demonyms such as `` Ethiopian '' or `` Guatemalan '' and more local demonyms such as `` Chicagoan '' , `` Wisconsinite '' , or `` Parisian '' . Some places , especially smaller towns and cities , lack a commonly used and accepted demonym . For the converse of demonym , see List of places named after people . See also : List of political movements named after dates Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Suffixation 2.1 - ( a ) n 2.1. 1 Continents 2.1. 2 Countries 2.1. 3 States and provinces 2.1. 4 Cities 2.2 - ian 2.2. 1 Countries 2.2. 2 States , provinces , counties , and cities 2.3 - anian 2.4 - nian 2.5 - in ( e ) 2.6 - a ( ñ / n ) o / a , - e ( ñ / n ) o / a , or - i ( ñ / n ) o / a 2.6. 1 Countries and regions 2.6. 2 Cities 2.7 - ite 2.8 - ( e ) r 2.9 - ish 2.10 - ene 2.11 - ensian 2.12 - ard 2.13 - ese , - lese , - vese , or - nese 2.14 - i ( e ) 2.15 - ic 2.16 - iot ( e ) 2.17 - asque 2.18 - ( we ) gian 2.19 - onian 2.20 - vian 2.21 - san 2.22 - ois ( e ) , - ais ( e ) 2.23 From Latin or Latinization 3 Prefixation 3.1 Cities 4 Not derived from the name 4.1 Formal 4.2 Informal 5 Ethnic demonyms 6 Fiction 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Notes 9 External links Etymology ( edit ) The word gentilic comes from the Latin gentilis ( `` of a clan , or gens '' ) and the English suffix - ic . The word demonym was derived from the Greek word meaning `` populace '' ( δῆμος demos ) with the suffix for `` name '' ( - onym ) . National Geographic attributes the term `` demonym '' to Merriam - Webster editor Paul Dickson in a recent work from 1990 . The word did not appear for nouns , adjectives , and verbs derived from geographical names in the Merriam - Webster Collegiate Dictionary nor in prominent style manuals such as the Chicago Manual of Style . It was subsequently popularized in this sense in 1997 by Dickson in his book Labels for Locals . However , in What Do You Call a Person From ... ? A Dictionary of Resident Names ( the first edition of Labels for Locals ) Dickson attributed the term to George H. Scheetz , in his Names ' Names : A Descriptive and Prescriptive Onymicon ( 1988 ) , which is apparently where the term first appears . The term may have been fashioned after demonymic , which the Oxford English Dictionary defines as the name of an Athenian citizen according to the deme to which the citizen belongs , with its first use traced to 1893 . Suffixation ( edit ) Several linguistic elements are used to create demonyms in the English language . The most common is to add a suffix to the end of the location name , slightly modified in some instances . These may resemble Late Latin , Semitic , Celtic , or Germanic suffixes , such as : - ( a ) n ( edit ) Continents ( edit ) Africa → African Asia → Asian Australia → Australian Europe → European North America → North American South America → South American Countries ( edit ) Albania → Albanian Algeria → Algerian Andorra → Andorran Angola → Angolan Antigua → Antiguan Argentina → Argentinean Armenia → Armenian Assyria → Assyrian Australia → Australian Austria → Austrian Barbuda → Barbudan Belize → Belizean Bolivia → Bolivian Bosnia → Bosnian Brunei → Bruneian Bulgaria → Bulgarian Canada → Canadian Cayman Islands → Caymanian Chile → Chilean Colombia → Colombian Costa Rica → Costa Rican Croatia → Croatian Cuba → Cuban Dominica → Dominican Dominican Republic → Dominican El Salvador → Salvadoran Eritrea → Eritrean Estonia → Estonian Ethiopia → Ethiopian Fiji → Fijian Gambia → Gambian Gaza → Gazan Georgia → Georgian Germany → German Guatemala → Guatemalan Guinea → Guinean Haiti → Haitian Honduras → Honduran Hungary → Hungarian India → Indian Indonesia → Indonesian Ivory Coast → Ivorian Jamaica → Jamaican Kenya → Kenyan Korea ( North ) → North Korean Korea ( South ) → South Korean Latvia → Latvian Liberia → Liberian Libya → Libyan Lithuania → Lithuanian Macedonia → Macedonian Malawi → Malawian Malaysia → Malaysian Mali → Malian Man , Isle of → ManxMan Mauritania → Mauritanian Mauritius → Mauritian Mexico → Mexican Micronesia → Micronesian Moldova → Moldovan Mongolia → Mongolian ( also `` Mongol '' ) Morocco → Moroccan Mozambique → Mozambican Namibia → Namibian Nauru → Nauruan Nicaragua → Nicaraguan Nigeria → Nigerian Palau → Palauan Palestine → Palestinian Papua New Guinea → Papua New Guinean Paraguay → Paraguayan Persia → Persian Peru → Peruvian Romania → Romanian Russia → Russian Rwanda → Rwandan ( also `` Rwandese '' ) Saint Lucia → Saint Lucian Saint Vincent and the Grenadines → Vincentian Samoa → Samoan Saudi Arabia → Saudi Arabian ( also `` Saudi '' ) Serbia → Serbian Sierra Leone → Sierra Leonean Singapore → Singaporean Slovakia → Slovakian ( also `` Slovak '' ) Slovenia → Slovenian ( also `` Slovene '' ) South Africa → South African Sri Lanka → Sri Lankan St. Kitts and Nevis → Kittitian or Nevisian Syria → Syrian Lebanon → Lebanese Tanzania → Tanzanian Tonga → Tongan Tunisia → Tunisian Tuvalu → Tuvaluan Uganda → Ugandan United States of America → American Uruguay → Uruguayan Venezuela → Venezuelan Zambia → Zambian Zimbabwe → Zimbabwean States and provinces ( edit ) Alaska → Alaskan Alberta → Albertan Andalusia → Andalusian Arizona → Arizonan Arkansas → Arkansan Asturias → Asturian Bavaria → Bavarian Bohemia → Bohemian Borneo → Bornean British Columbia → British Columbian California → Californian Cantabria → Cantabrian Carinthia → Carinthian Colorado → Coloradan Corsica → Corsican Crete → Cretan Crimea → Crimean Dalmatia → Dalmatian Delaware → Delawarean Extremadura → Extremaduran Florida → Floridan ( more commonly `` Floridian '' below ) Galicia → Galician Galilee → Galilean Georgia → Georgian Hawaiʻi → Hawaiian Hebrides → Hebridean Idaho → Idahoan Illinois → Illinoisan Indiana → Hoosier Iowa → Iowan Java → Javan ( also `` Javanese '' ) Johor → Johorean Judea → Judean Kansas → Kansan Karelia → Karelian Kedah → Kedahan Kelantan → Kelantanese Liguria → Ligurian Louisiana → Louisianan ( also `` Louisianian '' ) Madeira → Madeiran Malacca → Malaccan Majorca → Majorcan Manitoba → Manitoban Masuria → Masurian Michigan → Michigander Minnesota → Minnesotan Menorca → Menorcan Mississippi → Mississippian Missouri → Missourian Moluccas → Moluccan Montana → Montanan Moravia → Moravian Nebraska → Nebraskan Negeri Sembilan → Negeri Sembilanese Nevada → Nevadan New Brunswick → New Brunswicker New Hampshire → New Hampshirite New Jersey → New Jerseyan New Mexico → New Mexican North Carolina → North Carolinian ( also `` Carolinian '' , see also South Carolina below ) North Dakota → North Dakotan Nova Scotia → Nova Scotian Ohio → Ohioan Oklahoma → Oklahoman Ontario → Ontarian Oregon → Oregonian Papua → Papuan Pahang → Pahangese , Pahangite Patagonia → Patagonian Perlis → Perlisian Perak → Perakian Penang → Penangite Pennsylvania → Pennsylvanian Pomerania → Pomeranian Puerto Rico → Puerto Rican Samogitia → Samogitian Sabah → Sabahan Sardinia → Sardinian Sarawak → Sarawakian Silesia → Silesian South Australia → South Australian South Dakota → South Dakotan Styria → Styrian Sumatra → Sumatran Tahiti → Tahitian Tasmania → Tasmanian Tennessee → Tennesseean Terengganu → Terengganuan , Terengganurian Texas → Texan Thuringia → Thuringian Transylvania → Transylvanian Umbria → Umbrian Utah → Utahn Victoria → Victorian Virginia → Virginian Wake Island → Wakean Wallachia → Wallachian Western Australia → Western Australian ( informally , Westralian ) West Papua → West Papuan Westphalia → Westphalian Yukon → Yukonian Cities ( edit ) Alexandria → Alexandrian Annapolis → Annapolitan Atlanta → Atlantan Austin → Austinite Baltimore → Baltimorean Bogotá → Bogotan Canberra → Canberran Cape Town - Capetonian Charlotte → Charlottean Chicago → Chicagoan Cincinnati → Cincinnatian El Paso → El Pasoan , El Paseño Glasgow → Glaswegian Hanoi → Hanoian Houston → Houstonian Indianapolis → Indianapolitan Jakarta → Jakartan Kalamazoo → Kalamazooan Kiev → Kievan Kolkata → Calcuttan Las Vegas → Las Vegan Lancaster → Lancastrian Liverpool → Liverpudlian London → Londoner Manchester → Mancunian Miami → Miamian Minneapolis → Minneapolitan New York City → New Yorker Oklahoma City → Oklahoma Cityan Ottawa → Ottawan Philadelphia → Philadelphian Phoenix → Phoenician Paris → Parisian Pisa → Pisan Regina → Reginan Riga → Rigan Rome → Roman San Antonio → San Antonian San Diego → San Diegan San Francisco → San Franciscan San Jose → San Josean Sarasota → Sarasotan Sioux City → Sioux Cityan Springville → Springvillian Sofia → Sofian St. Louis → St. Louisan Thebes → Theban Toledo , Ohio → Toledoan Toronto → Torontonian Tucson → Tucsonan Tulsa → Tulsan Valencia → Valencian Vilnius → Vilnian Yuma → Yuman - ian ( edit ) Countries ( edit ) Argentina → Argentinian ( also `` Argentine '' , also `` Argentinean '' ) Azerbaijan → Azerbaijanian ( also `` Azarbaijani '' ) Bahamas → Bahamian Barbados → Barbadian ( also `` Bajan '' ) Belarus → Belarusian Belgium → Belgian Bermuda → Bermudian Brazil → Brazilian Cameroon → Cameroonian Canada → Canadian ( or `` Canadien '' ( feminine `` Canadienne '' ) in French ) Cayman Islands → Caymanian Chad → Chadian Comoros → Comorian Croatia → Croatian Ecuador → Ecuadorian Edmonton → Edmontonian Egypt → Egyptian Ghana → Ghanaian Grenada → Grenadian Hungary → Hungarian India → Indian Iran → Iranian Italy → Italian Jordan → Jordanian Laos → Laotian Maldives → Maldivian Mongolia → Mongolian ( ethnic demonym `` Mongol '' ) Palestine → Palestinian Saint Vincent → Vincentian Serbia → Serbian ( ethnic demonym `` Serb '' ) Slovakia → Slovakian ( ethnic demonym `` Slovak '' ) Slovenia → Slovenian ( ethnic demonym `` Slovene '' ) Trinidad → Trinidadian Ukraine → Ukrainian States , provinces , counties , and cities ( edit ) Adelaide → Adelaidian Alabama → Alabamian Athens → Athenian Ballarat → Ballaratian Birmingham , Alabama → Birminghamian Blackburn → Blackburnian Blackpool → Blackpudlian Bangkok → Bangkokian Boston → Bostonian Brisbane → Brisbanian ( also `` Brisbanite '' ) Bristol → Bristolian Burgundy → Burgundian Calgary → Calgarian Canary Islands → Canarian Canterbury , New Zealand → Cantabrian Cardiff → Cardiffian Castile → Castilian Chelmsford → Chelmsfordian Chittagong → Chittagonian Christchurch → Christchurchian ( also `` Christchurcher '' ) Corinth → Corinthian Coventry → Coventrian Cumbria → Cumbrian Dayton → Daytonian Devon → Devonian Duluth → Duluthian Edmonton → Edmontonian Florida → Floridian Fort Worth → Fort Worthian Fredericton → Frederictonian Gibraltar → Gibraltarian Greenville → Greenvillian Hamilton → Hamiltonian Harrow → Harrovian Hartlepool → Hartlepudlian Hereford → Herefordian Hesse → Hessian Hobart → Hobartian Houston → Houstonian Isles of Scilly → Scillonian Iowa City → Iowa Citian Jessup → Jessupian Kansas City → Kansas Citian Kentucky → Kentuckian Kingston → Kingstonian Lancashire → Lancastrian Lancaster → Lancastrian Lethbridge → Lethbridgian Liverpool → Liverpudlian ( also , though insulting and a negative term `` Scouser '' ) Louisiana → Louisianian ( also `` Louisianan '' ) Louisville → Louisvillian Madrid → Madrilenian Maharashtra → Maharashtrian McKinney → McKinnian Melbourne → Melburnian Memphis → Memphian Michigan → Michiganian or Michigander Nelson → Nelsonian New Guinea → New Guinian New Orleans → New Orleanian North Carolina → North Carolinian Northern Territory → Territorian Oregon → Oregonian Paris → Parisian Peterborough → Peterborian Phoenix → Phoenician Plymouth → Plymothian Port Harcourt → Harcourtian Preston , Lancashire → Prestonian Prince George 's County → Prince Georgian Rivers State → Riverian Saskatchewan → Saskatchewanian Saskatoon → Saskatonian Savannah → Savannahian Sicily → Sicilian Solihull → Silhillian South Carolina → South Carolinian Swindon → Swindonian Tel Aviv , Israel → Tel Avivian Thrace → Thracian Towcester → Towcestrian Washington → Washingtonian Wellington → Wellingtonian Wilmington → Wilmingtonian - anian ( edit ) Guam → Guamanian - nian ( edit ) Bendigo → Bendigonian Buffalo → Buffalonian Manchester ( UK ) → Mancunian Panama → Panamanian Sligo → Sligonian Tampa → Tampanian Tobago → Tobagonian Toronto → Torontonian Torquay → Torquinian Trinidad & Tobago → Trinbagonian - in ( e ) ( edit ) Argentina → Argentine ( and less commonly as `` Argentinian '' or `` Argentinean '' ) Byzantium → Byzantine Florence → Florentine ( also Latin `` Florentia '' ) The Levant → Levantine Montenegro → Montenegrin Palatinate → Palatine Philippines → Filipino ( feminine : Filipina , see below ) Philistia → Philistine - a ( ñ / n ) o / a , - e ( ñ / n ) o / a , or - i ( ñ / n ) o / a ( edit ) as adaptations from the standard Spanish suffix - e ( ñ / n ) o ( sometimes using a final - a instead of - o for a female , following the Spanish suffix standard - e ( ñ / n ) a ) Countries and regions ( edit ) Cebu → Cebuano El Salvador → Salvadoreño ( also `` Salvadoran '' ) Philippines → Filipino Cities ( edit ) Albuquerque → Burqueño Cavite → Caviteño Davao City → Davaoeño Los Angeles → Angelino or Angeleno Madrid → Madrileño Málaga → Malagueño Manila → Manileño São Paulo → Paulistano Zamboanga City → Zamboangueño - ite ( edit ) Akron → Akronite Ann Arbor → Ann Arborite Austin → Austinite Bergen County , New Jersey → Bergenite Boulder → Boulderite Brisbane → Brisbanite ( also `` Brisbanian '' ) Bronx → Bronxite Brooklyn → Brooklynite Carson City , Nevada → Carsonite Chennai → Chennaiite Dallas → Dallasite Decatur → Decaturite Delhi → Delhite Denton , Texas → Dentonite Denver → Denverite Dhaka → Dhakaite ( also `` Dhakai '' or `` Dhakaiya '' ) Dubai → Dubaiite Dunedin → Dunedinite Durban → Durbanite Erie , Pennsylvania → Erieite Gaya → Gayaite Irmo , South Carolina → Irmite Israel → Israelite ( also `` Israeli '' , depending on the usage ; see below ) Istanbul → Istanbulite Jerusalem → Jerusalemite Karachi → Karachiite Kerala → Keralite ( also Malayali or Malayalee ) Manhattan → Manhattanite Moscow → Muscovite ( also Latin `` Muscovia '' ) Montpelier , Vermont → Montpelierite Mumbai → Mumbaiite New Hampshire → New Hampshirite Oban → Obanite Odessa → Odessite Patna → Patnaite Perth → Perthite ( also `` Perthian '' and `` Perthling '' ) Putney → Putneyite Queens → Queensite Reading → Readingite Reno , Nevada → Renal Ruskin , Florida → Ruskinite Seattle → Seattleite Seoul → Seoulite Shiloh → Shilonite ( as in : `` Ahijah the Shilonite '' ) Springfield ( The Simpsons ) → Springfieldianite Spokane → Spokanite Sydney → Sydneyite ( also `` Sydneysider '' ) Telangana → Telanganite Tokyo → Tokyoite Vancouver → Vancouverite Vizag → Vizagite Wenham , Massachusetts → Wenhamite Westchester County , New York → Westchesterite Whittier , California → Whittierite Winston - Salem → Winston - Salemite Wisconsin → Wisconsinite Wyoming → Wyomingite - ( e ) r ( edit ) Amsterdam → Amsterdammer Auckland → Aucklander Beijing → Beijinger Belgrade → Belgrader Berlin → Berliner Bucharest → Bucharester Budapest → Budapester Cleveland → Clevelander Cook Islands → Cook Islander Copenhagen → Copenhagener Detroit → Detroiter Dublin → Dubliner Dresden → Dresdener Fife → Fifer Frankfurt → Frankfurter Greenland → Greenlander ( also `` Greenlandic '' ) Hamburg → Hamburger Hannover → Hannoveraner Hong Kong → Hongkonger / Hong Konger ( also `` Hong Kongese '' / `` Hongkongese '' ) Iceland → Icelander ( also `` Icelandic '' ) Leeds → Loiner Leipzig → Leipziger Liechtenstein → Liechtensteiner Little Rock , AR → Little Rocker London → Londoner Lorraine → Lorrainer Luxembourg → Luxembourger Maine → Mainer Maryland → Marylander Michigan → Michigander Montreal → Montrealer Netherlands → Netherlander ( also `` Dutchman '' and `` Hollander '' ) New England → New Englander New York → New Yorker New Zealand → New Zealander Newfoundland → Newfoundlander Pittsburgh → Pittsburgher Prague → Praguer Puntland → Puntlander Quebec → Quebecker or Quebecer ( though see below ; irregular forms ) Queensland → Queenslander Rhineland → Rhinelander Rhode Island → Rhode Islander Rotterdam → Rotterdammer Saigon → Saigoner Solomon Islands → Solomon Islander Stockholm → Stockholmer Stuttgart → Stuttgarter Tallinn → Tallinner Vermont → Vermonter Winnipeg → Winnipegger Yellowknife → Yellowknifer Yukon → Yukoner Zurich → Zuricher Often used for European locations and Canadian locations - Ish ( edit ) ( Usually suffixed to a truncated form of the toponym , or place - name . ) `` - ish '' is usually proper only as an adjective . See note below list . Åland → Ålandish Britain , Great Britain and United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland → British ( demonym `` Briton '' ) Cornwall → Cornish ( demonym `` Cornishman , Cornishwoman '' ) Denmark → Danish ( demonym `` Dane '' ) England → English ( demonym `` Englishman , Englishwoman '' ) Finland → Finnish ( demonym `` Finn '' or `` Finnic '' ) Flanders → Flemish ( demonym `` Fleming '' ) Ireland → Irish ( demonym `` Irishman , Irishwoman '' ) Kurdistan → Kurdish ( demonym `` Kurd '' ) Kent → Kentish Luxembourg → Luxembourgish ( demonym `` Luxembourger '' ) Northern Ireland → Northern Irish Oakland → Oaklandish Poland → Polish ( demonym `` Pole '' ) Scotland → Scottish ( demonym `` Scot '' or `` Scotsman , Scotswoman '' ) Spain → Spanish ( demonym `` Spaniard '' ) Sweden → Swedish ( demonym `` Swede '' ) Turkey → Turkish ( demonym `` Turk '' ) - Ene ( edit ) Cairo → Cairene Cyrenaica → Cyrene Damascus → Damascene Nazareth → Nazarene Slovenia → Slovene ( also `` Slovenian '' ) Often used for Middle Eastern locations and European locations . - ensian ( edit ) Kingston - upon - Hull ( UK ) → Hullensian Leeds ( UK ) → Leodensian - ard ( edit ) Spain → Spaniard ( also `` Spanish '' ) Savoy → Savoyard Montagne → Montagnard - Ese , - lese , - vese , or - nese ( edit ) Abruzzo → Abruzzese Aragon → Aragonese Aceh → Acehnese Assam → Assamese Bali → Balinese Bengal / Bangladesh → Bengalese ( also `` Bengali '' or `` Bangladeshi '' see below ) Benin → Beninese ( also `` Beninois '' ) Bern → Bernese Bhutan → Bhutanese Bologna → Bolognese Calabria → Calabrese China → Chinese Congo → Congolese Da Lat → Dalatese East Timor → East Timorese Faroe Islands → Faroese Gabon → Gabonese ( also Gabonais / e ) Genoa → Genovese Guangdong ( `` Canton '' ) → Cantonese Guyana → Guyanese Hainan → Hainanese Hong Kong → Hongkongese Hunan → Hunanese Japan → Japanese Java → Javanese ( also `` Javan '' ) Lebanon → Lebanese Macao → Macanese / Chinese Malta → Maltese Manila → Manilese Marshall Islands → Marshallese Milan → Milanese Myanmar / Burma → Burmese ( though see below ; irregular forms ) Nepal → Nepalese ( also `` Nepali '' ) Piedmont → Piedmontese Pittsburgh → Pittsburghese ( as used routinely by residents of Pittsburgh referring only to the accent / dialect ) Portugal → Portuguese Rwanda → Rwandese ( also `` Rwandan '' ) San Marino → Sammarinese Sark → Sarkese Senegal → Senegalese Shanghai → Shanghaiese Siam → Siamese Sikkim → Sikkimese ( South ) Sudan → ( South ) Sudanese Suriname → Surinamese Taiwan → Taiwanese Togo → Togolese Turin → Torinese Tyrol → Tyrolese Vienna → Viennese Vietnam → Vietnamese `` - ese '' is usually considered proper only as an adjective , or to refer to the entirety . Thus , `` a Chinese person '' is used rather than `` a Chinese '' . Often used for East Asian and Francophone locations , from the similar - sounding French suffix - ais ( e ) , which is originally from the Latin adjectival ending - ensis , designating origin from a place : thus Hispaniensis ( Spanish ) , Danensis ( Danish ) , etc . - i ( e ) ( edit ) Allahabad → Allahabadiin * Azawad → Azawadi Azerbaijan → Azeri ( more commonly `` Azerbaijani '' , and sometimes `` Azerbaijanian '' ) Azra → Azragi Balochistan → Balochistani ( also `` Baloch '' , `` Baluch '' , or `` Baluchi '' ) Bahrain → Bahraini Bangladesh → Bangladeshi ( also `` Bengali '' or `` Bengalese '' ) Barisal → Barisali ( also `` Borishali '' ) Bengal → Bengali Bharat → Bharati Bihar → Bihari Birmingham ( UK ) → Brummie Dagestan → Dagestani Dhaka → Dhakai ( also `` Dhakaiya '' , or `` Dhakaite '' ) Faridabad → Faridabadi Glasgow → Weegie Gujarat → Gujarati Hayastan → Hayastani ( also `` Armenian '' ) Hazara → Hazaragi ( also `` Azragi '' ) Hyderabad → Hyderabadi Iraq → Iraqi Israel → Israeli ( in the modern State of Israel ) Kerala → Malayali ( also `` Malayalee '' , or `` Keralite '' ) Kashmir → Kashmiri Kazakhstan → Kazakhstani ( also `` Kazakh '' ) Kurdistan → Kurdistani ( also `` Kurdish '' , `` Kurd '' ) Kuwait → Kuwaiti Kyrgyzstan → Kyrgyzstani ( also `` Kyrgyz '' ) Lahore → Lahori Nepal → Nepali ( also `` Nepalese '' ) Oman → Omani Pakistan → Pakistani Punjab → Punjabi Qatar → Qatari Rajasthan → Rajasthani Rangpur → Rangpuri Sindh → Sindhi Somalia → Somali Sylhet → Sylheti ( also `` Siloti '' ) Tajikistan → Tajikistani ( also `` Tajik '' ) Tel Aviv → Tel Avivi ( also `` Tel Avivim '' ( plural ) ) Turkmenistan → Turkmenistani ( also `` Turkmen '' ) United Arab Emirates → Emirati Uzbekistan → Uzbekistani ( also `` Uzbek '' ) Yemen → Yemeni Yorkshire → Yorkie ( also `` Yorkshireman '' , or `` Tyke '' ) Mostly for Middle Eastern and South Asian locales and in Latinate names for the various people that ancient Romans encountered ( e.g. Allemanni , Helvetii ) - ic ( edit ) Finn → Finnic ( also `` Finnish '' ) Antarctica → Antarctic Greenland → Greenlandic ( also `` Greenlander '' ) Iceland → Icelandic ( also `` Icelander '' ) Iran → Iranic ( also `` Iranian '' ) Slav → Slavic - iot ( e ) ( edit ) Chios → Chiot Corfu → Corfiot Cyprus → Cypriot ( `` Cyprian '' before 1960 independence of Cyprus ) Phanar → Phanariote Used especially for Greek locations . - asque ( edit ) Monaco → Monégasque ( native citizen of Monaco ) Menton → Mentonasque Basque Country → Basque Often used for French locations . - ( we ) gian ( edit ) Galloway → Galwegian Galway → Galwegian Glasgow → Glaswegian Norway → Norwegian - onian ( edit ) Aberdeen → Aberdonian Bath → Bathonian Connacht → Connachtonian Cork → Corkonian Dundee → Dundonian Halifax → Haligonian Newport → Newportonian Oxford → Oxonian Truro → Truronian Often used for British and Irish locations . - vian ( edit ) Barrow - in - Furness → Barrovian Harrow → Harrovian Oamaru → Oamaruvian Oslo → Oslovian Peru → Peruvian Warsaw → Warsovian Waterloo → Waterluvian Wythenshawe → Wythenshavian - san ( edit ) Burkina Faso → Burkina Fasan - Ois ( e ) , - ais ( e ) ( edit ) Benin → Beninois ( e ) ( also Beninese ) Gabon → Gabonais ( e ) ( also Gabonese ) Seychelles → Seychellois ( e ) Quebec → Quebecois ( e ) ( also Quebecker , most common within Canada ) While derived from French , these are also official demonyms in English . From Latin or Latinization ( edit ) Alsace → Alsatian ( Alsatia ) Ashbourne → Ashburnian ( Essiburn ) Cambridge → Cantabrigian Colchester → Colcestrian Courland → Couronian ( Curonia ) Exeter → Exonian Germany → German ( Germani ) Guernsey → Sarnian ( Sarnia ) Halifax → Haligonian Hispanic America → Hispanic ( Hispania ) Leeds → Leodensian ( Ledesia ) Lviv → Leopolitan ( Leopolis ) Manchester → Mancunian ( Mancunia ) Melbourne → Melburnian ( Melburnia ) Minneapolis → Minneapolitan Naples → Neapolitan ( Neapolis ) Newcastle → Novocastrian ( Novum Castrum ) Orkney Islands → Orcadian ( Orcadia ) Oswestry → Oswestrian ( Oswestria ) Shropshire → Salopian ( Salopia ) Tripoli → Tripolitan ( Tripolis ) Venice → Venetian Wolverhampton → Wulfrunian Prefixation ( edit ) It is much rarer to find Demonyms created with a prefix . Mostly they are from Africa and the Pacific , and are not generally known or used outside the country concerned . In much of East Africa , a person of a particular ethnic group will be denoted by a prefix . For example , a person of the Luba people would be a Muluba , the plural form Baluba , and the language , Kiluba or Tshiluba . Similar patterns with minor variations in the prefixes exist throughout on a tribal level . And Fijians who are indigenous Fijians are known as Kaiviti ( Viti being the Fijian name for Fiji ) . On a country level : Botswana → Motswana ( singlular ) , Batswana ( plural ) Burundi → Umurundi ( singular ) , Abarundi ( plural ) Lesotho → Mosotho ( singular ) , Basotho ( plural ) In the Pacific , at least two countries use prefixation : Kiribati → i - Kiribati Vanuatu → Ni - Vanuatu Cities ( edit ) Shillong → nong Shillong Not derived from the name ( edit ) Demonyms may also not conform to the underlying naming of a particular place , but instead arise out of historical or cultural particularities that become associated with its denizens . These demonyms are usually more informal and colloquial . In the United States such informal demonyms frequently become associated with mascots of the intercollegiate sports teams of the state university system . In other countries the origins are often disputed . Formal ( edit ) Albuquerque → Burqueno Buenos Aires → Porteño Los Angeles → Angeleno Rio de Janeiro → Carioca Massachusetts → Bay Stater Valparaíso → Porteño Informal ( edit ) Arizona → Sand Cutter Birmingham , England → Brummie Canada → Canuck Connecticut → Nutmegger Indiana → Hoosier Jersey → Jèrriais ( adjectival ) , Jerseyman ( demonym ) Kansas → Jayhawker Liverpool → Scouser or Liverpudlian London , England → Cockney ( Specifically : One hailing from East London , England ) Newcastle upon Tyne , England → Geordie Newfoundland , Canada → Newfie New Zealand → Kiwi North Carolina → Tar Heel Pittsburgh → Yinzer Scotland → Jock Sydney → Sydneysider Ohio → Buckeye Oklahoma → Okie , Sooner Oldham → Yonner Ethnic demonyms ( edit ) Abkhazia → Abkhaz Afghanistan → Afghan Arabia → Arab Azerbaijan → Azerbaijani , Azeri Canada → Canadian Catalonia → Catalan Chechnya → Chechen Cornwall → Cornishman , Cornishwoman Croatia → Croat Czech Republic → Czech Denmark → Dane England → Englishman , Englishwoman Finland → Finn Flanders → Fleming France → French Indonesia → Indonesian Ingushetia → Ingush Ireland → Irishman , Irishwoman Jersey → Jerseyman , Jerseywoman Kalmykia → Kalmyk Kazakhstan → Kazakh Kerry → Kerryman KwaZulu → Zulu Kurdistan → Kurd Kyrgyzstan → Kyrgyz Lapland → Lapp ( note : considered offensive in Norway and Sweden . `` Same '' is preferred in Swedish , derived from the land being called Sapmi in the native language ) Luxembourg → Luxembourger Madagascar → Malagasy , Madagascan Mongolia → Mongol Netherlands → Dutch New South Wales → New South Welshman Philippines - Filipino Poland → Pole Scotland → Scot , Scotsman , Scotswoman Serbia → Serb Slovakia → Slovak Slovenia → Slovene Somalia → Somali Spain → Spaniard Swaziland → Swazi Sweden → Swede Tajikistan → Tajik Tamil Nadu → Tamil Tatarstan → Tatar Thailand → Thai Turkey → Turk Turkmenistan → Turkmen Ulster → Ulsterman United States of America → American Uzbekistan → Uzbek Wales → Welsh Yorkshire → Yorkshireman , Yorkshirewoman Fiction ( edit ) Literature and science fiction have created a wealth of gentilics that are not directly associated with a cultural group . These will typically be formed using the standard models above . Examples include Martian for hypothetical people of Mars ( credited to scientist Percival Lowell ) or Gondorian for the people of Tolkien 's fictional land of Gondor . Other science fiction examples include Jovian for those of Jupiter or its moons , and Venusian for those of Venus . Fictional aliens refer to the inhabitants of Earth as Earthling ( from the diminutive - ling , ultimately from Old English - ing meaning `` descendant '' ) , as well as `` Terran '' , `` Terrene '' , `` Tellurian '' , `` Earther '' , `` Earthican '' , `` Terrestrial '' , and `` Solarian '' ( from Sol , the sun ) . Fantasy literature which involves other worlds or other lands also has a rich supply of gentilics . Examples include Lilliputians and Brobdingnagians , from the islands of Lilliput and Brobdingnag in the satire Gulliver 's Travels . In a few cases , where a linguistic background has been created , non-standard gentilics are formed ( or the eponyms back - formed ) . Examples include Tolkien 's Rohirrim ( from Rohan ) and the Star Trek world 's Klingon people ( with various version of homeworld name ) . See also ( edit ) Geography portal List of adjectival and demonymic forms of place names List of adjectivals and demonyms for astronomical bodies List of adjectivals and demonyms for continental regions List of adjectivals and demonyms for subcontinental regions List of adjectival and demonymic forms for countries and nations List of adjectivals and demonyms for Australia List of adjectivals and demonyms for Canada List of adjectivals and demonyms for India List of adjectivals and demonyms for Malaysia List of adjectivals and demonyms for Mexico List of adjectivals and demonyms for New Zealand List of adjectivals and demonyms for the Philippines List of adjectivals and demonyms for the United States List of adjectivals and demonyms for cities List of adjectivals and demonyms for former regions List of adjectivals and demonyms for Greco - Roman antiquity List of adjectivals and demonyms for fictional regions List of regional nicknames Macedonia naming dispute Nationality - onym , especially ethnonym and Exonym and endonym References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : George H. Scheetz ( 1988 ) . Names ' Names : A Descriptive and Pervasive Onymicon . Schütz Verlag . Jump up ^ `` gentile , adj. and n . '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . September 2005 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Jump up ^ `` gentile -- adj. of or belonging to a gens or clan ; belonging to any nation but the Jews ; ( gram . ) denoting a race or country '' -- Davidson , Thomas , ed. ( 1901 ) Chambers 's Twentieth Century Dictionary of the English Language . London : W. & R. Chambers ; p. 382 Jump up ^ `` gentile -- adj. of or belonging to a gens or clan ; belonging to the Gentiles ; ( gram . ) denoting a race or country '' -- Macdonald , A.M. , ed. ( 1972 ) Chambers Twentieth Century Dictionary ; new ed . Edinburgh : W. & R. Chambers ; p. 544 Jump up ^ `` Gramática Inglesa . Adjetivos Gentilicios '' . mansioningles.com . Jump up ^ `` Google Ngram Viewer '' . google.com . Jump up ^ `` Google Ngram Viewer '' . google.com . Jump up ^ `` Google Ngram Viewer '' . google.com . Jump up ^ `` Dictionary '' . Merriam Webster . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gentilés , Demonyms : What 's in a Name ? '' . National Geographic Magazine . National Geographic Society ( U.S. ) . 177 : 170 . February 1990 . Jump up ^ William Safire ( 1997 - 12 - 14 ) . `` On Language ; Gifts of Gab for 1998 '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ What Do You Call a Person From ... ? A Dictionary of Resident Names by Paul Dickson ( Facts on File , February 1990 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 1983 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Oxford English Dictionary '' . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ `` Aristotle 's Constitution of Athens , edited by J.E. Sandy , at the Internet Archive '' . p. 116 . Jump up ^ Press , AIP , Associated ( 2007 ) . Stylebook and briefing on media law ( 42nd ed . ) . New York : Basic Books . p. 112 . ISBN 9780465004898 . Jump up ^ `` Savannahian '' . Merriam - Webster Dictionary . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Investing in Future , Quiet Manhattan Apartments Next to Construction Sites '' https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/12/realestate/manhattan-apartments-next-to-construction-sites.html Jump up ^ `` Copquin explains `` Queensites '' for New York Times - Yale Press Log `` . Yale Press Log . Jump up ^ `` Corkonian '' . merriam-webster.com . Jump up ^ `` North West Evening Mail '' . nwemail.co.uk . Archived from the original on 2014 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` City of Waterloo on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` Angeleno '' . Merriam - Webster Dictionary . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Massachusetts : General Laws , Section 35 '' . malegislature.gov . Jump up ^ Prior to the Massachusetts State Legislature designating `` Bay Stater '' as the state 's official demonym , other terms used included Massachusett , borrowed from the native Massachusett tribe , Massachusite , championed by the early English Brahmins , Massachusettsian , by analogy with other state demonyms , and Masshole , originally derogatory . Jump up ^ `` The State of Arizona - An Introduction to the Grand Canyon State '' . netstate.com . Jump up ^ `` Is it a slur to call someone a Jock ? '' . BBC . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Local usage generally reserves Hawaiian as an ethnonym referring to Native Hawaiians . Hawaii resident is the preferred local form to refer to state residents in general regardless of ethnicity . External links ( edit ) Look up demonym or gentilic in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikidata has the property : demonym ( P1549 ) ( see uses ) www.geography-site.co.uk Alphabetical list of world demonyms . www.everything2.com Demonyms of the World . CIA World Factbook -- NATIONALITY www.peoplefrom.co.uk Demonyms of the United Kingdom . ( hide ) Ethnicity Related concepts Clan Ethnic group Ethnolinguistic group Ethnoreligious group Indigenous peoples Ingroups and outgroups Meta - ethnicity Metroethnicity Minority group Monoethnicity Nation Nationality Panethnicity Polyethnicity Population Race Symbolic ethnicity Tribe Ethnology Anthropology Ethnic studies Ethnoarchaeology Ethnobiology Ethnobotany Ethnozoology Ethnoecology Ethnocinema Ethnogeology Ethnography Autoethnography Clinical Critical Cyber - Netnography Online Person - centered Salvage Transidioethnography Video Ethnohistory Ethnolinguistics Ethnology Ethnomathematics Ethnomethodology Ethnomuseology Ethnomusicology Ethnophilosophy Ethnopoetics Ethnoscience Ethnosemiotics Ethnotaxonomy Groups by region Africa Arab League Americas Indigenous Canada Mexico United States Central America South America Asia Central Asia East Asia Northern Asia South Asia Southeast Asia West Asia Australia Indigenous Europe Oceania Indigenous European Identity and ethnogenesis Cross-race effect Cultural assimilation Cultural identity Demonym Development Endonym Ethnic flag Ethnic option Ethnic origin Ethnic religion Ethnicity in census Ethnofiction Ethnonym Folk religion Historical Imagined community Kinship Legendary progenitor Lineage - bonded society Mores Nation - building Nation state National language National myth Origin myth Pantribal sodality Tribal name Tribalism Urheimat Multiethnic society Consociationalism Diaspora politics Dominant minority Ethnic democracy Ethnic enclave Ethnic interest group Ethnic majority Ethnic media Ethnic pornography Ethnic theme park Ethnoburb Ethnocracy Ethnopluralism Indigenous rights Middleman minority Minority rights Model minority Multinational state Ideology and ethnic conflict Ethnic bioweapon Ethnic cleansing Ethnic hatred Ethnic joke Ethnic nationalism Ethnic nepotism Ethnic penalty Ethnic slur Ethnic stereotype Ethnic violence Ethnocentrism Ethnocide Ethnosymbolism Indigenism Separatist movements Xenophobia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demonym&oldid=809239099 '' Categories : Demonyms Semantics Types of words Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Asturianu Авар Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская भोजपुरी Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Қазақша Kurdî Latviešu Ligure Македонски مصرى Монгол Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پښتو ភាសា ខ្មែរ Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Svenska Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Walon Wolof 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017 , at 22 : 54 . 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-428006603213243926	Kristen Schaal	Kristen Schaal - wikipedia Kristen Schaal Jump to : navigation , search Kristen Schaal Schaal at the 2016 WonderCon in Los Angeles , California Kristen Joy Schaal ( 1978 - 01 - 24 ) January 24 , 1978 ( age 39 ) Longmont , Colorado , U.S. Residence Los Angeles , California Occupation Actress , voice artist , comedian , writer Years active 1999 -- present Known for Observational comedy , satire , political satire Spouse ( s ) Rich Blomquist ( m . 2012 ) Kristen Joy Schaal ( / ʃɑːl / ; born January 24 , 1978 ) is an American actress , voice artist , comedian and writer best known for current roles as Louise Belcher in Bob 's Burgers ( since 2011 ) and Carol in The Last Man on Earth ( since 2015 ) , as well as for playing Mel in Flight of the Conchords , the over-sexed nurse Hurshe Heartshe on The Heart , She Holler and Mabel Pines in Gravity Falls . She also provides several voices for BoJack Horseman , most notably for the character of Sarah Lynn , for which she was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Character Voice - Over Performance . Other roles include Amanda Simmons on The Hotwives of Orlando , Hazel Wassername on 30 Rock , Victoria Best on WordGirl , Trixie in Toy Story 3 and Anne on Wilfred . She was also an occasional commentator on The Daily Show from 2008 to 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Live comedy 2.2 Film , TV and radio 2.3 Books 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Schaal was born in Longmont , Colorado , to a Lutheran family of Dutch ancestry . She was raised on her family 's cattle ranch , in a rural area near Boulder . Her father is a construction worker and her mother is a secretary . She has a brother , David , who is three years older . She graduated from Northwestern University and then moved to New York in 2000 to pursue a comedy career . In 2005 , she had her first break when she was included in New York magazine 's article `` The Ten Funniest New Yorkers You 've Never Heard Of '' . Career ( edit ) Schaal and comedy partner Kurt Braunohler onstage in 2010 Live Comedy ( edit ) In 2006 , Schaal performed at the 2006 HBO US Comedy Arts Festival in Aspen , where she won the award for `` Best Alternative Comedian '' . She was also the winner of the second annual Andy Kaufman Award ( hosted by the New York Comedy Festival ) , Best Female Stand - up at the 2006 Nightlife Awards in New York City , and `` Best Female Stand Up Comedian '' at the 2007 ECNY Awards . At the 2008 Melbourne International Comedy Festival , she won the Barry Award for her show Kristen Schaal As You Have Probably Never Seen Her Before , tying with Nina Conti . Also in 2006 , Schaal appeared on the first season of the Comedy Central show Live at Gotham . She co-hosts the weekly variety show Hot Tub in Los Angeles , which was voted `` Best Variety Show of 2005 '' by Time - Out New York 's readers poll . She also performs at the Peoples Improv Theater on the improv team , `` Big Black Car '' , which was awarded best improv troupe of 2005 at the Emerging Comics of New York awards . She is a founding member of the theatre company The Striking Viking Story Pirates , which adapts stories by children into sketches and songs . Schaal performed live at the Edinburgh Fringe 2007 in Scotland , where she was one of six acts ( chosen from over two hundred American productions at the Fringe ) requested to perform at the US Consul General - sponsored `` Fringe USA '' Showcase . On her return to the Edinburgh Fringe Festival in August 2008 , Schaal was nominated for the If. comedy award for Kristen Schaal And Kurt Braunohler : Double Down Hearts . Schaal has also performed at the Royal Albert Hall , London , as part of The Secret Policeman 's Ball 2008 in aid of Amnesty International , and at the Bonnaroo 2009 music festival . In 2010 , Schaal appeared as a stand - up comic on John Oliver 's New York Stand Up Show and at the Solid Sound Festival at the Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art . Film , TV and Radio ( edit ) Schaal at the Brooklyn Book Festival ( 2010 ) Schaal appeared on HBO 's Flight of the Conchords as the stalker - fan Mel , a role which earned her an EWwy nomination for Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series in 2009 . She was also a credited consultant and writer for Season 11 of South Park , appeared on the BBC 's Never Mind the Buzzcocks and played the boss in Fuse 's mockumentary The Intern . She made her first appearance as a `` special commentator '' on Comedy Central 's The Daily Show on March 13 , 2008 , often presented in recurring appearances as its news team 's `` Senior Women 's Issues Correspondent '' . On April 13 , 2008 , she made an appearance on Good News Week during the Melbourne International Comedy Festival and in October 2008 she appeared in Amnesty International 's The Secret Policeman 's Ball 2008 . Her other film and television credits include Kate and Leopold , Aqua Teen Hunger Force , Snake ' n ' Bacon , Norbit , Get Him to the Greek , Conviction , Cheap Seats , Freak Show , Cirque du Freak : The Vampire 's Assistant , Adam and Steve , The Goods : Live Hard , Sell Hard , Delirious , Australian show Good News Week , Law & Order : Special Victims Unit , Law & Order : Criminal Intent , The Education of Max Bickford , Comedy Central 's Contest Searchlight , Ugly Betty , How I Met Your Mother , MTV 's Human Giant and Mad Men . She was also a contributor to the sketch / music series The Nighttime Clap on the Fuse music network . She also appeared on Fuse 's original comedy series The P.A. Schaal appeared in two TV pilots written and directed by Jersey City comedian Dan McNamara -- The Calderons and Redeeming Rainbow , both of which were screened as official selections at the 2006 and 2007 New York Television Festivals . She was also in television commercials for Wendy 's , RadioShack , and Starburst . She made an appearance , in April 2008 , on the IFC sketch comedy show The Whitest Kids U ' Know . On April 3 , 2009 she taped an episode of Comedy Central Presents . In 2010 , she added her voice to the PBS Kids GO ! series WordGirl as Victoria Best , a child prodigy whose parents taught her to be the best at everything that she does . Schaal voiced 13 - year - old Mabel Pines on Disney Channel 's hit TV series Gravity Falls . She currently voices the character Louise on the FOX Network series Bob 's Burgers . She also stars in A.D. Miles ' MyDamnChannel.com series Horrible People . In October 2008 , Schaal appeared in an episode of Spicks and Specks . On June 10 , 2009 , Schaal broadcast her first radio show , High Five ! ! , on Sirius XM Radio 's ' RawDog ' channel with co-host Kurt Braunohler . She played Gertha Teeth in the 2009 movie The Vampire 's Assistant . Schaal stars in her own web series , Penelope Princess of Pets , one episode of which doubled as the video for the New Pornographers ' `` Mutiny , I Promise You '' . She voiced Trixie the Triceratops in Toy Story 3 and Pumpkin Witch and Palace Witch in Shrek Forever After . She was also in the music video for Joey Ramone 's `` New York City '' . She also guest starred in the Modern Family episode `` Fifteen Percent '' , as well as the music video for `` Conversation 16 '' by The National . Schaal guest starred on the MC Frontalot album Solved . She was featured with Kurt Braunohler on the Radiolab episode `` Loops '' . Schaal was in a commercial for the Xperia Play version of Minecraft . Schaal guest starred on The Simpsons May 8 , 2011 episode `` Homer Scissorhands '' in which she plays Taffy , a love interest of Milhouse . She is incorrectly listed in the credits as `` Kristen Schall '' . This prompted Simpsons writers to issue her a unique apology on the next week 's episode in which Bart 's chalkboard joke in the intro to the show states `` It 's Kristen Schaal , not Kristen Schall . '' Schaal also appeared in a music video for `` Weird Al '' Yankovic 's 2014 song `` Tacky '' , a parody of Pharrell Williams 's `` Happy '' . In 2013 , Schaal guest starred in the two part episode `` Sea Tunt '' of Archer , lending her voice to a character named Tiffy . In 2014 , Schaal co-starred alongside Casey Wilson , Danielle Schneider , Tymberlee Hill , Andrea Savage , and Angela Kinsey in the first season of the Hulu original series The Hotwives of Orlando . She is currently co-starring alongside Will Forte in the FOX comedy The Last Man on Earth , which premiered on March 1 , 2015 . Schaal also voices the character Sarah Lynn in the Netflix original animated series BoJack Horseman . In 2017 , she was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Character Voice - Over Performance for her performance as Sarah Lynn . Schaal appears in A Walk in the Woods ( 2015 ) as hiker Mary Ellen . Books ( edit ) Schaal wrote a book of humor , The Sexy Book of Sexy Sex , with her husband , former Daily Show writer Rich Blomquist . It was published in July 2010 by Chronicle Books . She originally intended for them to write the book under pseudonyms , `` because I do n't want anyone to imagine me doing those things , '' but realized it would be harder to promote the book without using their real names . Personal life ( edit ) Schaal has been married to Daily Show staff writer Rich Blomquist since 2012 . Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes Kate & Leopold Miss Tree Film debut Poster Boy Bookstore Lady # 14 2005 Adam & Steve Ruth 2006 Delirious Joelle 2007 Norbit Event Organizer 2009 The Goods : Live Hard , Sell Hard Stewardess Stacey Cirque du Freak : The Vampire 's Assistant Gertha Teeth When in Rome Ilona Valentine 's Day Ms. Gilroy Shrek Forever After Pumpkin / Palace Witch Voice Get Him to the Greek Today Show Production Assistant Toy Story 3 Trixie Voice Dinner for Schmucks Susana Going the Distance Female Bartender 2011 Butter Carol Ann Hawaiian Vacation Trixie Voice , short film The Muppets Moderator 2012 Sleepwalk with Me Cynthia 2013 Despicable Me 2 Shannon Voice Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2 Barb Welcome to the Jungle Brenda 2015 A Walk in the Woods Mary Ellen 2016 Donald Trump 's The Art of the Deal : The Movie Gloria / Deborah Voice The Boss Sandy 2017 All Nighter Roberta Literally , Right Before Aaron Talula Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie Edith Voice Austin Found Nancy Boundaries In post-production 2019 Toy Story 4 Trixie Voice , in production Television Year Title Role Notes 2001 -- 02 The Education of Max Bickford Valerie Holmes 3 episodes Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Abby Episode : `` Brotherhood '' 2005 Cheap Seats : Without Ron Parker Emily Episode : `` Dog Show / World Beard and Mustache Championship '' 2006 Conviction Allie Rubinoff Episode : `` Madness '' Ugly Betty Nancy Episode : `` Pilot '' Six Degrees Gail 2 episodes Freak Show Various Voice , 7 episodes 2007 Scott Bateman Presents Earth 's New Robot Overlord Trixie Tangway Voice , 2 episodes Law & Order : Criminal Intent Alana Binder Episode : `` 30 '' Human Giant Girl in Doritos Commercial Episode : `` Lil 9 - 11 '' Mad Men Nannette Episode : `` Smoke Gets in Your Eyes '' How I Met Your Mother Laura Girard Episode : `` The Platinum Rule '' 2007 -- 09 Flight of the Conchords Mel 21 episodes 2008 Aqua Teen Hunger Force Tammy Tangerine ( voice ) As Frannie Hood , Episode : `` Bible Fruit '' The Whitest Kids U'Know Homeless Woman Episode : `` 2.9 '' Never Mind The Buzzcocks Herself Series 21 , Episode 4 2008 -- 16 The Daily Show Herself Recurring role as commentator ; 30 episodes 2009 Xavier : Renegade Angel Frantic Spectator / Old Ryan 's Wife ( voice ) Episode : `` Going Normal '' Comedy Central Presents Herself Season 13 , Episode 24 Snake ' n ' Bacon The Green Fairy Pilot episode Comedy Showcase Tourist Episode : `` The Increasingly Poor Decisions of Todd Margaret '' Modern Family Whitney Episode : `` Fifteen Percent '' Comedy Lab Penelope Episode : `` Penelope Princess of Pets '' Fact Checkers Unit Paula Episode : `` One Groundhog Day Dog '' Scared Shrekless Sugar the Gingerbread Girl Voice 2010 -- 15 WordGirl Victoria Best ( voice ) Episodes : `` Victoria Best '' , `` Cherish is the Word '' , `` Crime in the Key of V '' , `` Do n't Mess with the Best `` , `` Victoria Is the Best ... WordGirl ? '' , `` There is no V in Team '' , `` World 's Best Dad '' , and `` The Best of the Bests '' 2011 The Simpsons Taffy Voice , Episode : `` Homer Scissorhands '' ; credited as `` Kristen Schall '' The Penguins of Madagascar Muffy , Bluffy , and Fluffy the bunny rabbits Voice , Episode : `` Operation : Neighbor Swap '' Soul Quest Overdrive Tammy Voice The Heart , She Holler Hershe Heartshe 6 episodes 2011 -- 12 American Dad ! Librarian / Girl Voice , 2 episodes 2011 - 2017 Bob 's Burgers Louise Belcher Voice , Lead role 2012 -- 13 30 Rock Hazel Wassername 11 episodes 2012 -- 14 Adventure Time Jake Jr . Voice , 4 episodes 2012 -- 16 Gravity Falls Mabel Pines Voice , Lead role 2013 Archer Tiffy Voice , 2 episodes Never Mind the Buzzcocks Herself Series 27 , Episode 5 Wilfred Anne 4 episodes NTSF : SD : SUV : : Deborah Episode : `` Trading Faces '' Toy Story of Terror Trixie Voice The Big Fat Quiz of the Year Herself Panelist 2013 -- 14 @ midnight Herself 2 episodes 2013 -- 16 Comedy Bang ! Bang ! Herself / Gina Guppies 2 episodes 2014 The Hotwives of Orlando Amanda Simmons Series regular Glee Mary Halloran Episode : `` The Untitled Rachel Berry Project '' Toy Story That Time Forgot Trixie Voice 2014 -- 17 BoJack Horseman Sarah Lynn / Various Voice ; 11 episodes Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Character Voice - Over Performance 2015 Axe Cop God Voice ; episode : `` Axe Cop Saves God '' The Hotwives of Las Vegas Amanda Simmons Episode : `` Old Friends , New Enemies '' 2015 -- present The Last Man on Earth Carol Pilbasian Main role ( 47 episodes ) 2016 Wander Over Yonder Mavis Voice ; episode : `` The Cartoon '' Not Safe with Nikki Glaser Herself Episodes : `` Get Her a Glass of Water '' and `` I Miss David Bowie '' The Big Fat Quiz of Everything Herself Panelist Brad Neely 's Harg Nallin ' Sclopio Peepio Voice ; episode : `` For Sarandon '' Great Minds with Dan Harmon Amelia Earhart Episode : `` Amelia Earhart '' Transformers : Rescue Bots Chickadee Voice ; episode : `` Camp Cody '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Schaal , Kristen ; Blomquist , Rich ( 2010 - 07 - 28 ) . The Sexy Book of Sexy Sex . Chronicle Books . ISBN 978 - 0811871266 . ^ Jump up to : Friedlander , Whitney ( 6 May 2016 ) . `` ' Daily Show 's ' Rich Blomquist Signs Overall with Fox TV '' . Variety . Retrieved 17 May 2016 . Jump up ^ StarTalk with Neil deGrasse Tyson : `` The Science of Sex '' . 2013 . Accessed 12 August 2013 . The original Dutch pronunciation would be / sxaːl / . ^ Jump up to : Patterson , John ( 2010 - 10 - 15 ) . `` Kristen Schaal : The toast of American comedy '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Kooky Monster '' . Melbourne : The Age . 2008 - 03 - 23 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Todd , Charlie ( 2005 - 09 - 26 ) . `` The Ten Funniest New Yorkers You 've Never Heard Of '' . New York Magazine . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 4th Annual ECNY Award Winners '' . ECNY Awards . 2011 - 02 - 10 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Kent , Melissa ( 2008 - 04 - 13 ) . `` Top comics grin and share the main prize '' . The Age . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Strachan , Alex ( 2009 - 10 - 17 ) . `` Live at Gotham a Prerequisite for the Big Time '' . Edmonton Journal . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 23 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Edinburgh Festival If. comedy award shortlist announced '' . The List . 2008 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ The Calderons on IMDb Jump up ^ Redeeming Rainbow on IMDb Jump up ^ `` COMEDY CENTRAL ( R ) Gets the New Year Rolling with Laughter ! '' . PR Newswire . Bloomberg. 2009 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Liu , Ed ( 2009 - 06 - 10 ) . `` Scholastic Media Renews `` WordGirl '' for 26 More Episodes `` . toonzone.net . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Brophy - Warren , Jamin ( 2009 - 06 - 10 ) . `` '' Flight of the Conchords '' Meets `` South Park '' on Satellite Radio `` . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Kristen Schaal ( COMEDIAN ) '' . The Believer . June 2008 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Chen , David ( 2009 - 10 - 12 ) . `` Lee Unkrich Announces Kristen Schaal and Blake Clark Cast in Toy Story 3 ; Toy Story 3D Double Feature To Stay in Theaters '' . slashfilm.com . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Kristen Schaal '' . Radiolab . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Quintana , Anna ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Danger Zone : Here Are 11 of the Best Celebrity Guest Stars to Ever Appear on ' Archer ' ! '' . Life & Style . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Saraiya , Sonia ( April 4 , 2013 ) . `` Archer : `` Sea Tunt : Part I '' `` . A.V. Club . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paskin , Willa ( August 22 , 2014 ) . `` The Longest Face '' . Slate . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Powers , Nicole ( 2008 - 12 - 10 ) . `` Kristen Schaal : Confessions of a Disappointed Hillary Supporter '' . SuicideGirls . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Snake'N'Bacon's Cartoon Cabaret '' . michaelkupperman.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Segments of the book were later animated , first for the Comedy Central show TV Funhouse in early 2001 , then for the Adult Swim pilot Snake'N'Bacon in 2009 . Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( 2011 - 05 - 16 ) . `` Credit Where It 's Due : A ' Simpsons ' Spelling Lesson '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kristen Schaal . Kristen Schaal on IMDb VIAF : 90569873 LCCN : no2009096111 ISNI : 0000 0000 6294 4462 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kristen_Schaal&oldid=815781511 '' Categories : 1978 births 21st - century American comedians 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Colorado American film actresses American Lutherans American people of Dutch descent American people of German descent American stand - up comedians American television actresses American television writers American voice actresses American women comedians Annie Award winners Living people Northwestern University alumni People from Longmont , Colorado Women television writers Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Asturianu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano Kiswahili Latina Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Occitan Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 03 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays abby in how i met your mother	[ "Kristen Joy Schaal (/ʃɑːl/;[3] born January 24, 1978) is an American actress, voice artist, comedian and writer best known for current roles as Louise Belcher in Bob's Burgers (since 2011) and Carol in The Last Man on Earth (since 2015), as well as for playing Mel in Flight of the Conchords, the over-sexed nurse Hurshe Heartshe on The Heart, She Holler and Mabel Pines in Gravity Falls." ]	[ "Kristen Joy Schaal" ]
-4910576451066773762	Hollywood Walk of Fame	Hollywood Walk of Fame - wikipedia Hollywood Walk of Fame Jump to : navigation , search For a list of the stars , see List of stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . Hollywood Walk of Fame 6801 Hollywood Boulevard near the Dolby Theatre Hollywood Walk of Fame Location of the Hollywood Walk of Fame , at its center at Hollywood and Vine , within Central Los Angeles Established 1958 Location Hollywood Blvd. and Vine St . Hollywood , Los Angeles 34 ° 06 ′ 06 '' N 118 ° 19 ′ 36 '' W / 34.101630 ° N 118.326684 ° W / 34.101630 ; - 118.326684 Type Entertainment hall of fame Visitors 10 million annually Public transit access Hollywood / Vine Hollywood / Highland Website Official website Los Angeles Historic - Cultural Monument Designated July 5 , 1978 Reference no . 194 The Hollywood Walk of Fame comprises more than 2,600 five - pointed terrazzo and brass stars embedded in the sidewalks along 15 blocks of Hollywood Boulevard and three blocks of Vine Street in Hollywood , California . The stars are permanent public monuments to achievement in the entertainment industry , bearing the names of a mix of actors , musicians , directors , producers , musical and theatrical groups , fictional characters , and others . The Walk of Fame is administered by the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce and maintained by the self - financing Hollywood Historic Trust . It is a popular tourist destination , with a reported 10 million visitors in 2003 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 1.1 Categorization 1.2 Special stars 2 History 2.1 Origin 2.2 Selection and construction 2.3 Stagnation and revitalization 2.4 Expansion 2.5 Restoration 3 The Walk of Fame today 3.1 Multiple stars 3.2 Controversial additions 3.3 Stars with the same name 3.4 Bending the rules 3.5 Unique and unusual 3.6 Fictional characters and their creators 3.7 Star locations 3.8 Errors and mysteries 3.9 Theft and vandalism 3.10 Four Ladies of Hollywood 4 Nomination process 5 Homage 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Description ( edit ) The Walk of Fame runs 1.3 miles ( 2.1 km ) east to west on Hollywood Boulevard from Gower Street to La Brea Avenue , plus a short segment of Marshfield Way that runs diagonally between Hollywood and La Brea ; and 0.4 miles ( 0.64 km ) north to south on Vine Street between Yucca Street and Sunset Boulevard . According to a 2003 report by the market research firm NPO Plog Research , the Walk attracts about 10 million visitors annually -- more than Sunset Strip , TCL Chinese Theatre ( formerly Grauman 's ) , the Queen Mary , and the Los Angeles County Museum of Art -- and has played an important role in making tourism the largest industry in Los Angeles County . Categorization ( edit ) As of 2017 , the Walk of Fame comprises over 2,600 stars , spaced at 6 - foot ( 1.8 m ) intervals . The monuments are coral - pink terrazzo five - point stars rimmed with brass ( not bronze , an oft - repeated inaccuracy ) inlaid into a charcoal - colored terrazzo background . In the upper portion of each star field the name of the honoree is inlaid in brass block letters . Below the inscription , in the lower half of the star field , a round inlaid brass emblem indicates the category of the honoree 's contributions . The emblems symbolize five categories within the entertainment industry : Classic film camera representing motion pictures Television receiver representing broadcast television Phonograph record representing audio recording or music Radio microphone representing broadcast radio Comedy / tragedy masks representing theatre / live performance ( added in 1984 ) Of all the stars on the Walk to date , 47 % have been awarded in the motion pictures category , 24 % in television , 17 % in audio recording , 10 % in radio , and less than 2 % in the live performance category . Approximately 20 new stars are added to the Walk each year . Special stars ( edit ) Special category stars recognize various contributions by corporate entities , service organizations , and special honorees , and display emblems unique to those honorees . For example , former Los Angeles mayor Tom Bradley 's star displays the Seal of the City of Los Angeles ; the Los Angeles Police Department ( LAPD ) star emblem is a replica of a Hollywood Division badge ; and stars representing corporations , such as Victoria 's Secret and the Los Angeles Dodgers , display the honoree 's corporate logo . The `` Friends of the Walk of Fame '' monuments are charcoal terrazzo squares rimmed by miniature pink terrazzo stars displaying the five standard category emblems , along with the sponsor 's corporate logo , with the sponsor 's name and contribution in inlaid brass block lettering . Special stars and Friends monuments are granted by the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce or the Hollywood Historic Trust , but are not part of the Walk of Fame proper and are located nearby on private property . The monuments for the Apollo 11 mission to the Moon are uniquely shaped : Four identical circular moons , bearing the names of the three astronauts ( Neil A. Armstrong , Edwin E. Aldrin Jr. , Michael Collins ) the date of the first Moon landing ( `` 7 / 20 / 69 '' ) , and the words `` Apollo XI '' , are set on each of the four corners of the intersection of Hollywood and Vine . The moons are silver and grey terrazzo circles rimmed in brass on a square pink terrazzo background , with the television emblem inlaid at the top of each circle . History ( edit ) Origin ( edit ) The Walk of Fame at the 6800 block of Hollywood Boulevard , looking eastward . The Dolby Theatre is in the foreground at left . In the upper left quadrant is the famous intersection of Hollywood and Highland Center . The Hollywood Chamber of Commerce credits E.M. Stuart , its volunteer president in 1953 , with the original idea for creating a Walk of Fame . Stuart reportedly proposed the Walk as a means to `` maintain the glory of a community whose name means glamour and excitement in the four corners of the world . '' Harry Sugarman , another Chamber member and president of the Hollywood Improvement Association , receives credit in an independent account . A committee was formed to flesh out the idea , and an architectural firm was retained to develop specific proposals . By 1955 the basic concept and general design had been agreed upon , and plans were submitted to the Los Angeles City Council . Multiple accounts exist for the origin of the star concept . According to one , the historic Hollywood Hotel -- which stood for more than 50 years on Hollywood Boulevard at the site now occupied by the Hollywood and Highland complex and the Dolby ( formerly Kodak ) Theatre -- displayed stars on its dining room ceiling above the tables favored by its most famous celebrity patrons , and that may have served as an early inspiration . By another account , the stars were `` inspired ... by Sugarman 's ( Tropics Restaurant ) drinks menu , which featured celebrity photos framed in gold stars . '' In February 1956 a prototype was unveiled featuring a caricature of an example honoree ( John Wayne , by some accounts ) inside a blue star on a brown background . However , caricatures proved too expensive and difficult to execute in brass with the technology available at the time ; and the brown and blue motif was vetoed by Charles E. Toberman , the legendary real estate developer known as `` Mr. Hollywood '' , because the colors clashed with a new building he was erecting on Hollywood Boulevard . Selection and construction ( edit ) By March 1956 the final design and coral - and - charcoal color scheme had been approved , and between the spring of 1956 and the fall of 1957 , 1,558 honorees were selected by committees representing the four major branches of the entertainment industry at that time : motion pictures , television , audio recording , and radio . The committees met at the Brown Derby restaurant , and included such prominent names as Cecil B. DeMille , Samuel Goldwyn , Jesse L. Lasky , Walt Disney , Hal Roach , Mack Sennett , and Walter Lantz . Woodward 's star , contrary to popular belief , was not the first . A requirement stipulated by the original audio recording committee ( and later rescinded ) specified minimum sales of one million records or 250,000 albums for all music category nominees . The committee soon realized that many important recording artists would be excluded from the Walk by that requirement . As a result , the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences was formed for the purpose of creating a separate award system for the music business . The first Grammy Awards were presented in Beverly Hills in 1959 . Construction of the Walk began in 1958 but two lawsuits delayed completion . The first was filed by local property owners challenging the legality of the $ 1.25 million tax assessment levied upon them to pay for the Walk , along with new street lighting and trees . In October 1959 the assessment was ruled legal . The second lawsuit , filed by Charles Chaplin , Jr. , sought damages for the exclusion of his father , whose nomination had been withdrawn due to pressure from multiple quarters ( see Controversial additions ) . Chaplin 's suit was dismissed in 1960 , paving the way for completion of the project . While Joanne Woodward is often singled out as the first to receive a star on the Walk of Fame , in fact there was no `` first '' recipient ; the original stars were installed as a continuous project , with no individual ceremonies . Woodward 's name was one of eight drawn at random from the original 1,558 and inscribed on eight prototype stars that were built while litigation was still holding up permanent construction . The eight prototypes were installed temporarily on the northwest corner of Hollywood Boulevard and Highland Avenue in August 1958 to generate publicity and to demonstrate how the Walk would eventually look . The other seven names were Olive Borden , Ronald Colman , Louise Fazenda , Preston Foster , Burt Lancaster , Edward Sedgwick , and Ernest Torrence . Official groundbreaking took place on February 8 , 1960 . On March 28 , 1960 , the first permanent star , director Stanley Kramer 's , was completed on the easternmost end of the new Walk near the intersection of Hollywood and Gower . The Joanne Woodward legend may have originated , according to one source , because she was the first to pose with her star for photographers . Stagnation and revitalization ( edit ) Though the Walk was originally conceived in part to encourage redevelopment of Hollywood Boulevard , the 1960s and 1970s were periods of protracted urban decay in the Hollywood area as residents moved to suburbs . After the initial installation of approximately 1,500 stars in 1960 and 1961 , eight years passed without the addition of a new star . In 1962 the Los Angeles City Council passed an ordinance naming the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce `` the agent to advise the City '' about adding names to the Walk , and the Chamber , over the following six years , devised rules , procedures , and financing methods to do so . In December 1968 , Richard D. Zanuck was awarded the first star in eight years in a presentation ceremony hosted by Danny Thomas . In July 1978 the City of Los Angeles designated the Hollywood Walk of Fame a Los Angeles Historic - Cultural Monument . Johnny Grant , center , at producer Joe Pasternak 's presentation ceremony in 1991 . At left is Gene Kelly . Radio personality , television producer and Chamber member Johnny Grant is generally credited with implementing the changes that resuscitated the Walk and established it as a significant tourist attraction . Beginning in 1968 , he stimulated publicity and encouraged international press coverage by requiring that each recipient personally attend his or her star 's unveiling ceremony . Grant later recalled that `` it was tough to get people to come accept a star '' until the neighborhood finally began its recovery in the 1980s . In 1980 he instituted a fee of $2,500 , payable by the person or entity nominating the recipient , to fund the Walk of Fame 's upkeep and minimize further taxpayer burden . The fee has increased incrementally over time ; by 2002 it had reached $15,000 , and stood at $30,000 in 2012 . The current ( 2017 ) fee is $40,000 . Grant was awarded a star in 1980 for his television work . In 2002 , he received a second star in the `` special '' category to acknowledge his pivotal role in improving and popularizing the Walk . He was also named chairman of the Selection Committee and Honorary Mayor of Hollywood ( a ceremonial position previously held by Art Linkletter and Monty Hall , among others ) . He remained in both offices from 1980 until his death in 2008 and hosted the great majority of unveiling ceremonies during that period . His unique special - category star , with its emblem depicting a stylized `` Great Seal of the City of Hollywood '' , is located at the entrance to the Dolby Theatre adjacent to Johnny Grant Way . Expansion ( edit ) In 1984 a fifth category , Live Theatre , was added to permit acknowledgment of contributions from the live performance branch of the entertainment industry , and a second row of stars was created on each sidewalk to alternate with the existing stars . Hollywood Boulevard , 7000 block , north side , looking westward In 1994 the Walk of Fame was extended one block to the west on Hollywood Boulevard , from Sycamore Avenue to North LaBrea Avenue ( plus the short segment of Marshfield Way that connects Hollywood and La Brea ) , where it now ends at the silver `` Four Ladies of Hollywood '' gazebo and the special `` Walk of Fame '' star . At the same time , Sophia Loren was honored with the 2,000 th star on the Walk . During construction of tunnels for the Los Angeles subway system in 1996 the Metropolitan Transportation Authority removed and stored more than 300 stars . Controversy arose when the MTA proposed a money - saving measure of jackhammering the 3 - by - 3 - foot terrazzo pads , preserving only the brass lettering , surrounds , and medallions , then pouring new terrazzo after the tunnels were completed ; but the Cultural Heritage Commission ruled that the star pads were to be removed intact . Restoration ( edit ) In 2008 a long - term restoration project began with an evaluation of all 2,365 stars on the Walk at the time , each receiving a letter grade of A , B , C , D , or F. Honorees whose stars received F grades , indicating the most severe damage , were Joan Collins , Peter Frampton , Dick Van Patten , Paul Douglas , Andrew L. Stone , Willard Waterman , Richard Boleslavsky , Ellen Drew , Frank Crumit , and Bobby Sherwood . Fifty celebrities ' stars received `` D '' grades . The damage ranged from minor cosmetic flaws caused by normal weathering to holes and fissures severe enough to constitute a walking hazard . At least 778 stars will eventually be repaired or replaced during the ongoing project at an estimated cost of $4 million to $4.2 million . The restoration is a collaboration among the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce and various Los Angeles city and county governmental offices , along with the MTA , which operates the Metro Red Line that runs beneath the Walk , since earth movement due to the presence of the subway line is thought to be partly responsible for the damage . To encourage supplemental funding for the project by corporate sponsors , the `` Friends of Walk of Fame '' program was inaugurated . Absolut Vodka became the first Friend with a donation of $1 million , followed by L'Oréal . Friends are recognized with honorary plaques adjacent to the Walk of Fame in front of the Dolby Theatre . The program received some criticism . Alana Semuels of the Los Angeles Times described it as `` just the latest corporate attempt to buy some good buzz , '' and , quoting an area brand strategist , `` I think Johnny Grant would roll over in his grave . '' Karen Fondu , President of L'Oréal Paris , countered that the association was `` a natural affinity . '' The Walk of Fame today ( edit ) Multiple stars ( edit ) The original selection committees chose to recognize some entertainers ' contributions in multiple categories with multiple stars . Gene Autry is the only honoree with stars in all five categories . Bob Hope , Mickey Rooney , Roy Rogers , and Tony Martin each have stars in four categories -- Rooney has three of his own and a fourth with his eighth and final wife , Jan , while Rogers also has three of his own , and a fourth with his band , Sons of the Pioneers . Thirty - three people , including Bing Crosby , Frank Sinatra , Jo Stafford , Dean Martin , Dinah Shore , Gale Storm , Danny Kaye , Douglas Fairbanks Jr. , and Jack Benny , have stars in three categories . Seven recording artists have two stars in the same category for distinct achievements : Michael Jackson , as a soloist and as a member of The Jackson 5 ; Diana Ross , as a member of The Supremes and for her solo work ; Smokey Robinson , as a solo artist and as a member of The Miracles ; and John Lennon , Ringo Starr , George Harrison , and Paul McCartney as individuals and as members of The Beatles . Cher forfeited her opportunity by declining to schedule the mandatory personal appearance when she was selected in 1983 . She did attend the unveiling of the Sonny & Cher star in 1998 as a tribute to her recently deceased ex-husband , Sonny Bono . George Eastman is the only honoree with two stars in the same category for the same achievement , the invention of roll film . In 1977 , country singer Loretta Lynn was the first of her genre to receive a star on the Walk of Fame . Controversial additions ( edit ) Charlie Chaplin 's star , selected in 1956 , installed in 1972 Charlie Chaplin is the only honoree to be selected twice for the same star on the Walk . He was unanimously voted into the initial group of 500 in 1956 but the Selection Committee ultimately excluded him , ostensibly due to questions regarding his morals ( he had been charged with violating the Mann Act -- and exonerated -- during the White Slavery hysteria of the 1940s ) , but more likely due to his left - leaning political views . The rebuke prompted an unsuccessful lawsuit by his son , Charles Chaplin Jr . His star was finally added to the Walk in 1972 , the same year he received his Academy Award ; but even then , 16 years later , the Chamber of Commerce received angry letters from across the country protesting its decision to include him . The committee 's Chaplin difficulties reportedly contributed to its decision in 1978 against awarding a star to Paul Robeson , a controversial opera singer , actor , athlete , writer , lawyer , and social activist . The resulting outcry from the entertainment industry , civic circles , local and national politicians , and many other quarters was so intense that the decision was reversed and Robeson was awarded a star in 1979 . Following sexual assault allegations involving comedian Bill Cosby , actor Kevin Spacey and producer - director Brett Ratner , the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce released a statement regarding inquiries as to the removal of stars : `` The Hollywood Chamber of Commerce has received inquiries asking whether we are planning to remove the stars of Walk of Famers because of alleged misconduct . The answer is no ... The Hollywood Walk of Fame is a registered historic landmark . Once a star has been added to the Walk , it is considered a part of the historic fabric of the Hollywood Walk of Fame . Because of this , we have never removed a star from the Walk . '' As of 2015 , this has been the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce 's only statement regarding the removal of stars . Stars with the same name ( edit ) Two pairs of stars share identical names representing different people . There are two Harrison Ford stars , honoring the silent film actor ( at 6665 Hollywood Boulevard ) , and the present - day actor ( in front of the Dolby Theatre at 6801 Hollywood Boulevard ) . Two Michael Jackson stars represent the singer / dancer / songwriter ( at 6927 Hollywood Boulevard ) , and the radio personality ( at 1597 Vine Street ) . When the recording artist Jackson died in 2009 , fans mistakenly began leaving flowers , candles , and other tributes at the Vine Street star . Upon learning of this , the radio host wrote on his website , `` I am willingly loan ( ing ) it to him and , if it would bring him back , he can have it . '' The most common surname , with sixteen stars , is Williams : Andy Williams , Bill Williams , Billy Dee Williams , Cindy Williams , Earle Williams , Esther Williams , Guy Williams , Hank Williams , Joe Williams , Kathlyn Williams , Paul Williams , Pharrell Williams , Robin Williams , Roger Williams , Tex Williams and Vanessa Williams . There are fourteen stars with the surname Moore , twelve with Jones , and seven with Smith . The largest collection of stars honoring one group of blood relatives is the widely scattered set of seven representing the Barrymore family : John Barrymore , his brother Lionel ( who has two ) , and sister Ethel , their uncle Sidney Drew , John 's son John Drew Barrymore , and John Drew 's daughter Drew Barrymore . Bending the rules ( edit ) One of the four monuments recognizing the Apollo 11 astronauts at the corners of Hollywood and Vine Walk of Fame rules prohibit consideration of nominees whose contributions fall outside the five major entertainment categories , but the selection committee has been known to conjure some interesting rule interpretations to justify a selection . The Walk 's four round Moon landing monuments at the corners of Hollywood and Vine , for example , officially recognize the Apollo 11 astronauts for `` contributions to the television industry '' . Johnny Grant acknowledged , in 2005 , that classifying the first Moon landing as a television entertainment event was `` a bit of a stretch '' . Magic Johnson 's considerable basketball skills had no direct connection to movies , music , TV , radio , or theater , but the committee added him to the motion picture category , based on his ownership of the Magic Johnson Theatre chain , citing as precedent Sid Grauman , builder of Grauman 's ( now TCL ) Chinese Theatre . `` ( Now ) people want Orville Redenbacher , '' Grant quipped in the 2005 interview , `` because his popcorn is in all the theaters . '' Muhammad Ali 's star was granted after the committee decided that boxing could be considered a form of `` live performance '' . Its placement , on a wall of the Dolby Theatre , makes it the only star mounted on a vertical surface , acceding to Ali 's request that his name not be walked upon . All living honorees have been required since 1968 to personally attend their star 's unveiling , and approximately 40 have declined the honor due to this condition . The only recipient to date who failed to appear after agreeing to do so was Barbra Streisand , in 1976 . Her star was unveiled anyway , near the intersection of Hollywood and Highland . Streisand did attend when her husband , James Brolin , unveiled his star in 1998 two blocks to the east . Unique and unusual ( edit ) Fifteen stars are identified with a one - word stage name : Cantinflas , Houdini , Liberace , Mako , Meiklejohn , Paderewski , Parkyakarkus , Roseanne , RuPaul , Sabu , Shakira , Slash , Sting , Thalía , and Usher . The largest group of individuals represented by a single star is the estimated 122 adults and 12 children collectively known as the Munchkins , from the landmark 1939 film The Wizard of Oz . Clayton Moore is so inextricably linked with his Lone Ranger character , even though he played other roles during his career , that he is one of only two actors to have his character 's name alongside his own on his star . The other is Tommy Riggs , whose star reads , `` Tommy Riggs & Betty Lou . '' For more than 40 years , singer Jimmy Boyd was the youngest star recipient at age 20 , but he lost that distinction in 2004 to 18 - year - old twins Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen . Their joint star ( the only one shared by twins ) is outside the Dolby Theatre , near the Hollywood and Highland Center . The Westmores received the first star honoring contributions in theatrical make - up . Other make - up artists on the walk are Max Factor , John Chambers and Rick Baker . Three stars recognize experts in special effects : Ray Harryhausen , Dennis Muren , and Stan Winston . Only one costume designer has received a star , eight - time Academy Award winner Edith Head . Sidney Sheldon is one of two novelists with a star , which he earned for writing screenplays such as The Bachelor and the Bobby - Soxer before turning to novels . The other is Ray Bradbury , whose books and stories have formed the basis of dozens of movies and television programs over a nearly 60 - year period . Ten inventors have stars on the Walk : George Eastman ( as mentioned ) ; Thomas Edison , inventor of the first true film projector and holder of numerous patents related to motion - picture technology ; Lee de Forest , inventor of the vacuum tube , which made radio and TV possible , and Phonofilm , which made sound movies possible ; Merian C. Cooper , co-inventor of the Cinerama process ; Herbert Kalmus , inventor of Technicolor ; Auguste and Louis Lumière , inventors of important components of the motion picture camera ; Mark Serrurier , inventor of the technology used for film editing ; Hedy Lamarr , co-inventor of a frequency - hopping radio guidance system that was a precursor to Wi - Fi networks and cellular telephone systems ; and Ray Dolby , co-developer of the video tape recorder and inventor of the Dolby noise reduction system . A few star recipients moved on after their entertainment careers to political notability . Two US presidents , Ronald Reagan and Donald Trump , have stars on the Walk . Reagan is also one of two Governors of California with a star ; the other is Arnold Schwarzenegger . One U.S. senator ( George Murphy ) and two members of the U.S. House of Representatives ( Helen Gahagan and Sonny Bono ) have stars . Ignacy Paderewski , who served as Prime Minister of Poland between the World Wars , is the only European head of government represented . Film and stage actor Albert Dekker served one term in the California State Assembly during the 1940s , which was notable for his outspoken public criticism of Senator Joseph McCarthy 's anti-communism demagoguery , leading to his blacklisting . On its 50th anniversary in 2005 , Disneyland received a star adjacent to the Walk of Fame near Disney 's Soda Fountain on Hollywood Boulevard . While not technically part of the Hollywood Walk of Fame ( a city ordinance prohibits putting corporate names on sidewalks ) , the star was installed adjacent to the Walk of Fame , and was thought of by Johnny Grant , the proverbial `` Mayor of Hollywood . '' Roger Ebert said of the star `` If you stop to think about what Disneyland has achieved and what a revolutionary idea it was to begin with , of course it deserve ( s ) a star . '' In lieu of the traditional icon indicating the specific achievement ( s ) of the honoree , Disneyland 's star has an icon of Sleeping Beauty Castle , and a plaque beneath the star reading : `` Award of Excellence Special achievement for 50 years of magical entertainment Hollywood Historic Trust July 14 , 2005 . Johnny Grant , Chairman . '' Fictional characters and their creators ( edit ) Main article : List of fictional characters with stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame Mickey Mouse 's star was the first awarded to an animated character In 1978 , in honor of his 50th anniversary , Mickey Mouse became the first animated character to receive a star . Other animated recipients are Bugs Bunny , Donald Duck , Minnie Mouse , Woody Woodpecker , Snow White , Tinker Bell , Winnie the Pooh , Shrek , The Simpsons , the Rugrats , and Snoopy . The star inscribed Charlie Tuna honors not the animated advertising mascot , but Art Ferguson , the long - time radio personality and game show announcer . Other fictional characters on the Walk include the Munchkins ( as mentioned ) , two individual Muppets ( Kermit the Frog and Big Bird ) and the Muppets as a group , one monster ( Godzilla ) , and three non-animated canine characters ( Strongheart , Lassie , and Rin Tin Tin ) . Ten stars recognize cartoonists and animators : Walt Disney , Chuck Jones , Friz Freleng , Walter Lantz , Hanna -- Barbera , Charles M. Schulz , Jay Ward , Dr. Seuss , Matt Groening and John Lasseter . Two puppeteers have stars : Jim Henson and Shari Lewis , as does Fran Allison , who appeared with Burr Tillstrom 's puppets on the TV show Kukla , Fran and Ollie . Star locations ( edit ) Locations of individual stars are not necessarily random or arbitrary . Stars of most legendary and world - famous celebrities -- the so - called `` show business royalty '' -- are found in front of TCL ( formerly Grauman 's ) Chinese Theatre . Oscar - winners ' stars are usually placed near the Dolby Theatre , site of the annual Academy Awards presentations . Decisions are occasionally made with a dollop of whimsy : Mike Myers 's star , for example , lies in front of an adult store called the International Love Boutique , an association with his Austin Powers roles ; Roger Moore 's star is located at 7007 Hollywood Boulevard in recognition of his seven James Bond 007 films ; Ed O'Neill 's star is located outside a shoe store in reference to his character 's occupation on the TV show Married ... with Children ; and the last star , at the very end of the westernmost portion of the Walk , belongs to The Dead End Kids . Honorees may request a specific location for their star , although final decisions remain with the Chamber . Jay Leno , for example , requested a spot near the corner of Hollywood Blvd. and Highland Ave . because he was twice picked up at that location by police for vagrancy ( though never actually charged ) shortly after his arrival in Hollywood . George Carlin chose to have his star placed in front of the KDAY radio station near the corner of Sunset Blvd. and Vine St. , where he first gained national recognition . Carol Burnett explained her choice in her 1986 memoir : While working as an usherette at the historic Warner Brothers Theatre ( now the Hollywood Pacific Theatre ) during the 1951 run of Alfred Hitchcock 's film Strangers on a Train , she took it upon herself to advise a couple arriving during the final few minutes of a showing to wait for the next showing , to avoid seeing ( and spoiling ) the ending . The theater manager fired her on the spot for `` insubordination '' and humiliated her by stripping the epaulets from her uniform in the theater lobby . Twenty - six years later , at her request , Burnett 's star was placed at the corner of Hollywood and Wilcox -- in front of the theater . Errors and mysteries ( edit ) In 2010 , Julia Louis - Dreyfus 's star was constructed with the name `` Julia Luis Dreyfus '' . The actress was reportedly amused , and the error was corrected . A similar mistake was made on Dick Van Dyke 's star in 1993 ( `` Vandyke '' ) , and rectified . `` Motion Picture '' category , `` TV '' emblem Film and television actor Don Haggerty 's star originally displayed the first name `` Dan '' . The mistake was fixed , but years later the television actor Dan Haggerty ( of Grizzly Adams fame , no relation to Don ) also received a star . The confusion eventually sprouted an urban legend that Dan Haggerty was the only honoree to have a star removed from the Walk of Fame . For 28 years , the star intended to honor Mauritz Stiller , the Helsinki - born pioneer of Swedish film who brought Greta Garbo to the United States , read `` Maurice Diller '' , possibly due to mistranscription of verbal dictation . The star was finally remade with the correct name in 1988 . Three stars remain misspelled : opera diva Lotte Lehmann 's first name is spelled `` Lottie '' ; Cinerama co-inventor and King Kong creator , director , and producer Merian C. Cooper 's first name is spelled `` Meriam '' ; and cinematography pioneer Auguste Lumière 's first name is listed as `` August '' . Monty Woolley , the veteran film and stage actor best known for The Man Who Came to Dinner ( 1942 ) and the classic line `` Time flies when you 're having fun '' , is officially listed in the motion picture category , but his star on the Walk of Fame bears the television emblem . Woolley did appear on the small screen late in his career , but his TV contributions were eclipsed by his extensive stage , film , and radio work . Similarly , the star of film actress Carmen Miranda bears the TV emblem , although her official category is motion pictures . Radio and television talk show host Larry King is officially a television honoree , but his star displays a film camera . The Los Angeles Times , which documented and photographed the Walk as part of its Hollywood Star Walk project , reported that it could not find two stars , honoring Richard Crooks and the film career of Geraldine Farrar . ( Farrar 's music star is located on the 1700 block of Vine Street . ) Theft and vandalism ( edit ) Acts of vandalism occur on the Walk on a regular basis , ranging from profanity and political statements written on stars with markers to attempted removal of brass emblems with chisels . Closed circuit surveillance cameras have been installed on the stretch of Hollywood Boulevard between La Brea Avenue and Vine Street in an effort to discourage mischievous activities . Actor Matt Damon 's star under construction , August 2007 Four of the stars , which weigh about 300 pounds ( 140 kg ) each , have been stolen from the Walk of Fame . In 2000 , James Stewart 's and Kirk Douglas 's stars disappeared from their locations near the intersection of Hollywood and Vine , where they had been temporarily removed for a construction project . Police recovered them in the suburban community of South Gate when they arrested a man involved in an incident there and searched his house . The suspect was a construction worker employed on the Hollywood and Vine project . The stars had been badly damaged , and had to be remade . One of Gene Autry 's five stars ( it is not clear which one ) was also stolen from a construction area . Johnny Grant later received an anonymous phone tip that the missing star was in Iowa , but it was never found . `` Someday , it will end up on eBay , '' Grant once joked . The most brazen and ambitious theft occurred in 2005 when thieves used a concrete saw to remove Gregory Peck 's star from its Hollywood Boulevard site at the intersection of North El Centro Avenue , near North Gower . The star was replaced almost immediately , but the original was never recovered and the perpetrators never caught . In late 2009 , rumors circulated widely on media outlets and the Internet that John Lennon 's star had been stolen , but it was merely being relocated farther south on Vine Street to an area near the circular Capitol Records Building , adjacent to the stars of bandmates George Harrison and Ringo Starr . Paul McCartney 's star was installed in the same location in 2012 . Donald Trump 's star -- received as host of The Apprentice television series -- was repeatedly defaced during the 2016 presidential campaign . In late October , near the end of the race , a man named Jamie Otis ( who claimed to be an heir to the Otis Elevator fortune ) used a sledge hammer and a pickaxe to destroy all of the star 's brass inlays . He readily admitted to the vandalism , which he described as `` civil disobedience '' and `` freedom of expression '' , and told reporters that he originally planned to remove the entire star and auction it to raise money for the women who accused Trump of sexually assaulting them . Otis was arrested three weeks after the incident , charged with one count of felony vandalism , and sentenced to three years ' probation plus $3400 in restitution payments . The star itself was repaired , and has since been the site of pro-Trump demonstrations . Four Ladies of Hollywood ( edit ) The Four Ladies of Hollywood gazebo at the Walk of Fame 's west end The Four Ladies of Hollywood gazebo -- known officially as the Hollywood and La Brea Gateway -- stands upon a small triangular island formed by the confluence of Hollywood Boulevard , Marshfield Way , and North La Brea Avenue at the westernmost extension of the Walk of Fame . It was commissioned in 1993 by the Los Angeles Community Redevelopment Agency Art Program and created by the architect , production designer , and film director Catherine Hardwicke as a tribute to the multi-ethnic women of Hollywood . The gazebo is a stainless steel stylized Art Deco lattice structure . The roof is an arched square supporting a circular dome , which is topped by a central obelisk with descending neon block letters spelling `` Hollywood '' on each of its four sides . Atop the obelisk is a small gilded weathervane - style sculpture of Marilyn Monroe in her iconic billowing skirt pose from The Seven Year Itch . The domed structure is held aloft by four caryatids sculpted by Harl West to represent the African - American actress Dorothy Dandridge , Asian - American actress Anna May Wong , Mexican actress Dolores del Río , and the multi-ethnic , Brooklyn - born actress Mae West . The gazebo was dedicated on February 1 , 1994 , to a mixed reception . Los Angeles Times art critic Christopher Knight called it `` the most depressingly awful work of public art in recent years '' , representing the opposite of Hardwicke 's intended tribute to women . `` Sex , as a woman 's historic gateway to Hollywood '' , he wrote , `` could n't be more explicitly described '' . Independent writer and film producer Gail Choice called it a fitting tribute to a group of pioneering and courageous women who `` carried a tremendous burden on their feminine shoulders . Never in my wildest dreams did I believe I 'd ever see women of color immortalized in such a creative and wonderful fashion . '' Hardwicke contended that critics had missed the `` humor and symbolism '' of the structure , which `` embraces and pokes fun at the glamour , the polished metallic male form of the Oscar , and the pastiche of styles and dreams that pervades Tinseltown . '' Nomination process ( edit ) Director James Cameron unveiling his star , 2009 Each year an average of 200 nominations are submitted to the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce Walk of Fame Selection Committee . Anyone , including fans , can nominate anyone active in the field of entertainment as long as the nominee or his or her management approves the nomination ( a letter of agreement from the nominated celebrity or representative must accompany the application ) . Nominees must have a minimum of five years ' experience in the category for which they are nominated and a history of `` charitable contributions '' . Posthumous nominees must have been deceased at least five years . At a meeting each June , the committee selects approximately 20 celebrities to receive stars on the Walk of Fame during the following year . One posthumous award is given each year as well . The nominations of those not selected are rolled over to the following year for reconsideration ; those not selected two years in a row are dropped , and must be renominated to receive further consideration . Living recipients must agree to personally attend a presentation ceremony within five years of selection . A relative of deceased recipients must attend posthumous presentations . Presentation ceremonies are open to the public . A fee of $40,000 ( as of 2018 ) , payable at time of selection , is collected to pay for the creation and installation of the star , as well as general maintenance of the Walk of Fame . The fee is usually paid by the nominating organization , which may be a fan club , or a film studio , record company , broadcaster , or other sponsor involved with the prospective honoree . The Starz cable network , for example , paid for Dennis Hopper 's star as part of the promotion for its series Crash . It was unveiled in March 2010 shortly before Hopper 's death . Andrea Bocelli at his 2010 ceremony Numerous major entertainment figures and legendary show business acts are not included on the Walk of Fame for a variety of reasons . Some , such as Julia Roberts and Clint Eastwood , have declined to participate ; nominations can not proceed without the nominee 's consent . Others , such as George Clooney and John Denver , were nominated , but would not agree to the mandatory personal appearance at the unveiling ceremony ; however , Denver received a posthumous star in late 2014 . Others have simply never been nominated , or do not have a nominator willing or able to pay the selection fee , or have less than the required five years ' minimum involvement in their designated field . Others are merely victims of selection constraints and probability ; only about 10 % of nominees are selected each year . Traditionally , the identities of selection committee members , other than its chairman , have not been made public in order to minimize conflicts of interest and to discourage lobbying by celebrities and their representatives ( a significant problem during the original selections in the late 1950s ) . However , in 1999 , in response to intensifying charges of secrecy in the selection process , the Chamber disclosed the members ' names : Johnny Grant , the longtime chair and representative of the television category ; Earl Lestz , president of Paramount Studio Group ( motion pictures ) ; Stan Spero , retired manager with broadcast stations KMPC and KABC ( radio ) ; Kate Nelson , owner of the Palace Theatre ( live performance ) ; and Mary Lou Dudas , vice president of A&M Records ( recording industry ) . Since that 1999 announcement the Chamber has revealed only that Lestz ( who received his own star in 2004 ) became chairman after Grant died in 2008 . Their current official position is that `` each of the five categories is represented by someone with expertise in that field '' . In 2010 , Lestz was replaced as chairman by John Pavlik , former Director of Communications for the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . While no public announcement was made to that effect , he was identified as chairman in the Chamber 's press release announcing the 2011 star recipients . The current chair , according to the Chamber 's 2016 selection announcement , is film producer Maureen Schultz . Homage ( edit ) Michael Jackson 's star , about two weeks after his death in 2009 Some fans show respect for star recipients both living and dead by laying flowers or other symbolic tributes at their stars . Others show their support in other ways ; the star awarded to Julio Iglesias , for example , is kept in `` pristine condition ( by ) a devoted band of elderly women ( who ) scrub and polish it once a month '' . The Hollywood Chamber of Commerce has adopted the tradition of placing flower wreaths at the stars of newly deceased awardees ; for example Bette Davis in 1989 , Katharine Hepburn in 2003 , and Jackie Cooper in 2011 . The stars of other deceased celebrities , such as Elizabeth Taylor , Richard Pryor , Ricardo Montalbán , James Doohan , Frank Sinatra , Robin Williams , Joan Rivers and George Harrison have become impromptu memorial and vigil sites as well , and some continue to receive anniversary remembrances . See also ( edit ) Greater Los Angeles portal List of stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame List of actors with Hollywood Walk of Fame motion picture stars List of halls and walks of fame References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Upcoming Star Ceremonies '' . walkoffame.com . Hollywood Chamber of Commerce . February 10 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Dedication of the 2,601 st star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame Jump up ^ Martín , Hugo ( 2010 - 02 - 06 ) . `` Golden milestone for the Hollywood Walk of Fame '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 14 . 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Retrieved June 9 , 2010 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Ryder , Taryn ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Hollywood Chamber of Commerce has no plans to remove Walk of Fame stars amid sexual misconduct scandals '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Behrens , Zach ( June 29 , 2010 ) . `` Fans gather around the other Michael Jackson 's star '' . LAist.com . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Michael ( June 25 , 2009 ) . `` Michael Jackson Talk Radio Content , June 25 , 2009 '' . MJ Journals blog . MichaelJacksonTalkRadio.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Search for `` Williams '' . WalkOfFame.com . Hollywood Chamber of Commerce . ^ Jump up to : Christian , Margena A. ( April 16 , 2007 ) . `` How Do You Really Get A Star On The Hollywood Walk Of Fame ? '' . Jet Magazine . 111 ( 15 ) : 25 , 29 . Retrieved October 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A Star for the Greatest '' . Jet Magazine . 101 ( 6 ) : 52 . January 28 , 2002 . 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Los Angeles Times Hollywood Star Walk . Jump up ^ `` Mary Kate and Ashley Olsen Star Vandalized '' . HollywoodGrind.com . January 27 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2009 . Retrieved December 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Aundreia , et al ( August 2008 ) . `` Measuring the Effects of Video Surveillance on Crime in Los Angeles '' ( PDF ) , p. 26 . USC School of Policy , Planning , & Development . Retrieved June 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pool , Bob ( November 30 , 2005 ) . `` A Star is Torn from Boulevard '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` John Lennon 's star not stolen '' . Rock Star Weekly . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sinha - Roy , Piya ( February 10 , 2012 ) . Paul McCartney finally gets Walk of Fame star . Reuters.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2012 Jump up ^ Jackson , Henry C. ( May 28 , 2016 ) . `` Trump : A star is scorned '' . POLITICO . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Romero , Dennis ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump 's Walk of Fame Star Gets a Baby Border Wall ( PHOTOS ) '' . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ News , CBS ( July 20 , 2016 ) . `` Protester uses Donald Trump Hollywood Walk of Fame star to mock him '' . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Man who destroyed Trump 's star is ' proud ' of his work '' . POLITICO . October 27 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Man Who Smashed Donald Trump 's Walk of Fame Star Charged With Felony Vandalism . KTLA.com ( November 17 , 2016 ) , retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Man Sentenced to 3 Years Probation in Connection With Vandalizing Donald Trump 's Star on Hollywood Walk of Fame . KTLA.com ( February 21 , 2017 ) , retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trump supporters rally at repaired Hollywood Walk of Fame star . MyNewsLA.com ( October 30 , 2016 ) , retrieved January 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Deioma , Kayte ( 2004 ) . `` Hollywood La Brea Gateway -- The Four Ladies Statue '' . ( Photo gallery ) . Golosangeles.about.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : `` Hollywood and La Brea Gateway '' ( sculpture ) Smithsonian American Museum Art Inventories Catalog . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Silver Women '' ( photo montage ) . JustAboveSunset.com . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Knight , Christopher ( January 19 , 1994 ) . `` Caution : Bad Art Up Ahead '' . Los Angeles Times ( archives ) . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Choice , Gale ( February 14 , 1994 ) . `` These Women Were Dreamers and Doers '' . Los Angeles Times ( archives ) . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hardwicke , Catherine ( February 14 , 1994 ) . `` Critic Missed the Humor and Symbolism '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Donaldson - Evans , Catherine ( December 3 , 2003 ) . `` Hollywood Boulevard 's Price of Fame '' . foxnews.com ; News Corp . Retrieved June 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Duke , Alan ( March 26 , 2010 ) . `` Dennis Hopper attends Hollywood Walk of Fame ceremony '' . Cable News Network . Retrieved June 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ten celebrities who deserve the Walk of Fame more than Tinker Bell '' . Upi.com . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dear Stargirl : Hollywood 's Stargirl has the answers '' Hollywood Chamber of Commerce . Retrieved May 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` John Denver Honored Posthumously with Star on the Hollywood Walk Of Fame '' . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pool , Bob ( January 6 , 1999 ) . `` Hollywood Tries to Help Stars Shine '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` Academy Appoints Unger Communications Chief '' . Oscars.org , February 14 , 2007 . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Walk of Fame 2011 Selection '' . hollywoodchamber.net . Hollywood Chamber of Commerce . June 17 , 2010 . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2010 . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . `` It was not an easy job to winnow down the extra large number of nominations this year to reach these 30 names '' , said John Pavlik , chair of the Hollywood Walk of Fame Committee ... Jump up ^ Holmes , M ( June 22 , 2015 ) . Bradley Cooper , Quentin Tarantino Among Hollywood Walk of Fame 2016 Honorees . Variety.com archive , retrieved December 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Halpern , Jake ( 2006 ) . Fame junkies : the hidden truths behind America 's favorite addiction . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . p. 159 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 45369 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Floral Tribute to Late Actress '' . The Union Democrat . October 10 , 1989 . p. 5A -- via Google News . Jump up ^ `` ' Superman ' Daily Planet actor Jackie Cooper dies '' . Google News . ( AFP ) . May 4 , 2011 . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Elizabeth Taylor : Walk of Fame deluged by flowers '' . The Telegraph ( UK ) . March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Thomas , George M. ( December 15 , 2005 ) . `` Richard Pryor Influence Is Unforgettable '' . The Vindicator . Knight - Ridder . p . D5 . ( Google News arch ) Jump up ^ `` Sinatra 's death brings sales surge for his music '' . Star - News . May 18 , 1998 . p. 2A -- via Google News . Jump up ^ Waxman , Sharon ; Span , Paula ( May 16 , 1998 ) . `` Across America , A Plaintive Note Of Mourning '' . The Washington Post . p . A1 . Retrieved May 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fans mourn death of Robin Williams on Hollywood Walk of Fame '' . LA Times . August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Harrison Remembered At Hollywood Walk Of Fame '' . Lodi News - Sentinel . AP . December 1 , 2001 . p. 16 -- via Google News . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hollywood Walk of Fame . Route map : Google KML file ( edit help ) Display on Google Maps Template : Attached KML / Hollywood Walk of Fame KML is from Wikidata Official website Hollywood Chamber of Commerce Walk of Fame videos - YouTube Hollywood Chamber of Commerce Hollywood Star Walk map : LA Times Hollywood Star Walk list : LA Times Greater Hollywood Districts and neighborhoods Beachwood Canyon Cahuenga Pass Colegrove East Hollywood Hollywood Hollywood Dell Hollywood Hills Laurel Canyon Little Armenia Melrose District Melrose Hill Nichols Canyon Outpost Estates Spaulding Square Thai Town Whitley Heights Yucca Corridor Points of interest Dolby Theatre Griffith Park Grauman 's Chinese Theatre Hollywood and Highland Center Hollywood Boulevard Hollywood Sign Walk of Fame La Brea Tar Pits Pantages Theatre Sunset Bronson Studios Sunset Gower Studios Neighboring cities and communities Beverly Hills Universal City West Hollywood LA Regions Crescenta Valley Downtown Eastside Harbor Area Greater Hollywood Northeast LA Northwest LA San Fernando Valley South LA Westside Wilshire Mid-City West Mid-Wilshire Cinema of the United States Films Films by year Awards and events National Board of Review Awards ( 1929 ) Academy Awards ( 1929 ) New York Film Critics Circle ( 1935 ) Golden Globe Awards ( 1944 ) National Society of Film Critics Awards ( 1966 ) Los Angeles Film Critics Awards ( 1975 ) Golden Raspberry Awards ( 1981 ) Independent Spirit Awards ( 1985 ) American Society of Cinematographers Awards ( 1986 ) Critics ' Choice Movie Awards ( 1996 ) Hollywood Film Awards ( 1997 ) Guild Awards Directors Guild of America Awards ( 1936 ) Writers Guild of America Awards ( 1951 ) Producers Guild of America Awards ( 1962 ) Cinema Audio Society Awards ( 1964 ) Screen Actors Guild Awards ( 1995 ) Art Directors Guild Awards ( 1996 ) Costume Designers Guild Awards ( 1998 ) Location Managers Guild Awards ( 2014 ) Theaters Movie theater chains Industry by state Alaska Arizona Connecticut Florida Georgia Hawaii Louisiana Michigan New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Virginia Industry by city Atlanta Baltimore Chicago Cleveland Jacksonville Kansas City Las Vegas Lone Pine Long Island Los Angeles ( Hollywood ) Monument Valley New York City Harlem Palm Springs Pittsburgh Riverside San Diego Seattle Sonora Stamford Vasquez Rocks Organizations Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers American Society of Cinematographers Hollywood Foreign Press Association Motion Picture Association of America Miscellaneous Box office AFI 100 Years ... series National Film Registry Pre-Code Hollywood Classical Hollywood cinema New Hollywood List of living actors from the Golden Age of Hollywood List of surviving silent film actors Los Angeles Historic - Cultural Monuments Downtown Los Angeles East and Northeast Sides Harbor Area Hollywood San Fernando Valley Silver Lake , Angelino Heights and Echo Park South Los Angeles Westside Wilshire and Westlake Areas Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame&oldid=836166650 '' Categories : Hollywood Walk of Fame Walks of fame Hollywood Hollywood Boulevard Hollywood history and culture Entertainment halls of fame Halls of fame in California Landmarks in Los Angeles 1958 establishments in California Los Angeles Historic - Cultural Monuments Tourist attractions in Los Angeles Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use mdy dates from July 2017 Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018 Articles using KML from Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bikol Central Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar მარგალური Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 51 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 April 2018 , at 01 : 58 . 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-2611137049349963318	Post–civil rights era in African-American history	Post -- civil rights era in African - American history - Wikipedia Post -- civil rights era in African - American history African - American topics History ( timeline ) ( show ) Atlantic slave trade African - American history Slavery in the United States History in agriculture African - American business history African - American military history Jim Crow laws Great Migration Redlining Second Great Migration Post-Civil War reform movements Civil rights movement Origins of the civil rights movement Civil rights movement Black Power movement Post -- civil rights era New Great Migration Culture ( show ) Studies Art Business history Black conductors Black mecca Black schools Black colleges and universities Juneteenth Kwanzaa Literature Museums Music Neighborhoods Religion ( show ) Black church Black theology Nation of Islam Political movements ( show ) Afrocentrism Black Power Anarchism Capitalism Conservatism Leftism Nationalism Populism Black Panther Party Garveyism Pan-Africanism Back - to - Africa movement Civic / economic groups ( show ) Rights organizations National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) National Urban League ( NUL ) Association for the Study of African American Life and History ( ASALH ) United Negro College Fund ( UNCF ) Thurgood Marshall College Fund National Black Chamber of Commerce ( NBCC ) National Pan-Hellenic Council ( NPHC ) National Council of Negro Women ( NCNW ) TransAfrica Forum Sports ( show ) Negro league baseball Athletic associations and conferences Central ( CIAA ) Southern ( SIAC ) Mid-Eastern ( MEAC ) Southwestern ( SWAC ) Ethnic subdivisions ( show ) Americo - Liberians Black Indians ( Seminoles ) Black Southerners Gullah Igbo Languages ( show ) English ( American ) ( African American ) Gullah ( Afro - Seminole Creole ) Louisiana Creole French Diaspora ( show ) Nova Scotia Liberia Sierra Leone France Lists ( show ) African Americans African - American firsts First mayors US state firsts Landmark African - American legislation African American - related topics Topics related to Black and African people Category : African - American society African American portal The post -- civil rights era in African - American history is defined as the time period in the United States after the Congressional passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , and the Fair Housing Act of 1968 , major federal legislation that ended legal segregation , gained federal oversight and enforcement of voter registration and electoral practices in states or areas with a history of discriminatory practices , and ended discrimination in renting or buying housing . Politically , blacks have made substantial strides in the post -- civil rights era . Civil rights leader Jesse Jackson ran for the Democratic Party 's presidential nomination in 1984 and 1988 , attracting more blacks into politics and unprecedented support and leverage for blacks in politics . In 2008 , Barack Obama was elected as the first President of the United States of African descent . In the same period , African Americans have suffered disproportionate unemployment rates following industrial and corporate restructuring , with a rate of poverty in the 21st century that is equal to that in the 1960s . Modern forms of social and judicial discrimination have resulted in African Americans having the highest rates of incarceration of any minority group , especially in the southern states of the former Confederacy . Contents 1 1965 - 1970 2 1970s 3 1980s 4 1990s 5 2000s 6 Political representation 6.1 2008 presidential election of Barack Obama 7 Economic situation 8 Social issues 9 See also 10 References 1965 - 1970 ( edit ) Malcolm X in March 1964 . Malcolm X , an African American rights activist with national and international prominence , was shot and killed in New York on February 21 , 1965 . 1966 saw the last publication of The Negro Motorist Green Book , which provided advice to African - American travellers about where they could stay , while travelling cross-country in an era of unequal rights . For example , only three New Hampshire motels served African Americans in 1956 . After the passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , the Green Book largely became obsolete . The African - American cultural holiday Kwanzaa was first celebrated in 1966 - 1967 . Kwanzaa was founded by Maulana Karenga as a Pan-Africanist cultural and racial - identity event , as an alternative to cultural events of the dominant society such as Christmas and Hanukkah . Civil rights leader Martin Luther King was assassinated on April 4 , 1968 . His assassination triggered riots in multiple U.S. cities . Martin Luther King Jr . Day was established as a holiday in numerous cities and states beginning in 1971 . A U.S. federal holiday was established in Martin Luther King 's name in 1986 . Since his death , Hundreds of streets in the U.S. have been renamed in his honour . King has become a national icon in the history of American liberalism and American progressivism . Prominent Black Panther activist Fred Hampton was killed in a shootout with police in Chicago on December 4 , 1969 . Civil rights leader Martin Luther King was assassinated on April 4 , 1968 . 1970s ( edit ) On January 19 , 1970 , the nomination of G. Harrold Carswell to the US Supreme Court was defeated by the US Senate . On May 27 , 1970 , the film Watermelon Man was released , directed by Melvin Van Peebles and starring Godfrey Cambridge . The first blaxploitation films were released . On April 20 , 1971 , the Supreme Court , in Swann v. Charlotte - Mecklenburg Board of Education , upheld busing of students to achieve integration . In December 1971 , Jesse Jackson organized Operation PUSH . In 1972 , Shirley Chisholm became the first major - party African - American candidate for President of the United States and the first woman to run for the Democratic presidential nomination . In 1976 , Black History Month was founded by Professor Carter Woodson 's Association for the Study of Afro - American Life and History . The novel Roots : The Saga of an American Family by Alex Haley was published in 1976 , becoming a bestseller and popular success ; it generated great levels of interest in African - American genealogy and history . In 1972 , DJ Kool Herc developed the musical blueprint for what later became hip - hop , later playing live shows for high school age students in the Bronx , New York City . President Jimmy Carter appointed Andrew Young to serve as Ambassador to the United Nations in 1977 , the first African American to serve in the position . Regents of the University of California v. Bakke bars racial quota systems in college admissions in 1978 , but affirms the constitutionality of affirmative action programs giving equal access to minorities . 1520 Sedgwick Avenue where DJ Kool Herc threw his first parties in the Bronx , New York City in 1973 , considered to be the birth of hip - hop . The cast of The Jeffersons in 1976 . The Jeffersons ran from 1975 to 1985 , and was the 2nd longest running TV series with a mainly African American cast . 1980s ( edit ) In 1982 , Michael Jackson released Thriller , which became the best - selling album of all time . In 1983 , Guion Bluford became the first African American to go into space in NASA 's program . President Ronald Reagan signed a bill in 1983 to create a federal holiday to honor Martin Luther King , who was assassinated in 1968 and considered a martyr to civil rights . Established by legislation in 1983 , Martin Luther King , Jr . Day was first celebrated as a national holiday on January 20 , 1986 . Alice Walker received the Pulitzer Prize for her novel The Color Purple in 1983 . In September 1983 , Vanessa L. Williams became the first African American to win the title of Miss America as Miss America 1984 . The Mayor of Washington DC , Marion Barry , smoking crack on a police surveillance tape , 1990 The crack cocaine epidemic had a significant impact on Black America . As early as 1981 , reports of crack were appearing in Los Angeles , San Diego , Miami , and Houston . In 1984 , the distribution and use of crack exploded . In 1984 , in some major cities such as New York , Philadelphia , Houston , Los Angeles , and Detroit , one dosage unit of crack could be obtained for as little as $2.50 ( equivalent to $5.89 in 2017 ) . Between 1984 and 1989 , the homicide rate for black males aged 14 to 17 more than doubled , and the homicide rate for black males aged 18 to 24 increased nearly as much . During this period , the black community also experienced a 20 % -- 100 % increase in fetal death rates , low birth - weight babies , weapons arrests , and the number of children in foster care . The beginning of the crack epidemic coincided with the rise of hip hop music in the Black community in the mid-1980s , heavily influencing the evolution of hardcore hip hop and gangsta rap as crack and hip hop became the two leading fundamentals of urban street culture . The Cosby Show begins in 1984 ; featuring an upper - middle - class family with comedian Bill Cosby as a physician and head of the family , it is regarded as one of the defining television shows of the decade . Beloved by Toni Morrison was published in 1987 . In 2006 , a New York Times survey of writers and literary critics ranked it the best work of American fiction in the last 25 years . Ron Brown was elected chairman of the Democratic National Committee in 1989 , becoming the first African American to lead a major United States political party . Colin Powell became Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in 1989 . Michael Jackson 's 1982 album Thriller became the best selling album of all time . 1990s ( edit ) A crowd at the Million Man March , Washington DC , May 1995 . Douglas Wilder became the first elected African - American governor in 1990 in Virginia . Four white police officers were videotaped beating African - American Rodney King in Los Angeles , on March 3 , 1991 . African - American Clarence Thomas was confirmed to the US Supreme Court in 1991 . The 1992 Los Angeles riots erupted after the officers accused of beating Rodney King were acquitted . In 1992 Mae Carol Jemison became the first African - American woman to travel in space when she went into orbit aboard the Space Shuttle Endeavour . Carol Moseley Braun ( D ) from California became the first African - American woman to be elected to the United States Senate on November 3 , 1992 . Director Spike Lee 's film Malcolm X was released in 1992 , a serious biography of the leader of the Nation of Islam . Cornel West 's text , Race Matters , was published in 1994 . The Million Man March was held on October 16 , 1995 , in Washington , D.C. , co-initiated by Louis Farrakhan and James Bevel . The Million Woman March was held on October 25 , 1997 , in Philadelphia . 2000s ( edit ) Colin Powell was appointed as the first African American to be Secretary of State on January 20 , 2001 . Supreme Court in Grutter v. Bollinger upheld the University of Michigan Law School 's admission policy on June 23 , 2003 . However , in the simultaneously heard Gratz v. Bollinger , the university is required to change a policy . The Millions More Movement held a march in Washington D.C on October 15 , 2005 . Rosa Parks died at the age of 92 on October 25 , 2005 ; she was a noted civil rights activist who had helped initiate the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955 . As an honor , her body lay in state in the Capitol Rotunda in Washington , D.C. before her funeral . On June 28 , 2007 , the US Supreme Court in Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 , decided along with Meredith v. Jefferson County Board of Education , ruled that school districts could not assign students to particular public schools solely for the purpose of achieving racial integration ; it declined to recognize racial balancing as a compelling state interest . On June 3 , 2008 , Barack Obama received enough delegates by the end of state primaries to be the presumptive Democratic Party of the United States nominee . On August 28 , 2008 , at the 2008 Democratic National Convention , in a stadium filled with supporters , Obama accepted the Democratic nomination for President of the United States . Obama was elected 44th President of the United States of America on November 4 , 2008 , opening his victory speech with , `` If there is anyone out there who still doubts that America is a place where all things are possible ; who still wonders if the dream of our founders is alive in our time ; who still questions the power of our democracy , tonight is your answer . '' On January 20 , 2009 , Obama was sworn in as the 44th President of the United States , the first African American to become president . Former Maryland Lt. Governor Michael Steele , an African American , was elected as Chairman of the Republican National Committee on January 30 , 2009 . The U.S. Postal Service issued a commemorative six - stamp set portraying twelve civil rights pioneers in 2010 . Obama was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize on October 9 , 2009 . On July 19 , 2010 , Shirley Sherrod was pressured to resign from the U.S. Department of Agriculture because of controversial publicity ; the department apologized to her for her being inaccurately portrayed as racist toward white Americans . Political representation ( edit ) In 1989 , Douglas Wilder became the first African American to be elected governor in U.S. history . In 1992 Carol Moseley - Braun of Illinois became the first black woman to elected to the U.S. Senate . In 2000 there were 8,936 black officeholders in the United States , showing a net increase of 7,467 since 1970 . In 2001 there were 484 black mayors . The 38 African - American members of Congress formed the Congressional Black Caucus , which serves as a political bloc for issues relating to African Americans . The appointment of blacks to high federal offices -- including General Colin Powell , Chairman of the U.S. Armed Forces Joint Chiefs of Staff , 1989 -- 1993 , United States Secretary of State , 2001 -- 2005 ; Condoleezza Rice , Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs , 2001 -- 2004 , Secretary of State in , 2005 -- 2009 ; Ron Brown , United States Secretary of Commerce , 1993 -- 1996 , Eric Holder , Attorney General of the United States , 2009 -- present ; and Supreme Court justices Thurgood Marshall and Clarence Thomas -- also demonstrates the increasing visibility of blacks in the political arena . In 2009 Michael S. Steele was elected the first African - American chairman of the national Republican Party . 2008 presidential Election of Barack Obama ( edit ) The first African - American President of the United States , Barack Obama In 2008 presidential elections , Illinois senator Barack Obama became the first black presidential nominee of the Democratic Party , making him the first African - American presidential candidate from a major political party . He was elected as the 44th President of the United States on November 4 , 2008 , and inaugurated on January 20 , 2009 . At least 95 percent of African - American voters voted for Obama . Obama won big among young and minority voters , bringing a number of new states in the Democratic electoral column . Obama became the first Democrat since Jimmy Carter to win a popular - vote majority . He also received overwhelming support from whites , a majority of Asians , and Americans of Hispanic origin . Obama lost the overall white vote , but he won a larger proportion of white votes than any previous non-incumbent Democratic presidential candidate since Jimmy Carter . Economic situation ( edit ) At some levels , African Americans have made real economic progress , moving into a variety of middle - class and professional positions . Nearly 25 % of black Americans in the early 21st century live below the poverty line , approximately the same percentage as in 1968 , but there are many more African Americans higher up the economic ladder . The child poverty rate has increased and unemployment is disproportionately high in comparison to other ethnic groups . These sobering facts have been masked in the public opinion by the sometimes spectacular achievements of successful individuals . African Americans are underrepresented in the rapidly expanding and lucrative fields related to computer programming and technology , where innovations have led to some people making huge new fortunes . Economic progress for blacks ' reaching the extremes of wealth has been slow . According to Forbes `` richest '' lists , Oprah Winfrey was the richest African American of the 20th century and has been the world 's only black billionaire in 2004 , 2005 , and 2006 . Not only was Winfrey the world 's only black billionaire but she has been the only black on the Forbes 400 list nearly every year since 1995 . BET founder Bob Johnson briefly joined her on the list from 2001 to 2003 before his ex-wife acquired part of his fortune ; although he returned to the list in 2006 , he did not make it in 2007 . Blacks currently comprise 0.25 % of America 's economic elite ; they make up 13 % of the total U.S. population . Social issues ( edit ) Nonmarital birth rates by race in the United States from 1940 through 2014 . Rate for African Americans is shown in purple . Data is from the National Vital Statistics System reports published by the CDC National Center for Health Statistics . Note : Prior to 1969 , nonmarital births among African Americans were included with other minority groups as `` Non-White '' . Since the gains of the civil rights movement , African American communities have been suffering from extremely high incarceration rates of their young males , due to a variety of factors , including the drug war , imposition of sentencing guidelines , cutbacks in government assistance , restructuring of industry and loss of working - class jobs leading to high poverty rates , and government neglect , a breakdown in traditional family units , and unfavorable social policies . African Americans have the highest imprisonment rate of any major ethnic group in the United States and the world . The southern states of the former Confederacy , which historically had maintained slavery longer than in the remainder of the country and imposed post-Reconstruction oppression , have the highest rates of incarceration and application of the death penalty . See also ( edit ) Timeline of African - American history Timeline of the African - American Civil Rights Movement ( 1954 -- 68 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kihss , Peter ( February 22 , 1965 ) . `` Malcolm X Shot to Death at Rally Here '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : Hinckley , p. 127 . Jump up ^ Rugh , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Ron ( December 30 , 1983 ) . `` The Evening Hours '' . The New York Times `` . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ Karenga , Maulana ( 1967 ) . `` Religion '' . In Clyde Halisi , James Mtume . The quotable Karenga . Los Angeles : University of Sankore Press . pp. 25 . 23769.8 . Jump up ^ Krugman , Paul R. ( 2009 ) . The Conscience of a Liberal . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 84 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 33313 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Hampton v. City Of Chicago , et al '' . IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS . January 4 , 1978 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Hermes , Will . `` All Rise for the National Anthem of Hip - Hop '' , New York Times , 29 October 2006 . Retrieved on 9 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Low , Carver ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` A block at 1520 Sedgwick Ave is renamed in honor of legendary DJ Kool Herc '' . Encyclopedia of Things . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kathleen Fearn - Banks ; Anne Burford - Johnson ( October 3 , 2014 ) . Historical Dictionary of African American Television . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 9780810879171 . Jump up ^ Kara Kovalchik ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` 11 Deluxe Facts About ' The Jeffersons ' '' . Mental Floss . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fryer , Roland ( April 2006 ) . `` Measuring Crack Cocaine and Its Impact '' ( PDF ) . Harvard University Society of Fellows : 3 , 66 . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` DEA History Book , 1876 -- 1990 '' ( drug usage & enforcement ) , US Department of Justice , 1991 , USDoJ.gov webpage : DoJ - DEA - History - 1985 - 1990 . Jump up ^ `` Hip Hop and the Crack Epidemic '' . November 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` What Is the Best Work of American Fiction of the Last 25 Years ? '' . www.nytimes.com . New York Times . May 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Best - selling album '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Obama : I will be the Democratic nominee '' . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Newsweek '' . newsweek.com . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Emailwire.com Jump up ^ `` Exit polls : Obama wins big among young , minority voters '' . CNN . November 4 , 2008 . Retrieved June 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kuhn , David Paul ( November 5 , 2008 ) . `` Exit polls : How Obama won '' . Politico . Retrieved June 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Why Asian Americans Voted For Obama Archived April 30 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Timothy Noah ( 10 November 2008 ) . `` What we did n't overcome on Election Day '' . Slate Magazine . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tomgram : Michelle Alexander , The Age of Obama as a Racial Nightmare - TomDispatch '' . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Malonson , Roy Douglas ( May 6 , 2013 ) . `` Publisher 's Analysis - Condi and Oprah are n't good role models for Black motherhood '' . African American News & Issues . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2013 . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Yahoo Finance - Business Finance , Stock Market , Quotes , News '' . biz.yahoo.com . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grove , Robert D. ; Hetzel , Alice M. ( 1968 ) . Vital Statistics Rates in the United States 1940 - 1960 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Public Health Service Publication. 1677 . U.S. Department of Health , Education , and Welfare , U.S. Public Health Service , National Center for Health Statistics . p. 185 . Jump up ^ Ventura , Stephanie J. ; Bachrach , Christine A. ( October 18 , 2000 ) . Nonmarital Childbearing in the United States , 1940 - 99 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . National Vital Statistics Reports . 48.16 . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , National Center for Health Statistics , National Vital Statistics System . pp. 28 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Martin , Joyce A. ; Hamilton , Brady E. ; Ventura , Stephanie J. ; Menacker , Fay ; Park , Melissa M. ( February 12 , 2002 ) . Births : Final Data for 2000 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . National Vital Statistics Reports . 50.5 . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , National Center for Health Statistics , National Vital Statistics System . p. 46 . Jump up ^ Martin , Joyce A. ; Hamilton , Brady E. ; Ventura , Stephanie J. ; Menacker , Fay ; Park , Melissa M. ; Sutton , Paul D. ( December 18 , 2002 ) . Births : Final Data for 2001 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . National Vital Statistics Reports . 51.2 . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , National Center for Health Statistics , National Vital Statistics System . p. 47 . Jump up ^ Martin , Joyce A. ; Hamilton , Brady E. ; Sutton , Paul D. ; Ventura , Stephanie J. ; Menacker , Fay ; Munson , Martha L. ( December 17 , 2003 ) . Births : Final Data for 2002 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . National Vital Statistics Reports . 52.10 . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , National Center for Health Statistics , National Vital Statistics System . p. 57 . Jump up ^ Martin , Joyce A. ; Hamilton , Brady E. ; Sutton , Paul D. ; Ventura , Stephanie J. ; Menacker , Fay ; Munson , Martha L. ( September 8 , 2005 ) . Births : Final Data for 2003 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . National Vital Statistics Reports . 54.2 . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , National Center for Health Statistics , National Vital Statistics System . p. 52 . Jump up ^ Martin , Joyce A. ; Hamilton , Brady E. ; Sutton , Paul D. ; Ventura , Stephanie J. ; Menacker , Fay ; Kirmeyer , Sharon ( September 29 , 2006 ) . Births : Final Data for 2004 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . National Vital Statistics Reports . 55.1 . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , National Center for Health Statistics , National Vital Statistics System . p. 57 . Jump up ^ Martin , Joyce A. ; Hamilton , Brady E. ; Sutton , Paul D. ; Ventura , Stephanie J. ; Menacker , Fay ; Kirmeyer , Sharon ; Munson , Martha L. ( December 5 , 2007 ) . Births : Final Data for 2005 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . National Vital Statistics Reports . 56.6 . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , National Center for Health Statistics , National Vital Statistics System . p. 57 . Jump up ^ Martin , Joyce A. ; Hamilton , Brady E. ; Sutton , Paul D. ; Ventura , Stephanie J. ; Menacker , Fay ; Kirmeyer , Sharon ; Mathews , T.J. ( January 7 , 2009 ) . Births : Final Data for 2006 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . National Vital Statistics Reports . 57.7 . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , National Center for Health Statistics , National Vital Statistics System . p. 54 . Jump up ^ Martin , Joyce A. ; Hamilton , Brady E. ; Sutton , Paul D. ; Ventura , Stephanie J. ; Mathews , T.J. ; Kirmeyer , Sharon ; Osterman , Michelle J.K. ( August 9 , 2010 ) . Births : Final Data for 2007 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . National Vital Statistics Reports . 58.24 . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , National Center for Health Statistics , National Vital Statistics System . p. 46 . Jump up ^ Martin , Joyce A. ; Hamilton , Brady E. ; Sutton , Paul D. ; Ventura , Stephanie J. ; Mathews , T.J. ; Osterman , Michelle J.K. ( December 8 , 2010 ) . Births : Final Data for 2008 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . National Vital Statistics Reports . 59.1 . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , National Center for Health Statistics , National Vital Statistics System . p. 46 . Jump up ^ Martin , Joyce A. ; Hamilton , Brady E. ; Ventura , Stephanie J. ; Osterman , Michelle J.K. ; Kirmeyer , Sharon ; Mathews , T.J. ; Wilson , Elizabeth C. ( November 3 , 2011 ) . Births : Final Data for 2009 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . National Vital Statistics Reports . 60.1 . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , National Center for Health Statistics , National Vital Statistics System . p. 46 . Jump up ^ Martin , Joyce A. ; Hamilton , Brady E. ; Ventura , Stephanie J. ; Osterman , Michelle J.K. ; Wilson , Elizabeth C. ; Mathews , T.J. ( August 28 , 2012 ) . Births : Final Data for 2010 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . National Vital Statistics Reports . 61.1 . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , National Center for Health Statistics , National Vital Statistics System . p. 45 . Jump up ^ Martin , Joyce A. ; Hamilton , Brady E. ; Ventura , Stephanie J. ; Osterman , Michelle J.K. ; Mathews , T.J. ( June 28 , 2013 ) . Births : Final Data for 2011 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . National Vital Statistics Reports . 62.1 . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , National Center for Health Statistics , National Vital Statistics System . p. 43 . Jump up ^ Martin , Joyce A. ; Hamilton , Brady E. ; Osterman , Michelle J.K. ; Curtin , Sally C. ( December 30 , 2013 ) . Births : Final Data for 2012 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . National Vital Statistics Reports . 62.9 . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , National Center for Health Statistics , National Vital Statistics System . p. 41 . Jump up ^ Martin , Joyce A. ; Hamilton , Brady E. ; Osterman , Michelle J.K. ; Curtin , Sally C. ; Mathews , T.J. ( January 15 , 2015 ) . Births : Final Data for 2013 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . National Vital Statistics Reports . 64.1 . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , National Center for Health Statistics , National Vital Statistics System . p. 40 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Brady E. ; Martin , Joyce A. ; Osterman , Michelle J.K. ; Curtin , Sally C. ; Mathews , T.J. ( December 23 , 2015 ) . Births : Final Data for 2014 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . National Vital Statistics Reports . 64.12 . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , National Center for Health Statistics , National Vital Statistics System . pp. 7 & 41 . Jump up ^ `` '' One in 100 : Behind Bars in America 2008 `` '' ( PDF ) . pewcenteronthestates.org . Pew Research Center . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 27 , 2009 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` One in 31 : The Long Reach of American Corrections '' Archived May 13 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , Pew Research Center , released March 2 , 2009 African American topics History Atlantic slave trade Maafa Slavery in the United States Partus sequitur ventrem Free negro Reconstruction era Military history of African Americans Jim Crow laws Nadir of American race relations Redlining Great Migration Civil rights movement 1865 -- 1896 / 1896 -- 1954 / 1954 -- 68 Black Power movement Second Great Migration Afrocentrism New Great Migration Post -- civil rights era Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009 / Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013 Black Lives Matter Culture Art African - American names Afrofuturism Black mecca Dance Film Juneteenth Kwanzaa Literature Music Musical theater Neighborhoods Sexual orientation Soul food Education , science and technology Black schools Black colleges and universities Museums African - American studies Inventors and scientists Women in computer science in medicine in STEM fields Religion Black church Black theology Doctrine of Father Divine American Society of Muslims Nation of Islam Black Hebrew Israelites Political movements Pan-Africanism Self - determination Nationalism Black Power Black fist Anarchism Capitalism Conservatism Populism Leftism Garveyism Back - to - Africa movement Civic and economic groups National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) Black Panther Party National Urban League ( NUL ) Rights organizations Association for the Study of African American Life and History ( ASALH ) Thurgood Marshall College Fund United Negro College Fund ( UNCF ) National Black Chamber of Commerce ( NBCC ) National Pan-Hellenic Council ( NPHC ) National Council of Negro Women ( NCNW ) Sports Negro league baseball Baseball color line Black players in professional American football African Americans in the Canadian Football League Black players in ice hockey Athletic associations and conferences Central ( CIAA ) Southern ( SIAC ) Mid-Eastern ( MEAC ) Southwestern ( SWAC ) Ethnic subdivisions Black Indians Gullah Fula Igbo Louisiana Creole ( of color ) Melungeon Yoruba Demographics Neighborhoods list U.S. cities with large populations 2000 majorities 2010 majorities Metropolitan areas Black Belt Languages English American English African - American English Gullah Louisiana Creole French By state / city Alabama Florida Georgia ( Atlanta ) Illinois ( Chicago ) Iowa ( Davenport ) Louisiana Maryland Massachusetts ( Boston ) Michigan ( Detroit ) Mississippi Nebraska ( Omaha ) New York New York City Pennsylvania ( Philadelphia ) Puerto Rico Tennessee Texas Dallas - Fort Worth Houston Diaspora Africa Gambia Ghana Liberia Sierra Leone Back - to - Africa movement Americas Caribbean history Canada Nova Scotia Dominican Republic Haiti Mexico Trinidad and Tobago Other France Israel Lists African Americans visual artists Republicans US senators African - American firsts mayors US state firsts Neighborhoods Landmark African - American legislation African American - related articles Topics related to the African diaspora Category Portal History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial 1776 -- 1789 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 1865 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 1945 1945 -- 1964 1964 -- 1980 1980 -- 1991 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women Category Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Post -- civil_rights_era_in_African - American_history&oldid = 851980671 '' Categories : African - American history Post -- Civil Rights Era African - American history Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from January 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Use American English from January 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from January 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Add links This page was last edited on 25 July 2018 , at 20 : 39 ( UTC ) . 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9036143649199351238	Magic 8-Ball	Magic 8 - ball - Wikipedia Magic 8 - ball Jump to : navigation , search Magic 8 - Ball Type Novelty toy Inventor Albert Carter Abe Bookman Company Mattel Availability 1950 -- present Materials Plastic Alcohol Blue dye Official website The Magic 8 - Ball is a toy used for fortune - telling or seeking advice , developed in the 1950s and manufactured by Mattel . It is often used in fiction since the answer can sometimes be accurate , inaccurate , or statistically improbable . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Design 3 Possible answers 4 See also 5 References 5.1 Patents 6 External links Origin ( edit ) An 8 - ball was used as a fortune - telling device in the 1940 Three Stooges short , You Nazty Spy ! , and called a `` magic ball '' . While Magic 8 - Ball did not exist in its current form until 1950 , the functional component was invented by Albert C. Carter , inspired by a spirit writing device used by his mother , Mary , a Cincinnati clairvoyant . When Carter approached store owner Max Levinson about stocking the device , Levinson called in his brother - in - law Abe Bookman , a graduate of Ohio Mechanics Institute . In 1944 , Carter filed for a patent for the cylindrical device , assigning it in 1946 to Bookman , Levinson , and another partner in what came to be Alabe Crafts , Inc . ( Albert and Abe ) . Alabe marketed and sold the cylinder as The Syco - Seer . Carter died sometime before the patent was granted in 1948 . Bookman made improvements to The Syco - Seer , and in 1948 , it was encased in an iridescent crystal ball . Though unsuccessful , the revamped product caught the attention of Chicago 's Brunswick Billiards . In 1950 they commissioned Alabe Crafts to make a version in the form of a traditional black - and - white 8 - ball . Design ( edit ) The Magic 8 - Ball is a hollow plastic sphere resembling an oversized , black - and - white 8 - ball . Inside , a cylindrical reservoir contains a white , plastic icosahedron floating in alcohol dyed dark blue . Each of the die 's 20 faces has an affirmative , negative , or non-committal statement printed in raised letters . These messages are read through a window on the ball 's bottom . To use the ball , it must be held with the window initially facing down . After `` asking the ball '' a yes - no question , the user then turns the ball so that the window faces up , setting in motion the liquid and die inside . When the die floats to the top and one face presses against the window , the raised letters displace the blue liquid to reveal the message as white letters on a blue background . Although many users shake the ball before turning it upright , the instructions warn against doing so to avoid white bubbles , which interfere with the performance of the ball itself . Possible answers ( edit ) The 20 answers inside a standard Magic 8 - Ball are : It is certain It is decidedly so Without a doubt Yes definitely You may rely on it As I see it , yes Most likely Outlook good Yep Signs point to yes Reply hazy try again Ask again later Better not tell you now Cannot predict now Concentrate and ask again Do n't count on it My reply is no My sources say no Outlook not so good Very doubtful Ten of the possible answers are affirmative ( ) , while five are non-committal ( ) and five are negative ( ) . See also ( edit ) Flipism Divination Gambling References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Minichiello , Mia ( 2015 ) . `` The Great Dictator ( film ) '' . Salem Press Encyclopedia . Salem Press . Jump up ^ Coopee , Todd . `` Magic 8 - Ball from Alabe Crafts ( 1946 ) '' . ToyTales.ca . Jump up ^ Walsh , Tim . ( 2004 ) . The Playmakers : Amazing Origins of Timeless Toys , pp. 94 -- 5 . Keys Publishing , Sarasota . ISBN 0 - 9646973 - 4 - 3 . Patents ( edit ) U.S. Patent 2,452,730 -- Liquid Filled Dice Agitator ca . 1944 U.S. Patent 3,119,621 -- Liquid filled die agitator containing a die having raised indicia on the facets thereof , 1962 U.S. Patent 3,168,315 -- Amusement Device ca . 1961 External links ( edit ) `` The Inscrutable Magic 8 - Ball Revealed ! '' . eBaum 's World . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . 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Circus World Litigation `` Barbie Girl '' song case Barbie 's Restaurants trademark dispute View - Master factory lawsuit Other The Toy Box Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magic_8-Ball&oldid=828210458 '' Categories : Cue sports toys and games Divination software and games Mattel Products introduced in 1946 1940s toys 1950s toys 1970s toys 1980s toys Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Latina മലയാളം Nederlands Русский Türkçe Українська 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 05 : 18 . About Wikipedia	how many answers are on a magic 8 ball	[ "The Magic 8-Ball is a hollow plastic sphere resembling an oversized, black-and-white 8-ball. Inside, a cylindrical reservoir contains a white, plastic icosahedron floating in alcohol dyed dark blue. Each of the die's 20 faces has an affirmative, negative, or non-committal statement printed in raised letters. These messages are read through a window on the ball's bottom." ]	[ "20" ]
3876671093821236755	List of active volcanoes in the Philippines	List of active volcanoes in the Philippines - wikipedia List of active volcanoes in the Philippines For a list of Philippine mountains which include those classified as active volcanoes , see List of mountains in the Philippines . Map all coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as : KML GPX Active volcanoes in the Philippines , as categorized by the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology ( PHIVOLCS ) , include volcanoes in the country having erupted within historical times ( within the last 600 years ) , with accounts of these eruptions documented by humans ; or having erupted within the last 10,000 years ( holocene ) based on analyses of datable materials . However , there is no consensus among volcanologists on how to define an `` active '' volcano . As of 2012 , PHIVOLCS lists 23 volcanoes as active in the Philippines , 21 of which have historical eruptions ; one , Cabalian , which is strongly fumarolic volcano ; and one , Leonard Kniaseff , which was active 1,800 years ago ( C14 ) . There are 50 Philippines volcanoes listed by the royal Smithsonian Institution 's Global Volcanism Program ( GVP ) at present , of which 20 are categorized as `` historical '' and 59 as `` Holocene '' . The GVP lists volcanoes with historical , Holocene eruptions , or possibly older if strong signs of volcanism are still evident through thermal features like fumaroles , hot springs , mud pots , etc . Mayon in Albay is the most active volcano in the Philippines Taal in Batangas Kanlaon in Negros island Bulusan in Sorsogon Smith in Calayan Hibok ‐ Hibok in Camiguin Pinatubo in Zambales Musuan in Bukidnon Contents 1 List 2 See also 3 References 4 External links List ( edit ) The list below showing 25 active volcanoes in the Philippines was based on the PHIVOLCS list with some included from the GVP . The number is not definite and depends on someone 's definition of `` active '' or historical timeframe . Descriptions under Eruption were based on the GVP website . The frequency of Historical Eruptions excludes questionable or Uncertain accounts based on the two sources mentioned . Name Elevation ( ASL ) Province ( s ) Eruptions m ft Description and current status Ambalatungan Group 2,329 7,641 17 ° 18 ′ 40 '' N 121 ° 06 ′ 13 '' E / 17.310982 ° N 121.103668 ° E / 17.310982 ; 121.103668 ( Ambalatungan Group ) Kalinga 0 Explosions in 1952 is uncertain . Fumarolic with solfataras and thermal springs . Babuyan Claro 843 2,766 9 ° 31 ′ 23 '' N 121 ° 56 ′ 24 '' E / 9.523 ° N 121.940 ° E / 9.523 ; 121.940 ( Babuyan Claro ) Cagayan Eruptions were recorded in 1831 , 1860 and 1913 . Askedna Hot Springs is in the southern base of the volcano . Banahaw 2,169 7,116 14 ° 04 ′ N 121 ° 29 ′ E / 14.07 ° N 121.48 ° E / 14.07 ; 121.48 ( Banahaw ) Laguna , Quezon 0 Eruptions were uncertain during the mudflows of 1730 , 1743 , 1843 and 1909 . Biliran 1,340 4,400 11 ° 33 ′ 29 '' N 124 ° 30 ′ 47 '' E / 11.558 ° N 124.513 ° E / 11.558 ; 124.513 ( Biliran ) Biliran Phreatic eruption in 1939 . Fumarolic with thermal springs Bulusan 1,565 5,135 12 ° 46 ′ 12 '' N 124 ° 03 ′ 00 '' E / 12.770 ° N 124.05 ° E / 12.770 ; 124.05 ( Bulusan ) Sorsogon 17 Eruptions years are from 1886 to 2011 . Permanently monitored Cabalian 10 ° 17 ′ 13.2 '' N 125 ° 13.25 ′ 0 '' E / 10.287000 ° N 125.22083 ° E / 10.287000 ; 125.22083 ( Cabalian ) Southern Leyte Cagua 1,160 3,810 18 ° 13 ′ 19 '' N 122 ° 07 ′ 23 '' E / 18.222 ° N 122.123 ° E / 18.222 ; 122.123 ( Cagua ) Cagayan Eruption in 1860 and strong solfataric activity in 1907 . Thermal areas are near the summit and NW to NNE flanks . Camiguin de Babuyanes 712 2,336 18 ° 49 ′ 48 '' N 121 ° 51 ′ 36 '' E / 18.83 ° N 121.860 ° E / 18.83 ; 121.860 ( Camiguin de Babuyanes ) Cagayan Its only recorded eruption was in 1857 . Fumarolic with thermal springs Didicas 843 2,766 19 ° 04 ′ 37 '' N 122 ° 12 ′ 07 '' E / 19.077 ° N 122.202 ° E / 19.077 ; 122.202 ( Didicas ) Cagayan 6 Eruptions in 1773 , 1856 , 1900 , 1952 , 1969 and 1978 . A submarine volcano till 1952 when a permanent island was formed . Hibok ‐ Hibok 1,332 4,370 9 ° 12 ′ 11 '' N 124 ° 40 ′ 23 '' E / 9.203 ° N 124.673 ° E / 9.203 ; 124.673 ( Hibok - Hibok ) Camiguin Eruption in years 1827 , 1862 , 1871 and 1948 -- 1952 . Activity from 1897 - 1902 was only solfataric . Permanently monitored . Iraya 1,009 3,310 20 ° 28 ′ 08 '' N 122 ° 00 ′ 36 '' E / 20.469 ° N 122.010 ° E / 20.469 ; 122.010 ( Iraya ) Batanes Last eruption was in 1454 . Seismic swarm in 1998 . Iriga 1,143 3,750 13 ° 27 ′ 25 '' N 123 ° 27 ′ 25 '' E / 13.457 ° N 123.457 ° E / 13.457 ; 123.457 ( Iriga ) Camarines Sur 0 The eruption in 1628 was discredited . Jolo Group 620 2,030 6 ° 00 ′ 47 '' N 121 ° 03 ′ 25 '' E / 6.013 ° N 121.057 ° E / 6.013 ; 121.057 ( Jolo Group ) Sulu 0 Uncertain submarine eruption in 1897 . Listed as Bud Dajo , a cinder cone on Jolo Island , in the PHIVOLCS list . Kanlaon 2,435 7,989 10 ° 24 ′ 43 '' N 123 ° 07 ′ 55 '' E / 10.412 ° N 123.132 ° E / 10.412 ; 123.132 ( Kanla - on ) Negros Occidental , Negros Oriental 26 Eruptions were recorded from 1886 to 2006 . On November 23 , 2015 the volcano had a small , steam - driven explosion . PHIVOLCS raised the alert level to 1 ( mild restiveness ) . Permanently monitored . Leonard Kniaseff 200 660 7 ° 22 ′ 55 '' N 126 ° 02 ′ 49 '' E / 7.382 ° N 126.047 ° E / 7.382 ; 126.047 ( Leonard Kniaseff ) Compostela Valley 0 Last eruption was dated as c. 120 AD . Strong thermal features . Makaturing 1,940 6,360 7 ° 38 ′ 49 '' N 124 ° 19 ′ 12 '' E / 7.647 ° N 124.32 ° E / 7.647 ; 124.32 ( Makaturing ) Lanao del Sur Eruption recorded in 1865 and 1882 . The 1856 and 1858 eruptions was credited to Ragang Matutum 2,286 7,500 6 ° 22 ′ N 125 ° 04 ′ E / 6.37 ° N 125.07 ° E / 6.37 ; 125.07 ( Matutum ) South Cotabato 0 Mountain was fumarolic on March 7 , 1911 , but if an eruption occurred was uncertain . Thermal springs in Akmoan and Linan . Mayon 2,460 8,070 13 ° 15 ′ 25 '' N 123 ° 41 ′ 06 '' E / 13.257 ° N 123.685 ° E / 13.257 ; 123.685 ( Mayon ) Albay 50 Eruptions were recorded from 1616 to 2013 . Permanently monitored . Most recent major volcanic activity occurred in 2018 . Musuan 646 2,119 7 ° 52 ′ 37 '' N 125 ° 04 ′ 05 '' E / 7.877 ° N 125.068 ° E / 7.877 ; 125.068 ( Musuan ) Bukidnon Eruptions in 1866 & 1867 . Strong seismic swarm in 1976 . Parker 1,784 5,853 6 ° 06 ′ 47 '' N 124 ° 53 ′ 31 '' E / 6.113 ° N 124.892 ° E / 6.113 ; 124.892 ( Mount Parker ) South Cotabato A caldera - forming eruption occurred on January 4 , 1641 . Pinatubo 1,445 4,741 15 ° 08 ′ N 120 ° 21 ′ E / 15.13 ° N 120.35 ° E / 15.13 ; 120.35 ( Pinatubo ) Zambales , Tarlac , Pampanga Reawakened in 1991 producing the 2nd largest eruption in the 20th century . Followed by milder eruptions in 1992 and 1993 . Ragang 2,815 9,236 7 ° 42 ′ N 124 ° 30 ′ E / 7.70 ° N 124.50 ° E / 7.70 ; 124.50 ( Ragang ) Lanao del Sur , Cotabato 7 Eruption years are from 1765 to 1873 . Eruptions were uncertain in 1915 and 1916 . San Pablo Volcanic Field 1,090 3,580 14 ° 07 ′ N 121 ° 18 ′ E / 14.12 ° N 121.30 ° E / 14.12 ; 121.30 ( San Pablo Volcanic Field ) Laguna , Batangas 0 Last activity was the formation of Sampaloc Lake around 1350 AD + / - 100 years determined by anthropology Smith 688 2,257 19 ° 32 ′ 02 '' N 121 ° 55 ′ 01 '' E / 19.534 ° N 121.917 ° E / 19.534 ; 121.917 ( Smith ) Cagayan 6 Eruption years are from 1652 to 1924 . Combined with Babuyan Claro on the GVP list . Taal 311 1,020 14 ° 00 ′ 07 '' N 120 ° 59 ′ 35 '' E / 14.002 ° N 120.993 ° E / 14.002 ; 120.993 ( Taal ) Batangas 33 Eruption years is from 1572 to 1977 . Showing signs of unrest since 1991 and permanently monitored . Unnamed volcano ( Ibugos ) − 24 − 79 20 ° 20 ′ N 121 ° 45 ′ E / 20.33 ° N 121.75 ° E / 20.33 ; 121.75 ( Unnamed volcano ( Ibugos ) ) Batanes Submarine eruptions in 1773 , 1850 and 1854 . See also ( edit ) Geomorphology Landforms List of inactive volcanoes in the Philippines List of mountains in the Philippines List of potentially active volcanoes in the Philippines Volcanic field References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` List of Active Volcanoes '' . Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology ( PHIVOLCS ) . 30 July 2008 . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Volcanoes of the Philippines and Southeast Asia '' . Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Volcano Data Criteria '' . accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 18 . Smithsonian Institution . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference phivolddbhcs was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` Eruption History , Ambalatungan Group '' . Global Volcanism Program . Retrieved on 2011 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Banahaw Eruption History '' . Global Volcanism Program . Retrieved on 2011 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Didicas Eruption History '' . Global Volcanism Program . Retrieved on 2011 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Iriga Eruption History '' . Global Volcanism Program . Retrieved on 2011 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Leonard Range Eruption History '' . Global Volcanism Program . Retrieved on 2011 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Makaturing Eruption History '' . Global Volcanism Program . Retrieved on 2011 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Makaturing '' . Global Volcanism Program . Retrieved on 2011 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Matutum '' . Global Volcanism Program . Retrieved on 2011 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Matutum Eruption History '' . Global Volcanism Program . Retrieved on 2011 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` San Pablo Volcanic Field Eruption History '' . Global Volcanism Program . Retrieved on 2011 - 08 - 18 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Volcanoes of the Philippines . PHIVOLCS Volcano Monitoring and Classification of Volcanoes Geography of the Philippines Geology Benham Rise Benham Bank Manila Trench Marikina Valley Fault System Philippine Fault System Philippine Mobile Belt Philippine Sea Plate Landforms Archipelagos Extreme points Headlands Hills Island groups islands Mountains ranges passes Ultras Peninsulas Plains Valleys Volcanoes active potentially active inactive Water Baselines Bays Gulfs Lakes Rivers Straits Waterfalls Wetlands Seas Bohol Camotes Celebes Philippine Samar Sibuyan Sulu South China Visayan Administrative divisions Regions Autonomous Provinces Cities Municipalities Barangays Purok Sitio Environment Climate Ecoregions Forests Landmarks National parks Protected areas Biosphere reserves World Heritage Sites Wildlife Fauna Flora Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_active_volcanoes_in_the_Philippines&oldid=859187735 '' Categories : Active volcanoes of the Philippines Lists of volcanoes Lists of landforms of the Philippines Volcanoes of the Philippines Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with broken reference names Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bikol Central Ilokano Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2018 , at 09 : 48 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	list of 22 active volcanoes in the philippines	[]	[]
8527611333519525960	Four Evangelists	Four Evangelists - wikipedia Four Evangelists Jump to : navigation , search For the painting , see The Four Evangelists ( painting ) . See also : Synoptic gospels This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jacob Jordaens , The Four Evangelists , 1625 -- 1630 . In Christian tradition , the Four Evangelists are Matthew , Mark , Luke , and John , the authors attributed with the creation of the four Gospel accounts in the New Testament that bear the following titles : Gospel according to Matthew ; Gospel according to Mark ; Gospel according to Luke and Gospel according to John . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gospels 2 Symbols 3 Naming 4 Depictions 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Gospels ( edit ) The four winged creatures that symbolise the Four Evangelists surround Christ in Majesty on the Romanesque tympanum of the Church of St. Trophime in Arles . The lion symbol of St. Mark from the Echternach Gospels , here without wings . The gospels of Matthew , Mark , and Luke are known as the Synoptic Gospels , because they include many of the same stories , often in the same sequence . While the periods to which the gospels are usually dated suggest otherwise , convention traditionally holds that the authors were two of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus , John and Matthew , as well as two `` apostolic men , '' Mark and Luke : Matthew -- a former tax collector who was called by Jesus to be one of the Twelve Apostles , Mark -- a follower of Peter and so an `` apostolic man , '' Luke -- a doctor who wrote what is now the book of Luke to Theophilus . Also known to have written the book of Acts ( or Acts of the Apostles ) and to have been a close friend of Paul of Tarsus , John -- a disciple of Jesus and possibly the youngest of his Twelve Apostles . They are called evangelists , a word meaning `` people who proclaim good news , '' because their books aim to tell the `` good news '' ( `` gospel '' ) of Jesus . Symbols ( edit ) In iconography , the evangelists often appear in Evangelist portraits derived from classical tradition , and are also frequently represented by the symbols which originate from the four `` living creatures '' that draw the throne - chariot of God , the Merkabah , in the vision in the Book of Ezekiel ( Chapter 1 ) reflected in the Book of Revelation ( 4.6 - 9ff ) , though neither source links the creatures to the Evangelists . Images normally , but not invariably , appear with wings like angels . The meanings accruing to the symbols grew over centuries , with an early formulation by Jerome , and were fully expressed by Rabanus Maurus , who set out three layers of meaning for the beasts , as representing firstly the Evangelists , secondly the nature of Christ , and thirdly the virtues required of a Christian for salvation : These animals may have originally been seen as representing the highest forms of the various types of animals , i.e. , man , the king of creation as the image of the creator ; the lion as the king of beasts of prey ( meat - eating ) ; the ox as the king of domesticated animals ( grass - eating ) and the eagle as the king of the birds . The symbols of the four Evangelists are here depicted in the Book of Kells . The four winged creatures symbolize , clockwise from top left , Matthew , Mark , John , and Luke . Matthew the Evangelist , the author of the first gospel account , is symbolized by a winged man , or angel . Matthew 's gospel starts with Joseph 's genealogy from Abraham ; it represents Jesus ' Incarnation , and so Christ 's human nature . This signifies that Christians should use their reason for salvation . Mark the Evangelist , the author of the second gospel account , is symbolized by a winged lion -- a figure of courage and monarchy . The lion also represents Jesus ' resurrection ( because lions were believed to sleep with open eyes , a comparison with Christ in the tomb ) , and Christ as king . This signifies that Christians should be courageous on the path of salvation . Luke the Evangelist , the author of the third gospel account ( and the Acts of the Apostles ) , is symbolized by a winged ox or bull -- a figure of sacrifice , service and strength . Luke 's account begins with the duties of Zacharias in the temple ; it represents Jesus ' sacrifice in His Passion and Crucifixion , as well as Christ being High priest ( this also represents Mary 's obedience ) . The ox signifies that Christians should be prepared to sacrifice themselves in following Christ . John the Evangelist , the author of the fourth gospel account , is symbolized by an eagle -- a figure of the sky , and believed by Christian scholars to be able to look straight into the sun . John starts with an eternal overview of Jesus the Logos and goes on to describe many things with a `` higher '' christology than the other three ( synoptic ) gospels ; it represents Jesus ' Ascension , and Christ 's divine nature . This symbolizes that Christians should look on eternity without flinching as they journey towards their goal of union with God . Each of the symbols is depicted with wings , following the biblical sources first in Ezekiel 1 -- 2 , and in Revelation . The symbols are shown with , or in place of , the Evangelists in early medieval Gospel Books , and are the usual accompaniment to Christ in Majesty when portrayed during the same period , reflecting the vision in Revelation . They were presented as one of the most common motifs found on church portals and apses , as well as many other locations . When surrounding Christ , the figure of the man usually appears at top left -- above Christ 's right hand , with the lion above Christ 's left arm . Underneath the man is the ox and underneath the lion is the eagle . This both reflects the medieval idea of the order of `` nobility '' of nature of the beasts ( man , lion , ox , eagle ) and the text of Ezekiel 1.10 . From the thirteenth century their use began to decline , as a new conception of Christ in Majesty , showing the wounds of the Passion , came into use . Sometimes in Evangelist portraits they appear to dictate to the writing evangelist . Naming ( edit ) Matthew is often cited as the `` first Gospel account , '' not only owing to its place in the canon , but also in view of the patristic witness to this effect . Most biblical scholars however , see the gospel account of Mark as having been written first ( see Markan priority ) and John 's gospel account as having been written last . It has become customary to speak of `` the Gospel of Matthew '' ... `` the Gospel of John '' , not least because it is shorter and rolls much more smoothly off the tongue ; but it is worth noting that the ancient titles do not use the genitive of possession , but the preposition `` according to '' , signifying that each evangelist sets forth the one `` Gospel of God '' according to his own capacity , but not in the sense of creating his own story . Depictions ( edit ) Paintings Rubens , 1614 Abraham Bloemaert , ca . 1612 - 1615 , Princeton University Art Museum Illuminated Manuscripts Symbol facing evangelist portrait at the start of the Gospel ; Egmont Gospels Codex Amiatinus , earliest surviving complete Vulgate Bible , eighth century Carolingian depiction from an Aachen Gospel , 820 Miniatures from the Grandes Heures of Anne of Brittany , Queen consort of France ( 1477 -- 1514 ) Saint Matthew Saint Mark Saint Luke Saint John The Four Evangelists , 10th century Saint Matthew Saint Mark Saint Luke Saint John See also ( edit ) Book : Gospel Bible portal Christianity portal Gospel harmony Authorship of the Johannine works Tetramorph Gospel Four Gospels References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lincoln , Andrew ( 2005 ) . https://books.google.com/books?id=eYmxAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 Gospel According to St John . Bloomsbury Publishing Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=0ruP6J_XPCEC&pg=PA18 R.T France ( 2007 ) , `` The Gospel of Matthew '' , p. 18 . ) Jump up ^ Tertullian , Adv . Marc . V. 2 . Jump up ^ `` The good news of Jesus Christ , the Son of God . '' Mark 1 : 1 Jump up ^ Jerome , Preface to Commentary on Matthew Jump up ^ Emile Male , The Gothic Image : Religious Art in France of the Thirteenth Century , p 35 -- 7 , English trans. of 3rd edn , 1913 , Collins , London ( and many other editions ) , ISBN 978 - 0064300322 Jump up ^ Jerome , Preface to Commentary on Matthew Jump up ^ Emile Male , The Gothic Image : Religious Art in France of the Thirteenth Century , p 35 -- 7 , English trans. of 3rd edn , 1913 , Collins , London ( and many other editions ) , ISBN 978 - 0064300322 Jump up ^ Male , op . cit . Jump up ^ Male , op . cit . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Four Evangelists . 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-4054954925424806710	We Can Do It!	We Can Do It ! - Wikipedia We Can Do It ! Jump to : navigation , search `` We Can Do It '' redirects here . For other uses , see We Can Do It ( disambiguation ) . J. Howard Miller 's `` We Can Do It ! '' poster from 1943 `` We Can Do It ! '' is an American wartime propaganda poster produced by J. Howard Miller in 1943 for Westinghouse Electric as an inspirational image to boost worker morale . The poster was very little seen during World War II . It was rediscovered in the early 1980s and widely reproduced in many forms , often called `` We Can Do It ! '' but also called `` Rosie the Riveter '' after the iconic figure of a strong female war production worker . The `` We Can Do It ! '' image was used to promote feminism and other political issues beginning in the 1980s . The image made the cover of the Smithsonian magazine in 1994 and was fashioned into a US first - class mail stamp in 1999 . It was incorporated in 2008 into campaign materials for several American politicians , and was reworked by an artist in 2010 to celebrate the first woman becoming prime minister of Australia . The poster is one of the ten most - requested images at the National Archives and Records Administration . After its rediscovery , observers often assumed that the image was always used as a call to inspire women workers to join the war effort . However , during the war the image was strictly internal to Westinghouse , displayed only during February 1943 , and was not for recruitment but to exhort already - hired women to work harder . People have seized upon the uplifting attitude and apparent message to remake the image into many different forms , including self empowerment , campaign promotion , advertising , and parodies . After she saw the Smithsonian cover image in 1994 , Geraldine Hoff Doyle mistakenly said that she was the subject of the poster . Doyle thought that she had also been captured in a wartime photograph of a woman factory worker , and she innocently assumed that this photo inspired Miller 's poster . Conflating her as `` Rosie the Riveter '' , Doyle was honored by many organizations including the Michigan Women 's Historical Center and Hall of Fame . However , in 2015 , the woman in the wartime photograph was identified as then 20 - year - old Naomi Parker , working in early 1942 before Doyle had graduated from high school . Doyle 's notion that the photograph inspired the poster can not be proved or disproved , so neither Doyle nor Parker can be confirmed as the model for `` We Can Do It ! '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Westinghouse Electric 2 Rosie the Riveter 3 Rediscovery 4 Wire service photograph 5 Legacy 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) A propaganda poster from 1942 encouraging unity between labor and management of GM After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor , the U.S. government called upon manufacturers to produce greater amounts of war goods . The workplace atmosphere at large factories was often tense because of resentment built up between management and labor unions throughout the 1930s . Directors of companies such as General Motors ( GM ) sought to minimize past friction and encourage teamwork . In response to a rumored public relations campaign by the United Auto Workers union , GM quickly produced a propaganda poster in 1942 showing both labor and management rolling up their sleeves , aligned toward maintaining a steady rate of war production . The poster read , `` Together We Can Do It ! '' and `` Keep ' Em Firing ! '' In creating such posters , corporations wished to increase production by tapping popular pro-war sentiment , with the ultimate goal of preventing the government from exerting greater control over production . Westinghouse Electric ( edit ) In 1942 , Pittsburgh artist J. Howard Miller was hired by Westinghouse Electric 's internal War Production Coordinating Committee , through an advertising agency , to create a series of posters to display to the company 's workers . The intent of the poster project was to raise worker morale , to reduce absenteeism , to direct workers ' questions to management , and to lower the likelihood of labor unrest or a factory strike . Each of the more than 42 posters designed by Miller was displayed in the factory for two weeks , then replaced by the next one in the series . Most of the posters featured men ; they emphasized traditional roles for men and women . One of the posters pictured a smiling male manager with the words `` Any Questions About Your Work ? ... Ask your Supervisor . '' Another poster by J. Howard Miller from the same series as `` We Can Do It ! '' No more than 1,800 copies of the 17 - by - 22 - inch ( 559 by 432 mm ) `` We Can Do It ! '' poster were printed . It was not initially seen beyond several Westinghouse factories in East Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , and the midwestern U.S. , where it was scheduled to be displayed for two five - day work weeks starting Monday , February 15 , 1943 . The targeted factories were making plasticized helmet liners impregnated with Micarta , a phenolic resin invented by Westinghouse . Mostly women were employed in this enterprise , which yielded some 13 million helmet liners over the course of the war . The slogan `` We Can Do It ! '' was probably not interpreted by the factory workers as empowering to women alone ; they had been subjected to a series of paternalistic , controlling posters promoting management authority , employee capability and company unity , and the workers would likely have understood the image to mean `` Westinghouse Employees Can Do It '' , all working together . The upbeat image served as gentle propaganda to boost employee morale and keep production from lagging . The badge on the `` We Can Do It ! '' worker 's collar identifies her as a Westinghouse Electric plant floor employee ; the pictured red , white and blue clothing was a subtle call to patriotism , one of the frequent tactics of corporate war production committees . Rosie the Riveter ( edit ) Main article : Rosie the Riveter During World War II , the `` We Can Do It ! '' poster was not connected to the 1942 song `` Rosie the Riveter '' , nor to the widely seen Norman Rockwell painting called Rosie the Riveter that appeared on the cover of the Memorial Day issue of the Saturday Evening Post , May 29 , 1943 . The Westinghouse poster was not associated with any of the women nicknamed `` Rosie '' who came forward to promote women working for war production on the home front . Rather , after being displayed for two weeks in February 1943 to some Westinghouse factory workers , it disappeared for nearly four decades . Other `` Rosie '' images prevailed , often photographs of actual workers . The Office of War Information geared up for a massive nationwide advertising campaign to sell the war , but `` We Can Do It ! '' was not part of it . Rockwell 's emblematic Rosie the Riveter painting was loaned by the Post to the U.S. Treasury Department for use in posters and campaigns promoting war bonds . Following the war , the Rockwell painting gradually sank from public memory because it was copyrighted ; all of Rockwell 's paintings were vigorously defended by his estate after his death . This protection resulted in the original painting gaining value -- it sold for nearly $5 million in 2002 . Conversely , the lack of protection for the `` We Can Do It ! '' image is one of the reasons it experienced a rebirth . Ed Reis , a volunteer historian for Westinghouse , noted that the original image was not shown to female riveters during the war , so the recent association with `` Rosie the Riveter '' was unjustified . Rather , it was targeted at women who were making helmet liners out of Micarta . Reis joked that the woman in the image was more likely to have been named `` Molly the Micarta Molder or Helen the Helmet Liner Maker . '' Rediscovery ( edit ) An example of commercial use on a pair of vending machines for bottled water In 1982 , the `` We Can Do It ! '' poster was reproduced in a magazine article , `` Poster Art for Patriotism 's Sake '' , a Washington Post Magazine article about posters in the collection of the National Archives . In subsequent years , the poster was re-appropriated to promote feminism . Feminists saw in the image an embodiment of female empowerment . The `` We '' was understood to mean `` We Women '' , uniting all women in a sisterhood fighting against gender inequality . This was very different from the poster 's 1943 use to control employees and to discourage labor unrest . History professor Jeremiah Axelrod commented on the image 's combination of femininity with the `` masculine ( almost macho ) composition and body language . '' Smithsonian magazine put the image on its cover in March 1994 , to invite the viewer to read a featured article about wartime posters . The US Postal Service created a 33 ¢ stamp in February 1999 based on the image , with the added words `` Women Support War Effort '' . A Westinghouse poster from 1943 was put on display at the National Museum of American History , part of the exhibit showing items from the 1930s and ' 40s . Wire Service photograph ( edit ) 1942 photograph of Naomi Parker In 1984 , former war worker Geraldine Hoff Doyle came across an article in Modern Maturity magazine which showed a wartime photograph of a young woman working at a lathe , and she assumed that the photograph was taken of her in mid-to - late 1942 when she was working briefly in a factory . Ten years later , Doyle saw the `` We Can Do It ! '' poster on the front of the Smithsonian magazine and assumed the poster was an image of herself . Without intending to profit from the connection , Doyle decided that the 1942 wartime photograph had inspired Miller to create the poster , making Doyle herself the model for the poster . Subsequently , Doyle was widely credited as the inspiration for Miller 's poster . From an archive of Acme news photographs , Professor James J. Kimble obtained the original photographic print , including its yellowed caption identifying the woman as Naomi Parker . The photo is one of a series of photographs taken at Naval Air Station Alameda in California , showing Parker and her sister working at their war jobs during March 1942 . These images were published in various newspapers and magazines beginning in April 1942 , during a time when Doyle was still attending high school in Michigan . In February 2015 , Kimble interviewed the Parker sisters , now named Naomi Fern Fraley , 93 , and her sister Ada Wyn Morford , 91 , and found that they had known for five years about the incorrect identification of the photo , and had been rebuffed in their attempt to correct the historical record . Naomi Parker Fraley died age 96 on January 20 , 2018 . Although many publications have repeated Doyle 's unsupported assertion that the wartime photograph inspired Miller 's poster , Westinghouse historian Charles A. Ruch , a Pittsburgh resident who had been friends with J. Howard Miller , said that Miller was not in the habit of working from photographs , but rather live models . However , the photograph of Naomi Parker did appear in the Pittsburgh Press on July 5 , 1942 , making it possible that Miller saw it as he was creating the poster . Legacy ( edit ) The `` We Can Do It ! '' poster was used by the Ad Council for its 70th anniversary celebration , through a Facebook app called `` Rosify Yourself '' . Today , the image has become very widely known , far beyond its narrowly defined purpose during WWII . It has adorned T - shirts , tattoos , coffee cups and refrigerator magnets -- so many different products that the Washington Post called it the `` most over-exposed '' souvenir item available in Washington , D.C. It was used in 2008 by some of the various regional campaigners working to elect Sarah Palin , Ron Paul and Hillary Clinton . Michelle Obama was worked into the image by some attendees of the 2010 Rally to Restore Sanity and / or Fear . The image has been employed by corporations such as Clorox who used it in advertisements for household cleaners , the pictured woman provided in this instance with a wedding ring on her left hand . Parodies of the image have included famous women , men , animals and fictional characters . A bobblehead doll and an action figure toy have been produced . The Children 's Museum of Indianapolis showed a 4 - by - 5 - foot ( 1.2 by 1.5 m ) replica made by artist Kristen Cumings from thousands of Jelly Belly candies . After Julia Gillard became the first female prime minister of Australia in June 2010 , a Melbourne street artist calling himself Phoenix pasted Gillard 's face into a new monochrome version of the `` We Can Do It ! '' poster . AnOther Magazine published a photograph of the poster taken on Hosier Lane , Melbourne , in July 2010 , showing that the original `` War Production Co-ordinating Committee '' mark in the lower right had been replaced with a URL pointing to Phoenix 's Flickr photostream . In March 2011 , Phoenix produced a color version which stated `` She Did It ! '' in the lower right , then in January 2012 he pasted `` Too Sad '' diagonally across the poster to represent his disappointment with developments in Australian politics . Geraldine Doyle died in December 2010 . Utne Reader went ahead with their scheduled January -- February 2011 cover image : a parody of `` We Can Do It ! '' featuring Marge Simpson raising her right hand in a fist . The editors of the magazine expressed regret at the passing of Doyle . A stereoscopic ( 3D ) image of `` We Can Do It ! '' was created for the closing credits of the 2011 superhero film Captain America : The First Avenger . The image served as the background for the title card of English actress Hayley Atwell . The Ad Council claimed the poster was developed in 1942 by its precursor , the War Advertising Committee , as part of a `` Women in War Jobs '' campaign , helping to bring `` over two million women '' into war production . In February 2012 during the Ad Council 's 70th anniversary celebration , an interactive application designed by Animax 's HelpsGood digital agency was linked to the Ad Council 's Facebook page . The Facebook app was called `` Rosify Yourself '' , referring to Rosie the Riveter ; it allowed viewers to upload images of their faces to be incorporated into the `` We Can Do It ! '' poster , then saved to be shared with friends . Ad Council President and CEO Peggy Conlon posted her own `` Rosified '' face on Huffington Post in an article she wrote about the group 's 70 - year history . The staff of the television show Today posted two `` Rosified '' images on their website , using the faces of news anchors Matt Lauer and Ann Curry . However , Seton Hall University professor James J. Kimble and University of Pittsburgh professor Lester C. Olson researched the origins of the poster and determined that it was not produced by the Ad Council nor was it used for recruiting women workers . See also ( edit ) American propaganda during World War II Keep Calm and Carry On , another obscure WWII poster that became famous only decades later References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kimble , James J. ; Olson , Lester C. ( Winter 2006 ) . `` Visual Rhetoric Representing Rosie the Riveter : Myth and Misconception in J. Howard Miller 's ' We Can Do It ! ' Poster '' . Rhetoric & Public Affairs . 9 ( 4 ) : 533 -- 569 . JSTOR 41940102 . Also available through Highbeam . ^ Jump up to : Bird , William L. ; Rubenstein , Harry R. ( 1998 ) . Design for Victory : World War II posters on the American home front . Princeton Architectural Press . p. 78 . ISBN 1 - 56898 - 140 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Bird / Rubenstein 1998 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Ehrlich , David A. ; Minton , Alan R. ; Stoy , Diane ( 2007 ) . Smokey , Rosie , and You ! . Hillcrest Publishing Group . p. 62 . ISBN 1 - 934248 - 33 - 9 . Jump up ^ Heyman , Therese Thau ( 1998 ) . Posters American Style . New York : National Museum of American Art , Smithsonian Institution , in association with Harry N. Adams , Inc. p. 106 . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 3749 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Harvey , Sheridan ( July 20 , 2010 ) . `` Rosie the Riveter : Real Women Workers in World War II '' . Journeys & Crossings . Library of Congress . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Work -- Fight -- Give : Smithsonian World War II Posters of Labor , Government , and Industry '' . Labor 's Heritage . George Meany Memorial Archives . 11 ( 4 ) : 49 . 2002 . Jump up ^ `` We Can Do It ! '' . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Search results for catalog number 1985.0851. 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Rosie the Riveter ' is not the same as ' We Can Do It ! ' '' . Docs Populi . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Excerpted from : Cushing , Lincoln ; Drescher , Tim ( 2009 ) . Agitate ! Educate ! Organize ! : American Labor Posters . ILR Press / Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 7427 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Sharp , Gwen ; Wade , Lisa ( January 4 , 2011 ) . `` Sociological Images : Secrets of a feminist icon '' ( PDF ) . Contexts. 10 ( 2 ) : 82 -- 83 . ISSN 1536 - 5042 . ^ Jump up to : McLellan , Dennis ( December 31 , 2010 ) . `` Geraldine Hoff Doyle dies at 86 ; inspiration behind a famous wartime poster '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Young , William H. ; Young , Nancy K. ( 2010 ) . World War II and the Postwar Years in America : A Historical and Cultural Encyclopedia . 1 . ABC - CLIO . p. 606 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 35652 - 1 . Jump up ^ Weatherford , Doris ( 2009 ) . American Women during World War II : an encyclopedia . Taylor & Francis . p. 399 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 99475 - 6 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Patricia ( May 23 , 1982 ) . `` Poster Art for Patriotism 's Sake '' . Washington Post Magazine : 35 . Jump up ^ Endres , Kathleen L. ( 2006 ) . `` Rosie the Riveter '' . In Dennis Hall , Susan G. Hall . American icons : an encyclopedia of the people , places , and things . 1 . Greenwood . p. 601 . ISBN 0 - 275 - 98429 - X . Jump up ^ Axelrod , Jeremiah B.C. ( 2006 ) . `` The Noir War : American Narratives of World War II and Its Aftermath '' . In Diederik Oostdijk , Markha G. Valenta . Tales of the Great American Victory : World War II in Politics and Poetics . VU University Press . p. 81 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 5383 - 976 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 -- 2000 Highlights '' . Rosie The Riveter Memorial Project . Richmond , California : Rosie the Riveter Trust . April 2003 . Retrieved January 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Women Support War Effort '' . United States Postal Service . Retrieved January 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Women On Stamps ( Publication 512 ) '' ( PDF ) . United States Postal Service . April 2003 . Retrieved January 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Treasures of American History : The Great Depression and World War II '' . National Museum of American History . Retrieved January 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kimble , James J. ( Summer 2016 ) . `` Rosie 's Secret Identity , or , How to Debunk a Woozle by Walking Backward through the Forest of Visual Rhetoric '' . Rhetoric and Public Affairs . 19 ( 2 ) : 245 -- 274 . ISSN 1094 - 8392 . Jump up ^ Chuck , Elizabeth ( December 30 , 2010 ) . `` Geraldine Doyle , inspiration for ' Rosie the Riveter , ' dies at 86 '' . Field Notes from NBC News . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2011 . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Williams , Timothy ( December 29 , 2010 ) . `` Geraldine Doyle , Iconic Face of World War II , Dies at 86 '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Memmot , Mark ( December 31 , 2010 ) . `` Michigan Woman Who Inspired WWII ' Rosie ' Poster Has Died '' . NPR . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schimpf , Sheila ( 1994 ) . `` Geraldine Hoff Doyle '' . Michigan History Magazine . Michigan Department of State . 78 : 54 -- 55 . Jump up ^ `` Ada Wyn Morford Papers '' . National Park Service Museum Collections . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` All This and Overtime , Too '' . Corbis . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2015 . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fox , Margalit ( 2018 ) . `` Naomi Parker Fraley , the Real Rosie the Riveter , Dies at 96 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Coleman , Penny ( December 30 , 2010 ) . `` Rosie the Riveter Image '' . PennyColeman.com . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2011 . Retrieved January 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wade , Lisa ( October 22 , 2007 ) . `` Sociological Images : Trivializing Women 's Power '' . The Society Page . Retrieved January 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Paul , Cindy ( April 12 , 2011 ) . `` Masterpieces of Jelly Bean Art Collection at the Children 's Museum '' . Indianapolis , Illinois : Funcityfinder.com . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2012 . Retrieved October 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cumings , Kristen . `` We Can Do It ! '' . Jelly Belly Bean Art Collection . Jelly Belly . Retrieved October 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Phoenix ( June 29 , 2010 ) . `` We Can Do It ! '' . Flickr . Retrieved October 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hellqvist , David ( July 27 , 2010 ) . `` Australian President , Julia Gillard '' . AnOther Magazine . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2012 . Retrieved October 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dama Design ( July 8 , 2010 ) . `` Julia Gillard '' . Tumblr . Retrieved October 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Phoenix ( March 12 , 2011 ) . `` We Can Do It ! '' . Flickr . Retrieved October 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Phoenix ( July 2 , 2010 ) . `` We Can Do It ! '' . Flickr . Retrieved October 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Phoenix ( January 23 , 2012 ) . `` She Did It ! ( TOO SAD ) '' . Flickr . Retrieved October 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Table of Contents '' . Utne Reader . January -- February 2011 . Retrieved January 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` untitled '' . Utne Reader editorial blog . Utne Reader . January 3 , 2011 . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2013 . Retrieved January 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Landekic , Lola ( August 30 , 2011 ) . `` Captain America : The First Avenger '' . Art of the Title . Retrieved February 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Story of the Ad Council '' . Ad Council . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2007 . Retrieved September 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Ad Council . Retrieved September 24 , 2012 . Working in tandem with the Office of War Information , the Ad Council created campaigns such as Buy War Bonds , Plant Victory Gardens , ' Loose Lips Sink Ships , ' and Rosie the Riveter 's ' We Can Do it . ' ^ Jump up to : Conlon , Peggy ( February 13 , 2012 ) . `` Happy Birthday Ad Council ! Celebrating 70 Years of Public Service Advertising '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved September 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` HelpsGood Develops ' Rosify Yourself ' App for Ad Council 's 70th Birthday '' . HelpsGood . February 2012 . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2013 . Retrieved September 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Veres , Steve ( February 13 , 2012 ) . `` Plaza sign of the day : Matt as Rosie the Riveter '' . Today . MSN Allday Today . Retrieved September 24 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) `` We Can Do It ! '' poster at the National Museum of American History Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=We_Can_Do_It!&oldid=838940732 '' Categories : 1943 works American art American propaganda during World War II Feminism and the arts Propaganda posters Westinghouse Electric Company Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2015 Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 April 2018 , at 07 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did the slogan we can do it come from	[]	[]
-6604309000368908754	List of current members of the Rajya Sabha	List of current members of the Rajya Sabha - Wikipedia List of current members of the Rajya Sabha Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Member of Parliament ( India ) . The Rajya Sabha ( RS ) or Council of States is the upper house of the Parliament of India . Membership is limited to 250 members , and the present Rajya Sabha has 245 members . 233 members are elected by state assembly members and 12 are nominated by the President for their contributions to art , literature , science , and social services . The remainder of the body is elected by the state and territorial legislatures . Members sit for six - year terms , with one third of the members retiring every two years . The nominated and state-wise list given below lists the number of seats against each category ( nominated and state-wise list ) and the number of vacant seats ( if any ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Nominated 2 Andhra Pradesh 3 Arunachal Pradesh 4 Assam 5 Bihar 6 Chhattisgarh 7 Goa 8 Gujarat 9 Haryana 10 Himachal Pradesh 11 Jammu and Kashmir 12 Jharkhand 13 Karnataka 14 Kerala 15 Madhya Pradesh 16 Maharashtra 17 Manipur 18 Meghalaya 19 Mizoram 20 Nagaland 21 National Capital Territory of Delhi 22 Odisha 23 Puducherry 24 Punjab 25 Rajasthan 26 Sikkim 27 Tamil Nadu 28 Telangana 29 Tripura 30 Uttar Pradesh 31 Uttarakhand 32 West Bengal 33 See also 34 References 35 External links Nominated ( edit ) For a complete list of Nominated Members of Rajya Sabha members , see List of nominated members of Rajya Sabha . Keys : BJP ( 4 ) Nominated ( 8 ) No . Name Field Affiliation Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Roopa Ganguly Art Bharatiya Janata Party 04 - Oct - 2016 03 - Oct - 2022 Sambhaji Raje Social work Bharatiya Janata Party 07 - Jun - 2016 03 - May - 2022 Suresh Gopi Art Bharatiya Janata Party 25 - Apr - 2016 24 - Apr - 2022 Subramanian Swamy Economics Bharatiya Janata Party 25 - Apr - 2016 24 - Apr - 2022 5 Narendra Jadhav Economics Nominated 25 - Apr - 2016 24 - Apr - 2022 6 Mary Kom Sport Nominated 25 - Apr - 2016 24 - Apr - 2022 7 Swapan Dasgupta Journalism Nominated 25 - Apr - 2016 24 - Apr - 2022 8 K.T.S. Tulsi Law Nominated 25 - Feb - 2014 24 - Feb - 2020 9 K. Parasaran Law Nominated 09 - Jun - 2012 08 - Jun - 2018 10 Rekha Art Nominated 27 - Apr - 2012 26 - Apr - 2018 11 Sachin Tendulkar Sport Nominated 27 - Apr - 2012 26 - Apr - 2018 12 Anu Aga Business Nominated 27 - Apr - 2012 26 - Apr - 2018 Andhra Pradesh ( edit ) Main article : List of Rajya Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh Keys : TDP ( 4 ) INC ( 4 ) YSRCP ( 1 ) BJP ( 1 ) TRS ( 1 ) No Name Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement K. Keshava Rao Telangana Rashtra Samithi 10 - Apr - 2014 09 - Apr - 2020 Konidala Chiranjeevi Indian National Congress 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 Mohd . Ali Khan Indian National Congress 10 - Apr - 2014 09 - Apr - 2020 Renuka Chowdary Indian National Congress 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 5 Dr. T. Subbarami Reddy Indian National Congress 10 - Apr - 2014 09 - Apr - 2020 6 Suresh Prabhu Bharatiya Janata Party 22 - Jun - 2016 21 - Jun - 2022 7 T. Devender Goud Telugu Desam Party 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 8 TG Venkatesh Telugu Desam Party 22 - Jun - 2016 21 - Jun - 2022 9 Thota Seetharama Lakshmi Telugu Desam Party 10 - Apr - 2014 09 - Apr - 2020 10 Y.S. Chowdary Telugu Desam Party 22 - Jun - 2016 21 - Jun - 2022 11 V. Vijayasai Reddy YSR Congress Party 22 - Jun - 2016 21 - Jun - 2022 Arunachal Pradesh ( edit ) Main article : List of Rajya Sabha members from Arunachal Pradesh Keys : INC ( 1 ) No Name Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Mukut Mithi Indian National Congress 24 - Jun - 2014 23 - Jun - 2020 Assam ( edit ) Main article : List of Rajya Sabha members from Assam Keys : INC ( 6 ) BPF ( 1 ) No Name Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Biswajit Daimary Bodoland People 's Front 10 - Apr - 2014 09 - Apr - 2020 Ripun Bora Indian National Congress 03 - Apr - 2016 02 - Apr - 2022 Ranee Narah Indian National Congress 03 - Apr - 2016 02 - Apr - 2022 Bhubaneswar Kalita Indian National Congress 10 - Apr - 2014 09 - Apr - 2020 5 Santiuse Kujur Indian National Congress 15 - Jun - 2013 14 - Jun - 2019 6 Dr. Manmohan Singh Indian National Congress 15 - Jun - 2013 14 - Jun - 2019 7 Sanjay Singh Indian National Congress 10 - Apr - 2014 09 - Apr - 2020 Bihar ( edit ) Main article : List of Rajya Sabha members from Bihar Keys : BJP ( 5 ) JD ( U ) ( 9 ) RJD ( 2 ) No Name Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Ali Anwar Ansari Janata Dal ( United ) 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 Gopal Narayan Singh Bharatiya Janata Party 08 - Jul - 2016 07 - Jul - 2022 Dr. Mahendra Prasad Janata Dal ( United ) 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 Kahkashan Perween Janata Dal ( United ) 10 - Apr - 2014 09 - Apr - 2020 5 Dharmendra Pradhan Bharatiya Janata Party 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 6 Ravi Shankar Prasad Bharatiya Janata Party 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 7 Anil Kumar Sahani Janata Dal ( United ) 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 8 Bashistha Narain Singh Janata Dal ( United ) 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 9 Harivansh Narayan Singh Janata Dal ( United ) 10 - Apr - 2014 09 - Apr - 2020 10 Ramchandra Prasad Singh Janata Dal ( United ) 08 - Jul - 2016 07 - Jul - 2022 11 RK Sinha Bharatiya Janata Party 10 - Apr - 2014 09 - Apr - 2020 12 Dr. C.P. Thakur Bharatiya Janata Party 10 - Apr - 2014 09 - Apr - 2020 13 Ram Nath Thakur Janata Dal ( United ) 10 - Apr - 2014 09 - Apr - 2020 14 Ram Jethmalani Rashtriya Janata Dal 08 - Jul - 2016 07 - Jul - 2022 15 Misa Bharti Rashtriya Janata Dal 08 - Jul - 2016 07 - Jul - 2022 16 Sharad Yadav Janata Dal ( United ) 08 - Jul - 2016 07 - Jul - 2022 Chhattisgarh ( edit ) Main article : List of Rajya Sabha members from Chhattisgarh Keys : BJP ( 3 ) INC ( 2 ) No Name Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Ramvichar Netam Bharatiya Janata Party 30 - Jun - 2016 29 - Jun - 2022 Dr. Bhushan Lal Jangde Bharatiya Janata Party 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 Chhaya Verma Indian National Congress 30 - Jun - 2016 29 - Jun - 2022 Motilal Vora Indian National Congress 10 - Apr - 2014 09 - Apr - 2020 5 Ranvijay Singh Judev Bharatiya Janata Party 10 - Apr - 2014 09 - Apr - 2020 Goa ( edit ) Main article : List of Rajya Sabha members from Goa Keys : BJP ( 1 ) No Name Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Vinay Tendulkar Bharatiya Janata Party 29 - Jul - 2017 28 - Jul - 2023 Gujarat ( edit ) Main article : List of Rajya Sabha members from Gujarat Keys : BJP ( 9 ) INC ( 2 ) No Name Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Smriti Zubin Irani Bharatiya Janata Party 19 - Aug - 2017 18 - Aug - 2023 Arun Jaitley Bharatiya Janata Party 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 Chunibhai K Gohel Bharatiya Janata Party 10 - Apr - 2014 09 - Apr - 2020 Madhusudan Mistry Indian National Congress 10 - Apr - 2014 09 - Apr - 2020 5 Ahmed Patel Indian National Congress 19 - Aug - 2017 18 - Aug - 2023 6 Amit Shah Bharatiya Janata Party 19 - Aug - 2017 18 - Aug - 2023 7 Mahant Shambhuprasadji Tundiya Bharatiya Janata Party 10 - Apr - 2014 09 - Apr - 2020 8 Shankarbhai Vegad Bharatiya Janata Party 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 9 Parsottambhai Rupala Bharatiya Janata Party 03 - Jun - 2016 02 - Apr - 2018 10 Lal Sinh Vadodia Bharatiya Janata Party 10 - Apr - 2014 09 - Apr - 2020 11 Mansukh L. Mandaviya Bharatiya Janata Party 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 Haryana ( edit ) Main article : List of Rajya Sabha members from Haryana Keys : INC ( 2 ) INLD ( 1 ) BJP ( 1 ) Independent ( 1 ) No Name Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Shadi Lal Batra Indian National Congress 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 Selja Kumari Indian National Congress 10 - Apr - 2014 09 - Apr - 2020 Ram Kumar Kashyap Indian National Lok Dal 10 - Apr - 2014 09 - Apr - 2020 Birender Singh Bharatiya Janata Party 02 - Aug - 2016 01 - Aug - 2022 5 Subhash Chandra Independent 02 - Aug - 2016 01 - Aug - 2022 Himachal Pradesh ( edit ) Main article : List of Rajya Sabha members from Himachal Pradesh Keys : INC ( 2 ) BJP ( 1 ) No Name Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Anand Sharma Indian National Congress 03 - Apr - 2016 02 - Apr - 2022 Viplove Thakur Indian National Congress 10 - Apr - 2014 09 - Apr - 2020 Jagat Prakash Nadda Bharatiya Janata Party 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 Jammu and Kashmir ( edit ) Main article : List of Rajya Sabha members from Jammu and Kashmir Keys : JKPDP ( 2 ) BJP ( 1 ) INC ( 1 ) No Name Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Shamsheer Singh Manhas Bharatiya Janata Party 11 - Feb - 2015 10 - Feb - 2021 Ghulam Nabi Azad Indian National Congress 16 - Feb - 2015 15 - Feb - 2021 Fayaz Ahmad Mir Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party 11 - Feb - 2015 10 - Feb - 2021 Nazir Ahmad Laway Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party 16 - Feb - 2015 15 - Feb - 2021 Jharkhand ( edit ) Main article : List of Rajya Sabha members from Jharkhand Keys : BJP ( 2 ) RJD ( 1 ) JMM ( 1 ) INC ( 1 ) Independent ( 1 ) No Name Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Prem Chand Gupta Rashtriya Janata Dal 10 - Apr - 2014 09 - Apr - 2020 Parimal Nathwani Independent 10 - Apr - 2014 09 - Apr - 2020 Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi Bharatiya Janata Party 08 - Jul - 2016 07 - Jul - 2022 Pradeep Kumar Balmuchu Indian National Congress 04 - May - 2012 03 - May - 2018 5 Mahesh Poddar Bharatiya Janata Party 08 - Jul - 2016 07 - Jul - 2022 6 Sanjiv Kumar Jharkhand Mukti Morcha 04 - May - 2012 03 - May - 2018 Karnataka ( edit ) Main article : List of Rajya Sabha members from Karnataka Keys : INC ( 6 ) BJP ( 4 ) JD ( S ) ( 1 ) Independent ( 1 ) No Name Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement B.K. Hariprasad Indian National Congress 26 - Jun - 2014 25 - Jun - 2020 Rajeev Chandrasekhar Independent 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 R Ramakrishna Bharatiya Janata Party 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 Oscar Fernandes Indian National Congress 01 - Jul - 2016 30 - Jun - 2022 5 K. Rahman Khan Indian National Congress 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 6 Prof. MV Rajeev Gowda Indian National Congress 26 - Jun - 2014 25 - Jun - 2020 7 Basavaraj Patil Sedam Bharatiya Janata Party 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 8 Prabhakar Kore Bharatiya Janata Party 26 - Jun - 2014 25 - Jun - 2020 9 Jairam Ramesh Indian National Congress 01 - Jul - 2016 30 - Jun - 2022 10 Nirmala Sitharaman Bharatiya Janata Party 01 - Jul - 2016 30 - Jun - 2022 11 D. Kupendra Reddy Janata Dal ( Secular ) 26 - Jun - 2014 25 - Jun - 2020 12 K.C. Ramamurthy Indian National Congress 01 - Jul - 2016 30 - Jun - 2022 Kerala ( edit ) Main article : List of Rajya Sabha members from Kerala Keys : INC ( 3 ) CPI ( M ) ( 3 ) IUML ( 1 ) KC ( M ) ( 1 ) JD ( U ) ( 1 ) No Name Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement PV Abdul Wahab Indian Union Muslim League 22 - Apr - 2015 21 - Apr - 2021 AK Antony Indian National Congress 03 - Apr - 2016 02 - Apr - 2022 C.P. Narayanan Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) 02 - Jul - 2012 01 - Jul - 2018 P.J. Kurien Indian National Congress 02 - Jul - 2012 01 - Jul - 2018 5 K. Somaprasad Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) 03 - Apr - 2016 02 - Apr - 2022 6 K.K. Ragesh Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) 22 - Apr - 2015 21 - Apr - 2021 7 Joy Abraham Kerala Congress ( M ) 02 - Jul - 2012 01 - Jul - 2018 8 Vayalar Ravi Indian National Congress 22 - Apr - 2015 21 - Apr - 2021 9 M.P. Veerendra Kumar Janata Dal ( United ) 03 - Apr - 2016 02 - Apr - 2022 Madhya Pradesh ( edit ) Main article : List of Rajya Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh Keys : BJP ( 8 ) INC ( 3 ) No Name Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Prabhat Jha Bharatiya Janata Party 10 - Apr - 2014 09 - Apr - 2020 Prakash Javadekar Bharatiya Janata Party 13 - Jun - 2014 02 - Apr - 2018 M.J. Akbar Bharatiya Janata Party 30 - Jun - 2016 29 - Jun - 2022 La Ganesan Bharatiya Janata Party 06 - Oct - 2016 02 - Apr - 2018 5 Thawar Chand Gehlot Bharatiya Janata Party 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 6 Vivek Tankha Indian National Congress 30 - Jun - 2016 29 - Jun - 2022 7 Satyanarayan Jatiya Bharatiya Janata Party 10 - Apr - 2014 09 - Apr - 2020 8 Digvijaya Singh Indian National Congress 10 - Apr - 2014 09 - Apr - 2020 9 Satyavrat Chaturvedi Indian National Congress 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 10 Meghraj Jain Bharatiya Janata Party 15 - Sep - 2014 02 - Apr - 2018 11 Sampatiya Uike Bharatiya Janata Party 01 - Aug - 2017 29 - Jun - 2022 Maharashtra ( edit ) Main article : List of Rajya Sabha members from Maharashtra Keys : BJP ( 5 ) NCP ( 5 ) INC ( 4 ) Shiv Sena ( 3 ) RPI ( A ) ( 1 ) Independent ( 1 ) No Name Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Ramdas Athawale Republican Party of India ( A ) 03 - Apr - 2014 02 - Apr - 2020 Vandana Chavan Nationalist Congress Party 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 Husain Dalwai Indian National Congress 03 - Apr - 2014 02 - Apr - 2020 P. Chidambaram Indian National Congress 05 - Jul - 2016 04 - Jul - 2022 5 Amar Shankar Sable Bharatiya Janata Party 14 - Mar - 2015 02 - Apr - 2020 6 Anil Desai Shiv Sena 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 7 Rajkumar Dhoot Shiv Sena 03 - Apr - 2014 02 - Apr - 2020 8 Piyush Goyal Bharatiya Janata Party 05 - Jul - 2016 04 - Jul - 2022 9 Vinay Sahasrabuddhe Bharatiya Janata Party 05 - Jul - 2016 04 - Jul - 2022 10 Sanjay Dattatraya Kakade Independent 03 - Apr - 2014 02 - Apr - 2020 11 Majeed Memon Nationalist Congress Party 03 - Apr - 2014 02 - Apr - 2020 12 Dr. Vikas Mahatme Bharatiya Janata Party 05 - Jul - 2016 04 - Jul - 2022 13 Praful Patel Nationalist Congress Party 05 - Jul - 2016 04 - Jul - 2022 14 Rajani Patil Indian National Congress 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 15 Sharad Pawar Nationalist Congress Party 03 - Apr - 2014 02 - Apr - 2020 16 Sanjay Raut Shiv Sena 05 - Jul - 2016 04 - Jul - 2022 17 Ajay Sancheti Bharatiya Janata Party 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 18 Rajeev Shukla Indian National Congress 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 19 D.P. Tripathi Nationalist Congress Party 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 Manipur ( edit ) Main article : List of Rajya Sabha members from Manipur Keys : BJP ( 1 ) No Name Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Kshetrimayum Bhabananda Singh Bharatiya Janata Party 25 - May - 2017 09 - Apr - 2020 Meghalaya ( edit ) Main article : List of Rajya Sabha members from Meghalaya Keys : INC ( 1 ) No Name Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Wansuk Syiem Indian National Congress 13 - Apr - 2014 12 - Apr - 2020 Mizoram ( edit ) Main article : List of Rajya Sabha members from Mizoram Keys : INC ( 1 ) No Name Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Ronald Sapa Tlau Indian National Congress 19 - Jul - 2014 18 - Jul - 2020 Nagaland ( edit ) Main article : List of Rajya Sabha members from Nagaland Keys : NPF ( 1 ) No Name Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement K.G. Kenye Naga People 's Front 03 - Apr - 2016 02 - Apr - 2022 National Capital Territory of Delhi ( edit ) Main article : List of Rajya Sabha members from Delhi Keys : INC ( 3 ) No Name Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Janardan Dwivedi Indian National Congress 28 - Jan - 2012 27 - Jan - 2018 Parvez Hashmi Indian National Congress 28 - Jan - 2012 27 - Jan - 2018 Dr. Karan Singh Indian National Congress 28 - Jan - 2012 27 - Jan - 2018 Odisha ( edit ) Main article : List of Rajya Sabha members from Odisha Keys : BJD ( 8 ) INC ( 1 ) Independent ( 1 ) No Name Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Anubhav Mohanty Biju Janata Dal 13 - Jun - 2014 02 - Apr - 2020 AU Singh Deo Biju Janata Dal 26 - Jun - 2014 03 - Apr - 2018 AV Swamy Independent 04 - Apr - 2012 03 - Apr - 2018 Pratap Deb Biju Janata Dal 18 - May - 2017 01 - Jul - 2022 5 Prasanna Acharya Biju Janata Dal 26 - Jul - 2016 01 - Jul - 2022 6 Dilip Tirkey Biju Janata Dal 04 - Apr - 2012 03 - Apr - 2018 7 N. Bhaskar Rao Biju Janata Dal 02 - Jul - 2016 01 - Jul - 2022 8 Ranjib Biswal Indian National Congress 03 - Apr - 2014 02 - Apr - 2020 9 Sarojini Hembram Biju Janata Dal 03 - Apr - 2014 02 - Apr - 2020 10 Narendra Kumar Swain Biju Janata Dal 07 - Dec - 2015 02 - Apr - 2020 Puducherry ( edit ) Main article : List of Rajya Sabha members from Puducherry Keys : AIADMK ( 1 ) No Name Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement N Gokulakrishnan All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 07 - Oct - 2015 06 - Oct - 2021 Punjab ( edit ) Main article : List of Rajya Sabha members from Punjab Keys : INC ( 3 ) SAD ( 3 ) BJP ( 1 ) No Name Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Pratap Singh Bajwa Indian National Congress 10 - Apr - 2016 09 - Apr - 2022 Sukhdev Singh Dhindsa Shiromani Akali Dal 10 - Apr - 2016 09 - Apr - 2022 Shamsher Singh Dullo Indian National Congress 10 - Apr - 2016 09 - Apr - 2022 Naresh Gujral Shiromani Akali Dal 10 - Apr - 2016 09 - Apr - 2022 5 Shwet Malik Bharatiya Janata Party 10 - Apr - 2016 09 - Apr - 2022 6 Ambika Soni Indian National Congress 05 - Jul - 2016 04 - Jul - 2022 7 Balwinder Singh Bhunder Shiromani Akali Dal 05 - Jul - 2016 04 - Jul - 2022 Rajasthan ( edit ) Main article : List of Rajya Sabha members from Rajasthan Keys : BJP ( 7 ) INC ( 2 ) Vacant ( 1 ) No Name Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Om Prakash Mathur Bharatiya Janata Party 05 - Jul - 2016 04 - Jul - 2022 Abhishek Manu Singhvi Indian National Congress 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 Bhupender Yadav Bharatiya Janata Party 04 - Apr - 2012 03 - Apr - 2018 Narendra Budania Indian National Congress 04 - Apr - 2012 03 - Apr - 2018 5 Narayan Lal Panchariya Bharatiya Janata Party 10 - Apr - 2014 09 - Apr - 2020 6 Ramnarayan Dudi Bharatiya Janata Party 10 - Apr - 2014 09 - Apr - 2020 7 Vijay Goel Bharatiya Janata Party 10 - Apr - 2014 09 - Apr - 2020 8 Ram Kumar Verma Bharatiya Janata Party 05 - Jul - 2016 04 - Jul - 2022 9 Harshvardhan Singh Bharatiya Janata Party 05 - Jul - 2016 04 - Jul - 2022 10 Vacant since 10 August 2017 04 - Jul - 2022 Sikkim ( edit ) Main article : List of Rajya Sabha members from Sikkim Keys : SDF ( 1 ) No Name Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Hishey Lachungpa Sikkim Democratic Front 24 - Feb - 2012 23 - Feb - 2018 Tamil Nadu ( edit ) Main article : List of Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu Keys : AIADMK ( 12 ) DMK ( 4 ) CPI ( M ) ( 1 ) CPI ( 1 ) No Name Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement S.R. Balasubramoniyan All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 30 - Jun - 2016 29 - Jun - 2022 V. Maitreyan All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 25 - Jul - 2013 24 - Jul - 2019 L. Sasikala Pushpa All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 03 - Apr - 2014 02 - Apr - 2020 A. Navaneethakrishnan All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 30 - Jun - 2016 29 - Jun - 2022 5 T. Rathinavel All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 25 - Jul - 2013 24 - Jul - 2019 6 R.S. Bharathi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 30 - Jun - 2016 29 - Jun - 2022 7 Tiruchi Siva Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 03 - Apr - 2014 02 - Apr - 2020 8 Kanimozhi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 25 - Jul - 2013 24 - Jul - 2019 9 Vijila Sathyananth All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 03 - Apr - 2014 02 - Apr - 2020 10 A. Vijayakumar All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 30 - Jun - 2016 29 - Jun - 2022 11 S. Muthukaruppan All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 03 - Apr - 2014 02 - Apr - 2020 12 R. Vaithilingam All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 30 - Jun - 2016 29 - Jun - 2022 13 D. Raja Communist Party of India 25 - Jul - 2013 24 - Jul - 2019 14 T.K.S. Elangovan Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 30 - Jun - 2016 29 - Jun - 2022 15 T.K. Rangarajan Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) 03 - Apr - 2014 02 - Apr - 2020 16 K.R. Arjunan All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 25 - Jul - 2013 24 - Jul - 2019 17 K. Selvaraj All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 03 - Apr - 2014 02 - Apr - 2020 18 R. Lakshmanan All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 25 - Jul - 2013 24 - Jul - 2019 Telangana ( edit ) Main article : List of Rajya Sabha members from Telangana Keys : INC ( 2 ) TRS ( 2 ) TDP ( 2 ) Vacant ( 1 ) No Name Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement C.M. Ramesh Telugu Desam Party 02 - Jun - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 Garikapati Mohan Rao Telugu Desam Party 02 - Jun - 2014 09 - Apr - 2020 K.V.P. Ramachandra Rao Indian National Congress 02 - Jun - 2014 09 - Apr - 2020 D. Srinivas Telangana Rashtra Samithi 22 - Jun - 2016 21 - Jun - 2022 5 Rapolu Ananda Bhaskar Indian National Congress 02 - Jun - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 6 V. Lakshmikantha Rao Telangana Rashtra Samithi 22 - Jun - 2016 21 - Jun - 2022 7 Vacant since 9 June 2017 02 - Apr - 2018 Tripura ( edit ) Main article : List of Rajya Sabha members from Tripura Keys : CPI ( M ) ( 1 ) No Name Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Jharna Das Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) 03 - Apr - 2016 02 - Apr - 2022 Uttar Pradesh ( edit ) Main article : List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh Keys : SP ( 18 ) BSP ( 5 ) BJP ( 2 ) INC ( 3 ) Independent ( 1 ) Vacant ( 2 ) No Name Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Javed Ali Khan Samajwadi Party 26 - Nov - 2014 25 - Nov - 2020 Naresh Agrawal Samajwadi Party 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 Munquad Ali Bahujan Samaj Party 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 Amar Singh Independent 05 - Jul - 2016 04 - Jul - 2022 5 Jaya Bachchan Samajwadi Party 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 6 Tazeen Fatma Samajwadi Party 26 - Nov - 2014 25 - Nov - 2020 7 Beni Prasad Verma Samajwadi Party 05 - Jul - 2016 04 - Jul - 2022 8 P.L. Punia Indian National Congress 26 - Nov - 2014 25 - Nov - 2020 9 Rewati Raman Singh Samajwadi Party 05 - Jul - 2016 04 - Jul - 2022 10 Vinay Katiyar Bharatiya Janata Party 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 11 Neeraj Shekhar Samajwadi Party 26 - Nov - 2014 25 - Nov - 2020 12 Satish Chandra Mishra Bahujan Samaj Party 05 - Jul - 2016 04 - Jul - 2022 13 Kiranmay Nanda Samajwadi Party 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 14 Shiv Pratap Shukla Bharatiya Janata Party 05 - Jul - 2016 04 - Jul - 2022 15 Vishambhar Prasad Nishad Samajwadi Party 05 - Jul - 2016 04 - Jul - 2022 16 Ravi Prakash Verma Samajwadi Party 26 - Nov - 2014 25 - Nov - 2020 17 Sukhram Singh Yadav Samajwadi Party 05 - Jul - 2016 04 - Jul - 2022 18 Rajaram Bahujan Samaj Party 26 - Nov - 2014 25 - Nov - 2020 19 Sanjay Seth Samajwadi Party 05 - Jul - 2016 04 - Jul - 2022 20 Munvvar Saleem Samajwadi Party 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 21 Kapil Sibal Indian National Congress 05 - Jul - 2016 04 - Jul - 2022 22 Chandrapal Singh Yadav Samajwadi Party 26 - Nov - 2014 25 - Nov - 2020 23 Surendra Nagar Samajwadi Party 05 - Jul - 2016 04 - Jul - 2022 24 Ashok Siddharth Bahujan Samaj Party 05 - Jul - 2016 04 - Jul - 2022 25 Veer Singh Bahujan Samaj Party 26 - Nov - 2014 25 - Nov - 2020 26 Alok Tiwari Samajwadi Party 19 - Jun - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 27 Pramod Tiwari Indian National Congress 14 - Dec - 2013 02 - Apr - 2018 28 Darshan Singh Yadav Samajwadi Party 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 29 Ram Gopal Yadav Samajwadi Party 26 - Nov - 2014 25 - Nov - 2020 30 Vacant since 20 July 2017 02 - Apr - 2018 31 Vacant since 2 September 2017 25 - Nov - 2020 Uttarakhand ( edit ) Main article : List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttarakhand Keys : INC ( 3 ) No Name Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Mahendra Singh Mahra Indian National Congress 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 Raj Babbar Indian National Congress 14 - Mar - 2015 25 - Nov - 2020 Pradeep Tamta Indian National Congress 05 - Jul - 2016 04 - Jul - 2022 West Bengal ( edit ) Main article : List of Rajya Sabha members from West Bengal Keys : AITC ( 13 ) CPI ( M ) ( 2 ) INC ( 1 ) No Name Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Ritabrata Banerjee Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) 03 - Apr - 2014 02 - Apr - 2020 Md . Nadimul Haque All India Trinamool Congress 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 Ahmed Hassan Imran All India Trinamool Congress 03 - Apr - 2014 02 - Apr - 2020 Dr. Kanwar Deep Singh All India Trinamool Congress 03 - Apr - 2014 02 - Apr - 2020 5 Vivek Gupta All India Trinamool Congress 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 6 Sukhendu Shekhar Roy All India Trinamool Congress 19 - Aug - 2017 18 - Aug - 2023 7 Tapan Kumar Sen Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 8 Jogen Chowdhury All India Trinamool Congress 03 - Apr - 2014 02 - Apr - 2020 9 Shanta Chhetri All India Trinamool Congress 19 - Aug - 2017 18 - Aug - 2023 10 Derek O'Brien All India Trinamool Congress 19 - Aug - 2017 18 - Aug - 2023 11 Manas Bhunia All India Trinamool Congress 19 - Aug - 2017 18 - Aug - 2023 12 Pradip Bhattacharya Indian National Congress 19 - Aug - 2017 18 - Aug - 2023 13 Kunal Kumar Ghosh All India Trinamool Congress 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 14 Dola Sen All India Trinamool Congress 19 - Aug - 2017 18 - Aug - 2023 15 Manish Gupta All India Trinamool Congress 02 - Mar - 2017 02 - Apr - 2020 16 Vacant since 11 October 2017 02 - Apr - 2018 See also ( edit ) List of members of the 16th Lok Sabha , the Lower House of Parliament of India . ( As of October 2017 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` State Position Summary '' . 164.100. 47.5 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statewise List '' . 164.100. 47.5 . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Jump up ^ http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/partymemberlist.aspx ^ Jump up to : `` Statewise Retirement '' . 164.100. 47.5 . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shivaji 's descendant Sambhaji Raje nominated to RS '' , The Tribune , 11 June 2016 . 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8105260068164139991	Proportionality (mathematics)	Proportionality ( mathematics ) - wikipedia Proportionality ( mathematics ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Proportionality . Variable y is directly proportional to the variable x . In mathematics , two variables are proportional if there is always a constant ratio between them . The constant is called the coefficient of proportionality or proportionality constant . If one variable is always the product of the other variable and a constant , the two are said to be directly proportional . x and y are directly proportional if the ratio y / x is constant . If the product of the two variables is always a constant , the two are said to be inversely proportional . x and y are inversely proportional if the product xy is constant . To express the statement `` y is directly proportional to x '' mathematically , we write an equation y = cx , where c is the proportionality constant . Symbolically , this is written as y ∝ x . To express the statement `` y is inversely proportional to x '' mathematically , we write an equation y = c / x . We can equivalently write `` y is directly proportional to 1 / x '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Direct proportionality 1.1 Examples 1.2 Properties 2 Inverse proportionality 3 Hyperbolic coordinates 4 See also 4.1 Growth 5 Notes 6 References Direct proportionality ( edit ) Given two variables x and y , y is directly proportional to x if there is a non-zero constant k such that y = k x . ( \ displaystyle y = kx . ) Unicode characters U + 221D ∝ proportional to ( HTML & # 8733 ; &prop ; ) U + 007E ~ tilde ( HTML & # 126 ; ) U + 223C ∼ tilde operator ( HTML & # 8764 ; &sim ; ) U + 223A ∺ GEOMETRIC PROPORTION ( HTML & # 8762 ; ) See also : Equals sign The relation is often denoted , using the ∝ or ~ symbol , as y ∝ x , ( \ displaystyle y \ propto x , ) and the constant ratio k = y x ( \ displaystyle k = ( \ frac ( y ) ( x ) ) ) is called the proportionality constant , constant of variation or constant of proportionality . This can also be viewed as a two - variable linear equation with a y - intercept of 0 . Examples ( edit ) If an object travels at a constant speed , then the distance traveled is directly proportional to the time spent traveling , with the speed being the constant of proportionality . The circumference of a circle is directly proportional to its diameter , with the constant of proportionality equal to π . On a map drawn to scale , the distance between any two points on the map is directly proportional to the distance between the two locations that the points represent , with the constant of proportionality being the scale of the map . The force acting on a certain object due to gravity is directly proportional to the object 's mass ; the constant of proportionality between the mass and the force is known as gravitational acceleration . Properties ( edit ) Since y = k x ( \ displaystyle y = kx ) is equivalent to x = ( 1 k ) y , ( \ displaystyle x = \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( k ) ) \ right ) y , ) it follows that if y is directly proportional to x , with ( nonzero ) proportionality constant k , then x is also directly proportional to y , with proportionality constant 1 / k . If y is directly proportional to x , then the graph of y as a function of x is a straight line passing through the origin with the slope of the line equal to the constant of proportionality : it corresponds to linear growth . Inverse proportionality ( edit ) Inverse proportionality with a function of y = 1 / x . The concept of inverse proportionality can be contrasted with direct proportionality . Consider two variables said to be `` inversely proportional '' to each other . If all other variables are held constant , the magnitude or absolute value of one inversely proportional variable decreases if the other variable increases , while their product ( the constant of proportionality k ) is always the same . As an example , the time taken for a journey is inversely proportional to the speed of travel . Formally , two variables are inversely proportional ( also called varying inversely , in inverse variation , in inverse proportion , in reciprocal proportion ) if each of the variables is directly proportional to the multiplicative inverse ( reciprocal ) of the other , or equivalently if their product is a constant . It follows that the variable y is inversely proportional to the variable x if there exists a non-zero constant k such that y = ( k x ) ( \ displaystyle y = \ left ( ( \ frac ( k ) ( x ) ) \ right ) ) or equivalently x y = k . ( \ displaystyle xy = k . ) Hence the constant is the product of x and y . The graph of two variables varying inversely on the Cartesian coordinate plane is a rectangular hyperbola . The product of the x and y values of each point on the curve equals the constant of proportionality ( k ) . Since neither x nor y can equal zero ( because k is non-zero ) , the graph never crosses either axis . Hyperbolic coordinates ( edit ) Main article : Hyperbolic coordinates The concepts of direct and inverse proportion lead to the location of points in the Cartesian plane by hyperbolic coordinates ; the two coordinates correspond to the constant of direct proportionality that specifies a point as being on a particular ray and the constant of inverse proportionality that specifies a point as being on a particular hyperbola . See also ( edit ) Correlation Eudoxus of Cnidus Golden ratio Proportional font Ratio Rule of three ( mathematics ) Sample size Similarity Basic proportionality theorem Growth ( edit ) Linear growth Hyperbolic growth Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Weisstein , Eric W. `` Directly Proportional '' . MathWorld -- A Wolfram Web Resource . Jump up ^ Weisstein , Eric W. `` Inversely Proportional '' . MathWorld -- A Wolfram Web Resource . References ( edit ) Ya. B. Zeldovich , I.M. Yaglom : Higher math for Beginners . pp. 34 - 35 Brian Burell : Merriam - Webster 's Guide to Everyday Math : A Home and Business Reference . Merriam - Webster , 1998 , ISBN 9780877796213 , pp. 85 - 101 Lanius , Cynthia S. ; Williams Susan E. : PROPORTIONALITY : A Unifying Theme for the Middle Grades . Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School 8.8 ( 2003 ) , pp. 392 - 96 ( JSTOR ) Seeley , Cathy ; Schielack Jane F. : A Look at the Development of Ratios , Rates , and Proportionality . Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School , 13.3 , 2007 , pp. 140 - 42 ( JSTOR ) Van Dooren , Wim ; De Bock Dirk ; Evers Marleen ; Verschaffel Lieven : Students ' Overuse of Proportionality on Missing - Value Problems : How Numbers May Change Solutions . Journal for Research in Mathematics Education , 40.2 , 2009 , pp. 187 - 211 ( JSTOR ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proportionality_(mathematics)&oldid=841267393 '' Categories : Mathematical terminology Ratios Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Català Čeština ChiShona Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Ido Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 40 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 21 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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8195859966714311806	The Longest Ride (film)	The Longest Ride ( film ) - wikipedia The Longest Ride ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search The Longest Ride Theatrical release poster Directed by George Tillman Jr . Produced by Marty Bowen Wyck Godfrey Theresa Park Nicholas Sparks Screenplay by Craig Bolotin Based on The Longest Ride by Nicholas Sparks Starring Scott Eastwood Britt Robertson Jack Huston Oona Chaplin Alan Alda Melissa Benoist Lolita Davidovich Gloria Reuben Music by Mark Isham Cinematography David Tattersall Edited by Jason Ballantine Production companies Fox 2000 Pictures Temple Hill Entertainment TSG Entertainment Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date April 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 10 ) Running time 128 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $34 million Box office $64,944,815 The Longest Ride is a 2015 American Neo Western romantic drama film directed by George Tillman Jr. and written by Craig Bolotin . Based on Nicholas Sparks ' 2013 novel of the same name , the film stars Scott Eastwood , Britt Robertson , Jack Huston , Oona Chaplin , Alan Alda , Melissa Benoist , Lolita Davidovich , and Gloria Reuben . The film was released on April 10 , 2015 by 20th Century Fox . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical reception 5 Accolades 6 Home media 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Luke Collins ( Scott Eastwood ) is a bull rider on the Professional Bull Riders ( PBR ) tour , who is seriously injured one night while performing . A year later after recovering , he starts riding again and meets Sophia Danko ( Britt Robertson ) after she attends the show . She is an art lover living at a sorority house with an internship secured in New York City . On the way home from their first date , they spot a car crash in the woods and help rescue an older man who is stuck inside . Sophia also pulls a wicker box from the vehicle . While in the hospital , Sophia continuously visits the man she and Luke rescued , Ira Levinson ( Alan Alda ) . He explains that there are letters in the box , which he wrote as a teenager , and she offers to read them to him . They tell the story of how he met his late wife , Ruth ( Oona Chaplin ) , on April 10 , 1940 . Their stories start to interweave . Luke finds an old photograph of Ira and Ruth that fell out of the box in his car and takes it to him at the hospital . In flashbacks , Ruth tells a young Ira that she wants a big family and , eventually , he proposes to her before leaving to fight in World War II . However , Ira is shot during an attack and is later informed by the doctor that he can no longer have children , news that causes distance between him and Ruth when he returns ; as he knows how much she wants to be a mother . They decide to make it work regardless and move in together , decorating the house with many paintings that he and Ruth love more than anything . Luke continues riding bulls , no matter the risk of being hurt again , while he and Sophia fall in love . Ira is now out of the hospital and has been moved to a nursing home , where Sophia continues to visit . She gets a call from her boss in New York asking her to attend an art exhibit in Charlotte the following week , which she invites Luke to . While they 're there , Luke makes a rude comment to Sophia 's boss , which causes an argument between them . They talk about how their worlds are so different and Luke does n't feel that their romance will work out because of it . Back home , Sophia goes to Ira for advice . He then tells the story of how they made their situation work . Ruth was a school teacher who became very attached to a young boy named Daniel McDonald in her class . Because Daniel lives with his uncaring half - brother and his wife , she and Ira begin taking him in as their own and Ruth later decides to officially adopt him as her son , but his hardhearted relatives would n't allow it . Meanwhile , Luke injures himself again , causing him to be rushed to the hospital . As Sophia is leaving for New York , she gets a call and goes to see him . Luke is advised not to ride again but refuses to accept that his career is over . Following an argument , Luke and Sophia break up . In flashbacks , Ira and Ruth also break up because she ca n't see a life with him without children in their future . However , weeks later , Ruth returns and they confess their love for one another . One morning , now eighty years old , Ira wakes up to find Ruth has died in her sleep . He boxes up all of the paintings they collected together to sell them at an auction . One night , a woman knocks on his door claiming to be the wife of Daniel McDonald , the child they almost adopted when they were younger , to inform him that Daniel , who later became an astronomer in Britain , has died . She gives him a portrait of Ruth that Daniel had painted and the photograph Daniel had kept of Ira and Ruth ( the one Luke found in his car the day of the crash ) with a message on the back that reads : `` Ruth Levinson , third grade teacher . She told me I could be anything I wanted to be when I grew up '' . Daniel became a professor of astronomy in memory of his favorite teacher . Sophia continues her studies at Wake Forest and Luke continues to ride bulls . One day , they are both contacted by Ira 's attorney , ( Sophia receives a phone call while in class ; Luke opens a letter after a difficult ride ) to inform them that Ira has died and that there will be an auction held for the paintings . Luke wins his last ride and wins the championship bull cup , but feels disappointed because Sophia is n't there with him . He then decides to go to the auction , where he buys the first painting , Daniel 's portrait of Ruth . Sophia and Luke talk , and he tells her he wo n't ride anymore because what he really wants is to be with her . While they kiss , an uproar breaks out in the auction room . Luke is informed that he is now the owner of all of Ira 's paintings since Ira left a message in his will stating that whoever bought the portrait would get them all since it was the most important one to him , making Luke very wealthy in the process . One year later , Luke and Sophia , now married , have built a museum dedicated to Ira and Ruth and their paintings . Luke takes Sophia to the old college where Ira and Ruth used to spend their wedding anniversary . They sit under exactly the same tree and read Ira 's letters together . Cast ( edit ) Scott Eastwood as Luke Collins Britt Robertson as Sophia Collins ( née Danko ) Alan Alda as Ira Levinson Melissa Benoist as Marcia Jack Huston as Young Ira Oona Chaplin as Ruth Lolita Davidovich as Linda Collins Gloria Reuben as Adrienne Francis Barry Ratcliffe as the Auctioneer Peter Jurasik as Howie Sanders Brett Edwards as Jared Middleton Hunter Burke as David Stein Alina Lia as Brooke Rango the Bull as Himself Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In April 2014 , Fox 2000 Pictures set a film adaptation to be released on April 10 , 2015 , with George Tillman Jr. in final talks to direct , Craig Bolotin adapting the screenplay , and Britt Robertson as Sophia Danko , Oona Chaplin as Ruth , Scott Eastwood as Luke Collins , Jack Huston as Young Ira , and Alan Alda as old Ira . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography began on June 16 , 2014 , in Wilmington and Winston - Salem , North Carolina . On July 28 , filming started in Jacksonville , where a major rodeo scene was shot . The PBR was the technical advisor and producer for all of the bull riding events . PBR bull riders doubled for Scott and appeared in the film . The star bull in the movie is played by beloved top ranking PBR bull Rango . The crew then moved to Winston - Salem at the Lawrence Joel Veterans Memorial Coliseum . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The Longest Ride has grossed $37,446,117 in North America and $25,498,698 in other territories for a worldwide total of $62,944,815 . In its opening weekend , the film grossed $13,019,686 , finishing third at the box office behind Furious 7 ( $59,585,930 ) and Home ( $18,532,280 ) . Critical reception ( edit ) The Longest Ride has received negative reviews from critics . On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a rating of 29 % , based on 112 reviews , with an average rating of 4.4 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` The Longest Ride is less manipulative than the average Nicholas Sparks film , but it 's still saccharine and hopelessly contrived -- not that it 'll matter to the target audience . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating , the film has a score of 33 out of 100 , based on 30 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . It earned an average grade of `` A '' in CinemaScore poll on an A+ to F scale , marking the first Sparks feature adaptation to earn an A in 11 years since The Notebook ( 2004 ) . Accolades ( edit ) Year Ceremony Recipient ( s ) Result 2015 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Drama The Longest Ride Nominated Choice Movie Actor : Drama Scott Eastwood Won Choice Movie Actress : Drama Britt Robertson Nominated Choice Movie : Breakout Star Scott Eastwood Nominated 2016 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Dramatic Movie The Longest Ride Nominated Home Media ( edit ) The Longest Ride was released on DVD and Blu - ray on July 14 , 2015 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` THE LONGEST RIDE ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . April 23 , 2015 . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office Preview : ' Furious 7 ' Riding The Wave , ' Longest Ride ' In Rearview Mirror '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Longest Ride ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rango The Bull '' . IMDb . Retrieved 8 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Professional Bull Riders - Professional Bull Riders star bull Rango passes away '' . Professional Bull Riders . Retrieved 8 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( March 17 , 2014 ) . `` George Tillman Jr. in Final Talks to Direct ' Longest Ride ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yamato , Jen ( May 5 , 2014 ) . `` Britt Robertson Boards Nicholas Sparks Romance ' The Longest Ride ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oona Chaplin To Star In Nicholas Sparks ' ' The Longest Ride ' '' . redcarpetendings.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` Jack Huston To Star In Fox 2000 ′ s ' The Longest Ride ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( June 5 , 2014 ) . `` Alan Alda Joins ' The Longest Ride ' At Fox 2000 '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Longest Ride ' , starring Britt Robertson , begins filming in Wilmington , NC on June 16 '' . www.onlocationvacations.com . May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nicholas Sparks ' The Longest Ride Filming In NC '' . www.witn.com . Jun 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Powell , Ben ( 17 June 2014 ) . `` ' The Longest Ride ' begins filming in Wilmington '' . wect.com . Retrieved 17 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Professional Bull Riders - Filming underway on ' The Longest Ride ' '' . Professional Bull Riders . Retrieved 3 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Humphrey , Amanda ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` Filming for ' The Longest Ride ' under way in Jacksonville '' . newbernsj.com . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Local organizations offered money to provide extras for ' The Longest Ride ' - myfox8.com '' . myfox8.com . Retrieved March 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Longest Ride '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Longest Ride Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Longest Ride '' . CinemaScore . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( April 10 , 2015 ) . `` Diesel - Fueled Social Media Spurs ' Furious 7 ′ In Second Lap ; ' Longest Ride ' Branded With ' A ' CinemaScore -- Late Night Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Longest Ride on IMDb The Longest Ride at Box Office Mojo The Longest Ride at Rotten Tomatoes The Longest Ride at Metacritic Films directed by George Tillman Jr . Soul Food ( 1997 ) Men of Honor ( 2000 ) Notorious ( 2009 ) Faster ( 2010 ) The Inevitable Defeat of Mister & Pete ( 2013 ) The Longest Ride ( 2015 ) The Hate U Give ( 2018 ) Nicholas Sparks Novels The Notebook ( 1996 ) Message in a Bottle ( 1998 ) A Walk to Remember ( 1999 ) The Rescue ( 2000 ) A Bend in the Road ( 2001 ) Nights in Rodanthe ( 2002 ) The Guardian ( 2003 ) The Wedding ( 2003 ) True Believer ( 2005 ) At First Sight ( 2006 ) Dear John ( 2006 ) The Choice ( 2007 ) The Lucky One ( 2008 ) The Last Song ( 2009 ) Safe Haven ( 2010 ) The Best of Me ( 2011 ) The Longest Ride ( 2013 ) See Me ( 2015 ) Two by Two ( 2016 ) Non-fiction Wokini : A Lakota Journey to Happiness and Self - Understanding ( 1990 ) Three Weeks with My Brother ( 2004 ) Film adaptations Message in a Bottle ( 1999 ) A Walk to Remember ( 2002 ) The Notebook ( 2004 ) Nights in Rodanthe ( 2008 ) Dear John ( 2010 ) The Last Song ( 2010 ) The Lucky One ( 2012 ) Safe Haven ( 2013 ) The Best of Me ( 2014 ) The Longest Ride ( 2015 ) The Choice ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Longest_Ride_(film)&oldid=835104946 '' Categories : 2015 films English - language films American films 2010s romantic drama films American romantic drama films Films based on works by Nicholas Sparks Films based on romance novels Films directed by George Tillman Jr . Films set in North Carolina Films shot in North Carolina Temple Hill Entertainment films TSG Entertainment films 20th Century Fox films Films scored by Mark Isham Rodeo in film Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 15 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does sophia go to school in the longest ride	[]	[]
6980289117717339525	List of bones of the human skeleton	List of bones of the human skeleton - wikipedia List of bones of the human skeleton Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series of lists about Human anatomy General ( show ) List of human anatomical features / regions Variations Movements Systems Structures ( show ) Arteries Bones Eponymous Foramina Glands Lymphatic vessels Nerves Organs Systems Veins Muscles ( show ) Abductors Adductors Depressors Elevators Extensors Flexors External rotators Internal rotators See also ( show ) Table of epithelia of human organs Anatomical terminology Index of anatomy articles Outline of anatomy Cell types The skeleton of an adult human consists of 206 bones . It is composed of 270 bones at birth , which decreases to 80 bones in the axial skeleton ( 28 in the skull and 52 in the torso ) and 126 bones in the appendicular skeleton ( 32 × 2 in the upper extremities including both arms and 31 × 2 in the lower extremities including both legs ) . Many small and often variable bones , such as some sesamoid bones , are not included in this count . Contents ( hide ) 1 Introduction 2 Bones 2.1 Spine ( vertebral column ) 2.2 Chest ( thorax ) 2.3 Skull ( cranium and mandible ) 2.4 Arm 2.5 Pelvis ( pelvic girdle ) 2.6 Leg 2.7 Sesamoid bones 3 References Introduction ( edit ) The bones in a human skeleton will be more as the age will be more , as multiple bones fuse , a process which typically reaches completion in the third decade of life . In addition , the bones of the skull and face are counted as separate bones , despite being fused naturally . Some reliable sesamoid bones such as the pisiform are counted , while others , such as the hallux sesamoids , are not . Individuals may have more or fewer bones than this owing to anatomical variations . The most common variations include sutural ( wormian ) bones , which are located along the sutural lines on the back of the skull , and sesamoid bones which develop within some tendons , mainly in the hands and feet . Some individuals may also have additional ( i.e. supernumerary ) cervical ribs or lumbar vertebrae . Bones ( edit ) Spine ( vertebral column ) ( edit ) A fully grown adult features 30 bones in the spine , whereas a child can have 33 . The cervical vertebrae ( 7 ) The thoracic vertebrae ( 12 ) The lumbar vertebrae ( 5 ) The sacral vertebrae ( 5 at birth , later fused into one ) The coccygeal vertebrae ( 5 at birth , some or all of the bones fuse together but there seems to be a disagreement between researchers as to what the most common number should be . Some say the most common is 1 , others say 2 or 3 , with 4 being the least likely . It is counted as 1 in this article. ) Chest ( thorax ) ( edit ) There are usually 25 bones in the chest but sometimes there can be additional cervical ribs in humans . Cervical ribs occur naturally in other animals such as reptiles . The sternum ( 1 ) The ribs ( 24 , in 12 pairs ) It is important to note that three pairs ( the 8th , 9th and 10th ) , also known as false ribs , are attached to each other . They are also attached to the 7th rib by cartilage and synovial joints . Also two pairs of floating ribs ( the 11th and 12th ) , have no anterior attachment . Cervical ribs are extra ribs that occur in some humans . Skull ( cranium and mandible ) ( edit ) There are 22 bones in the skull . Including the hyoid and the bones of the middle ear , the head contains 29 bones . The cranial bones ( 8 ) The occipital bone The parietal bones ( 2 ) The frontal bone The temporal bones ( 2 ) The sphenoid bone ( sometimes counted as facial ) The ethmoid bone ( sometimes counted as facial ) The facial bones ( 14 ) The nasal bones ( 2 ) The maxillae ( upper jaw ) ( 2 ) The lacrimal bone ( 2 ) The zygomatic bone or cheekbone ( 2 ) ; The palatine bone ( 2 ) The inferior nasal concha ( 2 ) The vomer The mandible ( lower jaw ) The hyoid bone ( not connected to any other bone ) In the middle ears ( 6 ) malleus ( 2 ) incus ( 2 ) stapes ( 2 ) Arm ( edit ) There are a total of 64 bones in the arm . The upper arm bones ( 6 bones , 3 on each side ) The humerus The shoulder ( pectoral girdle ) The scapula The clavicles The lower arm bones ( 4 bones , 2 on each side ) The ulna The radius The hand ( 54 bones , 27 in each hand ) The carpals scaphoid bone ( 2 ) lunate bone ( 2 ) triquetral bone ( 2 ) pisiform bone ( 2 ) trapezium ( 2 ) trapezoid bone ( 2 ) capitate bone ( 2 ) hamate bone ( 2 ) The metacarpals ( 5 × 2 = 10 ) The phalanges of the hand proximal phalanges ( 5 × 2 = 10 ) intermediate phalanges ( 4 × 2 = 8 ) distal phalanges ( 5 × 2 = 10 ) Pelvis ( pelvic girdle ) ( edit ) The hip bone has three regions : ilium , ischium , and pubis ( 2 ) The sacrum and the coccyx attach to the two hip bones to form the pelvis , but are more important to the spinal column . For this reason it is omitted from the pelvic girdle . Leg ( edit ) The femur ( 2 ) The patella or kneecap ( 2 ) The tibia ( 2 ) The fibula ( 2 ) The foot ( 52 bones in total , 26 per foot ) The tarsus calcaneus or heel bone ( 2 ) talus ( 2 ) navicular bone ( 2 ) medial cuneiform bone ( 2 ) intermediate cuneiform bone ( 2 ) lateral cuneiform bone ( 2 ) cuboid bone ( 2 ) The metatarsals ( 10 ) The phalanges of the foot proximal phalanges ( 5 × 2 = 10 ) intermediate phalanges ( 4 x 2 = 8 ) distal phalanges ( 5 x 2 = 10 ) Sesamoid bones ( edit ) Patella Pisiform bone Fabella Cyamella ( bone ) Sesamoids in the first and second metacarpal bones Sesamoids in the first metatarsal bone Inconsistent sesamoids in other fingers and toes Lenticular process of the incus Rider 's bone Inconsistent sesamoids in the legs , arms or buttocks References ( edit ) The 206 Bones of the Human Body ( hide ) Bones in the human skeleton Axial skeleton Skull Neurocranium occipital parietal frontal temporal sphenoid ethmoid Face nasal maxilla lacrimal zygomatic palatine inferior nasal conchae vomer mandible hyoid Ear ossicles malleus incus stapes Thorax sternum rib cage rib Vertebral column vertebrae cervical thoracic lumbar sacrum coccyx Appendicular Shoulder clavicle scapula Arm humerus ulna radius Hand carpals ( scaphoid , lunate bone , triquetral , pisiform , trapezium , trapezoid , capitate , hamate ) metacarpals phalanges ( prox , int , dist ) Pelvis ilium ischium pubis Leg femur patella fibula tibia Foot tarsals heelbone anklebone navicular cuneiform cuboid metatarsals phalanges proximal intermediate distal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_bones_of_the_human_skeleton&oldid=806191886 '' Categories : Skeletal system Lists of human anatomical features Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Башҡортса Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español Euskara Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano Basa Jawa Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk nynorsk Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2017 , at 09 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the names of the bones in your foot	[]	[]
-3364802036692917473	No taxation without representation	No taxation without representation - wikipedia No taxation without representation Jump to : navigation , search Taxation An aspect of fiscal policy Policies ( hide ) Government revenue Tax revenue Non-tax revenue Tax law Tax bracket Tax threshold Exemption Credit Deduction Tax shift Tax cut Tax holiday Tax advantage Tax incentive Tax reform Tax harmonization Tax competition Double taxation Representation Unions Medical savings account Tax , tariff and trade Economics ( show ) Price effect Excess burden Tax incidence Laffer curve Optimal tax Theory Optimal capital income taxation Collection ( show ) Revenue service Revenue stamp Tax assessment Taxable income Tax lien Tax refund Tax shield Tax residence Tax preparation Tax investigation Tax shelter Private tax collection Tax farming Noncompliance ( show ) Tax avoidance Tax evasion Tax resistance Tax haven Smuggling Black market Transfer mispricing Unreported employment Tax shelter Distribution ( show ) Tax rate Progressive Regressive Proportional Types ( show ) Direct Indirect Per unit Ad valorem In rem Capital gains Carbon Consumption Dividend Ecotax Excise Fuel Georgist Gift Gross receipts Income Inheritance ( estate ) Land value Payroll Pigovian Property Sales Sin Single Stamp Steering Turnover Value - added ( VAT ) Corporate profit Excess profits Windfall profits Negative ( income ) Flat Wealth International ( show ) Financial transaction tax Currency transaction tax Tobin tax Spahn tax Tax equalization Tax treaty Permanent establishment Transfer pricing European Union FTT Foreign revenue rule Trade ( show ) Custom Duty Tariff Import Export Tariff war Free trade Free trade zone Trade agreement Religious ( show ) Church tax Eight per thousand Teind Tithe Fiscus Judaicus Leibzoll Temple tax Tolerance tax Jizya Kharaj Khums Nisab Zakat By country ( show ) List of countries by tax rates Tax revenues as % GDP Albania Algeria Argentina Australia Azerbaijan Bangladesh Bhutan Bulgaria BVI Canada China Colombia Denmark France Germany Greece Iceland India Indonesia Iran Ireland Israel Italy Japan Kazakhstan Lithuania Malta Namibia Netherlands New Zealand Norway Pakistan Palestine Peru Philippines Poland Russia Singapore South Africa Sweden Switzerland Taiwan Tanzania United Kingdom United States Uruguay This article is part of a series about the American Revolution 1765 -- 1783 Origins ( show ) Sugar Act Currency Act Quartering Acts Stamp Act 1765 Declaratory Act No taxation without representation Townshend Acts Tea Act Boston Massacre Boston Tea Party Intolerable Acts Revolutionary War ( show ) Continental Army Continental Navy Minutemen Battles Intelligence Treaty of Paris Costs Declaration of Independence ( show ) Continental Congress Committee of Five Lee Resolution Articles of Confederation United States Constitution ( show ) Philadelphia Convention Annapolis Convention The Federalist Papers Bill of Rights A New Republic ( show ) Republicanism American Enlightenment Liberalism First Great Awakening Role of Women Legacy ( show ) Atlantic Revolutions Bicentennial `` No Taxation Without Representation '' is a slogan originating during the 1750s and 1760s that summarized a primary grievance of the American colonists in the Thirteen Colonies , which was one of the major causes of the American Revolution . In short , many in those colonies believed that , as they were not directly represented in the distant British Parliament , any laws it passed affecting the colonists ( such as the Sugar Act and the Stamp Act ) were illegal under the Bill of Rights 1689 , and were a denial of their rights as Englishmen . Jonathan Mayhew , Old West Church 's second Congregational pastor , used the phrase , `` No Taxation Without Representation '' in a sermon in 1750 . The phrase revives a sentiment central to the cause of the English Civil War following the refusal of parliamentarian John Hampden to pay ship money tax . `` No Taxation Without Representation , '' in the context of British American Colonial taxation , appeared for the first time in the February 1768 London Magazine headline , on page 89 , in the printing of Lord Camden 's `` Speech on the Declaratory Bill of the Sovereignty of Great Britain over the Colonies . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Prior to the American Revolution 2 American Revolution 2.1 Representative proposals before 1776 2.1. 1 The Knox - Burke debates 2.1. 2 On the American Taxation 2.1. 3 William Pitt the Elder 2.1. 4 Colonial spokespersons 2.1. 5 Republicanism 2.1. 6 Heightening of tensions 2.1. 7 Efforts at conciliation 2.2 Representative proposals after 1776 3 Virtual representation 3.1 Colonial reactions 3.2 Pitt and Camden 4 Modern use in the United States 4.1 Washington , D.C. 5 Modern use in the United Kingdom 6 Modern use in Canada 7 Use in Australia 8 See also 9 References Prior to the American Revolution ( edit ) Wikisource has original works written by or about : Oldmixon The English Parliament had controlled colonial trade and taxed imports and exports since 1660 . By the 1760s , the Americans were being deprived of a historic right . The English Bill of Rights 1689 had forbidden the imposition of taxes without the consent of Parliament . Since the colonists had no representation in Parliament , the taxes violated the guaranteed Rights of Englishmen . Parliament initially contended that the colonists had virtual representation , but the idea `` found little support on either side of the Atlantic '' . John Dunmore Lang wrote in 1852 , `` The person who first suggested the idea ( of Parliamentary representation for the colonies ) appears to have been Oldmixon , an American annalist of the era of Queen Anne or George I. It was afterwards put forward with approbation by the celebrated Dr. Adam Smith , and advocated for a time , but afterwards rejected and strongly opposed , by Dr. Benjamin Franklin . '' The eloquent 1768 Petition , Memorial , and Remonstrance objecting to taxation , written by the Virginia House of Burgesses and endorsed by every other Colony , was sent to the British Government , which seems to have ignored it . American Revolution ( edit ) Main article : American Revolution Bronze sculpture of James Otis , Jr stands in front of the Barnstable County Courthouse . The phrase had been used for more than a generation in Ireland . By 1765 , the term was in use in Boston , and local politician James Otis was most famously associated with the phrase , `` taxation without representation is tyranny . '' In the course of the Revolutionary era ( 1750 -- 1783 ) , many arguments were pursued that sought to resolve the dispute surrounding Parliamentary sovereignty , taxation , self - governance and representation . Representative proposals before 1776 ( edit ) In the course of the 1760s and 1770s , William Pitt the Elder , Sir William Pulteney , and George Grenville , amongst other prominent Britons and colonial Americans , such as Joseph Galloway , James Otis Jr. , Benjamin Franklin , John Adams , the London Quaker Thomas Crowley , Royal Governors such as Thomas Pownall M.P. , William Franklin , Sir Francis Bernard , and the Attorney - General of Quebec , Francis Maseres , debated and circulated plans for the creation of colonial seats in London , imperial union with Great Britain , or a federally representative British Parliament with powers of taxation that was to consist of American , West Indian , Irish and British Members of Parliament . Despite the fact that these ideas were considered and discussed seriously on both sides of the Atlantic , it appears that neither the American Congress , nor the colonial Assemblies , nor the British Government in Westminster , at least prior to the Carlisle Peace Commission of 1778 , officially proposed such constitutional developments . It must be noted , however , that Governor Thomas Hutchinson apparently referred to a colonial representational proposal when he wrote that , The Assembly of Massachusetts Bay ... was the first which ever took exception to the right of Parliament to impose Duties or Taxes on the Colonies , whilst they had no representatives in the House of Commons . This they did in a letter to their Agent in the summer of 1764 ... And in this letter they recommend to him a pamphlet , wrote by one of their members , in which there are proposals for admitting representatives from the Colonies to fit in the House of Commons ... an American representation is thrown out as an expedient which might obviate the objections to Taxes upon the Colonies , yet ... it was renounced ... by the Assembly of the Colony which first proposed it , as utterly impracticable . Jared Ingersoll Snr. , colonial agent for Connecticut , wrote to his American colleague , the Royal Governor of Connecticut Thomas Fitch , that following Isaac Barre 's famous Parliamentary speech against the Stamp Act in 1764 , Richard Jackson , M.P. , supported Barre and other pro-American M.P.s by producing before the House copies of earlier Acts of Parliament that had admitted Durham and Chester seats upon their petitions for representation . The argument was put forward in Parliament that America ought to have representatives on these grounds too . Richard Jackson supposed that Parliament had a right to tax America , but he much doubted the expediency of the Stamp act . He said if it was necessary , as ministers claimed , to tax the colonies , the latter should be permitted to elect some part of the Parliament , `` otherwise the liberties of America , I do not say will be lost , but will be in danger . '' The Knox - Burke debates ( edit ) William Knox , an aide of George Grenville , pamphleteer and subsequent Irish Under - Secretary of State for the Colonies , received an appointment in 1756 to the American provinces , and after his return to London in 1761 , he recommended the creation of a colonial aristocracy and colonial representation in the British Parliament . He was shortly afterwards appointed agent for Georgia and East Florida , a post which he forfeited by writing in favour of the Stamp Act . In his Grenville - backed pamphlet of 1769 , The Controversy between Great Britain and her Colonies Reviewed , Knox suggested that colonial representatives might have been offered seats in the British Parliament if they had sought such representation . Knox submitted that , whilst ( the radical colonists ) exclaim against Parliament for taxing them when they are not represented , they candidly declare they will not have representatives ( in Parliament ) lest they should be taxed ... The truth ... is that they are determined to get rid of the jurisdiction of Parliament ... and they therefore refuse to send members to that assembly lest they should preclude themselves of ( the ) plea ( that Parliament 's ) legislative acts ... are done without their consent ; which , it must be confessed , holds equally good against all laws , as against taxes ... The colony advocates ... tell us , that by refusing to accept our offer of representatives they ... mean to avoid giving Parliament a pretence for taxing them . Edmund Burke responded to Knox , who had drawn up The Controversy between Great Britain and her Colonies Reviewed as well as The Present State of the Nation ( 1768 ) under the supervision of George Grenville , by opining in his political tract Observations on a Late State of the Nation ( 1769 ) , NOW comes ( Knox 's ) American representation ... Is not the reader a little astonished at the proposal of an American representation from that quarter ( of Grenville 's ) ? It is proposed merely as a project of speculative improvement ; not from the necessity in the case , not to add any thing to the authority of parliament : but that we may afford a greater attention to the concerns of the Americans , and give them a better opportunity of stating their grievances , and of obtaining redress . I am glad to find the author has at length discovered that we have not given a sufficient attention to their concerns , or a proper redress to their grievances . His great friend ( Grenville ) would once have been exceedingly displeased with any person , who should tell him , that he did not attend sufficiently to those concerns . He thought he did so , when he regulated the colonies over and over again : he thought he did so , when he formed two general systems of revenue ; one of port - duties , and the other of internal taxation . These systems supposed , or ought to suppose , the greatest attention to , and the most detailed information of , all their affairs . However , by contending for the American representation , he seems at last driven virtually to admit , that great caution ought to be used in the exercise of all our legislative rights over an object so remote from our eye , and so little connected with our immediate feelings ; that in prudence we ought not to be quite so ready with our taxes , until we can secure the desired representation in parliament . Perhaps it may be some time before this hopeful scheme can be brought to perfect maturity ; although the author seems to be no wise aware of any obstructions that lie in the way of it . While Knox , Grenville and Burke were not necessarily opposed in principle to direct colonial representation in Parliament , Grenville nonetheless conjectured that Parliament retained a constitutional right to virtually represent the colonial subjects . On the American taxation ( edit ) Burke supported the doctrine of virtual representation in Britain . Yet in his Parliamentary speech of 1774 , entitled On American Taxation , Burke responded to the suggestion that America was virtually represented in Parliament by remarking , What ! does the electric force of virtual representation more easily pass over the Atlantic than pervade Wales , which lies in your neighborhood ? or than Chester and Durham , surrounded by abundance of representation that is actual and palpable ? But , Sir , your ancestors thought this sort of virtual representation , however ample , to be totally insufficient for the freedom of the inhabitants of territories that are so near , and comparatively so inconsiderable . How , then , can I think it sufficient for those which are infinitely greater , and infinitely more remote ? You will now , Sir , perhaps imagine that I am on the point of proposing to you a scheme for a representation of the colonies in Parliament . Perhaps I might be inclined to entertain some such thought ; but a great flood stops me in my course . Opposuit Natura . I can not remove the eternal barriers of the creation . The thing , in that mode , I do not know to be possible . As I meddle with no theory , I do not absolutely assert the impracticability of such a representation ; but I do not see my way to it ; and those who have been more confident have not been more successful ... My resolutions , therefore , mean to establish the equity and justice of a taxation of America by grant , and not by imposition ; to mark the legal competency of the colony assemblies for the support of their government in peace , and for public aids in time of war ; to acknowledge that this legal competency has had a dutiful and beneficial exercise , and that experience has shown the benefit of their grants , and the futility of Parliamentary taxation , as a method of supply . However , Burke apparently qualified such remarks concerning America by stating in the same speech that , The Parliament of Great Britain ... is never to intrude into the place of the ( provincial legislatures ) , whilst they are equal to the common ends of their institution . But in order to enable ( Parliamentary ) ... superintendence , her powers must be boundless . The gentlemen who think the powers of Parliament limited may please themselves to talk of requisitions . But suppose the requisitions are not obeyed ? What ! shall there be no reserved power in the empire , to supply a deficiency which may weaken , divide , and dissipate the whole ? We are engaged in war , -- the Secretary of State calls upon the colonies to contribute , -- some would do it , I think most would cheerfully furnish whatever is demanded , -- one or two , suppose , hang back , and , easing themselves , let the stress of the draft lie on the others , -- surely it is proper that some authority might legally say , `` Tax yourselves for the common Supply , or Parliament will do it for you . '' This backwardness was , as I am told , actually the case of Pennsylvania for some short time towards the beginning of the last war , owing to some internal dissensions in that colony . But whether the fact were so or otherwise , the case is equally to be provided for by a competent sovereign power . But then this ought to be no ordinary power , nor ever used in the first instance . This is what I meant , when I have said , at various times , that I consider the power of taxing in Parliament as an instrument of empire , and not as a means of supply . William Pitt the Elder ( edit ) The views of Knox , Grenville and Burke did not go unchallenged : William Pitt was amongst those who disputed that a Parliamentary right or power existed to levy `` internal '' taxes `` for the purposes of raising a revenue '' without the consent of actual representatives of the `` Commons of America '' . `` It is my opinion , '' Pitt said , `` that this kingdom has no right to lay a tax upon the colonies . '' Colonial spokespersons ( edit ) In 1764 , the Massachusetts politician James Otis , Jr. , said that , When the parliament shall think fit to allow the colonists a representation in the house of commons , the equity of their taxing the colonies , will be as clear as their power is at present of doing it without , if they please ... But if it was thought hard that charter privileges should be taken away by act of parliament , is it not much harder to be in part , or in whole , disfranchised of rights , that have been always thought inherent to a British subject , namely , to be free from all taxes , but what he consents to in person , or by his representative ? This right , if it could be traced no higher than Magna Charta , is part of the common law , part of a British subjects birthright , and as inherent and perpetual , as the duty of allegiance ; both which have been brought to these colonies , and have been hitherto held sacred and inviolable , and I hope and trust ever will . It is humbly conceived , that the British colonists ( except only the conquered , if any ) are , by Magna Charta , as well entitled to have a voice in their taxes , as the subjects within the realm . Are we not as really deprived of that right , by the parliament assessing us before we are represented in the house of commons , as if the King should do it by his prerogative ? Can it be said with any colour of truth or justice , that we are represented in parliament ? -- James Otis , Rights of British Colonies Asserted Otis , Jr. , attended the Continental Congress of 1765 along with other colonial delegates . The resolutions of the Congress stated that the Stamp Act had `` a manifest tendency to subvert the rights and liberties of the colonists '' and that `` the only Representatives of the People of these Colonies , are Persons chosen therein by themselves , and that no Taxes ever have been , or can be Constitutionally imposed on them , but by their respective Legislature . '' Furthermore , it was declared that , `` it is unreasonable and inconsistent with the Principles and Spirit of the British Constitution , for the People of Great - Britain , to grant to his Majesty the Property of the Colonists . '' Daniel Dulany , Jr. , of Maryland , wrote in 1765 that , `` the Impropriety of a Taxation by the British Parliament ... ( is proven by ) the Fact , that not one inhabitant in any Colony is , or can be actually or virtually represented by the British House of Commons . '' Dulany , Jr. , denied that Parliament had a right `` to impose an internal Tax upon the Colonies , without their consent for the single Purpose of Revenue . '' In 1766 , Benjamin Franklin told the House of Commons that , `` an internal tax is forced from the people without their consent if not laid by their own representatives . The Stamp Act says we shall have no commerce , make no exchange of property with each other , neither purchase nor grant , nor recover debts ; we shall neither marry nor make our wills , unless we pay such and such sums ; and thus it is intended to extort our money from us or ruin us by the consequence of refusing to pay it . '' Republicanism ( edit ) For those sympathetic to republicanism , such as James Burgh , Catherine Macauley , and Richard Price , any tax revenue measures that were voted into effect without the direct representation of Americans were `` unconstitutional '' and `` pernicious '' . Burgh felt that virtual representation was `` subversive of liberty '' and `` unjust in its principles '' and that the House of Commons must include colonial representatives when it voted on colonial matters , or operate by using the consent of the colonial Assemblies . Heightening of tensions ( edit ) The Americans rejected the Stamp Act of 1765 brought in by British Prime Minister George Grenville , and violently rejected the remaining tax on tea imports , under the Tea Act passed in May 1773 , at the Boston Tea Party on December 16 , 1773 . The Parliament considered this an illegal act because they believed it undermined the authority of the Crown - in - Parliament . When the British then used the military to enforce laws that the colonists believed Parliament had passed illegally , the colonists responded by forming militias and seized political control of each colony , ousting the royal governors -- with the exception of the American - born Royal Governor of Connecticut , John Trumbull , who was allowed to remain as the new Patriot Governor . The complaint was never officially over the amount of taxation ( the taxes were quite low , though ubiquitous ) , but always on the political decision - making process by which taxes were decided in London , i.e. without representation for the colonists in British Parliament . Patrick Henry 's resolution in the Virginia legislature implied that Americans possessed all the rights of Englishmen , that the principle of no taxation without representation was an essential part of the British Constitution , and that Virginia alone had the right to tax Virginians . Efforts at conciliation ( edit ) Main article : Diplomacy in the American Revolutionary War This offer of actual imperial representation was likewise re-stated to the delegates of the colonies via the colonial agents in 1774 , according to Connecticut - born Reverend Thomas Bradbury Chandler , in his publication A Friendly Address to All Reasonable Americans . In February 1775 , Britain passed the Conciliatory Resolution which ended taxation for any colony which satisfactorily provided for the imperial defence and the upkeep of imperial officers . Representative proposals after 1776 ( edit ) James Macpherson , a colonial secretary of British West Florida , defended the North administration in an officially sponsored polemic in 1776 named The Rights of Great Britain Asserted . This work replied to the Continental Congress ' July 6 , 1775 Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms by proposing that , Had the Americans , instead of flying to arms , submitted the same supposed grievance ( as the taxed though unrepresented Palatine counties in England had ) , in a peaceable and dutiful manner , to the Legislature , I can perceive no reason why their request should be refused . Had they , like the County and City of Chester , represented , that `` for lack of Knights and Burgesses to represent them in the High Court of Parliament , they had been oftentimes TOUCHED and GRIEVED with Acts and Statutes made within the said Court , derogatory to their most ancient jurisdictions , liberties and privileges , and prejudicial to their quietness , rest and peace ; '' this Country ( of Britain ) would , I am persuaded , have no objection to their being represented in her Parliament ... If they are not madly bent on independence , let them propose the conditions on which they wish to continue as subjects ... The Legislature of this Kingdom can not possibly depart from any part of its supremacy over the Colonies ; but it is in the power of the Colonies to share in that supremacy . If they complain of being taxed without having the privilege of sending Members to Parliament , let them be represented . Nay , more : Let their representation increase in proportion to the Revenue they shall furnish . If they wish rather to vote their QUOTA towards the general supply , through their own General Courts and Assemblies , the resolution of Parliament on that subject is still open to their choice . But , as long as they assume the language of a Sovereign State , this Kingdom can enter into no negociation ( sic ) , can meet no compromise . '' The noted economist Adam Smith seconded this view in his famous 1776 publication Wealth of Nations when he recommended the Americans `` to send fifty or sixty new representatives to Parliament '' on the basis of the amount of taxes they would contribute to the Imperial coffers . Writing in October 1776 to Lord North in Strictures upon the Declaration of the Congress of the recent Declaration of Independence , and particularly of James Otis , Jr. 's pamphlet Rights of the British Colonies and its endorsement by the Massachusetts Assembly , Governor Thomas Hutchinson said , The Assembly of Massachusetts Bay , therefore , was the first that took any publick of the ( Sugar ) Act , and the first which ever took exception to the right of Parliament to impose Duties or Taxes on the Colonies , whilst they had no representatives in the House of Commons . This they did in a letter to their Agent in the summer of 1764 , which they took care to print and publish before it was possible for him to receive it . And in this letter they recommend to him a pamphlet , wrote by one of their members , in which there are proposals for admitting representatives from the Colonies to fit in the House of Commons . I have this special reason , my Lord , for taking notice of this Act of the Massachusetts Assembly ; that though an American representation is thrown out as an expedient which might obviate the objections to Taxes upon the Colonies , yet it was only intended to amuse the authority in England ; and as soon as it was known to have its advocates here ( in London ) , it was renounced by the colonies , and even by the Assembly of the Colony which first proposed it , as utterly impracticable . '' Indeed , the resolves of the Continental Congresses of both 1765 and 1774 declared that imperial representation was too impractical on the footing that `` local and other circumstances , can not properly be represented in the British parliament '' . The British Government , similarly , does not appear to have formally requested discussions with the Americans concerning the issue of Parliamentary seats until 1778 . In that year `` the commissioners of the king of Great Britain , '' known as the Carlisle Peace Commission of 1778 , made an offer to the Congress of `` a reciprocal deputation of an agent or agents from the different states , who shall have the privilege of a seat and voice in the parliament of Great Britain '' . Virtual representation ( edit ) Main article : Virtual representation In Britain , representation was highly limited due to unequally distributed voting constituencies and property requirements ; only 3 % of the population could vote and they were often controlled by local gentry . This meant that spurious arguments had come to be employed in Britain to try to explain away and cover up the iniquities in its political life . Therefore the British government tried to argue that the colonists had virtual representation in their interests . In the winter of 1764 -- 65 , George Grenville , and his secretary Thomas Whately , invented the doctrine of ' virtual representation ' in an attempt extend the scope of such unjust arguments to America , and thereby attempt to legitimise the pernicious policies of the Stamp Act . In English history , `` no taxation without representation '' was an old principle and meant that Parliament had to pass all taxes . At first , the `` representation '' was held to be one of land , but , by 1700 , this had shifted to the notion that , in Parliament , all British subjects had a `` virtual representation . '' `` We virtually and implicitly allow the institutions of any government of which we enjoy the benefit and solicit the protection , '' declared Samuel Johnson in his political pamphlet Taxation No Tyranny . He rejected the plea that the colonists , who had no vote , were unrepresented . `` They are represented , '' he said , `` by the same virtual representation as the greater part of England . '' However , the tradition of greater democracy amongst Americans gave impetus to the well - founded charge , voiced by Britons and colonists alike , that virtual representation was `` sophistry '' and `` a mere Cob - web , spread to catch the unwary , and intangle ( sic ) the weak . '' The colonial insistence on direct representation as opposed to virtual representation has thus been seen by later commentators to have `` usher ( ed ) in a profound political and social revolution , which rooted out most of the remaining traces of monarchic rule and feudalism inherited from the only partially complete English bourgeois revolution . The Americans carried through the bourgeois democratic revolution on a scale never before seen in history . '' Colonial reactions ( edit ) Virtual representation was wholly rejected in the colonies , who said the `` virtual '' was a cover for political corruption and was irreconcilable with their belief that government derives its just powers from the consent of the governed . In 1765 , the American lawyer and politician James Otis , Jr. , responded to Soame Jenyns ' The Objections to the Taxation of Our American Colonies , by the Legislature of Great Britain , Briefly Considered . Otis ' own publication was entitled Considerations on Behalf of the Colonists , in a Letter to a Noble Lord . He wrote in it , `` To what purpose is it to ring everlasting changes to the colonists on the cases of Manchester , Birmingham and Sheffield , who return no members ? If those now so considerable places are not represented , they ought to be . '' Writing in his 1763 publication The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved , Otis declared that , Every British subject born on the continent of America , or in any other of the British dominions , is by the law of God and nature , by the common law , and by act of parliament , ( exclusive of all charters from the Crown ) entitled to all the natural , essential , inherent and inseparable rights of our fellow subjects in Great Britain . Among those rights ... which it is humbly conceived no man or body of men , not excepting the parliament , justly , equitably and consistently with their own rights and the constitution , can take away ... ( are that the ) supreme and subordinate powers of the legislation should be free and sacred in the hands where the community have once rightfully placed them ... ( that the ) supreme national legislative can not be altered justly ' till the commonwealth is dissolved , nor a subordinate legislative taken away without forfeiture or other good cause . Nor then can the subjects in the subordinate government be reduced to a state of slavery , and subject to the despotic rule of others ... Even when the subordinate right of legislature is forfeited , and so declared , this can not affect the natural persons either of those who were invested with it , or the inhabitants , so far as to deprive them of the rights of subjects and of men -- The colonists will have an equitable right notwithstanding any such forfeiture of charter , to be represented in Parliament , or to have some new subordinate legislature among themselves . It would be best if they had both ... ( Furthermore , the right of every British subject is that the ) supreme power can not take from any man any part of his property , without his consent in person , or by representation . Otis simultaneously refuted , in The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved , a contemporary argument that attempted to rationalise virtual representation on the basis of the colonial agents ' alleged influence on British policy . `` As to the colonists being represented by the provincial agents , '' he wrote , I know of no power ever given them but to appear before his Majesty , and his ministry . Sometimes they have been directed to petition the parliament : But they none of them have , and I hope never will have , a power given them , by the colonists , to act as representatives , and to consent to taxes ; and if they should make any concessions to the ministry , especially without order , the provinces could not by that be considered as represented in parliament . Colonists said no man was represented if he were not allowed to vote . Moreover , even `` If every inhabitant of America had the requisite freehold , '' said Daniel Dulany , `` not one could vote , but upon the supposition of his ceasing to become an inhabitant of America , and becoming a resident of Great Britain . '' The colonists and like - minded Britons insisted that representation was achieved only through an assembly of men actually elected by the persons they were intended to represent . The argument between the colonies and Parliament sought to resolve how the British ' commoners ' of the various part of the Empire were represented most constitutionally -- as Daniel Dulaney , an American Loyalist and lawyer , put it `` ( the ) constitutional authority ( of Parliament 's rights to bind American subjects ) depends upon the single question , Whether the Commons of Great - Britain are virtually the representatives of the Commons of America , or not . Pitt and Camden ( edit ) The theory of virtual representation was attacked in Britain by Charles Pratt , 1st Earl Camden , and his ally William Pitt , 1st Earl of Chatham . William Pitt argued in 1766 that the Commons of Britain ought not to tax the ' `` Commons of America '' without gaining consent of their representatives in stating , `` even under former arbitrary reigns , Parliaments were ashamed of taxing a people without their consent , and allowed them representatives . Why did ( Grenville ) confine himself to Chester and Durham ? He might have taken a higher example in Wales -- Wales , that never was taxed by Parliament till it was incorporated . '' He then said , I am no courtier of America . I stand up for this kingdom . I maintain that the Parliament has a right to bind , to restrain America . Our legislative power over the colonies is sovereign and supreme . When it ceases to be sovereign and supreme , I would advise every gentleman to sell his lands , if he can , and embark for that country . When two countries are connected together like England and her colonies , without being incorporated , the one must necessarily govern . The greater must rule the less . But she must so rule it as not to contradict the fundamental principles that are common to both ... let the sovereign authority of this country over the colonies be asserted in as strong terms as can be devised , and be made to extend to every point of legislation whatsoever ; that we may bind their trade , confine their manufactures , and exercise every power whatsoever , except that of taking their money out of their pockets without their consent . '' In his first speeches in Parliament , Lord Camden vigorously attacked the declaratory act which was proposed to mollify the crown on the repeal of the Stamp Tax . After his first affirmation of `` no taxation without representation '' Camden was attacked by British PM Grenville , Chief Justice James Mansfield , Robert Henley , 1st Earl of Northington , and others . He responded : ( T ) he British Parliament have no right to tax the Americans . I shall not consider the Declaratory Bill now lying on your table ; for to what purpose , but loss of time , to consider the particulars of a Bill , the very existence of which is illegal , absolutely illegal , contrary to the fundamental laws of nature , contrary to the fundamental laws of this constitution ? A constitution grounded on the eternal and immutable laws of nature ; a constitution whose foundation and centre is liberty , which sends liberty to every individual who may happen to be within any part of its ample circumference . Nor , my Lords , is the doctrine new , it is as old as the constitution ; it grew up with it ; indeed it is its support ; taxation and representation are inseparably united ; God hath joined them , no British parliament can separate them ; to endeavour to do it , is to stab our very vitals. ... My position is this -- I repeat it -- I will maintain it to my last hour , -- taxation and representation are inseparable ; this position is founded on the laws of nature ; it is more , it is itself an eternal law of nature ; for whatever is a man 's own , is absolutely his own ; no man has a right to take it from him without his consent , either expressed by himself or representative ; whoever attempts to do it , attempts an injury ; whoever does it , commits a robbery ; he throws down and destroys the distinction between liberty and slavery . Taxation and representation are coeval with and essential to the constitution. ... ( T ) here is not a blade of grass growing in the most obscure corner of this kingdom , which is not , which was not ever , represented since the constitution began ; there is not a blade of grass , which when taxed , was not taxed by the consent of the proprietor. ... I can never give my assent to any bill for taxing the American colonies , while they remain unrepresented ; for as to the distinction of a virtual representation , it is so absurd as not to deserve an answer ; I therefore pass it over with contempt . The forefathers of the Americans did not leave their native country , and subject themselves to every danger and distress , to be reduced to a state of slavery : they did not give up their rights ; they looked for protection , and not for chains , from their mother country ; by her they expected to be defended in the possession of their property , and not to be deprived of it : for , should the present power continue , there is nothing which they can call their own ; or , to use the words of Mr. Locke , ' What property have they in that , which another may , by right , take , when he pleases , to himself ? ' '' In an appearance before Parliament in January , 1766 , former Prime Minister William Pitt stated : The idea of a virtual representation of America in this House is the most contemptible that ever entered into the head of a man . It does not deserve a serious refutation . The Commons of America , represented in their several assemblies , have ever been in possession of the exercise of this their constitutional right , of giving and granting their own money . They would have been slaves if they had not enjoyed it . Grenville responded to Pitt , saying the disturbances in America `` border on open rebellion ; and if the doctrine I have heard this day be confirmed , nothing can tend more directly to produce a revolution . '' External and internal taxes are the same , argued Grenville . Modern use in the United States ( edit ) Shimer College student holds `` No tuition without representation '' sign during protest over school governance in 2010 . In the 1860s , suffragette Sarah E. Wall of Worcester , Massachusetts invoked the principle of `` no taxation without representation '' , initiating an anti-tax protest in which she encouraged women not to pay taxes until they were granted the right to vote . Soon after she began this movement , the Worcester city tax collector sued Wall for refusing to pay taxes , and the case reached the Massachusetts Supreme Court in 1863 . In `` Wheeler v. Wall , '' the court ruled against Wall and held that despite not having the right to vote , women are still obligated to meet their tax burden . Even still , Wall refused to cooperate with the collector , and as a result , officers seized and sold her property in order to raise the money necessary to meet her tax obligation . After several years , Wall 's inexorability eventually prevailed , as the collector began to ignore Wall and allow her to abstain from paying taxes . In 1884 , Susan B. Anthony cited Wall 's audacity and willingness to stand up for women 's suffrage , stating , `` for the last twenty - five years , ( she ) has resisted the tax gatherer when he came around . I want you to look at her . She looks very harmless , but she will not pay a dollar of tax . She says when the Commonwealth of Massachusetts will give her the right of representation she will pay her taxes . '' The phrase is also used by other groups in America who pay various types of taxes ( sales , income , property ) but lack the ability to vote , such as felons ( who are , in many states , barred from voting ) , people who work in one state and live in another ( thus having to pay income tax to a state they do n't live in ) , or people under 18 . To become citizens of the United States , immigrants most often must be permanent residents for a period of time ( usually 5 years ) . Permanent residents must pay taxes on their worldwide income and , in most cases , can not vote . However , throughout the 19th century , many states did allow immigrants to vote after they had declared their intention to become citizens . This was primarily because these new states were populated in large part by immigrants who had not yet attained citizenship . Throughout U.S. history , non-citizens have been allowed to vote in 40 U.S. states and territories . As of 2005 , non-citizens are allowed to vote in seven jurisdictions in the United States : Chicago and six towns in Montgomery County , Maryland . In 2009 , the phrase `` taxation without representation '' was also used in the Tea Party protests , where protesters were upset over increased government spending and taxes , and specifically regarding a growing concern amongst the group that the U.S. government is increasingly relying upon a form of taxation without representation through increased regulatory levies and fees which are allegedly passed via unelected government employees who have no direct responsibility to voters and can not be held accountable by the public through elections . A modified version of the phrase , `` no tuition without representation '' , is sometimes used in disputes over governance in higher education in the United States to emphasize student 's rights to a voice in institutional decisions . The term first emerged in a 1977 dispute at Union County College in New Jersey . It has been used more recently in disputes at Dartmouth College , UC Berkeley School of Law , and elsewhere . Washington , D.C. ( edit ) The standard - issue District of Columbia license plate bears the phrase , `` Taxation Without Representation '' . See also : District of Columbia voting rights In the United States , the phrase is used in Washington , D.C. as part of the campaign for a vote in Congress , to publicize the fact that Washington residents pay Federal taxes , but do not have representation in Congress . In November 2000 , the D.C. Department of Motor Vehicles began issuing license plates bearing the slogan `` Taxation without representation '' . In a show of support for the city , President Bill Clinton used the `` Taxation Without Representation '' plates on the presidential limousine ; however , President George W. Bush had the tags replaced to those without the motto shortly after taking office . President Barack Obama announced his intention to use the plates with the motto beginning at his second inauguration . President Donald Trump continued usage of the plates with the protest motto after he was elected , though he has stated he has `` no position '' on the issue of granting D.C. statehood . In 2002 , the Council of the District of Columbia authorized adding the slogan to the D.C. flag , but no new flag design was approved . In 2007 , the District of Columbia and United States Territories Quarters program was created based on the successful 50 State Quarters program . DC submitted designs containing the slogan , but they were rejected by the U.S. Mint . Modern use in the United kingdom ( edit ) British Prime Minister John Major used a modified version of the quote , with the order reversed , in October 1995 , when at the United Nations 's 50th Anniversary celebrations he said , `` It is not sustainable for states to enjoy representation without taxation , '' in order to criticize the billion - dollar arrears of the United States ' payments to the UN , echoing a statement made the previous month at the opening session of the UN General Assembly by UK Foreign Secretary Malcolm Rifkind . Modern use in Canada ( edit ) In Canada , Québec politician Gilles Duceppe , former leader of the Bloc Québécois , has repeatedly cited this phrase in defending the presence of his party in Ottawa . The Bloc is a Québec sovereigntist party solely running candidates in Canadian Federal elections in the province of Québec . Duceppe 's evocation of the phrase implies that the proponents of Quebec 's sovereigntist movement have the right to be represented in the body ( which they are ) , the Canadian Parliament , which levies taxes upon them . He will usually cite the sentence in its original English . Use in Australia ( edit ) The first government of South Australia was by a Legislative Council , whose members were chosen by the Crown and from which office - bearers `` Official Members '' were selected by the Governor . John Stephens and his South Australian Register were among those who campaigned for democratic reform . Partial reform took place in 1851 , when a majority of Members of the South Australian Legislative Council , 1851 -- 1855 were elected . See also ( edit ) Social contract References ( edit ) Specific Jump up ^ Chris Beneke ( 2008 ) . `` The Critical Turn : Jonathan Mayhew , the British Empire , and the Idea of Resistance in Mid - Eighteenth - Century Boston '' . 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Classicpersuasion.org . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ 16 Parliamentary History of England , London : Hansard , 1813 , pp. 170 - 77 . `` Lord Northington , leaving the woolsack , commenced in a tone most insulting to the new Peer , and , what was much worse , most insulting to the people of America , -- Benjamin Franklin being a listener below the bar ... . '' 5 Lord Campbell , Lives of the Lord Chancellors , p. 181 . Jump up ^ 16 Parliamentary History of England , London : Hansard , 1813 , pp. 177 - 81 . Jump up ^ Walford Davis Green , William Pitt , Earl of Chatham and the Growth and Division of the British Empire , 1708 -- 1778 . 1901 . p. 255 . Jump up ^ sFor legal questions surrounding the constitutional nature of the Imperial Crown - in - Parliament 's right to legislate and tax for the British Isles and Empire , and the colonies ' chartered rights to legislate and tax themselves see Zuckert , M. ( 2005 ) . `` Natural Rights and Imperial Constitutionalism : The American Revolution and the Development of the American Amalgam '' . Social Philosophy and Policy . 22 : 27 . doi : 10.1017 / S0265052505041026. and II THE AMERICAN CRISIS for a source history Jump up ^ `` Address of Susan B. Anthony '' . University of Missouri - Kansas City School of Law . Retrieved 27 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Debate on Woman Suffrage in the Senate of the United States , 2d Session , 49th Congress , December 8 , 1886 , and January 25 , 1887 '' . Sven Digital Books . Retrieved 27 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Top Reasons National Youth Rights Association of Southeast Florida Wants a Lower Voting Age , 16tovote.com Jump up ^ `` USCIS Home Page '' ( PDF ) . Uscis.gov . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 25 , 2006 . Retrieved January 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hayduk , Ronald ( 2006 ) , Democracy For All : Restoring Immigrant Voting Rights In The United States , Routledge , pp. 15 -- 16 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 95073 - 2 Jump up ^ `` Current Immigrant Voting Rights Practices and Movements '' . Immigrantvoting.org. April 20 , 2005 . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2011 . Retrieved January 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Protestors Gather for Self - Styled Tea Party '' . Myfoxchicago.com . February 27 , 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Raichle , Donald R. ( 1983 ) . New Jersey 's Union College : A History , 1933 -- 1983 . p. 232 . ISBN 0 - 8386 - 3198 - 3 . Jump up ^ Wang , Ethan ( 2011 - 04 - 28 ) . `` Wang : No Tuition Without Representation '' . The Dartmouth . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Title Unknown '' . Student Lawyer. 30 : 31 . 2001 . Jump up ^ Chan , Sewell ( November 5 , 2000 ) . `` Message Gets Rolling ; D.C. Government Enlists Residents ' Vehicles In Campaign for Congressional Representation '' . The Washington Post . p . C01 . Retrieved August 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Political License Plate Is Out , Bush Says '' . The New York Times . January 19 , 2001 . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Obama 's Limo To Get D.C. ' Taxation Without Representation ' Tags '' . Talking Points Memo . January 15 , 2013 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Trump 's limo sports D.C. 's protest license plates : ' Taxation Without Representation ' '' . The Washington Post . January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ District of Columbia Flag Adoption and Design Act of 2002 Archived December 1 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Nakamura , David ; Woodlee , Yolanda ( December 11 , 2003 ) . `` First Mayor 's Widow Favors a Fighting Flag '' . The Washington Post . p . DZ02 . Retrieved August 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ U.S. Mint : District of Columbia and United States Territories Quarter Program . Retrieved January 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Duggan , Paul ( February 28 , 2008 ) . `` Mint Rejects Voting Rights Message '' . The Washington Post . p . B03 . Retrieved August 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chronology of the United Nations Financial Crisis : 1995 -- Global Policy Forum '' . Globalpolicy.org . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Geddes , John ( 2010 - 05 - 20 ) . `` The Bloc at 20 : a conversation with Gilles Duceppe '' . Maclean 's . Jump up ^ Lachance , Micheline ( 2005 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Il fait bouger le Canada '' . L'actualité . Jump up ^ `` A Free Press and Mr John Stephens '' . South Australian Register ( Adelaide , SA : 1839 -- 1900 ) . Adelaide , SA : National Library of Australia . April 1 , 1850 . p. 3 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . General William S . Carpenter , `` Taxation Without Representation '' in Dictionary of American History , Volume 7 ( 1976 ) John C. Miller , Origins of the American Revolution . 1943 . Edmund Morgan . Inventing the People : The Rise of Popular Sovereignty in England and America ( 1989 ) J.R. Pole ; Political Representation in England and the Origins of the American Republic ( 1966 ) Slaughter , Thomas P . The Tax Man Cometh : Ideological Opposition to Internal Taxes , 1760 - 1790 . Unger , Harlow , John Hancock , Merchant King and American Patriot , 2000 , ISBN 0 - 7858 - 2026 - 4 William and Mary Quarterly 1984 41 ( 4 ) : 566 - 591 . ISSN 0043 - 5597 Fulltext in Jstor ( hide ) Tax resistance Topics Conscientious objection to military taxation List of historical acts of tax resistance List of tax resisters Methods Barter Gift economy Local currency Rebellion Self - sufficiency Simple living Tax avoidance Tax evasion Unreported employment Organizations Addiopizzo Aide - toi , le ciel t'aidera All Britain Anti-Poll Tax Federation Anti-Poll Tax Unions Association of Real Estate Taxpayers Catalunya Diu Prou Committee for Non-Violent Action Δεν Πληρώνω Fasci Siciliani Irish National Land League National Campaign for a Peace Tax Fund National War Tax Resistance Coordinating Committee Northern California War Tax Resistance Pagal Panthis Peace churches Peacemakers Planka.nu Women 's Tax Resistance League Media An Act of Conscience Civil Disobedience Clericis laicos The Cold War and the Income Tax : A Protest Vyborg Manifesto Campaigns 1300s Tuchin Revolt Harelle Peasants ' Revolt 1400s Cornish Rebellion of 1497 1500s Croquant rebellions Rappenkrieg Revolt of the Pitauds 1600s Angelets Revolt of the papier timbré Revolt of the va - nu - pieds Salt Tax Revolt 1700s Boston Tea Party Fries 's Rebellion Gaspee Affair No taxation without representation Philadelphia Tea Party Revolt of the Comuneros ( New Granada ) War of the Regulation Whiskey Rebellion White Lotus Rebellion 1800s Dog Tax War Hut Tax War of 1898 Rebecca Riots Saminism Movement Tancament de Caixes Tithe War 1900s Agbekoya Bambatha Rebellion Bardoli Satyagraha Beit Sahour Bondelswarts affair Champaran Satyagraha Kheda Satyagraha Johnson cult Mau movement Poll Tax Riots Poplar Rates Rebellion Turra Coo Salt March Women 's War 2000s Anti-austerity movement in Greece Anti-Bin Tax Campaign Bonnets Rouges Campaign Against Home and Water Taxes Movimento Passe Livre Related topics Civil disobedience Conscientious objector Direct action Income tax threshold Nonviolent resistance Render unto Caesar Tax noncompliance Tax protester Tax riot Taxation as slavery Taxation as theft Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=No_taxation_without_representation&oldid=815545221 '' Categories : Accountability Sovereignty American political catchphrases Constitutional law Home rule and voting rights of the District of Columbia History of taxation in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from June 2015 Wikisource templates with missing id Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia עברית Nederlands 日本語 Português Русский Suomi ไทย Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 14 : 06 . 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About Wikipedia	who made the slogan no taxation without representation	[ "Jonathan Mayhew, Old West Church's second Congregational pastor, used the phrase, \"No Taxation Without Representation\" in a sermon in 1750.[1] The phrase revives a sentiment central to the cause of the English Civil War following the refusal of parliamentarian John Hampden to pay ship money tax.[2] \"No Taxation Without Representation,\" in the context of British American Colonial taxation, appeared for the first time in the February 1768 London Magazine headline, on page 89, in the printing of Lord Camden’s \"Speech on the Declaratory Bill of the Sovereignty of Great Britain over the Colonies.\"[3]" ]	[ "Jonathan Mayhew, Old West Church's second Congregational pastor" ]
732595019434668383	Atlas (anatomy)	Atlas ( anatomy ) - wikipedia Atlas ( anatomy ) See also : Atlas ( disambiguation ) Atlas ( anatomy ) Position of the atlas ( shown in red ) Details Identifiers Latin Atlas , vertebra cervicalis I TA A02. 2.02. 101 FMA 12519 Anatomical terms of bone ( edit on Wikidata ) In anatomy , the atlas ( C1 ) is the most superior ( first ) cervical vertebra of the spine . It is named for the Atlas of Greek mythology , because it supports the globe of the head . The atlas is the topmost vertebra and with the axis forms the joint connecting the skull and spine . The atlas and axis are specialized to allow a greater range of motion than normal vertebrae . They are responsible for the nodding and rotation movements of the head . The atlanto - occipital joint allows the head to nod up and down on the vertebral column . The dens acts as a pivot that allows the atlas and attached head to rotate on the axis , side to side . The atlas 's chief peculiarity is that it has no body . It is ring - like and consists of an anterior and a posterior arch and two lateral masses . The atlas and axis are important neurologically because the brain stem extends down to the axis . Contents 1 Structure 1.1 Anterior arch 1.2 Posterior arch 1.3 Lateral masses 1.4 Vertebral foramen 1.5 Transverse processes 1.6 Development 2 Function 2.1 Muscular attachments 2.1. 1 Transverse processes 2.1. 2 Posterior tubercle 2.1. 3 Anterior arch 3 Clinical significance 4 Additional images 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Structure ( edit ) Structure of the atlas , the first cervical vertebra Anterior arch ( edit ) The anterior arch forms about one - fifth of the ring : its anterior surface is convex , and presents at its center the anterior tubercle for the attachment of the Longus colli muscles and the anterior longitudinal ligament ; posteriorly it is concave , and marked by a smooth , oval or circular facet ( fovea dentis ) , for articulation with the odontoid process ( dens ) of the axis . The upper and lower borders respectively give attachment to the anterior atlantooccipital membrane and the anterior atlantoaxial ligament ; the former connects it with the occipital bone above , and the latter with the axis below . Posterior arch ( edit ) Median sagittal section through the occipital bone and first three cervical vertebræ , showing ligamentous attachments The posterior arch forms about two - fifths of the circumference of the ring : it ends behind in the posterior tubercle , which is the rudiment of a spinous process and gives origin to the Recti capitis posteriores minores and the ligamentum nuchae . The diminutive size of this process prevents any interference with the movements between the atlas and the skull . The posterior part of the arch presents above and behind a rounded edge for the attachment of the posterior atlantooccipital membrane , while immediately behind each superior articular process is the superior vertebral notch ( sulcus arteriae vertebralis ) . This is a groove that is sometimes converted into a foramen by ossification of the posterior atlantooccipital membrane to create a delicate bony spiculum which arches backward from the posterior end of the superior articular process . This anatomical variant is known as an arcuate foramen . This groove transmits the vertebral artery , which , after ascending through the foramen in the transverse process , winds around the lateral mass in a direction backward and medially to enter the vertebrobasilar circulation through the foramen magnum ; it also transmits the suboccipital nerve ( first spinal nerve ) On the under surface of the posterior arch , behind the inferior articular facets , are two shallow grooves , the inferior vertebral notches . The lower border gives attachment to the posterior atlantoaxial ligament , which connects it with the axis . Lateral masses ( edit ) The lateral masses are the most bulky and solid parts of the atlas , in order to support the weight of the head . Each carries two articular facets , a superior and an inferior . The superior facets are of large size , oval , concave , and approach each other in front , but diverge behind : they are directed upward , medially , and a little backward , each forming a cup for the corresponding condyle of the occipital bone , and are admirably adapted to the nodding movements of the head . Not infrequently they are partially subdivided by indentations which encroach upon their margins . The inferior articular facets are circular in form , flattened or slightly convex and directed downward and medially , articulating with the axis , and permitting the rotatory movements of the head . Vertebral foramen ( edit ) Just below the medial margin of each superior facet is a small tubercle , for the attachment of the transverse atlantal ligament which stretches across the ring of the atlas and divides the vertebral foramen into two unequal parts : the anterior or smaller receiving the odontoid process of the axis the posterior transmitting the spinal cord ( medulla spinalis ) and its membranes This part of the vertebral canal is of considerable size , much greater than is required for the accommodation of the spinal cord . Transverse processes ( edit ) The transverse processes are large ; they project laterally and downward from the lateral masses , and serve for the attachment of muscles which assist in rotating the head . They are long , and their anterior and posterior tubercles are fused into one mass ; the foramen transversarium is directed from below , upward and backward . Development ( edit ) The atlas ossifies from three centers The atlas is usually ossified from three centers . Of these , one appears in each lateral mass about the seventh week of fetal life , and extends backward ; at birth , these portions of bone are separated from one another behind by a narrow interval filled with cartilage . Between the third and fourth years they unite either directly or through the medium of a separate center developed in the cartilage . At birth , the anterior arch consists of cartilage ; in this a separate center appears about the end of the first year after birth , and joins the lateral masses from the sixth to the eighth year . The lines of union extend across the anterior portions of the superior articular facets . Occasionally there is no separate center , the anterior arch being formed by the forward extension and ultimate junction of the two lateral masses ; sometimes this arch is ossified from two centers , one on either side of the middle line . Function ( edit ) Muscular attachments ( edit ) Transverse processes ( edit ) Upper surface : rectus capitis anterior -- occipital bone ( inferior surface of the base ) rectus capitis lateralis -- occipital bone ( beneath the jugular process ) obliquus capitis superior -- occipital bone ( between the superior and inferior nuchal lines ) Interior and dorsal part : obliquus capitis inferior -- spinous process of the axis Lower surface : splenius cervicis ( part ) -- spinous processes of T02 -- T05 levator scapulae ( part ) -- superior part of medial border of the scapula intertransversarius posterior cervicis -- transverse process of the axis ( posterior tubercle ) intertransversarius anterior cervicis -- transverse process of the axis ( anterior turbercle ) Posterior tubercle ( edit ) Upper surface : rectus capitis posterior minor -- occipital bone ( medial part of the interior nuchal line , and the surface between it and the foramen magnum ) Lower surface : interspinalis cervicis -- spinous process of the axis Anterior arch ( edit ) longus colli ( superior oblique ) -- transverse processes of C03 -- C05 . Clinical significance ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2014 ) A break in the first vertebra is referred to as a Jefferson fracture . Craniocervical junction misalignment is also suspected as a factor in neurodegenerative diseases where altered CSF flow plays a part in the pathological process . Additional images ( edit ) Shape and position of atlas ( shown in red ) , from above . The skull is shown in semi-transparent . Atlas from above Posterior atlantoöccipital membrane and atlantoaxial ligament ( atlas visible at center ) Atlas from above Atlas from above Atlas , inferior surface Computer generated 3d model of atlas See also ( edit ) This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . Occipital condyle References ( edit ) This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 99 of the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Jump up ^ the medical dictionary ; the free dictionary . Jump up ^ Gray 's Anatomy , pp. 36 -- 37 ( 10 / 27 / 11 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Atlas ( anatomy ) . Netter , Frank . Atlas of Human Anatomy , `` High Cervical Spine : C1 -- C2 '' Bones of torso Vertebrae General structure Body Arch pedicle lamina notch Vertebral foramen Intervertebral foramen Processes transverse articular spinous Spinal canal Cervical vertebrae Uncinate process of vertebra Transverse foramen Anterior tubercle Carotid tubercle Posterior tubercle Atlas lateral mass anterior arch posterior arch Axis dens Vertebra prominens Thoracic vertebrae Costal facets superior inferior transverse Uncinate process of vertebra Lumbar vertebrae Processes accessory mammillary Sacrum Base sacral promontory Ala of sacrum Lateral surface sacral tuberosity Pelvic surface anterior sacral foramina Dorsal surface posterior sacral foramina Median sacral crest Medial sacral crest Lateral sacral crest Sacral canal sacral hiatus Coccyx none Thorax Rib cage Ribs true ribs false ribs floating ribs Parts angle tubercle costal groove neck head Sternum Suprasternal notch Manubrium Sternal angle Body of sternum Xiphisternal joint Xiphoid process Thoracic cage Thoracic inlet Thoracic outlet Intercostal space Costal margin Infrasternal angle Anatomy portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atlas_(anatomy)&oldid=850312094 '' Categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Bones of the thorax Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Articles to be expanded from April 2014 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Башҡортса Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego Ido Italiano עברית Қазақша Latina Lietuvių Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 02 : 20 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	what bone allows the head to nod yes	[ "The atlas is the topmost vertebra and with the axis forms the joint connecting the skull and spine. The atlas and axis are specialized to allow a greater range of motion than normal vertebrae. They are responsible for the nodding and rotation movements of the head.\n", "The atlas is the topmost vertebra and with the axis forms the joint connecting the skull and spine. The atlas and axis are specialized to allow a greater range of motion than normal vertebrae. They are responsible for the nodding and rotation movements of the head.\n" ]	[ "atlas", "axis" ]
-5703015415355987656	The Voice (U.S. season 13)	The Voice ( Us season 13 ) - wikipedia The Voice ( Us season 13 ) Jump to : navigation , search The Voice Season 13 Broadcast from September 25 -- December 19 , 2017 Coaches Adam Levine Miley Cyrus Jennifer Hudson Blake Shelton Host ( s ) Carson Daly Broadcaster NBC Winner Chloe Kohanski Origin Mount Juliet , Tennessee Song `` Wish I Did n't Love You '' Genre ( s ) Rock , Pop rock , New wave Coach Blake Shelton Runner - up Addison Agen Chronology ◀ Late 2017 ▶ The thirteenth season of the American reality talent show The Voice premiered on September 25 , 2017 , on NBC . Adam Levine and Blake Shelton returned as coaches . Miley Cyrus and Jennifer Hudson replaced Gwen Stefani and Alicia Keys as coaches . Chloe Kohanski was announced as the winner of the season , marking Blake Shelton 's sixth win as a coach , and making her the third stolen artist to win , following Josh Kaufman in Season 6 and Craig Wayne Boyd in Season 7 . For the first time ever , the final three artists were all female and the Top 2 were stolen artists . It was also the first time that the final three artists were all originally from the same team ( Miley Cyrus ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Coaches and hosts 2 Teams 3 Blind auditions 3.1 Episode 1 ( September 25 ) 3.2 Episode 2 ( September 26 ) 3.3 Episode 3 ( October 2 ) 3.4 Episode 4 ( October 3 ) 3.5 Episode 5 ( October 9 ) 3.6 Episode 6 ( October 10 ) 4 The Battles 5 The Knockouts 6 The Playoffs 7 Live shows 7.1 Week 1 : Top 12 ( November 20 and 21 ) 7.2 Week 2 : Top 11 ( November 27 and 28 ) 7.3 Week 3 : Top 10 ( December 4 and 5 ) 7.4 Week 4 : Semifinals ( December 11 and 12 ) 7.5 Week 5 : Finals ( December 18 and 19 ) 8 Elimination chart 8.1 Overall 8.2 Team 9 Artists who appeared on previous shows or seasons 10 Reception 10.1 U.S. Nielsen ratings 11 References 12 External links Coaches and hosts ( edit ) The Voice season 13 coaches Adam Levine Miley Cyrus Jennifer Hudson Blake Shelton The coach lineup changed once again for the thirteenth season . Gwen Stefani and Alicia Keys did not return as coaches . They were replaced by Miley Cyrus , who returns after a one - season hiatus , along with returning coaches Adam Levine and Blake Shelton . On May 10 , 2017 , NBC announced that Jennifer Hudson would join as a coach , following her success on The Voice UK . Carson Daly will return for his thirteenth season as host . This season , for the first time since season six , the Playoffs did not kick off the live rounds and voting . This season , the Top 12 have been chosen by the coaches . In previous seasons , the finalists were partially determined by viewers ' votes . This season 's Battle advisors are : Joe Jonas for Team Adam , Billy Ray Cyrus for Team Miley , Kelly Rowland for Team Jennifer , Rascal Flatts for Team Blake . Kelly Clarkson will serve as a key advisor for all teams . Teams ( edit ) Color key Winner Runner - up Third place Fourth place Eliminated in the Live Shows Eliminated in the Playoffs Selected by another coach as their Coach Comeback Stolen in the Knockout rounds Eliminated in the Knockout rounds Stolen in the Battle rounds Eliminated in the Battle rounds Coaches Top 48 artists Adam Levine Addison Agen Adam Cunningham Jon Mero Emily Luther Whitney Fenimore Anthony Alexander Hannah Mrozak Adam Pearce Dennis Drummond Dylan Gerard Whitney Fenimore Michael Kight Gary Carpentier Brandon Brown Dave Crosby Brandon Showell Miley Cyrus Brooke Simpson Ashland Craft Janice Freeman Moriah Formica Adam Pearce Karli Webster Whitney Fenimore Chloe Kohanski Stephan Marcellus Addison Agen Katrina Rose Megan Rose Sophia Bollman Shilo Gold Ilianna Viramontes Jennifer Hudson Noah Mac Davon Fleming Shi'Ann Jones Lucas Holliday Hannah Mrozak Chris Weaver Jeremiah Miller Katrina Rose Eric Lyn Kathrina Feigh Stephan Marcellus Meagan McNeal Maharasyi Alexandra Joyce Ignatious Carmouche Blake Shelton Chloe Kohanski Red Marlow Keisha Renee Mitchell Lee Natalie Stovall Esera Tuaolo Adam Cunningham Anna Catherine DeHart Megan Rose Kathrina Feigh Noah Mac Dennis Drummond Rebecca Brunner Ryan Scripps Kristi Hoopes Note : Italicized names are stolen contestants ( names struck through within former teams ) . Bolded names are contestants who received the Coach Comeback and advanced to the Playoffs . Blind auditions ( edit ) Color key ✔ Coach pressed `` I WANT YOU '' button Artist defaulted to a coach 's team Artist elected to pick a coach 's team Artist eliminated with no coach pressing their button Episode 1 ( September 25 ) ( edit ) Order Artist Age Hometown Song Coach 's and artist 's choices Adam Miley Jennifer Blake Chris Weaver 29 Long Island , New York `` Try a Little Tenderness '' ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Mitchell Lee 29 Charleston , South Carolina `` Hold My Hand '' ✔ -- ✔ ✔ Janice Freeman 32 Compton , California `` Radioactive '' -- ✔ ✔ -- Xaris 17 Gulf Breeze , Florida `` Do n't Think Twice , It 's All Right '' -- -- -- -- 5 Shi'Ann Jones 15 Bowling Green , Kentucky `` Drown in My Own Tears '' -- -- ✔ ✔ 6 Dave Crosby 30 Seattle , Washington `` I Will Follow You into the Dark '' ✔ ✔ -- ✔ 7 Odiseas Georgiadis 20 Brooklyn , New York `` Papa 's Got a Brand New Bag '' -- -- -- -- 8 Esera Tuaolo 49 Minneapolis , Minnesota `` Rise Up '' -- -- ✔ ✔ 9 Brandon Showell 26 Virginia Beach , Virginia `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' ✔ ✔ ✔ -- 10 Lucas Holliday 26 Lansing , Michigan `` This Woman 's Work '' -- -- ✔ -- 11 Brooke Simpson 26 Hollister , North Carolina `` Stone Cold '' ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Episode 2 ( September 26 ) ( edit ) Order Artist Age Hometown Song Coach 's and artist 's choices Adam Miley Jennifer Blake Keisha Renee 30 Inglewood , California `` I Ca n't Stop Loving You '' ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Dylan Gerard 28 Macclenny , Florida `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' ✔ -- ✔ -- Maharasyi 27 Indonesia / Los Angeles , California `` Tell Me Something Good '' -- ✔ ✔ -- Marlo Wells 61 Fontana , California `` Love Me Now '' -- -- -- -- 5 Red Marlow 40 Dickson , Tennessee `` Swingin ' '' -- ✔ -- ✔ 6 Ashland Craft 21 Piedmont , South Carolina `` You Are My Sunshine '' ✔ ✔ -- ✔ Episode 3 ( October 2 ) ( edit ) Order Artist Age Hometown Song Coach 's and artist 's choices Adam Miley Jennifer Blake Adam Cunningham 38 Nashville , Tennessee `` Midnight Rider '' -- -- ✔ ✔ Hannah Mrozak 18 Richfield , Wisconsin `` Starving '' ✔ -- ✔ ✔ Shilo Gold 26 Denver , Colorado `` Stay with Me Baby '' -- ✔ ✔ -- Samantha Rios 16 Arlington , Virginia `` Something 's Got a Hold on Me '' -- -- -- -- 5 Noah Mac 17 Dublin , California `` Way Down We Go '' -- -- ✔ ✔ 6 Davon Fleming 25 Baltimore , Maryland `` Me & Mr. Jones '' ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ 7 Kathrina Feigh 24 Quezon City , Philippines / New York City , New York `` Big White Room '' -- -- ✔ ✔ 8 Alexandra Joyce 16 Strongsville , Ohio `` Wildest Dreams '' ✔ -- ✔ ✔ 9 Eric Lyn 26 Los Angeles , California `` O-o-h Child '' -- -- ✔ -- 10 Anna Catherine DeHart 23 Sikeston , Missouri `` I Could Use a Love Song '' ✔ -- -- ✔ 11 Addison Agen 16 Fort Wayne , Indiana `` Jolene '' ✔ ✔ -- -- 12 Adam Pearce 31 New Orleans , Louisiana `` Hot Blooded '' ✔ ✔ -- -- 13 Myles Frost 17 Washington , D.C. `` My Cherie Amour '' -- -- -- -- 14 Moriah Formica 16 Latham , New York `` Crazy on You '' ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Episode 4 ( October 3 ) ( edit ) Order Artist Age Hometown Song Coach 's and artist 's choices Adam Miley Jennifer Blake Anthony Alexander 17 Fontana , California `` Redbone '' ✔ ✔ ✔ -- Sophia Bollman 18 Norco , California `` Invincible '' -- ✔ -- ✔ Jessica Rowboat 28 New Delhi , India / Queens , New York `` Imagine '' -- -- -- -- Karli Webster 20 Fort Worth , Texas `` You 're So Vain '' ✔ ✔ -- -- 5 Stephan Marcellus 26 Englewood , New Jersey `` Take Me to Church '' -- -- ✔ 6 Emily Luther 24 Woonsocket , Rhode Island `` Summertime '' ✔ -- ✔ ✔ Episode 5 ( October 9 ) ( edit ) Order Artist Age Hometown Song Coach 's and artist 's choices Adam Miley Jennifer Blake Chloe Kohanski 23 Mount Juliet , Tennessee `` The Chain '' -- ✔ ✔ ✔ Olivia Kay 13 Edmond , Oklahoma `` Ghost '' -- -- -- -- Dennis Drummond 27 Nashville , Tennessee `` She Talks to Angels '' ✔ -- -- ✔ Ignatious Carmouche 23 Opelousas , Louisiana `` Latch '' -- -- ✔ ✔ 5 Rebecca Brunner 22 Mason , Michigan `` Believer '' -- -- -- ✔ 6 Brandon Brown 19 The Bronx , New York `` Georgia on My Mind '' ✔ -- ✔ ✔ 7 Nathan Graham 27 Chicago , Illinois `` Nobody to Blame '' -- -- -- -- 8 Whitney Fenimore 28 Tulsa , Oklahoma `` Hold On , We 're Going Home '' ✔ ✔ -- -- 9 Ilianna Viramontes 18 Brentwood , California `` New Soul '' -- ✔ -- ✔ 10 Katrina Rose 34 Astoria , Queens , New York `` Kozmic Blues '' -- ✔ -- -- 11 Natalie Stovall 35 Nashville , Tennessee `` If It Had n't Been For Love '' -- -- -- ✔ 12 Ryan Scripps 24 San Jose , California `` Body Like a Back Road '' -- -- -- ✔ 13 Meagan McNeal 31 Chicago , Illinois `` Ca n't Feel My Face '' -- -- ✔ -- 14 Jon Mero 31 Atlanta , Georgia `` Versace on the Floor '' ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Episode 6 ( October 10 ) ( edit ) Order Artist Age Hometown Song Coach 's and artist 's choices Adam Miley Jennifer Blake Kristi Hoopes 19 Parker , Colorado `` Heaven , Heartache and the Power of Love '' ✔ -- ✔ ✔ Michael Kight 25 Dublin , Georgia `` Sugar '' ✔ -- -- Team full Jeremiah Miller 18 Fort Worth , Texas `` Slow Hands '' ✔ -- ✔ Serina Rae 17 Panama City Beach , Florida `` Stand By Me '' -- -- Team full 5 Austin Serrato 42 Ashville , Alabama `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' -- -- 6 Raycee Jones 29 Brooklyn , New York `` We Do n't Have to Take Our Clothes Off '' -- -- 7 Nik Singleton 28 Seattle , Washington `` Wide Open Spaces '' -- -- 8 Megan Rose 20 San Francisco , California `` Ode to Billie Joe '' ✔ ✔ 9 Gary Carpentier 26 Oswego , New York `` Home '' ✔ Team full The Battles ( edit ) The Battle Rounds start on October 16 . Season thirteen 's advisors include : Joe Jonas for Team Adam , Billy Ray Cyrus for Team Miley , Kelly Rowland for Team Jennifer , and Rascal Flatts for Team Blake . The coaches can steal two losing artists from another coach . Contestants who win their battle or are stolen by another coach will advance to the Knockout rounds . Color key : Artist won the Battle and advanced to the Knockouts Artist lost the Battle but was stolen by another coach and advanced to the Knockouts Artist lost the Battle and was originally eliminated but received the Coach Comeback and advanced to the Playoffs Artist lost the Battle and was eliminated Episode Coach Order Winner Song Loser ' Steal ' result Adam Miley Jennifer Blake Episode 7 ( Monday , October 16 ) Jennifer Hudson Lucas Holliday `` My Prerogative '' Meagan McNeal -- -- N / A -- Miley Cyrus Moriah Formica `` American Woman '' Shilo Gold -- N / A -- -- Blake Shelton Keisha Renee `` I 'm So Lonesome I Could Cry '' Noah Mac -- -- ✔ N / A Jennifer Hudson Chris Weaver `` Dangerous Woman '' Kathrina Feigh -- -- N / A ✔ Miley Cyrus 5 Brooke Simpson `` You 're a Big Girl Now '' Sophia Bollman -- N / A -- -- Adam Levine 6 Adam Pearce `` Stop Draggin ' My Heart Around '' Whitney Fenimore N / A ✔ -- ✔ Episode 8 ( Tuesday , October 17 ) Jennifer Hudson Davon Fleming `` I 'm Your Baby Tonight '' Maharasyi -- -- N / A -- Adam Levine Hannah Mrozak `` Cold Water '' Brandon Showell N / A -- -- -- Dylan Gerard `` Doctor My Eyes '' Dave Crosby N / A -- -- -- Blake Shelton Esera Tuaolo `` This I Promise You '' Rebecca Brunner -- -- -- N / A Miley Cyrus 5 Chloe Kohanski `` I Am Woman '' Ilianna Viramontes -- N / A -- -- Blake Shelton 6 Mitchell Lee `` Mr. Jones '' Dennis Drummond ✔ -- -- N / A Episode 9 ( Monday , October 23 ) Adam Levine Jon Mero `` I Wish It Would Rain '' Brandon Brown N / A -- -- -- Blake Shelton Red Marlow `` Fishin ' in the Dark '' Ryan Scripps -- -- -- N / A Miley Cyrus Karli Webster `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' Addison Agen ✔ N / A ✔ -- Blake Shelton Anna Catherine DeHart `` Independence Day '' Kristi Hoopes Team full -- -- N / A Jennifer Hudson 5 Jeremiah Miller `` One Call Away '' Alexandra Joyce -- N / A -- Adam Levine 6 Emily Luther `` Send My Love ( To Your New Lover ) '' Gary Carpentier -- -- -- Jennifer Hudson 7 Shi'Ann Jones `` Oh ! Darling '' Stephan Marcellus ✔ N / A -- Adam Levine 8 Anthony Alexander `` I Feel It Coming '' Michael Kight Team full -- -- Miley Cyrus 9 Janice Freeman `` W.O.M.A.N '' Katrina Rose ✔ -- Episode 10 ( Tuesday , October 24 ) Blake Shelton Adam Cunningham `` Boondocks '' Natalie Stovall Team full Team full Team full N / A Jennifer Hudson Eric Lyn `` Unaware '' Ignatious Carmouche -- Miley Cyrus Ashland Craft `` A Good Hearted Woman '' Megan Rose ✔ The Knockouts ( edit ) The Knockouts round starts with episode 11 . The coaches can each steal one losing artist . The top 20 contestants then move on to The Playoffs . Kelly Clarkson is the advisor to contestants from all teams in this round . Color key : Artist won the Knockout and advanced to the Playoffs Artist lost the Knockout but was stolen by another coach and advanced to the Playoffs Artist lost the Knockout and was originally eliminated but received the Coach Comeback and advanced to the Playoffs Artist lost the Knockout and was eliminated Episode Coach Order Song Artists Song ' Steal ' result Winner Loser Adam Miley Jennifer Blake Episode 11 ( Monday , October 30 ) Blake Shelton `` Superstar '' Esera Tuaolo Adam Cunningham `` Either Way '' ✔ -- -- N / A Jennifer Hudson `` Who 's Lovin ' You '' Shi'Ann Jones Lucas Holliday `` Tell It Like It Is '' Team full -- N / A -- Adam Levine `` Beneath Your Beautiful '' Addison Agen Dennis Drummond `` All Along the Watchtower '' -- -- -- Miley Cyrus `` I 'm Goin ' Down '' Janice Freeman Karli Webster `` Blue Bayou '' N / A -- -- Jennifer Hudson 5 `` I Can Only Imagine '' Davon Fleming Eric Lyn `` What 's Going On '' -- N / A -- Miley Cyrus 6 `` Wanted Dead or Alive '' Ashland Craft Chloe Kohanski `` Landslide '' N / A ✔ ✔ Episode 12 ( Tuesday , October 31 ) The twelfth episode was a special one - hour episode titled `` Best of the Season '' . The episode showed selected moments of the season so far , including the coaches , their teams , their assistant team advisors , the journey of the contestants thus far , and some previously unseen footage . Episode 13 ( Monday , November 6 ) Miley Cyrus `` ( You Make Me Feel Like ) A Natural Woman '' Brooke Simpson Stephan Marcellus `` Impossible '' Team full N / A -- Team full Blake Shelton `` I 'll Be '' Mitchell Lee Anna Catherine DeHart `` Breathe '' -- -- Jennifer Hudson `` Hold Back the River '' Noah Mac Jeremiah Miller `` Sorry '' -- N / A Blake Shelton `` I Hope You Dance '' Keisha Renee Kathrina Feigh `` Girl on Fire '' -- -- Adam Levine 5 `` Blame It On the Boogie '' Jon Mero Dylan Gerard `` Can I Be Him '' -- -- Miley Cyrus 6 `` Behind These Hazel Eyes '' Moriah Formica Whitney Fenimore `` Calling All Angels '' N / A -- Adam Levine 7 `` Glitter in the Air '' Emily Luther Adam Pearce `` Smoke on the Water '' ✔ -- Episode 14 ( Tuesday , November 7 ) Jennifer Hudson `` I Put a Spell on You '' Chris Weaver Katrina Rose `` Zombie '' Team full Team full N / A Team full Blake Shelton `` Outskirts of Heaven '' Red Marlow Megan Rose `` Smoke Break '' -- Adam Levine `` Mercy '' Anthony Alexander Hannah Mrozak `` Love on the Brain '' ✔ Whitney Fenimore is on Team Adam for the Playoffs . The Playoffs ( edit ) The Playoffs were taped on August 31 and September 1 , and comprised episodes 15 , 16 , and 17 . As in season 6 , the Playoffs were prerecorded , featuring no interactive viewer voting component , and therefore no subsequent results shows . As in seasons 9 , 10 , and 12 , four previously eliminated artists were chosen by the coaches to come back for the Playoffs . This time , they were Natalie Stovall ( picked by Blake Shelton ) , Lucas Holliday ( chosen by Jennifer Hudson ) , Karli Webster ( joined by Miley Cyrus ) , and Whitney Fenimore ( by Adam Levine ) . This season is the first to have the Playoffs taped on the same stage as the Battles and the Knockouts . The top twenty - four artists performed for the coaches , with each coach choosing three artists from their teams for elimination . The remaining top twelve artists advanced to the live shows . Color key : Artist was chosen by his / her coach to move on to the live shows Artist was eliminated Episode Coach Order Artist Song Result Episode 15 ( Monday , November 13 ) Jennifer Hudson Davon Fleming `` I Am Changing '' Advanced Hannah Mrozak `` Learn to Let Go '' Eliminated Lucas Holliday `` The Beautiful Ones '' Eliminated Shi'Ann Jones `` Tattooed Heart '' Advanced 5 Chris Weaver `` California Soul '' Eliminated 6 Noah Mac `` In the Air Tonight '' Advanced Blake Shelton 7 Red Marlow `` Chiseled in Stone '' Advanced 8 Chloe Kohanski `` Time After Time '' Advanced 9 Natalie Stovall `` Callin ' Baton Rouge '' Eliminated 10 Esera Tuaolo `` How Do I Live '' Eliminated 11 Mitchell Lee `` Heaven '' Eliminated 12 Keisha Renee `` Love Can Build a Bridge '' Advanced Episode 16 ( Tuesday , November 14 ) Adam Levine Adam Cunningham `` Have a Little Faith in Me '' Advanced Whitney Fenimore `` If It Makes You Happy '' Eliminated Emily Luther `` Lovesong '' Eliminated Anthony Alexander `` Perfect '' Eliminated 5 Jon Mero `` When We Were Young '' Advanced 6 Addison Agen `` Angel from Montgomery '' Advanced Episode 17 ( Wednesday , November 15 ) Miley Cyrus Brooke Simpson `` It 's a Man 's Man 's Man 's World '' Advanced Karli Webster `` Coat of Many Colors '' Eliminated Adam Pearce `` Love Hurts '' Eliminated Ashland Craft `` When I Think About Cheatin ' '' Advanced 5 Moriah Formica `` World Without You '' Eliminated 6 Janice Freeman `` Fall for You '' Advanced Live shows ( edit ) Color key : Artist was saved by the Public 's votes Artist was placed in the bottom two , bottom three , or middle three Artist was saved by the Instant Save Artist 's iTunes vote multiplied by 5 ( except The Finals ) after his / her studio version of the song reached iTunes top 10 Artist was eliminated Week 1 : Top 12 ( November 20 and 21 ) ( edit ) The Top 12 performed on Monday , November 20 , 2017 , with the results following on Tuesday , November 21 , 2017 . The Instant Save returned once again this season , with the bottom two artists performing for a spot in the next round via the viewers ' votes from Twitter . Addison Agen received the first iTunes bonus multiplier of the season , with her studio recording of `` She Used to Be Mine '' placing ( # 9 ) on the iTunes Top 200 Singles chart at the close of the voting window . In addition , the show 's official YouTube channel released a video starring the cast of Pitch Perfect 3 and the Top 12 singing `` Freedom ! ' 90 '' and `` Cups '' . Episode Coach Order Artist Song Result Episode 18 ( Monday , November 20 ) Miley Cyrus Brooke Simpson `` Praying '' Public 's vote Blake Shelton Red Marlow `` The Church on Cumberland Road '' Public 's vote Jennifer Hudson Shi'Ann Jones `` Vision of Love '' Public 's vote Adam Levine Jon Mero `` Why I Love You '' Bottom two Miley Cyrus 5 Ashland Craft `` Delta Dawn '' Public 's vote Adam Levine 6 Adam Cunningham `` Against All Odds ( Take a Look at Me Now ) '' Bottom two Blake Shelton 7 Chloe Kohanski `` Thank You '' Public 's vote Jennifer Hudson 8 Davon Fleming `` Love On Top '' Public 's vote Adam Levine 9 Addison Agen `` She Used to Be Mine '' Public 's vote Blake Shelton 10 Keisha Renee `` Midnight Train to Georgia '' Public 's vote Jennifer Hudson 11 Noah Mac `` Speed of Sound '' Public 's vote Miley Cyrus 12 Janice Freeman `` The Story '' Public 's vote Instant Save Performances Episode 19 ( Tuesday , November 21 ) Adam Levine Adam Cunningham `` Fortunate Son '' Instant Save Jon Mero `` I Want You Back '' Eliminated Non-competition performances Order Performer Song 19.1 Jennifer Hudson and her team ( Davon Fleming , Noah Mac and Shi'Ann Jones ) `` Let It Be '' 19.2 Maroon 5 `` What Lovers Do '' 19.3 Blake Shelton and his team ( Chloe Kohanski , Keisha Renee and Red Marlow ) `` If It Will , It Will '' Week 2 : Top 11 ( November 27 and 28 ) ( edit ) The Top 11 performed songs chosen by the public on Monday , November 27 , 2017 , with the results following on Tuesday , November 28 , 2017 . iTunes bonus multipliers were awarded to Red Marlow ( # 10 ) , Addison Agen ( # 2 ) , and Chloe Kohanski ( # 1 ) . Episode Coach Order Artist Song Results Episode 20 ( Monday , November 27 ) Miley Cyrus Janice Freeman `` Shine '' Bottom two Blake Shelton Red Marlow `` The Dance '' Public 's vote Jennifer Hudson Shi'Ann Jones `` Listen '' Public 's vote Adam Levine Adam Cunningham `` American Girl '' Bottom two Miley Cyrus 5 Brooke Simpson `` What About Us '' Public 's vote Jennifer Hudson 6 Davon Fleming `` I Have Nothing '' Public 's vote Miley Cyrus 7 Ashland Craft `` Chicken Fried '' Public 's vote Adam Levine 8 Addison Agen `` A Case of You '' Public 's vote Blake Shelton 9 Keisha Renee `` It Matters to Me '' Public 's vote Jennifer Hudson 10 Noah Mac `` Electric Love '' Public 's vote Blake Shelton 11 Chloe Kohanski `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' Public 's vote Instant Save Performances Episode 21 ( Tuesday , November 28 ) Adam Levine Adam Cunningham `` Amazed '' Instant Save Miley Cyrus Janice Freeman `` Chandelier '' Eliminated Non-competition performances Order Performer Song 21.1 Miley Cyrus and her team ( Ashland Craft , Janice Freeman and Brooke Simpson ) `` Man ! I Feel Like a Woman ! '' 21.2 Adam Levine and his team ( Addison Agen and Adam Cunningham ) `` Go Your Own Way '' 21.3 Blake Shelton with Jennifer Hudson `` I 'll Name the Dogs '' Week 3 : Top 10 ( December 4 and 5 ) ( edit ) The Top 10 performed on Monday , December 4 , 2017 , with the results following on Tuesday , December 5 , 2017 . iTunes bonus multipliers were awarded to Keisha Renee ( # 10 ) , Addison Agen ( # 5 ) , Chloe Kohanski ( # 4 ) , and Brooke Simpson ( # 2 ) . Episode Coach Order Artist Song Results Episode 22 ( Monday , December 4 ) Jennifer Hudson Davon Fleming `` Hurt '' Bottom three Adam Levine Adam Cunningham `` Maybe It Was Memphis '' Public 's vote Jennifer Hudson Noah Mac `` Ordinary World '' Public 's vote Shi'Ann Jones `` Diamonds '' Bottom three Blake Shelton 5 Chloe Kohanski `` Call Me '' Public 's vote 6 Keisha Renee `` All By Myself '' Public 's vote Miley Cyrus 7 Ashland Craft `` I Hate Myself for Loving You '' Bottom three 8 Brooke Simpson `` Amazing Grace '' Public 's vote Blake Shelton 9 Red Marlow `` That 's What I Love About Sunday '' Public 's vote Adam Levine 10 Addison Agen `` Lucky '' Public 's vote Instant Save Performances Episode 23 ( Tuesday , December 5 ) Miley Cyrus Ashland Craft `` Tonight I Wanna Cry '' Eliminated Jennifer Hudson Shi'Ann Jones `` At Last '' Eliminated Davon Fleming `` Ai n't No Way '' Instant Save Non-competition performances Order Performer Song 22.1 Gwen Stefani feat . Blake Shelton `` You Make It Feel Like Christmas '' 23.1 Portugal . The Man `` Feel It Still '' 23.2 Danielle Bradbery `` Worth It '' Week 4 : semifinals ( December 11 and 12 ) ( edit ) The Top 8 performed on Monday , December 11 , 2017 , with the results following on Tuesday , December 12 , 2017 . Like Season 12 , the duets between contestants were part of the competition and public voting . In the semifinals , three artists will automatically move to next week 's finale , the two artists with the least votes will be immediately eliminated and the middle three will contend for the remaining spot in the next week 's finals via the Instant Save . iTunes bonuses this week awarded to Chloe Kohanski ( # 1 ) , Addison Agen ( # 2 ) , Chloe Kohanski and Noah Mac ( Duet ) ( # 3 ) , Red Marlow ( # 5 ) , Brooke Simpson ( # 6 ) and Noah Mac ( # 7 ) . Davon Fleming 's `` Gravity '' was in the Top 10 earlier Tuesday , but it had fallen to # 11 by the voting deadline . With the eliminations of Noah Mac and Davon Fleming , Jennifer Hudson no longer has any artists remaining on her team . Noah Mac was the first artist to receive two iTunes bonuses and to be eliminated during the same week . Episode Coach Order Artist Song Results Episode 24 ( Monday , December 11 ) Adam Levine Adam Cunningham `` I 'm Already There '' Middle three Jennifer Hudson Davon Fleming `` Gravity '' Eliminated Blake Shelton Red Marlow `` Go Rest High on That Mountain '' Middle three Keisha Renee `` What Hurts the Most '' Eliminated 5 Chloe Kohanski `` I Want to Know What Love Is '' Public 's vote Jennifer Hudson 6 Noah Mac `` River '' Middle three Adam Levine 7 Addison Agen `` Both Sides , Now '' Public 's vote Miley Cyrus 8 Brooke Simpson `` Faithfully '' Public 's vote Instant Save Performances Episode 25 ( Tuesday , December 12 ) Blake Shelton Red Marlow `` Dixieland Delight '' Instant Save Adam Levine Adam Cunningham `` Here 's a Quarter ( Call Someone Who Cares ) '' Eliminated Jennifer Hudson Noah Mac `` Sign of the Times '' Eliminated Duets Order Performers Song 24.2 Noah Mac and Chloe Kohanski `` Wicked Game '' 24.4 Brooke Simpson and Davon Fleming `` Earned It '' 24.6 Adam Cunningham and Red Marlow `` Ca n't You See '' 24.8 Addison Agen and Keisha Renee `` Strong Enough '' Non-competition performances Order Performer Song 25.1 Machine Gun Kelly , X Ambassadors and Bebe Rexha `` Home '' 25.2 Jennifer Hudson `` Burden Down '' 25.3 Alisan Porter , Chris Mann , Mary Sarah , Matt McAndrew , Matthew Schuler , and Michael Sanchez ( giving a preview of the upcoming The Voice : Neon Dreams residency show in Las Vegas ) `` It 's Time '' Week 5 : finals ( December 18 and 19 ) ( edit ) The Top 4 performed on Monday , December 18 , 2017 , with the final results following on Tuesday , December 19 , 2017 . This week , the four finalists performed a solo cover song , a duet with their coach , and an original song . iTunes bonuses this week were awarded to Addison Agen ( # 1 , # 5 , # 10 ) , Chloe Kohanski ( # 2 and # 7 ) , Brooke Simpson ( # 4 and # 8 ) and Red Marlow ( # 3 ) . Coach Artist Order Solo Song Order Duet Song ( with Coach ) Order Original Song Result Adam Levine Addison Agen `` Humble and Kind '' 5 `` Falling Slowly '' 11 `` Tennessee Rain '' Runner - up Blake Shelton Chloe Kohanski 12 `` Bette Davis Eyes '' 8 `` You Got It '' `` Wish I Did n't Love You '' Winner Blake Shelton Red Marlow 9 `` To Make You Feel My Love '' `` I 'm Gonna Miss Her '' 7 `` I Pray '' Fourth place Miley Cyrus Brooke Simpson 10 `` O Holy Night '' 6 `` Wrecking Ball '' `` What Is Beautiful '' Third place Non-competition performances Order Performer Song 26.1 Chris Blue `` Humanity '' ( In promotion of NBC 's Winter Olympics coverage ) 27.1 Bebe Rexha , Adam Cunningham and Keisha Renee `` Meant to Be '' 27.2 Charlie Puth ( with Adam Levine on a guitar ) `` How Long '' 27.3 Norah Jones and Addison Agen `` Do n't Know Why '' 27.4 Bastille and Noah Mac `` World Gone Mad '' 27.5 Kelly Clarkson `` Medicine '' 27.6 Chris Blue `` Blue Blood Blues '' 27.7 Sia and Brooke Simpson `` Titanium '' 27.8 Chris Weaver as Nedra Belle and Stephanie 's Child featuring Jessie J `` Bang Bang ( My Baby Shot Me Down ) '' `` Bang Bang '' 27.9 Billy Idol and Chloe Kohanski `` White Wedding '' 27.10 Demi Lovato `` Tell Me You Love Me '' 27.11 Jessie J and Davon Fleming `` Not My Ex '' 27.12 Vince Gill and Red Marlow `` When I Call Your Name '' 27.13 N.E.R.D. `` Lemon '' 27.14 Sia `` Snowman '' Elimination chart ( edit ) Overall ( edit ) Color key Artist 's info Team Adam Team Miley Team Jennifer Team Blake Result details Winner Runner - up Third place Fourth place Saved by Instant Save ( via Twitter ) Saved by his / her coach Saved by the public Eliminated Two Stages Results per week Artist Playoffs Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Finals Chloe Kohanski Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Winner Addison Agen Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Runner - up Brooke Simpson Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe 3rd Place Red Marlow Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe 4th Place Adam Cunningham Safe Safe Safe Safe Eliminated Eliminated ( Week 4 ) Noah Mac Safe Safe Safe Safe Eliminated Davon Fleming Safe Safe Safe Safe Eliminated Keisha Renee Safe Safe Safe Safe Eliminated Ashland Craft Safe Safe Safe Eliminated Eliminated ( Week 3 ) Shi'Ann Jones Safe Safe Safe Eliminated Janice Freeman Safe Safe Eliminated Eliminated ( Week 2 ) Jon Mero Safe Eliminated Eliminated ( Week 1 ) Anthony Alexander Eliminated Eliminated ( Playoffs ) Whitney Fenimore Eliminated Moriah Formica Eliminated Lucas Holliday Eliminated Mitchell Lee Eliminated Emily Luther Eliminated Hannah Mrozak Eliminated Adam Pearce Eliminated Natalie Stovall Eliminated Esera Tuaolo Eliminated Chris Weaver Eliminated Karli Webster Eliminated Team ( edit ) Color key Artist 's info Team Adam Team Miley Team Jennifer Team Blake Result details Winner Runner - up Third place Fourth place Eliminated Saved by his / her coach Artist Saved by Instant Save ( via Twitter ) Artist advanced and received one or more iTunes bonus that week Number of iTunes bonuses received Artist Playoffs Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Finals Addison Agen Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Runner - up Adam Cunningham Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Eliminated Jon Mero Advanced Eliminated Anthony Alexander Eliminated Whitney Fenimore Eliminated Emily Luther Eliminated Brooke Simpson Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Third Place Ashland Craft Advanced Advanced Advanced Eliminated Janice Freeman Advanced Advanced Eliminated Moriah Formica Eliminated Adam Pearce Eliminated Karli Webster Eliminated Noah Mac Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Eliminated Davon Fleming Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Eliminated Shi'Ann Jones Advanced Advanced Advanced Eliminated Lucas Holliday Eliminated Hannah Mrozak Eliminated Chris Weaver Eliminated Chloe Kohanski Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Winner Red Marlow Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Fourth Place Keisha Renee Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Eliminated Mitchell Lee Eliminated Natalie Stovall Eliminated Esera Tuaolo Eliminated Artists who appeared on previous shows or seasons ( edit ) Adam Pearce auditioned for season twelve , but failed to turn any chairs . Keisha Renee appeared on the tenth season of American Idol , where she finished in the Top 40 . Hannah Mrozak was a Top 48 placer on the fourteenth season of American Idol . Odiseas Georgiadis auditioned for season three of the show , but failed to turn any chairs . He is the second contestant , after Sonia Rao , to be rejected twice and the first one to be rejected twice in different seasons . Samantha Rios previously appeared on the third season of La Voz Kids , as a member of Daddy Yankee 's team . She finished as a semi-finalist . Ignatious Carmouche previously won the show 's second Snapchat season on Team Adam . He won a blind audition for this season as his prize . Esera Tuaolo played professional football for nine years . Emily Luther ( along with Charlie Puth ) won the 2011 Perez Hilton Can YOU Sing ? ? YouTube contest doing a cover of Adele 's `` Someone Like You '' . Both appeared on The Ellen DeGeneres Show and were signed to her label eleveneleven . In January 2012 , they came back to The Ellen DeGeneres Show and performed Lady Antebellum 's `` Need You Now '' and an original written by Puth titled `` Break Again '' ( co-written with Robert Gillies ) . Reception ( edit ) U.S. Nielsen ratings ( edit ) Episode Original airdate Production Time slot ( ET ) Viewers ( in millions ) Adults ( 18 -- 49 ) Source Rating Share `` The Blind Auditions Premiere '' September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) 1301 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.57 2.6 9 `` The Blind Auditions Premiere , Part 2 '' September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) 1302 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.98 2.7 10 `` The Blind Auditions , Part 3 '' October 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 02 ) 1303 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 11.04 2.6 9 `` The Blind Auditions , Part 4 '' October 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) 1304 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.42 2.4 9 5 `` The Blind Auditions , Part 5 '' October 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 1305 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.91 2.4 8 6 `` The Blind Auditions , Part 6 '' October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 1306 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.93 2.6 9 7 `` The Battles Premiere '' October 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) 1307 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 11.01 2.6 10 8 `` The Battles Premiere , Part 2 '' October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 1308 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.41 2.4 8 9 `` The Battles , Part 3 '' October 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 23 ) 1309 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.19 2.4 8 10 `` The Battles , Part 4 '' October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) 1310 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 9.90 1.9 7 11 `` The Knockouts Premiere '' October 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 30 ) 1311 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 9.98 1.9 7 12 `` The Voice : Best of the Season '' October 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) 1312 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 6.23 1.0 13 `` The Knockouts , Part 2 '' November 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 06 ) 1313 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 9.63 2.0 7 14 `` The Knockouts , Part 3 '' November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) 1314 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 9.47 1.9 7 15 `` The Playoffs , Night 1 '' November 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 13 ) 1315 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.01 2.0 8 16 `` The Playoffs , Night 2 '' November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) 1316 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.08 8 17 `` The Playoffs , Night 3 '' November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) 1317 Wednesday 9 : 00 p.m. 8.23 1.7 7 18 `` Live Top 12 Performances '' November 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 20 ) 1318 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 9.15 1.7 6 19 `` Live Top 12 Eliminations '' November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) 1319 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 9.36 1.7 7 20 `` Live Top 11 Performances '' November 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 27 ) 1320 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 9.60 1.9 7 21 `` Live Top 11 Eliminations '' November 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 28 ) 1321 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.60 1.8 7 22 `` Live Top 10 Performances '' December 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 04 ) 1322 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 9.86 1.8 7 23 `` Live Top 10 Eliminations '' December 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 05 ) 1323 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.00 1.8 7 24 `` Live Semifinal Performances '' December 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 11 ) 1324 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.45 1.9 7 25 `` Live Semifinal Eliminations '' December 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 12 ) 1325 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 9.77 1.7 7 26 `` Live Final Performances '' December 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 18 ) 1326 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 11.02 2.0 7 27 `` Live Season Finale '' December 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 19 ) 1327 Tuesday 9 : 00 p.m. 10.91 2.0 8 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NBC Announces Fall Premiere Dates for New 2017 - 18 Season '' . The Futon Critic . June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gelman , Vlada ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Jennifer Hudson Joins The Voice as Coach for Season 13 '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2017 . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` Gwen Stefani Rejoins The Voice as Coach for Season 12 , Miley Cyrus Will Be Back in Season 13 '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Santilli , M.J. ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` The Voice Season 13 Spoilers Reveal Day Contestant List '' . mjsbigblog . Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Franklin , Mark . ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` A WARNING ABOUT THE VOICE SEASON 13 '' . idolchatteryd.com . Archived from the original on 2017 - 10 - 03 . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Karen Mizoguchi ( 7 October 2017 ) . `` The Voice Season 13 Advisors Revealed : Billy Ray Cyrus , Joe Jonas , Kelly Rowland and Rascal Flatts '' . People . Archived from the original on 13 October 2017 . Retrieved 10 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Cantor , Brian . `` The Voice 's Addison Agen and Chloe , Kohanski Reaches Top 10 On iTunes Chart , Earns Vote Bonus '' . Headline Planet . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Cantor , Brian . `` The Voice 's Chloe Kohanski Reaches # 1 On US iTunes Sales Chart ; Addison , Red Also Earn Bonuses '' . Headline Planet . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Cantor , Brian . `` The Voice 's Brooke Simpson Earns # 2 On iTunes , Chloe , Addison Also Earn Bonuses '' . Headline Planet . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Cantor , Brian . `` The Voice 's Chloe Kohanski Claims # 1 On iTunes ; Addison , Noah , Red , Brooke Also In Top 10 '' . Headline Planet . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Cantor , Brian ( 18 December 2017 ) . `` The Voice 's Addison Agen Claims # 1 On iTunes After Finale ; Chloe , Red , Brooke Also In Top 10 ( Update ) '' . Headline Planet . Retrieved 19 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Dawn , Randee ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` Former NFL player wows judges on ' The Voice ' with emotional song '' . TODAY.com . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang ' and ' Young Sheldon ' adjust up , ' Good Doctor , ' ' DWTS , ' ' The Brave , ' ' Me , Myself & I ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2017 . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bull , ' ' Voice , ' ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' L&O True Crime ' and ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Voice ' adjust up ; ' Good Doctor , ' ' DWTS , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' The Brave ' & ' Scorpion ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2017 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' Voice ' adjust up , ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine , ' ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Good Doctor ' adjust up , other CBS shows and ' The Brave ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2017 . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Voice , ' ' Flash , ' ' Lethal Weapon ' & ' The Mick ' adjust up , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2017 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang , ' ' Voice , ' ' Lucifer , ' ' Me , Myself & I ' adjust up , ABC and ' 9JKL ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' ' Voice ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' and ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' adjusts down , ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Voice ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2017 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' Kevin ' & World Series adjust up , ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lucifer ' adjusts up , ' Good Doctor ' and ' Dancing With the Stars ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' and World Series adjust up , ' Law & Order True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' The Gifted , ' Luke Bryan special adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2017 . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' adjusts up , ' The Mayor ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' The Gifted ' adjust up , ' DWTS ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2017 . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' The Flash ' and ' Kevin ' adjust up , ' Bull ' and ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2017 . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Good Doctor , ' ' Dancing with the Stars , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' Man with a Plan ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' This Is Us , ' all others hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' CMA Country Christmas , ' ' Good Doctor , ' ' Pentatonix Christmas ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash , ' ' This Is Us ' and ' Rudolph ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ABC , NBC adjust down with football pre-emptions : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Christmas Light Fight , ' ' Bachelor ' special and ' Better Late than Never ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine , ' all others unchanged : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Christmas Light Fight , ' ' The Year in Memoriam , ' ' Popstar 's Best of 2017 ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Voice ' finale , ' The Year ' and everything else hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) ( hide ) The Voice ( U.S. ) Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Winners Javier Colon Jermaine Paul Cassadee Pope Danielle Bradbery Tessanne Chin Josh Kaufman Craig Wayne Boyd Sawyer Fredericks Jordan Smith Alisan Porter Sundance Head Chris Blue Chloe Kohanski Winner 's singles `` Stitch by Stitch '' `` I Believe I Can Fly '' `` Cry '' `` Born to Fly '' `` Tumbling Down '' `` Set Fire to the Rain '' `` My Baby 's Got a Smile on Her Face '' `` Please '' `` Climb Ev'ry Mountain '' `` Down That Road '' `` Darlin ' Do n't Go '' `` Money on You '' `` Wish I Did n't Love You '' Runners - up Dia Frampton Juliet Simms Terry McDermott Michelle Chamuel Jacquie Lee Jake Worthington Matt McAndrew Meghan Linsey Emily Ann Roberts Adam Wakefield Billy Gilman Lauren Duski Addison Agen Other notable artists Vicci Martinez Frenchie Davis Rebecca Loebe Xenia Tje Austin Beverly McClellan Raquel Castro Nakia Serabee Casey Desmond Justin Grennan The Thompson Sisters Jared Blake Casey Weston RaeLynn Jesse Campbell Chris Mann Tony Lucca Gwen Sebastian Kim Yarbrough Angel Taylor Pip Katrina Parker Erin Martin Moses Stone Jordis Unga Naia Kete Charlotte Sometimes Tony Vincent Mathai Lex Land Nicholas David Amanda Brown Melanie Martinez MacKenzie Bourg Collin McLoughlin Suzanna Choffel Jordan Pruitt Rod Michael Chris Trousdale Anita Antoinette Cupid The Swon Brothers Sasha Allen Judith Hill Kris Thomas Jeff Lewis Julie Roberts Holly Tucker Will Champlin James Wolpert Cole Vosbury Josh Logan E.G. Daily Holly Henry Donna Allen Dominic Scott Kay Christina Grimmie Sisaundra Lewis Paula DeAnda Lindsay Pagano Chris Jamison Taylor John Williams Andy Cherry MEGG Koryn Hawthorne Barrett Baber Jeffery Austin Madi Davis Amy Vachal Viktor Király Keith Semple Alex Kandel Tyler Dickerson Mary Sarah Daniel Passino Owen Danoff Emily Keener Tamar Davis Chase Walker Chris Cron Josh Hoyer Hunter Plake Mark Isaiah Brooke Simpson Esera Tuaolo Katrina Rose Natalie Stovall Related articles Awards and nominations Discography Contestants The Voice : Neon Dreams Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Voice_(U.S._season_13)&oldid=825655885 '' Categories : The Voice ( U.S. TV series ) 2017 American television seasons American reality television series Talk Contents About Wikipedia Gaeilge Português Edit links This page was last edited on 14 February 2018 , at 16 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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Cunningham\nAdvanced\nAdvanced\nAdvanced\nAdvanced\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nJon Mero\nAdvanced\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nAnthony Alexander\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nWhitney Fenimore\nEliminated\n\n\n\nEmily Luther\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBrooke Simpson\nAdvanced\nAdvanced\nAdvanced\nAdvanced \nAdvanced \nThird Place \n\n\n\nAshland Craft\nAdvanced\nAdvanced\nAdvanced\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nJanice Freeman\nAdvanced\nAdvanced\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nMoriah Formica\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nAdam Pearce\nEliminated\n\n\n\nKarli Webster\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNoah Mac\nAdvanced\nAdvanced\nAdvanced\nAdvanced\nEliminated \n\n\n\n\nDavon Fleming\nAdvanced\nAdvanced\nAdvanced\nAdvanced\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nShi'Ann Jones\nAdvanced\nAdvanced\nAdvanced\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nLucas Holliday\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nHannah Mrozak\nEliminated\n\n\n\nChris Weaver\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\n\n\nChloe Kohanski\nAdvanced\nAdvanced\nAdvanced \nAdvanced \nAdvanced \nWinner \n\n\n\nRed Marlow\nAdvanced\nAdvanced\nAdvanced 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\n\n\n\n\nDavon Fleming\nAdvanced\nAdvanced\nAdvanced\nAdvanced\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nShi'Ann Jones\nAdvanced\nAdvanced\nAdvanced\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nLucas Holliday\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nHannah Mrozak\nEliminated\n\n\n\nChris Weaver\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\n\n\nChloe Kohanski\nAdvanced\nAdvanced\nAdvanced \nAdvanced \nAdvanced \nWinner \n\n\n\nRed Marlow\nAdvanced\nAdvanced\nAdvanced \nAdvanced\nAdvanced \nFourth Place \n\n\n\nKeisha Renee\nAdvanced\nAdvanced\nAdvanced\nAdvanced \nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nMitchell Lee\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nNatalie Stovall\nEliminated\n\n\n\nEsera Tuaolo\nEliminated\n\n" ]	[ "Addison Agen", "Brooke Simpson", "Chloe Kohanski", "Red Marlow" ]
6519960241308157498	August Burns Red	August Burns Red - Wikipedia August Burns Red Jump to : navigation , search August Burns Red August Burns Red in 2017 Background information Origin Lancaster , Pennsylvania , U.S. Genres Metalcore , melodic metalcore , Christian metal Years active 2003 -- present Labels Solid State CI Hassle Fearless Website www.augustburnsred.com Members JB Brubaker Brent Rambler Matt Greiner Jake Luhrs Dustin Davidson Past members Jon Hershey Jordan Tuscan Josh McManness August Burns Red is an American metalcore band from Lancaster , Pennsylvania formed in 2003 . The band 's current lineup consists of vocalist Jake Luhrs , rhythm guitarist Brent Rambler , lead guitarist John Benjamin `` JB '' Brubaker , bassist and keyboardist Dustin Davidson , and drummer Matt Greiner . The band was nominated for a Grammy Award in 2016 for Best Metal Performance for the song `` Identity '' from its 2015 release Found in Far Away Places , and again in 2018 for `` Invisible Enemy '' from their most recent studio album Phantom Anthem ( 2017 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Formation and Thrill Seeker ( 2003 -- 2006 ) 1.2 Messengers ( 2006 -- 2009 ) 1.3 Constellations ( 2009 -- 2011 ) 1.4 Leveler and Sleddin ' Hill ( 2011 -- 2013 ) 1.5 Rescue & Restore ( 2013 -- 2014 ) 1.6 Signing to Fearless Records and Found in Far Away Places ( 2014 -- -- 2016 ) 1.7 Messengers 10th Anniversary Tour and Phantom Anthem ( 2016 -- present ) 2 Style and image 2.1 Musical style and influences 2.2 Band name 2.3 Christianity 3 Members 4 Discography 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Formation and Thrill Seeker ( 2003 -- 2006 ) ( edit ) August Burns Red was founded in March 2003 when all the members were attending high school . The original practice sessions of the band began in drummer , Matt Greiner 's old egg house and basement on the Greiner family 's farmland . After playing many local shows within Lancaster , they recorded their first EP , titled Looks Fragile After All with label CI Records in 2004 . Vocalist Jon Hershey eventually quit the band during the same year , which led to Josh McManness taking on the position as lead singer . After several months of playing with McManness , August Burns Red signed to Solid State Records in 2005 . Hershey would later go on to form post-rock band Bells . August Burns Red released Thrill Seeker , their first full - length album , on November 8 , 2005 . In 2006 , drummer Matt Greiner was endorsed by Truth Custom Drums following the release of the album . Messengers ( 2006 -- 2009 ) ( edit ) McManness departed from the band in 2006 , just after one tour . He was replaced with Columbia , SC resident Jake Luhrs . Bassist Jordan Tuscan also left the band in 2006 for similar reasons as McManness . He was replaced by bassist Dustin Davidson , a friend of the band . The band 's second album , Messengers , was released on June 19 , 2007 . Marking the debut for Luhrs fronting the group , it became the band 's breakthrough album , reaching number 81 on the Billboard 200 . The album has sold a total of 108,000 copies as of May 2011 . Vocalist Jake Luhrs joined the band in 2006 as the band 's third and current lead vocalist Throughout 2008 , August Burns Red toured with several acts across North America and Europe to promote Messengers . From April to May they toured with As I Lay Dying and Misery Signals across the United States and Canada . In September and October of that same year , they headlined a tour with A Skylit Drive , Sky Eats Airplane , Greeley Estates , and This or the Apocalypse in the United States . The band also visited Europe for a month - long headlining tour in November , playing in Germany , Finland , Norway , Sweden , The United Kingdom , Republic Of Ireland , Northern Ireland , Italy , Belgium , The Netherlands , Czech Republic , Slovakia , and France . After this series of tours , the band recorded two covers of popular songs . They recorded an instrumental version of the classic song , `` Carol of the Bells '' for the X Christmas compilation album , which was featured in trailers for the film , The Spirit , released Christmas Day 2008 . They also recorded a cover of `` ... Baby One More Time '' by pop singer Britney Spears for the Punk Goes Pop 2 compilation album , released in March 2009 . On February 24 , 2009 , the band released an EP , entitled Lost Messengers : The Outtakes . It contains material that is related or was decided not to be included in the final , mastered version of Messengers . August Burns Reds ' first trip to the Middle East took place on March 6 , 2009 with the band playing at the Dubai Desert Rock Festival . The band 's last tour before their next album release took place in the United States , where they toured with metalcore band All That Remains throughout April and May . Constellations ( 2009 -- 2011 ) ( edit ) To promote their upcoming album , August Burns Red released several new tracks and a music video during June 2009 . The tracks Thirty and Seven , Existence , and Ocean of Apathy were all released on the 15th , 21st , and 29th , respectively . A music video for the song Meddler was also released during this month . On July 7 , a week before the album 's release , August Burns Red began streaming the full album on their Myspace profile for a limited time . August Burns Red released their third full - length album , Constellations , on July 14 , 2009 . During the week of August 1 , 2009 , the album charted at spot 24 on the Billboard 200 . Another United States tour was organized with August Burns Red headlining and support from Blessthefall , Enter Shikari , All Shall Perish , and Iwrestledabearonce . After this tour , the band joined a short tour in Australia with Architects in support of Australian band Parkway Drive . August Burns Red toured alongside Underoath and Emery in November and December 2009 as well . The band released their first live CD / DVD , Home , on September 28 , 2010 . The group co-headlined an Alternative Press tour throughout November . On February 23 , 2010 , Constellations was nominated for the Dove Award for `` Best Rock Album '' . August Burns Red toured Australia and New Zealand in December 2010 on the No Sleep Til Festival . The band played alongside Parkway Drive , A Day to Remember , NOFX , Dropkick Murphys , Suicide Silence , Megadeth , Descendents , Gwar and many others . Leveler and Sleddin ' Hill ( 2011 -- 2013 ) ( edit ) August Burns Red in April 2011 On July 27 , 2010 , Brubaker stated that the band would be taking time off tour to write their next record , On February 12 , 2011 , the band announced via their official Facebook page that they had completely finished writing their new record and that they would be entering the studio on Valentine 's Day . In March 2011 , the band announced that the record was finished , and that it was ( at that point ) time for mixing . On April 5 , 2011 , August Burns Red revealed the name of the record as Leveler . On May 16 , 2011 , the band released the song `` Empire '' as a preview before its release . They also later premiered three other songs : `` Internal Cannon '' , `` Divisions '' , and `` Poor Millionaire '' , on May 31 , June 6 , and June 14 , respectively . ABR performing live in 2011 Leveler was released on June 21 , 2011 in two forms ; standard and deluxe . The deluxe version of Leveler contains four extra songs , including an acoustic version of the song `` Internal Cannon '' . The album sold particularly well compared to their other releases , with 29,000 of its opening first week - copies being sold in the United States alone . These sales had the record land at position 11 on The Billboard 200 chart . After the release , August Burns Red took part on the main stage of the 2011 Vans Warped Tour . August Burns Red headlined their own Leveler tour on the first quarter of 2012 with Silverstein , Texas in July , I the Breather and Letlive as support acts . In 2012 , August Burns Red embarked on a European tour with The Devil Wears Prada and Veil of Maya , and an American tour with Of Mice & Men and The Color Morale . August Burns Red released their first Holiday album , entitled August Burns Red Presents : Sleddin ' Hill on October 9 , 2012 . On February 8 , 2013 the band was officially announced as part of Warped Tour 2013 alongside Bring Me the Horizon , NeverShoutNever , Black Veil Brides , 3OH ! 3 , Crizzly and Bowling for Soup . Rescue & Restore ( 2013 -- 2014 ) ( edit ) On February 12 , 2013 the band announced that they would be back in the studio the next week to commence recording on their new album . Carson Slovak ( Century ) and Grant McFarland ( former This or the Apocalypse drummer ) again oversaw the production of the album . Guitarist JB Brubaker stated that the group intended to : `` ... push the boundaries of our genre more than we ever have before . We set out to write a record where every song stands out from the last . There is a lot of ground covered here and a ton of meat to this album . It 's full of odd metered rhythms and breakdowns , unexpected twists and turns , and some of our most technical riffing to date . Each of us have parts that make our heads spin and we have had to practice like crazy to get some of this stuff together . I know we always say this , but this will be our most ambitious album yet . '' August Burns Red in Budapest on June 14 , 2016 On May 5 , they announced that the album , Rescue & Restore was set to release June 25 , 2013 . The album debuted at No. 9 on the Billboard 200 . This is the highest that they have reached on the chart . On August 30 , they announced that they would release a documentary DVD titled Foreign & Familiar before the end of the year . Lyrically , the release delved into topics such as depression , grief at the death of a loved one , and social tolerance . It also featured influences from progressive metal and thrash metal as well as more mellow , melodic rock music . Adam Gray of the band Texas in July appears as a guest musician . Signing to Fearless Records and Found in Far Away Places ( 2014 -- -- 2016 ) ( edit ) On August 5 , 2014 , it was announced the band had signed to Fearless Records and Found in Far Away Places would be available for pre-order on April 13 , 2015 along with their new single `` The Wake '' . The band embarked on the Frozen Flame Tour from January 22 to March 8 , 2015 along with Miss May I , Northlane , Fit for a King and ERRA , for 39 shows in Canada and the United States , sponsored by Rockstar Energy . On December 7 , 2015 August Burns Red was nominated for a Grammy Award in the Best Metal Performance Category for their song `` Identity '' . Messengers 10th Anniversary tour and Phantom Anthem ( 2016 -- present ) ( edit ) On November 21 , 2016 , a teaser for the Messengers 10th Anniversary Tour in Europe and the United States was uploaded to the band 's Facebook page . The tour started on the January 4 , 2017 with supporting artists , Protest the Hero , In Hearts Wake and ' 68 . On July 26 , 2017 , August Burns Red announced their new album , Phantom Anthem , released on October 6 , 2017 . The first single from the album , `` Invisible Enemy '' , premiered on the SiriusXM Liquid Metal show the same day as the album announcement . On November 28 , 2017 , it was further announced that band had been nominated for another Grammy Award in `` Best Metal Performance '' for `` Invisible Enemy '' . Style and image ( edit ) Musical style and influences ( edit ) August Burns Red is generally credited as a metalcore band , and has also been said to share traits of other genres such as progressive metal , and thrash metal . The band is also identified as a melodic metalcore band . August Burns Red songs frequently feature highly melodic guitar riffs , technical or odd time signatures and breakdowns , with a variety of influences including Meshuggah , Symphony in Peril , Pelican and The Dillinger Escape Plan , as well as Between the Buried and Me , Misery Signals and Hopesfall . Unlike other melodic metalcore vocalists , Jake Luhrs generally does not mix clean vocals with his screams , though he does include spoken word parts on occasion . For example , their track `` Spirit Breaker '' features Luhrs reading a letter . However that changed when the band released Phantom Anthem , which featured Luhrs ' clean vocals for the first time on the song `` Coordinates '' . While the group has stated that they do n't mind being classified as metalcore , Brubaker has grown a distaste for many of the genre 's bands : `` I feel like anyone who can pick up and play a guitar and learn to play a metalcore riff and any drummer who can learn to play a thrash beat over a breakdown is doing it . It 's almost become very formulaic , and metal to me was never a formulaic genre . '' Musically , the group has incorporated instrumentals such as the cello and the violin while also featuring song elements such as classical music inspired interludes , pushing the boundaries of what is considered ' metalcore ' . Band name ( edit ) August Burns Red members have been asked about the origin of their band name on many occasions and have given numerous different stories . The most popular story behind the name is an incident involving Jon Hershey , the band 's original vocalist , when he dated a woman named August who burned his dog Redd alive in his dog house . However , it was later revealed in a radio interview that this meaning ( along with others ) was simply a comical story created by the members and that there is no actual meaning behind the band name . Drummer Matt Greiner stated in the interview that `` we just came up with the name to come up with a name . '' Christianity ( edit ) August Burns Red is a Christian band . JB Brubaker mentioned in an interview with online magazine Shout ! , that `` Christianity is a religion , not a style of music '' and he would `` rather just let the music speak for itself . '' , and that he would rather let Christianity shine through the band 's lyrics . Brent Rambler commented on the fact that `` It is important to us that people know that we are indeed Christians ... without having us stand up there and ram it down people 's throats . '' JB Brubaker responded to a 2015 interview question about the band 's reaction to being labeled as a Christian metal band by explaining that the presence of Christianity varies in each of the members ' lives , but the says , `` We decided years ago that we were not going to be an ' evangelical band . ' We 're not onstage to bring people to God , that 's not our purpose up there . Our number one purpose in ABR is to entertain . '' In a 2014 interview , Jake Luhrs responded to a similar question by saying , `` No , we are not a Christian band because , in my eyes , and I 'm a believer in Jesus Christ ... that does n't mean because all of us are Christians we are now a Christian band . '' Since the members of the band are Christian , their beliefs are sometimes reflected in their writing and lyrics . However , these lyrics are n't meant to be religious but rather , positive and in songs such as `` Fault Line '' , for the band 's fans . Brent Rambler said in a 2016 interview , `` We do n't preach from stage , and we made the active choice that this band is about music , and being a positive influence . Since a lot of people correlate Christianity for positivity , that label has stuck with us . '' Recently some of the members have stated in interviews that not all of the band are Christian . They have said that they now just hope to spread positive messages in their music and lyrics , whether they are perceived as spreading a Christian message or not . Members ( edit ) Current John Benjamin `` JB '' Brubaker − lead guitar ( 2003 -- present ) Brent Rambler − rhythm guitar ( 2003 -- present ) Matt Greiner − drums , percussion ( 2003 -- present ) Jake Luhrs − lead vocals ( 2006 -- present ) Dustin Davidson − bass guitar , vocals , keyboards , piano ( 2006 -- present ) Former Jon Hershey − lead vocals ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Jordan Tuscan − bass guitar ( 2003 -- 2006 ) Josh McManness − lead vocals ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Touring musicians Adam Gray -- drums ( 2016 ) Timeline Discography ( edit ) Main article : August Burns Red discography Thrill Seeker ( 2005 ) Messengers ( 2007 ) Constellations ( 2009 ) Leveler ( 2011 ) August Burns Red Presents : Sleddin ' Hill ( 2012 ) Rescue & Restore ( 2013 ) Found in Far Away Places ( 2015 ) Phantom Anthem ( 2017 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jones , Kim . `` Top 8 Christian Metal Bands '' . About.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Garcia , Manuel ( May 9 , 2007 ) . `` August Burns Red Interview '' . DrivenFarOff.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Allmusic Discography '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved October 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` August Burns Red Bio '' . ChristianMusic.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brandon . `` August Burns Red Interview with Matt Greiner '' . Enoch Magazine . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Q&A Interview : Brent Rambler of August Burns Red '' . Red River Noise . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ever wonder what happened to ABR 's original singer Jon Hershey '' . Facebook . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bells Facebook Page '' . Facebook . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Misery Signals Announce Tour With As I Lay Dying '' . MetalUnderground.com . February 20 , 2008 . Retrieved June 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ jason ( September 29 , 2008 ) . `` Tour dates '' . The Gauntlet . Jump up ^ `` New EP '' . Sputnikmusic.com . February 28 , 2009 . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tour dates '' . Lambgoat . March 27 , 2009 . All That Remains ' previously announced April / May tour dates will now include August Burns Red . Jump up ^ Casey ( June 4 , 2009 ) . `` Photos From the August Burns Red Video Shoot '' . Solid State Records . Their album `` Constellations '' is available in stores and online July 14 ! They will be posting the first song off the album June 15 ! Jump up ^ Casey ( June 4 , 2009 ) . `` Photos From the August Burns Red Video Shoot '' . Solid State Records . Their album `` Constellations '' is available in stores and online July 14 ! They will be posting the first song off the album June 15 ! Jump up ^ `` News announcement '' . Metal Underground . July 7 , 2009 . The band has decided to post their entire album for streaming on their MySpace page . Jump up ^ `` Constellation chart information '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tour announcement '' . Blabbermouth . Roadrunner Records . October 24 , 2010 . AUGUST BURNS RED will undertake a U.S. headlining U.S. tour from July 10 to August 8 . Joining the band on the 24 - city trek are BLESSTHEFALL , ENTER SHIKARI ( July 10 -- 27 ) , ALL SHALL PERISH ( July 28 -- August 8 ) and IWRESTELEDABEARONCE . Jump up ^ aubin ( May 14 , 2009 ) . `` Tour announcement '' . Punknews . In support of the disc , the band will be headlining some Australian dates with support from August Burns Red and Architects ( UK ) . Jump up ^ Mimic , Ryan ( November 21 , 2009 ) . `` Tour date announcement '' . Ryan 's Rock Show . Underoath , August Burns Red , and Emery will be hitting the road together starting tomorrow . Jump up ^ `` Release announcement '' . Blabbermouth . Roadrunner Records . July 12 , 2010 . August Burns Red filmed its June 4 concert ... for a forthcoming CD / DVD , `` Home '' , to be released on September 28 through longtime label home Solid State Records . Jump up ^ Sciarretto , Amy ( August 30 , 2010 ) . `` Tour announcement '' . Noiscreep . AOL Music . The mag is sponsoring their second annual fall tour , which boasts Bring Me the Horizon and August Burns Red as the co-headliners . Jump up ^ Jones , Kim . `` 41st Annual Dove Awards 2010 - Album of the Year Nominees '' . About.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` August Burns Red : JB Brubaker Interview 2010 '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Niet compatibele browser '' . Facebook . April 17 , 2012 . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` August Burns Red '' . August Burns Red . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Leveler peaked No. 11 on Billboard 200 charts on its 1st week '' . Jump up ^ `` Vans Warped Tour 2011 '' . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2011 . Retrieved June 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` August Burns Red turns Christmas metal this year '' . The Northern Light . December 3 , 2012 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alternative Press News Bring Me The Horizon , Never Shout Never , Black Veil Brides , more announced for Warped Tour 2013 '' . Altpress.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` August Burns Red recording new album '' . February 16 , 2013 . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` August Burns Red Headed To The Studio Next Week Theprp.com -- Metal , Hardcore And Rock News , Reviews And More '' . Theprp.com . February 17 , 2013 . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` August Burns Red '' . billboard.com . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AUGUST BURNS RED To Release ' Foreign & Familiar ' DVD '' . ^ Jump up to : `` August Burns Red , ' Rescue & Restore ' track by track - Alternative Press '' . Alternative Press . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline Photos - August Burns Red - Facebook '' . facebook.com . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` August Burns Red - Facebook '' . facebook.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` THE FROZEN FLAME TOUR , August Burns Red , Miss May I , Northlane , Fit For A King & ERRA - Tickets - The Nile Theater - Mesa , AZ - February 22nd , 2015 '' . Ticketfly . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` - GRAMMY.com '' . The GRAMMYs . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Grammy Awards : Complete list of nominees '' . LA Times . December 7 , 2015 . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` August Burns Red Confirm New Album Title , First Single Set To Debut '' . Theprp.com . July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Joe . `` Grammys 2018 : See the Complete List of Nominees '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Deming , Mark . `` August Burns Red AllMusic '' . Allmusic . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Alternative Press Bands August Burns Red '' . Alternative Press . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : McKenna , David . `` Review : August Burns Red -- Leveler '' . Revolver . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Graff , Gary ( 2011 ) . Metalocalypse Now ! ! ! Mayhem Fest 2011 . Revolver . pp. 42 -- 43 . 1527 - 408X . Jump up ^ Fryberger , Scott . `` X Christmas Review '' . Jesus Freak Hideout . Retrieved January 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` August Burns Red - Leveler Album Review - Thrash Magazine '' . Thrash Magazine . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2011 . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` August Burns Red Burns Red Presents Sleddin ' Holiday Album '' . Bradley Zorgdrager . October 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Solum , Maggie . `` August Burns Red Interview '' . Fourteeng . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` August Burns Red Interview - May 9th , 2007 '' . Driven Far Off . May 15 , 2007 . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McEnroe , Colin . `` Colin McEnroe Show : The Hardcore Side Of Christian Rock '' . yourpublicmedia.org . Colin McEnroe Show . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Interview @ SHOUT ! Music Webzine '' . A-pathetic.net . January 27 , 2012 . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2010 . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` August Burns Red , `` Thrill Seeker '' Review `` . JesusFreakHideout.com . August 29 , 2005 . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2008 . Retrieved June 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` August Burns Red on New Album , New Label and Getting Older '' . thenewfury.com . The New Fury . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` August Burns Red Vocalist Says They 're ' Not a Ministry ' Christian Band Who 's ' Soul Purpose ' is to Preach ; Lets Music Speak Truth '' . BreatheCast . BreatheCast . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Band Interview : August Burns Red '' . Damnation Magazine . Damnation Magazine . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : JB Brubaker of August Burns Red '' . killyourstereo.com . killyourstereo.com . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` August Burns Red : `` We do n't want to alienate anybody , it 's not right '' `` . Punktastic . Punktastic . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ASCAP Sleddin ' Hill Work ID : 884560449 ISWC : T9129008317 Jump up ^ Gray , Adam . `` Adam Gray announcement '' . Instagram . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to August Burns Red . Official website August Burns Red Jake Luhrs JB Brubaker Brent Rambler Dustin Davidson Matt Greiner John Hershey Josh McManness Jordan Tuscan Studio albums Thrill Seeker ( 2005 ) Messengers ( 2007 ) Constellations ( 2009 ) Leveler ( 2011 ) Sleddin ' Hill ( 2012 ) Rescue & Restore ( 2013 ) Found in Far Away Places ( 2015 ) Phantom Anthem ( 2017 ) EPs Lost Messengers : The Outtakes ( 2009 ) Live albums Home ( 2010 ) Singles `` Identity '' ( 2015 ) Related articles Discography Fearless Records Concord Bicycle Music Fearless Records discography VIAF : 141114757 MusicBrainz : 5bac9b4f - 2f1c - 4d39 - 8d11 - 231d5b6650ce Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=August_Burns_Red&oldid=828424663 '' Categories : August Burns Red American metalcore musical groups American Christian metal musical groups Heavy metal musical groups from Pennsylvania Musicians from Lancaster , Pennsylvania 2003 establishments in Pennsylvania Musical groups established in 2003 Solid State Records artists Hassle Records artists Fearless Records artists Musical quintets Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2013 Use mdy dates from December 2017 Articles with hCards All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from July 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from October 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Articles which contain graphical timelines Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 March 2018 , at 13 : 18 . 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1431502117075554533	Bloods & Crips	Bloods & Crips - wikipedia Bloods & Crips Jump to : navigation , search This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( October 2014 ) Bloods & Crips Also known as Bloods And Crips , Crips & Bloods , Bloods & Crips Origin Los Angeles County , California Genres Gangsta rap , G - funk , West Coast hip hop Years active 1993 -- 1999 Labels Warlock Records ( U.S. ) Dangerous Records ( U.S. ) Associated acts Tweedy Bird Loc , RedRum 781 , Ronnie Ron , Young Soldierz , DJ Battlecat Members Damu Ridas ( Bloods ) Nationwide Rip Ridaz ( Crips ) Bloods & Crips was a gangsta rap group from Los Angeles County . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 1993 : Bangin ' on Wax 3 1994 : Bangin ' on Wax 2 ... The Saga Continues 3.1 Feud with Lil ' Keke Loco 4 Members 4.1 Crips 4.2 Bloods 5 Filmography and documentaries 6 Discography 6.1 Music videos 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) The success of N.W.A. had frustrated many in the gang community , who saw the group capitalizing on the gang lifestyle . The Bloods & Crips project was originally organized by rappers O.Y.G redruM781 and Tweedy Bird Loc . Actual gang members , Crips from Compton , Watts and Long Beach , Bloods from Inglewood and Los Angeles auditioned for the group and the best ones were chosen for the album . In 1993 the Bloods & Crips released their debut album entitled `` Bangin ' on Wax '' for Warlock Records . One year later , the group 's second and final studio album , `` Bangin ' on Wax 2 ... The Saga Continues '' was released . After Bangin ' on Wax 2 , the Bloods & Crips parted ways , with the Bloods becoming the Damu Ridas and the Crips became the Nationwide Rip Ridaz . 1993 : Bangin ' on Wax ( edit ) `` Bangin ' on Wax '' was the first album by Bloods & Crips . The album was released in 1993 for Dangerous Records . Bangin ' on Wax was a success , making it to # 86 on the Billboard 200 . Four singles were released `` Bangin ' on Wax '' , `` Piru Love '' , `` Crip , Crip , Crip '' and `` Steady Dippin ' '' . The album has sold over 500,000 copies , reaching Gold status . Music videos were made for `` Bangin ' on Wax '' , `` Piru Love '' and `` Steady Dippin '' ' . On the single `` Piru Love '' , only a Crip sang the hook , it was Fo ' Clips Eclipse . The next single , `` Steady Dippin ' '' , that was performed by Crips members Do Or Die ( a.k.a. A-Love ) , Miss C - Note ( a.k.a. Dannygirl ) , Sin Loc and Blue Ragg ( a.k.a. The General ) , they emerged a group called the Underworld Connection ( UWC ) . The Underworld Connection was formed in the early 1990s but was put on hold to do projects like Tweedy Bird Loc 's `` 187 Ride By '' and the controversial album `` Bangin ' On Wax '' . It was the first time since the 1990s the group has reconnected in the late 2000s . Also DJ Battlecat made a guest appearance in the Steady Dippin ' music video as the event 's DJ for the intro , the song was produced by him , along with QLuso and Ronnie Ron . 1994 : Bangin ' on Wax 2 ... The Saga Continues ( edit ) `` Bangin ' on Wax 2 ... The Saga Continues '' was the second and last album by the Bloods & Crips . Music videos were made for the album singles `` G 's & Locs '' and `` Wish You Were Here '' . The album was recorded and released in 1994 for Dangerous Records , the album made it to # 139 on the Billboard 200 and # 20 for Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums . Feud with Lil ' Keke Loco ( edit ) At the height of their success , the Bloods & Crips became a target for Lil ' Keke Loco of the Rollin ' 30s Harlem Crips and Niggaz Off The Streets ( N.O.T.S. ) , another gangsta rap group . Keke Loco even dedicated a diss track called `` Bustas ' on Wax '' , which was a slander to the original album `` Bangin On Wax '' and took numerous shots at members of the Bloods & Crips including Bloody Mary , redruM 781 , AWOL , Big Wy , Sin Loc , and many more . Criticizing them for collaborating with rival street gangs , Keke Loco considers the members from `` Bangin ' on Wax '' , a disgrace to all real Bloods and Crips . `` Its disrespectful to all the fallen gang members who lost they life over colors , it 's like spitting on their graves '' , Loco said . Lil ' Leak , known as CK , was one of the main rappers from the Bloods & Crips , who retaliated back with several verbal insult 's of his own . Lil ' Leak and Damu Ridas also dedicated a whole verse on a song called `` CK Ride '' and `` True Flue Killer '' to insulting Keke Loco and his fellow N.O.T.S. ( True Blue ) . `` I saw you wearing your dirty clothes to match your dirty hood ( ... ) It 's hell up in Harlem , like you say , yeah , the Brims and the 20 's leaving niggas dead '' Lil ' Leak 's verse on `` CK Ride '' . Full lyrics of Damu Ridas cover at Rap Genius The `` Dirty '' is a derogatory term , and a reference to the Rollin 30 ′ s Harlem Crips . Shortly after the album `` Bangin ' on Wax 2 ... The Saga Continues '' was released , the Damu Ridas members from the album ran across Lil Keke Loco and buried the feud . Members ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Crips Bloods Nationwide Rip Ridaz Damu Ridas Crips ( edit ) Kelly Park Compton Crips Notes Tweedy Bird Loc Tweedy ( a.k.a. BK ) has released two solo albums Fo ' Clips Eclipse Fo ' Clips is deceased . He had released a solo album AWOL AWOL is deceased Crip Inch Troll Loc Troll Loc is alive K - Tone K - Tone 's status is unknown KeyLow G KeyLow G 's status is unknown Stonegone Stonegone 's ( a.k.a. The Little Man ) status is unknown . He appeared on the first Bangin ' On Wax on a couple of tracks such as `` Crazy Lil ' Nigga '' & `` K 's Up '' Hun Locc Hun Locc 's status is unknown . He appeared on the third verse of a song called `` Niggaz Do n't Want No Problem '' on the Nationwide Rip Ridaz album Crip Face Crip Face 's status is unknown . He appeared on a chorus of the song called `` Not the Nigga You Thought I Was '' on the Bang'n on Wax : The Best of the Crips compilation album PlayBoy Hustler Crips Notes Trouble Loc Trouble Loc 's status is unknown Atlantic Drive Compton Crips Notes G - Bone G - Bone ( a.k.a. G - BIZO , Grown Folk ) is alive , he has released a book and several music projects as a writer and musician . B.G. Scarface B.G. Scarface is deceased Rider - J Rider - J 's ( a.k.a. Big Bun ) status is unknown Neighborhood Compton Crips Notes Do or Die Sin Loc Sin Loc ( a.k.a. Hittman D , O.G. Sin Loc ) has released two solo albums Att Will Att Will has released a solo album . Deceased . Blue Rag Watts Franklin Square Crips Notes Big Freeze Big Freeze is deceased , he was shot and killed in a restaurant Ice `` Lil ' Star '' Onion Six Pac Six Pac is alive Keystone Keystone is alive Koolay Koolay is alive Baby Half Dead Baby Half Dead is alive Half Dead Half Dead is deceased Mac - 11 Mac - 11 is deceased Teroma Teroma 's status is unknown Sinbad The Slayer Sinbad The Slayer 's status is unknown Young T-C Young T-C 's status is unknown . He appeared on the second verse of a song called `` Little Blue Devil '' on the Nationwide Rip Ridaz album Fudgetown Mafia Crips Notes Broncoe Broncoe is alive Rollin 20 's Long Beach Crips Notes Domino Domino ( a.k.a. Genuine Draft ) has released four solo albums GDogg GDogg has even made an active online forum community for Crips C - Note C - Note ( a.k.a. Miss C - Note , Dannygyrl ) is an active rapper Long Beach Insane Crips Notes Duv Mac Duv Mac ( a.k.a. O.G. Duv Mac ) has released several projects Avalon Gangsta Crips Notes Twin Loc Twin Loc ( a.k.a. O.G. Cell - E-Cell ) is known under rap moniker `` G - Cell '' . He has released a solo album Rollin 60 's Neighborhood Crips Notes C - Rider C - Rider ( a.k.a. Battlecat ) is alive , currently producing music . Bloods ( edit ) Avenue Piru Gang Notes O.Y.G Redrum 781 O.Y.G Redrum 781 he has released an album and several mixtape ( s ) Lil ' Leak Lil ' Leak ( a.k.a. CK ) is the younger brother of Redrum 781 Bloody Mary Bloody Mary ( a.k.a. Nini X ) is deceased . She has released two solo albums , she died in a motorcycle accident in 2006 Bounty Hunter Bloods Notes Lil ' Stretch Lil ' Stretch owns a motorcycle store Yank Yank 's ( a.k.a. Gangsta Yank ) status is unknown Big Stretch Big Stretch 's status is unknown , he is the older brother of Lil ' Stretch Crenshaw Mafia Gangster Bloods Notes Big Wy Big Wy ( a.k.a. Red Rag ) he has released an album with the group Young Soldierz . Plus , he founded Cali Swag District Lil ' Hawk Lil ' Hawk ( A.K.A. Red Ridin ' Hood ) is serving a 25 to life sentence for a gang - related murder . Spyder Spyder ( a.k.a. SP , G - Spyder ) is deceased Pimp D Tip Toe Tip Toe is deceased . He was a member of the 104th Street CMG . He was killed by a Piru gang , the Neighborhood Pirus . Big Mad Eye Big Mad Eye ( a.k.a. O.G. Mad Eye ) is deceased . He was one of the oldest Damu Ridas and was a respected O.G. of the Crenshaw Mafia Gang . Baby Hawk Baby Hawk is deceased . He was the younger brother of Big Hawk and Lil ' Hawk K - Low Lil ' Mad Eye Lil ' Mad Eye is deceased . He was the younger brother of Big Mad Eye Big Hawk Big Hawk is deceased . He was older brother of Lil ' Hawk and Baby Hawk T - Kayduse Lil ' G - Bone Inglewood Family Gangsta Bloods Notes Dock - B Green Eyez Green Eyez died May 11 , 2015 L.A. Denver Lane Gangster Bloods Notes B - Brazy B - Brazy is deceased . He was set up and killed by a Mexican gang . His case is still unsolved . Lil ' Laniak 2 Lil ' Laniak 2 is deceased , he was shot and killed by a Piru gang , the Campanella Park Pirus Peanut 2 Peanut 2 is deceased , he has been killed by a gang . His brother O.G Peanut has also been killed Eightball June Dawg June Dawg is an active rapper Mr. Dulo G - Len G - Len ( a.k.a. O.G. Len ) has released a solo album Mad Dog Mad Dog 's status is unknown . He appeared on the second verse of a song called `` All My Niggas '' on the compilation album , The Best of Ronnie Ron 's Gansta - Lations . Mad Swans Bloods Notes Batman Batman ( a.k.a. Evil Bat ) is currently in prison Weirdos Gangster Bloods Notes Dogg Dogg ( a.k.a. Suga Buga ) is currently making music as a solo artist and he also worked with Big Wy to form a duo called The Relativez . Pops Blood Stone Villains Notes Geek Geek 's ( a.k.a. Captain Geek ) status is unknown . Along with Noise they started as a production team called East Side Tag Team , the two helped produced music for the artists on Dangerous Records . Noise Noise 's ( a.k.a. DJ Noise ) status is unknown . Along with Geek they started as a production team called East Side Tag Team , the two helped produced music for the artists on Dangerous Records . Gangsta Red Gangsta Red 's status is unknown , he appeared on the Bangin ' on Wax : Greatest Hits with the other members of Blood Stone Villains . Fruit Town Brims Notes Stretch Stretch ( a.k.a. Big CK Stretch , Big Stretch not to be confused with the other Big Stretch from Bounty Hunters ) is alive , appeared on the Bloody Mary compilation album , Day Of Resurrection along with few other members of Fruit Town Brims Ms. Bonnie Ms. Bonnie status is unknown , appeared on the Bloody Mary compilation album , Day Of Resurrection along with few other members of Fruit Town Brims Finders Finders status is unknown , appeared on the Bloody Mary compilation album , Day Of Resurrection along with few other members of Fruit Town Brims Lady S . Lady S. status is unknown , appeared on the Bloody Mary compilation album , Day Of Resurrection along with few other members of Fruit Town Brims Moe - B Moe - B status is unknown , appeared on the Bloody Mary compilation album , Day Of Resurrection along with few other members of Fruit Town Brims Filmography and documentaries ( edit ) 1995 : Damu Ridas mini movie and Nationwide Rip Ridaz mini movie 1997 : Bullets Do n't Have No Names ( Re-released as Damu Ridas vs Nationwide Rip Ridaz in 2003 ) 2003 : From Bangin On Wax Comes The Best Of Ronnie Ron 's Ultimate Video Collection 2006 : Rep Yo Set : The Movie Discography ( edit ) Studio albums Year Title Chart positions U.S. U.S. R&B 1993 Bangin ' on Wax Released : March 9 , 1993 Label : Dangerous 86 18 1994 Bangin ' on Wax 2 ... The Saga Continues Released : September 13 , 1994 Label : Dangerous 139 20 2014 Bangin ' on Wax Part III : No Passes Label : Dangerous - - Collaboration album ( s ) 1994 : Murder Was the Case ( As Young Soldierz ) 1995 : Damu Ridas ( Only Bloods ) 1995 : Nationwide Rip Ridaz ( Only Crips ) 1996 : Bangin ' on Wax : Greatest Hits ( As Bloods & Crips ) 1997 : Bang'n on Wax : The Best of the Crips ( As Nationwide Rip Ridaz ) 1997 : Bang'n on Wax : The Best of the Damu 's ( As Damu Ridas ) 1998 : How Deep Is Your Hood ( As Damu Ridas II ) 1998 : Betrayed ( Ca n't Trust Nobody ) ( As Nationwide Rip Ridaz II ) 1999 : The Best of Ronnie Ron 's Gansta - Lations Mixtape ( s ) 1996 : Flamin B - Dawgs Come Better ( As Bloods ) 2005 : Sactown Bloods vs. Sactown Crips ( As Gang War ) 2006 : Rep Yo Set ( As Bloods & Crips ) 2008 : Crips N ' Bloods - The Hood Mixtape Vol. 1 ( As Crips N ' Bloods ) 2008 : The Hood Mixtape Vol. 2 ( As Crips N ' Bloods ) 2008 : The Right Side Vol. 1 ( As Bloods ) 2008 : The Leftside Vol. 1 ( As Crips ) 2008 : Slippin ' 10 Years With The Bloods Vol. 1 ( As Bloods ) Compilation ( s ) 1993 : Various - Ripe Recordings Sampler Number 1 1993 : Various - Gangsta Hip Hop 1994 : Various - Metrô Hits Dance & Hip Hop 1994 : Various - Gangsta Hip Hop Vol. 2 1996 : Various - Best Of Hip Hop 2003 : Various - Ronnie Ron 's Ultimate Video Collection 2013 : Various - Gangsta Lean ( Classic West Coast Rap ) Single ( s ) 1993 : `` Piru Love / Puttin ' In Work '' 1993 : `` Steady Dippin ' '' 1993 : `` Bangin On Wax '' 1994 : `` Wish You Were Here '' Music videos ( edit ) Year Artist Video 1993 Bloods & Crips `` Bangin ' On Wax '' Bloods & Crips `` Steady Dippin ' '' Bloods & Crips `` Piru Love '' 1994 Bloods & Crips `` G 's & Loc 's '' Bloods & Crips `` Wish You Were Here '' 1995 Damu Rida 's `` Damu Ride '' Nationwide RIP Ridaz `` Nationwide '' See also ( edit ) Crime in Los Angeles Nationwide Rip Ridaz Damu Ridas References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Exclusive interview with redruM781 RapTalk.net. 2008 - 04 - 11 Retrieved . 2008 - 04 - 11 Jump up ^ Bloods & Crips biography at Allmusic AllMusic.com 2014 - 05 - 17 Retrieved . 2014 - 05 - 17 Jump up ^ Bangin ' on Wax at Billboard BillBoard.com 2014 - 05 - 17 Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 17 Jump up ^ Steady Dippin ' by Bloods & Crips WhoSampled.com 2014 - 05 - 19 Retrieved . 2014 - 05 - 19 Jump up ^ Bloods & Crips at AllMusic AllMusic.com 2014 - 05 - 17 Retrieved . 2014 - 05 - 17 Jump up ^ Bustas ' on Wax by Keke Loco UnitedGangs.com 2014 - 05 - 20 Retrieved . 2014 - 05 - 20 Jump up ^ CK : Feud with Lil Keke Loco UnitedGangs.com 2014 - 05 - 20 Retrieved . 2014 - 05 - 20 Jump up ^ `` Concrete Love '' by Gerald Hicks iTunes.com 2014 - 05 - 19 Retrieved . 2014 - 05 - 19 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ $25,000 Reward Announced regarding B - Brazy 's case CityOfInglewood.org 2014 - 05 - 17 Retrieved . 2014 - 05 - 17 Jump up ^ Rep Yo Set : The Movie ( 2006 ) AllMovie.com 2014 - 05 - 18 Retrieved . 2014 - 05 - 18 Jump up ^ The Best of Ronnie Ron 's Gansta - Lations AllMusic.com 2014 - 05 - 17 Retrieved . 2014 - 05 - 17 Jump up ^ Aspiring Rappers Eschew Gangs On ' Rep Yo Set ' BillBoard.com 2014 - 05 - 17 Retrieved . 2014 - 05 - 17 External links ( edit ) Warlock Records & Dangerous Records official site . Bloods & Crips at Billboard . Bloods & Crips on iTunes Bloods & Crips discography at Discogs . 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-2470444827729471419	List of Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C. characters	List of Gomer Pyle , U.S.M.C. Characters - wikipedia List of Gomer Pyle , U.S.M.C. Characters Jump to : navigation , search This article 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( November 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Gomer Pyle , U.S.M.C. is an American television situation comedy that was originally broadcast from 1964 to 1969 on the CBS network . It focused on Gomer Pyle , a naïve but good - hearted private in the United States Marine Corps who served in a non-combat role while stationed stateside . The plots of the episodes often grew out of the contentious relationship between Pyle and his stern NCO , Sergeant Carter . Contents ( hide ) 1 Private First Class Gomer Pyle 2 Gunnery Sergeant Carter 2.1 Awards , Decorations and Service Medals Worn By Gunnery Sgt . Carter 3 Private First Class and Corporal Gilbert ' Duke ' Slater 4 Corporal Chuck Boyle 5 Lou - Ann Poovie 6 `` Miss '' Bunny Wilson 7 Staff Sergeant Whipple 8 Staff Sergeant Charley Hacker 9 Lieutenant Colonel Edward Gray 10 Lieutenant Colonel George Van Pelt 11 Corporal and Gunnery Sergeant Carol Barnes 12 Corporal Johnson 13 Corporal Jensen 14 Corporal Nicholas Kutchanelli 15 Private First Class Frankie Lombardi 16 Private Joey Lombardi 17 Private First Class Lester Hummel 18 Chief Petty Officer Wade Simpson Private first class Gomer Pyle ( edit ) Main article : Gomer Pyle Portrayed by Jim Nabors Ribbons of Decoration Worn By PFC Gomer Pyle USMC Good Conduct National Defense Service Private First Class Gomer Pyle is the main character throughout the series. Pyle also wears the USMC Expert Rifle badge . Gunnery Sergeant Carter ( edit ) Portrayed by Frank Sutton Gunnery Sergeant Vincent J. Carter is Gomer 's stern , yet soft at heart ( as shown in season 3 , episode 10 Cold Nose , Warm Heart ) , drill instructor . He was born and raised on May 4 , 1928 , in Wichita , Kansas , in a town not far from Leavenworth . Carter takes his role very seriously , as evidenced by the stripes he 's earned ( and is sometimes obsessed with ) over the years . Carter is forever exasperated by Gomer 's ineptitude and refusal to surrender his naïve point of view and would like nothing better than to see Gomer transferred . He is always referred to as `` Sergeant Carter , '' although under actual U.S. Marine Corps protocol , he would be addressed as `` Gunnery Sergeant Carter '' or the informal `` Gunny Carter '' . In the episode , `` How to Succeed in Farming Without Really Trying , '' Carter does specify his correct rank . There seems to be some inconsistency concerning Carter 's age and time in the Marine Corps . By the beginning of the series , Carter had been in the Marine Corps for 16 years , which means he would have entered the service in 1948 , when he would have been about 20 . However , he wears the World War II Victory ribbon which was awarded to the Armed Forces through Dec. 31 , 1946 . In the episode `` Old Man Carter '' ( season 1 , episode 24 ) , aired on 26 February 1965 , he is said to be 35 years old . However , at the end of the show , Gomer discovers Carter subtracted incorrectly and was actually 36 years old , and not 35 as he believed . Carter also reveals to his men he joined the Marines in 1946 . Therefore , his time in the service by 1965 would have been between 18 and 19 years . This would put him at the age of 18 when he joined . In the second episode he reveals that he has earned five Good Conduct medals , was cited for bravery in Korea and has had three honor platoons in a row . In `` Come Blow Your Top '' ( Season 5 , Episode 9 ) , it is revealed Carter owns a sword from an enemy officer which he stated he captured at the Battle of Inchon ( 1950 ) . At that time he was a corporal . ( Later in that episode , though , he admits he won the sword in a card game while at Inchon . ) In `` A Tattoo for Gomer '' ( Season 5 , Episode 15 ) , Carter reveals he was with the 7th Fleet in Korea where he got his Semper Fidelis tattoo ( upper right arm ) , but did not mention the year . Carter wears his emotions on his sleeve . He has an explosive temper with a short fuse , which is triggered at the first sign of angst . This feature , in combination with Pyle 's genial nature and naivete , drive the show 's plot in most episodes . Carter also expresses happiness and fear in dramatic fashion . His emotions also become a source of tension between him and his girlfriend , Miss Bunny Wilson . Despite Carter 's desire to see Pyle out of his life , it is apparent he cares for Pyle and wants him to successfully fulfill his service in the Corps . Carter is Gomer 's best friend and by the end of the show 's run , it is obvious that Gomer is his . Awards , decorations and service medals worn by Gunnery Sgt . Carter ( edit ) Bronze Star Purple Heart US Navy Presidential Unit Citation Marine Corps Good Conduct World War II Victory Medal National Defense Service Medal Korean Service Medal United Nations Service Medal for Korea Korean Presidential Unit Citation Carter also wears the USMC Expert Rifle and Pistol Marksmanship badges Frank Sutton in real life served in the US Army in the Pacific Theater of World War II . When he was cast as Sgt . Carter he was allowed to wear some of his actual WW2 decorations with his Marine uniform . Private first class and Corporal Gilbert ' Duke ' Slater ( edit ) Portrayed by Ronnie Schell Corporal Gilbert `` Duke '' Slater is Gomer 's close friend in the Marines . Unlike Gomer , he has few scruples and is not above putting one over on Sergeant Carter , much to Gomer 's consternation . A private in early seasons , Duke transferred to a different platoon at the end of season three , where he took a Corporal test and graduated in the top 10 of his class , earning a promotion to Corporal . Duke later returned to Camp Henderson and succeeded Boyle as Carter 's second in command . As before his promotion Duke still addressed Gomer by his first name , sometimes calling him `` Gome '' . He took over Chuck Boyle 's around season 5 role as the straight man putting up with Sergeant Carter 's antics . He also sticks up for Gomer in the series . Corporal Chuck Boyle ( edit ) Portrayed by Roy Stuart Corporal Chuck Boyle works under Sergeant Carter after Nicholas Kutchanelli . Boyle usually serves as Carter 's conscience , making Carter treat Gomer civilly , even if it means that Gomer will continue under his beloved sergeant . Boyle is the straight man for Carter 's antics and he also sticks up for Gomer a lot of times . Gomer never realizes it but Boyle , many times , serves as his advocate . Corporal Boyle left the show following the fourth season . Lou - Ann Poovie ( edit ) Portrayed by Elizabeth MacRae Lou - Ann Poovie is Gomer 's girlfriend throughout most of the series . She is from North Carolina as well , and a sweet , somewhat naive , but always willing partner to Gomer 's misadventures . Although very interested in music ( she came to California for a music career ) , she is considered tone - deaf . Her catchphrase is `` Well ... actually ... '' Lou - Ann Poovie was introduced and appeared in three episodes in the show 's third season . She played Gomer 's girlfriend in the show 's fourth and fifth seasons . `` Miss '' Bunny Wilson ( edit ) Portrayed by Barbara Stuart `` Miss '' Bunny Wilson is Sergeant Carter 's girlfriend throughout most of the series . Staff Sergeant Whipple ( edit ) Portrayed by Buck Young Staff Sergeant Whipple was born sometime in the 1920s or 1930s . Whipple and Carter dislike one another and are prone to competition , especially in platoon ratings . The season one episode `` Private Ralph Skunk '' highlights Carter and Whipple 's rivalry and mutual contempt : When Whipple used underhanded tricks to embarrass Sgt . Carter just to keep his own platoon ahead in the ratings , Gomer ( without Carter 's knowledge ) snuck his pet skunk inside Whipple 's barracks to scare his troops outside , which got Whipple into trouble with the camp commander , who punished Whipple and his men by confining them to their bunk to clean up , much to Carter 's delight . Staff Sergeant Charley Hacker ( edit ) Portrayed by Allan Melvin Staff Sergeant Charley Hacker runs the company mess hall and served at battle of Iwo Jima ; unlike his feud with Whipple , Sergeant Carter 's rivalry with Hacker is less contemptuous , and on occasion the two are able to put aside their differences . One example was in the episode `` Third Finger , Left Loaf '' , Hacker and Carter have to search 600 loaves of bread for a wedding ring Pyle accidentally dropped into the dough ( which was in Pyle 's back pocket ) , nearly driving themselves crazy in the process . You rarely hear Hacker call Carter ' Carter ' . He usually calls him by his first name Vince . Lieutenant Colonel Edward Gray ( edit ) Portrayed by Forrest Compton Lieutenant Colonel Edward Gray was born in 1925 . He was the officer in charge of the base on the show Gomer Pyle , U.S.M.C. . He served at the Battle of Iwo Jima during World War II in 1945 . Gray , in contrast to Sgt . Carter , seems to respect Gomer more , especially on a personal level . Gray is portrayed as no - nonsense and running a tight ship . He rarely smiles and most scenes with Gray are in his office as he sits behind his desk chewing out Sgt . Carter . Lieutenant Colonel George Van Pelt ( edit ) Portrayed by Peter Hansen Lieutenant Colonel George Van Pelt was born in 1911 . He joined the U.S. Marine Corps and saw action in World War II against Japan . He was in the first season of Gomer Pyle , U.S.M.C. . Corporal and Gunnery Sergeant Carol Barnes ( edit ) Portrayed by Carol Burnett Corporal , then Gunnery Sergeant Carol Barnes was in an episode in Gomer Pyle , U.S.M.C. of season 4 entitled `` Corporal Carol '' , during which she falls in love with Gomer but then finds out that he is dating someone else . She also appears in an episode of season 5 entitled `` Show Time with Sgt . Carol '' , in which Gomer and Carol sing a Duet at Camp Henderson 's Base Variety Show . Corporal Johnson ( edit ) Portrayed by Jerry Dexter Corporal Johnson was born in 1944 and worked with Gunnery Sergeant Vince Carter during the first season of the show . Corporal Jensen ( edit ) Portrayed by Victor Brandt Corporal Jensen is Sergeant Hacker 's second in command . Corporal Nicholas Kutchanelli ( edit ) Portrayed by Tommy Leonetti Corporal Nicholas Kutchanelli was born in 1939 . He served under Gunnery Sergeant Vince Carter in the first season in 1964 - 1965 . Private first class Frankie Lombardi ( edit ) Portrayed by Ted Bessell Private Frankie Lombardi is the brother of recruit Joey Lombardi . He served as a recruit for Sergeant Carter . He is partner - in - crime and best friend to private Duke Slater in season 2 . Private Joey Lombardi ( edit ) Portrayed by Joe E. Tata , George Spencer , and George Zateslo Private Joey Lombardi is the brother of Private Frankie Lombardi . Lombardi was a recruit under Gunnery Sergeant Vince Carter . He was in eleven episodes of Gomer Pyle , U.S.M.C. and was portrayed by three different actors . He had a girlfriend named Rosie , whom Gomer snuck in to base to see him , although the rules strictly prohibited visitation until after four weeks of training . Though Joey confessed that she was his girlfriend , Gomer was still punished by Gunnery Sgt . Carter for sneaking Rosie in without permission . Private first class lester hummel ( edit ) Portrayed by William Christopher Another of Gomer 's friends . Usually a philosopher - like type of marine . He is the most seen from seasons 3 - 4 next to Duke Slater . Chief petty officer wade Simpson ( edit ) Portrayed by Tige Andrews Sgt . Carter 's Navy foe ; a bully to some Marines . Simpson once knocked Carter out during a boxing match with one punch , and makes fun of the platoon when Gomer messes up . He was the Fleet boxing champion for four years : 37 KOs and only retired from the said position because he could n't find someone brave enough to challenge him . Simpson also has his own gang of men following him around . In `` Cat Overboard '' , Carter and the other Marines laughed at Simpson when they learned about the romance magazines he reads aboard ship . He got offended and told Carter off that his choice of reading romance magazines are none of his and the Marines business . Simpson has a strict rule on contraband , evident when he threw a pet turtle over board and confiscated a transmitter radio . Although angry that Gomer had snuck his pet cat , Henrietta , aboard ship , Simpson has shown compassion when he learned about her pregnancy and took her to the sick bay so some of his pharmacists can have some training in delivering kittens . Mayberry , North Carolina TV series The Andy Griffith Show Episodes Gomer Pyle , U.S.M.C. Episodes Characters Mayberry R.F.D. Episodes Telefilm Return to Mayberry Main characters Andy Taylor Opie Taylor Bee Taylor Barney Fife Elinor `` Ellie '' Walker Sam Jones Gomer Pyle Goober Pyle Recurring characters Ernest T. Bass Otis Campbell Helen Crump Briscoe Darling Jr . The Darlings Clara Edwards Warren Ferguson The Fun Girls Floyd Lawson Flora Malherbe Howard Sprague Thelma Lou Related programs No Time for Sergeants The Danny Thomas Show The Jim Nabors Hour The New Andy Griffith Show Related topics Mount Airy Pilot Mountain Desilu Productions Rural purge `` What it Was , Was Football '' Mayberry Machiavelli Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Gomer_Pyle,_U.S.M.C._characters&oldid=826251926 '' Categories : Lists of actors by comedy television series Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing style editing from November 2013 All articles needing style editing Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 02 : 50 . 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5647515190822881773	United Nations	United Nations - wikipedia United Nations Jump to : navigation , search For a list of United Nations member states , see Member states of the United Nations . For other uses , see United Nations ( disambiguation ) and UN ( disambiguation ) . United Nations Five other official names ( show ) Arabic : الأمم المتحدة ‎ Chinese : 联合国 French : Organisation des Nations unies Russian : Организация Объединённых Наций Spanish : Organización de las Naciones Unidas Flag Emblem Map showing the member states of the United Nations Headquarters New York City ( International territory ) Official languages Arabic Chinese English French Russian Spanish Type Intergovernmental organization Membership 193 member states 2 observer states Leaders Secretary ‐ General António Guterres Deputy Secretary - General Amina J. Mohammed General Assembly President Miroslav Lajčák Economic and Social Council President Marie Chatardová Security Council President Kairat Umarov Establishment UN Charter signed 26 June 1945 ( 72 years ago ) ( 1945 - 06 - 26 ) Charter entered into force 24 October 1945 ( 72 years ago ) ( 1945 - 10 - 24 ) Website www.un.org www.un.int This article contains Arabic text . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols . The United Nations ( UN ) is an intergovernmental organization tasked to promote international cooperation and to create and maintain international order . A replacement for the ineffective League of Nations , the organization was established on 24 October 1945 after World War II with the aim of preventing another such conflict . At its founding , the UN had 51 member states ; there are now 193 . The headquarters of the UN is in Manhattan , New York City , and is subject to extraterritoriality . Further main offices are situated in Geneva , Nairobi , and Vienna . The organization is financed by assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states . Its objectives include maintaining international peace and security , promoting human rights , fostering social and economic development , protecting the environment , and providing humanitarian aid in cases of famine , natural disaster , and armed conflict . The UN is the largest , most familiar , most internationally represented and most powerful intergovernmental organization in the world . The UN Charter was drafted at a conference between April -- June 1945 in San Francisco , and was signed on 26 June 1945 at the conclusion of the conference ; this charter took effect on 24 October 1945 , and the UN began operation . The UN 's mission to preserve world peace was complicated in its early decades by the Cold War between the US and Soviet Union and their respective allies . The organization participated in major actions in Korea and the Congo , as well as approving the creation of the state of Israel in 1947 . The organization 's membership grew significantly following widespread decolonization in the 1960s , and by the 1970s its budget for economic and social development programmes far outstripped its spending on peacekeeping . After the end of the Cold War , the UN took on major military and peacekeeping missions across the world with varying degrees of success . The UN has six principal organs : the General Assembly ( the main deliberative assembly ) ; the Security Council ( for deciding certain resolutions for peace and security ) ; the Economic and Social Council ( ECOSOC ; for promoting international economic and social co-operation and development ) ; the Secretariat ( for providing studies , information , and facilities needed by the UN ) ; the International Court of Justice ( the primary judicial organ ) ; and the UN Trusteeship Council ( inactive since 1994 ) . UN System agencies include the World Bank Group , the World Health Organization , the World Food Programme , UNESCO , and UNICEF . The UN 's most prominent officer is the Secretary - General , an office held by Portuguese politician and diplomat António Guterres since 2017 . Non-governmental organizations may be granted consultative status with ECOSOC and other agencies to participate in the UN 's work . The organization won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2001 , and a number of its officers and agencies have also been awarded the prize . Other evaluations of the UN 's effectiveness have been mixed . Some commentators believe the organization to be an important force for peace and human development , while others have called the organization ineffective , corrupt , or biased . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Background 1.2 1942 `` Declaration of United Nations '' by the Allies of World War II 1.3 Founding 1.4 Cold War Era 1.5 Post-Cold War 2 Structure 2.1 General Assembly 2.2 Security Council 2.3 Secretariat 2.4 International Court of Justice 2.5 Economic and Social Council 2.6 Specialized agencies 3 Membership 3.1 Group of 77 4 Objectives 4.1 Peacekeeping and security 4.2 Human rights 4.3 Economic development and humanitarian assistance 4.4 Other 5 Funding 6 Evaluations , awards , and criticism 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 9.1 Citations 9.2 Bibliography 10 Further reading 11 External links History Main article : History of the United Nations 1943 sketch by Franklin Roosevelt of the UN original three branches : The Four Policemen , an executive branch , and an international assembly of forty UN member states . Background In the century prior to the UN 's creation , several international treaty organizations and conferences had been formed to regulate conflicts between nations , such as the International Committee of the Red Cross and the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 . Following the catastrophic loss of life in the First World War , the Paris Peace Conference established the League of Nations to maintain harmony between countries . This organization resolved some territorial disputes and created international structures for areas such as postal mail , aviation , and opium control , some of which would later be absorbed into the UN . However , the League lacked representation for colonial peoples ( then half the world 's population ) and significant participation from several major powers , including the US , USSR , Germany , and Japan ; it failed to act against the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931 , the Second Italo - Ethiopian War in 1935 , the Japanese invasion of China in 1937 , and German expansions under Adolf Hitler that culminated in the Second World War . 1942 `` Declaration of United Nations '' by the Allies of World War II Main article : Declaration by United Nations The earliest concrete plan for a new world organization began under the aegis of the US State Department in 1939 . The text of the `` Declaration by United Nations '' was drafted by President Franklin Roosevelt , British Prime Minister Winston Churchill , and Roosevelt aide Harry Hopkins , while meeting at the White House , 29 December 1941 . It incorporated Soviet suggestions , but left no role for France . `` Four Policemen '' was coined to refer to four major Allied countries , United States , United Kingdom , Soviet Union , and Republic of China , which emerged in the Declaration by United Nations . Roosevelt first coined the term United Nations to describe the Allied countries . `` On New Year 's Day 1942 , President Roosevelt , Prime Minister Churchill , Maxim Litvinov , of the USSR , and T.V. Soong , of China , signed a short document which later came to be known as the United Nations Declaration and the next day the representatives of twenty - two other nations added their signatures . '' The term United Nations was first officially used when 26 governments signed this Declaration . One major change from the Atlantic Charter was the addition of a provision for religious freedom , which Stalin approved after Roosevelt insisted . By 1 March 1945 , 21 additional states had signed . A JOINT DECLARATION BY THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA , THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND , THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS , CHINA , AUSTRALIA , BELGIUM , CANADA , COSTA RICA , CUBA , CZECHOSLOVAKIA , DOMINICAN REPUBLIC , EL SALVADOR , GREECE , GUATEMALA , HAITI , HONDURAS , INDIA , LUXEMBOURG , NETHERLANDS , NEW ZEALAND , NICARAGUA , NORWAY , PANAMA , POLAND , SOUTH AFRICA , YUGOSLAVIA The Governments signatory hereto , Having subscribed to a common program of purposes and principles embodied in the Joint Declaration of the President of the United States of America and the Prime Minister of Great Britain dated August 14 , 1941 , known as the Atlantic Charter , Being convinced that complete victory over their enemies is essential to defend life , liberty , independence and religious freedom , and to preserve human rights and justice in their own lands as well as in other lands , and that they are now engaged in a common struggle against savage and brutal forces seeking to subjugate the world , DECLARE : Each Government pledges itself to employ its full resources , military or economic , against those members of the Tripartite Pact and its adherents with which such government is at war . Each Government pledges itself to cooperate with the Governments signatory hereto and not to make a separate armistice or peace with the enemies . The foregoing declaration may be adhered to by other nations which are , or which may be , rendering material assistance and contributions in the struggle for victory over Hitlerism . -- The Washington Conference 1941 -- 1942 During the war , `` the United Nations '' became the official term for the Allies . To join , countries had to sign the Declaration and declare war on the Axis . Founding The UN in 1945 . In light blue , the founding members . In dark blue , protectorates and territories of the founding members . The UN was formulated and negotiated among the delegations from the Allied Big Four ( the United States , the United Kingdom , the Soviet Union and China ) at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference in 1944 . After months of planning , the UN Conference on International Organization opened in San Francisco , 25 April 1945 , attended by 50 governments and a number of non-governmental organizations involved in drafting the UN Charter . `` The heads of the delegations of the sponsoring countries took turns as chairman of the plenary meetings : Anthony Eden , of Britain , Edward Stettinius , of the United States , T.V. Soong , of China , and Vyacheslav Molotov , of the Soviet Union . At the later meetings , Lord Halifax deputized for Mister Eden , Wellington Koo for T.V. Soong , and Mister Gromyko for Mister Molotov . '' The UN officially came into existence 24 October 1945 , upon ratification of the Charter by the five permanent members of the Security Council -- France , the Republic of China , the Soviet Union , the UK and the U.S. -- and by a majority of the other 46 signatories . The first meetings of the General Assembly , with 51 nations represented , and the Security Council took place in London beginning 10 January 1946 . The General Assembly selected New York City as the site for the headquarters of the UN , and the facility was completed in 1952 . Its site -- like UN headquarters buildings in Geneva , Vienna , and Nairobi -- is designated as international territory . The Norwegian Foreign Minister , Trygve Lie , was elected as the first UN Secretary - General . Cold War era Dag Hammarskjöld was a particularly active Secretary - General from 1953 until his death in 1961 . Though the UN 's primary mandate was peacekeeping , the division between the US and USSR often paralysed the organization , generally allowing it to intervene only in conflicts distant from the Cold War . ( A notable exception was a Security Council resolution in 1950 authorizing a US - led coalition to repel the North Korean invasion of South Korea , passed in the absence of the USSR . ) In 1947 , the General Assembly approved a resolution to partition Palestine , approving the creation of the state of Israel . Two years later , Ralph Bunche , a UN official , negotiated an armistice to the resulting conflict . In 1956 , the first UN peacekeeping force was established to end the Suez Crisis ; however , the UN was unable to intervene against the USSR 's simultaneous invasion of Hungary following that country 's revolution . In 1960 , the UN deployed United Nations Operation in the Congo ( UNOC ) , the largest military force of its early decades , to bring order to the breakaway State of Katanga , restoring it to the control of the Democratic Republic of the Congo by 1964 . While travelling to meet rebel leader Moise Tshombe during the conflict , Dag Hammarskjöld , often named as one of the UN 's most effective Secretaries - General , died in a plane crash ; months later he was posthumously awarded the Nobel Peace Prize . In 1964 , Hammarskjöld 's successor , U Thant , deployed the UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus , which would become one of the UN 's longest - running peacekeeping missions . With the spread of decolonization in the 1960s , the organization 's membership saw an influx of newly independent nations . In 1960 alone , 17 new states joined the UN , 16 of them from Africa . On 25 October 1971 , with opposition from the United States , but with the support of many Third World nations , the mainland , communist People 's Republic of China was given the Chinese seat on the Security Council in place of the Republic of China that occupied Taiwan ; the vote was widely seen as a sign of waning US influence in the organization . Third World nations organized into the Group of 77 coalition under the leadership of Algeria , which briefly became a dominant power at the UN . In 1975 , a bloc comprising the USSR and Third World nations passed a resolution , over strenuous US and Israeli opposition , declaring Zionism to be racism ; the resolution was repealed in 1991 , shortly after the end of the Cold War . With an increasing Third World presence and the failure of UN mediation in conflicts in the Middle East , Vietnam , and Kashmir , the UN increasingly shifted its attention to its ostensibly secondary goals of economic development and cultural exchange . By the 1970s , the UN budget for social and economic development was far greater than its peacekeeping budget . Post-cold War Kofi Annan , Secretary - General from 1997 to 2006 After the Cold War , the UN saw a radical expansion in its peacekeeping duties , taking on more missions in ten years than it had in the previous four decades . Between 1988 and 2000 , the number of adopted Security Council resolutions more than doubled , and the peacekeeping budget increased more than tenfold . The UN negotiated an end to the Salvadoran Civil War , launched a successful peacekeeping mission in Namibia , and oversaw democratic elections in post-apartheid South Africa and post-Khmer Rouge Cambodia . In 1991 , the UN authorized a US - led coalition that repulsed the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait . Brian Urquhart , Under - Secretary - General from 1971 to 1985 , later described the hopes raised by these successes as a `` false renaissance '' for the organization , given the more troubled missions that followed . Though the UN Charter had been written primarily to prevent aggression by one nation against another , in the early 1990s the UN faced a number of simultaneous , serious crises within nations such as Somalia , Haiti , Mozambique , and the former Yugoslavia . The UN mission in Somalia was widely viewed as a failure after the US withdrawal following casualties in the Battle of Mogadishu , and the UN mission to Bosnia faced `` worldwide ridicule '' for its indecisive and confused mission in the face of ethnic cleansing . In 1994 , the UN Assistance Mission for Rwanda failed to intervene in the Rwandan genocide amid indecision in the Security Council . Beginning in the last decades of the Cold War , American and European critics of the UN condemned the organization for perceived mismanagement and corruption . In 1984 , the US President , Ronald Reagan , withdrew his nation 's funding from UNESCO ( the United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization , founded 1946 ) over allegations of mismanagement , followed by Britain and Singapore . Boutros Boutros - Ghali , Secretary - General from 1992 to 1996 , initiated a reform of the Secretariat , reducing the size of the organization somewhat . His successor , Kofi Annan ( 1997 -- 2006 ) , initiated further management reforms in the face of threats from the United States to withhold its UN dues . In the late 1990s and 2000s , international interventions authorized by the UN took a wider variety of forms . The UN mission in the Sierra Leone Civil War of 1991 -- 2002 was supplemented by British Royal Marines , and the invasion of Afghanistan in 2001 was overseen by NATO.In 2003 , the United States invaded Iraq despite failing to pass a UN Security Council resolution for authorization , prompting a new round of questioning of the organization 's effectiveness . Under the eighth Secretary - General , Ban Ki - moon , the UN has intervened with peacekeepers in crises including the War in Darfur in Sudan and the Kivu conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo and sent observers and chemical weapons inspectors to the Syrian Civil War . In 2013 , an internal review of UN actions in the final battles of the Sri Lankan Civil War in 2009 concluded that the organization had suffered `` systemic failure '' . One hundred and one UN personnel died in the 2010 Haiti earthquake , the worst loss of life in the organization 's history . The Millennium Summit was held in 2000 to discuss the UN 's role in the 21st century . The three day meeting was the largest gathering of world leaders in history , and culminated in the adoption by all member states of the Millennium Development Goals ( MDGs ) , a commitment to achieve international development in areas such as poverty reduction , gender equality , and public health . Progress towards these goals , which were to be met by 2015 , was ultimately uneven . The 2005 World Summit reaffirmed the UN 's focus on promoting development , peacekeeping , human rights , and global security . The Sustainable Development Goals were launched in 2015 to succeed the Millennium Development Goals . In addition to addressing global challenges , the UN has sought to improve its accountability and democratic legitimacy by engaging more with civil society and fostering a global constituency . In an effort to enhance transparency , in 2016 the organization held its first public debate between candidates for Secretary - General . On January 1 , 2017 , Portuguese diplomat António Guterres , who previously served as UN High Commissioner for Refugees , became the ninth Secretary - General . Guterres has highlighted several key goals for his administration , including an emphasis on diplomacy for preventing conflicts , more effective peacekeeping efforts , and streamlining the organization to be more responsive and versatile to global needs . Structure Main article : United Nations System The UN system is based on five principal organs : the General Assembly , the Security Council , the Economic and Social Council ( ECOSOC ) , the Secretariat , and the International Court of Justice . A sixth principal organ , the Trusteeship Council , suspended operations in 1994 , upon the independence of Palau , the last remaining UN trustee territory . Four of the five principal organs are located at the main UN Headquarters in New York City . The International Court of Justice is located in The Hague , while other major agencies are based in the UN offices at Geneva , Vienna , and Nairobi . Other UN institutions are located throughout the world . The six official languages of the UN , used in intergovernmental meetings and documents , are Arabic , Chinese , English , French , Russian , and Spanish . On the basis of the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations , the UN and its agencies are immune from the laws of the countries where they operate , safeguarding the UN 's impartiality with regard to the host and member countries . Below the six organs sit , in the words of the author Linda Fasulo , `` an amazing collection of entities and organizations , some of which are actually older than the UN itself and operate with almost complete independence from it '' . These include specialized agencies , research and training institutions , programmes and funds , and other UN entities . The UN obey the Noblemaire principle , which is binding on any organization that belongs to the UN system . This principle calls for salaries that will draw and keep citizens of countries where salaries are highest , and also calls for equal pay for work of equal value independent of the employee 's nationality . In practice , the ICSC takes reference to the highest - paying national civil service . Staff salaries are subject to an internal tax that is administered by the UN organizations . Principal organs of the United Nations UN General Assembly -- Deliberative assembly of all UN member states -- UN Secretariat -- Administrative organ of the UN -- International Court of Justice -- Universal court for international law -- May resolve non-compulsory recommendations to states or suggestions to the Security Council ( UNSC ) ; Decides on the admission of new members , following proposal by the UNSC ; Adopts the budget ; Elects the non-permanent members of the UNSC ; all members of ECOSOC ; the UN Secretary General ( following his / her proposal by the UNSC ) ; and the fifteen judges of the International Court of Justice ( ICJ ) . Each country has one vote . Supports the other UN bodies administratively ( for example , in the organization of conferences , the writing of reports and studies and the preparation of the budget ) ; Its chairperson -- the UN Secretary General -- is elected by the General Assembly for a five - year mandate and is the UN 's foremost representative . Decides disputes between states that recognize its jurisdiction ; Issues legal opinions ; Renders judgement by relative majority . Its fifteen judges are elected by the UN General Assembly for nine - year terms . UN Security Council -- For international security issues -- UN Economic and Social Council -- For global economical and social affairs -- UN Trusteeship Council -- For administering trust territories ( currently inactive ) -- Responsible for the maintenance of international peace and security ; May adopt compulsory resolutions ; Has fifteen members : five permanent members with veto power and ten elected members . Responsible for co-operation between states as regards economic and social matters ; Co-ordinates co-operation between the UN 's numerous specialized agencies ; Has 54 members , elected by the General Assembly to serve staggered three - year mandates . Was originally designed to manage colonial possessions that were former League of Nations mandates ; Has been inactive since 1994 , when Palau , the last trust territory , attained independence . General Assembly Main article : United Nations General Assembly Mikhail Gorbachev , Soviet general secretary , addresses the UN General Assembly in December 1988 . The General Assembly is the main deliberative assembly of the UN . Composed of all UN member states , the assembly meets in regular yearly sessions , but emergency sessions can also be called . The assembly is led by a president , elected from among the member states on a rotating regional basis , and 21 vice-presidents . The first session convened 10 January 1946 in the Methodist Central Hall in London and included representatives of 51 nations . When the General Assembly votes on important questions , a two - thirds majority of those present and voting is required . Examples of important questions include recommendations on peace and security ; election of members to organs ; admission , suspension , and expulsion of members ; and budgetary matters . All other questions are decided by a majority vote . Each member country has one vote . Apart from approval of budgetary matters , resolutions are not binding on the members . The Assembly may make recommendations on any matters within the scope of the UN , except matters of peace and security that are under consideration by the Security Council . Draft resolutions can be forwarded to the General Assembly by eight committees : General Committee -- a supervisory committee consisting of the assembly 's president , vice-president , and committee heads Credentials Committee -- responsible for determining the credentials of each member nation 's UN representatives First Committee ( Disarmament and International Security ) Second Committee ( Economic and Financial ) Third Committee ( Social , Humanitarian , and Cultural ) Fourth Committee ( Special Political and Decolonization ) Fifth Committee ( Administrative and Budgetary ) Sixth Committee ( Legal ) Security Council Main article : United Nations Security Council Colin Powell , the US Secretary of State , demonstrates a vial with alleged Iraqi chemical weapon probes to the UN Security Council on Iraq war hearings , 5 February 2003 The Security Council is charged with maintaining peace and security among countries . While other organs of the UN can only make `` recommendations '' to member states , the Security Council has the power to make binding decisions that member states have agreed to carry out , under the terms of Charter Article 25 . The decisions of the Council are known as United Nations Security Council resolutions . The Security Council is made up of fifteen member states , consisting of five permanent members -- China , France , Russia , the United Kingdom , and the United States -- and ten non-permanent members elected for two - year terms by the General Assembly ( with end of term date ) -- Bolivia ( term ends 2018 ) , Egypt ( 2017 ) , Ethiopia ( 2018 ) , Italy ( 2018 ) , Japan ( 2017 ) , Kazakhstan ( 2018 ) , Senegal ( 2017 ) , Sweden ( 2018 ) , Ukraine ( 2017 ) , Uruguay ( 2017 ) . The five permanent members hold veto power over UN resolutions , allowing a permanent member to block adoption of a resolution , though not debate . The ten temporary seats are held for two - year terms , with five member states per year voted in by the General Assembly on a regional basis . The presidency of the Security Council rotates alphabetically each month . Secretariat Main articles : United Nations Secretariat and Secretary - General of the United Nations The UN Secretariat is headed by the Secretary - General , assisted by a staff of international civil servants worldwide . It provides studies , information , and facilities needed by UN bodies for their meetings . It also carries out tasks as directed by the Security Council , the General Assembly , the Economic and Social Council , and other UN bodies . The current Secretary - General , António Guterres The Secretary - General acts as the de facto spokesperson and leader of the UN . The position is defined in the UN Charter as the organization 's `` chief administrative officer '' . Article 99 of the charter states that the Secretary - General can bring to the Security Council 's attention `` any matter which in his opinion may threaten the maintenance of international peace and security '' , a phrase that Secretaries - General since Trygve Lie have interpreted as giving the position broad scope for action on the world stage . The office has evolved into a dual role of an administrator of the UN organization and a diplomat and mediator addressing disputes between member states and finding consensus to global issues . The Secretary - General is appointed by the General Assembly , after being recommended by the Security Council , where the permanent members have veto power . There are no specific criteria for the post , but over the years it has become accepted that the post shall be held for one or two terms of five years . The current Secretary - General is António Guterres , who replaced Ban Ki - moon in 2017 . Secretaries - General of the United Nations No . Name Country of origin Took office Left office Note Trygve Lie Norway 2 February 1946 10 November 1952 Resigned Dag Hammarskjöld Sweden 10 April 1953 18 September 1961 Died in office U Thant Burma 30 November 1961 31 December 1971 Kurt Waldheim Austria 1 January 1972 31 December 1981 5 Javier Pérez de Cuéllar Peru 1 January 1982 31 December 1991 6 Boutros Boutros - Ghali Egypt 1 January 1992 31 December 1996 7 Kofi Annan Ghana 1 January 1997 31 December 2006 8 Ban Ki - moon South Korea 1 January 2007 31 December 2016 9 António Guterres Portugal 1 January 2017 -- International Court of Justice Main article : International Court of Justice The court had ruled that Kosovo 's unilateral declaration of independence from Serbia in 2008 did not violate international law The International Court of Justice ( ICJ ) , located in The Hague , in the Netherlands , is the primary judicial organ of the UN . Established in 1945 by the UN Charter , the Court began work in 1946 as the successor to the Permanent Court of International Justice . The ICJ is composed of 15 judges who serve 9 - year terms and are appointed by the General Assembly ; every sitting judge must be from a different nation . It is based in the Peace Palace in The Hague , sharing the building with the Hague Academy of International Law , a private centre for the study of international law . The ICJ 's primary purpose is to adjudicate disputes among states . The court has heard cases related to war crimes , illegal state interference , ethnic cleansing , and other issues . The ICJ can also be called upon by other UN organs to provide advisory opinions . Economic and social Council Main article : United Nations Economic and Social Council The Economic and Social Council ( ECOSOC ) assists the General Assembly in promoting international economic and social co-operation and development . ECOSOC has 54 members , which are elected by the General Assembly for a three - year term . The president is elected for a one - year term and chosen amongst the small or middle powers represented on ECOSOC . The council has one annual meeting in July , held in either New York or Geneva . Viewed as separate from the specialized bodies it co-ordinates , ECOSOC 's functions include information gathering , advising member nations , and making recommendations . Owing to its broad mandate of co-ordinating many agencies , ECOSOC has at times been criticized as unfocused or irrelevant . ECOSOC 's subsidiary bodies include the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues , which advises UN agencies on issues relating to indigenous peoples ; the United Nations Forum on Forests , which co-ordinates and promotes sustainable forest management ; the United Nations Statistical Commission , which co-ordinates information - gathering efforts between agencies ; and the Commission on Sustainable Development , which co-ordinates efforts between UN agencies and NGOs working towards sustainable development . ECOSOC may also grant consultative status to non-governmental organizations ; by 2004 , more than 2,200 organizations had received this status . Specialized agencies Main article : List of specialized agencies of the United Nations The UN Charter stipulates that each primary organ of the United Nations can establish various specialized agencies to fulfil its duties . Some best - known agencies are the International Atomic Energy Agency , the Food and Agriculture Organization , UNESCO ( United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ) , the World Bank , and the World Health Organization ( WHO ) . The UN performs most of its humanitarian work through these agencies . Examples include mass vaccination programmes ( through WHO ) , the avoidance of famine and malnutrition ( through the work of the WFP ) , and the protection of vulnerable and displaced people ( for example , by UNHCR ) . Organizations and specialized agencies of the United Nations No . Acronym Agency Headquarters Head Established in FAO Food and Agriculture Organization Rome , Italy José Graziano da Silva 1945 IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna , Austria Yukiya Amano 1957 ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization Montreal , Quebec , Canada Fang Liu 1947 IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development Rome , Italy Kanayo F. Nwanze 1977 5 ILO International Labour Organization Geneva , Switzerland Guy Ryder 1946 ( 1919 ) 6 IMO International Maritime Organization London , United Kingdom Kitack Lim 1948 7 IMF International Monetary Fund Washington , D.C. , United States Christine Lagarde 1945 ( 1944 ) 8 ITU International Telecommunication Union Geneva , Switzerland Houlin Zhao 1947 ( 1865 ) 9 UNESCO United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization Paris , France Irina Bokova 1946 10 UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization Vienna , Austria Li Yong 1967 11 UNWTO World Tourism Organization Madrid , Spain Taleb Rifai 12 UPU Universal Postal Union Bern , Switzerland Bishar Abdirahman Hussein 1947 ( 1874 ) 13 WBG World Bank Group Washington , D.C. , United States Jim Y. Kim 1945 ( 1944 ) 14 WFP World Food Programme Rome , Italy Ertharin Cousin 1963 15 WHO World Health Organization Geneva , Switzerland Tedros Adhanom 1948 16 WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization Geneva , Switzerland Francis Gurry 17 WMO World Meteorological Organization Geneva , Switzerland Petteri Taalas ( Secretary - General ) Michel Jarraud ( President ) 1950 ( 1873 ) Membership Main article : Member states of the United Nations Map of the current UN member states by their dates of admission . 1945 ( original members ) 1946 -- 1959 1960 -- 1989 1990 -- present non-member observer states With the addition of South Sudan 14 July 2011 , there are 193 UN member states , including all undisputed independent states apart from Vatican City . The UN Charter outlines the rules for membership : Membership in the United Nations is open to all other peace - loving states that accept the obligations contained in the present Charter and , in the judgment of the Organization , are able and willing to carry out these obligations . The admission of any such state to membership in the United Nations will be effected by a decision of the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council . Chapter II , Article 4 . In addition , there are two non-member observer states of the United Nations General Assembly : the Holy See ( which holds sovereignty over Vatican City ) and the State of Palestine . The Cook Islands and Niue , both states in free association with New Zealand , are full members of several UN specialized agencies and have had their `` full treaty - making capacity '' recognized by the Secretariat . Group of 77 Main article : Group of 77 The Group of 77 at the UN is a loose coalition of developing nations , designed to promote its members ' collective economic interests and create an enhanced joint negotiating capacity in the UN . Seventy - seven nations founded the organization , but by November 2013 the organization had since expanded to 133 member countries . The group was founded 15 June 1964 by the `` Joint Declaration of the Seventy - Seven Countries '' issued at the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development ( UNCTAD ) . The group held its first major meeting in Algiers in 1967 , where it adopted the Charter of Algiers and established the basis for permanent institutional structures . Objectives Peacekeeping and Security Main articles : United Nations peacekeeping and List of United Nations peacekeeping missions Bolivian `` Blue Helmet '' at an exercise in Chile , 21 October 2002 The UN , after approval by the Security Council , sends peacekeepers to regions where armed conflict has recently ceased or paused to enforce the terms of peace agreements and to discourage combatants from resuming hostilities . Since the UN does not maintain its own military , peacekeeping forces are voluntarily provided by member states . These soldiers are sometimes nicknamed `` Blue Helmets '' for their distinctive gear . The peacekeeping force as a whole received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1988 . In September 2013 , the UN had peacekeeping soldiers deployed on 15 missions . The largest was the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo ( MONUSCO ) , which included 20,688 uniformed personnel . The smallest , United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan ( UNMOGIP ) , included 42 uniformed personnel responsible for monitoring the ceasefire in Jammu and Kashmir . UN peacekeepers with the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization ( UNTSO ) have been stationed in the Middle East since 1948 , the longest - running active peacekeeping mission . A study by the RAND Corporation in 2005 found the UN to be successful in two out of three peacekeeping efforts . It compared efforts at nation - building by the UN to those of the United States , and found that seven out of eight UN cases are at peace , as compared with four out of eight US cases at peace . Also in 2005 , the Human Security Report documented a decline in the number of wars , genocides , and human rights abuses since the end of the Cold War , and presented evidence , albeit circumstantial , that international activism -- mostly spearheaded by the UN -- has been the main cause of the decline in armed conflict in that period . Situations in which the UN has not only acted to keep the peace but also intervened include the Korean War ( 1950 -- 53 ) and the authorization of intervention in Iraq after the Gulf War ( 1990 -- 91 ) . UN Buffer Zone in Cyprus was established in 1974 following the Turkish invasion of Cyprus . The UN has also drawn criticism for perceived failures . In many cases , member states have shown reluctance to achieve or enforce Security Council resolutions . Disagreements in the Security Council about military action and intervention are seen as having failed to prevent the Bangladesh genocide in 1971 , the Cambodian genocide in the 1970s , and the Rwandan genocide in 1994 . Similarly , UN inaction is blamed for failing to either prevent the Srebrenica massacre in 1995 or complete the peacekeeping operations in 1992 -- 93 during the Somali Civil War . UN peacekeepers have also been accused of child rape , soliciting prostitutes , and sexual abuse during various peacekeeping missions in the Democratic Republic of the Congo , Haiti , Liberia , Sudan and what is now South Sudan , Burundi , and Ivory Coast . Scientists cited UN peacekeepers from Nepal as the likely source of the 2010 -- 13 Haiti cholera outbreak , which killed more than 8,000 Haitians following the 2010 Haiti earthquake . In addition to peacekeeping , the UN is also active in encouraging disarmament . Regulation of armaments was included in the writing of the UN Charter in 1945 and was envisioned as a way of limiting the use of human and economic resources for their creation . The advent of nuclear weapons came only weeks after the signing of the charter , resulting in the first resolution of the first General Assembly meeting calling for specific proposals for `` the elimination from national armaments of atomic weapons and of all other major weapons adaptable to mass destruction '' . The UN has been involved with arms - limitation treaties , such as the Outer Space Treaty ( 1967 ) , the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons ( 1968 ) , the Seabed Arms Control Treaty ( 1971 ) , the Biological Weapons Convention ( 1972 ) , the Chemical Weapons Convention ( 1992 ) , and the Ottawa Treaty ( 1997 ) , which prohibits landmines . Three UN bodies oversee arms proliferation issues : the International Atomic Energy Agency , the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons , and the Comprehensive Nuclear - Test - Ban Treaty Organization Preparatory Commission . Human rights One of the UN 's primary purposes is `` promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race , sex , language , or religion '' , and member states pledge to undertake `` joint and separate action '' to protect these rights . Eleanor Roosevelt with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Spanish , 1949 In 1948 , the General Assembly adopted a Universal Declaration of Human Rights , drafted by a committee headed by Franklin D. Roosevelt 's widow , Eleanor , and including the French lawyer René Cassin . The document proclaims basic civil , political , and economic rights common to all human beings , though its effectiveness towards achieving these ends has been disputed since its drafting . The Declaration serves as a `` common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations '' rather than a legally binding document , but it has become the basis of two binding treaties , the 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and International Covenant on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights . In practice , the UN is unable to take significant action against human rights abuses without a Security Council resolution , though it does substantial work in investigating and reporting abuses . In 1979 , the General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women , followed by the Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1989 . With the end of the Cold War , the push for human rights action took on new impetus . The United Nations Commission on Human Rights was formed in 1993 to oversee human rights issues for the UN , following the recommendation of that year 's World Conference on Human Rights . Jacques Fomerand , a scholar of the UN , describes this organization 's mandate as `` broad and vague '' , with only `` meagre '' resources to carry it out . In 2006 , it was replaced by a Human Rights Council consisting of 47 nations . Also in 2006 , the General Assembly passed a Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples , and in 2011 it passed its first resolution recognizing the rights of LGBT people . Other UN bodies responsible for women 's rights issues include United Nations Commission on the Status of Women , a commission of ECOSOC founded in 1946 ; the United Nations Development Fund for Women , created in 1976 ; and the United Nations International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women , founded in 1979 . The UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues , one of three bodies with a mandate to oversee issues related to indigenous peoples , held its first session in 2002 . Economic development and humanitarian assistance Millennium Development Goals Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Achieve universal primary education Promote gender equality and empower women Reduce child mortality Improve maternal health Combat HIV / AIDS , malaria , and other diseases Ensure environmental sustainability Develop a global partnership for development Another primary purpose of the UN is `` to achieve international co-operation in solving international problems of an economic , social , cultural , or humanitarian character '' . Numerous bodies have been created to work towards this goal , primarily under the authority of the General Assembly and ECOSOC . In 2000 , the 192 UN member states agreed to achieve eight Millennium Development Goals by 2015 . The UN Development Programme ( UNDP ) , an organization for grant - based technical assistance founded in 1945 , is one of the leading bodies in the field of international development . The organization also publishes the UN Human Development Index , a comparative measure ranking countries by poverty , literacy , education , life expectancy , and other factors . The Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) , also founded in 1945 , promotes agricultural development and food security . UNICEF ( the United Nations Children 's Fund ) was created in 1946 to aid European children after the Second World War and expanded its mission to provide aid around the world and to uphold the Convention on the Rights of the Child . Three former directors of the Global Smallpox Eradication Programme read the news that smallpox had been globally eradicated , 1980 The World Bank Group and International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) are independent , specialized agencies and observers within the UN framework , according to a 1947 agreement . They were initially formed separately from the UN through the Bretton Woods Agreement in 1944 . The World Bank provides loans for international development , while the IMF promotes international economic co-operation and gives emergency loans to indebted countries . In Jordan , UNHCR remains responsible for the Syrian refugees and the Zaatari refugee camp The World Health Organization ( WHO ) , which focuses on international health issues and disease eradication , is another of the UN 's largest agencies . In 1980 , the agency announced that the eradication of smallpox had been completed . In subsequent decades , WHO largely eradicated polio , river blindness , and leprosy . The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV / AIDS ( UNAIDS ) , begun in 1996 , co-ordinates the organization 's response to the AIDS epidemic . The UN Population Fund , which also dedicates part of its resources to combating HIV , is the world 's largest source of funding for reproductive health and family planning services . Along with the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement , the UN often takes a leading role in co-ordinating emergency relief . The World Food Programme ( WFP ) , created in 1961 , provides food aid in response to famine , natural disasters , and armed conflict . The organization reports that it feeds an average of 90 million people in 80 nations each year . The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) , established in 1950 , works to protect the rights of refugees , asylum seekers , and stateless people . UNHCR and WFP programmes are funded by voluntary contributions from governments , corporations , and individuals , though the UNHCR 's administrative costs are paid for by the UN 's primary budget . Other Since the UN 's creation , over 80 colonies have attained independence . The General Assembly adopted the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples in 1960 with no votes against but abstentions from all major colonial powers . The UN works towards decolonization through groups including the UN Committee on Decolonization , created in 1962 . The committee lists seventeen remaining `` Non-Self - Governing Territories '' , the largest and most populous of which is Western Sahara . Beginning with the formation of the UN Environmental Programme ( UNEP ) in 1972 , the UN has made environmental issues a prominent part of its agenda . A lack of success in the first two decades of UN work in this area led to the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , which sought to give new impetus to these efforts . In 1988 , the UNEP and the World Meteorological Organization ( WMO ) , another UN organization , established the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , which assesses and reports on research on global warming . The UN-sponsored Kyoto Protocol , signed in 1997 , set legally binding emissions reduction targets for ratifying states . The UN also declares and co-ordinates international observances , periods of time to observe issues of international interest or concern . Examples include World Tuberculosis Day , Earth Day , and the International Year of Deserts and Desertification . Funding Top 25 contributors to the United Nations budget for 2016 Member state Contribution ( % of UN budget ) United States 22.000 Japan 9.680 China 7.921 Germany 6.389 France 4.859 United Kingdom 4.463 Brazil 3.823 Italy 3.748 Russia 3.088 Canada 2.921 Spain 2.443 Australia 2.337 South Korea 2.039 Netherlands 1.482 Mexico 1.435 Saudi Arabia 1.146 Switzerland 1.140 Turkey 1.018 Sweden 0.956 Argentina 0.892 Belgium 0.885 Norway 0.849 Poland 0.841 India 0.737 Other member states 12.908 The UN is financed from assessed and voluntary contributions from member states . The General Assembly approves the regular budget and determines the assessment for each member . This is broadly based on the relative capacity of each country to pay , as measured by its gross national income ( GNI ) , with adjustments for external debt and low per capita income . The two - year budget for 2012 -- 13 was $5.512 billion in total . The Assembly has established the principle that the UN should not be unduly dependent on any one member to finance its operations . Thus , there is a `` ceiling '' rate , setting the maximum amount that any member can be assessed for the regular budget . In December 2000 , the Assembly revised the scale of assessments in response to pressure from the United States . As part of that revision , the regular budget ceiling was reduced from 25 % to 22 % . For the least developed countries ( LDCs ) , a ceiling rate of 0.01 % is applied . In addition to the ceiling rates , the minimum amount assessed to any member nation ( or `` floor '' rate ) is set at 0.001 % of the UN budget ( $55,120 for the two year budget 2013 -- 2014 ) . A large share of the UN 's expenditure addresses its core mission of peace and security , and this budget is assessed separately from the main organizational budget . The peacekeeping budget for the 2015 -- 16 fiscal year was $8.27 billion , supporting 82,318 troops deployed in 15 missions around the world . UN peace operations are funded by assessments , using a formula derived from the regular funding scale that includes a weighted surcharge for the five permanent Security Council members , who must approve all peacekeeping operations . This surcharge serves to offset discounted peacekeeping assessment rates for less developed countries . In 2017 , the top 8 providers of assessed financial contributions to UN peacekeeping operations were the United States ( 28.47 % ) , China ( 10.25 % ) , Japan ( 9.68 % ) , Germany ( 6.39 % ) , France ( 6.28 % ) , United Kingdom ( 5.77 % ) , Russian Federation ( 3.99 % ) and Italy ( 3.75 % ) . Special UN programmes not included in the regular budget , such as UNICEF and the World Food Programme , are financed by voluntary contributions from member governments , corporations , and private individuals . Evaluations , awards , and criticism Main articles : Reform of the United Nations and Reform of the United Nations Security Council See also : Criticism of the United Nations 2001 Nobel Peace Prize to the UN -- diploma in the lobby of the UN Headquarters in New York City A number of agencies and individuals associated with the UN have won the Nobel Peace Prize in recognition of their work . Two Secretaries - General , Dag Hammarskjöld and Kofi Annan , were each awarded the prize ( in 1961 and 2001 , respectively ) , as were Ralph Bunche ( 1950 ) , a UN negotiator , René Cassin ( 1968 ) , a contributor to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights , and the US Secretary of State Cordell Hull ( 1945 ) , the latter for his role in the organization 's founding . Lester B. Pearson , the Canadian Secretary of State for External Affairs , was awarded the prize in 1957 for his role in organizing the UN 's first peacekeeping force to resolve the Suez Crisis . UNICEF won the prize in 1965 , the International Labour Organization in 1969 , the UN Peace - Keeping Forces in 1988 , the International Atomic Energy Agency ( which reports to the UN ) in 2005 , and the UN-supported Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons in 2013 . The UN High Commissioner for Refugees was awarded in 1954 and 1981 , becoming one of only two recipients to win the prize twice . The UN as a whole was awarded the prize in 2001 , sharing it with Annan . To mark the UN 's 70th anniversary -- Budapest , 2015 Since its founding , there have been many calls for reform of the UN but little consensus on how to do so . Some want the UN to play a greater or more effective role in world affairs , while others want its role reduced to humanitarian work . There have also been numerous calls for the UN Security Council 's membership to be increased , for different ways of electing the UN 's Secretary - General , and for a UN Parliamentary Assembly . Jacques Fomerand states the most enduring divide in views of the UN is `` the North -- South split '' between richer Northern nations and developing Southern nations . Southern nations tend to favour a more empowered UN with a stronger General Assembly , allowing them a greater voice in world affairs , while Northern nations prefer an economically laissez - faire UN that focuses on transnational threats such as terrorism . After World War II , the French Committee of National Liberation was late to be recognized by the US as the government of France , and so the country was initially excluded from the conferences that created the new organization . The future French president Charles de Gaulle criticized the UN , famously calling it a machin ( `` contraption '' ) , and was not convinced that a global security alliance would help maintain world peace , preferring direct defence treaties between countries . Throughout the Cold War , both the US and USSR repeatedly accused the UN of favouring the other . In 1953 , the USSR effectively forced the resignation of Trygve Lie , the Secretary - General , through its refusal to deal with him , while in the 1950s and 1960s , a popular US bumper sticker read , `` You ca n't spell communism without U.N. '' In a sometimes - misquoted statement , President George W. Bush stated in February 2003 ( referring to UN uncertainty towards Iraqi provocations under the Saddam Hussein regime ) that `` free nations will not allow the UN to fade into history as an ineffective , irrelevant debating society . '' In contrast , the French President , François Hollande , stated in 2012 that `` France trusts the United Nations . She knows that no state , no matter how powerful , can solve urgent problems , fight for development and bring an end to all crises ... France wants the UN to be the centre of global governance . '' Critics such as Dore Gold , an Israeli diplomat , Robert S. Wistrich , a British scholar , Alan Dershowitz , an American legal scholar , Mark Dreyfus , an Australian politician , and the Anti-Defamation League consider UN attention to Israel 's treatment of Palestinians to be excessive . In September 2015 , Saudi Arabia 's Faisal bin Hassan Trad has been elected Chair of the UN Human Rights Council panel that appoints independent experts , a move criticized by human rights groups . Since 1971 , the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) has been excluded from the UN and since then has always been rejected in new applications . Citizens of this country are also not allowed to enter the buildings of the United Nations with the passport of Taiwan . In this way , critics agree that the UN is failing its own development goals and guidelines . This criticism also brought pressure from the People 's Republic of China , which regards the territories administered by Taiwan as their own territory . Critics have also accused the UN of bureaucratic inefficiency , waste , and corruption . In 1976 , the General Assembly established the Joint Inspection Unit to seek out inefficiencies within the UN system . During the 1990s , the US withheld dues citing inefficiency and only started repayment on the condition that a major reforms initiative was introduced . In 1994 , the Office of Internal Oversight Services ( OIOS ) was established by the General Assembly to serve as an efficiency watchdog . In 1994 , former Special Representative of the Secretary - General of the UN to Somalia Mohamed Sahnoun published `` Somalia : The Missed Opportunities '' , a book in which he analyses the reasons for the failure of the 1992 UN intervention in Somalia , showing that , between the start of the Somali civil war in 1988 and the fall of the Siad Barre regime in January 1991 , the UN missed at least three opportunities to prevent major human tragedies ; when the UN tried to provide humanitarian assistance , they were totally outperformed by NGOs , whose competence and dedication sharply contrasted with the UN 's excessive caution and bureaucratic inefficiencies . If radical reform was not undertaken , warned Mohamed Sahnoun , then the UN would continue to respond to such crisis with inept improvisation . In 2004 , the UN faced accusations that its recently ended Oil - for - Food Programme -- in which Iraq had been allowed to trade oil for basic needs to relieve the pressure of sanctions -- had suffered from widespread corruption , including billions of dollars of kickbacks . An independent inquiry created by the UN found that many of its officials had been involved , as well as raising `` significant '' questions about the role of Kojo Annan , the son of Kofi Annan . In evaluating the UN as a whole , Jacques Fomerand writes that the `` accomplishments of the United Nations in the last 60 years are impressive in their own terms . Progress in human development during the 20th century has been dramatic and the UN and its agencies have certainly helped the world become a more hospitable and livable place for millions . '' Evaluating the first 50 years of the UN 's history , the author Stanley Meisler writes that `` the United Nations never fulfilled the hopes of its founders , but it accomplished a great deal nevertheless '' , citing its role in decolonization and its many successful peacekeeping efforts . The British historian Paul Kennedy states that while the organization has suffered some major setbacks , `` when all its aspects are considered , the UN has brought great benefits to our generation and ... will bring benefits to our children 's and grandchildren 's generations as well . '' See also United Nations portal International relations portal International relations List of current Permanent Representatives to the United Nations Model United Nations United Nations in popular culture United Nations television film series World Summit on the Information Society List of country groupings List of multilateral free - trade agreements United Nations Memorial Cemetery Notes Jump up ^ This map does not represent the view of its members or the UN concerning the legal status of any country , nor does it accurately reflect which areas ' governments have UN representation . This map shows partially recognized states such as Kosovo or Taiwan as part of their claiming governments ( Serbia and China respectively ) Jump up ^ Roosevelt suggested the name as an alternative to the name `` Associated Powers . '' The British Prime Minister , Winston Churchill , accepted it , noting that the phase was used by Lord Byron in the poem Childe Harold 's Pilgrimage ( Stanza 35 ) . Jump up ^ Poland had not been represented among the fifty nations at the San Francisco conference due to the reluctance of the Western superpowers to recognize its post-war communist government . However , the Charter was later amended to list Poland as a founding member , and Poland ratified the Charter on 16 October 1945 . Jump up ^ For details on Vatican City 's status , see Holy See and the United Nations . References Citations Jump up ^ `` The World Today '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 18 June 2009 . The designations employed and the presentation of material on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country Jump up ^ Official Languages , www.un.org . Retrieved 22 May 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/international-organization/ , www.nationalgeographic.org . Retrieved 27 April 2017 ^ Jump up to : `` Charter of the United Nations United Nations '' . www.un.org . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of the United Nations United Nations '' . www.un.org . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Kennedy 2007 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Kennedy 2007 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Kennedy 2007 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Kennedy 2007 , pp. 13 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Hoopes & Brinkley 2000 , pp. 1 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Urquhart , Brian . Looking for the Sheriff . New York Review of Books , July 16 , 1998 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` 1942 : Declaration of The United Nations '' . United Nations . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Roll , David ( 4 January 2013 ) . The Hopkins Touch : Harry Hopkins and the Forging of the Alliance to Defeat Hitler . pp. 172 -- 175 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 13 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Sherwood 1948 , pp. 447 -- 453 . Jump up ^ Osmańczyk 2004 , p. 2445 . Jump up ^ Schlesinger 2003 . Jump up ^ Bohlen , C.E. ( 1973 ) . Witness to History , 1929 -- 1969 . New York . p. 159 . Jump up ^ Video : Allies Study Post-War Security Etc. ( 1944 ) . Universal Newsreel. 1944 . Retrieved November 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco -- the birthplace of the United Nations '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 1945 : The San Francisco Conference '' . United Nations . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` UN Milestones 1941 - 1950 '' . www.un.org . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Grant 2009 , pp. 25 -- 26 . Jump up ^ `` Poland and the United Nations '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland . Retrieved 29 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Fomerand 2009 , pp. 149 -- 151 . Jump up ^ Meisler 1995 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Meisler 1995 , pp. 58 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Meisler 1995 , pp. 51 -- 54 . ^ Jump up to : `` UN Milestones 1951 - 1960 '' . www.un.org . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Meisler 1995 , pp. 114 . Jump up ^ Meisler 1995 , pp. 115 -- 134 . Jump up ^ See Meisler , p. 76 ; Kennedy , p. 60 ; Fasulo , pp. 17 , 20 Jump up ^ Meisler 1995 , pp. 127 -- 128 , 134 . Jump up ^ Meisler 1995 , pp. 156 -- 157 . Jump up ^ Meisler 1995 , pp. 195 -- 197 . Jump up ^ Meisler 1995 , pp. 208 -- 210 . Jump up ^ Meisler 1995 , pp. 204 -- 226 , 213 , 220 -- 221 . Jump up ^ Meisler 1995 , pp. 167 -- 168 , 224 -- 225 . Jump up ^ Meisler 1995 , p. 286 . Jump up ^ `` Is China contributing to the United Nations ' mission ? '' . CSIS China Power . Jump up ^ Fasulo , p. 43 ; Meisler , p. 334 Jump up ^ Renner , Michael . `` Peacekeeping Operations Expenditures : 1947 -- 2005 '' ( PDF ) . Global Policy Forum . Jump up ^ Meisler , pp. 252 -- 56 Jump up ^ Meisler 1995 , pp. 264 -- 277 . Jump up ^ Meisler 1995 , p. 334 . Jump up ^ Kennedy 2007 , pp. 66 -- 67 . Jump up ^ For quotation `` worldwide ridicule '' , see Meisler , p. 293 ; for description of UN missions in Somalia and Bosnia , see Meisler , pp. 312 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Kennedy 2007 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Meisler 1995 , pp. 226 -- 227 . Jump up ^ Meisler 1995 , pp. 234 -- 237 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Paul ( 6 August 1996 ) . `` Jean Gerard , 58 , Reagan Envoy Who Led U.S. to Leave Unesco '' . New York Times . Retrieved 6 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Meisler 1995 , pp. 285 -- 286 . ^ Jump up to : `` Are UN reforms just reshuffling of the deck ? '' . New Straits Times . 16 January 1998 . Retrieved 5 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Kennedy 2007 , pp. 110 -- 111 . Jump up ^ Kennedy 2007 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Smith - Spark , Laura ( 8 October 2013 ) . `` Syria : Chemical weapons team faces many dangers , says UN chief Ban '' . CNN . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` UN failed during final days of Lankan ethnic war : Ban Ki - moon '' . FirstPost . Press Trust of India . 25 September 2013 . Retrieved 5 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` UN Milestones 2001 - 2010 '' . www.un.org . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` UN summit agenda ; The largest gathering of world leaders in history meets in New York to discuss the role of the United Nations in the 21st century '' . BBC News . 7 December 2000 . Retrieved 22 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 World Summit Outcome '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sustainable Development Goals '' . Un.org . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Communicating to a global constituency : UN Day in Paris '' . unu.edu . United Nations University . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Falk , Pamela . `` Can U.N. regain trust with an experiment in transparency ? '' . www.cbsnews.com . CBS News . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Guterres , António . `` U.N. SECRETARY - GENERAL ANTÓNIO GUTERRES : MY VISION FOR REVITALIZING THE UNITED NATIONS '' . Newsweek.com . Newsweek . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Fasulo 2004 , pp. 3 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Fasulo 2004 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations Visitors Centre '' . United Nations . 2017 . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations Office at Geneva '' . United Nations Office at Geneva . Retrieved 6 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the United Nations Office at Vienna ! '' . United Nations Office at Vienna . Retrieved 6 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the United Nations Office at Nairobi '' . United Nations Office at Nairobi . Retrieved 6 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` General Assembly of the United Nations -- Rules of Procedure '' . UN Department for General Assembly . Retrieved 15 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jerusalem Court : No Immunity for UN Employee for Private Acts -- Diplomatic / Consular Law and Sovereign Immunity in Israel '' . Diplomaticlaw.com. 23 March 2009 . Archived from the original on 28 June 2012 . Retrieved 27 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Fasulo 2004 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Fasulo 2004 , pp. 4 -- 7 . ^ Jump up to : Salaries , United Nations website Jump up ^ ILO : Noblemaire principle , Judgement 986 , consideration 7 , and Judgment 831 , Consideration 1 . Jump up ^ The Noblemaire principle , ICSC Jump up ^ Americans Working at the U.N , World , New York Times , 28 September 2009 Jump up ^ `` UN Charter : Chapter III '' . United Nations . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fomerand 2009 , pp. 131 -- 133 . Jump up ^ Fasulo 2004 , pp. 69 -- 70 . Jump up ^ `` General Assembly of the United Nations : Rules of Procedure : XII -- Plenary Meetings '' . United Nations . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . Decisions of the General Assembly on important questions shall be made by a two - thirds majority of the members present and voting . These questions shall include : recommendations with respect to the maintenance of international peace and security , the election of the non-permanent members of the Security Council , the election of the members of the Economic and Social Council , the election of members of the Trusteeship Council in accordance with paragraph 1 c of Article 86 of the Charter , the admission of new Members to the United Nations , the suspension of the rights and privileges of membership , the expulsion of Members , questions relating to the operation of the trusteeship system , and budgetary questions . Jump up ^ Fasulo 2004 , pp. 70 -- 73 . ^ Jump up to : `` United Nations Charter : Chapter V '' . United Nations . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Fasulo 2004 , pp. 39 -- 43 . Jump up ^ `` Members of the United Nations Security Council '' . United Nations . Retrieved 29 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Fasulo 2004 , pp. 40 -- 41 . Jump up ^ `` Security Council Presidency in 2017 '' . United Nations . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Fasulo 2004 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Fomerand 2009 , p. 285 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations Charter : Chapter XV '' . United Nations . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Meisler 1995 , pp. 31 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Kennedy 2007 , pp. 59 -- 62 . Jump up ^ `` Appointment Process '' . United Nations . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Former Secretaries - General '' . United Nations . Retrieved 6 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fomerand 2009 , p. 183 . Jump up ^ Fasulo 2004 , pp. 100 -- 101 . Jump up ^ `` The Court '' . International Court of Justice . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fomerand 2009 , pp. 103 -- 104 . Jump up ^ `` About ECOSOC '' . ECOSOC . Retrieved 5 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Fasulo 2004 , pp. 153 -- 155 . Jump up ^ Fasulo 2004 , p. 156 . ^ Jump up to : `` United Nations Charter : Chapter IX '' . United Nations . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Fasulo 2004 , pp. 171 -- 177 . Jump up ^ `` Growth in United Nations membership , 1945 -- present '' . United Nations . Jump up ^ `` UN welcomes South Sudan as 193rd Member State '' . United Nations . 28 June 2006 . Retrieved 4 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations Member States '' . United Nations . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charter of the United Nations : Chapter II '' . United Nations . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Non-member States '' . United Nations . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Repertory of Practice '' . United Nations . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Member States of the Group of 77 '' . Retrieved 7 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` About the G77 '' . Group of 77 . Retrieved 5 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Fasulo 2004 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Coulon 1998 , p. ix . Jump up ^ Nobel Prize . `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1988 '' . Retrieved 3 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` United Nations Peacekeeping Operations '' . United Nations . 29 February 2016 . Retrieved 24 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The UN 's Role in Nation Building : From the Congo to Iraq '' ( PDF ) . RAND Corporation . Retrieved 30 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Human Security Report 2005 '' . Human Security Centre . Archived from the original on 28 July 2009 . Retrieved 8 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Kennedy 2007 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Ball 2011 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Kennedy 2007 , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Kennedy 2007 , pp. 102 -- 105 . Jump up ^ Meisler 1995 , pp. 294 -- 311 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Colum ( 16 December 2004 ) . `` U.N. Sexual Abuse Alleged in Congo '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 21 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` UN troops face child abuse claims '' . BBC News . 30 November 2006 . Retrieved 21 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Aid workers in Liberia accused of sex abuse '' . The New York Times . 8 May 2006 . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Holt , Kate ( 4 January 2007 ) . `` UN staff accused of raping children in Sudan '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 21 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Peacekeepers ' abusing children ' '' . BBC News . 28 May 2007 . Retrieved 21 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Watson , Ivan ; Vaccarello , Joe ( 10 October 2013 ) . `` U.N. sued for ' bringing cholera to Haiti , ' causing outbreak that killed thousands '' . CNN . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Resolutions Adopted by the General Assembly During its First Session '' . United Nations . Retrieved 24 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Fasulo 2004 , pp. 188 -- 189 . Jump up ^ Fasulo 2004 , pp. 189 -- 190 . ^ Jump up to : `` United Nations Charter : Chapter I '' . United Nations . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Kennedy 2007 , pp. 178 -- 182 . Jump up ^ Fomerand 2009 , p. 377 . Jump up ^ Kennedy 2007 , pp. 185 , 188 . Jump up ^ Fomerand 2009 , pp. 70 , 73 . Jump up ^ Kennedy 2007 , p. 192 . Jump up ^ Fomerand 2009 , p. 347 . Jump up ^ `` UN creates new human rights body '' . BBC News . 15 March 2006 . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions : Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Jordans , Frank ( 17 June 2011 ) . `` U.N. Gay Rights Protection Resolution Passes , Hailed As ' Historic Moment ' '' . The Huffington Post . Associated Press . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Fomerand 2009 , pp. 57 , 194 , 341 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues '' . United Nations . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` We Can End Poverty '' . United Nations . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Kennedy 2007 , pp. 143 -- 144 . Jump up ^ `` The UN Millennium Development Goals '' . United Nations . Retrieved 4 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Fasulo 2004 , pp. 169 -- 170 , 172 . Jump up ^ Fomerand 2009 , pp. 341 -- 342 . Jump up ^ Fomerand 2009 , p. 126 . Jump up ^ `` About UNICEF : Who we are : Our History '' . UNICEF . Retrieved 21 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` About UNICEF : Who We Are '' . UNICEF . Retrieved 21 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` About Us -- United Nations '' . The World Bank . 30 June 2003 . Retrieved 2 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Fomerand 2009 , pp. 175 , 191 -- 192 . Jump up ^ Fasulo 2004 , pp. 176 -- 177 . Jump up ^ Fomerand 2009 , pp. 199 -- 200 . Jump up ^ Fomerand 2009 , p. 368 . ^ Jump up to : Fasulo 2004 , p. 183 . Jump up ^ `` Our Work '' . World Food Programme . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Fomerand 2009 , pp. 348 , 398 . Jump up ^ `` The United Nations and Decolonization '' . United Nations . Retrieved 6 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Non-Self - Governing Territories '' . United Nations . Retrieved 7 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Kennedy 2007 , pp. 160 -- 162 . Jump up ^ `` Organizations '' . Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Retrieved 21 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Fasulo 2004 , p. 179 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations Observances '' . United Nations . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Assessment of Member States ' advances to the Working Capital Fund for the biennium 2016 - 2017 and contributions to the United Nations regular budget for 2016 '' . UN Secretariat. 28 December 2015 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 April 2016 . Retrieved 28 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fifth Committee Approves Assessment Scale for Regular , Peacekeeping Budgets , Texts on Common System , Pension Fund , as it Concludes Session ( Press Release ) '' . United Nations . 22 December 2006 . Retrieved 8 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Regular Budget 2012 -- 2013 '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . Retrieved 9 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Fasulo 2004 , p. 117 . Jump up ^ Weiss & Daws 2009 , p. 682 . Jump up ^ Fasulo 2004 , p. 115 . Jump up ^ `` Financing peacekeeping . United Nations Peacekeeping '' . www.un.org . Jump up ^ `` Where Your Money Goes '' . World Food Programme . Retrieved 9 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Overall funding trends '' . UNICEF. 21 January 2013 . Retrieved 9 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` All Nobel Peace Prizes '' . Nobel Prize . Retrieved 5 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Fomerand 2009 , p. civ . Jump up ^ Gerbet , Pierre ( 1995 ) . `` Naissance des Nations Unies '' . Espoir ( in French ) ( 102 ) . Archived from the original on 10 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Meisler 1995 , pp. 72 -- 73 , 82 . Jump up ^ Greene , David L. ( 14 February 2003 ) . `` Bush implores U.N. to show ' backbone ' '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved 12 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Singh , Jasvir ( 2008 ) . Problem of Ethicity : Role of United Nations in Kosovo Crisis . Unistar Books . p. 150 . ISBN 9788171427017 . Retrieved 12 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Normand , Roger ; Zaidi , Sarah ( 13 February 2003 ) . Human Rights at the UN : The Political History of Universal Justice . Indiana University Press . p. 455 . ISBN 0253000114 . Retrieved 12 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` France 's role at the UN '' . Permanent Mission of France to the United Nations . Retrieved 25 November 2013 . Jump up ^ For Gold , see Gold , p. 20 For Wistrich , see Wistrich , p. 487 For Dershowitz , see Dershowitz , Alan . The Case for Peace : How the Arab - Israeli Conflict Can Be Resolved . Hoboken : John Wiley & Sons , Inc. , 2005 . For Dreyfus , see `` Do n't be lynch mob , lawyers urge U.N. . '' Archived 10 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine . JTA. 8 July 2009 . For Anti-Defamation League , see `` ADL : UN Human Rights Council Resolution Reveals ' Cancerous Bias ' Against Israel . '' Archived 2 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine . ADL. 7 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` UK helped Saudi Arabia get UN human rights role through ' secret deal ' to exchange votes , leaked documents suggest '' . The Independent . 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` U.N. Watchdog Slams ' Scandalous ' Choice of Saudi Arabia to Head Human Rights Panel '' . Yahoo News . 21 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` When Beheading Wo n't Do the Job , the Saudis Resort to Crucifixion `` . The Atlantic . 24 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Lee , David Tawei . `` The United Nations Needs to Treat Taiwan Fairly '' . The National Interest . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Moody , John ( 2017 - 07 - 14 ) . `` UN tours open to terror and thug states - but not Taiwan '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Reddy , Shravanti ( 29 October 2002 ) . `` Watchdog Organization Struggles to Decrease UN Bureaucracy '' . Global Policy Forum . Retrieved 21 September 2006 . Jump up ^ USIP Press Books , October 1994 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 878379 - 35 - 1 Jump up ^ Book Review by Gail M. Gerhart in Foreign Affairs , March / April 1995 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Q&A : Oil - for - food scandal '' . BBC News . 7 September 2005 . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Fomerand 2009 , pp. cviii . Jump up ^ Meisler 1995 , p. 339 . Jump up ^ Kennedy 2007 , p. 290 . Bibliography Ball , Howard ( 2011 ) . Genocide : A Reference Handbook . Contemporary World Issues . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 488 - 7 . Coulon , Jocelyn ( 1998 ) . Soldiers of Diplomacy : The United Nations , Peacekeeping , and the New World Order . University of Toronto Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 0899 - 2 . Fasulo , Linda ( 2004 ) . An Insider 's Guide to the UN . New Haven , Connecticut : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 10155 - 3 . Fomerand , Jacques ( 2009 ) . The A to Z of the United Nations . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 5547 - 2 . Gold , Dore ( 2004 ) . Tower of Babble : How the United Nations Has Fueled Global Chaos . New York : Crown Forum . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 5475 - 6 . Grant , Thomas D. ( 2009 ) . Admission to the United Nations : Charter Article 4 and the Rise of Universal Organization . Legal Aspects of International Organization . 50 . Leiden , Netherlands : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . ISBN 978 - 900417363 - 7 . ISSN 0924 - 4883 . Hoopes , Townsend ; Brinkley , Douglas ( 2000 ) ( 1997 ) . FDR and the Creation of the U.N . New Haven , Connecticut : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 08553 - 2 . Kennedy , Paul ( 2007 ) ( 2006 ) . The Parliament of Man : The Past , Present , and Future of the United Nations . New York : Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 70341 - 6 . Manchester , William ; Reid , Paul ( 2012 ) . The Last Lion : Winston Spencer Churchill . Volume 3 : Defender of the Realm , 1940 -- 1965 . New York : Little Brown and Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 54770 - 3 . Meisler , Stanley ( 1995 ) . United Nations : The First Fifty Years . New York : Atlantic Monthly Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87113 - 616 - 9 . Mires , Charlene ( 2013 ) . Capital of the World : The Race to Host the United Nations . New York University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 0794 - 4 . Osmańczyk , Edmund Jan ( 2004 ) . Mango , Anthony , ed . Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements. 4 . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 93924 - 9 . Schlesinger , Stephen C. ( 2003 ) . Act of Creation : The Founding of the United Nations : A Story of Super Powers , Secret Agents , Wartime Allies and Enemies , and Their Quest for a Peaceful World . Boulder , Colorado : Westview Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8133 - 3324 - 3 . Sherwood , Robert E. ( 1948 ) . Roosevelt and Hopkins : An Intimate History . New York : Harper and Brothers . Weiss , Thomas G. ; Daws , Sam , eds. ( 2009 ) ( 2007 ) . The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 956010 - 3 . Wistrich , Robert S. ( 2010 ) . A Lethal Obsession : Anti-Semitism from Antiquity to the Global Jihad . New York : Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 6097 - 9 . Further reading Lowe , Vaughan ; Roberts , Adam ; Welsh , Jennifer ; Zaum , Dominik , eds. ( 2008 ) . The United Nations Security Council and War : The Evolution of Thought and Practice since 1945 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 953343 - 5 . Roberts , Adam ; Kingsbury , Benedict , eds. ( 1994 ) . United Nations , Divided World : The UN 's Roles in International Relations ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 827926 - 6 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the united nations formed and why	[ "The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization tasked to promote international cooperation and to create and maintain international order. A replacement for the ineffective League of Nations, the organization was established on 24 October 1945 after World War II with the aim of preventing another such conflict. At its founding, the UN had 51 member states; there are now 193. The headquarters of the UN is in Manhattan, New York City, and is subject to extraterritoriality. Further main offices are situated in Geneva, Nairobi, and Vienna. The organization is financed by assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states. Its objectives include maintaining international peace and security, promoting human rights, fostering social and economic development, protecting the environment, and providing humanitarian aid in cases of famine, natural disaster, and armed conflict. The UN is the largest, most familiar, most internationally represented and most powerful intergovernmental organization in the world.[3]", "The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization tasked to promote international cooperation and to create and maintain international order. A replacement for the ineffective League of Nations, the organization was established on 24 October 1945 after World War II with the aim of preventing another such conflict. At its founding, the UN had 51 member states; there are now 193. The headquarters of the UN is in Manhattan, New York City, and is subject to extraterritoriality. Further main offices are situated in Geneva, Nairobi, and Vienna. The organization is financed by assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states. Its objectives include maintaining international peace and security, promoting human rights, fostering social and economic development, protecting the environment, and providing humanitarian aid in cases of famine, natural disaster, and armed conflict. The UN is the largest, most familiar, most internationally represented and most powerful intergovernmental organization in the world.[3]", "The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization tasked to promote international cooperation and to create and maintain international order. A replacement for the ineffective League of Nations, the organization was established on 24 October 1945 after World War II with the aim of preventing another such conflict. At its founding, the UN had 51 member states; there are now 193. The headquarters of the UN is in Manhattan, New York City, and is subject to extraterritoriality. Further main offices are situated in Geneva, Nairobi, and Vienna. The organization is financed by assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states. Its objectives include maintaining international peace and security, promoting human rights, fostering social and economic development, protecting the environment, and providing humanitarian aid in cases of famine, natural disaster, and armed conflict. The UN is the largest, most familiar, most internationally represented and most powerful intergovernmental organization in the world.[3]", "The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization tasked to promote international cooperation and to create and maintain international order. A replacement for the ineffective League of Nations, the organization was established on 24 October 1945 after World War II with the aim of preventing another such conflict. At its founding, the UN had 51 member states; there are now 193. The headquarters of the UN is in Manhattan, New York City, and is subject to extraterritoriality. Further main offices are situated in Geneva, Nairobi, and Vienna. The organization is financed by assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states. Its objectives include maintaining international peace and security, promoting human rights, fostering social and economic development, protecting the environment, and providing humanitarian aid in cases of famine, natural disaster, and armed conflict. The UN is the largest, most familiar, most internationally represented and most powerful intergovernmental organization in the world.[3]", "The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization tasked to promote international cooperation and to create and maintain international order. A replacement for the ineffective League of Nations, the organization was established on 24 October 1945 after World War II with the aim of preventing another such conflict. At its founding, the UN had 51 member states; there are now 193. The headquarters of the UN is in Manhattan, New York City, and is subject to extraterritoriality. Further main offices are situated in Geneva, Nairobi, and Vienna. The organization is financed by assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states. Its objectives include maintaining international peace and security, promoting human rights, fostering social and economic development, protecting the environment, and providing humanitarian aid in cases of famine, natural disaster, and armed conflict. The UN is the largest, most familiar, most internationally represented and most powerful intergovernmental organization in the world.[3]", "The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization tasked to promote international cooperation and to create and maintain international order. A replacement for the ineffective League of Nations, the organization was established on 24 October 1945 after World War II with the aim of preventing another such conflict. At its founding, the UN had 51 member states; there are now 193. The headquarters of the UN is in Manhattan, New York City, and is subject to extraterritoriality. Further main offices are situated in Geneva, Nairobi, and Vienna. The organization is financed by assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states. Its objectives include maintaining international peace and security, promoting human rights, fostering social and economic development, protecting the environment, and providing humanitarian aid in cases of famine, natural disaster, and armed conflict. The UN is the largest, most familiar, most internationally represented and most powerful intergovernmental organization in the world.[3]" ]	[ "24 October 1945", "maintaining international peace and security", "promoting human rights", "fostering social and economic development", "protecting the environment", "providing humanitarian aid in cases of famine, natural disaster, and armed conflict" ]
3120546075915982920	Mile run world record progression	Mile run world record Progression - wikipedia Mile run world record Progression Jump to : navigation , search The world record in the mile run is the best mark set by a male or female runner in the middle - distance track and field event . The IAAF is the official body which oversees the records . Hicham El Guerrouj is the current men 's record holder with his time of 3 : 43.13 , while Svetlana Masterkova has the women 's record of 4 : 12.56 . Since 1976 , the mile has been the only non-metric distance recognized by the IAAF for record purposes . Accurate times for the mile run ( 1.609344 km ) were not recorded until after 1850 , when the first precisely measured running tracks were built . Foot racing had become popular in England by the 17th century , when footmen would race and their masters would wager on the result . By the 19th century `` pedestrianism '' , as it was called , had become extremely popular and the best times recorded in the period were by professionals . Even after professional foot racing died out , it was not until 1915 that the professional record of 4 : 123⁄4 ( set by Walter George in 1886 ) was surpassed by an amateur . Progression of the mile record accelerated in the 1930s as newsreel coverage greatly popularized the sport , making stars out of milers such as Jules Ladoumègue , Jack Lovelock , and Glenn Cunningham . In the 1940s , Swedes Arne Andersson and Gunder Hägg lowered the record to just over four minutes ( 4 : 01.4 ) while racing was curtailed during World War II in the combatant countries . After the war , John Landy of Australia and Britain 's Roger Bannister vied to be the first to break the fabled four - minute mile barrier . Roger Bannister did it first on May 6 , 1954 , and John Landy followed 46 days later . By the end of the 20th century , the record had been lowered to the time of 3 : 43.13 run by Hicham El Guerrouj of Morocco in 1999 . On the women 's side , the first sub-5 : 00 mile was achieved by Britain 's Diane Leather 23 days after Bannister 's first sub-4 : 00 mile . However , the International Association of Athletics Federations ( IAAF ) did not recognize women 's records for the distance until 1967 , when Anne Smith of Britain ran 4 : 37.0 . The current women 's world record is 4 : 12.56 by Svetlana Masterkova of Russia , set on August 14 , 1996 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Men 1.1 Pre-IAAF 1.2 Professionals 1.3 Amateurs 1.4 IAAF era 2 Women 2.1 Pre-IAAF 2.2 Women 's IAAF era 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Men ( edit ) Pre-IAAF ( edit ) Professionals ( edit ) Time Athlete Nationality Date Venue 4 : 28 Charles Westhall United Kingdom 26 July 1855 London 4 : 28 Thomas Horspool United Kingdom 28 September 1857 Manchester 4 : 23 Thomas Horspool United Kingdom 12 July 1858 Manchester 4 : 221⁄4 Siah Albison United Kingdom 27 October 1860 Manchester 4 : 213⁄4 William Lang United Kingdom 11 July 1863 Manchester 4 : 201⁄2 Edward Mills United Kingdom 23 April 1864 Manchester 4 : 20 Edward Mills United Kingdom 25 June 1864 Manchester 4 : 171⁄4 William Lang United Kingdom 19 August 1865 Manchester 4 : 171⁄4 William Richards United Kingdom 19 August 1865 Manchester 4 : 16 1 / 5 William Cummings United Kingdom 14 May 1881 Preston 4 : 123⁄4 Walter George United Kingdom 23 August 1886 London Amateurs ( edit ) Time Athlete Nationality Date Venue 4 : 55 J. Heaviside United Kingdom 1 April 1861 Dublin 4 : 49 J. Heaviside United Kingdom 27 May 1861 Dublin 4 : 46 Matthew Greene United Kingdom 27 May 1861 Dublin 4 : 33 George Farran United Kingdom 23 May 1862 Dublin 4 : 29 3 / 5 Walter Chinnery United Kingdom 10 March 1868 Cambridge 4 : 28 4 / 5 Walter Gibbs United Kingdom 3 April 1868 London 4 : 28 3 / 5 Charles Gunton United Kingdom 31 March 1873 London 4 : 26 0 / 5 Walter Slade United Kingdom 30 May 1874 London 4 : 241⁄2 Walter Slade United Kingdom 1 June 1875 London 4 : 23 1 / 5 Walter George United Kingdom 16 August 1880 London 4 : 19 2 / 5 Walter George United Kingdom 3 June 1882 London 4 : 18 2 / 5 Walter George United Kingdom 21 June 1884 Birmingham 4 : 17 4 / 5 Thomas Conneff United Kingdom 26 August 1893 Cambridge 4 : 17 0 / 5 Fred Bacon United Kingdom 6 July 1895 London 4 : 15 3 / 5 Thomas Conneff United Kingdom 28 August 1895 New York City 4 : 15 2 / 5 John Paul Jones United States 27 May 1911 Cambridge As there was no recognized official sanctioning body until 1912 , there are several versions of the mile progression before that year . One version starts with Richard Webster ( GBR ) who ran 4 : 36.5 in 1865 , surpassed by Chinnery in 1868 . Another variation of the amateur record progression pre-1862 is as follows : Time Athlete Nationality Date Venue 4 : 52 Cadet Marshall United Kingdom 2 September 1852 Addiscome 4 : 45 Thomas Finch United Kingdom 3 November 1858 Oxford 4 : 45 St. Vincent Hammick United Kingdom 15 November 1858 Oxford 4 : 40 Gerald Surman United Kingdom 24 November 1859 Oxford 4 : 33 George Farran United Kingdom 23 May 1862 Dublin IAAF era ( edit ) The first world record in the mile for men ( athletics ) was recognized by the International Amateur Athletics Federation , now known as the International Association of Athletics Federations , in 1913 . To June 21 , 2009 , the IAAF has ratified 32 world records in the event . Time Auto Athlete Nationality Date Venue 4 : 14.4 John Paul Jones United States 31 May 1913 Allston , Mass . 4 : 12.6 Norman Taber United States 16 July 1915 Allston , Mass . 4 : 10.4 Paavo Nurmi Finland 23 August 1923 Stockholm 4 : 09.2 Jules Ladoumègue France 4 October 1931 Paris 4 : 07.6 Jack Lovelock New Zealand 15 July 1933 Princeton , N.J. 4 : 06.8 Glenn Cunningham United States 16 June 1934 Princeton , N.J. 4 : 06.4 Sydney Wooderson United Kingdom 28 August 1937 Motspur Park 4 : 06.2 Gunder Hägg Sweden 1 July 1942 Gothenburg 4 : 06.2 Arne Andersson Sweden 10 July 1942 Stockholm 4 : 04.6 Gunder Hägg Sweden 4 September 1942 Stockholm 4 : 02.6 Arne Andersson Sweden 1 July 1943 Gothenburg 4 : 01.6 Arne Andersson Sweden 18 July 1944 Malmö 4 : 01.4 Gunder Hägg Sweden 17 July 1945 Malmö 3 : 59.4 Roger Bannister United Kingdom 6 May 1954 Oxford 3 : 58.0 John Landy Australia 21 June 1954 Turku 3 : 57.2 Derek Ibbotson United Kingdom 19 July 1957 London 3 : 54.5 Herb Elliott Australia 6 August 1958 Dublin 3 : 54.4 Peter Snell New Zealand 27 January 1962 Wanganui 3 : 54.1 3 : 54.04 Peter Snell New Zealand 17 November 1964 Auckland 3 : 53.6 Michel Jazy France 9 June 1965 Rennes 3 : 51.3 Jim Ryun United States 17 July 1966 Berkeley , Cal . 3 : 51.1 Jim Ryun United States 23 June 1967 Bakersfield , Cal . 3 : 51.0 Filbert Bayi Tanzania 17 May 1975 Kingston 3 : 49.4 John Walker New Zealand 12 August 1975 Gothenburg 3 : 49.0 3 : 48.95 Sebastian Coe United Kingdom 17 July 1979 Oslo 3 : 48.8 Steve Ovett United Kingdom 1 July 1980 Oslo 3 : 48.53 Sebastian Coe United Kingdom 19 August 1981 Zürich 3 : 48.40 Steve Ovett United Kingdom 26 August 1981 Koblenz 3 : 47.33 Sebastian Coe United Kingdom 28 August 1981 Brussels 3 : 46.32 Steve Cram United Kingdom 27 July 1985 Oslo 3 : 44.39 Noureddine Morceli Algeria 5 September 1993 Rieti 3 : 43.13 Hicham El Guerrouj Morocco 7 July 1999 Rome Records for the mile were rounded up to the nearest tenth of a second commencing January 1 , 1957 . Previously , records were rounded up to the nearest fifth of a second . Those rounded - up marks were : Cunningham 's 4 : 06.8 ( timed at 4 : 06.7 ) ; Hägg 's 4 : 06.2 ( 4 : 06.1 ) ; Hägg 's 4 : 01.4 ( 4 : 01.3 ) ; Landy 's 3 : 58.0 ( 3 : 57.9 ) . Landy 's mark was not retroactively adjusted when the new rule came into effect . Auto times to the hundredth of a second were accepted by the IAAF for events up to and including 10,000 m beginning in 1981 . Women ( edit ) Pre-IAAF ( edit ) Time Athlete Nationality Date Venue 6 : 13.2 Elizabeth Atkinson United Kingdom 24 June 1921 Manchester 5 : 27.5 Ruth Christmas United Kingdom 20 August 1932 London 5 : 24.0 Gladys Lunn United Kingdom 1 June 1936 Brentwood 5 : 23.0 Gladys Lunn United Kingdom 18 July 1936 London 5 : 20.8 Gladys Lunn United Kingdom 8 May 1937 Dudley 5 : 17.0 Gladys Lunn United Kingdom 7 August 1937 London 5 : 15.3 Evelyn Forster United Kingdom 22 July 1939 London 5 : 11.0 Anne Oliver United Kingdom 14 June 1952 London 5 : 09.8 Enid Harding United Kingdom 4 June 1953 London 5 : 08.0 Anne Oliver United Kingdom 12 September 1953 Consett 5 : 02.6 Diane Leather United Kingdom 30 September 1953 London 5 : 00.3 Edith Treybal Romania 1 November 1953 Timisoara 5 : 00.2 Diane Leather United Kingdom 26 May 1954 Birmingham 4 : 59.6 Diane Leather United Kingdom 29 May 1954 Birmingham 4 : 50.8 Diane Leather United Kingdom 24 May 1955 London 4 : 45.0 Diane Leather United Kingdom 21 September 1955 London 4 : 41.4 Marise Chamberlain New Zealand 8 December 1962 Perth 4 : 39.2 Anne Smith United Kingdom 13 May 1967 London Women 's IAAF era ( edit ) The first world record in the mile for women ( athletics ) was recognized by the International Amateur Athletics Federation , now known as the International Association of Athletics Federations , in 1967 . To June 21 , 2009 , the IAAF has ratified 13 world records in the event . Time Auto Athlete Nationality Date Venue 4 : 37.0 Anne Smith United Kingdom 3 June 1967 London 4 : 36.8 Maria Gommers Netherlands 14 June 1969 Leicester 4 : 35.3 Ellen Tittel West Germany 20 August 1971 Sittard 4 : 29.5 Paola Pigni Italy 8 August 1973 Viareggio 4 : 23.8 Natalia Mărășescu Romania 21 May 1977 Bucharest 4 : 22.1 4 : 22.09 Natalia Mărășescu Romania 27 January 1979 Auckland 4 : 21.7 4 : 21.68 Mary Decker United States 26 January 1980 Auckland 4 : 20.89 Lyudmila Veselkova Soviet Union 12 September 1981 Bologna 4 : 18.08 Mary Decker - Tabb United States 9 July 1982 Paris 4 : 17.44 Maricica Puică Romania 9 September 1982 Rieti 4 : 16.71 Mary Decker - Slaney United States 21 August 1985 Zürich 4 : 15.61 Paula Ivan Romania 10 July 1989 Nice 4 : 12.56 Svetlana Masterkova Russia 14 August 1996 Zürich The IAAF recognized times to the hundredth of a second starting in 1981 . Decker ran 4 : 17.55 in Houston on 16 February 1980 , and Natalya Artyomova ( Soviet Union ) ran 4 : 15.8 in Leningrad on 6 August 1984 , but neither time was ratified by the IAAF . See also ( edit ) World record progression 1500 metres References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 100 Metres - men - senior - outdoor - 2013 '' . iaaf.org . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` International Association of Athletics Federations '' . IAAF . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` World Mile Record Progression '' . Berkshire Sports . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Progression of world record times for males '' . sta.colostate.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` 12th IAAF World Championships In Athletics : IAAF Statistics Handbook . Berlin 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Monte Carlo : IAAF Media & Public Relations Department . 2009 . pp. Pages 546 , 549 -- 50 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved August 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hymans , Richard ; Matrahazi , Imre . `` IAAF World Records Progression '' ( pdf ) ( 2015 ed . ) . International Association of Athletics Federations . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 12th IAAF World Championships In Athletics : IAAF Statistics Handbook . Berlin 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Monte Carlo : IAAF Media & Public Relations Department . 2009 . pp. Pages 546 , 642 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved August 4 , 2009 . Further reading ( edit ) Bascomb , Neil ( 2004 ) . The Perfect Mile . Willow . ISBN 978 - 0 - 0071737 - 3 - 0 . Bryant , John ( 2004 ) . 3 : 59.4 The Quest To Break The Four Minute Mile . Hutchinson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 0918003 - 3 - 8 . Nelson , Cordner ; Quercetani , Roberto ( 1985 ) . The Milers . Tafnews Press . ISBN 0 - 911521 - 15 - 1 . Phillips , Bob ( 2004 ) . 3 : 59.4 The Quest For The Four - Minute Mile . Parrs Wood Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 9031584 - 9 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Runner 's World data Running Times Magazine data Frankfurt University ( in German ) ( Internet Archive ) Women 's progression Another women 's mile progression Frankfurt University ( Women 's progression ) ( in German ) ( Internet Archive ) Clips of Banister 's 4 minute mile Video of current Men 's world record by Hicham El Guerrouj ( hide ) Athletics record progressions World 60 metres men women 100 metres men women 200 metres men women 400 metres men women 800 metres 1000 metres 1500 metres 2000 metres Mile run 3000 metres men women 5000 metres 10,000 metres 10K Half marathon Marathon Women 's 80 metres hurdles 110 / 100 metres hurdles men women 400 metres hurdles men women 3000 metres steeplechase High jump men outdoor men indoor women Long jump Triple jump Pole vault men men indoor women women indoor Shot put men women Discus men women Hammer men women Javelin men women Decathlon Heptathlon men women Pentathlon 10 km walk men women 20 km walk men women 50 km walk men women 4 × 100 metres men women 4 × 200 metres men 4 × 400 metres men women European 100 metres men 200 metres men 400 metres men 800 metres men 1500 metres men 5000 metres men List of world records in athletics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mile_run_world_record_progression&oldid=840262870 '' Categories : Athletics ( track and field ) record progressions World records in athletics Mile races Hidden categories : Articles with German - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Русский Slovenščina Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 8 May 2018 , at 19 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	whats the world record for running a mile	[ "The world record in the mile run is the best mark set by a male or female runner in the middle-distance track and field event. The IAAF is the official body which oversees the records. Hicham El Guerrouj is the current men's record holder with his time of 3:43.13, while Svetlana Masterkova has the women's record of 4:12.56.[1] Since 1976, the mile has been the only non-metric distance recognized by the IAAF for record purposes." ]	[ "3:43.13" ]
7420058878812550273	Cis–trans isomerism	Cis -- trans isomerism - wikipedia Cis -- trans isomerism Jump to : navigation , search `` Cis - trans '' redirects here . For other uses , see Cis ( disambiguation ) . cis - but - 2 - ene trans - but - 2 - ene Cis -- trans isomerism , also known as geometric isomerism or configurational isomerism , is a term used in organic chemistry . The prefixes `` cis '' and `` trans '' are from Latin . In the context of chemistry , cis indicates that the functional groups are on the same side of the carbon chain while trans conveys that functional groups are on opposing sides of the carbon chain . Cis - trans isomers are stereoisomers , that is , pairs of molecules which have the same formula but whose functional groups are rotated into a different orientation in three - dimensional space . It is not to be confused with E -- Z isomerism , which is an absolute stereochemical description , and only to be used with alkenes . In general , stereoisomers contain double bonds that can not rotate , or they may contain ring structures , where the rotation of bonds is restricted or prevented . Cis and trans isomers occur both in organic molecules and in inorganic coordination complexes . Cis and trans descriptors are not used for cases of conformational isomerism where the two geometric forms easily interconvert , such as most open - chain single - bonded structures ; instead , the terms `` syn '' and `` anti '' would be used . The term `` geometric isomerism '' is considered an obsolete synonym of `` cis -- trans isomerism '' by IUPAC . Contents ( hide ) 1 Organic chemistry 1.1 Comparison of physical properties 1.1. 1 Stability 1.2 E / Z notation 2 Inorganic chemistry 2.1 Diazenes 2.2 Coordination complexes 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Organic Chemistry ( edit ) When the substituent groups are oriented in the same direction , the diastereomer is referred to as cis , whereas , when the substituents are oriented in opposing directions , the diastereomer is referred to as trans . An example of a small hydrocarbon displaying cis -- trans isomerism is but - 2 - ene . Alicyclic compounds can also display cis -- trans isomerism . As an example of a geometric isomer due to a ring structure , consider 1 , 2 - dichlorocyclohexane : trans - 1 , 2 - dichlorocyclohexane cis - 1 , 2 - dichlorocyclohexane Comparison of physical properties ( edit ) Cis and trans isomers often have different physical properties . Differences between isomers , in general , arise from the differences in the shape of the molecule or the overall dipole moment . cis - 2 - pentene trans - 2 - pentene cis - 1 , 2 - dichloroethene trans - 1 , 2 - dichloroethene cis - butenedioic acid ( maleic acid ) trans - butenedioic acid ( fumaric acid ) Oleic acid Elaidic acid These differences can be very small , as in the case of the boiling point of straight - chain alkenes , such as pent - 2 - ene , which is 37 ° C in the cis isomer and 36 ° C in the trans isomer . The differences between cis and trans isomers can be larger if polar bonds are present , as in the 1 , 2 - dichloroethenes . The cis isomer in this case has a boiling point of 60.3 ° C , while the trans isomer has a boiling point of 47.5 ° C. In the cis isomer the two polar C - Cl bond dipole moments combine to give an overall molecular dipole , so that there are intermolecular dipole -- dipole forces ( or Keesom forces ) , which add to the London dispersion forces and raise the boiling point . In the trans isomer on the other hand , this does not occur because the two C − Cl bond moments cancel and the molecule has a net zero dipole ( it does however have a non-zero quadrupole ) . The two isomers of butenedioic acid have such large differences in properties and reactivities that they were actually given completely different names . The cis isomer is called maleic acid and the trans isomer fumaric acid . Polarity is key in determining relative boiling point as it causes increased intermolecular forces , thereby raising the boiling point . In the same manner , symmetry is key in determining relative melting point as it allows for better packing in the solid state , even if it does not alter the polarity of the molecule . One example of this is the relationship between oleic acid and elaidic acid ; oleic acid , the cis isomer , has a melting point of 13.4 ° C , making it a liquid at room temperature , while the trans isomer , elaidic acid , has the much higher melting point of 43 ° C , due to the straighter trans isomer being able to pack more tightly , and is solid at room temperature . Thus , trans alkenes , which are less polar and more symmetrical , have lower boiling points and higher melting points , and cis alkenes , which are generally more polar and less symmetrical , have higher boiling points and lower melting points . In the case of geometric isomers that are a consequence of double bonds , and , in particular , when both substituents are the same , some general trends usually hold . These trends can be attributed to the fact that the dipoles of the substituents in a cis isomer will add up to give an overall molecular dipole . In a trans isomer , the dipoles of the substituents will cancel out due to being on opposite sides of the molecule . Trans isomers also tend to have lower densities than their cis counterparts . As a general trend , trans alkenes tend to have higher melting points and lower solubility in inert solvents , as trans alkenes , in general , are more symmetrical than cis alkenes . Vicinal coupling constants ( J ) , measured by NMR spectroscopy , are larger for trans ( range : 12 -- 18 Hz ; typical : 15 Hz ) than for cis ( range : 0 -- 12 Hz ; typical : 8 Hz ) isomers . Stability ( edit ) Usually for acyclic systems trans isomers are more stable than cis isomers . This is typically due to the increased unfavourable steric interaction of the substituents in the cis isomer . Therefore , trans isomers have a less exothermic heat of combustion , indicating higher thermochemical stability . In the Benson heat of formation group additivity dataset , cis isomers suffer a 1.10 kcal / mol stability penalty . Exceptions to this rule exist , such as 1 , 2 - difluoroethylene , 1 , 2 - difluorodiazene ( FN = NF ) , and several other halogen - and oxygen - substituted ethylenes . In these cases , the cis isomer is more stable than the trans isomer . This phenomenon is called the cis effect . E / Z notation ( edit ) Bromine has a higher CIP priority than chlorine , so this alkene is the Z isomer Main article : E-Z notation The cis -- trans system for naming alkene isomers should generally only be used when there are only two different substituents on the double bond , so there is no confusion about which substituents are being described relative to each other . For more complex cases , the cis / trans designation is generally based on the longest carbon chain as reflected in the root name of the molecule ( i.e. an extension of standard organic nomenclature for the parent structure ) . The IUPAC standard designations E -- Z are unambiguous in all cases , and therefore are especially useful for tri - and tetrasubstituted alkenes to avoid any confusion about which groups are being identified as cis or trans to each other . Z ( from the German zusammen ) means `` together '' . E ( from the German entgegen ) means `` opposed '' in the sense of `` opposite '' . That is , Z has the higher - priority groups cis to each other and E has the higher - priority groups trans to each other . Whether a molecular configuration is designated E or Z is determined by the Cahn - Ingold - Prelog priority rules ; higher atomic numbers are given higher priority . For each of the two atoms in the double bond , it is necessary to determine the priority of each substituent . If both the higher - priority substituents are on the same side , the arrangement is Z ; if on opposite sides , the arrangement is E . Because the cis / trans and E -- Z systems compare different groups on the alkene , it is not strictly true that Z corresponds to cis and E corresponds to trans . For example , trans - 2 - chlorobut - 2 - ene ( the two methyl groups , C1 and C4 , on the but - 2 - ene backbone are trans to each other ) is ( Z ) - 2 - chlorobut - 2 - ene ( the chlorine and C4 are together because C1 and C4 are opposite ) . Inorganic Chemistry ( edit ) Cis -- trans isomerism can also occur in inorganic compounds , most notably in diazenes and coordination compounds . Diazenes ( edit ) Diazenes ( and the related diphosphenes ) can also exhibit cis / trans isomerism . As with organic compounds , the cis isomer is generally the more reactive of the two , being the only isomer that can reduce alkenes and alkynes to alkanes , but for a different reason : the trans isomer can not line its hydrogens up suitably to reduce the alkene , but the cis isomer , being shaped differently , can . trans - diazene cis - diazene Coordination complexes ( edit ) In inorganic coordination complexes with octahedral or square planar geometries , there are also cis isomers in which similar ligands are closer together and trans isomers in which they are further apart . The two isomeric complexes , cisplatin and transplatin For example , there are two isomers of square planar Pt ( NH ) Cl , as explained by Alfred Werner in 1893 . The cis isomer , whose full name is cis - diamminedichloroplatinum ( II ) , was shown in 1969 by Barnett Rosenberg to have antitumor activity , and is now a chemotherapy drug known by the short name cisplatin . In contrast , the trans isomer ( transplatin ) has no useful anticancer activity . Each isomer can be synthesized using the trans effect to control which isomer is produced . cis - ( Co ( NH ) Cl ) and trans - ( Co ( NH ) Cl ) For octahedral complexes of formula MX Y , two isomers also exist . ( Here M is a metal atom , and X and Y are two different types of ligands . ) In the cis isomer , the two Y ligands are adjacent to each other at 90 ° , as is true for the two chlorine atoms shown in green in cis - ( Co ( NH ) Cl ) , at left . In the trans isomer shown at right , the two Cl atoms are on opposite sides of the central Co atom . A related type of isomerism in octahedral MX Y complexes is facial -- meridional ( or fac / mer ) isomerism , in which different numbers of ligands are cis or trans to each other . Metal carbonyl compounds can be characterized as `` fac '' or `` mer '' using infrared spectroscopy . See also ( edit ) Chirality ( chemistry ) E -- Z notation Isomer Structural isomerism Trans fat References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Charlton T. Lewis , Charles Short , A Latin Dictionary ( Clarendon Press , 1879 ) Entry for cis Jump up ^ Reusch , William ( 2010 ) . `` Stereoisomers Part I '' . Virtual Textbook of Organic Chemistry . Michigan State University . Retrieved 7 April 2015 . Jump up ^ IUPAC , Compendium of Chemical Terminology , 2nd ed. ( the `` Gold Book '' ) ( 1997 ) . Online corrected version : ( 2006 -- ) `` geometric isomerism '' . Jump up ^ `` Chemicalland values '' . Chemicalland21.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics ( 60th ed . ) . 1979 -- 80 . p. C - 298 . ^ Jump up to : March , Jerry . Advanced Organic Chemistry , Reactions , Mechanisms and structure ( 3rd ed . ) . p. 111 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 85472 - 7 . Jump up ^ Williams , Dudley H. ; Fleming , Ian ( 1989 ) . `` Table 3.27 '' . Spectroscopic Methods in Organic Chemistry ( 4th rev . ed . ) . McGraw - Hill . Jump up ^ Bingham , Richard C. ( 1976 ) . `` The stereochemical consequences of electron delocalization in extended π systems . An interpretation of the cis effect exhibited by 1 , 2 - disubstituted ethylenes and related phenomena '' . J. Am. Chem. Soc. 98 ( 2 ) : 535 -- 540 . doi : 10.1021 / ja00418a036 . Jump up ^ Craig , N.C. ; Chen , A. ; Suh , K.H. ; Klee , S. ; Mellau , G.C. ; Winnewisser , B.P. ; Winnewisser , M. ( 1997 ) . `` Contribution to the Study of the Gauche Effect . The Complete Structure of the Anti Rotamer of 1 , 2 - Difluoroethane '' . J. Am. Chem. Soc. 119 ( 20 ) : 4789 . doi : 10.1021 / ja963819e . External links ( edit ) IUPAC definition of `` stereoisomerism '' IUPAC definition of `` geometric isomerism '' IUPAC definition of `` cis -- trans isomers '' GND : 4148046 - 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cis -- trans_isomerism&oldid = 798267153 '' Categories : Stereochemistry Isomerism Hidden categories : Pages with missing ISBNs All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Articles containing German - language text Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi தமிழ் Türkçe Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 August 2017 , at 22 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what do you mean by cis and trans isomerism	[ "Cis–trans isomerism, also known as geometric isomerism or configurational isomerism, is a term used in organic chemistry. The prefixes \"cis\" and \"trans\" are from Latin. In the context of chemistry, cis indicates that the functional groups are on the same side of the carbon chain[1] while trans conveys that functional groups are on opposing sides of the carbon chain. Cis-trans isomers are stereoisomers, that is, pairs of molecules which have the same formula but whose functional groups are rotated into a different orientation in three-dimensional space. It is not to be confused with E–Z isomerism, which is an absolute stereochemical description, and only to be used with alkenes. In general, stereoisomers contain double bonds that cannot rotate, or they may contain ring structures, where the rotation of bonds is restricted or prevented.[2] Cis and trans isomers occur both in organic molecules and in inorganic coordination complexes. Cis and trans descriptors are not used for cases of conformational isomerism where the two geometric forms easily interconvert, such as most open-chain single-bonded structures; instead, the terms \"syn\" and \"anti\" would be used.", "Cis–trans isomerism, also known as geometric isomerism or configurational isomerism, is a term used in organic chemistry. The prefixes \"cis\" and \"trans\" are from Latin. In the context of chemistry, cis indicates that the functional groups are on the same side of the carbon chain[1] while trans conveys that functional groups are on opposing sides of the carbon chain. Cis-trans isomers are stereoisomers, that is, pairs of molecules which have the same formula but whose functional groups are rotated into a different orientation in three-dimensional space. It is not to be confused with E–Z isomerism, which is an absolute stereochemical description, and only to be used with alkenes. In general, stereoisomers contain double bonds that cannot rotate, or they may contain ring structures, where the rotation of bonds is restricted or prevented.[2] Cis and trans isomers occur both in organic molecules and in inorganic coordination complexes. Cis and trans descriptors are not used for cases of conformational isomerism where the two geometric forms easily interconvert, such as most open-chain single-bonded structures; instead, the terms \"syn\" and \"anti\" would be used." ]	[ "cis indicates that the functional groups are on the same side of the carbon chain", "trans conveys that functional groups are on opposing sides of the carbon chain" ]
345475699210566707	Golden Rule	Golden Rule - wikipedia Golden Rule Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Golden Law , Golden ratio , or Golden Act . For other uses , see Golden Rule ( disambiguation ) . The Golden Rule ( which can be considered a law of reciprocity in some religions ) is the principle of treating others as one would wish to be treated . It is a maxim that is found in many religions and cultures . The maxim may appear as either a positive or negative injunction governing conduct : One should treat others as one would like others to treat oneself ( positive or directive form ) . One should not treat others in ways that one would not like to be treated ( negative or prohibitive form ) . What you wish upon others , you wish upon yourself ( empathic or responsive form ) . The Golden Rule differs from the maxim of reciprocity captured in do ut des -- `` I give so that you will give in return '' -- and is rather a unilateral moral commitment to the well - being of the other without the expectation of anything in return . The concept occurs in some form in nearly every religion and ethical tradition and is often considered the central tenet of Christian ethics . It can also be explained from the perspectives of psychology , philosophy , sociology , human evolution , and economics . Psychologically , it involves a person empathizing with others . Philosophically , it involves a person perceiving their neighbor also as `` I '' or `` self '' . Sociologically , `` love your neighbor as yourself '' is applicable between individuals , between groups , and also between individuals and groups . In evolution , `` reciprocal altruism '' is seen as a distinctive advance in the capacity of human groups to survive and reproduce , as their exceptional brains demanded exceptionally long childhoods and ongoing provision and protection even beyond that of the immediate family . In economics , Richard Swift , referring to ideas from David Graeber , suggests that `` without some kind of reciprocity society would no longer be able to exist . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Antiquity 2.1 Ancient Egypt 2.2 Ancient India 2.2. 1 Sanskrit tradition 2.2. 2 Tamil tradition 2.3 Ancient Greece 2.4 Ancient Persia 2.5 Ancient Rome 3 Religious context 3.1 Abrahamic religions 3.1. 1 Judaism 3.1. 2 Christianity 3.1. 3 Islam 3.1. 4 Bahá'í Faith 3.2 Indian religions 3.2. 1 Hinduism 3.2. 2 Buddhism 3.2. 3 Jainism 3.2. 4 Sikhism 3.3 East Asian religions 3.3. 1 Confucianism 3.3. 2 Taoism 3.3. 3 Mohism 3.4 Iranian religions 3.4. 1 Zoroastrianism 3.5 New religious movements 3.5. 1 Wicca 3.5. 2 Scientology 4 Secular context 4.1 Global ethic 4.1. 1 Humanism 4.1. 2 Existentialism 5 Other contexts 5.1 Human rights 6 Scientific research 7 Criticism 7.1 Differences in values or interests 7.2 Differences in situations 7.3 Cannot be a sole guide to action 7.4 Responses to criticisms 8 Popular references 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Etymology ( edit ) The term `` Golden Rule '' , or `` Golden law '' , began to be used widely in the early 17th century in Britain by Anglican theologians and preachers ; the earliest known usage is that of Anglicans Charles Gibbon and Thomas Jackson in 1604 . Antiquity ( edit ) Ancient Egypt ( edit ) Possibly the earliest affirmation of the maxim of reciprocity , reflecting the ancient Egyptian goddess Ma'at , appears in the story of The Eloquent Peasant , which dates to the Middle Kingdom ( c. 2040 -- 1650 BC ) : `` Now this is the command : Do to the doer to make him do . '' This proverb embodies the do ut des principle . A Late Period ( c. 664 -- 323 BC ) papyrus contains an early negative affirmation of the Golden Rule : `` That which you hate to be done to you , do not do to another . '' Ancient india ( edit ) Sanskrit tradition ( edit ) In Mahābhārata , the ancient epic of India , there is a discourse in which the wise minister Vidura advises the King Yuddhiśhṭhira Listening to wise scriptures , austerity , sacrifice , respectful faith , social welfare , forgiveness , purity of intent , compassion , truth and self - control -- are the ten wealth of character ( self ) . O king aim for these , may you be steadfast in these qualities . These are the basis of prosperity and rightful living . These are highest attainable things . All worlds are balanced on dharma , dharma encompasses ways to prosperity as well . O King , dharma is the best quality to have , wealth the medium and desire ( kāma ) the lowest . Hence , ( keeping these in mind ) , by self - control and by making dharma ( right conduct ) your main focus , treat others as you treat yourself . -- Mahābhārata Shānti - Parva 167 : 9 Tamil tradition ( edit ) In the Section on Virtue , and Chapter 32 of the Tirukkuṛaḷ ( c. 200 BC -- c. 500 AD ) , Tiruvalluvar says : `` Do not do to others what you know has hurt yourself '' ( K. 316 . ) ; `` Why does one hurt others knowing what it is to be hurt ? '' ( K. 318 ) . He furthermore opined that it is the determination of the spotless ( virtuous ) not to do evil , even in return , to those who have cherished enmity and done them evil . ( K. 312 ) The ( proper ) punishment to those who have done evil ( to you ) , is to put them to shame by showing them kindness , in return and to forget both the evil and the good done on both sides ( K. 314 ) Ancient greece ( edit ) The Golden Rule in its prohibitive ( negative ) form was a common principle in ancient Greek philosophy . Examples of the general concept include : `` Avoid doing what you would blame others for doing . '' -- Thales ( c. 624 -- 546 BC ) `` What you do not want to happen to you , do not do it yourself either . '' -- Sextus the Pythagorean . The oldest extant reference to Sextus is by Origen in the third century of the common era . `` Do not do to others that which angers you when they do it to you . '' -- Isocrates ( 436 -- 338 BC ) Ancient Persia ( edit ) The Pahlavi Texts of Zoroastrianism ( c. 300 BC -- 1000 AD ) were an early source for the Golden Rule : `` That nature alone is good which refrains from doing to another whatsoever is not good for itself . '' Dadisten - I - dinik , 94 , 5 , and `` Whatever is disagreeable to yourself do not do unto others . '' Shayast - na - Shayast 13 : 29 Ancient rome ( edit ) Seneca the Younger ( c. 4 BC -- 65 AD ) , a practitioner of Stoicism ( c. 300 BC -- 200 AD ) expressed the Golden Rule in his essay regarding the treatment of slaves : `` Treat your inferior as you would wish your superior to treat you . '' Religious context ( edit ) According to Simon Blackburn , the Golden Rule `` can be found in some form in almost every ethical tradition '' . Abrahamic Religions ( edit ) See also : Abrahamic religions Judaism ( edit ) See also : Judaism and Jewish ethics A rule of altruistic reciprocity was first stated positively in a well - known Torah verse ( Hebrew : ואהבת לרעך כמוך ‬ ) : You shall not take vengeance or bear a grudge against your kinsfolk . Love your neighbor as yourself : I am the LORD . -- Leviticus 19 : 18 Hillel the Elder ( c. 110 BC -- 10 AD ) , used this verse as a most important message of the Torah for his teachings . Once , he was challenged by a gentile who asked to be converted under the condition that the Torah be explained to him while he stood on one foot . Hillel accepted him as a candidate for conversion to Judaism but , drawing on Leviticus 19 : 18 , briefed the man : What is hateful to you , do not do to your fellow : this is the whole Torah ; the rest is the explanation ; go and learn . -- Shabbath folio : 31a , Babylonian Talmud Hillel recognized brotherly love as the fundamental principle of Jewish ethics . Rabbi Akiva agreed and suggested that the principle of love must have its foundation in Genesis chapter 1 , which teaches that all men are the offspring of Adam , who was made in the image of God ( Sifra , Ḳedoshim , iv. ; Yer . Ned . ix . 41c ; Genesis Rabba 24 ) . According to Jewish rabbinic literature , the first man Adam represents the unity of mankind . This is echoed in the modern preamble of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . And it is also taught , that Adam is last in order according to the evolutionary character of God 's creation : Why was only a single specimen of man created first ? To teach us that he who destroys a single soul destroys a whole world and that he who saves a single soul saves a whole world ; furthermore , so no race or class may claim a nobler ancestry , saying , ' Our father was born first ' ; and , finally , to give testimony to the greatness of the Lord , who caused the wonderful diversity of mankind to emanate from one type . And why was Adam created last of all beings ? To teach him humility ; for if he be overbearing , let him remember that the little fly preceded him in the order of creation . The Jewish Publication Society 's edition of Leviticus states : Thou shalt not hate thy brother . in thy heart ; thou shalt surely rebuke thy neighbour , and not bear sin because of him . 18 Thou shalt not take vengeance , nor bear any grudge against the children of thy people , but thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself : I am the LORD . This Torah verse represents one of several versions of the Golden Rule , which itself appears in various forms , positive and negative . It is the earliest written version of that concept in a positive form . At the turn of the eras , the Jewish rabbis were discussing the scope of the meaning of Leviticus 19 : 18 and 19 : 34 extensively : The stranger who resides with you shall be to you as one of your citizens ; you shall love him as yourself , for you were strangers in the land of Egypt : I the LORD am your God . -- Leviticus 19 : 34 Commentators summed up foreigners ( = Samaritans ) , proselytes ( = ' strangers who resides with you ' ) ( Rabbi Akiva , bQuid 75b ) or Jews ( Rabbi Gamaliel , yKet 3 , 1 ; 27a ) to the scope of the meaning . On the verse , `` Love your fellow as yourself , '' the classic commentator Rashi quotes from Torat Kohanim , an early Midrashic text regarding the famous dictum of Rabbi Akiva : `` Love your fellow as yourself -- Rabbi Akiva says this is a great principle of the Torah . '' Israel 's postal service quoted from the previous Leviticus verse when it commemorated the Universal Declaration of Human Rights on a 1958 postage stamp . Christianity ( edit ) See also : Christian ethics and Great Commandment Jesus taught the Golden Rule during the Sermon on the Mount . The `` Golden Rule '' was given by Jesus of Nazareth , who used it to summarize the Torah : `` Do to others what you want them to do to you . '' and `` This is the meaning of the law of Moses and the teaching of the prophets '' ( Matthew 7 : 12 NCV , see also Luke 6 : 31 ) . The common English phrasing is `` Do unto others as you would have them do unto you '' . A similar form of the phrase appeared in a Catholic catechism around 1567 ( certainly in the reprint of 1583 ) . The Golden Rule is stated positively numerous times in the Hebrew Pentateuch as well as the Prophets and Writings . Leviticus 19 : 18 ( `` Forget about the wrong things people do to you , and do not try to get even . Love your neighbor as you love yourself . '' ; see also Great Commandment ) and Leviticus 19 : 34 ( `` But treat them just as you treat your own citizens . Love foreigners as you love yourselves , because you were foreigners one time in Egypt . I am the Lord your God . '' ) . The Old Testament Deuterocanonical books of Tobit and Sirach , accepted as part of the Scriptural canon by Catholic Church , Eastern Orthodoxy , and the Non-Chalcedonian Churches , express a negative form of the golden rule : `` Do to no one what you yourself dislike . '' -- Tobit 4 : 15 `` Recognize that your neighbor feels as you do , and keep in mind your own dislikes . '' -- Sirach 31 : 15 Two passages in the New Testament quote Jesus of Nazareth espousing the positive form of the Golden rule : Matthew 7 : 12 Do to others what you want them to do to you . This is the meaning of the law of Moses and the teaching of the prophets . Luke 6 : 31 Do to others what you would want them to do to you . A similar passage , a parallel to the Great Commandment , is Luke 10 : 25 - 28 And one day an authority on the law stood up to put Jesus to the test . `` Teacher , '' he asked , `` what must I do to receive eternal life ? '' What is written in the Law ? '' Jesus replied . `` How do you understand it ? '' He answered , `` ' Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul . Love him with all your strength and with all your mind . ' ( Deuteronomy 6 : 5 ) And , ' Love your neighbor as you love yourself . ' '' `` You have answered correctly , '' Jesus replied . `` Do that , and you will live . '' . The passage in the book of Luke then continues with Jesus answering the question , `` Who is my neighbor ? '' , by telling the parable of the Good Samaritan , indicating that `` your neighbor '' is anyone in need . This extends to all , including those who are generally considered hostile . Jesus ' teaching goes beyond the negative formulation of not doing what one would not like done to themselves , to the positive formulation of actively doing good to another that , if the situations were reversed , one would desire that the other would do for them . This formulation , as indicated in the parable of the Good Samaritan , emphasizes the needs for positive action that brings benefit to another , not simply restraining oneself from negative activities that hurt another . Taken as a rule of judgment , both formulations of the golden rule , the negative and positive , are equally applicable . In one passage of the New Testament , Paul the Apostle refers to the golden rule : Galatians 5 : 14 For all the law is fulfilled in one word , even in this ; Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself . The neutrality of the style of writing in this article is questioned . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Islam ( edit ) See also : Islamic ethics The Arabian peninsula was known to not practice the golden rule prior to the advent of Islam . `` Pre-Islamic Arabs regarded the survival of the tribe , as most essential and to be ensured by the ancient rite of blood vengeance '' However , this all changed when Muhammad came on the scene : `` Fakir al - Din al - Razi and several other Qur'anic commentators have pointed out that Qur'an 83 : 1 - 6 is an implicit statement of the Golden Rule , which is explicitly stated in the tradition , `` Pay , Oh Children of Adam , as you would love to be paid , and be just as you would love to have justice ! '' `` Similar examples of the golden rule are found in the hadith of Muhammad . The hadith recount what Muhammad is believed to have said and done , and traditionally Muslims regard the hadith as second to only the Qur'an as a guide to correct belief and action . '' From the hadith , the collected oral and written accounts of Muhammad and his teachings during his lifetime : `` A Bedouin came to the prophet , grabbed the stirrup of his camel and said : O the messenger of God ! Teach me something to go to heaven with it . Prophet said : `` As you would have people do to you , do to them ; and what you dislike to be done to you , do n't do to them . Now let the stirrup go ! '' ( This maxim is enough for you ; go and act in accordance with it ! ) '' -- Kitab al - Kafi , vol. 2 , p. 146 `` None of you ( truly ) believes until he wishes for his brother what he wishes for himself . '' -- An - Nawawi 's Forty Hadith 13 ( p. 56 ) `` Seek for mankind that of which you are desirous for yourself , that you may be a believer . '' -- Sukhanan - i - Muhammad ( Teheran , 1938 ) `` That which you want for yourself , seek for mankind . '' `` The most righteous person is the one who consents for other people what he consents for himself , and who dislikes for them what he dislikes for himself . '' Ali ibn Abi Talib ( 4th Caliph in Sunni Islam , and first Imam in Shia Islam ) says : `` O ' my child , make yourself the measure ( for dealings ) between you and others . Thus , you should desire for others what you desire for yourself and hate for others what you hate for yourself . Do not oppress as you do not like to be oppressed . Do good to others as you would like good to be done to you . Regard bad for yourself whatever you regard bad for others . Accept that ( treatment ) from others which you would like others to accept from you ... Do not say to others what you do not like to be said to you . '' -- Nahjul Balaghah , Letter 31 Bahá'í Faith ( edit ) See also : Bahá'í Faith The Writings of the Bahá'í Faith encourages everyone to treat others as they would treat themselves and even prefer others over oneself : O SON OF MAN ! Deny not My servant should he ask anything from thee , for his face is My face ; be then abashed before Me . -- Bahá'u'lláh Blessed is he who preferreth his brother before himself . -- Bahá'u'lláh And if thine eyes be turned towards justice , choose thou for thy neighbour that which thou choosest for thyself . -- Bahá'u'lláh Ascribe not to any soul that which thou wouldst not have ascribed to thee , and say not that which thou doest not . -- Bahá'u'lláh Indian Religions ( edit ) See also : Indian religions Hinduism ( edit ) See also : Hinduism One should never do that to another which one regards as injurious to one 's own self . This , in brief , is the rule of dharma . Other behavior is due to selfish desires . -- Brihaspati , Mahabharata ( Anusasana Parva , Section CXIII , Verse 8 ) By making dharma ( right conduct ) your main focus , treat others as you treat yourself Also , श्रूयतां धर्मसर्वस्वं श्रुत्वा चाप्यवधार्यताम् । आत्मनः प्रतिकूलानि परेषां न समाचरेत् । । If the entire Dharma can be said in a few words , then it is -- that which is unfavorable to us , do not do that to others . -- Padmapuraana , shrushti 19 / 357 -- 358 Buddhism ( edit ) See also : Buddhism and Buddhist ethics Buddha ( Siddhartha Gautama , c. 623 -- 543 BC ) made this principle one of the cornerstones of his ethics in the 6th century BC . It occurs in many places and in many forms throughout the Tripitaka . Comparing oneself to others in such terms as `` Just as I am so are they , just as they are so am I , '' he should neither kill nor cause others to kill . -- Sutta Nipata 705 One who , while himself seeking happiness , oppresses with violence other beings who also desire happiness , will not attain happiness hereafter . -- Dhammapada 10 . Violence Hurt not others in ways that you yourself would find hurtful . -- Udanavarga 5 : 18 Putting oneself in the place of another , one should not kill nor cause another to kill . Jainism ( edit ) See also : Jainism and Ahimsa in Jainism The Golden Rule is paramount in the Jainist philosophy and can be seen in the doctrines of Ahimsa and Karma . As part of the prohibition of causing any living beings to suffer , Jainism forbids inflicting upon others what is harmful to oneself . The following quotation from the Acaranga Sutra sums up the philosophy of Jainism : Nothing which breathes , which exists , which lives , or which has essence or potential of life , should be destroyed or ruled over , or subjugated , or harmed , or denied of its essence or potential . In support of this Truth , I ask you a question -- `` Is sorrow or pain desirable to you ? '' If you say `` yes it is '' , it would be a lie . If you say , `` No , It is not '' you will be expressing the truth . Just as sorrow or pain is not desirable to you , so it is to all which breathe , exist , live or have any essence of life . To you and all , it is undesirable , and painful , and repugnant . A man should wander about treating all creatures as he himself would be treated . -- Sutrakritanga , 1.11. 33 In happiness and suffering , in joy and grief , we should regard all creatures as we regard our own self . -- Lord Mahavira , 24th Tirthankara Saman Suttam of Jinendra Varni gives further insight into this precept : - Just as pain is not agreeable to you , it is so with others . Knowing this principle of equality treat other with respect and compassion . -- Suman Suttam , verse 150 Killing a living being is killing one 's own self ; showing compassion to a living being is showing compassion to oneself . He who desires his own good , should avoid causing any harm to a living being . -- Suman Suttam , verse 151 Sikhism ( edit ) See also : Sikhism and Karma Precious like jewels are the minds of all . To hurt them is not at all good . If thou desirest thy Beloved , then hurt thou not anyone 's heart . -- Guru Arjan Dev Ji 259 , Guru Granth Sahib East asian Religions ( edit ) See also : East Asian religions Confucianism ( edit ) See also : Confucianism 己所不欲 , 勿施於人 . `` What you do not wish for yourself , do not do to others . '' 子貢問曰 : `` 有一言而可以終身行之者乎 '' ? 子曰 : `` 其恕乎 ! 己所不欲、勿施於人 . '' Zi gong ( a disciple of Confucius ) asked : `` Is there any one word that could guide a person throughout life ? '' The Master replied : `` How about ' shu ' ( reciprocity ) : never impose on others what you would not choose for yourself ? '' -- Confucius , Analects XV. 24 , tr . David Hinton ( another translation is in the online Chinese Text Project ) The same idea is also presented in V. 12 and VI. 30 of the Analects ( c. 500 BC ) , which can be found in the online Chinese Text Project . The phraseology differs from the Christian version of the Golden Rule . It does not presume to do anything unto others , but merely to avoid doing what would be harmful . It does not preclude doing good deeds and taking moral positions , but there is slim possibility for a Confucian missionary outlook , such as one can justify with the Christian Golden Rule . Taoism ( edit ) See also : Taoism The sage has no interest of his own , but takes the interests of the people as his own . He is kind to the kind ; he is also kind to the unkind : for Virtue is kind . He is faithful to the faithful ; he is also faithful to the unfaithful : for Virtue is faithful . -- Tao Te Ching , Chapter 49 Regard your neighbor 's gain as your own gain , and your neighbor 's loss as your own loss . -- T'ai Shang Kan Ying P'ien Mohism ( edit ) See also : Mohism If people regarded other people 's states in the same way that they regard their own , who then would incite their own state to attack that of another ? For one would do for others as one would do for oneself . If people regarded other people 's cities in the same way that they regard their own , who then would incite their own city to attack that of another ? For one would do for others as one would do for oneself . If people regarded other people 's families in the same way that they regard their own , who then would incite their own family to attack that of another ? For one would do for others as one would do for oneself . And so if states and cities do not attack one another and families do not wreak havoc upon and steal from one another , would this be a harm to the world or a benefit ? Of course one must say it is a benefit to the world . -- Mozi , c. 400 BC Mozi regarded the golden rule as a corollary to the cardinal virtue of impartiality , and encouraged egalitarianism and selflessness in relationships . Iranian religions ( edit ) See also : Iranian religions Zoroastrianism ( edit ) Do not do unto others whatever is injurious to yourself . -- Shayast - na - Shayast 13.29 New religious movements ( edit ) Wicca ( edit ) See also : Wicca Here ye these words and heed them well , the words of Dea , thy Mother Goddess , `` I command thee thus , O children of the Earth , that that which ye deem harmful unto thyself , the very same shall ye be forbidden from doing unto another , for violence and hatred give rise to the same . My command is thus , that ye shall return all violence and hatred with peacefulness and love , for my Law is love unto all things . Only through love shall ye have peace ; yea and verily , only peace and love will cure the world , and subdue all evil . '' -- The Book of Ways , Devotional Wicca Scientology ( edit ) See also : Scientology The Way to Happiness expresses the Golden Rule both in its negative / prohibitive form and in its positive form . The negative / prohibitive form is expressed in Precept 19 as : 19 . Try not to do things to others that you would not like them to do to you . -- The Way to Happiness , Precept 19 The positive form is expressed in Precept 20 as : 20 . Try to treat others as you would want them to treat you . -- The Way to Happiness , Precept 20 Secular context ( edit ) Global Ethic ( edit ) Main article : Towards a Global Ethic : An Initial Declaration The `` Declaration Toward a Global Ethic '' from the Parliament of the World 's Religions ( 1993 ) proclaimed the Golden Rule ( `` We must treat others as we wish others to treat us '' ) as the common principle for many religions . The Initial Declaration was signed by 143 leaders from all of the world 's major faiths , including Baha'i Faith , Brahmanism , Brahma Kumaris , Buddhism , Christianity , Hinduism , Indigenous , Interfaith , Islam , Jainism , Judaism , Native American , Neo-Pagan , Sikhism , Taoism , Theosophist , Unitarian Universalist and Zoroastrian . In the folklore of several cultures the Golden Rule is depicted by the allegory of the long spoons . Humanism ( edit ) See also : Humanism Many different sources claim the Golden Rule as a humanist principle : Trying to live according to the Golden Rule means trying to empathise with other people , including those who may be very different from us . Empathy is at the root of kindness , compassion , understanding and respect -- qualities that we all appreciate being shown , whoever we are , whatever we think and wherever we come from . And although it is n't possible to know what it really feels like to be a different person or live in different circumstances and have different life experiences , it is n't difficult for most of us to imagine what would cause us suffering and to try to avoid causing suffering to others . For this reason many people find the Golden Rule 's corollary -- `` do not treat people in a way you would not wish to be treated yourself '' -- more pragmatic . -- Maria MacLachlan , Think Humanism Do not do to others what you would not want them to do to you . ( is ) ( ... ) the single greatest , simplest , and most important moral axiom humanity has ever invented , one which reappears in the writings of almost every culture and religion throughout history , the one we know as the Golden Rule . Moral directives do not need to be complex or obscure to be worthwhile , and in fact , it is precisely this rule 's simplicity which makes it great . It is easy to come up with , easy to understand , and easy to apply , and these three things are the hallmarks of a strong and healthy moral system . The idea behind it is readily graspable : before performing an action which might harm another person , try to imagine yourself in their position , and consider whether you would want to be the recipient of that action . If you would not want to be in such a position , the other person probably would not either , and so you should not do it . It is the basic and fundamental human trait of empathy , the ability to vicariously experience how another is feeling , that makes this possible , and it is the principle of empathy by which we should live our lives . -- Adam Lee , Ebon Musings , `` A decalogue for the modern world '' In the view of Greg M. Epstein , a Humanist chaplain at Harvard University , `` ' do unto others ' ... is a concept that essentially no religion misses entirely . But not a single one of these versions of the golden rule requires a God '' . At least the Biblical accounts , however , portray the obligation to love one 's neighbor as oneself as a corollary of a more basic obligation to love God with one 's entire being . Existentialism ( edit ) See also : Existentialism When we say that man chooses for himself , we do mean that every one of us must choose himself ; but by that we also mean that in choosing for himself he chooses for all men . For in effect , of all the actions a man may take in order to create himself as he wills to be , there is not one which is not creative , at the same time , of an image of man such as he believes he ought to be . To choose between this or that is at the same time to affirm the value of that which is chosen ; for we are unable ever to choose the worse . What we choose is always the better ; and nothing can be better for us unless it is better for all . -- Jean - Paul Sartre , Existentialism is a Humanism , pp. 291 -- 292 Other contexts ( edit ) Human rights ( edit ) According to Marc H. Bornstein , and William E. Paden , the Golden Rule is arguably the most essential basis for the modern concept of human rights , in which each individual has a right to just treatment , and a reciprocal responsibility to ensure justice for others . However Leo Damrosch argued that the notion that the Golden Rule pertains to `` rights '' per se is a contemporary interpretation and has nothing to do with its origin . The development of human `` rights '' is a modern political ideal that began as a philosophical concept promulgated through the philosophy of Jean Jacques Rousseau in 18th century France , among others . His writings influenced Thomas Jefferson , who then incorporated Rousseau 's reference to `` inalienable rights '' into the United States Declaration of Independence in 1776 . Damrosch argued that to confuse the Golden Rule with human rights is to apply contemporary thinking to ancient concepts . Scientific research ( edit ) Further information : Reciprocity ( social psychology ) and Reciprocal altruism There has been research published arguing that some ' sense ' of fair play and the Golden Rule may be stated and rooted in terms of neuroscientific and neuroethical principles . Criticism ( edit ) Philosophers , such as Immanuel Kant and Friedrich Nietzsche , have objected to the rule on a variety of grounds . The most serious among these is its application . How does one know how others want to be treated ? The obvious way is to ask them , but this can not be done if one assumes they have not reached a particular and relevant understanding . Differences in values or interests ( edit ) George Bernard Shaw wrote , `` Do not do unto others as you would that they should do unto you . Their tastes may be different . '' This suggests that if your values are not shared with others , the way you want to be treated will not be the way they want to be treated . Hence , the Golden Rule of `` do unto others '' is `` dangerous in the wrong hands , '' according to philosopher Iain King , because `` some fanatics have no aversion to death : the Golden Rule might inspire them to kill others in suicide missions . '' Differences in situations ( edit ) Immanuel Kant famously criticized the golden rule for not being sensitive to differences of situation , noting that a prisoner duly convicted of a crime could appeal to the golden rule while asking the judge to release him , pointing out that the judge would not want anyone else to send him to prison , so he should not do so to others . Kant 's Categorical Imperative , introduced in Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals , is often confused with the Golden Rule . Cannot be a sole guide to action ( edit ) In his book How to Make Good Decisions and Be Right All the Time , philosopher Iain King has argued that `` ( although ) the idea of mirroring your treatment of others with their treatment of you is very widespread indeed ... most ancient wisdoms express this negatively -- advice on what you should not do , rather than what you should . '' He argues this creates a bias in favour of inertia which allows bad actions and states of affairs to persist . The positive formulation , meanwhile , can be `` incendiary '' , since it `` can lead to cycles of tit - for - tat reciprocity , '' unless it is accompanied by a corrective mechanism , such as a concept of forgiveness . Therefore , he concludes that there can be no viable formulation of the Golden Rule , unless it is heavily qualified by other maxims . Responses to criticisms ( edit ) Walter Terence Stace , in The Concept of Morals ( 1937 ) , wrote : Mr. Bernard Shaw 's remark `` Do not do unto others as you would that they should do unto you . Their tastes may be different '' is no doubt a smart saying . But it seems to overlook the fact that `` doing as you would be done by '' includes taking into account your neighbor 's tastes as you would that he should take yours into account . Thus the `` golden rule '' might still express the essence of a universal morality even if no two men in the world had any needs or tastes in common . Marcus George Singer observed that there are two importantly different ways of looking at the golden rule : as requiring ( 1 ) that you perform specific actions that you want others to do to you or ( 2 ) that you guide your behavior in the same general ways that you want others to . Counter-examples to the golden rule typically are more forceful against the first than the second . In his book on the golden rule , Jeffrey Wattles makes the similar observation that such objections typically arise while applying the golden rule in certain general ways ( namely , ignoring differences in taste , in situation , and so forth ) . But if we apply the golden rule to our own method of using it , asking in effect if we would want other people to apply the golden rule in such ways , the answer would typically be no , since it is quite predictable that others ' ignoring of such factors will lead to behavior which we object to . It follows that we should not do so ourselves -- according to the golden rule . In this way , the golden rule may be self - correcting . An article by Jouni Reinikainen develops this suggestion in greater detail . It is possible , then , that the golden rule can itself guide us in identifying which differences of situation are morally relevant . We would often want other people to ignore any prejudice against our race or nationality when deciding how to act towards us , but would also want them to not ignore our differing preferences in food , desire for aggressiveness , and so on . This principle of `` doing unto others , wherever possible , as they would be done by ... '' has sometimes been termed the platinum rule . Popular references ( edit ) Charles Kingsley 's The Water Babies ( 1863 ) includes a character named Mrs Do - As - You - Would - Be-Done - By ( and another , Mrs Be-Done - By - As - You - Did ) . See also ( edit ) Norm of reciprocity , social norm of in - kind responses to the behavior of others Reciprocity ( cultural anthropology ) , way of defining people 's informal exchange of goods and labour Reciprocity ( evolution ) , mechanisms for the evolution of cooperation Reciprocity ( international relations ) , principle that favours , benefits , or penalties that are granted by one state to the citizens or legal entities of another , should be returned in kind Reciprocity ( social and political philosophy ) , concept of reciprocity as in - kind positive or negative responses for the actions of others ; relation to justice ; related ideas such as gratitude , mutuality , and the Golden Rule Reciprocity ( social psychology ) , in - kind positive or negative responses of individuals towards the actions of others Serial reciprocity , where the benefactor of a gift or service will in turn provide benefits to a third party Ubuntu ( philosophy ) , an ethical philosophy originating from Southern Africa , which has been summarised as ' A person is a person through other people ' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Antony Flew , ed. ( 1979 ) . `` golden rule '' . A Dictionary of Philosophy . London : Pan Books in association with The MacMillan Press . p. 134 . ISBN 0 - 330 - 48730 - 2 . This dictionary of philosophy contains the following quote under the entry for `` golden rule '' : `` The maxim ' Treat others how you wish to be treated ' . Various expressions of the rule exist in the tenets of most religions and creeds through the ages , testifying to its universal applicability . '' ( end quote ) . Jump up ^ Walter Terence Stace argued that the Golden Rule was much more than simply an ethical code . Instead , he posits , it `` express ( es ) the essence of a universal morality . '' The rationale for this crucial distinction occupies much of his book The Concept of Morals ( 1937 ) . See : Stace , Walter T. ( 1937 ) . `` ch. 6 '' . The Concept of Morals . New York : The MacMillan Company ( reprinted 1975 by permission of Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc . ) ; ( also reprinted by Peter Smith Publisher Inc , January 1990 ) . p. 136 . ISBN 0 - 8446 - 2990 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` The moral primacy of basic respect '' . Jump up ^ W.A. Spooner , `` The Golden Rule , '' in James Hastings , ed . Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics , Vol. 6 ( New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons , 1914 ) pp. 310 -- 12 , quoted in Rushworth M. Kidder , How Good People Make Tough Choices : Resolving the Dilemmas of Ethical Living , Harper , New York , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 688 - 17590 - 2 . p. 159 . Simon Blackburn also notes the connection between Confucius and the Golden Rule . Simon , Blackburn ( 2001 ) . Ethics : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 101 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280442 - 6 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Greg M. ( 2010 ) . Good Without God : What a Billion Nonreligious People Do Believe . New York : HarperCollins . p. 115 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 167011 - 4 . Jump up ^ Simon , Blackburn ( 2001 ) . Ethics : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 101 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280442 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Matthew 7 Commentary - Matthew Henry Commentary on the Whole Bible ( Complete ) '' . Bible Study Tools . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Catechism of the Catholic Church - Moral conscience '' . www.vatican.va . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ Wattles , Jeffrey ( 1996 ) . The Golden Rule . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Vogel , Gretchen . `` The Evolution of the Golden Rule '' . Science . 303 ( Feb 2004 ) . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Swift , Richard ( July 2015 ) . `` Pathways & possibilites '' . New Internationalist. 484 ( July / August 2015 ) . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Thomas Jackson : First Sermon upon Matthew 7 , 12 ( 1615 ; Werke Band 3 , S. 612 ) ; Benjamin Camfield : The Comprehensive Rule of Righteousness ( 1671 ) ; George Boraston : The Royal Law , or the Golden Rule of Justice and Charity ( 1683 ) ; John Goodman : The Golden Rule , or , the Royal Law of Equity explained ( 1688 ; Titelseite als Faksimile at Google Books ) ; dazu Olivier du Roy : The Golden Rule as the Law of Nature . In : Jacob Neusner , Bruce Chilton ( Hrsg . ) : The Golden Rule -- The Ethics of Reprocity in World Religions . London / New York 2008 , S. 94 . Jump up ^ Gensler , Harry J. ( 2013 ) . Ethics and the Golden Rule . Routledge . p. 84 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 80686 - 2 . Jump up ^ Eloquent Peasant PDF Archived 25 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine . `` Now this is the command : do to the doer to make him do '' Jump up ^ `` The Culture of Ancient Egypt '' , John Albert Wilson , p. 121 , University of Chicago Press , 1956 , ISBN 0 - 226 - 90152 - 1 `` Now this is the command : Do to the doer to cause that he do '' Jump up ^ Eloquent Peasant PDF Archived 25 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine . `` The peasant quotes a proverb that embodies the do ut des principle '' Jump up ^ `` A Late Period Hieratic Wisdom Text : P. Brooklyn 47.218. 135 '' , Richard Jasnow , p. 95 , University of Chicago Press , 1992 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 918986 - 85 - 6 . Jump up ^ Diogenes Laërtius , `` The Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers '' , I : 36 Jump up ^ `` The Sentences of Sextus '' . Jump up ^ The Sentences of Sextus Article Jump up ^ Isocrates , Nicocles or the Cyprians , Isoc 3.61 ( original text in Greek ) ; cf . Isoc . 1.14 , Isoc. 2.24 , 38 , Isoc . 4.81 . Jump up ^ `` Pahlavi Texts of Zoroastrianism , Part 2 of 5 : The Dadistan - i Dinik and the Epistles of Manuskihar '' , Thomas Firminger Thiselton - Dyer ( 1843 -- 1928 ) , Forgotten Books ( May 7 , 2008 ) , ISBN 978 - 1 - 60620 - 199 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` 41 . Slaves '' , The Stoic Philosophy of Seneca . Moses Hadas , ( 1968 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 00459 - 5 . Jump up ^ Blackburn , Simon ( 2001 ) . Ethics : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 101 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280442 - 6 . Jump up ^ Jewish Encyclopedia : Hillel : `` His activity of forty years is perhaps historical ; and since it began , according to a trustworthy tradition ( Shab . 15a ) , one hundred years before the destruction of Jerusalem , it must have covered the period 30 BC -- 10 AD '' ^ Jump up to : `` ADAM '' . JewishEncyclopedia.com . Retrieved 12 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mishnah Seder Nezikin Sanhedrin 4.5 '' . sefaria.org . Retrieved 17 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tosefta on Mishnah Seder Nezikin Sanhedrin 8.4 -- 9 ( Erfurt Manuscript ) '' . toseftaonline.org . Retrieved 17 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Leviticus '' . The Torah . Jewish Publication Society . p. 19 : 17 . Jump up ^ Plaut , The Torah -- A Modern Commentary ; Union of American Hebrew Congregations , New York 1981 ; p. 892 . Jump up ^ Kedoshim 19 : 18 , Toras Kohanim , ibid . See also Talmud Yerushalmi , Nedarim 9 : 4 ; Bereishis Rabbah 24 : 7 . Jump up ^ `` Sol Singer Collection of Philatelic Judaica '' . Emory University . Archived from the original on 7 April 2008 . Jump up ^ The Holy Bible , New Century Version . 2005 by Thomas Nelson , Inc . Jump up ^ Vaux , Laurence ( 1583 ) . A Catechisme / or / Christian Doctrine . Manchester , England : The Chetham Society , reprinted by The Chetham Society in 1885 . p. 48 ( located in the text just before the title , `` Of the Five Commandments of the Church . '' Scroll up slightly to see a section saying : `` The sum of the ten Commandments does consist in the love towards god , and our neighbor ( Ephe. 4. , Matt . 7 . ) . In the first Table be three Commandments : which take away and forbid sin and vice against the worshipping of God . They forbid idolatry , apostasy , heresy , superstition , perjury , blasphemy , and move us to the pure and true worshipping of God in heart , word and deed . In the Second table be seven Commandments , which command us to give reverence and honor to every man in his degree , to profit all , and hurt none : to do unto others , as we would be done to ourselves . '' ) . Jump up ^ `` John Wesley 's Explanatory Notes on Luke 10 '' . Christnotes.org . Retrieved 12 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Moore : Judaism in the First Centuries of the Christian Era ; Cambridge , Harvard University Press , 1927 -- 1930 ; Vol. 2 , p. 87 , Vol. 3 , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Th . Emil Homerin ( 2008 ) . Neusner , Jacob , ed . The Golden Rule : The Ethics of Reciprocity in World Religions . Bloomsbury Publishing . p. 99 . Jump up ^ Th . Emil Homerin ( 2008 ) . Neusner , Jacob , ed . The Golden Rule : The Ethics of Reciprocity in World Religions . Bloomsbury Publishing . p. 102 . Jump up ^ Th . Emil Homerin ( 2008 ) . Neusner , Jacob , ed . The Golden Rule : The Ethics of Reciprocity in World Religions . Bloomsbury Publishing . p. 102 . Jump up ^ Wattles ( 191 ) , Rost ( 100 ) ^ Jump up to : ( English title : Conversations of Muhammad ) Wattles ( 192 ) Rost ( 100 ) Donaldson Dwight M. 1963 . Studies in Muslim Ethics , p. 82 . London : S.P.C.K. Jump up ^ Muḥammad ibn al - Ḥusayn Sharīf al - Raḍī & ʻAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib ( eds . ) , Nahj Al - balāghah : Selection from Sermons , Letters and Sayings of Amir Al - Muʼminin , Volume 2 . Translated by Syed Ali Raza . Ansariyan Publications ISBN 978 - 9644383816 p. 350 Jump up ^ `` Bahá'í Reference Library -- The Hidden Words of Bahá'u'lláh , p. 11 '' . Reference.bahai.org. 31 December 2010 . Retrieved 12 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Golden Rule Bahá'í Faith '' . Replay.waybackmachine.org. 11 April 2009 . Archived from the original on 11 April 2009 . Retrieved 12 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Tablets of Bahá'u'lláh , p. 71 Jump up ^ `` The Hidden Words of Bahá'u'lláh -- Part II '' . Info.bahai.org . Retrieved 12 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Epistle to the Son of the Wolf , p. 30 Jump up ^ Words of Wisdom See : The Golden Rule Jump up ^ Bahá'u'lláh , Gleanings , LXVI : 8 Jump up ^ Hidden Words of Bahá'u'lláh , p. 10 Jump up ^ `` Mahabharata Book 13 '' . Mahabharataonline.com. 13 November 2006 . Retrieved 12 September 2013 . Jump up ^ tasmād dharma - pradhānéna bhavitavyam yatātmanā tathā cha sarva - bhūtéṣhu vartitavyam yathātmani तस्माद्धर्मप्रधानेन भवितव्यं यतात्मना । तथा च सर्वभूतेषु वर्तितव्यं यथात्मनि ॥ title = Mahābhārata Shānti - Parva 167 : 9 ) Jump up ^ `` '' Gautama Buddha ( B.C. 623 - 543 ) '' by T.W. Rhys - Davids , The World 's Great Events , B.C. 4004 -- A.D. 70 ( 1908 ) by Esther Singleton , pp. 124 - 135 `` . Unz.org. 28 November 2012 . Retrieved 12 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Buddha ( BC 623 -- BC 543 ) -- Religion and spirituality Article -- Buddha , Bc , 623 '' . Booksie. 8 July 2012 . Retrieved 12 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Detachment and Compassion in Early Buddhism Archived 21 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine . by Elizabeth J. Harris ( enabling.org ) Jump up ^ Jacobi , Hermann ( 1884 ) . Ācāranga Sūtra , Jain Sutras Part I , Sacred Books of the East , Vol. 22 . Sutra 155 -- 6 Jump up ^ Varni , Jinendra ( 1993 ) . Sagarmal Jain , ed . Samaṇ Suttaṁ . translated by T.K. Tukol and K.K. Dixit . New Delhi : Bhagwan Mahavir memorial Samiti . Jump up ^ Chinese Text Project . `` Confucianism , The Analects , Section 15 : Wei Ling Gong , ( see number 24 ) '' . Chinese Text Project . Retrieved 29 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Ivanhoe and Van Norden translation , 68 -- 69 Jump up ^ Hubbard , L. Ron ( 2012 ) . `` Precept 19 '' . The Way to Happiness . The Way to Happiness Foundation International . Retrieved 22 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Hubbard , L. Ron ( 2007 ) . The Way to Happiness : A Common Sense Guide to Better Living . Los Angeles : L. Ron Hubbard Library . p. 59 . ISBN 1 - 59970 - 036 - 0 . Jump up ^ Hubbard , L. Ron ( 2012 ) . `` Precept 20 '' . The Way to Happiness . The Way to Happiness Foundation International . Retrieved 22 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Hubbard , L. Ron ( 2007 ) . The Way to Happiness : A Common Sense Guide to Better Living . Los Angeles : L. Ron Hubbard Library . p. 61 . ISBN 1 - 59970 - 036 - 0 . Jump up ^ Towards a Global Ethic -- Urban Dharma -- Buddhism in America ( This link includes a list of 143 signatories and their respective religions . ) Jump up ^ `` Parliament of the World 's Religions '' . Parliamentofreligions.org. 16 August 2013 . Retrieved 12 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Council for a Parliament of the World 's Religions '' . Parliamentofreligions.org. 16 August 2013 . Retrieved 12 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Towards a Global Ethic ( An Initial Declaration ) ReligiousTolerance.org . -- Under the subtitle , `` We Declare , '' see third paragraph . The first line reads , `` We must treat others as we wish others to treat us . '' Jump up ^ `` Parliament of the World 's Religions -- Towards a Global Ethic '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 12 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Thinkhumanism.com '' . Thinkhumanism.com . Retrieved 12 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` UBC.ca '' . 15 March 2008 . Archived from the original on 14 September 2002 . Retrieved 12 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Think Humanism '' . Think Humanism . Retrieved 12 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A decalogue for the modern world '' . Ebonmusings.org. 1 January 1970 . Retrieved 12 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Esptein , Greg M. ( 2010 ) . Good Without God : What a Billion Nonreligious People Do Believe . New York : HarperCollins . p. 115 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 167011 - 4 . Italics in original . Jump up ^ Matthew 22 : 35 -- 40 , Mark 12 : 28 -- 34 , Luke 10 : 25 -- 37 Jump up ^ Sartre , Jean - Paul ( 2007 ) . Existentialism Is a Humanism . Yale University Press . pp. 291 -- 292 . ISBN 0 - 300 - 11546 - 6 . Jump up ^ Defined another way , it `` refers to the balance in an interactive system such that each party has both rights and duties , and the subordinate norm of complementarity states that one 's rights are the other 's obligation . '' Bornstein , Marc H. ( 2002 ) . Handbook of Parenting . Lawrence Erlbaum Associates . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8058 - 3782 - 7 . See also : Paden , William E. ( 2003 ) . Interpreting the Sacred : Ways of Viewing Religion . Beacon Press . pp. 131 -- 132 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8070 - 7705 - 4 . Jump up ^ Damrosch , Leo ( 2008 ) . Jean Jacques Russeau : Restless Genius . Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 44696 - 4 . Jump up ^ Pfaff , Donald W. , `` The Neuroscience of Fair Play : Why We ( Usually ) Follow the Golden Rule '' , Dana Press , The Dana Foundation , New York , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932594 - 27 - 0 ^ Jump up to : Kant , Immanuel Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals , footnote 13 . Cambridge University Press ( 28 April 1998 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 62695 - 8 Jump up ^ `` Only a Game : The Golden Rule '' . Onlyagame.typepad.com. 24 May 2007 . Retrieved 12 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Shaw , George Bernard ( 1903 ) . Man and Superman . Archibald Constable & Co. p. 227 . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Source : p. 76 of How to Make Good Decisions and Be Right All the Time , Iain King , 2008 , Continuum , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84706 - 347 - 2 . Jump up ^ Source : p. 76 of How to Make Good Decisions and Be Right All the Time , Iain King , 2008 , Continuum , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84706 - 347 - 2 . Jump up ^ Source : p. 110 of How to Make Good Decisions and Be Right All the Time , Iain King , Continuum , 2008 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84706 - 347 - 2 . Accessed 20 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Source : p. 112 of How to Make Good Decisions and Be Right All the Time , Iain King , Continuum , 2008 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84706 - 347 - 2 . Accessed 20 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Source : p. 114 of How to Make Good Decisions and Be Right All the Time , Iain King , Continuum , 2008 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84706 - 347 - 2 . Accessed 20 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Stace , Walter T. ( 1937 ) . The Concept of Morals . New York : The MacMillan Company ; ( reprinted 1975 by permission of Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc . ) ; ( also reprinted by Peter Smith Publisher Inc , January 1990 ) . p. 136 ( ch. 6 ) . ISBN 0 - 8446 - 2990 - 1 . Jump up ^ M.G. Singer , The Ideal of a Rational Morality , p. 270 Jump up ^ Wattles , p. 6 Jump up ^ Jouni Reinikainen , `` The Golden Rule and the Requirement of Universalizability . '' Journal of Value Inquiry. 39 ( 2 ) : 155 -- 168 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Karl Popper , The Open Society and Its Enemies , Vol. 2 ( 1966 ( 1945 ) ) , p. 386 . Dubbed `` the platinum rule '' in business books such as Charles J. Jacobus , Thomas E. Gillett , Georgia Real Estate : An Introduction to the Profession , Cengage Learning , 2007 , p. 409 and Jeremy Comfort , Peter Franklin , The Mindful International Manager : How to Work Effectively Across Cultures , Kogan Page , p. 65 . Jump up ^ `` Mary Wakefield : What ' The Water Babies ' can teach us about personal '' . The Independent . 22 October 2011 . External links ( edit ) Quotations related to Golden Rule at Wikiquote Learning materials related to Living the Golden Rule at Wikiversity Philosophy portal Ethics portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golden_Rule&oldid=843627346 '' Categories : Ethical principles Philosophy of law Religion Positive Mitzvoth Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from July 2012 Pages with Bible version errors Pages with numeric Bible version references Articles with minor POV problems from February 2018 All articles with minor POV problems All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from May 2018 Articles containing Chinese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans አማርኛ Български Boarisch Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 34 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 11 : 17 . 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2682670606773944156	Heartbreaker (Ryan Adams album)	Heartbreaker ( Ryan Adams album ) - wikipedia Heartbreaker ( Ryan Adams album ) Jump to : navigation , search Heartbreaker Studio album by Ryan Adams Released September 5 , 2000 Recorded Woodland Studios , Nashville , Tennessee Genre Alternative country americana singer / songwriter Length 51 : 57 Label Bloodshot Producer Ethan Johns Ryan Adams chronology Heartbreaker ( 2000 ) Gold ( 2001 ) Gold 2001 Heartbreaker is the debut solo studio album by American singer / songwriter Ryan Adams , released September 5 , 2000 on Bloodshot Records . The album was recorded over fourteen days at Woodland Studios in Nashville , Tennessee . It was nominated for the 2001 Shortlist Music Prize . The album is said to be inspired by Adams ' break - up with music industry publicist Amy Lombardi . According to Adams , the album 's title originates from a poster of Mariah Carey : `` My manager called and said , ' You have 15 seconds to name this record , ' `` My eyes focused on this poster of Mariah wearing a T - shirt that said HEARTBREAKER . I just shouted , ' Heartbreaker ! ' '' A Deluxe Edition , featuring bonus recording session takes and pre-album demos , was released on May 6 , 2016 on PAX - AM records . Contents ( hide ) 1 Critical reception 2 Track listing 3 Personnel 3.1 Musicians 3.2 Production 4 Other information 5 Charts 5.1 Album 6 References Critical reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic American Songwriter Entertainment Weekly B+ The Guardian NME 8 / 10 Pitchfork 9.0 / 10 Q Rolling Stone The Rolling Stone Album Guide Uncut 9 / 10 Heartbreaker was considered by critics to be a fresh start for Ryan Adams after the demise of his previous band Whiskeytown . AllMusic 's Mark Derning wrote that the album `` is loose , open , and heartfelt in a way Whiskeytown 's admittedly fine albums never were , and makes as strong a case for Adams ' gifts as anything his band ever released '' , concluding that `` the strength of the material and the performances suggest Adams is finally gaining some much - needed maturity , and his music is all the better for it . '' The A.V. Club 's Keith Phipps wrote : `` Adams has recorded an intimate , largely quiet record that indisputably establishes his identity as an independent singer - songwriter '' . Pitchfork 's Steven Byrd called it `` an album of astonishing musical proficiency , complete honesty and severe beauty . '' Rolling Stone 's Anthony DeCurtis was less enthusiastic , stating that Adams ' songs `` too often fail to rise above their plain - spoken details to take on the symbolic power he yearns for '' . Robert Christgau of The Village Voice selected `` To Be Young ( Is to Be Sad , Is to Be High ) '' as a `` choice cut '' , indicating a `` good song on an album that is n't worth your time or money . '' The album was included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die and was placed at # 23 on Paste Magazine 's `` The 50 Best Albums of the Decade '' list . Track listing ( edit ) All tracks written by Ryan Adams , except where noted . No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` ( Argument with David Rawlings Concerning Morrissey ) '' ( An argument regarding the Morrissey track `` Suedehead '' . ) 0 : 37 2 . `` To Be Young ( Is to Be Sad , Is to Be High ) '' Ryan Adams , David Rawlings 3 : 04 3 . `` My Winding Wheel '' 3 : 13 4 . `` AMY '' 3 : 46 5 . `` Oh My Sweet Carolina '' 4 : 57 6 . `` Bartering Lines '' Ryan Adams , Van Alston 3 : 59 7 . `` Call Me On Your Way Back Home '' 3 : 09 8 . `` Damn , Sam ( I Love a Woman That Rains ) '' 2 : 08 9 . `` Come Pick Me Up '' Ryan Adams , Van Alston 5 : 18 10 . `` To Be the One '' 3 : 01 11 . `` Why Do They Leave ? '' 3 : 38 12 . `` Shakedown on 9th Street '' 2 : 53 13 . `` Do n't Ask for the Water '' 2 : 56 14 . `` In My Time of Need '' 5 : 39 15 . `` Sweet Lil Gal ( 23rd / 1st ) '' 3 : 39 French bonus CD , Unreleased Tracks from the Heartbreaker sessions No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Goodbye Honey '' 2 . `` To Be Young ( Is To Be Sad Is To Be High ) '' ( Acoustic version ) Ryan Adams , David Rawlings Heartbreaker Deluxe Edition Box Set ( 2016 ) CD - Disc 2 , Original Album Sessions No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Hairdresser On Fire '' ( Outtake from Original Album Session ) Morrissey 2 . `` To Be Young ( Is to Be Sad , Is to Be High ) '' ( Outtake from Original Album Session ) Ryan Adams , David Rawlings 3 . `` Petal in a Rainstorm '' ( Outtake from Original Album Session ) 4 . `` War Horse '' ( Outtake from Original Album Session ) 5 . `` Oh My Sweet Carolina '' ( Outtake from Original Album Session ) 6 . `` Come Pick Me Up '' ( Outtake from Original Album Session ) Ryan Adams , Van Alston 7 . `` Punk Jam '' ( Outtake from Original Album Session ) 8 . `` When the Rope Gets Tight '' ( Alternative Version , Outtake from Original Album Session ) 9 . `` When the Rope Gets Tight '' ( Outtake from Original Album Session ) 10 . `` Goodbye Honey '' ( Bonus Track from Original Release ) 11 . `` In My Time of Need '' ( Outtake from Original Album Session ) 12 . `` Bartering Lines '' ( Album Demo ) Ryan Adams , Van Alston 13 . `` Come Pick Me Up '' ( Album Demo ) Ryan Adams , Van Alston 14 . `` To Be the One '' ( Album Demo ) 15 . `` Do n't Ask for the Water '' ( Album Demo ) 16 . `` In My Time of Need '' ( Album Demo ) 17 . `` Goodbye Honey '' ( Album Demo ) 18 . `` Petal in a Rainstorm '' ( Album Demo ) 19 . `` War Horse '' ( Album Demo ) 20 . `` Locked Away '' ( Outtake from Original Album Session ) Heartbreaker Deluxe Edition Box Set ( 2016 ) DVD - Disc 3 , Live New York show at the Mercury Lounge in October 2000 No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Oh My Sweet Carolina '' ( Live at the Mercury Lounge , NYC , Oct. 2000 ) 2 . `` Gimme Sunshine '' ( Live at the Mercury Lounge , NYC , Oct. 2000 ) 3 . `` To Be Young ( Is to Be Sad , Is to Be High ) '' ( Live at the Mercury Lounge , NYC , Oct. 2000 ) 4 . `` AMY '' ( Live at the Mercury Lounge , NYC , Oct. 2000 ) 5 . `` Call Me On Your Way Back Home '' ( Live at the Mercury Lounge , NYC , Oct. 2000 ) 6 . `` Just Like a Whore '' ( Live at the Mercury Lounge , NYC , Oct. 2000 ) 7 . `` Wonderwall '' ( Live at the Mercury Lounge , NYC , Oct. 2000 ) Noel Gallagher 8 . `` Damn , Sam ( I Love a Woman That Rains ) '' ( Live at the Mercury Lounge , NYC , Oct. 2000 ) 9 . `` Sweet Lil Gal ( 23rd / 1st ) '' ( Live at the Mercury Lounge , NYC , Oct. 2000 ) 10 . `` Come Pick Me Up '' ( Live at the Mercury Lounge , NYC , Oct. 2000 ) Ryan Adams , Van Alston 11 . `` My Winding Wheel '' ( Live at the Mercury Lounge , NYC , Oct. 2000 ) Personnel ( edit ) Musicians ( edit ) Ryan Adams - vocals , acoustic guitar , electric guitar , harmonica , piano , banjo Ethan Johns - drums , bass , Chamberlain , glockenspiel , B - 3 , vibes David Rawlings - backing vocals , acoustic guitar , electric guitar , banjo , tambourine Gillian Welch - backing vocals , banjo , acoustic guitar , electric bass , `` voice of Lucy '' Pat Sansone - piano ( 5 , 9 , 11 ) , Chamberlin and organ ( 6 ) , backing vocals ( 2 ) Emmylou Harris - backing vocals ( 5 ) Kim Richey - backing vocals ( 9 ) Allison Pierce - backing vocals ( 11 ) Production ( edit ) Ethan Johns -- producer , engineer , mixer Patrick Himes -- assistant engineer Doug Sax -- mastering David McClister -- photography Gina Binkley -- design Other information ( edit ) `` Shakedown on 9th Street '' was covered on the Red Dirt band No Justice 's Live at Billy Bob 's album in 2007 . `` Oh My Sweet Carolina '' has been covered at least twice . The song can be heard on the deluxe edition of Zac Brown Band 's 2010 album You Get What You Give , as well as on the 2008 Portastatic release Some Small History . Contestant Paul McDonald sang `` Come Pick Me Up '' on American Idol . English DJ Mark Ronson remixed the song `` Amy '' for his 2007 album Version , of which singer Kenna provides vocals . The song `` To Be Young ( Is To Be Sad , Is To Be High ) '' is featured in the 2006 film Accepted , the 2002 film The Slaughter Rule , and the 2003 film Old School . A version of this song was also released in 2009 by David Rawlings on the Dave Rawlings Machine album A Friend of a Friend . `` Come Pick Me Up '' is featured in the film Elizabethtown ( which also featured two other Ryan Adams songs ) and in a Series 2 episode of Skins . It was also named # 285 on Pitchfork Media 's `` Top 500 songs of the 2000s '' . Joan Baez would cover `` In My Time of Need '' in 2003 . Elton John has famously credited the Heartbreaker album as helping to regenerate his career and in 2002 he performed songs from it with Ryan Adams and did a joint interview with him where he thanked Ryan . Charts ( edit ) Album ( edit ) Country Peak position Ireland 67 U.S. ( 2016 ) 140 UK 183 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ryan Adams : Saving Private Ryan Jump up ^ `` News '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Deming , Mark . `` Heartbreaker -- Ryan Adams '' . AllMusic . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Beviglia , Jim ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` Ryan Adams : Heartbreaker '' . American Songwriter . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , James ( September 8 , 2000 ) . `` Heartbreaker '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cameron , Keith ( December 8 , 2000 ) . `` Ryan Adams : Heartbreaker ( Cooking Vinyl ) '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chick , Stevie ( November 27 , 2000 ) . `` Heartbreaker '' . NME : 34 . Retrieved April 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Byrd , Steven ( September 5 , 2000 ) . `` Ryan Adams : Heartbreaker '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ryan Adams : Heartbreaker '' . Q ( 172 ) : 104 . January 2001 . ^ Jump up to : DeCurtis , Anthony ( September 14 , 2000 ) . `` Heartbreaker '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Randall , Mac ( 2004 ) . `` Ryan Adams '' . In Brackett , Nathan ; Hoard , Christian . The New Rolling Stone Album Guide . Simon & Schuster . pp. 6 -- 7 . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 0169 - 8 . Jump up ^ Jones , Allan ( July 2016 ) . `` Ryan Adams : Heartbreaker '' . Uncut ( 230 ) : 85 -- 87 . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Phipps , Keith ( September 5 , 2000 ) . `` Ryan Adams : Heartbreaker '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Christgau , Robert ( April 3 , 2001 ) . `` Consumer Guide : Vibrators '' . The Village Voice . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Christgau , Robert . `` Key to Icons '' . RobertChristgau.com . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Robert Dimery ; Michael Lydon ( 23 March 2010 ) . 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die : Revised and Updated Edition . Universe . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7893 - 2074 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` The 50 Best Albums of the Decade ( 2000 -- 2009 ) '' . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` American Idol Top 13 : Paul McDonald introduces JLo to Ryan Adams '' . Christian Science Monitor. 2011 - 03 - 10 . ISSN 0882 - 7729 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Jon Wiederhorn ( 2001 - 10 - 04 ) . `` Elton John Bags Technology ; Praises Eminem , Ryan Adams '' . MTV . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Charts '' . Irish-charts.com . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard 200 '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` UK Chart Log '' . zobbel.de . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 22 . ( hide ) Ryan Adams Studio albums Heartbreaker Gold Demolition Rock n Roll Love Is Hell Cold Roses Jacksonville City Nights 29 Easy Tiger Cardinology Orion III / IV Ashes & Fire Ryan Adams Prisoner EPs Love Is Hell ( pt. 1 ) Love Is Hell ( pt. 2 ) Follow the Lights Class Mythology 1984 Live albums Live After Deaf Live at Carnegie Hall Ten Songs from Live at Carnegie Hall Singles `` New York , New York '' `` When the Stars Go Blue '' `` Answering Bell '' `` Nuclear '' `` This Is It '' `` So Alive '' `` Wonderwall '' `` Empty Room / Nutshell '' `` Lucky Now '' `` Bad Blood '' Whiskeytown Faithless Street Strangers Almanac Pneumonia The Finger We Are Fuck You Books Infinity Blues Hello Sunshine Ryan Adams & the Cardinals : A View of Other Windows Related articles Discography PAX AM Whiskeytown The Cardinals The Finger Pornography 20 : 20 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heartbreaker_(Ryan_Adams_album)&oldid=816800912 '' Categories : Ryan Adams albums 2000 debut albums Albums produced by Ethan Johns Bloodshot Records albums Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Hrvatski Italiano Magyar Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 23 December 2017 , at 20 : 03 . About Wikipedia	ryan adams come pick me up backing vocals	[]	[]
-916811878574353022	Daytona 500	Daytona 500 - wikipedia Daytona 500 Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the stock car race . For the motorcycle race , see Daytona 200 . For the song by Ghostface Killah , see Daytona 500 ( song ) . Daytona 500 Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series Venue Daytona International Speedway Location Daytona Beach , Florida , United States First race 1959 ( 1959 ) Distance 500 mi ( 800 km ) Laps 200 ( Stage 1 : 60 Stage 2 : 60 Stage 3 : 80 ) Previous names Inaugural 500 Mile International Sweepstakes ( 1959 ) Second Annual 500 Mile International Sweepstakes ( 1960 ) Daytona 500 by STP ( 1991 -- 1993 ) Daytona 500 by Dodge ( 2001 ) Daytona 500 by Toyota ( 2007 ) Daytona 500 ( 1961 -- 1990 , 1994 -- 2000 , 2002 -- 2006 , 2008 -- present ) Most wins ( driver ) Richard Petty ( 7 ) Most wins ( team ) Petty Enterprises ( 9 ) Most wins ( manufacturer ) Chevrolet ( 23 ) Circuit information Surface Asphalt Length 2.5 mi ( 4.0 km ) Turns The Daytona 500 is a 500 - mile - long ( 805 km ) Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series motor race held annually at Daytona International Speedway in Daytona Beach , Florida . It is the first of two Cup races held every year at Daytona , the second being the Coke Zero 400 . It is one of the four restrictor plate races on the Cup schedule . The inaugural Daytona 500 was held in 1959 coinciding with the opening of the speedway and since 1982 , it has been the season - opening race of the Cup series . The Daytona 500 is regarded as the most important and prestigious race on the NASCAR calendar , carrying by far the largest purse . Championship points awarded are equal to that of any other Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series race . It is also the series ' first race of the year ; this phenomenon is virtually unique in sports , which tend to have championships or other major events at the end of the season rather than the start . Since 1995 , U.S. television ratings for the Daytona 500 have been the highest for any auto race of the year , surpassing the traditional leader , the Indianapolis 500 which in turn greatly surpasses the Daytona 500 in in - track attendance and international viewing . The 2006 Daytona 500 attracted the sixth largest average live global TV audience of any sporting event that year with 20 million viewers . The race serves as the final event of Speedweeks and is sometimes known as `` The Great American Race '' or the `` Super Bowl of Stock Car Racing '' . All 59 runnings of the race have been held in the month of February . From 1971 to 2011 , it was associated with Presidents Day weekend , taking place on the Sunday before the third Monday in February . Beginning in 2012 , the race was rescheduled to roughly a week later , the last Sunday of February to have a week break between Super Bowl and the race . Because of inclement weather conditions on February 26 , the 2012 Daytona 500 was postponed until the evening of Monday , February 27 . The 2013 Daytona 500 was held on February 24 , the first time the race was actually held on the new schedule . As of 2018 , the race returns to its Presidential Weekend date . The winner of the Daytona 500 is presented with the Harley J. Earl Trophy in Victory Lane , and the winning car is displayed in race - winning condition for one year at Daytona 500 Experience , a museum and gallery adjacent to Daytona International Speedway . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 History 3 Qualifying procedure 4 Television 5 Pole position holders 6 List of Daytona 500 winners 6.1 Multiple winners ( drivers ) 6.2 Multiple winners ( teams ) 6.3 Manufacturer wins 6.4 Tire manufacturer wins 7 Race winner records 7.1 Consecutive victories 7.2 Winners from the pole position 7.3 Family winners 7.4 Winners as both driver and owner 7.5 Won the Daytona 500 and Advance Auto Parts Clash in same year 7.6 Won the Daytona 500 and Can - Am Duel in same year 7.7 Won the Daytona 500 and Brickyard 400 in same year 7.8 Won the Daytona 500 and Coke Zero 400 in same year 7.9 Won the Daytona 500 and the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series Championship in same year 7.10 Drivers whose first NASCAR Cup Series win was the Daytona 500 7.11 Youngest and oldest winners of the Daytona 500 8 References 9 External links Origins ( edit ) Aerial view of Daytona International Speedway The race is the direct successor of shorter races held on the Daytona Beach Road Course . This long square was partially on the sand and also on the highway near the beach . Earlier events featured 200 - mile ( 320 km ) races with stock cars . Eventually , a 500 - mile ( 805 km ) stock car race was held at Daytona International Speedway in 1959 . It was the second 500 - mile NASCAR race , following the annual Southern 500 , and has been held every year since . By 1961 , it began to be referred to as the Daytona 500 , by which it is still commonly known . Daytona International Speedway is 2.5 miles ( 4 km ) long and a 500 - mile race requires 200 laps to complete . However , the race is considered official after half its distance ( 100 laps and 250 miles ( 400 km ) ) has been completed . The race has been shortened four times due to rain ( in 1965 , 1966 , 2003 , and 2009 ) and once in response to the energy crisis of 1974 . Since the adaptation of the green -- white -- checker finish rule in 2004 , the race has gone past 500 miles on seven occasions ( 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , and 2015 ) . History ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Daytona 500 history 1959 : Lee Petty , patriarch of the racing family , won the inaugural Daytona 500 on February 22 , 1959 , defeating Johnny Beauchamp . 1960 : Junior Johnson made use of the draft , then a little - understood phenomenon , to win while running a slower , year - old car in a field of 68 cars , most in Daytona 500 history through the present day . 1965 : The first rain - shortened Daytona 500 was the 1965 event . Fred Lorenzen was in the lead when the race was called on lap 133 of 200 . 1966 : Richard Petty becomes the first two - time winner , having previously won the 1964 race . Through 2015 , only 11 drivers have won 2 or more Daytona 500s . 1967 : Mario Andretti led 112 of the 200 laps including the last 33 to capture his first and only win in the Cup Series . 1968 : For much of this race , both Cale Yarborough and LeeRoy Yarbrough traded the lead . With 5 laps to go , Yarborough made a successful slingshot pass on the third turn to take the lead from Yarbrough and never looked back as he won his first Daytona 500 by 1.3 seconds . 1969 : Just like a year earlier , LeeRoy Yarbrough would inflict the same treatment on Charlie Glotzbach , scoring the victory on the last lap . 1970 Pete Hamilton , driving the # 40 Petty Enterprises Plymouth Superbird wins the Daytona 500 1971 : Richard Petty becomes the first three - time winner , including the 1964 and 1966 races . Through 2015 , only 5 drivers have won 3 or more Daytona 500s . 1972 : A.J. Foyt cruised into the lead on lap 80 and stayed there through the 200 lap race , lapping the entire field . Foyt beat second place Charlie Glotzbach by nearly two laps , with Jim Vandiver finishing 6 laps down in third . 1973 : Richard Petty becomes the first four - time winner , including the 1964 , 1966 and 1971 races . Through 2015 , only Petty ( 7 total ) and Cale Yarborough have won 4 Daytona 500s . 1974 : During the start of the 1974 NASCAR season , many races had their distance cut ten percent in response to the 1973 oil crisis . As a result , the 1974 Daytona 500 was shortened to 180 laps ( 450 miles ) , as symbolically , the race `` started '' on lap 21 . Richard Petty became the first of only 3 drivers ( through 2015 ) to win consecutive Daytona 500s , while also setting a mark of 5 total wins . 1976 : In the 1976 race , Richard Petty was leading on the last lap when he was passed on the backstretch by David Pearson . Petty tried to turn under Pearson coming off the final corner , but did n't clear Pearson . The contact caused the drivers to spin into the grass in the infield just short of the finish line . Petty 's car did n't start , but Pearson was able to keep his car running and limp over the finish line for the win . Many fans consider this finish to be the greatest in the history of NASCAR . 1979 : The 1979 race was the first Daytona 500 to be broadcast live on national television , airing on CBS , whose audience was increased in much of the Eastern and Midwestern USA due to a blizzard . ( The Indianapolis 500 was only broadcast on tape delay that evening in this era ; most races were broadcast only through the final quarter to half of the race , as was the procedure for ABC 's Championship Auto Racing broadcasts ; with the new CBS contract , the network and NASCAR agreed to a full live broadcast . ) That telecast introduced in - car and low - level track - side cameras , which has now become standard in all sorts of automotive racing broadcasts . A final lap crash and subsequent fight between leaders Cale Yarborough and Donnie Allison ( along with Donnie 's brother Bobby ) brought national ( if unwelcome ) publicity to NASCAR , with the added emphasis of a snowstorm that bogged down much of the northeastern part of the United States . Donnie Allison was leading the race on the final lap with Yarborough drafting him tightly . As Yarborough attempted a slingshot pass at the end of the backstretch , Allison attempted to block him . Yarborough refused to give ground and as he pulled alongside Allison , his left side tires left the pavement and went into the wet and muddy infield grass . Yarborough lost control of his car and contacted Allison 's car halfway down the backstretch . As both drivers tried to regain control , their cars made contact several more times before finally locking together and crashing into the outside wall in turn three . After the cars settled in the grass , Donnie Allison and Yarborough began to argue . After they had talked it out , Bobby Allison , who was lapped at that point , pulled over , began defending his brother , and a fight broke out . Richard Petty , who was over half a lap behind at the time , went on to win ; with the brawl in the infield , the television audience scarcely noticed . The story was the talk of the water cooler the next day , even making the front page of The New York Times Sports section . 1980 : Buddy Baker won the fastest Daytona 500 in history , at 177.602 mph ( 285.809 km / h ) . 1981 : Richard Petty becomes the first seven - time winner , three wins more than the second highest multiple winner , Cale Yarborough . With wins in 1964 , 1966 , 1971 , 1973 , 1974 , and 1979 , Petty is the only driver to win in three different decades . 1982 : The Daytona 500 becomes the opening race in the NASCAR season , a position held since . 1983 : Cale Yarborough was the first driver to run a qualifying lap over 200 mph ( 320 km / h ) in his Chevrolet Monte Carlo . 1984 : Cale Yarborough completed a lap of 201.848 mph ( 324.843 km / h ) , officially breaking the 200 mph ( 320 km / h ) barrier at Daytona . He joined Richard Petty as the only drivers to win the race in consecutive years and to win the race four times overall . 1985 : Bill Elliott dominated the race , and by lap 140 , was close to lapping the entire field . During a pit stop , NASCAR officials held him in the pit area in order to repair a supposed broken headlight assembly . The two - minute pit stop dropped him to third , barely clinging to the lead lap . Elliott made up the deficit and survived a late race caution and a final lap restart to win his first Daytona 500 . Elliott would go on to win the first Winston Million . 1986 : The race that came down to a two - car duel between Dale Earnhardt and Geoff Bodine . With 3 laps to go , Earnhardt was forced to make a pit stop for a `` splash ' n go '' . However , as Earnhardt left the pits , he burned a piston , allowing Bodine to cruise to victory . 1987 : Winner Bill Elliott qualified for the pole position at an all - time Daytona record of 210.364 mph ( 338.532 km / h ) ... 1988 : Restrictor plates were mandated to reduce dangerously high speeds at Daytona . Bobby Allison and his son Davey finished one - two and celebrated together in Victory Lane , making Bobby Allison the oldest driver to win the Daytona 500 . 1990 : Dale Earnhardt appeared headed for certain victory until the closing laps . On lap 193 , Geoff Bodine spun in the first turn , causing the third and final caution of the race . All of the leaders pitted except Derrike Cope , who stayed out to gain track position . On the lap 195 restart , Earnhardt re-took the lead . On the final lap , going into turn three , he ran over a bell housing from the blown engine of Rick Wilson 's car . He blew a tire , allowing the relatively unknown Cope to slip by and take the his first career win in a major upset . 1991 : Dale Earnhardt 's Daytona 500 frustrations continued as Ernie Irvan passed Earnhardt with six laps to go to . Ultimately , Earnhardt spun with two laps remaining and collected Davey Allison and Kyle Petty . Irvan took the win as the race ended under the caution flag . The race was dominated by complex pit stop rules , implemented to improve safety in the pit area . 1992 : Davey Allison dominated the second half en route to his lone Daytona 500 victory . He avoided a major wreck on lap 92 and went on to lead the final 102 laps . 1993 : On lap 170 , a frightening wreck saw Rusty Wallace flip over multiple times on the back straightaway . With two laps to go , Dale Earnhardt was leading Jeff Gordon and Dale Jarrett . Jarrett battled into the lead with one lap to go . It was the fourth time Earnhardt had been leading the Daytona 500 with less than ten laps to go , but failed to win . 1994 : Sterling Marlin gambled on fuel , and was able to complete the final 59 laps without stopping , to win his first career Cup victory . During Speedweeks , two drivers died , Neil Bonnett and Rodney Orr . 1995 : Sterling Marlin became the first driver since Cale Yarborough , and only third overall , to win back - to - back Daytona 500s . To date , Marlin is the last driver to have won back - to - back Daytona 500s . 1996 : Dale Jarrett won his second Daytona 500 in four years , again holding off Dale Earnhardt , who finished second for the third time in four years . 1997 : Jeff Gordon became the youngest driver to win the Daytona 500 . 1998 : Dale Earnhardt finally won the Daytona 500 after 20 years of trying . Though Earnhardt had usually been a strong competitor in the Daytona 500 , mechanical problems , crashes , or other misfortunes had prevented him from winning . After his victory , a joyous Earnhardt drove slowly down pit road , where members of other race teams had lined up to give him handshakes and high - fives . Mike Joy , who was play - by - play announcer for CBS 's broadcast , called the win `` the most anticipated moment in racing '' . 2001 : Also known as `` Black Sunday '' , or the `` darkest day in NASCAR '' , as Dale Earnhardt died in a crash on the final lap . Michael Waltrip and Dale Earnhardt , Jr. were running first and second on the final lap , while Earnhardt Sr. was third . In turn 4 , Earnhardt lost control after making contact from Sterling Marlin , and crashed into the outside wall , taking Ken Schrader with him . Earnhardt suffered a fatal basilar skull fracture . Waltrip would win . 2003 : Michael Waltrip became a two - time winner of in the shortest ever Daytona 500 , after the race was shortened to 109 laps due to rain . 2005 : The start time was changed , allowing the race to finish under the lights at dusk . In the first use of the green - white - checker finish rule in the Daytona 500 , Gordon held off Kurt Busch , and Earnhardt , Jr. to win his third Daytona 500 that saw the race go 203 laps / 507.5 miles . 2008 : The celebrated 50th running of the Daytona 500 was the first using NASCAR 's Car of Tomorrow . It also marked the first race under the `` Sprint Cup Series '' banner , following the merger of Sprint with Nextel in 2006 . Trevor Bayne , driving the No. 21 Ford for Wood Brothers Racing , won the 2011 Daytona 500 . 2010 : The longest Daytona 500 distance , 208 laps ( 520 miles ( 840 km ) ) , due to requiring two green - white - checker efforts to finish the race . Jamie McMurray came home with the 2010 Daytona 500 victory . Dale Earnhardt Jr. finished second . 2011 : Since this race marked the tenth anniversary of the death of Dale Earnhardt , the third lap was a `` silent lap '' , meaning the TV and radio announcers were silent during the entire lap , and fans held up three fingers in reference to Earnhardt 's car number . Trevor Bayne , at 20 years and one day old , became the youngest Daytona 500 winner ever . As a curious fact , he tuned 20 years old the previous day of the race , and Darrel Waltrip said `` Happy birthday Trevor Bayne ! '' while Trevor was celebrating his victory . 2012 : While 2010 was the longest distance , 2012 was the longest time to complete the race . Scheduled for a 12 noon EST start on Sunday , rain delayed the race to Monday , then further delayed it to a 7 PM start that Monday night , resulting in the first primetime Daytona 500 start ( but the third to reach primetime ) . On lap 160 , Juan Pablo Montoya crashed into a jet dryer in turn 3 , sparking a lengthy red flag as crews put out the resulting fire and repaired the damage . The race finally ended at approximately 1 AM EST Tuesday morning , 37 hours after the originally scheduled start , with Matt Kenseth becoming the first repeat winner since Michael Waltrip 's rain - shortened 2003 race . 2013 : This race saw a number of firsts . This was the first race with NASCAR 's new redesigned Generation 6 body . Rookie Danica Patrick won the pole , becoming the first woman on pole in the Daytona 500 . She also was the first woman to lead laps under green flag conditions in the race . Jimmie Johnson earned his second Daytona 500 victory . 2014 : For the second year in a row , a rookie won the pole position , in this case Austin Dillon in his first ride in the newly renumbered # 3 Chevy SS for Richard Childress Racing , the first time the # 3 had been used in a NASCAR Cup Series race since Dale Earnhardt 's death . Dale Earnhardt , Jr. , won his second Daytona 500 , the third straight won by a past winner , after Kenseth in 2012 and Johnson in 2013 . The start of the 2015 Daytona 500 2015 : Jeff Gordon won the pole for the final time , There were two big wrecks during the race , one with 19 laps to go for Justin Allgaier and Ty Dillon , brought out a red flag to ensue cleanup on the track , and one on lap 202 at a scheduled Green -- white -- checker finish , Joey Logano won his first Daytona 500 . 2016 : Rookie Chase Elliott started the race from the pole position . Driver Denny Hamlin led 95 laps during the race , and on the last lap , Hamlin passed leader Matt Kenseth . Hamlin would then beat Martin Truex Jr. by 0.010 seconds , which would become the closest finish in the Daytona 500 . Qualifying procedure ( edit ) Main article : Can - Am Duel The qualifying procedure is unique for the Daytona 500 . Some teams must race their way into the Daytona 500 field . The first row is set by a timed round of qualifying , held one week before the race ( prior to 2003 , this was two rounds ; prior to 2001 , it was three ) . The remainder of the field is set by two separate qualifying races ( these were 100 miles ( 160 km ) from 1959 to 1967 ; 125 miles ( 201 km ) from 1969 to 2004 ; and 150 miles ( 240 km ) with two lap overtime , if necessary , beginning in 2005 ( these races were not held in 1968 due to rain ) . The top two drivers from the qualifying races who were not in the top 35 in owner points were given spots on the field , and the rest of the field was set by the finishing order of the duels , with guaranteed spots to those in the top 35 . The remaining spots , 40 to 43 , were filled by top qualifying times of those not already in the field from the qualifying race . If there was a previous NASCAR champion without a spot , he would get one of those four spots , otherwise , the fourth fastest car was added to the field . Prior to 2005 -- and beginning again in 2013 -- after the top two cars were set , the top fourteen cars in the qualifying races advance to the field , and then between six ( 1998 -- 2003 ) , eight ( 1995 -- 97 , 2004 ) or 10 ( until 1994 ) fastest cars which do not advance from the qualifying race are added , then cars in the top 35 in owner points not locked into the race , and then the driver with the championship provisional , except for 1985 when no such car was eligible for a provisional starting spot , the only time that happened in the Daytona 500 from when the provisional was added in 1976 through 2004 . Television ( edit ) See also : List of Daytona 500 broadcasters The Daytona 500 was the first 500 - mile ( 800 km ) auto race to be televised live flag - to - flag on network television when CBS aired it in 1979 , continuing to air until 2000 . From 2001 to 2006 , the race alternated between FOX and NBC under the terms of a six -- year , $2.48 billion NASCAR television contract , with FOX broadcasting the Daytona 500 in odd - numbered years ( 2001 , 2003 , 2005 ) and the Pepsi 400 in even - numbered years ( 2002 , 2004 , 2006 ) and NBC broadcasting the opposite race in that year . In 2005 , a new television contract was signed , which made FOX the sole broadcaster of the Daytona 500 for eight years , from 2007 to 2014 . In 2013 , 10 more years were added to the contract , giving FOX every Daytona 500 from 2015 to 2024 as well , for a total of at least 20 Daytona 500s in a row . The installation of the lighting system at Daytona International Speedway in 1998 , as well as the implementations of the television packages in 2001 and 2007 respectively , have resulted in the race starting and ending much later than it did in the race 's early years . The race started at 12 : 15 p.m. EST from 1979 until 2000 . The start time was moved to 1 : 00 p.m. Eastern time from 2001 to 2004 , 2 : 30 p.m. in 2005 and 2006 and 3 : 30 p.m. from 2007 to 2009 , all for the convenience of west coast viewers . The 2005 race ended at sunset for the first time in its history , and the 2006 race ended well after sunset . Every Daytona 500 between 2006 and 2010 , as well as the 2012 and 2014 races , ended under the lights . The changing track conditions caused by the onset of darkness in the closing laps in these years forced the crew chiefs to predict the critical car setup adjustments needed for their final two pit stops . The 2007 race was the first Daytona 500 to go into prime - time , ending at 7 : 07 p.m. Eastern time . In 2010 , the race moved back to a 1 : 00 p.m. start time , which should have resulted in it ending in daylight ; however , two red flags caused by track surface issues led to long delays that pushed the race to 7 : 34 p.m. EST , pushing the race into prime - time for the second time . The 2012 race was also scheduled to start at 1 : 00 p.m. EST on Sunday , February 26 , but heavy rain in the area caused the race to be postponed to 7 : 00 p.m. EST on Monday , February 27 , making it the first Daytona 500 to be postponed to a Monday , as well as the first ( and only ) Daytona 500 to be run as a night race . Due to a two -- hour red flag period after a jet dryer fire on the track with 40 laps remaining , the race did not end until about 12 : 40 a.m. on Tuesday , February 28 . The 2013 race marked a return to the race 's past tradition of ending in the late afternoon , as it ended at about 4 : 40 p.m. , the race 's earliest ending time since 2004 . Although the 2014 race started around 1 : 30 p.m. EST , heavy rain and a tornado warning red -- flagged the race after 38 laps and it was delayed for a record six hours and 22 minutes ; the race finished the entire 500 -- mile distance around after 11 : 00 p.m. the same day , which effectively competed with the time delayed East Coast broadcast of NBC 's coverage of the 2014 Winter Olympics closing ceremony , scheduled between 7 : 00 and 10 : 30 p.m. The 2015 race started on time around 1 : 00 p.m. , and ended after 203 laps due to a Green -- white -- checkered finish . The television ratings for the Daytona 500 have surpassed those of the larger Indianapolis 500 ( which has much larger physical attendance and international attendance ) since 1995 , even though the 1995 race was available in far fewer homes than the year before . Then - broadcaster CBS had lost well - established VHF ( channels 2 -- 13 ) affiliates in major markets as a result of the Fox affiliate switches of 1994 . As an example , new affiliates WDJT in Milwaukee and WGNX in Atlanta -- both cities that are home to NASCAR races -- and WWJ in Detroit , close to Michigan International Speedway , were on the UHF band ( channels 14 -- 69 ) , meaning that they had a significantly reduced broadcast area compared to former affiliates WITI , WAGA - TV , and WJBK , respectively . WDJT was not available in many Wisconsin markets by the time the Daytona 500 took place . Pole position holders ( edit ) Main article : List of Daytona 500 pole position winners List of Daytona 500 winners ( edit ) Main article : List of Daytona 500 winners For NASCAR Grand National winners at Daytona from 1949 -- 1958 , see Daytona Beach and Road Course . Year Date Grid No . Driver Team Manufacturer Tires Distance Race Time Average Speed ( mph ) Report Laps Miles ( Km ) 1959 February 22 15th 42 Lee Petty Petty Enterprises Oldsmobile Firestone 200 500 ( 804.672 ) 3 : 41 : 22 135.521 Report 1960 February 24 9th 27 Junior Johnson John Masoni Chevrolet Goodyear 200 500 ( 804.672 ) 4 : 00 : 30 124.74 Report 1961 February 26 4th 20 Marvin Panch Smokey Yunick Pontiac Firestone 200 500 ( 804.672 ) 3 : 20 : 32 149.601 Report 1962 February 18 Pole 22 Fireball Roberts Jim Stephens Pontiac Firestone 200 500 ( 804.672 ) 3 : 10 : 41 152.529 Report 1963 February 24 12th 21 Tiny Lund Wood Brothers Racing Ford Firestone 200 500 ( 804.672 ) 3 : 17 : 56 151.566 Report 1964 February 23 2nd 43 Richard Petty Petty Enterprises ( 2 ) Plymouth Goodyear 200 500 ( 804.672 ) 3 : 14 : 23 154.334 Report 1965 February 14 4th 28 Fred Lorenzen Holman Moody Ford Firestone 133 * 332.5 ( 535.106 ) 2 : 22 : 56 141.539 Report 1966 February 27 Pole 43 Richard Petty ( 2 ) Petty Enterprises ( 3 ) Plymouth Goodyear 198 * 495 ( 796.625 ) 3 : 04 : 54 160.927 Report 1967 February 26 12th 11 Mario Andretti † Holman Moody ( 2 ) Ford Firestone 200 500 ( 804.672 ) 3 : 24 : 11 146.926 Report 1968 February 25 Pole 21 Cale Yarborough Wood Brothers Racing ( 2 ) Mercury Firestone 200 500 ( 804.672 ) 3 : 23 : 44 143.251 Report 1969 February 23 19th 98 LeeRoy Yarbrough Junior Johnson & Associates Ford Goodyear 200 500 ( 804.672 ) 3 : 09 : 56 157.95 Report 1970 February 22 9th 40 Pete Hamilton Petty Enterprises ( 4 ) Plymouth Goodyear 200 500 ( 804.672 ) 3 : 20 : 32 149.601 Report 1971 February 14 5th 43 Richard Petty ( 3 ) Petty Enterprises ( 5 ) Plymouth Goodyear 200 500 ( 804.672 ) 3 : 27 : 40 144.462 Report 1972 February 20 2nd 21 A.J. Foyt Wood Brothers Racing ( 3 ) Mercury Goodyear 200 500 ( 804.672 ) 3 : 05 : 42 161.55 Report 1973 February 18 7th 43 Richard Petty ( 4 ) Petty Enterprises ( 6 ) Dodge Goodyear 200 500 ( 804.672 ) 3 : 10 : 50 157.205 Report February 17 2nd 43 Richard Petty ( 5 ) Petty Enterprises ( 7 ) Dodge Goodyear 180 * 450 ( 724.205 ) 3 : 11 : 38 140.894 Report February 16 32nd 72 Benny Parsons L.G. DeWitt Chevrolet Goodyear 200 500 ( 804.672 ) 3 : 15 : 15 153.649 Report 1976 February 15 7th 21 David Pearson Wood Brothers Racing ( 4 ) Mercury Goodyear 200 500 ( 804.672 ) 3 : 17 : 08 152.181 Report 1977 February 20 4th 11 Cale Yarborough ( 2 ) Junior Johnson & Associates ( 2 ) Chevrolet Goodyear 200 500 ( 804.672 ) 3 : 15 : 48 153.218 Report 1978 February 19 33rd 15 Bobby Allison Bud Moore Engineering Ford Goodyear 200 500 ( 804.672 ) 3 : 07 : 49 159.73 Report 1979 February 18 13th 43 Richard Petty ( 6 ) Petty Enterprises ( 8 ) Oldsmobile Goodyear 200 500 ( 804.672 ) 3 : 28 : 22 143.977 Report 1980 February 17 Pole 28 Buddy Baker Ranier - Lundy Oldsmobile Goodyear 200 500 ( 804.672 ) 2 : 48 : 55 177.602 ‡ Report 1981 February 15 8th 43 Richard Petty ( 7 ) Petty Enterprises ( 9 ) Buick Goodyear 200 500 ( 804.672 ) 2 : 56 : 50 169.651 Report 1982 February 14 7th 88 Bobby Allison ( 2 ) DiGard Motorsports Buick Goodyear 200 500 ( 804.672 ) 3 : 14 : 49 153.991 Report February 20 8th 28 Cale Yarborough ( 3 ) Ranier - Lundy ( 2 ) Pontiac Goodyear 200 500 ( 804.672 ) 3 : 12 : 20 155.979 Report 1984 February 19 Pole 28 Cale Yarborough ( 4 ) Ranier - Lundy ( 3 ) Chevrolet Goodyear 200 500 ( 804.672 ) 3 : 18 : 41 150.994 Report 1985 February 17 Pole 9 Bill Elliott Melling Racing Ford Goodyear 200 500 ( 804.672 ) 2 : 54 : 09 172.265 Report 1986 February 16 2nd 5 Geoff Bodine Hendrick Motorsports Chevrolet Goodyear 200 500 ( 804.672 ) 3 : 22 : 32 148.124 Report February 15 Pole 9 Bill Elliott ( 2 ) Melling Racing ( 2 ) Ford Goodyear 200 500 ( 804.672 ) 2 : 50 : 12 176.263 Report 1988 February 14 3rd 12 Bobby Allison ( 3 ) Stavola Brothers Racing Buick Goodyear 200 500 ( 804.672 ) 3 : 38 : 08 137.531 Report 1989 February 19 2nd 17 Darrell Waltrip Hendrick Motorsports ( 2 ) Chevrolet Hoosier 200 500 ( 804.672 ) 3 : 22 : 04 148.466 Report 1990 February 18 12th 10 Derrike Cope Whitcomb Racing Chevrolet Goodyear 200 500 ( 804.672 ) 3 : 00 : 59 165.761 Report 1991 February 17 2nd Ernie Irvan Morgan -- McClure Motorsports Chevrolet Goodyear 200 500 ( 804.672 ) 3 : 22 : 30 148.148 Report 1992 February 16 6th 28 Davey Allison Robert Yates Racing Ford Goodyear 200 500 ( 804.672 ) 3 : 07 : 12 160.256 Report 1993 February 14 2nd 18 Dale Jarrett Joe Gibbs Racing Chevrolet Goodyear 200 500 ( 804.672 ) 3 : 13 : 35 154.972 Report 1994 February 20 4th Sterling Marlin Morgan -- McClure Motorsports ( 2 ) Chevrolet Goodyear 200 500 ( 804.672 ) 3 : 11 : 10 156.931 Report 1995 February 19 3rd Sterling Marlin ( 2 ) Morgan -- McClure Motorsports ( 3 ) Chevrolet Goodyear 200 500 ( 804.672 ) 3 : 31 : 42 141.71 Report February 18 7th 88 Dale Jarrett ( 2 ) Robert Yates Racing ( 2 ) Ford Goodyear 200 500 ( 804.672 ) 3 : 14 : 25 154.308 Report 1997 February 16 6th 24 Jeff Gordon Hendrick Motorsports ( 3 ) Chevrolet Goodyear 200 500 ( 804.672 ) 3 : 22 : 18 148.295 Report 1998 February 15 4th Dale Earnhardt Richard Childress Racing Chevrolet Goodyear 200 500 ( 804.672 ) 2 : 53 : 42 172.712 Report 1999 February 14 Pole 24 Jeff Gordon ( 2 ) Hendrick Motorsports ( 4 ) Chevrolet Goodyear 200 500 ( 804.672 ) 3 : 05 : 42 161.551 Report 2000 February 20 Pole 88 Dale Jarrett ( 3 ) Robert Yates Racing ( 3 ) Ford Goodyear 200 500 ( 804.672 ) 3 : 12 : 43 155.669 Report 2001 February 18 19th 15 Michael Waltrip Dale Earnhardt , Inc . Chevrolet Goodyear 200 500 ( 804.672 ) 3 : 05 : 26 161.783 Report 2002 February 17 19th 22 Ward Burton Bill Davis Racing Dodge Goodyear 200 500 ( 804.672 ) 3 : 29 : 50 130.81 Report 2003 February 16 4th 15 Michael Waltrip ( 2 ) Dale Earnhardt , Inc. ( 2 ) Chevrolet Goodyear 109 * 272.5 ( 438.546 ) 2 : 02 : 08 133.87 Report February 15 3rd 8 Dale Earnhardt Jr . Dale Earnhardt , Inc. ( 3 ) Chevrolet Goodyear 200 500 ( 804.672 ) 3 : 11 : 53 156.341 Report 2005 February 20 15th 24 Jeff Gordon ( 3 ) Hendrick Motorsports ( 5 ) Chevrolet Goodyear 203 * 507.5 ( 816.742 ) 3 : 45 : 16 135.173 Report 2006 February 19 9th 48 Jimmie Johnson Hendrick Motorsports ( 6 ) Chevrolet Goodyear 203 * 507.5 ( 816.742 ) 3 : 33 : 26 142.667 Report 2007 February 18 34th 29 Kevin Harvick Richard Childress Racing ( 2 ) Chevrolet Goodyear 202 * 505 ( 812.719 ) 3 : 22 : 55 149.333 Report 2008 February 17 7th 12 Ryan Newman Penske Racing Dodge Goodyear 200 500 ( 804.672 ) 3 : 16 : 30 152.672 Report 2009 February 15 39th 17 Matt Kenseth Roush Fenway Racing Ford Goodyear 152 * 380 ( 611.551 ) 2 : 51 : 40 132.816 Report February 14 13th Jamie McMurray Earnhardt Ganassi Racing Chevrolet Goodyear 208 * 520 ( 836.859 ) 3 : 47 : 16 137.284 Report 2011 February 20 32nd 21 Trevor Bayne Wood Brothers Racing ( 5 ) Ford Goodyear 208 * 520 ( 836.859 ) 3 : 59 : 24 130.326 Report 2012 February 27 -- 28 * 4th 17 Matt Kenseth ( 2 ) Roush Fenway Racing ( 2 ) Ford Goodyear 202 * 505 ( 812.719 ) 3 : 36 : 02 140.256 Report 2013 February 24 9th 48 Jimmie Johnson ( 2 ) Hendrick Motorsports ( 7 ) Chevrolet Goodyear 200 500 ( 804.672 ) 3 : 08 : 23 159.25 Report 2014 February 23 9th 88 Dale Earnhardt Jr. ( 2 ) Hendrick Motorsports ( 8 ) Chevrolet Goodyear 200 500 ( 804.672 ) 3 : 26 : 29 145.29 Report 2015 February 22 5th 22 Joey Logano Team Penske ( 2 ) Ford Goodyear 203 * 507.5 ( 816.742 ) 3 : 08 : 02 161.939 Report 2016 February 21 11th 11 Denny Hamlin Joe Gibbs Racing ( 2 ) Toyota Goodyear 200 500 ( 804.672 ) 3 : 10 : 25 157.549 Report 2017 February 26 8th 41 Kurt Busch Stewart - Haas Racing Ford Goodyear 200 500 ( 804.672 ) 3 : 29 : 31 143.187 Report † -- Andretti was born in a part of Italy that is now in Croatia , but became a naturalized American citizen . He remains the only foreign - born driver to win the race . ‡ -- Record for fastest Daytona 500 at 177.602 mph ( 285.823 km / h ) set by Buddy Baker in 1980 . -- Originally started 39th , but had to go back to the 43rd position due to changing to a backup car after crashing in the qualifying races . A driver who crashes during the qualifying race and goes to a backup car , or after 2003 , changes an engine between the first practice after the qualifying race and the Daytona 500 , is relegated to the rear of the field . Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series Races that have been shortened : 1965 : 332.5 miles ( 133 laps ) because of rain . 1966 : 495 miles ( 198 laps ) because of rain . 1974 : 450 miles ( 180 laps ) Race scheduled for 90 % distance in response to the energy crisis ; scoring began on lap 21 . 2003 : 272.5 miles ( 109 laps ) because of rain . 2009 : 380 miles ( 152 laps ) because of rain . Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series Races that have been extended due to an overtime finish : Note : From 2004 through 2009 , only one attempt was permitted in Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series racing . Starting from 2010 through 2015 , a maximum of three attempts are permitted . Beginning in 2016 , NASCAR allowed an unlimited attempts to cross an overtime line ( which was in the middle of the back stretch ) to make it a clean restart . In 2018 , the `` overtime line '' was eliminated and the drivers must complete a full lap prior to another yellow flag coming out . Otherwise the unlimited attempts part of the rule stands . 2005 , 2006 and 2015 : 507.5 miles ( 203 laps ) 2007 and 2012 : 505 miles ( 202 laps ) 2010 : 520 miles ( 208 laps ) ( two attempts -- Lap 203 and Lap 207 ; This was the first time a NASCAR Cup Series race used the green - white - checker format two times to finish a race ) 2011 : 520 miles ( 208 laps ) ; two attempts Only one race has been rescheduled from its original date . 2012 : Rescheduled from February 26 to February 27 at 12 : 00 noon and later rescheduled to start at 7 : 00 PM because of rain . ( This marks the first time the Daytona 500 was moved to Monday , and the first night - time Daytona 500 race . ) Multiple winners ( drivers ) ( edit ) # Wins Driver Years Won 7 Richard Petty 1964 , 1966 , 1971 , 1973 , 1974 , 1979 , 1981 Cale Yarborough 1968 , 1977 , 1983 , 1984 Bobby Allison 1978 , 1982 , 1988 Dale Jarrett 1993 , 1996 , 2000 Jeff Gordon 1997 , 1999 , 2005 Bill Elliott 1985 , 1987 Sterling Marlin 1994 , 1995 Michael Waltrip 2001 , 2003 Matt Kenseth 2009 , 2012 Jimmie Johnson 2006 , 2013 Dale Earnhardt Jr . 2004 , 2014 Multiple winners ( teams ) ( edit ) # Wins Team Years Won 9 Petty Enterprises 1959 , 1964 , 1966 , 1970 , 1971 , 1973 , 1974 , 1979 , 1981 8 Hendrick Motorsports 1986 , 1989 , 1997 , 1999 , 2005 , 2006 , 2013 , 2014 5 Wood Brothers Racing 1963 , 1968 , 1972 , 1976 , 2011 Ranier - Lundy 1980 , 1983 , 1984 Morgan -- McClure Motorsports 1991 , 1994 , 1995 Robert Yates Racing 1992 , 1996 , 2000 Dale Earnhardt , Inc . 2001 , 2003 , 2004 Holman Moody 1965 , 1967 Junior Johnson & Associates 1969 , 1977 Melling Racing 1985 , 1987 Richard Childress Racing 1998 , 2007 Roush Fenway Racing 2009 , 2012 Team Penske 2008 , 2015 Joe Gibbs Racing 1993 , 2016 Manufacturer wins ( edit ) # Wins Manufacturer Years Won 23 Chevrolet 1960 , 1975 , 1977 , 1984 , 1986 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2010 , 2013 , 2014 15 Ford 1963 , 1965 , 1967 , 1969 , 1978 , 1985 , 1987 , 1992 , 1996 , 2000 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2015 , 2017 Plymouth 1964 , 1966 , 1970 , 1971 Dodge 1973 , 1974 , 2002 , 2008 Mercury 1968 , 1972 , 1976 Oldsmobile 1959 , 1979 , 1980 Pontiac 1961 , 1962 , 1983 Buick 1981 , 1982 , 1988 Toyota 2016 Tire manufacturer wins ( edit ) # Wins Tire manufacturer Years Won 51 Goodyear 1960 , 1964 , 1966 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 7 Firestone 1959 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1965 , 1967 , 1968 Hoosier 1989 Race winner records ( edit ) Prerace ceremonies before the 2008 Daytona 500 . Consecutive victories ( edit ) Two consecutive victories Richard Petty ( 1973 , 1974 ) Cale Yarborough ( 1983 , 1984 ) Sterling Marlin ( 1994 , 1995 ) Winners from the pole position ( edit ) 1962 -- Fireball Roberts ( also won the Twin 125s ) 1966 -- Richard Petty 1968 , 1984 -- Cale Yarborough ( also won the 1984 Twin 125s ) 1980 -- Buddy Baker 1985 , 1987 -- Bill Elliott ( also the 1985 Twin 125s and 1987 Busch Clash ) 1999 -- Jeff Gordon 2000 -- Dale Jarrett ( also won the Clash at Daytona ) Family winners ( edit ) Petty Father Lee ( 1959 ) and son Richard ( 1964 , 1966 , 1971 , 1973 , 1974 , 1979 , 1981 ) Allison Father Bobby ( 1978 , 1982 , 1988 ) and son Davey ( 1992 ) The 1988 race also saw Bobby and Davey complete the third ever 1st -- 2nd finish by a father and son in a NASCAR Cup Series race . Earnhardt Father Dale ( 1998 ) and son Dale Jr. ( 2004 , 2014 ) Waltrip Brothers Darrell ( 1989 ) and Michael ( 2001 , 2003 ) Winners as both driver and owner ( edit ) Lee Petty Owner / driver : 1959 Junior Johnson Driver : 1960 Owner : 1969 , 1977 Richard Petty Owner / driver : 1964 , 1966 , 1971 , 1973 , 1974 , 1979 , 1981 Owner : 1970 Dale Earnhardt Driver : 1998 Owner : 2001 Jeff Gordon Driver : 1997 , 1999 , 2005 Owner : 2006 , 2013 Won the Daytona 500 and Advance Auto Parts Clash in same year ( edit ) 1982 -- Bobby Allison 1987 -- Bill Elliott ( also won Daytona 500 pole position ) 1996 , 2000 -- Dale Jarrett ( also won Daytona 500 pole position for the latter ) 1997 -- Jeff Gordon 2016 -- Denny Hamlin Won the Daytona 500 and Can - Am Duel in same year ( edit ) 1962 -- Fireball Roberts ( also won Daytona 500 pole position ) 1977 , 1984 -- Cale Yarborough ( also won Daytona 500 pole position for the latter ) 1985 -- Bill Elliott ( also won Daytona 500 pole position ) 1988 -- Bobby Allison 1995 -- Sterling Marlin 1998 -- Dale Earnhardt 2004 -- Dale Earnhardt Jr . 2012 -- Matt Kenseth Won the Daytona 500 and Brickyard 400 in same year ( edit ) 1996 -- Dale Jarrett 2006 -- Jimmie Johnson 2010 -- Jamie McMurray Won the Daytona 500 and Coke Zero 400 in same year ( edit ) 1962 -- Fireball Roberts 1968 -- Cale Yarborough 1969 -- LeeRoy Yarbrough 1982 -- Bobby Allison 2013 -- Jimmie Johnson Won the Daytona 500 and the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series Championship in same year ( edit ) 1959 -- Lee Petty 1964 , 1971 , 1974 , 1979 -- Richard Petty 1977 -- Cale Yarborough 1997 -- Jeff Gordon 2006 , 2013 -- Jimmie Johnson Drivers whose first NASCAR Cup Series win was the Daytona 500 ( edit ) 1963 -- Tiny Lund 1967 -- Mario Andretti ( Only NASCAR Cup Series win came in the Daytona 500 . ) 1970 -- Pete Hamilton 1990 -- Derrike Cope 1994 -- Sterling Marlin ( Only driver whose first two career victories were the Daytona 500 : 1994 & 1995 ) 2001 -- Michael Waltrip ( Won the Daytona 500 after 462 races without a win ) 2011 -- Trevor Bayne ( First rookie to win the Daytona 500 ; won the race in his first Daytona attempt , only his second Cup race ever . ) Youngest and oldest winners of the Daytona 500 ( edit ) Youngest : Trevor Bayne -- 2011 ( age 20 years , 1 day ) Oldest : Bobby Allison -- 1988 ( age 50 years , 73 days ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Chad Culver ( 2014 ) . Dover International Speedway : The Monster Mile. 53 : Arcadia Publishing . p. 127 . ISBN 1467121371 . Jump up ^ `` Culture , Class , Distinction '' Bennett , Tony . Culture , Class , Distinction . Routledge ( 2009 ) Disaggregating cultural capital . English translation ISBN 0 - 415 - 42242 - 6 ( hardcover ) . Jump up ^ `` World 's most watched TV sports events : 2006 Rank & Trends report '' . Initiative . 2007 - 01 - 19 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 08 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` A History of the Daytona 500 '' . TicketCity . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Crossman , Matt ( February 22 , 2015 ) . `` Daytona 500 Magic Hour : Best 60 minutes in sports '' . NASCAR . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2015 . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Briggs , Josh . `` How Daytona Qualifying Works '' . HowStuffWorks . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Blount , Terry ( 2012 - 02 - 28 ) . `` Bizarre moments dominate Daytona 500 weekend '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ 1959 , 1960 , and 1961 Daytona 500 Programs Jump up ^ `` The Rise And Fall Of NASCAR At Indy '' . Jul 24 , 2014 . Retrieved 16 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Bob Zeller , Daytona 500 : An Official History ( Phoenix : David Bull Publishing , 2002 ) : 48 - 52 . Jump up ^ Mark Aumann ( January 23 , 2003 ) . `` 1979 : Petty winds up in ' fist ' place '' . Turner Sports Interactive . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2011 . Retrieved June 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 1979 Daytona 500 '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on 16 July 2007 . Retrieved June 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` NASCAR.com -- The 1990 Daytona 500 - July 28 , 2003 '' . 2008 . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Jayski 's Silly Season Site -- Race Info Page '' . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 Daytona 500 - Racing-Reference.info '' . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Cain , Holly ( 21 February 2016 ) . `` DENNY HAMLIN WINS THRILLING DAYTONA 500 '' . nascar.com . nascar.com . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Daytona 500 . Official Site Previous race : Ford EcoBoost 400 Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series Daytona 500 Next race : Folds of Honor QuikTrip 500 Links to related articles Daytona 500 Track and race information Track Daytona International Speedway International Speedway Corporation Daytona 500 Experience Fatalities Statistics Winners Pole - sitters Records Harley J. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many laps are in a nascar race	[]	[]
-7021051118480759398	Bring It All Back 2015	Bring It All Back 2015 - wikipedia Bring It All Back 2015 Jump to : navigation , search Bring It All Back 2015 Tour by S Club 7 Location United Kingdom Associated albums Best : The Greatest Hits of S Club 7 Start date May 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 07 ) End date May 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 21 ) Legs No. of shows 12 S Club 7 concert chronology S Club United Tour ( 2003 ) Bring It All Back 2015 ( 2015 ) Bring It All Back 2015 was a 2015 concert tour by British pop group S Club 7 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Tour dates 2 Setlist 3 Support Acts 4 References 5 External links Tour dates ( edit ) Date City Country Venue 7 May 2015 Birmingham England Genting Arena 8 May 2015 Manchester Manchester Arena 9 May 2015 Newcastle Metro Radio Arena 11 May 2015 Bournemouth Bournemouth International Centre 12 May 2015 Cardiff Wales Motorpoint Arena Cardiff 13 May 2015 Liverpool England Echo Arena Liverpool 15 May 2015 Nottingham Capital FM Arena 16 May 2015 London The O Arena 17 May 2015 19 May 2015 Leeds First Direct Arena 20 May 2015 Glasgow Scotland The SSE Hydro 21 May 2015 Sheffield England Motorpoint Arena Sheffield 17 May was an extra date added due to popular demand . Setlist ( edit ) `` Bring the House Down '' `` S Club Party '' `` You 're My Number One '' `` Love Ai n't Gonna Wait for You '' `` Two in a Million '' `` Alive '' `` Stronger '' ( Tina solo ) `` Reach '' ( acoustic version ) ( Paul solo ) `` Straight Up '' ( Paula Abdul cover ) ( Hannah solo ) `` Hello Friend '' ( Jon and Jo duet ) `` Natural '' `` Have You Ever '' `` You '' Medley Remix : `` Good Times '' / `` Friday Night '' / `` Dance Dance Dance '' / `` Do It Till We Drop '' / `` Who Do You Think You Are ? '' ( Bradley solo as DJ ) `` Some Girls '' / `` Sweet Dreams My LA Ex '' ( Rachel solo ) `` Viva La Fiesta '' `` Bring It All Back '' `` Uptown Funk '' ( Mark Ronson and Bruno Mars cover ) `` Say Goodbye '' `` Reach '' Encore `` Never Had a Dream Come True '' `` Do n't Stop Movin ' '' Support Acts ( edit ) AJ May 7 , 2015 - May 21 , 2015 http://www.theofficialaj.com/ LJ MTX References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nissim , Mayer ( 17 November 2014 ) . `` S Club 7 announce ' Bring It All Back ' 2015 arena tour dates '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` S Club 7 on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` S Club 7 Concert Setlist at Capital FM Arena Nottingham , Nottingham on May 15 , 2015 -- setlist.fm '' . setlist.fm . External links ( edit ) S Club 7 website S Club 7 on Twitter ( hide ) S Club 7 Tina Barrett Paul Cattermole Jon Lee Bradley McIntosh Jo O'Meara Hannah Spearritt Rachel Stevens Studio albums S Club 7 Sunshine Seeing Double Compilation albums Do n't Stop Movin ' Best : The Greatest Hits of S Club 7 Singles `` Bring It All Back '' `` S Club Party '' `` Two in a Million '' `` You 're My Number One '' `` Reach '' `` Natural '' `` Never Had a Dream Come True '' `` Do n't Stop Movin ' '' `` Have You Ever '' `` You '' `` Alive '' `` Say Goodbye '' `` Love Ai n't Gonna Wait for You '' Concert tours Bring It All Back 2015 Film and television Miami 7 Back to the ' 50s Boyfriends & Birthdays L.A. 7 S Club 7 Go Wild ! Hollywood 7 Viva S Club Seeing Double Related articles Discography S Club 8 Upper Street Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bring_It_All_Back_2015&oldid=823755104 '' Categories : 2015 concert tours S Club 7 2015 in British music Concert tours of the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Use British English from May 2015 Use dmy dates from May 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 3 February 2018 , at 05 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	s club 7 bring it all back tour	[]	[]
136079199876308206	List of highest individual scores in ODIs	List of highest individual scores in ODIs - wikipedia List of highest individual scores in ODIs Jump to : navigation , search One Day International ( ODI ) cricket is played between international cricket teams who are Full Members of the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) as well as the top six Associate and Affiliate members . Unlike Test matches , ODIs consist of one innings per team , having a limit in the number of overs . The limit of overs is currently 50 overs per innings , although in the past this has been 55 or 60 overs . ODI cricket is List - A cricket , so statistics and records set in ODI matches also count toward List - A records . The earliest match now recognized as an ODI was played between England and Australia in January 1971 ; since then there have been over 3,000 ODIs played by 26 teams . The frequency of matches has steadily increased , partly because of the increase in the number of ODI - playing countries , and partly as the cricket boards of those nations seek to maximise their revenue . Before breaking the 200 mark , the highest ODI score was 194 jointly held by Pakistani Saeed Anwar and Zimbabwean Charles Coventry . In One Day Internationals , the first man to score a double century was Indian batsman Sachin Tendulkar , who scored 200 not out against South Africa at Captain Roop Singh Stadium in Gwalior , India . Rohit Sharma is the only player in history to score 3 double centuries . The following table lists scores of 180 or higher . Highest ODI individual scores ( edit ) Rank Name Score 4s 6s Strike rate Innings Team Opponent Venue Date Result Sharma , Rohit Rohit Sharma 264 33 9 152.60 India Sri Lanka Eden Gardens , Kolkata 13 November 2014 Won Guptill , Martin Martin Guptill 237 * 24 11 145.39 New Zealand West Indies Westpac Stadium , Wellington 21 March 2015 Won Sehwag , Virender Virender Sehwag 219 25 7 146.97 India West Indies Holkar Cricket Stadium , Indore 8 December 2011 Won Gayle , Chris Chris Gayle 215 10 16 146.25 West Indies Zimbabwe Manuka Oval , Canberra 24 February 2015 Won 5 Sharma , Rohit Rohit Sharma 209 12 16 132.28 India Australia M. Chinnaswamy Stadium , Bangalore 2 November 2013 Won 6 Sharma , Rohit Rohit Sharma 208 * 13 12 135.94 India Sri Lanka PCA IS Bindra Stadium , Mohali 13 December 2017 Won 7 Tendulkar , Sachin Sachin Tendulkar 200 * 25 136.05 India South Africa Captain Roop Singh Stadium , Gwalior 24 February 2010 Won 8 Charles Coventry 194 * 16 7 124.36 Zimbabwe Bangladesh Queens Sports Club , Bulawayo 16 August 2009 Lost 8 Saeed Anwar 194 22 5 132.88 Pakistan India M.A. Chidambaram Stadium , Chennai 21 May 1997 Won 10 Vivian Richards 189 * 21 5 111.18 West Indies England Old Trafford Cricket Ground , Manchester 31 May 1984 Won 10 Martin Guptill 189 * 19 121.94 New Zealand England Rose Bowl , Southampton 2 June 2013 Won 10 Jayasuriya , Sanath Sanath Jayasuriya 189 21 117.39 Sri Lanka India Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium , Sharjah 29 October 2000 Won 13 Kirsten , Gary Gary Kirsten 188 * 13 118.24 South Africa United Arab Emirates Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium , Rawalpindi 16 February 1996 Won 14 Sachin Tendulkar 186 * 20 124.00 India New Zealand Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium , Hyderabad 8 November 1999 Won 15 Watson , Shane Shane Watson 185 * 15 15 192.71 Australia Bangladesh Sher - e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium , Dhaka 11 April 2011 Won 15 du Plessis , Faf Faf du Plessis 185 16 131.20 South Africa Sri Lanka Newlands Cricket Ground , Cape Town 7 February 2017 Won 17 Dhoni , MS MS Dhoni 183 * 15 10 126.21 India Sri Lanka Sawai Mansingh Stadium , Jaipur 31 October 2005 Won 17 Ganguly , Sourav Sourav Ganguly 183 17 7 115.82 India Sri Lanka County Ground , Taunton 26 May 1999 Won 17 Kohli , Virat Virat Kohli 183 22 123.65 India Pakistan Sher - e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium , Dhaka 18 March 2012 Won 20 Taylor , Ross Ross Taylor 181 * 17 6 123.12 New Zealand England University of Otago Oval , Dunedin 7 March 2018 Won 20 Hayden , Matthew Matthew Hayden 181 * 11 10 109.03 Australia New Zealand Seddon Park , Hamilton 20 February 2007 Lost 20 Richards , Viv Viv Richards 181 16 7 144.80 West Indies Sri Lanka National Stadium , Karachi , Karachi 13 October 1987 Won 21 Roy , Jason Jason Roy 180 16 5 119.20 England Australia MCG , Melbourne , Melbourne 14 January 2018 Won * indicates not out References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Classification of Official Cricket '' ( PDF ) . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 12 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The difference between Test and one - day cricket '' . BBC Sport. 6 September 2005 . Retrieved 12 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Only ODI : Australia v England '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 1 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Martin - Jenkins , Christopher ( 2003 ) . `` Crying out for less '' . Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack -- online archive . John Wisden & Co . Retrieved 12 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rohit : three double - hundreds ; Others : four '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka tour of India , 4th ODI : India v Sri Lanka at sirkali senthangudi , Nov 13 , 2014 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ICC Cricket World Cup , 4th Quarter - Final : New Zealand v West Indies at Wellington , Mar 21 , 2015 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 4th ODI ( D / N ) , West Indies tour of India at Indore , Dec 8 2011 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ICC Cricket World Cup , 15th Match , Pool B : West Indies v Zimbabwe at Canberra , Feb 24 , 2015 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of India , 7th ODI : India v Australia at Bangalore , Nov 2 , 2013 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd ODI ( D / N ) , Sri Lanka tour of India at Chandigarh , Dec 13 2017 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa tour of India , 2nd ODI : India v South Africa at Gwalior , Feb 24 , 2010 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh tour of Zimbabwe , 4th ODI : Zimbabwe v Bangladesh at Bulawayo , Aug 16 , 2009 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` epsi Independence Cup , 6th Match : India v Pakistan at Chennai , May 21 , 1997 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of England , 1st ODI : England v West Indies at Manchester , May 31 , 1984 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand tour of England , 2nd ODI : England v New Zealand at Southampton , Jun 2 , 2013 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola Champions Trophy , Final : India v Sri Lanka at Sharjah , Oct 29 , 2000 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wills World Cup , 2nd Match : South Africa v United Arab Emirates at Rawalpindi , Feb 16 , 1996 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand tour of India , 2nd ODI : India v New Zealand at Hyderabad ( Deccan ) , Nov 8 , 1999 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of Bangladesh , 2nd ODI : Bangladesh v Australia at Dhaka , Apr 11 , 2011 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka tour of South Africa , 4th ODI : South Africa v Sri Lanka at Cape Town , Feb 7 , 2017 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 8 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka tour of India , 3rd ODI : India v Sri Lanka at Jaipur , Oct 31 , 2005 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ICC World Cup , 21st Match : India v Sri Lanka at Taunton , May 26 , 1999 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Asia Cup , 5th Match : India v Pakistan at Dhaka , Mar 18 , 2012 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of New Zealand , 4th ODI : New Zealand v England at Dunedin , Mar 7 , 2018 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of New Zealand , 3rd ODI : New Zealand v Australia at Hamilton , Feb 20 , 2007 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 7th Match , Reliance World Cup at Karachi , Oct 13 1987 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 14 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1st ODI ( D / N ) , England tour of Australia and New Zealand at Melbourne , Jan 14 2018 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 14 January 2018 . Cricket records Test records By team Australia Bangladesh England India Ireland New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Most career runs Triple centuries Centuries in both innings Centuries on debut Bowling Most career wickets Five - wicket hauls on debut Double five - wicket hauls on debut Hat - tricks ODI records By team Australia Bangladesh England India New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Most career runs Highest individual scores Double centuries Centuries on debut Bowling Most career wickets Hat - tricks Five - wicket haul on debut T20I records By team Australia Bangladesh England India Nepal New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Centuries Bowling Five - wicket hauls Hat - tricks Miscellaneous records International Centuries Career Five Wicket Hauls 100 wickets in a season Wicket with first ball World Cup records First - class records Batsmen with 100 FC centuries FC quadruple centuries Ranji Trophy List - A records Centuries by ground Five - wicket hauls by ground Twenty20 records Under - 19 records Women 's cricket Test records ODI records T20I records Test centuries ODI centuries T20I centuries Hat - tricks Records World record Category : World records Guinness World Records Limca Book of Records Unique World Records Asia Book of Records People Heaviest Oldest Tallest Shortest Sporting records Chess Cricket Test One Day International Twenty20 International Cycling FIBA Basketball World Cup records FIFA World Cup records Formula One motorsport constructors drivers Juggling World Rally Championship Speed skating Figure skating Swimming Athletics : World records progressions Olympic records National records In Australia : List of NRL records List of AFL records In the US : NBA Regular season Post-season NFL individual team NHL individual team MLB MLS Track and field In India : ISL records National records Japan Palestinian territories Philippines Motion records Speed Air Transcontinental Land speed record Railed Production car Motorcycle land - speed record Production motorcycle Wheel - driven British Water speed record Underwater Sailing Sound barrier Speed of light Distance Flight distance record Flight altitude record Ocean depth record Flight endurance record Boundary of space Other Spaceflight records FAI records Man - made objects Tallest structures Category on tallest structures Physical phenomena Solar System Extremes Extremes on Earth Extreme points of Earth List of weather records Organisms List of longest - living organisms Smallest organisms Largest organisms Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_highest_individual_scores_in_ODIs&oldid=840731664 '' Categories : One Day International cricket records Cricket - related lists Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2014 Articles with hCards Talk About Wikipedia বাংলা हिन्दी Edit links This page was last edited on 11 May 2018 , at 19 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	rohit sharma highest score in one day match	[ "\n\nRank\nName\nScore\n4s\n6s\nStrike rate\nInnings\nTeam\nOpponent\nVenue\nDate\nResult\n\n\n1\nSharma, RohitRohit Sharma\n264\n33\n9\n152.60\n1\n India\n Sri Lanka\nEden Gardens, Kolkata\n13 November 2014\nWon[6]\n\n\n2\nGuptill, MartinMartin Guptill\n237\n24\n11\n145.39\n1\n New Zealand\n West Indies\nWestpac Stadium, Wellington\n21 March 2015\nWon[7]\n\n\n3\nSehwag, VirenderVirender Sehwag\n219\n25\n7\n146.97\n1\n India\n West Indies\nHolkar Cricket Stadium, Indore\n8 December 2011\nWon[8]\n\n\n4\nGayle, ChrisChris Gayle\n215\n10\n16\n146.25\n1\n West Indies\n Zimbabwe\nManuka Oval, Canberra\n24 February 2015\nWon[9]\n\n\n5\nSharma, RohitRohit Sharma\n209\n12\n16\n132.28\n1\n India\n Australia\nM. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore\n2 November 2013\nWon[10]\n\n\n6\nSharma, RohitRohit Sharma\n208\n13\n12\n135.94\n1\n India\n Sri Lanka\nPCA IS Bindra Stadium, Mohali\n13 December 2017\nWon[11]\n\n\n7\nTendulkar, SachinSachin Tendulkar\n200\n25\n3\n136.05\n1\n India\n South Africa\nCaptain Roop Singh Stadium, Gwalior\n24 February 2010\nWon[12]\n\n\n8\nCharles Coventry\n194\n16\n7\n124.36\n1\n Zimbabwe\n Bangladesh\nQueens Sports Club, Bulawayo\n16 August 2009\nLost[13]\n\n\n8\nSaeed Anwar\n194\n22\n5\n132.88\n1\n Pakistan\n India\nM. A. Chidambaram Stadium, Chennai\n21 May 1997\nWon[14]\n\n\n10\nVivian Richards\n189\n21\n5\n111.18\n1\n West Indies\n England\nOld Trafford Cricket Ground, Manchester\n31 May 1984\nWon[15]\n\n\n10\nMartin Guptill\n189\n19\n2\n121.94\n1\n New Zealand\n England\nRose Bowl, Southampton\n2 June 2013\nWon[16]\n\n\n10\nJayasuriya, SanathSanath Jayasuriya\n189\n21\n4\n117.39\n1\n Sri Lanka\n India\nSharjah Cricket Association Stadium, Sharjah\n29 October 2000\nWon[17]\n\n\n13\nKirsten, GaryGary Kirsten\n188\n13\n4\n118.24\n1\n South Africa\n United Arab Emirates\nRawalpindi Cricket Stadium, Rawalpindi\n16 February 1996\nWon[18]\n\n\n14\nSachin Tendulkar\n186\n20\n3\n124.00\n1\n India\n New Zealand\nLal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, Hyderabad\n8 November 1999\nWon[19]\n\n\n15\nWatson, ShaneShane Watson\n185\n15\n15\n192.71\n2\n Australia\n Bangladesh\nSher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium, Dhaka\n11 April 2011\nWon[20]\n\n\n15\ndu Plessis, FafFaf du Plessis\n185\n16\n3\n131.20\n1\n South Africa\n Sri Lanka\nNewlands Cricket Ground, Cape Town\n7 February 2017\nWon[21]\n\n\n17\nDhoni, MSMS Dhoni\n183\n15\n10\n126.21\n2\n India\n Sri Lanka\nSawai Mansingh Stadium, Jaipur\n31 October 2005\nWon[22]\n\n\n17\nGanguly, SouravSourav Ganguly\n183\n17\n7\n115.82\n1\n India\n Sri Lanka\nCounty Ground, Taunton\n26 May 1999\nWon[23]\n\n\n17\nKohli, ViratVirat Kohli\n183\n22\n1\n123.65\n2\n India\n Pakistan\nSher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium, Dhaka\n18 March 2012\nWon[24]\n\n\n20\nTaylor, RossRoss Taylor\n181\n17\n6\n123.12\n2\n New Zealand\n England\nUniversity of Otago Oval, Dunedin\n7 March 2018\nWon[25]\n\n\n20\nHayden, MatthewMatthew Hayden\n181\n11\n10\n109.03\n1\n Australia\n New Zealand\nSeddon Park, Hamilton\n20 February 2007\nLost[26]\n\n\n20\nRichards, VivViv Richards\n181\n16\n7\n144.80\n1\n West Indies\n Sri Lanka\nNational Stadium, Karachi, Karachi\n13 October 1987\nWon[27]\n\n\n21\nRoy, JasonJason Roy\n180\n16\n5\n119.20\n2\n England\n Australia\nMCG, Melbourne, Melbourne\n14 January 2018\nWon[28]\n\n" ]	[ "Rohit Sharma" ]
6180194158595302879	Escobar	Escobar - wikipedia Escobar For other uses , see Escobar ( disambiguation ) . Look up Escobar in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Escobar is a Spanish surname . Notable people with the surname include : Abelardo Escobar Prieto , Mexican politician Aida Luz Santos de Escobar , ambassador of El Salvador to Cyprus Anasol Escobar , Colombian singer Alcides Escobar , Venezuelan baseball player Alex Escobar , Venezuelan baseball player Alexander Escobar ( born 1984 ) , Salvadoran footballer Alexander Escobar Gañán ( born 1965 ) , Colombian footballer Alexandra Escobar ( born 1980 ) , Ecuadorian weightlifter Ana Vilma de Escobar ( born 1954 ) , Salvadoran politician Andrea Escobar ( born 1992 ) , Colombian actress Andrés Escobar ( 1967 -- 1994 ) , Colombian footballer Andrés Ramiro Escobar ( born 1991 ) , Colombian footballer Ángel Escobar , Venezuelan baseball player Antonio Escobar Núñez ( born 1976 ) , Spanish musician Antonio Escobar y Mendoza , 17th - century Spanish ethicist Arturo Escobar ( anthropologist ) ( born 1952 ) , Colombian - American anthropologist and development scholar Arturo Escobar y Vega , Mexican politician Brandon Escobar ( born 1990 ) , Honduran sport wrestler Carlos Escobar Casarin ( born 1990 ) , Chilean footballer Carlos Escobar Ortíz ( born 1989 ) , Chilean footballer César Antonio Díaz Escobar , Chilean footballer Daniel Escobar ( 1964 -- 2013 ) , American actor Daniela Escobar ( born 1969 ) , Brazilian actress and television presenter Darío Escobar ( born 1971 ) , Guatemalan artist Eduardo Escobar ( born 1989 ) , Venezuelan baseball player Elizam Escobar ( born 1948 ) , Puerto Rican painter Enzo Escobar ( born 1951 ) , Chilean footballer Eusebio Escobar ( born 1936 ) , Colombian footballer Fabio Escobar ( born 1982 ) , Paraguayan footballer Francisco Escobar ( born 1991 ) , Colombian beauty pageant winner Gavin Escobar ( born 1991 ) , American football player Henry Escobar ( born 1990 ) , Salvadoran footballer Isabella Escobar ( born 1992 ) , Guatemalan tennis player Jesús Escobar , American historian José Escobar ( baseball ) ( born in 1960 ) , Venezuelan baseball player José Escobar Saliente ( 1908 - 1994 ) , Spanish comic writer and artist Juan Carlos Escobar ( born 1982 ) , Colombian footballer Juan Carlos Ortiz Escobar ( Cuchilla ) , Colombian drug dealer Juan Francisco Escobar ( born 1949 ) , Paraguayan football referee José Luis Escobar Alas ( born 1959 ) , Salvadoran bishop Juan M. Escobar , American judge Katherine Escobar , Colombian model and actress Kelvim Escobar ( born 1976 ) , Venezuelan baseball player Luis Escobar ( footballer ) ( born 1984 ) , Colombian footballer Luis Escobar ( polo ) ( born 1971 ) , American polo player Luis Escobar ( swimmer ) ( born 1984 ) , Mexican swimmer Luis Escobar Kirkpatrick ( 1908 - 1991 ) , Spanish actor Luis Antonio Escobar ( composer ) Luis Antonio Escobar ( footballer ) Manolo Escobar ( 1931 -- 2013 ) , Spanish singer Marisol Escobar ( 1930 -- 2016 ) , Venezuelan - born sculptor Matías Escobar ( born 1982 ) , Argentine footballer Pablo Escobar ( 1949 -- 1993 ) , Colombian drug lord Pablo Andrés Escobar ( born 1987 ) , Colombian footballer Pablo Daniel Escobar ( born 1978 ) , Paraguayan - born Bolivian footballer Pánfilo Escobar ( born 1974 ) , Paraguayan footballer Patricio Escobar ( 1843 -- 1912 ) , President of Paraguay Pedro de Escobar , 16th - century Portuguese composer Pepe Escobar ( born 1954 ) , Brazilian investigative journalist Pêro Escobar , 15th - century Portuguese explorer Reynaldo Escobar Pérez , Mexican politician Rolando Escobar ( born 1981 ) , Panamanian footballer Ruth Escobar ( 1935 -- 2017 ) , Portuguese - born Brazilian actress , businesswoman , and politician Sergi Escobar ( born 1974 ) , Spanish cyclist Sílvio Escobar ( born 1986 ) , Paraguayan footballer Sixto Escobar , Puerto Rican boxer Susana Escobar ( born 1987 ) , Mexican swimmer Ticio Escobar ( born 1947 ) , Paraguayan minister of culture Vicente Escobar ( 1757 -- 1834 ) , Cuban painter Walter Escobar ( born 1968 ) , Colombian footballer Yasmani Copello Escobar ( born 1987 ) , Cuban - Turkish hurdler Yunel Escobar ( born 1982 ) , Cuban - American baseball player Sebastián Marroquín , born Juan Pablo Escobar Surname list This page lists people with the surname Escobar . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page , you may wish to change that link by adding the person 's given name ( s ) to the link . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Escobar&oldid=847472643 '' Categories : Surnames Spanish - language surnames Hidden categories : Articles with short description All set index articles Talk About Wikipedia Español Svenska 粵語 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 June 2018 , at 16 : 17 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	where does the last name escobar originate from	[ "Escobar is a Spanish surname. Notable people with the surname include:\n" ]	[ "Spanish" ]
7957342894004981183	El Paso (song)	El Paso ( song ) - wikipedia El Paso ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Marty Robbins song . For the Taking Back Sunday song , see Taking Back Sunday ( album ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` El Paso '' El Paso by Marty Robbins Single by Marty Robbins from the album Gunfighter Ballads and Trail Songs B - side `` Running Gun '' Released October 26 , 1959 Format 7 '' Recorded April 1959 Genre Country , Tex - Mex Length 4 : 38 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Marty Robbins Producer ( s ) Don Law Marty Robbins singles chronology `` Cap and Gown '' ( 1959 ) `` El Paso '' ( 1959 ) `` Big Iron '' ( 1960 ) `` Cap and Gown '' ( 1959 ) `` El Paso '' ( 1959 ) `` Big Iron '' ( 1960 ) Audio sample file help `` El Paso '' is a country and western ballad written and originally recorded by Marty Robbins , and first released on Gunfighter Ballads and Trail Songs in September 1959 . It was released as a single the following month , and became a major hit on both the country and pop music charts , reaching number one in both at the start of 1960 . It won the Grammy Award for Best Country & Western Recording in 1961 , and remains Robbins ' best - known song . It is widely considered a genre classic for its gripping narrative which ends in the death of its protagonist , its shift from past to present tense , haunting harmonies by vocalists Bobby Sykes and Jim Glaser ( of the Glaser Brothers ) and the eloquent and varied Spanish guitar accompaniment by Grady Martin that lends the recording a distinctive Tex - Mex feel . The name of the character Feleena was based upon a schoolmate of Robbins in the fifth grade -- Fidelina Martinez . Members of the Western Writers of America chose El Paso as one of the Top 100 Western songs of all time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Song 2 Chart performance 3 Other versions 4 Sequels 4.1 Feleena ( From El Paso ) 4.2 El Paso City 5 References 5.1 Notes 6 External links Song ( edit ) `` El Paso '' was , at 4 minutes and 38 seconds in duration , far longer than most contemporary singles at the time . Robbins ' record company was unsure whether radio stations would play such a long song , and so released two versions of the song on a promo 45 : the full - length version on one side , and an edited version on the other which was nearer to the three - minute mark . The full - length version was overwhelmingly preferred . `` Out in the west Texas town of El Paso , I fell in love with a Mexican girl ... '' The song is a first - person narrative told by a cowboy who is in El Paso , Texas , in the days of the Wild West . He recalls how he fell in love with a young Mexican woman , Feleena , a dancer at `` Rosa 's Cantina '' . When the narrator sees another cowboy sharing a drink with `` wicked Feleena '' he challenges the newcomer to a gunfight . He kills the challenger , then flees El Paso for fear of being hanged for murder or killed in revenge by his victim 's friends . ( The truncated version of the song , often found on compilations , omits a verse in which the narrator expresses shock and remorse over the `` foul evil deed I had done '' before realizing he has to flee . ) In the act of fleeing , he commits the additional and potentially hanging offense of horse theft ( `` I caught a good one , it looked like it could run '' ) , further sealing his fate in El Paso . Exiting El Paso , he hides out in the `` badlands of New Mexico '' . The narrator switches from the past to the present for the remainder of the song , describing the yearning that drives him to return to El Paso : `` It 's been so long since I 've seen the young maiden / My love is stronger than my fear of death . '' Upon entering the town , he is attacked and fatally wounded by a posse . At the end of the song , the cowboy recounts that Feleena has `` found me , '' and he dies in her arms . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1959 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot C&W Sides US Billboard Hot 100 Coincidentally , `` El Paso '' was followed in the Hot 100 No. 1 position by Johnny Preston 's `` Running Bear '' , another song in which the protagonist of the song dies although the story of Running Bear is not told in the first person . Other versions ( edit ) `` El Paso '' was frequently performed by the Grateful Dead in concert . The song entered the band 's repertoire in 1969 , and remained there until the band 's demise in 1995 ; in total , it was performed 389 times . It was sung by rhythm guitarist Bob Weir , with Jerry Garcia contributing harmony vocals . On the album Ladies and Gentlemen ... The Grateful Dead , Bob Weir introduces the song as the Dead 's `` most requested number '' . The alternative country band Old 97 's have also covered this song but instead of in the traditional 3 / 4 time , they hammered it out in 4 / 4 . Their cover appears on Hit by a Train : The Best of Old 97 's as well as the King of the Hill original TV soundtrack . Grady Martin released an instrumental version in 1965 on his Instrumentally Yours album . El Paso has also been recorded by Max Stalling , Michael Martin Murphey , Tom Russell , The Mills Brothers , and Jason and the Scorchers . After Lolita along with her Western Trio had a hit in the US with Seemann ( Deine Heimat ist das Meer ) she reciprocated by recording a German version of the song which became a hit in the German world and contributed to a long series of bi-national songs such as Wenn der Sommer Kommt and two songs which would top the U.S. country charts thirteen years later as performed by Marie Osmond Lieber Jonny , Komm doch Wieder and Das einsame Haus in Waikiki . A parody version , `` El Pizza '' by H.B. Barnum , was a radio hit in 1960 . It moved the action to Azusa , California , where Rosa 's Cantina became a pizza place where Feleena worked as a waitress . Homer and Jethro also parodied the song ( `` Velvita 's Cafe had standing room only ; wall - to - wall drunks all the way to the door . I looked around for a place I could sit down ; a lady got up , and I grabbed her char ... `` ( not `` chair '' ) . `` I asked her where have you been all my life ; she answered , ' Most of it I was n't born ' . '' Blaine L. Reininger , a founding musician of San Francisco band Tuxedomoon , included this song on his 1989 solo album Book of Hours . In the late 1980s a modified version of `` El Paso '' ( Miners Fight ) became known as the Official Fight song of the University of Texas at El Paso Miners . Sequels ( edit ) Robbins wrote two songs that are explicit sequels to `` El Paso '' , one in 1966 , one in 1976 . ( He also wrote other songs that told Western stories in a similar vein , but they are not sequels to `` El Paso '' , as they involve none of the same characters . ) Feleena ( from El Paso ) ( edit ) In 1966 , Robbins recorded `` Feleena ( From El Paso ) '' , telling the life story of Feleena , the `` Mexican girl '' from `` El Paso '' , in a third - person narrative . This track was over eight minutes long . Robbins wrote most of it in Phoenix , Arizona , but went to El Paso seeking inspiration for the conclusion . Born in a desert shack in New Mexico during a thunderstorm , Feleena runs away from home at 17 , living off her charms for a year in Santa Fe , before moving to the brighter lights of El Paso to become a paid dancer . After another year , the narrator of `` El Paso '' arrives , the first man she did not have contempt for . He spends six weeks romancing her , before shooting another man with whom she was flirting through `` insane jealousy '' in a retelling of the key moment in the original song . Her lover 's return to El Paso comes only a day after his flight ( the original song suggests a longer timeframe before his return ) and as she goes to run to him , the cowboy motions to her to stay out of the line of fire and is shot ; immediately after his dying kiss , Feleena shoots herself with his gun . Their ghosts are heard to this day in the wind blowing around El Paso : `` It 's only the young cowboy showing Feleena the town '' . El Paso City ( edit ) In 1976 Robbins released another reworking , `` El Paso City '' , in which the narrator is on an airplane over El Paso and remembers a song he had heard `` long ago '' , proceeding to summarize the original `` El Paso '' story . `` I do n't recall who sang the song '' , he sings , but he feels a supernatural connection to the story : `` could it be that I could be the cowboy in this mystery '' , he asks , suggesting a past life . This song was a country number one . The arrangement includes riffs and themes from the previous two El Paso songs . Robbins wrote it while flying over El Paso , in - he reported - the same amount of time it takes to sing , four minutes and fourteen seconds . It was only the second time that ever happened to him ; the first time was when he composed the original El Paso as fast as he could write it down . Robbins intended to do one more sequel , `` The Mystery of Old El Paso , '' but he died in late 1982 before he could finish the final song . References ( edit ) Liner notes by Rich Keinzle , July 1991 , to The Essential Marty Robbins : 1951 - 1982 Columbia Records 468909 - 2 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.discogs.com/de/Marty-Robbins-The-Drifter/release/3462152 Jump up ^ Diane Diekman ( 2012 ) , Twentieth Century Drifter : The Life of Marty Robbins , University of Illinois Press , p. 17 , ISBN 9780252094200 Jump up ^ Western Writers of America ( 2010 ) . `` The Top 100 Western Songs '' . American Cowboy . Archived from the original on 10 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Marty Robbins interviewed on the Pop Chronicles ( 1969 ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits : 1944 - 2006 , Second edition . Record Research . p. 293 . Jump up ^ `` Marty Robbins -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Marty Robbins . Jump up ^ `` The SetList Program - Grateful Dead Setlists , Listener Experiences , and Statistics '' . Setlists.net . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Instrumentally Yours - Grady Martin Songs , Reviews , Credits '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 29 . External links ( edit ) Ballad of a Gunfighter on IMDb Preceded by `` The Same Old Me '' by Ray Price Billboard Hot C&W Sides number - one single December 21 , 1959 - February 1 , 1960 Succeeded by `` He 'll Have to Go '' by Jim Reeves Preceded by `` Why '' by Frankie Avalon Billboard Hot 100 number - one single December 29 , 1959 -- January 11 , 1960 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Running Bear '' by Johnny Preston ( hide ) Marty Robbins Albums Gunfighter Ballads and Trail Songs Today The Performer Notable singles `` I 'll Go On Alone '' `` I Could n't Keep from Crying '' `` That 's All Right '' `` Maybellene '' `` Singing the Blues '' `` Knee Deep in the Blues '' `` A White Sport Coat '' `` The Story of My Life '' `` Just Married '' `` The Hanging Tree '' `` El Paso '' `` Big Iron '' `` Do n't Worry '' `` Devil Woman '' `` Ruby Ann '' `` Begging to You '' `` Ribbon of Darkness '' `` Tonight Carmen '' `` I Walk Alone '' `` It 's a Sin '' `` My Woman , My Woman , My Wife '' `` Laura ( What 's He Got That I Ai n't Got ) '' `` El Paso City '' `` Among My Souvenirs '' `` I Do n't Know Why ( I Just Do ) '' `` Return to Me '' `` Some Memories Just Wo n't Die '' `` Tie Your Dream to Mine '' Related articles Discography Columbia Records MCA Records Jeanne Pruett Book : Marty Robbins Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=El_Paso_(song)&oldid=801269818 '' Categories : 1959 songs 1960 singles 1976 singles Marty Robbins songs Grateful Dead songs Country ballads Culture of El Paso , Texas Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Songs about Texas Songs about cities Songs written by Marty Robbins Columbia Records singles Murder ballads Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Nederlands Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 18 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sang west texas town of el paso	[ "\"El Paso\" is a country and western ballad written and originally recorded by Marty Robbins, and first released on Gunfighter Ballads and Trail Songs in September 1959. It was released as a single the following month, and became a major hit on both the country and pop music charts, reaching number one in both at the start of 1960. It won the Grammy Award for Best Country & Western Recording in 1961, and remains Robbins' best-known song. It is widely considered a genre classic for its gripping narrative which ends in the death of its protagonist, its shift from past to present tense, haunting harmonies by vocalists Bobby Sykes and Jim Glaser (of the Glaser Brothers) and the eloquent and varied Spanish guitar accompaniment by Grady Martin that lends the recording a distinctive Tex-Mex feel. The name of the character Feleena[1] was based upon a schoolmate of Robbins in the fifth grade—Fidelina Martinez.[2]" ]	[ "Marty Robbins" ]
4770035580309071117	Category:Songs written by Kandi Burruss	Category : songs written by Kandi Burruss - wikipedia Help Category : songs written by Kandi Burruss This category is for songs written or co-written by Kandi Burruss . Pages in category `` songs written by Kandi Burruss '' The following 21 pages are in this category , out of 21 total . This list may not reflect recent changes ( learn more ) . Bills , Bills , Bills Bug a Boo Ca n't Hang / Do You Want To Ca n't Trust Thots Cheatin ' on Me Come Get Some ( TLC song ) Crew Deep Dance with Me ( Le Youth song ) Do n't Think I 'm Not Feels So Good ( Xscape song ) Girl Talk ( TLC song ) I 'm Right Here Make Me Wanna Scream Miss P . No Pigeons No Scrubs Pop Ya Collar Shape of You There You Go U U and Dat Unnecessary Trouble Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Songs_written_by_Kandi_Burruss&oldid=823387666 '' Categories : Songs by songwriter Talk Help About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 31 January 2018 , at 23 : 29 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	what song did kandi burruss wrote for destiny's child	[]	[]
-7275835443131672581	Battle of Plassey	Battle of Plassey - wikipedia Battle of Plassey Battle of Plassey Part of the Seven Years ' War Lord Clive meeting with Mir Jafar after the Battle of Plassey , oil on canvas ( Francis Hayman , c. 1762 ) Date 23 June 1757 Location Palashi , Bengal Subah Coordinates : 23 ° 48 ′ N 88 ° 15 ′ E / 23.80 ° N 88.25 ° E / 23.80 ; 88.25 Result Decisive British victory Territorial changes Bengal annexed by the East India Company Belligerents Great Britain East India Company Mughal Empire Principality of Bengal France Commanders and leaders Colonel Robert Clive Major Kilpatrick Major Grant Major Eyre Coote Captain Gaupp Nawab Siraj ud - Daulah Diwan Mohanlal Mir Madan † Mir Jafar Ali Khan ( defector ) Yar Lutuf Khan ( defector ) Rai Durlabh ( defector ) Monsieur Sinfray Strength East India Company : 750 English European soldiers 100 Topasses 2,100 Indian sepoys 100 gunners 50 sailors 8 cannon ( six 6 - pounders and 2 howitzers ) defectors : 15,000 cavalry of Mir Jafar 35,000 infantry Mughal Empire : 7,000 infantry 5,000 cavalry of Siraj ud - Daulah 35,000 infantry ( defected ) 15,000 cavalry of Mir Jafar ( defected ) 53 field pieces ( mostly 32 , 24 and 18 - pounders ) France : 50 artillerymen ( 6 field pieces ) Casualties and losses 22 killed 50 wounded 500 killed and wounded Third Carnatic War Chandannagar Plassey Cuddalore Negapatam Condore Madras Masulipatam Pondicherry ( naval ) Chinsurah Wandiwash Pondicherry ( siege ) The Battle of Plassey was a decisive victory of the British East India Company over the Nawab of Bengal and his French allies on 23 June 1757 , under the leadership of Robert Clive . The battle consolidated the Company 's presence in Bengal , which later expanded to cover much of India over the next hundred years . The battle took place at Palashi ( Anglicised version : Plassey ) on the banks of the Hooghly River , about 150 kilometres ( 93 mi ) north of Calcutta and south of Murshidabad , then capital of Bengal ( now in Murshidabad district in West Bengal ) . The belligerents were the Nawab Siraj - ud - daulah , the last independent Nawab of Bengal , and the British East India Company . Siraj - ud - daulah had become the Nawab of Bengal the year before , and he ordered the English to stop the extension of their fortification . Robert Clive bribed Mir Jafar , the commander - in - chief of the Nawab 's army , and also promised him to make him Nawab of Bengal . Clive defeated Siraj - ud - daulah at Plassey in 1757 and captured Calcutta . The battle was preceded by an attack on British - controlled Calcutta by Nawab Siraj - ud - daulah and the Black Hole massacre . The British sent reinforcements under Colonel Robert Clive and Admiral Charles Watson from Madras to Bengal and recaptured Calcutta . Clive then seized the initiative to capture the French fort of Chandernagar . Tensions and suspicions between Siraj - ud - daulah and the British culminated in the Battle of Plassey . The battle was waged during the Seven Years ' War ( 1756 -- 1763 ) , and , in a mirror of their European rivalry , the French East India Company ( La Compagnie des Indes Orientales ) sent a small contingent to fight against the British . Siraj - ud - Daulah had a numerically superior force and made his stand at Plassey . The British , worried about being outnumbered , formed a conspiracy with Siraj - ud - Daulah 's demoted army chief Mir Jafar , along with others such as Yar Lutuf Khan , Jagat Seths ( Mahtab Chand and Swarup Chand ) , Umichand and Rai Durlabh . Mir Jafar , Rai Durlabh and Yar Lutuf Khan thus assembled their troops near the battlefield but made no move to actually join the battle . Siraj - ud - Daulah 's army with 50,000 soldiers , 40 cannons and 10 war elephants was defeated by 3,000 soldiers of Col. Robert Clive , owing to the flight of Siraj - ud - daulah from the battlefield and the inactivity of the conspirators . The battle ended in 11 hours . This is judged to be one of the pivotal battles in the control of Indian subcontinent by the colonial powers . The British now wielded enormous influence over the Nawab and consequently acquired significant concessions for previous losses and revenue from trade . The British further used this revenue to increase their military might and push the other European colonial powers such as the Dutch and the French out of South Asia , thus expanding the British Empire . Contents 1 Background 1.1 Carnatic Wars 1.2 Bengal campaign 1.3 Conspiracy 2 Approach march 3 Order of battle 4 Battle 4.1 Battle begins 4.2 Death of Mir Madan Khan 4.3 Battlefield manoeuvres 5 Aftermath 6 Effects 6.1 Political effects 6.2 Economic effects 7 The battlefield today 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Background ( edit ) European settlements in India from 1501 to 1739 The British East India Company had a strong presence in India with the three main stations of Fort St. George in Madras , Fort William in Calcutta and Bombay Castle in western India . These stations were independent presidencies governed by a president and a council , appointed by the Court of Directors in England . The British adopted a policy of allying themselves with various princes and Nawabs , promising security against usurpers and rebels . The Nawabs often gave them concessions in return for the security . By the 18th century all rivalry had ceased between the British East India Company and the Dutch or Portuguese counterparts . The French had also established an East India Company under Louis XIV and had two important stations in India -- Chandernagar in Bengal and Pondicherry on the Carnatic coast , both governed by the presidency of Pondicherry . The French were a late comer in India trade , but they quickly established themselves in India and were poised to overtake Britain for control . Carnatic wars ( edit ) The War of the Austrian Succession ( 1740 -- 1748 ) marked the beginning of the power struggle between Britain and France and of European military ascendancy and political intervention in the Indian subcontinent . In September 1746 , Mahé de La Bourdonnais landed off Madras with a naval squadron and laid siege to the port city . The defences of Madras were weak and the garrison sustained a bombardment of three days before surrendering . The terms of the surrender agreed by Bourdonnais provided for the settlement to be ransomed back for a cash payment by the British East India Company . However , this concession was opposed by Joseph François Dupleix , the governor general of the Indian possessions of the Compagnie des Indes Orientales . When Bourdonnais left India in October , Dupleix reneged on the agreement . The Nawab of the Carnatic Anwaruddin Muhammed Khan intervened in support of the British and the combined forces advanced to retake Madras , but despite vast superiority in numbers , the army was easily crushed by the French . As retaliation to the loss of Madras , the British , under Major Lawrence and Admiral Boscawen , laid siege to Pondicherry but were forced to raise it after thirty - one days . The Treaty of Aix - la - Chapelle in 1748 forced Dupleix to yield Madras back to the British in return for Louisbourg and Cape Breton Island in North America . The Mughal Empire 's Nawab of Bengal Alivardi Khan adopted strict attitudes towards European mercantile companies in Bengal . The Treaty of Aix - La - Chapelle prevented direct hostilities between the two powers but soon they were involved in indirect hostilities as the auxiliaries of the local princes in their feuds . The feud Dupleix chose was for the succession to the positions of the Nizam of the Deccan and the Nawab of the dependent Carnatic province . The British and the French both nominated their candidates for the two posts . In both cases , Dupleix 's candidates usurped both thrones by manipulation and two assassinations . In mid-1751 , the French candidate for the Nawab 's post , Chanda Sahib , laid siege to the British candidate Mohammed Ali 's last stronghold Trichinopoly , where Ali was holed up with his British reinforcements . He was aided by a French force under Charles , Marquis de Bussy . On 1 September 1751 , 280 Europeans and 300 sepoys under the command of Captain Robert Clive attacked and seized Arcot , the capital of the Carnatic , finding that the garrison had fled the night before . It was hoped that this would force Chanda Sahib to divert some of his troops to wrest the city back from the British . Chanda Sahib sent a force of 4,000 Indians under Raza Sahib and 150 Frenchmen . They besieged the fort and breached the walls in various places after several weeks . Clive sent out a message to Morari Rao , a Maratha chieftain who had received a subsidy to assist Mohammed Ali and was encamped in the Mysore hills . Raza Sahib , learning of the imminent Maratha approach , sent a letter to Clive asking him to surrender in return for a large sum of money but this offer was refused . In the morning of 24 November , Raza Sahib tried to mount a final assault on the fort but was foiled in his attempt when his armoured elephants stampeded due to the British musketry . They tried to enter the fort through the breach several times but always repulsed with loss . The siege was raised the next day and Raza Sahib 's forces fled from the scene , abandoning guns , ammunition and stores . With success at Arcot , Conjeeveram and Trichinopoly , the British secured the Carnatic and Mohammed Ali succeeded to the throne of the Nawab in accordance with a treaty with the new French governor Godeheu . Mughal Emperor Farrukhsiyar adopted a lenient policy towards the British East India Company . Alwardi Khan ascended to the throne of the Nawab of Bengal after his army attacked and captured the capital of Bengal , Murshidabad . Alivardi 's attitude to the Europeans in Bengal is said to be strict . During his wars with the Marathas , he allowed the strengthening of fortifications by the Europeans and the construction of the Maratha Ditch in Calcutta by the British . On the other hand , he collected large amounts of money from them for the upkeep of his war . He was well - informed of the situation in southern India , where the British and the French had started a proxy war using the local princes and rulers . Alwardi did not wish such a situation to transpire in his province and thus exercised caution in his dealings with the Europeans . However , there was continual friction ; the British always complained that they were prevented from the full enjoyment of the farman of 1717 issued by Farrukhsiyar . The British , however , protected subjects of the Nawab , gave passes to native traders to trade custom - free and levied large duties on goods coming to their districts -- actions which were detrimental to the Nawab 's revenue . In April 1756 , Alwardi Khan died and was succeeded by his twenty - three - year - old grandson , Siraj - ud - daulah . His personality was said to be a combination of a ferocious temper and a feeble understanding . He was particularly suspicious of the large profits made by the European companies in India . When the British and the French started improving their fortifications in anticipation of another war between them , he immediately ordered them to stop such activities as they had been done without permission . When the British refused to cease their constructions , the Nawab led a detachment of 3,000 men to surround the fort and factory of Cossimbazar and took several British officials as prisoners , before moving to Calcutta . The defences of Calcutta were weak and negligible . The garrison consisted of only 180 soldiers , 50 European volunteers , 60 European militia , 150 Armenian and Portuguese militia , 35 European artillery - men and 40 volunteers from ships and was pitted against the Nawab 's force of nearly 50,000 infantry and cavalry . The city was occupied on 16 June by Siraj 's force and the fort surrendered after a brief siege on 20 June . The prisoners who were captured at the siege of Calcutta were transferred by Siraj to the care of the officers of his guard , who confined them to the common dungeon of Fort William known as The Black Hole . This dungeon , 18 by 14 feet ( 5.5 m × 4.3 m ) in size with two small windows , had 146 prisoners thrust into it -- originally employed by the British to hold only six prisoners . On 21 June , the doors of the dungeon were opened and only 23 of the 146 walked out , the rest died of asphyxiation , heat exhaustion and delirium . It appears that the Nawab was unaware of the conditions in which his prisoners were held which resulted in the unfortunate deaths of most of the prisoners . Meanwhile , the Nawab 's army and navy were busy plundering the city of Calcutta and the other British factories in the surrounding areas . When news of the fall of Calcutta broke in Madras on 16 August 1756 , the Council immediately sent out an expeditionary force under Colonel Clive and Admiral Watson . A letter from the Council of Fort St. George , states that `` the object of the expedition was not merely to re-establish the British settlements in Bengal , but also to obtain ample recognition of the Company 's privileges and reparation for its losses '' without the risk of war . It also states that any signs of dissatisfaction and ambition among the Nawab 's subjects must be supported . Clive assumed command of the land forces , consisting of 900 Europeans and 1500 sepoys while Watson commanded a naval squadron . The fleet entered the Hooghly River in December and met with the fugitives of Calcutta and the surrounding areas , including the principal Members of the Council , at the village of Falta on 15 December . The Members of Council formed a Select Committee of direction . On 29 December , the force dislodged the enemy from the fort of Budge Budge . Clive and Watson then moved against Calcutta on 2 January 1757 and the garrison of 500 men surrendered after offering a scanty resistance . With Calcutta recaptured , the Council was reinstated and a plan of action against the Nawab was prepared . The fortifications of Fort William were strengthened and a defensive position was prepared in the north - east of the city . Bengal Campaign ( edit ) Robert Clive ( 1773 ) , by Nathaniel Dance - Holland On 9 January 1757 , a force of 650 men under Captain Coote and Major Kilpatrick stormed and sacked the town of Hooghly , 23 miles ( 37 km ) north of Calcutta . On learning of this attack , the Nawab raised his army and marched on Calcutta , arriving with the main body on 3 February and encamping beyond the Maratha Ditch . Siraj set up his headquarters in Omichund 's garden . A small body of their army attacked the northern suburbs of the town but were beaten back by a detachment under Lieutenant Lebeaume placed there , returning with fifty prisoners . Clive decided to launch a surprise attack on the Nawab 's camp on the morning of 4 February . At midnight , a force of 600 sailors , a battalion of 650 Europeans , 100 artillery - men , 800 sepoys and 6 six - pounders approached the Nawab 's camp . At 6 : 00 , under the cover of a thick fog , the vanguard came upon the Nawab 's advanced guard , who after firing with their matchlocks and rockets , ran away . They continued forward for some distance till they were opposite Omichund 's garden , when they heard the galloping of cavalry on their right . The cavalry came within 30 yards ( 27 m ) of the British force before the line gave fire , killing many and dispersing the rest . The fog hampered visibility beyond walking distance . Hence , the line moved slowly , infantry and artillery firing on either side randomly . Clive had intended to use a narrow raised causeway , south of the garden , to attack the Nawab 's quarters in the garden . The Nawab 's troops had barricaded the passage . At about 9 : 00 , as the fog began to lift , the troops were overwhelmed by the discharge of two pieces of heavy cannon from across the Maratha Ditch by the Nawab 's artillery . The British troops were assailed on all sides by cavalry and musket - fire . The Nawab troops then made for a bridge a mile further on , crossed the Maratha Ditch and reached Calcutta . The total casualties of Clive 's force were 57 killed and 137 wounded . The Nawab 's army lost 22 officers of distinction , 600 common men , 4 elephants , 500 horses , some camels and a great number of bullocks . The attack scared the Nawab into concluding the Treaty of Alinagar with the Company on 5 February , agreeing to restore the Company 's factories , allow the fortification of Calcutta and restoring former privileges . The Nawab withdrew his army back to his capital , Murshidabad . Concerned by the approach of de Bussy to Bengal and the Seven Years ' War in Europe , the Company turned its attention to the French threat in Bengal . Clive planned to capture the French town of Chandernagar , 20 miles ( 32 km ) north of Calcutta . Clive needed to know whose side the Nawab would intervene on if he attacked Chandernagar . The Nawab sent evasive replies and Clive construed this to be assent to the attack . Clive commenced hostilities on the town and fort of Chandernagar on 14 March . The French had set up defences on the roads leading to the fort and had sunk several ships in the river channel to prevent passage of the men of war . The garrison consisted of 600 Europeans and 300 sepoys . The French expected assistance from the Nawab 's forces from Hooghly , but the governor of Hooghly , Nandkumar had been bribed to remain inactive and prevent the Nawab 's reinforcement of Chandernagar . The fort was well - defended , but when Admiral Watson 's squadron forced the blockade in the channel on 23 March , a fierce cannonade ensued with aid from two batteries on the shore . The naval squadron suffered greatly due to musket - fire from the fort . At 9 : 00 on 24 March , a flag of truce was shown by the French and by 15 : 00 , the capitulation concluded . After plundering Chandernagar , Clive decided to ignore his orders to return to Madras and remain in Bengal . He moved his army to the north of the town of Hooghly . Furthermore , Siraj - ud - Daula believed that the British East India Company did not receive any permission from the Mughal Emperor Alamgir II to fortify their positions in the territories of the Nawab of Bengal . Conspiracy ( edit ) Siraj believed that the Mughal Emperor Alamgir II had not given permission to the British East India Company to expand its influence in Bengal . The Nawab was infuriated on learning of the attack on Chandernagar . His former hatred of the British returned , but he now felt the need to strengthen himself by alliances against the British . The Nawab was plagued by fear of attack from the north by the Afghans under Ahmad Shah Durrani and from the west by the Marathas . Therefore , he could not deploy his entire force against the British for fear of being attacked from the flanks . A deep distrust set in between the British and the Nawab . As a result , Siraj started secret negotiations with Jean Law , chief of the French factory at Cossimbazar , and de Bussy . The Nawab also moved a large division of his army under Rai Durlabh to Plassey , on the island of Cossimbazar 30 miles ( 48 km ) south of Murshidabad . Popular discontent against the Nawab flourished in his own court . The Seths , the traders of Bengal , were in perpetual fear for their wealth under the reign of Siraj , contrary to the situation under Alivardi 's reign . They had engaged Yar Lutuf Khan to defend them in case they were threatened in any way . William Watts , the Company representative at the court of Siraj , informed Clive about a conspiracy at the court to overthrow the ruler . The conspirators included Mir Jafar , paymaster of the army , Rai Durlabh , Yar Lutuf Khan and Omichund , a merchant and several officers in the army . When communicated in this regard by Mir Jafar , Clive referred it to the select committee in Calcutta on 1 May . The committee passed a resolution in support of the alliance . A treaty was drawn between the British and Mir Jafar to raise him to the throne of the Nawab in return for support to the British in the field of battle and the bestowal of large sums of money upon them as compensation for the attack on Calcutta . On 2 May , Clive broke up his camp and sent half the troops to Calcutta and the other half to Chandernagar . Mir Jafar and the Seths desired that the confederacy between the British and himself be kept secret from Omichund , but when he found out about it , he threatened to betray the conspiracy if his share was not increased to three million rupees ( £ 300,000 ) . Hearing of this , Clive suggested an expedient to the Committee . He suggested that two treaties be drawn -- the real one on white paper , containing no reference to Omichund and the other on red paper , containing Omichund 's desired stipulation , to deceive him . The Members of the Committee signed on both treaties , but Admiral Watson signed only the real one and his signature had to be counterfeited on the fictitious one . Both treaties and separate articles for donations to the army , navy squadron and committee were signed by Mir Jafar on 4 June . Clive testified and defended himself thus before the House of Commons of Parliament on 10 May 1773 , during the Parliamentary inquiry into his conduct in India : Omichund , his confidential servant , as he thought , told his master of an agreement made between the English and Monsieur Duprée ( may be a mistranscription of Dupleix ) to attack him , and received for that advice a sum of not less than four lacks of rupees . Finding this to be the man in whom the nabob entirely trusted , it soon became our object to consider him as a most material engine in the intended revolution . We therefore made such an agreement as was necessary for the purpose , and entered into a treaty with him to satisfy his demands . When all things were prepared , and the evening of the event was appointed , Omichund informed Mr. Watts , who was at the court of the nabob , that he insisted upon thirty lacks of rupees , and five per cent . upon all the treasure that should be found ; that , unless that was immediately complied with , he would disclose the whole to the nabob ; and that Mr. Watts , and the two other English gentlemen then at the court , should be cut off before the morning . Mr. Watts , immediately on this information , dispatched an express to me at the council . I did not hesitate to find out a stratagem to save the lives of these people , and secure success to the intended event . For this purpose we signed another treaty . The one was called the Red , the other the White treaty . This treaty was signed by every one , except admiral Watson ; and I should have considered myself sufficiently authorised to put his name to it , by the conversation I had with him . As to the person who signed admiral Watson 's name to the treaty , whether he did it in his presence or not , I can not say ; but this I know , that he thought he had sufficient authority for so doing . This treaty was immediately sent to Omichund , who did not suspect the stratagem . The event took place , and success attended it ; and the House , I am fully persuaded , will agree with me , that , when the very existence of the Company was at stake , and the lives of these people so precariously situated , and so certain of being destroyed , it was a matter of true policy and of justice to deceive so great a villain . Approach March ( edit ) Clive 's solitary reflection before the Battle of Plassey On 12 June , Clive was joined by Major Kilpatrick with the rest of the army from Calcutta at Chandernagar . The combined force consisted of 613 Europeans , 171 artillery - men controlling eight field pieces and two howitzers , 91 topasses , 2100 sepoys ( mainly dusadhs ) and 150 sailors . The army set out for Murshidabad on 13 June . Clive sent out the Nawab 's messengers with a letter declaring his intention to march his army to Murshidabad to refer their complaints with regard to the treaty of 9 February with the principal officers of the Nawab 's government . The Indian troops marched on shore while the Europeans with the supplies and artillery were towed up the river in 200 boats . On 14 June , Clive sent a declaration of war to Siraj . On 15 June , after ordering an attack on Mir Jafar 's palace in suspicion of his alliance with the British , Siraj obtained a promise from Mir Jafar to not join the British in the field of battle . He then ordered his entire army to move to Plassey , but the troops refused to quit the city until the arrears of their pay were released . The delay caused the army to reach Plassey only by 21 June . By 16 June , the British force had reached Paltee , 12 miles ( 19 km ) north of which lay the strategically important town and fort of Katwa . It contained large stores of grain and military supplies and was covered by the river Aji . On 17 June , Clive despatched a force of 200 Europeans , 500 sepoys , one field piece and a small howitzer under Major Coote of the 39th Foot to capture the fort . The detachment found the town abandoned when they landed at midnight . At daybreak on 19 June , Major Coote went to the bank of the river and waved a white flag , but was met only by shot and a show of defiance by the governor . Coote split his Anglo - Indian force ; the sepoys crossed the river and fired the ramparts while the Europeans crossed farther up from the fort . When the garrison saw the advancing troops , they gave up their posts and fled north . Hearing of the success , Clive and the rest of the army arrived at Katwa by the evening of 19 June . At this juncture , Clive faced a dilemma . The Nawab had reconciled with Mir Jafar and had posted him on one flank of his army . Mir Jafar had sent messages to Clive , declaring his intention to uphold the treaty between them . Clive decided to refer the problem to his officers and held a council of war on 21 June . The question Clive put before them was whether , under the present circumstances , the army , without other assistance , should immediately cross into the island of Cossimbazar and attack the Nawab or whether they should fortify their position in Katwa and trust to assistance from the Marathas or other Indian powers . Of the twenty officers attending the council , thirteen including Clive were against immediate action , while the rest including Major Coote were in favour citing recent success and the high spirits of the troops . The council broke up and after an hour of deliberation , Clive gave the army orders to cross the Bhagirathi River ( another name for the Hooghly River ) on the morning of 22 June . At 1 : 00 , on 23 June , they reached their destination beyond the village of Plassey . They quickly occupied the adjoining mango grove , called Laksha Bagh , which was 800 yards ( 730 m ) long and 300 yards ( 270 m ) wide and enclosed by a ditch and a mud wall . Its length was angled diagonally to the Bhagirathi River . A little to the north of the grove at the bank of the river stood a hunting lodge enclosed by a masonry wall where Clive took up his quarters . The grove was about a mile from the Nawab 's entrenchments . The Nawab 's army had been in place 26 hours before Clive 's . A French detachment under Jean Law would reach Plassey in two days . Their army lay behind earthen entrenchments running at right angles to the river for 200 yards ( 180 m ) and then turning to the north - eastern direction for 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) . There was a redoubt mounted by cannon at this turning along the entrenchment . There was a small hill covered by trees 300 yards ( 270 m ) east of the redoubt. 800 yards ( 730 m ) towards the British position was a small tank ( reservoir ) and 100 yards ( 91 m ) further south was a larger tank , both surrounded by a large mound of earth . Order of battle ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Anglo - Indian Army ( East India Company ) Unit Commander Complement Commander - in - Chief Col. Robert Clive 1st Division ( 1st Madras European Regiment ) Maj . James Kilpatrick 2nd Division ( 1st Madras & Bombay European Regiments ) Maj . Alexander Grant 3rd Division ( HM 's 39th Regiment of Foot ) Maj . Eyre Coote 4th Division ( Bombay European Regiment ) Maj . George Frederick Guah ( or Guapp ) Sepoys ( 1st Bengal Native Infantry ) 2100 Artillery ( 9 Battery , 12th Regiment , Royal Artillery ) Lt. Hater Cpt . William Jennings 150 ( 100 artillerymen , 50 sailors ) 6 field pieces 2 howitzers The Bengal Army Unit Commander Complement Commander - in - Chief Siraj - ud - daulah Advanced Cavalry Mir Madan Mohan Lal 5,000 cavalry 7,000 infantry Left Wing Mir Jafar 15,000 cavalry 35,000 infantry Centre Yar Lutuf Khan Right Wing Rai Durlabh Artillery 53 pieces ( mostly 32 , 24 and 18 - pounders ) French Artillery St. Frais 50 French artillerymen 6 field pieces Battle ( edit ) The Nawab 's artillery on movable platform . A large stage , raised six feet from the ground , carrying besides the cannon , all the ammunition belonging to it , and the gunners themselves who managed the cannon , on the stage itself . These machines were drawn by 40 or 50 yoke of white oxen , of the largest size , bred in the country of Purnea ; and behind each cannon walked an elephant , trained to assist at difficult tugs , by shoving with his forehead against the hinder part of the carriage . At daybreak on 23 June , the Nawab 's army emerged from their camp and started advancing towards the grove . Their army consisted of 30,000 infantry of all sorts , armed with matchlocks , swords , pikes and rockets and 20,000 cavalry , armed with swords or long spears , interspersed by 300 pieces of artillery , mostly 32 , 24 and 18 - pounders . The army also included a detachment of about 50 French artillerymen under de St. Frais directing their own field pieces . The French took up positions at the larger tank with four light pieces advanced by two larger pieces , within a mile of the grove . Behind them were a body of 5,000 cavalry and 7,000 infantry commanded by the Nawab 's faithful general Mir madan Khan and Diwan Mohanlal . The rest of the army numbering 45,000 formed an arc from the small hill to a position 800 yards ( 730 m ) east of the southern angle of the grove , threatening to surround Clive 's relatively smaller army . The right arm of their army was commanded by Rai Durlabh , the centre by Yar Lutuf Khan and the left arm closest to the British by Mir Jafar . Clive watched the situation unfolding from the roof of the hunting lodge , anticipating news from Mir Jafar . He ordered his troops to advance from the grove and line up facing the larger tank . His army consisted of 750 European infantry with 100 Topasses , 2100 sepoys ( dusadhs ) and 100 artillery - men assisted by 50 sailors . The artillery consisted of eight 6 - pounders and two howitzers . The Europeans and Topasses were placed in the centre of the line in four divisions , flanked on both sides by three 6 - pounders . The sepoys were placed on the right and left in equal divisions . Clive posted two 6 - pounders and two howitzers behind some brick - kilns 200 yards ( 180 m ) north of the left division of his army to oppose the French fire . Battle begins ( edit ) At 8 : 00 , the French artillery at the larger tank fired the first shot , killing one and wounding another from the grenadier company of the 39th Regiment . This , as a signal , the rest of the Nawab 's artillery started a heavy and continuous fire . The advanced field pieces of the British opposed the French fire , while those with the battalion opposed the rest of the Nawab 's artillery . Their shots did not serve to immobilize the artillery but hit the infantry and cavalry divisions . By 8 : 30 , the British had lost 10 Europeans and 20 sepoys . Leaving the advanced artillery at the brick kilns , Clive ordered the army to retreat back to relative shelter of the grove . The rate of casualties of the British dropped substantially due to the protection of the embankment . Death of Mir Madan Khan ( edit ) Soldier of the 39th Regiment of Foot ( c. 1742 ) At the end of three hours , there was no substantial progress and the positions of both sides had not changed . Clive called a meeting of his staff to discuss the way ahead . It was concluded that the present position would be maintained till after nightfall , and an attack on the Nawab 's camp should be attempted at midnight . Soon after the conference , a heavy rainstorm occurred . The British used tarpaulins to protect their ammunition , while the Nawab 's army took no such precautions . As a result , their gunpowder got drenched and their rate of fire slackened , while Clive 's artillery kept up a continuous fire . As the rain began to subside , Mir Madan Khan , assuming that the British guns were rendered ineffective by the rain , led his cavalry to a charge . However , the British countered the charge with heavy grape shot , mortally wounding Mir Madan Khan and driving back his men . Siraj had remained in his tent throughout the cannonade surrounded by attendants and officers assuring him of victory . When he heard that Mir Madan was mortally wounded , he was deeply disturbed and attempted reconciliation with Mir Jafar , flinging his turban to the ground , entreating him to defend it . Mir Jafar promised his services but immediately sent word of this encounter to Clive , urging him to push forward . Following Mir Jafar 's exit from the Nawab 's tent , Rai Durlabh urged Siraj to withdraw his army behind the entrenchment and advised him to return to Murshidabad leaving the battle to his generals . Siraj complied with this advice and ordered the troops under Mohan Lal to retreat behind the entrenchment . He then mounted a camel and accompanied by 2,000 horsemen set out for Murshidabad . Battlefield manoeuvres ( edit ) A plan of the Battle of Plassey , fought 23 June 1757 by Col. Robert Clive , against the Nawab of Bengal . Depiction of the battlefield , with explanations of troop movements . At about 14 : 00 , the Nawab 's army ceased the cannonade and began turning back north to their entrenchments , leaving St. Frais and his artillery without support . Seeing the Nawab 's forces retiring , Major Kilpatrick , who had been left in charge of the British force while Clive was resting in the hunting lodge , recognised the opportunity to cannonade the retiring enemy if St. Frais ' position could be captured . Sending an officer to Clive to explain his actions , he took two companies of the 39th Regiment and two field pieces and advanced towards St. Frais ' position . When Clive received the message , he hurried to the detachment and reprimanded Kilpatrick for his actions without orders and commanded to bring up the rest of the army from the grove . Clive himself then led the army against St. Frais ' position which was taken at 15 : 00 when the French artillery retreated to the redoubt of the entrenchment , setting up for further action . As the British force moved towards the larger tank , it was observed that the left arm of the Nawab 's army had lingered behind the rest . When the rear of this division reached a point in a line with the northern point of the grove , it turned left and marched towards the grove . Clive , unaware that it was Mir Jafar 's division , supposed that his baggage and stores were the intended target and sent three platoons under Captain Grant and Lieutenant Rumbold and a field piece under John Johnstone , a volunteer , to check their advance . The fire of the field piece halted the advance of the division , which remained isolated from the rest of the Nawab 's army . English guns at The battle of Plassey , June 23 , 1757 Meanwhile , the British field pieces began a cannonade on the Nawab 's camp from the mound of the larger tank . As a result , many of the Nawab 's troops and artillery started coming out of the entrenchment . Clive advanced half of his troops and artillery to the smaller tank and the other half to a rising ground 200 yards ( 180 m ) to the left of it and started bombarding the entrenchment with greater efficiency , throwing the approaching trains into confusion . The Nawab 's troops shot their matchlocks from holes , ditches , hollows and from bushes on the hill east of the redoubt while St. Frais kept up his artillery fire from the redoubt . Cavalry charges were also repulsed by the British field pieces . However , the British force sustained most of its casualties in this phase . At this point , Clive realised that the lingering division was Mir Jafar 's and concentrated his efforts at capturing the redoubt and hill east of it . Clive ordered a three - pronged attack with simultaneous attacks by two detachments on the redoubt and the hill supported by the main force in the centre . Two companies of grenadiers of the 39th Regiment , under Major Coote took the hill at 16 : 30 after the enemy fled without firing a shot . Coote pursued them across the entrenchment . The redoubt was also taken after St. Frais was forced to retreat . By 17 : 00 , the British occupied the entrenchment and the camp left by a dispersing army . The British troops marched on and halted 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) beyond Daudpur at 20 : 00 . The British losses were estimated at 22 killed and 50 wounded . Of the killed , three were of the Madras Artillery , one of the Madras Regiment and one of the Bengal European Regiment . Of the wounded , four were of the 39th Regiment , three of the Madras Regiment , four of the Madras Artillery , two of the Bengal European Regiment , one of the Bengal Artillery and one of the Bombay Regiment . Of the losses by the sepoys , four Madras and nine Bengal sepoys were killed while nineteen Madras and eleven Bengal sepoys were wounded . Clive estimates that the Nawab 's force lost 500 men , including several key officers . Aftermath ( edit ) In the evening of 23 June , Clive received a letter from Mir Jafar asking for a meeting with him . Clive replied that he would meet Mir Jafar at Daudpur the next morning . When Mir Jafar arrived at the British camp at Daudpur in the morning , Clive embraced him and saluted him as the Nawab of Bengal , Bihar and Odisha . He then advised Mir Jafar to hasten to Murshidabad to prevent Siraj 's escape and the plunder of his treasure . Mir Jafar reached Murshidabad with his troops on the evening of 24 June . Clive arrived at Murshidabad on 29 June with a guard of 200 European soldiers and 300 sepoys in the wake of rumours of a possible attempt on his life . Clive was taken to the Nawab 's palace , where he was received by Mir Jafar and his officers . Clive placed Mir Jafar on the throne and acknowledging his position as Nawab , presented him with a plate of gold rupees . Siraj - ud - daulah had reached Murshidabad at midnight on 23 June . He summoned a council where some advised him to surrender to the British , some to continue the war and some to prolong his flight . At 22 : 00 on 24 June , Siraj disguised himself and escaped northwards on a boat with his wife and valuable jewels . His intention was to escape to Patna with aid from Jean Law . At midnight on 24 June , Mir Jafar sent several parties in pursuit of Siraj . On 2 July , Siraj reached Rajmahal and took shelter in a deserted garden but was soon discovered and betrayed to the local military governor , the brother of Mir Jafar , by a man who was previously arrested and punished by Siraj . His fate could not be decided by a council headed by Mir Jafar and was handed over to Mir Jafar 's son , Miran , who had Siraj murdered that night . His remains were paraded on the streets of Murshidabad the next morning and were buried at the tomb of Alivardi Khan . According to the treaty drawn between the British and Mir Jafar , the British acquired all the land within the Maratha Ditch and 600 yards ( 550 m ) beyond it and the zamindari of all the land between Calcutta and the sea . Besides confirming the firman of 1717 , the treaty also required the restitution , including donations to the navy squadron , army and committee , of 22,000,000 rupees ( £ 2,750,000 ) to the British for their losses . However , since the wealth of Siraj - ud - daulah proved to be far less than expected , a council held with the Seths and Rai Durlabh on 29 June decided that one half of the amount was to be paid immediately -- two - thirds in coin and one third in jewels and other valuables . As the council ended , it was revealed to Omichund that he would receive nothing with regard to the treaty , hearing which he went insane . Effects ( edit ) 1744 1767 British territorial possessions in India Political effects ( edit ) As a result of the war of Plassey , the French were no longer a significant force in Bengal . In 1759 , the British defeated a larger French garrison at Masulipatam , securing the Northern Circars . By 1759 , Mir Jafar felt that his position as a subordinate to the British could not be tolerated . He started encouraging the Dutch to advance against the British and eject them from Bengal . In late 1759 , the Dutch sent seven large ships and 1400 men from Java to Bengal under the pretext of reinforcing their Bengal settlement of Chinsura even though Britain and Holland were not officially at war . Clive , however , initiated immediate offensive operations by land and sea and defeated the much larger Dutch force on 25 November 1759 in the Battle of Chinsura . The British then deposed Mir Jafar and installed Mir Qasim as the Nawab of Bengal . The British were now the paramount European power in Bengal . When Clive returned to England due to ill - health , he was rewarded with an Irish peerage , as Lord Clive , Baron of Plassey and also obtained a seat in the British House of Commons . The struggle continued in areas of the Deccan and Hyderabad such as Arcot , Wandewash , Tanjore and Cuddalore , culminating in 1761 when Col. Eyre Coote defeated a French garrison under de Lally , supported by Hyder Ali at Pondicherry . The French were returned Pondicherry in 1763 by way of the Treaty of Paris but they never again regained their former stature in India . The British would , in effect , emerge as rulers of the subcontinent in subsequent years . Economic effects ( edit ) The Battle of Plassey and the resultant victory of the British East India company led to puppet governments instated by them in various states of India . This led to an unleashing of excesses , malpractices and atrocities by the British East India Company in the name of tax collection . The battlefield today ( edit ) A monument was established in the battlefield , named the Palashi Monument . Obelisks of Mirmadan , Nabe Singh Hajari & Bahadur Khan near Palashi battlefield Plassey Monument in the battlefield Mir Madan 's Tomb , Faridpur , Murshidabad See also ( edit ) Battle of Buxar Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Campbell , John ; Watts , William ( 1760 ) . `` Memoirs of the Revolution in Bengal , Anno Domini 1757 '' . World Digital Library . Retrieved 30 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Robins , Nick . `` This Imperious Company -- The East India Company and the Modern Multinational -- Nick Robins -- Gresham College Lectures '' . Gresham College Lectures . Gresham College . Retrieved 19 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Naravane , M.S. ( 2014 ) . Battles of the Honorourable East India Company . A.P.H. Publishing Corporation . p. 38 . ISBN 9788131300343 . ^ Jump up to : Harrington , p. 9 Jump up ^ Mahon , p. 304 ^ Jump up to : Mahon , pp. 307 -- 311 Jump up ^ Mahon , pp. 317 -- 326 Jump up ^ Harrington , pp. 11 -- 16 Jump up ^ Bengal , v. 1 , pp. xxx -- xxxiii Jump up ^ Bengal , v. 1 , p. liv Jump up ^ Bengal , v. 1 , pp. lv -- lx Jump up ^ Mahon , pp. 328 -- 329 Jump up ^ Harrington , pp. 19 -- 23 Jump up ^ Malleson , p. 43 Jump up ^ Orme , pp. 52 -- 73 Jump up ^ Bengal , v. 1 , p. lxx -- lxxx Jump up ^ Bengal , v. 1 , p. lxxxix Jump up ^ Bengal , v. 1 , pp. c -- ci Jump up ^ Orme , pp. 73 -- 78 Jump up ^ Malleson , pp. 43 -- 44 ^ Jump up to : Harrington , p. 23 Jump up ^ Mahon , pp. 330 -- 332 Jump up ^ Bengal , v. 1 , pp. cxxiii -- cxxiv Jump up ^ Bengal , v. 1 , pp. cxxxi -- cxxxii Jump up ^ Mahon , pp. 333 -- 334 Jump up ^ Malleson , pp. 45 -- 46 Jump up ^ Bengal , v. 1 , pp. cxxxix -- cxl Jump up ^ Bengal , v. 1 , p. cxliv Jump up ^ Orme , pp. 126 -- 128 Jump up ^ Harrington , p. 24 Jump up ^ Malleson , p. 46 Jump up ^ Mahon , p. 334 Jump up ^ Bengal , v. 1 , pp. cxlvi -- cxlvii Jump up ^ Mahon , pp. 334 -- 336 ^ Jump up to : Harrington , p. 25 Jump up ^ Malleson , pp. 46 -- 47 Jump up ^ Orme , pp. 131 -- 136 Jump up ^ Bengal , v. 1 , pp. clx -- clxiii Jump up ^ Bengal , v. 1 , pp. clxv -- clxxi Jump up ^ Orme , pp. 137 -- 144 Jump up ^ Mahon , pp. 336 -- 337 Jump up ^ Malleson , pp. 47 -- 48 Jump up ^ Rai , R. History . FK Publications . p. 44 . ISBN 9788187139690 . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Mahon , p. 337 Jump up ^ Orme , p. 145 Jump up ^ Malleson , pp. 48 -- 49 Jump up ^ Bengal , v. 1 , p. clxxxi Jump up ^ Bengal , v. 1 , pp. clxxxiii -- clxxxiv Jump up ^ Malleson , pp. 49 -- 51 Jump up ^ Harrington , pp. 25 -- 29 Jump up ^ Mahon , pp. 338 -- 339 Jump up ^ Orme , pp. 147 -- 149 Jump up ^ Bengal , v. 1 , pp. clxxxvi -- clxxxix Jump up ^ Orme , pp. 150 -- 161 Jump up ^ Harrington , p. 29 Jump up ^ Mahon , pp. 339 -- 341 Jump up ^ Bengal , v. 1 , pp. cxcii -- cxciii Jump up ^ Cobbett , William ; Hansard , Thomas Curson ; Parliament , Great Britain ; Parliament , Scotland ( 1813 ) . The Parliamentary history of England from the earliest period to the year 1803 , Volume 17 . p. 876 . Jump up ^ The gentleman 's magazine , and historical chronicle , Volume 43 . 1773 . pp. 630 -- 631 . ^ Jump up to : Encyclopaedia of Dalits in India : Movements Jump up ^ `` Full text of `` Moving millions ( microform ) , the pageant of modern India '' `` . archive.org . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Bengal , v. 1 , p. cxciii Jump up ^ Malleson , pp. 51 -- 52 Jump up ^ Orme , pp. 163 -- 169 ^ Jump up to : Harrington , p. 52 Jump up ^ Mahon , p. 341 Jump up ^ Orme , p. 168 Jump up ^ Bengal , v. 1 , p. cxcvi Jump up ^ Malleson , p. 54 Jump up ^ Harrington , p. 53 Jump up ^ Orme , p. 170 Jump up ^ Mahon , pp. 342 -- 343 Jump up ^ Bengal , v. 1 , pp. cxcvii -- cxcviii Jump up ^ Orme , pp. 172 -- 173 Jump up ^ Harrington , pp. 54 -- 55 Jump up ^ Malleson , pp. 57 -- 59 Jump up ^ Mahon , p. 343 Jump up ^ Orme , p. 173 Jump up ^ Malleson , p. 59 Jump up ^ Harrington , pp. 56 -- 58 Jump up ^ Orme , p. 174 Jump up ^ Malleson , p. 60 Jump up ^ Harrington , pp. 58 -- 61 Jump up ^ Orme , pp. 174 -- 175 Jump up ^ Harrington , pp. 61 -- 65 Jump up ^ Malleson , pp. 60 -- 61 Jump up ^ Orme , p. 175 Jump up ^ Malleson , pp. 61 -- 62 Jump up ^ Harrington , pp. 66 -- 68 Jump up ^ Mahon , pp. 343 -- 344 Jump up ^ Orme , pp. 175 -- 177 Jump up ^ Harrington , pp. 68 -- 69 Jump up ^ Malleson , pp. 62 -- 63 ^ Jump up to : Mahon , p. 344 Jump up ^ Harrington , p. 70 Jump up ^ Malleson , pp. 63 -- 65 Jump up ^ Orme , pp. 175 -- 176 Jump up ^ Orme , p. 176 Jump up ^ Malleson , p. 65 Jump up ^ Harrington , p. 75 Jump up ^ Harrington , pp. 75 -- 76 Jump up ^ Orme , pp. 176 -- 177 Jump up ^ Malleson , pp. 66 -- 67 Jump up ^ Harrington , p. 77 Jump up ^ Malleson , p. 67 Jump up ^ Orme , pp. 177 -- 178 Jump up ^ Harrington , pp. 81 -- 82 Jump up ^ Harrington , pp. 83 -- 4 Jump up ^ Orme , pp. 178 -- 81 Jump up ^ Harrington , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Orme , pp. 183 -- 84 Jump up ^ Mahon , pp. 346 -- 47 Jump up ^ Orme , pp. 180 -- 82 Jump up ^ Mahon , pp. 347 -- 48 Jump up ^ Mahon , pp. 349 -- 352 Jump up ^ Harrington , p. 85 Jump up ^ Harrington , pp. 85 -- 88 Jump up ^ Mahon , pp. 353 -- 363 Jump up ^ Simmons , Collin ( 1987 ) . `` The Great Depression and Indian Industry : Changing Interpretations and Changing Perceptions '' . Modern Asian Studies . Cambridge University Press . 21 ( 3 ) : 585 -- 623 . doi : 10.1017 / s0026749x00009215 . JSTOR 312643 . References ( edit ) Stanhope , Philip H. ( 1853 ) . History of England from the Peace of Utrecht to the Peace of Versailles ( 1713 -- 1783 ) . IV . Leipzig : Bernhard Tauchnitz . ISBN 1 - 4069 - 8152 - 4 . OCLC 80350373 . Orme , Robert ( 1861 ) . A History of the Military Transactions of the British Nation in Indostan from the year MDCCXLV. II . Madras : Athenaeum Press . OCLC 46390406 . Malleson , George B. ( 1885 ) . The Decisive Battles of India from 1746 to 1819 . London : W.H. Allen . ISBN 0 - 554 - 47620 - 7 . OCLC 3680884 . Harrington , Peter ( 1994 ) . Plassey 1757 , Clive of India 's Finest Hour ; Osprey Campaign Series # 36 . London : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 1 - 85532 - 352 - 4 . Hill , S.C. , ed. ( 1905 ) . Bengal in 1756 -- 1757 . Indian Records . London : John Murray . ISBN 1 - 148 - 92557 - 0 . OCLC 469357208 . Further reading ( edit ) Chaudhary , Sushil ( 2000 ) . The Prelude to Empire : Plassey Revolution of 1757 . New Delhi : Manohar . ISBN 81 - 7304 - 301 - 9 . Datta , K.K. ( 1971 ) . Siraj - ud - daulah . Calcutta : Sangam Books . ISBN 0 - 86125 - 258 - 6 . Gupta , B.K. ( 1962 ) . Sirajuddaulah and the East India Company . OCLC 1240808 . Hill , S.C. ( 1903 ) . The Three Frenchmen In Bengal : The Commercial Ruin of the French Settlements in 1757 . London . ISBN 1 - 4264 - 4475 - 3 . Marshall , P.J. ( 1987 ) . Bengal -- the British Bridgehead . Cambridge . ISBN 0 - 521 - 02822 - 1 . Ray , Indrajit ( 2011 ) . Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution . Routledge . ISBN 1136825525 . Spear , Thomas G.P. ( 1975 ) . Master of Bengal -- Clive and His India . London . ISBN 0 - 500 - 25041 - 3 . Strang , Herbert ( 1904 ) . In Clive 's Command -- A Story of the Fight for India . ISBN 1 - 4069 - 1756 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Hand coloured map of the battle from the London Magazine , printed circa 1760 `` Battle of Plassey '' . Murshidabad Official Website . Archived from the original on 22 May 2003 . -- basic map of the battlefield Mohsin , KM ; Chaudhury , Sushil ( 2012 ) . `` Palashi , The Battle of '' . In Islam , Sirajul ; Jamal , Ahmed A. Banglapedia : National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh ( Second ed . ) . Asiatic Society of Bangladesh . Robins , Nick ( 13 December 2004 ) . `` East India Company -- The World 's First Multinational '' . New Statesman . London . Google Earth view of Plassey Indian Independence Movement History Colonisation Porto Grande de Bengala Dutch Bengal East India Company British Raj French India Portuguese India Battle of Plassey Battle of Buxar Anglo - Mysore Wars First Second Third Fourth Anglo - Maratha Wars First Second Third Polygar Wars Vellore Mutiny First Anglo - Sikh War Second Anglo - Sikh War Sannyasi Rebellion Rebellion of 1857 Radcliffe Line more Philosophies and ideologies Ambedkarism Gandhism Hindu nationalism Indian nationalism Khilafat Movement Muslim nationalism in South Asia Satyagraha Socialism Swadeshi movement Swaraj Events and movements Partition of Bengal ( 1905 ) Partition of Bengal ( 1947 ) Revolutionaries Direct Action Day Delhi - Lahore Conspiracy The Indian Sociologist Singapore Mutiny Hindu -- German Conspiracy Champaran Satyagraha Kheda Satyagraha Rowlatt Committee Rowlatt Bills Jallianwala Bagh massacre Noakhali riots Non-Cooperation Movement Christmas Day Plot Coolie - Begar Movement Chauri Chaura incident , 1922 Kakori conspiracy Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre Flag Satyagraha Bardoli 1928 Protests Nehru Report Fourteen Points of Jinnah Purna Swaraj Salt March Dharasana Satyagraha Vedaranyam March Chittagong armoury raid Gandhi -- Irwin Pact Round table conferences Act of 1935 Aundh Experiment Indian Legion Cripps Mission Quit India Bombay Mutiny Coup d'état of Yanaon Provisional Government of India Independence Day Praja Mandala movement Organisations All India Kisan Sabha All - India Muslim League Anushilan Samiti Arya Samaj Azad Hind Berlin Committee Ghadar Party Hindustan Socialist Republican Association Indian National Congress India House Indian Home Rule movement Indian Independence League Indian National Army Jugantar Khaksar Tehrik Khudai Khidmatgar Swaraj Party more Social reformers A. Vaidyanatha Iyer Ayya Vaikundar Ayyankali B.R. Ambedkar Baba Amte Bal Gangadhar Tilak Dayananda Saraswati Dhondo Keshav Karve G. Subramania Iyer Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty Gopal Ganesh Agarkar Gopal Hari Deshmukh Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar J.B. Kripalani Jyotirao Phule Kandukuri Veeresalingam Mahadev Govind Ranade Mahatma Gandhi Muthulakshmi Reddi Narayana Guru Niralamba Swami Pandita Ramabai Periyar E.V. Ramasamy Ram Mohan Roy Rettamalai Srinivasan Sahajanand Saraswati Savitribai Phule Shahu Sister Nivedita Sri Aurobindo Syed Ahmad Khan Vakkom Moulavi Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Vinoba Bhave Vitthal Ramji Shinde Vivekananda Independence activists Abul Kalam Azad Accamma Cherian Achyut Patwardhan A.K. Fazlul Huq Alluri Sitarama Raju Annapurna Maharana Annie Besant Ashfaqulla Khan Babu Kunwar Singh Bagha Jatin Bahadur Shah II Bakht Khan Bal Gangadhar Tilak Basawon Singh Begum Hazrat Mahal Bhagat Singh Bharathidasan Bhavabhushan Mitra Bhikaiji Cama Bhupendra Kumar Datta Bidhan Chandra Roy Bipin Chandra Pal C. Rajagopalachari Chandra Shekhar Azad Chetram Jatav Chittaranjan Das Dadabhai Naoroji Dayananda Saraswati Dhan Singh Dukkipati Nageswara Rao Gopal Krishna Gokhale Govind Ballabh Pant Har Dayal Hemu Kalani Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi Jatindra Mohan Sengupta Jatindra Nath Das Jawaharlal Nehru K. Kamaraj Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Khudiram Bose Shri Krishna Singh Lala Lajpat Rai M. Bhaktavatsalam M.N. Roy Mahadaji Shinde Mahatma Gandhi Mangal Pandey Mir Qasim Mithuben Petit ‎ Muhammad Ali Jauhar Muhammad Ali Jinnah Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari Nagnath Naikwadi Nana Fadnavis Nana Sahib P. Kakkan Prafulla Chaki Pritilata Waddedar Pritilata Waddedar Purushottam Das Tandon R. Venkataraman Rahul Sankrityayan Rajendra Prasad Ram Prasad Bismil Rani Lakshmibai Rash Behari Bose Sahajanand Saraswati Sangolli Rayanna Sarojini Naidu Satyapal Dang Shuja - ud - Daula Shyamji Krishna Varma Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi Siraj ud - Daulah Subhas Chandra Bose Subramania Bharati Subramaniya Siva Surya Sen Syama Prasad Mukherjee Tara Rani Srivastava Tarak Nath Das Tatya Tope Tiruppur Kumaran Ubaidullah Sindhi VO Chidamabaram V.K. Krishna Menon Vallabhbhai Patel Vanchinathan Veeran Sundaralingam Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Virendranath Chattopadhyaya Yashwantrao Holkar Yogendra Shukla more British leaders Wavell Canning Cornwallis Irwin Chelmsford Curzon Ripon Minto Dalhousie Bentinck Mountbatten Wellesley Lytton Clive Outram Cripps Linlithgow Hastings Independence Cabinet Mission Annexation of French colonies in India Constitution Republic of India Indian annexation of Goa Indian Independence Act Partition of India Political integration Simla Conference Nadia district topics General Bethuadahari Wildlife Sanctuary Shakta Rash Gopal Bhar History Battle of Plassey Lakshman Sen Sena dynasty Religion Chaitanya Mahaprabhu Gaudiya Math International Society for Krishna Consciousness Subdivisions Kalyani Krishnanagar Ranaghat Tehatta Municipalities Gayespur Kalyani Haringhata Krishnanagar Nabadwip Ranaghat Shantipur Community development blocks Krishnanagar Sadar Kaliganj Nakashipara Chapra Krishnanagar I Krishnanagar II Nabadwip Krishnaganj Ranaghat Hanskhali Santipur Ranaghat I Ranaghat II Tehatta Karimpur I Karimpur II Tehatta I Tehatta II Kalyani Chakdaha Haringhata Rivers Churni Bhagirathi Ichamati Jalangi Jamuna River ( West Bengal ) Transport NH 34 Eastern Railway zone Kolkata Suburban Railway Sealdah -- Ranaghat line Lalgola and Gede branch lines Railway Stations Nabadwip Dham railway station Gede Ranaghat Institutes of higher learning Indian Institute of Science Education and Research , Kolkata University of Kalyani Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya Kalyani Government Engineering College Lok Sabha constituencies Krishnanagar Ranaghat Nabadwip -- now defunct Vidhan Sabha constituencies Karimpur Tehatta Palashipara Kaliganj Nakashipara Chapra Krishnanagar Uttar Nabadwip Krishnanagar Dakshin Santipur Ranaghat Uttar Paschim Krishnaganj Ranaghat Uttar Purba Ranaghat Dakshin Chakdaha Kalyani Haringhata Former Vidhan Sabha constituencies Hanskhali See also Cities , towns and locations in Nadia district People from Nadia district Villages in Nadia district Murshidabad district topics General Alkap Farakka Barrage Farakka Super Thermal Power Station Gauda Kankagrambhukti Karnasubarna River bank erosion along the Ganges in Malda and Murshidabad districts History Alivardi Khan Battle of Plassey Jagat Seth Mir Jafar Murshid Quli Khan Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad Shashanka Siraj ud - Daulah Subdivisions Barhampur Domkol Jangipur Kandi Lalbag Municipalities Beldanga Baharampur Dhulian Jiaganj Azimganj Kandi Murshidabad Community development blocks Barhampur subdivision Berhampore Beldanga I Beldanga II Hariharpara Naoda Domkol subdivision Domkal Raninagar I Raninagar II Jalangi Jangipur subdivision Raghunathganj I Raghunathganj II Suti I Suti II Samserganj Sagardighi Farakka Kandi subdivision Kandi Khargram Burwan Bharatpur I Bharatpur II Lalbag subdivision Murshidabad - Jiaganj Bhagawangola I Bhagawangola II Lalgola Nabagram Rivers Bansloi Brahmani Dwarka Bhagirathi Jalangi Mayurakshi Transport NH 34 NH 80 NH 81 Panagarh -- Morgram Highway Eastern Railway zone Howrah -- New Jalpaiguri line Barharwa -- Azimganj -- Katwa loop Lalgola and Gede branch lines Railway stations Azimganj New Farakka Institutes of higher learning Government College of Engineering & Textile Technology , Berhampore Lok Sabha constituencies Baharampur Jangipur Murshidabad Vidhan Sabha constituencies Farakka Samserganj Suti Jangipur Raghunathganj Sagardighi Lalgola Bhagabangola Raninagar Murshidabad Nabagram Khargram Burwan Kandi Bharatpur Rejinagar Beldanga Baharampur Hariharpara Naoda Domkal Jalangi Former Vidhan Sabha constituencies Aurangabad Villages Ahiran Morgram See also Cities , towns and locations in Murshidabad district People from Murshidabad district Villages in Murshidabad district Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Plassey&oldid=865958560 '' Categories : Conflicts in 1757 Battles involving the Indian kingdoms Battles involving Bengal Battles of the Seven Years ' War Battles involving Great Britain Battles involving British India Battles involving the British East India Company Battles of the East Indies Campaign ( 1757 -- 1763 ) 1757 in India Nadia district History of Bangladesh Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2013 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles needing additional references from June 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া تۆرکجه বাংলা Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Русский संस्कृतम् Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 37 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2018 , at 09 : 01 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the first battle of plassey fought	[ "The Battle of Plassey was a decisive victory of the British East India Company over the Nawab of Bengal and his French[1] allies on 23 June 1757, under the leadership of Robert Clive. The battle consolidated the Company's presence in Bengal, which later expanded to cover much of India over the next hundred years.\n" ]	[ "23 June 1757" ]
-5350699349227914426	Geneva Conference (1954)	Geneva Conference ( 1954 ) - wikipedia Geneva Conference ( 1954 ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Not to be confused with Geneva Conventions . For other similar events , see Geneva Conference . The Geneva Conference ( April 26 -- July 20 , 1954 ) was a conference among several nations that took place in Geneva , Switzerland , in order to settle outstanding issues resulting from the Korean War and discuss the possibility of restoring peace in Indochina . The current five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council ( the Soviet Union , the United States , France , the United Kingdom , and the People 's Republic of China ) were participants throughout the conference , while other countries concerned were represented during the discussion of questions of interest to them . These included the countries that contributed troops to the United Nations forces in the Korean War , and countries that participated in the resolution of the First Indochina War between France and the Việt Minh . The part of the conference on the Korean question ended without adopting any declarations or proposals . On Indochina , the conference produced a set of documents known as the Geneva Accords . These agreements temporarily separated Vietnam into two zones , a northern zone to be governed by the Việt Minh , and a southern zone to be governed by the State of Vietnam , then headed by former emperor Bảo Đại . A Conference Final Declaration , issued by the British chairman of the conference , provided that a general election be held by July 1956 to create a unified Vietnamese state . Although presented as a consensus view , this document was not accepted by the delegates of either the State of Vietnam or the United States . In addition , three separate ceasefire accords , covering Cambodia , Laos , and Vietnam , were signed at the conference . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Korea 1.2 Indochina 2 On the Korean question 3 On Indochina 4 Geneva Accords 5 Reactions to the Geneva Accords 6 Post declaration events 7 Notes 8 Bibliography 9 External links Background ( edit ) On February 18 , 1954 , at the Berlin Conference , participants agreed that `` the problem of restoring peace in Indochina will also be discussed at the Conference ( on the Korean question ) to which representatives of the United States , France , the United Kingdom , the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Chinese People 's Republic and other interested states will be invited . '' The conference was held at the Palace of Nations in Geneva , commencing on April 26 , 1954 . The first agenda item was the Korean question to be followed by Indochina . Korea ( edit ) Main article : Korean War The armistice signed at end of the Korean War required a political conference within three months -- a timeline which was not met -- `` to settle through negotiation the questions of the withdrawal of all foreign forces from Korea , the peaceful settlement of the Korean question , etc . '' Indochina ( edit ) Main article : First Indochina War The Geneva Conference As decolonization took place in Asia , France had to relinquish its power over Indochina ( Laos , Cambodia and Vietnam ) . While Laos and Cambodia got their independence , France chose to stay in Vietnam . This ended with a war between French troops and the Vietnamese nationalists led by Ho Chi Minh . The latter 's army , the Viet Minh , fought a guerrilla war , while the French employed traditional Western technology . The deciding factor was the Battle of Điện Biên Phủ in 1954 , where the French were heavily defeated . This resulted in French withdrawals , and the Geneva conference . It was decided that Vietnam would be divided at the 17th parallel until 1956 , when democratic elections would be held under international supervision . All parties involved agreed to this ( Ho Chi Minh had strong support in the north , which was more populous than the south , and was thus comfortable that he would win an election ) , except for the US , who did not want to see Communism spreading in a domino effect throughout Asia . On the Korean question ( edit ) The South Korean representative proposed that the South Korean government was the only legal government in Korea , that UN-supervised elections should be held in the North , that Chinese forces should withdraw , and that UN forces -- a belligerent party in the war -- should remain as a police force . The North Korean representative suggested that elections be held throughout all of Korea , that all foreign forces leave beforehand , that the elections be run by an all - Korean Commission that is made up of equal parts from North and South Korea , and to generally increase relations economically and culturally between the North and the South . The Chinese delegation proposed an amendment to have a group of neutral nations supervise the elections , which the North accepted . The U.S. supported the South Korean position , saying that the USSR wanted to turn North Korea into a puppet state . Most allies remained silent and at least one , Britain , thought that the U.S. - South Korean proposal would be deemed unreasonable . The South Korean representative proposed all - Korea elections , to be held according to South Korean constitutional procedures and still under UN-supervision . On June 15 , the last day of the conference on the Korean question , the USSR and China both submitted declarations in support of a unified , democratic , independent Korea , saying that negotiations to that end should resume at an appropriate time . The Belgian and British delegations said that while they were not going to accept `` the Soviet and Chinese proposals , that did not mean a rejection of the ideas they contained '' . In the end , however , the conference participants did not agree on any declaration . On Indochina ( edit ) `` Charles DeGaulle and Ho Chi Minh are hanged '' in effigy by students demonstrating in Saigon , July 1964 , on the tenth anniversary of the July 1954 Geneva Accords While the delegates began to assemble in Geneva from late April , the discussions on Indochina did not begin until May 8 , 1954 . The Viet Minh had achieved their decisive victory over the French Union forces at Dien Bien Phu the previous day . The Western allies did not have a unified position on what the Conference was to achieve in relation to Indochina . Anthony Eden , leading the British delegation , favored a negotiated settlement to the conflict . Georges Bidault , leading the French delegation , vacillated - keen to preserve something of France 's position in Indochina and justify past sacrifices even as the nation 's military situation deteriorated . The U.S. had been supporting the French in Indochina for many years and the Republican Eisenhower administration wanted to ensure that it could not be accused of another `` Yalta '' or having `` lost '' Indochina to the Communists . Its leaders had previously accused the Democratic Truman administration of having `` lost China '' when the communists were successful in dominating the country . The Eisenhower administration had considered air strikes in support of the French at Dien Bien Phu , but were unable to obtain a commitment to united action from key allies such as the United Kingdom . Eisenhower was wary of becoming drawn into `` another Korea '' that would be deeply unpopular with the American public . U.S. domestic policy considerations strongly influenced the U.S. position at Geneva . Columnist Walter Lippmann wrote on April 29 that `` the American position at Geneva is an impossible one , so long as leading Republican senators have no terms for peace except unconditional surrender of the enemy and no terms for entering the war except as a collective action in which nobody is now willing to engage '' . At the time of the Geneva conference , the U.S. did not recognize the People 's Republic of China . Secretary of State John Foster Dulles , a strong anti-Communist , forbade any contact with the Chinese delegation , refusing to shake hands with Zhou Enlai , the lead Chinese negotiator . Dulles fell out with the UK delegate Anthony Eden over the perceived failure of the UK to support united action and U.S. positions on Indochina ; he left Geneva on May 3 , being replaced by his deputy Walter Bedell Smith . The State of Vietnam refused to attend the negotiations until Bidault wrote to Bảo Đại assuring him that any agreement would not partition Vietnam . Bidault opened the conference on May 8 by proposing a cessation of hostilities , a ceasefire in place , a release of prisoners , and a disarming of irregulars , notwithstanding the French surrender at Điện Biên Phủ the previous day in northwest Vietnam . On May 10 , Phạm Văn Đồng , leader of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam ( DRV ) delegation set out their position , proposing a ceasefire , separation of the opposing forces , a ban on the introduction of new forces into Indochina , exchange of prisoners , independence and sovereignty for Vietnam , Cambodia and Laos , elections for unified governments in each country , withdrawal of all foreign forces , and the inclusion of the Pathet Lao and Khmer Issarak representatives at the Conference . Pham Van Dong first proposed a temporary partition of Vietnam on May 25 . Following their victory at Dien Bien Phu and given the worsening French security position around the Red River Delta , a ceasefire and partition would not appear to have been in the interests of the DRV . It appears that the DRV leadership thought the balance of forces was uncomfortably close and were worried about morale problems among their troops and supporters after 8 years of war . Turner has argued that the Viet Minh might have prolonged the negotiations and continued fighting to achieve a more favorable position militarily , if not for Chinese and Soviet pressure on them to end the fighting . In addition , there was a widespread perception that the Diem government would collapse , leaving the Viet Minh free to take control of the area . On May 12 , the State of Vietnam rejected any partition of the country , and the U.S. expressed a similar position the next day . The French sought to implement a physical separation of the opposing forces into enclaves throughout the country , known as the `` leopard - skin '' approach . The DRV / Viet Minh would be given the Cà Mau Peninsula , three enclaves near Saigon , large areas of Annam and Tonkin ; the French Union forces would retain most urban areas and the Red River Delta , including Hanoi and Haiphong , allowing it to resume combat operation in the north if necessary . Behind the scenes the U.S. and French governments continued to discuss the terms for possible U.S. military intervention in Indochina . By May 29 the U.S. and the French had reached agreement that if the Conference failed to deliver an acceptable peace deal , Eisenhower would seek Congressional approval for military intervention in Indochina . However , following discussions with the Australian and New Zealand governments , in which it became evident that neither would support U.S. military intervention , reports of the plummeting morale among the French Union forces and opposition from Army Chief of Staff Matthew Ridgway , the U.S. began to shift away from intervention . They continued to oppose a negotiated settlement . By early - mid June , the U.S. began to consider the possibility that , rather than supporting the French in Indochina , it might be preferable for the French to leave and for the U.S. to support the new Indochinese states . This would remove the taint of French colonialism . Unwilling to support the proposed partition or intervention , by mid-June the U.S. decided to withdraw from major participation in the Conference . On June 15 Vyacheslav Molotov had proposed that the ceasefire should be monitored by a supervisory commission chaired by neutral India . On June 16 , Zhou Enlai stated that the situations in Vietnam , Cambodia and Laos were not the same and should be treated separately . He proposed that Laos and Cambodia could be treated as neutral nations provided they had no foreign bases . On June 18 Pham Van Dong said the Viet Minh would be prepared to withdraw their forces from Laos and Cambodia provided no foreign bases were established in Indochina . This apparent softening of the Communist position appeared to arise from a meeting among the DRV , Chinese and Soviet delegations on June 15 , where Zhou warned the Viet Minh that their military presence in Laos and Cambodia threatened to undermine negotiations in relation to Vietnam . This represented a major blow to the DRV , as they had tried to ensure that the Pathet Lao and Khmer Issarak would join the governments in Laos and Cambodia , respectively , under the leadership of the DRV . The Chinese likely also sought to ensure that Laos and Cambodia were not under Vietnam 's influence in the future , but under China 's . On June 18 , following a vote of no - confidence , the French Laniel government fell and was replaced by a coalition with Radical Pierre Mendès France as Prime Minister , by a vote of 419 to 47 , with 143 abstentions . Prior to the collapse of the Laniel government , France recognized Vietnam as `` a fully independent and sovereign state '' on June 4 . A long - time opponent of the war , Mendès France had pledged to the National Assembly that he would resign if he failed to achieve a ceasefire within 30 days . Mendès France retained the Foreign Ministry for himself , and Bidault left the Conference . The new French government abandoned earlier assurances to the State of Vietnam that France would not pursue or accept partition , and engaged in secret negotiations with the Viet Minh delegation , bypassing the State of Vietnam to meet Mendès France 's self - imposed deadline . On June 23 , Mendès France secretly met with Zhou Enlai at the French Embassy in Bern . Zhou outlined the Chinese position that an immediate ceasefire was required , the three nations should be treated separately , and recognition that two governments existed in Vietnam . Mendès France returned to Paris . The following day he met with his main advisers on Indochina . General Ély outlined the deteriorating military position in Vietnam , and Jean Chauvel suggested that the situation on the ground called for partition at the 16th or 17th parallel . The three agreed that the Bao Dai government would need time to consolidate its position and that U.S. assistance would be vital . The possibility of retaining Hanoi and Haiphong or just Haiphong was dismissed , as the French believed it was preferable to seek partition with no Viet Minh enclaves in the south . On June 16 , 12 days after France granted full independence to the State of Vietnam , Bao Dai appointed Ngo Dinh Diem as Prime Minister to replace Bửu Lộc . Diem was a staunch nationalist , both anti-French and anti-Communist , with strong political connections in the U.S. Diem agreed to take the position , on the condition that he receive all civilian and military powers . Diem , and his foreign minister Tran Van Do , were strongly opposed to partition of Vietnam . At Geneva , the State of Vietnam 's proposal included `` a ceasefire without a demarcation line '' and `` control by the United Nations ... of the administration of the entire country ( and ) of the general elections , when the United Nations believes that order and security will have been everywhere truly restored . '' On June 28 following an Anglo - U.S. summit in Washington , the UK and US issued a joint communique that included a statement that if the Conference failed , `` the international situation will be seriously aggravated . '' The parties also agreed to a secret list of seven minimum outcomes which both parties would `` respect ; '' these included preserving a non-Communist south Vietnam ( plus an enclave in the Red River Delta if possible ) , future reunification of divided Vietnam , and the integrity of Cambodia and Laos , including removal of all Viet Minh forces . Also on June 28 , Tạ Quang Bửu , a senior DRV negotiator , called for the line of partition to be at the 13th parallel , the withdrawal of all French Union forces from the north within 3 months of the ceasefire , and the Pathet Lao to have virtual sovereignty over eastern Laos . From July 3 to 5 , Zhou Enlai met with Ho Chi Minh and other senior DRV leaders in Liuzhou . Most of the first day was spent discussing the military situation and balance of forces in Vietnam , General Giáp explained that while `` Dien Bien Phu had represented a colossal defeat for France ... she was far from defeated . She retained a superiority in numbers - some 470,000 troops , roughly half of them Vietnamese , versus 310,000 on the Viet Minh side as well as control of Vietnam 's major cities ( Hanoi , Saigon , Huế , Tourane ( Da Nang ) ) . A fundamental alteration of the balance of forces had thus yet to occur , Giap continued , despite Dien Bien Phu . Wei Guoqing , the chief Chinese military adviser to the Viet Minh , said he agreed . `` If the U.S. does not interfere '' , Zhou asked , `` and assuming France will dispatch more troops , how long will it take for us to seize the whole of Indochina ? '' In the best - case scenario , Giap replied , `` full victory could be achieved in two to three years . Worst case ? Three to five years . '' That afternoon Zhou `` offered a lengthy exposition on the massive international reach of the Indochina conflict ... and on the imperative of preventing an American intervention in the war . Given Washington 's intense hostility to the Chinese Revolution ... one must assume that the current administration would not stand idly by if the Viet Minh sought to win complete victory . '' Consequently , `` if we ask too much at Geneva and peace is not achieved , it is certain that the U.S. will intervene , providing Cambodia , Laos and Bao Dai with weapons and ammunition , helping them train military personnel , and establishing military bases there ... The central issue '' , Zhou told Ho , is `` to prevent America 's intervention '' and `` to achieve a peaceful settlement '' . Laos and Cambodia would have to be treated differently and allowed to pursue their own paths , provided they did not join a military alliance or permit foreign bases on their territory . The Mendes France government , having vowed to achieve a negotiated solution , must be supported , lest it fall and be replaced by one committed to continuing the war . '' Ho pressed hard for the partition line to be at the 16th parallel while Zhou noted that Route 9 , the only land route from Laos to the South China Sea ran closer to the 17th parallel . Several days later the party 's Sixth Central Committee plenum took place . Ho Chi Minh and General Secretary Trường Chinh took turns emphasising the need for an early political settlement so as to prevent a military intervention by the United States , now the `` main and direct enemy '' of Vietnam . `` in the new situation we can not follow the old program . '' Ho declared . `` ( B ) efore , our motto was , `` war of resistance until victory . '' Now , in view of the new situation , we should uphold a new motto : peace , unification , independence , and democracy . '' A spirit of compromise would be required by both sides to make the negotiations succeed , and there could be no more talk of wiping out and annihilating all the French troops . A demarcation line allowing the temporary regroupment of both sides would be necessary ... '' The plenum endorsed Ho 's analysis , passing a resolution supporting a compromise settlement to end the fighting . But Ho and Truong Chinh plainly worried that following such an agreement at Geneva , there would be internal discontent and `` leftist deviation '' and in particular that analysts would fail to see the complexity of the situation and underestimate the power of the American and French adversaries . They accordingly reminded their colleagues that France would retain control of a large part of the country , and that people living in this area might be confused , alienated and vulnerable to enemy manipulations . `` We have to make it clear to our people '' , Ho said that `` in the interest of the whole country , for the sake of long - term interest , they must accept this , because it is a glorious thing and the whole country is grateful for that . We must not let people have pessimistic and negative thinking ; instead , we must encourage the people to continue the struggle for the withdrawal of French troops and ensure our independence . '' The Conference reconvened on July 10 , and Mendès France arrived to lead the French delegation . The State of Vietnam continued to protest against partition but this had become inevitable , with the only issue being where the line should be drawn . Walter Bedell Smith from the US arrived in Geneva on July 16 , but the U.S. delegation was under instructions to avoid direct association with the negotiations . All parties at the Conference called for reunification elections , but could not agree on the details . Pham Van Dong proposed elections under the supervision of `` local commissions '' . The US , with the support of Britain and the Associated States of Vietnam , Laos and Cambodia , suggested UN supervision . This plan was rejected by Molotov , who argued for a commission composed of an equal number of communist and non-communist members , which could determine `` important '' issues only by unanimous agreement . The negotiators were unable to agree on a date for the elections for reunification . The DRV argued that the elections should be held within 6 months of the ceasefire , while the Western allies sought to have no deadline . Molotov proposed June 1955 , then later softened this to any time in 1955 and finally July 1956 . The Diem government supported reunification elections , but only with effective international supervision , arguing that genuinely free elections were impossible in the totalitarian North . Geneva Conference , 21 July 1954 . Last plenary session on Indochina in the Palais des Nations . Second left Vyacheslav Molotov , 2 unidentified Russians , Anthony Eden , Sir Harold Caccie and W.D. Allen . In the foreground North Vietnamese delegation . By the afternoon of July 20 the remaining outstanding issues were resolved as the parties agreed that the partition line should be at the 17th parallel and that the elections for reunification should be in July 1956 , two years after the ceasefire . The `` Agreement on the Cessation of Hostilities in Vietnam '' was signed only by French and Viet Minh military commands , completely bypassing the State of Vietnam . Based on a proposal by Zhou Enlai , an International Control Commission ( ICC ) chaired by India , with Canada and Poland as members , was placed in charge of supervising the ceasefire . Because issues were to be decided unanimously , Poland 's presence in the ICC provided the communists effective veto power over supervision of the treaty . The unsigned `` Final Declaration of the Geneva Conference '' called for reunification elections , which the majority of delegates expected to be supervised by the ICC . The Viet Minh never accepted ICC authority over such elections , stating that the ICC 's `` competence was to be limited to the supervision and control of the implementation of the Agreement on the Cessation of Hostilities by both parties . '' Of the nine delegates present , only the United States and the State of Vietnam refused to accept the declaration . Bedell Smith delivered a `` unilateral declaration '' of the US position , reiterating : `` We shall seek to achieve unity through free elections supervised by the United Nations to insure that they are conducted fairly . '' While the three agreements ( later known as the Geneva Accords ) were dated July 20 ( to meet Mendès France 's 30 - day deadline ) they were in fact signed on the morning of July 21 . Geneva Accords ( edit ) The Geneva Accords , which were issued on July 21 , 1954 , set out the following terms in relation to Vietnam : a `` provisional military demarcation line '' running approximately along the 17th Parallel `` on either side of which the forces of the two parties shall be regrouped after their withdrawal '' . a 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) wide demilitarized zone on each side of the demarcation line French Union forces to regroup to the south of the line and Viet Minh to the north free movement of the population between the zone for three hundred days neither zone to join any military alliance or seek military reinforcement establishment of the International Control Commission , comprising Canada , Poland and India as chair , to monitor the ceasefire The agreement was signed by the Democratic Republic of Vietnam , France , the People 's Republic of China , the Soviet Union and the United Kingdom . The State of Vietnam rejected the agreement , while the United States stated that it `` took note '' of the ceasefire agreements and declared that it would `` refrain from the threat or use of force to disturb them . To specifically put aside any notion that the partition was permanent , an unsigned Final Declaration , stated in Article 6 : `` The Conference recognizes that the essential purpose of the agreement relating to Vietnam is to settle military questions with a view to ending hostilities and that the military demarcation line is provisional and should not in any way be interpreted as constituting a political or territorial boundary '' Separate accords were signed by the signatories with the Kingdom of Cambodia and the Kingdom of Laos in relation to Cambodia and Laos respectively . The British and Communist Chinese delegations reached agreement on the sidelines of the Conference to upgrade their diplomatic relations . Reactions to the Geneva Accords ( edit ) The DRV at Geneva accepted a much worse settlement than the military situation on the ground indicated . `` For Ho Chi Minh , there was no getting around the fact that his victory , however unprecedented and stunning was incomplete and perhaps temporary . The vision that had always driven him on , that of a `` great union '' of all Vietnamese , had flickered into view for a fleeting moment in 1945 -- 46 , then had been lost in the subsequent war . Now , despite vanquishing the French military , the dream remained unrealized ... '' This was partly as a result of the great pressure exerted by China ( Pham Van Dong is alleged to have said in one of the final negotiating sessions that Zhou Enlai double - crossed the DRV ) and the Soviet Union for their own purposes , but the Viet Minh had their own reasons for agreeing to a negotiated settlement , principally their own concerns regarding the balance of forces and fear of U.S. intervention . France had achieved a much better outcome than could have been expected . Bidault had stated at the beginning of the Conference that he was playing with `` a two of clubs and a three of diamonds '' whereas the DRV had several aces , kings and queens , however Jean Chauvel was more circumspect saying , `` There is no good end to a bad business . '' In a press conference on July 21 , President Eisenhower expressed satisfaction that a ceasefire had been concluded but stated that the U.S. was not a party to the Accords or bound by them as they contained provisions that his administration could not support . Post declaration events ( edit ) Main articles : Operation Passage to Freedom and 1955 State of Vietnam referendum On October 9 , 1954 , the tricolore was lowered for the last time at the Hanoi Citadel and the last French Union forces left the city , crossing the Paul Doumer Bridge on their way to Haiphong for embarkation . Anticommunist Vietnamese refugees moving from a French LSM landing ship to the USS Montague during Operation Passage to Freedom in August 1954 . For Communist forces , which were instrumental in the defeat of the French , the ideology of communism and nationalism were linked . Many communist sympathisers viewed the South Vietnamese as a French colonial and later an American puppet regime . On the other hand , as many others viewed the North Vietnamese as a puppet of Communist International . After the cessation of hostilities , a large migration took place . North Vietnamese , especially Catholics , intellectuals , business people , land owners , anti-communist democrats , and members of the middle - class moved south of the Accords - mandated ceasefire line during Operation Passage to Freedom . The ICC reported that at least 892,876 North Vietnamese were processed through official refugee stations , while journalists recounted that as many as 2 million more might have fled without the presence of Viet Minh soldiers who frequently beat and occasionally killed those that refused to turn back . The CIA attempted to further influence Catholic Vietnamese with slogans such as ' the Virgin Mary is moving South ' . At the same time , 52,000 people from the South went North , mostly Viet Minh members and their families . The U.S. replaced the French as a political backup for Ngo Dinh Diem , then Prime Minister of the State of Vietnam , and he asserted his power in the South . Diem refused to hold the national elections , citing that the South did not sign and were not bound to the Geneva Accords and that it was impossible to hold free elections in the communist North , and went about attempting to crush communist opposition . On May 20 , 1955 , French Union forces withdrew from Saigon to a coastal bases and on April 28 , 1956 the last French forces left Vietnam . North Vietnam violated the Geneva Accords by failing to fully withdraw Viet Minh troops from South Vietnam , stifling the movement of North Vietnamese refugees , and conducting a massive military build - up that more than doubled the number of armed divisions in the North Vietnamese army ( while the South Vietnamese army was reduced by 20,000 men ) . North Vietnam established military operations in the South in violation of the Geneva Accords , by providing military supplies and equipment , weaponry , and military personnel and leadership to the Viet Cong in the South . Guerrilla activity in the South escalated , while U.S. military advisers continued to support the Army of the Republic of Vietnam , which was created as a replacement for the Vietnamese National Army . The failure of reunification led to the creation of the National Liberation Front ( better known as the Vietcong ) by Ho Chi Minh 's government . They were closely aided by the Vietnam People 's Army ( VPA ) of the North , also known as the North Vietnamese Army . The result was the Vietnam War . The historian John Lewis Gaddis said that the 1954 accords `` were so hastily drafted and ambiguously worded that , from the standpoint of international law , it makes little sense to speak of violations from either side . '' Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Young , Marilyn ( 1991 ) . The Vietnam Wars : 1945 -- 1990 . New York : HarperPerennial . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 092107 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Indochina - Midway in the Geneva Conference : Address by the Secretary of State '' . Avalon Project . Yale Law School . May 7 , 1954 . Retrieved 29 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Geneva Conference '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People 's Republic of China . 2000 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 29 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Logevall , Fredrik ( 2012 ) . Embers of War : The Fall of an Empire and the Making of America 's Vietnam . random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 64519 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Text of the Korean War Armistice Agreement '' . Findlaw . Columbia University . July 27 , 1953 . Retrieved 29 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Bailey , Sydney D. ( 1992 ) . The Korean Armistice . St. Martin 's Press . p. 163 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Sydney D. ( 1992 ) . The Korean Armistice . St. Martin 's Press . pp. 167 -- 168 . ^ Jump up to : Turner 1975 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Turner 1975 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Turner 1975 , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Turner 1975 , p. 88 . ^ Jump up to : Turner 1975 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Turner 1975 , pp. 94 -- 95 . ^ Jump up to : Turner 1975 , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Turner 1975 , p. 107 . ^ Jump up to : Turner , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Turner 1975 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Turner 1975 , pp. 99 - 100 . Jump up ^ Turner , p. 96 . Jump up ^ `` The Final Declarations of the Geneva Conference July 21 , 1954 '' . The Wars for Viet Nam . Vassar College . Retrieved 20 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : The United States in Vietnam : An analysis in depth of the history of America 's involvement in Vietnam by George McTurnan Kahin and John W. Lewis Delta Books , 1967 . Jump up ^ ( Article 3 ) ( N. Tarling , The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia , Volume Two Part Two : From World War II to the present , Cambridge University Press , p45 ) Jump up ^ Ang Cheng Guan ( 1997 ) . Vietnamese Communists ' Relations with China and the Second Indochina War ( 1956 -- 62 ) . Jefferson , NC : McFarland . p. 11 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0404 - 3 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Peter ( January 1997 ) . Containing the Cold War in East Asia : British Policies Towards Japan , China and Korea , 1948 - 53 . Manchester University Press . p. 261 . ISBN 9780719025082 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Turner 1975 , p. 102 - 103 . Jump up ^ Patrick J. Hearden ( 2017 ) . The Tragedy of Vietnam . Routledge . p. 74 . ISBN 9781351674003 . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Keylor , William . `` The 20th Century World and Beyond : An International History Since 1900 , '' p. 371 , Oxford University Press : 2011 . Jump up ^ Turner 1975 , p. 100 - 104 . Jump up ^ Fadiman , Anne . The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down . Farrar , Straus and Giroux. 1997 . 126 . Bibliography ( edit ) Asselin , Pierre . `` The Democratic Republic of Vietnam and the 1954 Geneva Conference : a revisionist critique '' . Cold War History ( 2011 ) 11 # 2 pp : 155 -- 195 . Hannon Jr , John S. `` Political Settlement for Vietnam : The 1954 Geneva Conference and Its Current Implications , A '' . Virginia Journal of International Law 8 ( 1967 ) : 4 . Turner , Robert F. ( 1975 ) . Vietnamese Communism : Its Origins and Development . Hoover Institution Publications . ISBN 9780817914318 . Waite , James . The End of the First Indochina War : A Global History ( 2013 ) Young , Kenneth T . The 1954 Geneva Conference : Indo - China and Korea ( Greenwood Press , 1968 ) External links ( edit ) `` The Geneva Conference of 1954 -- New Evidence from the Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People 's Republic of China '' ( PDF ) . Cold War International History Project Bulletin . Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars ( 16 ) . 2008 - 04 - 22 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 14 . Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars - Cold War International History Project - The 1954 Geneva Conference July 13 , 2011 Indochina -- History links for French involvement in Indochina , casahistoria.net Vietnam -- History links for US involvement in Indochina , casahistoria.net Bibliography : Dien Bien Phu and the Geneva Conference Foreign Relations of the United States , 1952 - 1954 , volume XVI , The Geneva Conference . Available through the Foreign Relations of the United States online collection at the University of Wisconsin . Korean War Democratic People 's Republic of Korea ( Korean People 's Army ) Republic of Korea ( Republic of Korea Armed Forces ) Participants Australia Belgium and Luxembourg Canada China Colombia Ethiopia France Greece Netherlands New Zealand Philippines Thailand Turkey South Africa Soviet Union United Kingdom United States Arkansas Army National Guard 65th Infantry Regiment ( Puerto Rico ) Medical ( non-combat ) participants Denmark India Italy Norway Sweden Popular culture Documentary films Films Books Reenactment M * A * S * H Television series Order of battle Australia China United Nations contingents United States Eighth Army United States Seventh Fleet Other Aftermath Korean DMZ Conflict Korean Air Lines Flight 007 ROKS Cheonan sinking 2017 North Korea crisis Allegations of biological warfare American and British defectors Armistice Flying aces Impact on the economy of the United States MiG Alley Operation Blacklist Forty Operation Glory United Nations Memorial Cemetery Weapons Films French Indochina Background France -- Asia relations French colonial empire France -- Vietnam relations France -- Thailand relations France -- China relations Constituent territories Cochinchina Tonkin Annam Cambodia Laos Guangzhouwan Provisional Central Government of Vietnam State of Vietnam Events French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh ( 1777 -- 1820 ) Lê Văn Khôi revolt ( 1833 -- 35 ) Bombardment of Tourane ( 1847 ) Siege of Tourane ( 1858 ) Cochinchina campaign ( 1858 -- 62 ) Tonkin Campaign ( 1883 -- 1886 ) Sino - French War ( 1884 -- 1885 ) Pacification of Tonkin Franco - Siamese War ( 1893 ) Holy Man 's Rebellion ( 1901 - 1936 ) World War I 1916 Cochinchina uprising Thái Nguyên uprising War of the Insane Bazin assassination Yên Bái mutiny World War II French -- Thai War ( 1940 -- 1941 ) Japanese invasion of French Indochina Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina August Revolution Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam First Indochina War Battle of Dien Bien Phu Partition of Vietnam Treaties Treaty of Versailles ( 1787 ) Treaty of Saigon ( 1862 ) Treaty of Huế ( 1863 ) Second Treaty of Saigon ( 1874 ) Treaty of Huế ( 1883 ) Geneva Conference ( 1954 ) French personalities Alexandre de Rhodes Pierre Pigneau de Behaine Jean - Baptiste Chaigneau Jean - Baptiste Cécille Charles de Montigny Charles Rigault de Genouilly Amédée Courbet Henri Rivière Francis Garnier Ernest Doudart de Lagrée Auguste Pavie Albert Sarraut Organisations Paris Foreign Missions Society Tirailleurs indochinois Tonkin Expeditionary Corps Tonkinese Rifles Governor - General of French Indochina Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geneva_Conference_(1954)&oldid=802039854 '' Categories : Diplomatic conferences in Switzerland Korean War First Indochina War Vietnamese independence movement 1954 conferences 1954 in international relations 1954 in French Indochina 1954 in Korea 1954 in Vietnam 1954 in Switzerland French Fourth Republic French Indochina History of North Korea History of South Korea North Vietnam South Vietnam 1954 in France 1954 in the French colonial empire 1954 in North Korea 1954 in South Korea 1954 in North Vietnam 1954 in South Vietnam China -- Korea relations China -- Vietnam relations France -- Vietnam relations Korea -- Soviet Union relations Korea -- United Kingdom relations Korea -- United States relations Soviet Union -- Vietnam relations United Kingdom -- Vietnam relations United States -- Vietnam relations Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Brezhoneg Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 September 2017 , at 16 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who attended the indochina phase of the geneva conference	[]	[]
-6349694663690198603	Economy of India	Economy of India - Wikipedia Economy of India Jump to : navigation , search Economy of India Mumbai , Maharashtra the financial center of India Currency Indian rupee ( INR ) ₹ 1 = 100 Paise Fiscal year 1 April -- 31 March Trade organisations WTO , WCO , WFTU , G - 20 and others Statistics GDP $2.65 trillion ( nominal ; 2018 ) $10.356 trillion ( PPP ; 2018 ) GDP rank 6th ( nominal ) ; 3rd ( PPP ) GDP growth 7.2 % '' ( 2017 ) ( Q3 , 2017 - 18 ) ( MOSPI ) GDP per capita $1,852 ( nominal est. ; 2017 ) $7,173 ( PPP est ; 2017 ) GDP per capita rank 141st ( nominal ) / 123rd ( PPP ) GDP by sector Agriculture : 17.32 % Industry : 29.02 % Services : 53.66 % ( 2016 est . ) Inflation ( CPI ) 4.44 % ( February 2018 ) Base borrowing rate 6.25 % ( as on 16 Mar. 2018 ) Population below poverty line 21.2 % 58 % live less than $3.10 / day ( 2011 ; World bank estimate ) Gini coefficient 33.9 ( 2013 ) Human Development Index 0.624 ( 2015 ) medium ( 131st ) Labour force 520.2 million ( 2017 ) Labour force by occupation Agriculture : 47 % Industry : 22 % Services : 31 % ( FY 2014 est . ) Unemployment 8.8 % ( 2017 ) Average net salary ₹ 82,269 / $1,284 annually ( 2016 - 17 ) Main industries Textiles chemicals food processing steel cement mining petroleum machinery software pharmaceuticals transportation equipment Ease - of - doing - business rank 100 ( 2017 ) External Exports $275.8 billion ( 2017 ) Export goods Agricultural products 13.2 % Fuels and mining products 15.7 % Manufacturers 68.4 % Others 2.7 % Main export partners European Union 17.6 % United States 16.1 % United Arab Emirates 11.5 % Hong Kong 5.1 % China 3.4 % Other 46.3 % Imports $384.3 billion ( 2017 ) Import goods Agricultural products 7.1 % Fuels and mining products 33.1 % Manufacturers 47.8 % Other 12 % Main import partners China 17 % European Union 11.3 % United States 5.7 % United Arab Emirates 5.4 % Saudi Arabia 5.2 % Other 55.5 % FDI stock Inward : $318.50 billion Outward : $144.13 billion ( 2016 ) Current account 0.7 % of GDP ( 2016 -- 17 ) Gross external debt $471.9 billion ( 31 March 2017 ) Net international investment position - $404.8 billion ( Sept. 2017 ) Public finances Public debt 67.7 % of GDP ( 2017 ) Revenues ₹ 35.41 trillion ( US $540 billion ) ( 2017 ) Expenses ₹ 46.25 trillion ( US $710 billion ) ( 2017 ) Economic aid $2.68 billion ( 2016 ) Credit rating Standard & Poor 's : BBB − ( Domestic ) BBB − ( Foreign ) BBB+ ( T&C Assessment ) Outlook : Stable Moody 's : Baa2 Outlook : Stable Fitch : BBB − Outlook : Stable Foreign reserves $424.361 billion ( 30 March 2018 ) ( 8th ) Main data source : CIA World Fact Book All values , unless otherwise stated , are in US dollars . The economy of India is a developing mixed economy . It is the world 's sixth - largest economy by nominal GDP and the third - largest by purchasing power parity ( PPP ) . The country ranks 141st in per capita GDP ( nominal ) with $1723 and 123rd in per capita GDP ( PPP ) with $6,616 as of 2016 . After 1991 economic liberalisation , India achieved 6 - 7 % average GDP growth annually . In FY 2015 and 2018 India 's economy became the world 's fastest growing major economy surpassing China . The long - term growth prospective of the Indian economy is positive due to its young population , corresponding low dependency ratio , healthy savings and investment rates , and increasing integration into the global economy . India topped the World Bank 's growth outlook for the first time in fiscal year 2015 -- 16 , during which the economy grew 7.6 % . Despite previous reforms , economic growth is still significantly slowed by bureaucracy , poor infrastructure , and inflexible labor laws ( especially the inability to lay off workers in a business slowdown ) . India has one of the fastest growing service sectors in the world with an annual growth rate above 9 % since 2001 , which contributed to 57 % of GDP in 2012 -- 13 . India has become a major exporter of IT services , Business Process Outsourcing ( BPO ) services , and software services with $154 billion revenue in FY 2017 . This is the fastest - growing part of the economy . The IT industry continues to be the largest private - sector employer in India . India is the third - largest start - up hub in the world with over 3,100 technology start - ups in 2014 -- 15 The agricultural sector is the largest employer in India 's economy but contributes to a declining share of its GDP ( 17 % in 2013 -- 14 ) . India ranks second worldwide in farm output . The industry ( manufacturing ) sector has held a steady share of its economic contribution ( 26 % of GDP in 2013 -- 14 ) . The Indian automobile industry is one of the largest in the world with an annual production of 21.48 million vehicles ( mostly two and three - wheelers ) in 2013 -- 14 . India had $600 billion worth of retail market in 2015 and one of world 's fastest growing e-commerce markets . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Ancient and medieval eras 1.2 Mughal era ( 1526 -- 1793 ) 1.3 British era ( 1793 -- 1947 ) 1.4 Pre-liberalisation period ( 1947 -- 1991 ) 1.5 Post-liberalisation period ( since 1991 ) 2 Sectors 3 Agriculture 4 Industry 4.1 Petroleum products and chemicals 4.2 Pharmaceuticals 4.3 Engineering 4.4 Gems and jewellery 4.5 Textile 4.6 Mining 4.7 Iron and steel 4.8 Defence 4.9 Pulp and paper 5 Services 5.1 Aviation 5.2 Banking and finance 5.3 Financial technology 5.4 Information technology 5.5 Insurance 5.6 Electricity sector 5.7 Infrastructure 5.8 Retail 5.9 Tourism 5.10 Construction 5.11 Education 5.12 Entertainment industry 5.13 Healthcare 5.14 Logistics 5.15 Printing 5.16 Telecommunications 6 Foreign trade and investment 6.1 Foreign trade 6.2 Balance of payments 6.3 Foreign direct investment 6.3. 1 Outflows 6.4 Remittances 6.5 Mergers and Acquisitions 7 Currency 8 Income and consumption 8.1 Poverty 9 Employment 10 Economic trends and issues 10.1 Agriculture 10.2 Corruption 10.3 Education 10.4 Economic disparities 11 Security markets 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links History Main articles : Economic history of India and Timeline of the economy of the Indian subcontinent The combination of protectionist , import - substitution , Fabian socialism , and social democratic - inspired policies governed India for sometime after the end of British rule . The economy was then characterised by extensive regulation , protectionism , public ownership of large monopolies , pervasive corruption and slow growth . Since 1991 , continuing economic liberalisation has moved the country towards a market - based economy . By 2008 , India had established itself as one of the world 's faster - growing economies . Ancient and medieval eras The citizens of the Indus Valley Civilisation , a permanent settlement that flourished between 2800 BC and 1800 BC , practised agriculture , domesticated animals , used uniform weights and measures , made tools and weapons , and traded with other cities . Evidence of well - planned streets , a drainage system and water supply reveals their knowledge of urban planning , which included the first - known urban sanitation systems and the existence of a form of municipal government . The spice trade between India and Europe was the main catalyst for the Age of Discovery . For a continuous duration of nearly 1700 years from the year 1 AD , India is the top most economy constituting 35 to 40 % of world GDP . Maritime trade was carried out extensively between South India and Southeast and West Asia from early times until around the fourteenth century AD . Both the Malabar and Coromandel Coasts were the sites of important trading centres from as early as the first century BC , used for import and export as well as transit points between the Mediterranean region and southeast Asia . Over time , traders organised themselves into associations which received state patronage . Historians Tapan Raychaudhuri and Irfan Habib claim this state patronage for overseas trade came to an end by the thirteenth century AD , when it was largely taken over by the local Parsi , Jewish , Syrian Christian and Muslim communities , initially on the Malabar and subsequently on the Coromandel coast . Atashgah is a temple built by Indian traders before 1745 , west of the Caspian Sea . The inscription shown is in Sanskrit ( above ) and Persian . Other scholars suggest trading from India to West Asia and Eastern Europe was active between the 14th and 18th centuries . During this period , Indian traders settled in Surakhani , a suburb of greater Baku , Azerbaijan . These traders built a Hindu temple , which suggests commerce was active and prosperous for Indians by the 17th century . Further north , the Saurashtra and Bengal coasts played an important role in maritime trade , and the Gangetic plains and the Indus valley housed several centres of river - borne commerce . Most overland trade was carried out via the Khyber Pass connecting the Punjab region with Afghanistan and onward to the Middle East and Central Asia . Although many kingdoms and rulers issued coins , barter was prevalent . Villages paid a portion of their agricultural produce as revenue to the rulers , while their craftsmen received a part of the crops at harvest time for their services . Silver coin of the Maurya Empire , 3rd century BC . Silver coin of the Gupta dynasty , 5th century AD . Mughal era ( 1526 -- 1793 ) Main article : Mughal economy See also : Muslin trade in Bengal and Economy of the Kingdom of Mysore The Indian economy was large and prosperous under the Mughal Empire , up until the 18th century . Sean Harkin estimates China and India may have accounted for 60 to 70 percent of world GDP in the 17th century . The Mughal economy functioned on an elaborate system of coined currency , land revenue and trade . Gold , silver and copper coins were issued by the royal mints which functioned on the basis of free coinage . The political stability and uniform revenue policy resulting from a centralised administration under the Mughals , coupled with a well - developed internal trade network , ensured that India -- before the arrival of the British -- was to a large extent economically unified , despite having a traditional agrarian economy characterised by a predominance of subsistence agriculture , with 64 % of the workforce in the primary sector ( including agriculture ) , but with 36 % of the workforce also in the secondary and tertiary sectors , higher than in Europe , where 65 -- 90 % of its workforce were in agriculture in 1700 and 65 -- 75 % were in agriculture in 1750 . Agricultural production increased under Mughal agrarian reforms , with Indian agriculture being advanced compared to Europe at the time , such as the widespread use of the seed drill among Indian peasants before its adoption in European agriculture , and higher per - capita agricultural output and standards of consumption . A woman in Dhaka clad in fine Bengali muslin , 18th century . The Mughal Empire had a thriving industrial manufacturing economy , with India producing about 25 % of the world 's industrial output up until 1750 , making it the most important manufacturing center in international trade . Manufactured goods and cash crops from the Mughal Empire were sold throughout the world . Key industries included textiles , shipbuilding , and steel , and processed exports included cotton textiles , yarns , thread , silk , jute products , metalware , and foods such as sugar , oils and butter . Cities and towns boomed under the Mughal Empire , which had a relatively high degree of urbanization for its time , with 15 % of its population living in urban centres , higher than the percentage of the urban population in contemporary Europe at the time and higher than that of British India in the 19th century . In early modern Europe , there was significant demand for products from Mughal India , particularly cotton textiles , as well as goods such as spices , peppers , indigo , silks , and saltpeter ( for use in munitions ) . European fashion , for example , became increasingly dependent on Mughal Indian textiles and silks . From the late 17th century to the early 18th century , Mughal India accounted for 95 % of British imports from Asia , and the Bengal Subah province alone accounted for 40 % of Dutch imports from Asia . In contrast , there was very little demand for European goods in Mughal India , which was largely self - sufficient . Indian goods , especially those from Bengal , were also exported in large quantities to other Asian markets , such as Indonesia and Japan . At the time , Mughal Bengal was the most important center of cotton textile production and shipbuilding . In the early 18th century , the Mughal Empire declined , as it lost western , central and parts of south and north India to the Maratha Empire , which integrated and continued to administer those regions . The decline of the Mughal Empire led to decreased agricultural productivity , which in turn negatively affected the textile industry . The subcontinent 's dominant economic power in the post-Mughal era was the Bengal Subah in the east. , which continued to maintain thriving textile industries and relatively high real wages . However , the former was devastated by the Maratha invasions of Bengal and then British colonization in the mid-18th century . After the loss at the Third Battle of Panipat , the Maratha Empire disintegrated into several confederate states , and the resulting political instability and armed conflict severely affected economic life in several parts of the country -- although this was mitigated by localised prosperity in the new provincial kingdoms . By the late eighteenth century , the British East India Company had entered the Indian political theatre and established its dominance over other European powers . This marked a determinative shift in India 's trade , and a less - powerful impact on the rest of the economy . British era ( 1793 -- 1947 ) Main articles : Economy of India under Company rule and Economy of India under the British Raj There is no doubt that our grievances against the British Empire had a sound basis . As the painstaking statistical work of the Cambridge historian Angus Maddison has shown , India 's share of world income collapsed from 22.6 % in 1700 , almost equal to Europe 's share of 23.3 % at that time , to as low as 3.8 % in 1952 . Indeed , at the beginning of the 20th century , `` the brightest jewel in the British Crown '' was the poorest country in the world in terms of per capita income . -- Manmohan Singh The global contribution to world 's GDP by major economies from 1 CE to 2003 CE according to Angus Maddison 's estimates . Up until the 18th century , China and India were the two largest economies by GDP output . From the beginning of the 19th century , the British East India Company 's gradual expansion and consolidation of power brought a major change in taxation and agricultural policies , which tended to promote commercialisation of agriculture with a focus on trade , resulting in decreased production of food crops , mass impoverishment and destitution of farmers , and in the short term , led to numerous famines . The economic policies of the British Raj caused a severe decline in the handicrafts and handloom sectors , due to reduced demand and dipping employment . After the removal of international restrictions by the Charter of 1813 , Indian trade expanded substantially with steady growth . The result was a significant transfer of capital from India to England , which , due to the colonial policies of the British , led to a massive drain of revenue rather than any systematic effort at modernisation of the domestic economy . Estimated GDP per capita of India and United Kingdom during 1700 -- 1950 in 1990 US $ according to Maddison . However , Maddison 's estimates for 18th - century India have been criticized as gross underestimates , Bairoch estimates India had a higher GDP per capita in the 18th century , and Parthasarathi 's findings show higher real wages in 18th - century Bengal and Mysore . But there is consensus that India 's per capita GDP and income stagnated during the colonial era , starting in the late 18th century . Under British rule , India 's share of the world economy declined from 24.4 % in 1700 down to 4.2 % in 1950 . India 's GDP ( PPP ) per capita was stagnant during the Mughal Empire and began to decline prior to the onset of British rule . India 's share of global industrial output declined from 25 % in 1750 down to 2 % in 1900 . At the same time , the United Kingdom 's share of the world economy rose from 2.9 % in 1700 up to 9 % in 1870 . The British East India Company , following their conquest of Bengal in 1757 , had forced open the large Indian market to British goods , which could be sold in India without tariffs or duties , compared to local Indian producers who were heavily taxed , while in Britain protectionist policies such as bans and high tariffs were implemented to restrict Indian textiles from being sold there , whereas raw cotton was imported from India without tariffs to British factories which manufactured textiles from Indian cotton and sold them back to the Indian market . British economic policies gave them a monopoly over India 's large market and cotton resources . India served as both a significant supplier of raw goods to British manufacturers and a large captive market for British manufactured goods . British territorial expansion in India throughout the 19th century created an institutional environment that , on paper , guaranteed property rights among the colonisers , encouraged free trade , and created a single currency with fixed exchange rates , standardised weights and measures and capital markets within the company - held territories . It also established a system of railways and telegraphs , a civil service that aimed to be free from political interference , a common - law and an adversarial legal system . This coincided with major changes in the world economy -- industrialisation , and significant growth in production and trade . However , at the end of colonial rule , India inherited an economy that was one of the poorest in the developing world , with industrial development stalled , agriculture unable to feed a rapidly growing population , a largely illiterate and unskilled labour force , and extremely inadequate infrastructure . The 1872 census revealed that 91.3 % of the population of the region constituting present - day India resided in villages . This was a decline from the earlier Mughal era , when 85 % of the population resided in villages and 15 % in urban centers under Akbar 's reign in 1600 . Urbanisation generally remained sluggish in British India until the 1920s , due to the lack of industrialisation and absence of adequate transportation . Subsequently , the policy of discriminating protection ( where certain important industries were given financial protection by the state ) , coupled with the Second World War , saw the development and dispersal of industries , encouraging rural -- urban migration , and in particular the large port cities of Bombay , Calcutta and Madras grew rapidly . Despite this , only one - sixth of India 's population lived in cities by 1951 . The impact of British rule on India 's economy is a controversial topic . Leaders of the Indian independence movement and economic historians have blamed colonial rule for the dismal state of India 's economy in its aftermath and argued that financial strength required for industrial development in Britain was derived from the wealth taken from India . At the same time , right - wing historians have countered that India 's low economic performance was due to various sectors being in a state of growth and decline due to changes brought in by colonialism and a world that was moving towards industrialisation and economic integration . Several economic historians have argued that real wage decline occurred in the early 19th century , or possibly beginning in the very late 18th century , largely as a result of British imperialism . Economic historian Prasannan Parthasarathi presented earnings data which showed real wages and living standards in 18th century Bengal and Mysore being higher than in Britain , which in turn had the highest living standards in Europe . Mysore 's average per - capita income was five times higher than subsistence level , i.e. five times higher than $400 ( 1990 international dollars ) , or $2,000 per capita . In comparison , the highest national per - capita incomes in 1820 were $1,838 for the Netherlands and $1,706 for Britain . It has also been argued that India went through a period of deindustrialization in the latter half of the 18th century as an indirect outcome of the collapse of the Mughal Empire . Pre-liberalisation period ( 1947 -- 1991 ) Main article : Licence Raj Indian economic policy after independence was influenced by the colonial experience , which was seen as exploitative by Indian leaders exposed to British social democracy and the planned economy of the Soviet Union . Domestic policy tended towards protectionism , with a strong emphasis on import substitution industrialisation , economic interventionism , a large government - run public sector , business regulation , and central planning , while trade and foreign investment policies were relatively liberal . Five - Year Plans of India resembled central planning in the Soviet Union . Steel , mining , machine tools , telecommunications , insurance , and power plants , among other industries , were effectively nationalised in the mid-1950s . Change in per capita GDP of India , 1820 -- 2015 . Figures are inflation - adjusted to 1990 International Geary - Khamis dollars . Never talk to me about profit , Jeh , it is a dirty word . -- Nehru , India 's Fabian Socialism - inspired first prime minister to industrialist J.R.D. Tata , when Tata suggested state - owned companies should be profitable Jawaharlal Nehru , the first prime minister of India , along with the statistician Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis , formulated and oversaw economic policy during the initial years of the country 's independence . They expected favourable outcomes from their strategy , involving the rapid development of heavy industry by both public and private sectors , and based on direct and indirect state intervention , rather than the more extreme Soviet - style central command system . The policy of concentrating simultaneously on capital - and technology - intensive heavy industry and subsidising manual , low - skill cottage industries was criticised by economist Milton Friedman , who thought it would waste capital and labour , and retard the development of small manufacturers . The rate of growth of the Indian economy in the first three decades after independence was derisively referred to as the Hindu rate of growth by economists , because of the unfavourable comparison with growth rates in other Asian countries . I can not decide how much to borrow , what shares to issue , at what price , what wages and bonus to pay , and what dividend to give . I even need the government 's permission for the salary I pay to a senior executive . -- J.R.D. Tata , on the Indian regulatory system , 1969 Since 1965 , the use of high - yielding varieties of seeds , increased fertilisers and improved irrigation facilities collectively contributed to the Green Revolution in India , which improved the condition of agriculture by increasing crop productivity , improving crop patterns and strengthening forward and backward linkages between agriculture and industry . However , it has also been criticised as an unsustainable effort , resulting in the growth of capitalistic farming , ignoring institutional reforms and widening income disparities . Subsequently , the Emergency and Garibi Hatao concept under which income tax levels at one point rose to a maximum of 97.5 % -- a world record for non-communist economies -- started diluting the earlier efforts . In the late 1970s , the government led by Morarji Desai eased restrictions on capacity expansion for incumbent companies , removed price controls , reduced corporate taxes and promoted the creation of small - scale industries in large numbers . Post-liberalisation period ( since 1991 ) Main articles : Economic liberalisation in India and Economic development in India The GDP is exponential and almost double every 5 years . Indian GDP growth rate from 1985 to 2016 in red , compared to that of China in green . The collapse of the Soviet Union , which was India 's major trading partner , and the Gulf War , which caused a spike in oil prices , resulted in a major balance - of - payments crisis for India , which found itself facing the prospect of defaulting on its loans . India asked for a $1.8 billion bailout loan from the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , which in return demanded de-regulation . In response , the Narasimha Rao government , including Finance Minister Manmohan Singh , initiated economic reforms in 1991 . The reforms did away with the Licence Raj , reduced tariffs and interest rates and ended many public monopolies , allowing automatic approval of foreign direct investment in many sectors . Since then , the overall thrust of liberalisation has remained the same , although no government has tried to take on powerful lobbies such as trade unions and farmers , on contentious issues such as reforming labour laws and reducing agricultural subsidies . By the turn of the 21st century , India had progressed towards a free - market economy , with a substantial reduction in state control of the economy and increased financial liberalisation . This has been accompanied by increases in life expectancy , literacy rates and food security , although urban residents have benefited more than rural residents . While the credit rating of India was hit by its nuclear weapons tests in 1998 , it has since been raised to investment level in 2003 by Standard & Poor 's ( S&P ) and Moody 's . India experienced high growth rates , averaging 9 % from 2003 to 2007 . Growth then moderated in 2008 due to the global financial crisis . In 2003 , Goldman Sachs predicted that India 's GDP in current prices would overtake France and Italy by 2020 , Germany , UK and Russia by 2025 and Japan by 2035 , making it the third - largest economy of the world , behind the US and China . India is often seen by most economists as a rising economic superpower which will play a major role in the 21st - century global economy . Starting in 2012 , India entered a period of reduced growth , which slowed to 5.6 % . Other economic problems also became apparent : a plunging Indian rupee , a persistent high current account deficit and slow industrial growth . Hit by the US Federal Reserve 's decision to taper quantitative easing , foreign investors began rapidly pulling money out of India -- though this reversed with the stock market approaching its all - time high and the current account deficit narrowing substantially . India started recovery in 2014 -- 15 when the growth rate accelerated to 7.2 % . In 2015 , India went through a startup boom and manufacturing expanded in 2015 -- 16 with growth of 7.6 % . For the first time since 1990 , India grew faster than China which registered 6.9 % growth in 2015 . In mid-2015 , during the global stock market rout , India witnessed a sharp fall in stock markets and the rupee ; this repeated in January 2016 . India 's economic growth is expected to be 8.0 % + for 2016 -- 17 . India is ranked 100th out of 190 countries in the World Bank 's 2018 ease of doing business index , up 30 points from the last year 's 130 . This is first time in history where India got into the top 100 rank . In terms of dealing with construction permits and enforcing contracts , it is ranked among the 10 worst in the world , while it has a relatively favourable ranking when it comes to protecting minority investors or getting credit . The strong efforts taken by the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion ( DIPP ) to boost ease of doing business rankings at the state level is said to impact the overall rankings of India . Sectors Percent labour employment in India by economic sectors ( 2010 ) . Contribution to GDP of India by economic sectors of Indian economy have evolved between 1951 and 2013 , as its economy has diversified and developed . Historically , India has classified and tracked its economy and GDP in three sectors : agriculture , industry and services . Agriculture includes crops , horticulture , milk and animal husbandry , aquaculture , fishing , sericulture , aviculture , forestry and related activities . Industry includes various manufacturing sub-sectors . India 's definition of services sector includes its construction , retail , software , IT , communications , hospitality , infrastructure operations , education , health care , banking and insurance , and many other economic activities . Agriculture Rice fields near Puri , Odisha on India 's east coast Main articles : Agriculture in India , Forestry in India , Animal husbandry in India , Fishing in India , and Natural resources in India India ranks second worldwide in farm output . Agriculture and allied sectors like forestry , logging and fishing accounted for 17 % of the GDP and employed 49 % of its total workforce in 2014 . As the Indian economy has diversified and grown , agriculture 's contribution to GDP has steadily declined from 1951 to 2011 , yet it is still the country 's largest employment source and a significant piece of its overall socio - economic development . Crop - yield - per - unit - area of all crops has grown since 1950 , due to the special emphasis placed on agriculture in the five - year plans and steady improvements in irrigation , technology , application of modern agricultural practices and provision of agricultural credit and subsidies since the Green Revolution in India . However , international comparisons reveal the average yield in India is generally 30 % to 50 % of the highest average yield in the world . The states of Uttar Pradesh , Punjab , Haryana , Madhya Pradesh , Andhra Pradesh , Telangana , Bihar , West Bengal , Gujarat and Maharashtra are key contributors to Indian agriculture . India receives an average annual rainfall of 1,208 millimetres ( 47.6 in ) and a total annual precipitation of 4000 billion cubic metres , with the total utilisable water resources , including surface and groundwater , amounting to 1123 billion cubic metres . 546,820 square kilometres ( 211,130 sq mi ) of the land area , or about 39 % of the total cultivated area , is irrigated . India 's inland water resources and marine resources provide employment to nearly six million people in the fisheries sector . In 2010 , India had the world 's sixth - largest fishing industry . Amul Dairy Plant at Anand was a highly successful co-operative started during the green revolution in the 1960s India exports more than 100,000 tonnes of processed cashew kernels every year . There are more than 600 cashew processing units in Kollam alone . India is the largest producer of milk , jute and pulses , and has the world 's second - largest cattle population with 170 million animals in 2011 . It is the second - largest producer of rice , wheat , sugarcane , cotton and groundnuts , as well as the second - largest fruit and vegetable producer , accounting for 10.9 % and 8.6 % of the world fruit and vegetable production , respectively . India is also the second - largest producer and the largest consumer of silk , producing 77,000 tons in 2005 . India is the largest exporter of cashew kernels and cashew nut shell liquid ( CNSL ) . Foreign exchange earned by the country through the export of cashew kernels during 2011 -- 12 reached ₹ 4,390 crore ( ₹ 43.9 billion ) based on statistics from the Cashew Export Promotion Council of India ( CEPCI ) . 131,000 tonnes of kernels were exported during 2011 -- 12 . There are about 600 cashew processing units in Kollam , Kerala . India 's foodgrain production remained stagnant at approximately 252 million tonnes ( MT ) during both the 2015 -- 16 and 2014 -- 15 crop years ( July -- June ) . India exports several agriculture products , such as Basmati rice , wheat , cereals , spices , fresh fruits , dry fruits , buffalo beef meat , cotton , tea , coffee and other cash crops particularly to the Middle East , Southeast and East Asian countries . About 10 percent of its export earnings come from this trade . Industry Industry accounts for 26 % of GDP and employs 22 % of the total workforce . According to the World Bank , India 's industrial manufacturing GDP output in 2015 was 6th largest in the world on current US dollar basis ( $559 billion ) , and 9th largest on inflation - adjusted constant 2005 US dollar basis ( $197.1 billion ) . The industrial sector underwent significant changes due to the 1991 economic reforms , which removed import restrictions , brought in foreign competition , led to the privatisation of certain government - owned public - sector industries , liberalised the foreign direct investment ( FDI ) regime , improved infrastructure and led to an expansion in the production of fast - moving consumer goods . Post-liberalisation , the Indian private sector was faced with increasing domestic and foreign competition , including the threat of cheaper Chinese imports . It has since handled the change by squeezing costs , revamping management , and relying on cheap labour and new technology . However , this has also reduced employment generation , even among smaller manufacturers who previously relied on labour - intensive processes . Petroleum products and chemicals Main article : Oil and gas industry in India Petroleum products and chemicals are a major contributor to India 's industrial GDP , and together they contribute over 34 % of its export earnings . India hosts many oil refinery and petrochemical operations , including the world 's largest refinery complex in Jamnagar that processes 1.24 million barrels of crude per day . By volume , the Indian chemical industry was the third - largest producer in Asia , and contributed 5 % of the country 's GDP . India is one of the five - largest producers of agrochemicals , polymers and plastics , dyes and various organic and inorganic chemicals . Despite being a large producer and exporter , India is a net importer of chemicals due to domestic demands . Pharmaceuticals Main article : Pharmaceutical industry in India The Indian pharmaceutical industry has grown in recent years to become a major manufacturer of health care products to the world . India produced about 8 % of the global pharmaceutical supply in 2011 by value , including over 60,000 generic brands of medicines . The industry grew from $6 billion in 2005 to $36.7 billion in 2016 , a compound annual growth rate ( CAGR ) of 17.46 % . It is expected to grow at a CAGR of 15.92 % to reach $55 billion in 2020 . India is expected to become the sixth - largest pharmaceutical market in the world by 2020 . It is one of the fastest - growing industrial sub-sectors and a significant contributor of India 's export earnings . The state of Gujarat has become a hub for the manufacture and export of pharmaceuticals and active pharmaceutical ingredients ( APIs ) . Engineering See also : Automotive industry in India and Electronics and semiconductor manufacturing industry in India Mahindra XUV 500 is one of the several indigenously designed and manufactured vehicles Engineering is the largest sub-sector of India 's industrial sector , by GDP , and the third - largest by exports . It includes transport equipment , machine tools , capital goods , transformers , switchgears , furnaces , and cast and forged parts for turbines , automobiles and railways . The industry employs about four million workers . On a value - added basis , India 's engineering subsector exported $67 billion worth of engineering goods in the 2013 -- 14 fiscal year , and served part of the domestic demand for engineering goods . The engineering industry of India includes its growing car , motorcycle and scooters industry , and productivity machinery such as tractors . India manufactured and assembled about 18 million passenger and utility vehicles in 2011 , of which 2.3 million were exported . India is the largest producer and the largest market for tractors , accounting for 29 % of global tractor production in 2013 . India is the 12th - largest producer and 7th - largest consumer of machine tools . Gems and jewellery Many famous stones such as the Koh - i - noor and Hope Diamond ( above ) , came from India . India is one of the largest centres for polishing diamonds and gems and manufacturing jewellery ; it is also one of the two largest consumers of gold . After crude oil and petroleum products , the export and import of gold , precious metals , precious stones , gems and jewellery accounts for the largest portion of India 's global trade . The industry contributes about 7 % of India 's GDP , employs millions , and is a major source of its foreign - exchange earnings . The gems and jewellery industry , in 2013 , created ₹ 251,000 crore ( US $38 billion ) in economic output on value - added basis . It is growing sector of Indian economy , and A.T. Kearney projects it to grow to ₹ 500,000 crore ( US $77 billion ) by 2018 . The gems and jewellery industry has been economically active in India for several thousand years . Until the 18th century , India was the only major reliable source of diamonds . Now , South Africa and Australia are the major sources of diamonds and precious metals , but along with Antwerp , New York , and Ramat Gan , Indian cities such as Surat and Mumbai are the hubs of world 's jewellery polishing , cutting , precision finishing , supply and trade . Unlike other centres , the gems and jewellery industry in India is primarily artisan - driven ; the sector is manual , highly fragmented , and almost entirely served by family - owned operations . The particular strength of this sub-sector is in precision cutting , polishing and processing small diamonds ( below one carat ) . India is also a hub for processing of larger diamonds , pearls and other precious stones . Statistically , 11 out of 12 diamonds set in any jewellery in the world are cut and polished in India . It is also a major hub of gold and other precious - metal - based jewellery . Domestic demand for gold and jewellery products is another driver of India 's GDP . Textile Main article : Textile industry in India Textile industry contributes about 4 per cent to the country 's GDP , 14 per cent of the industrial production , and 17 per cent to export earnings . India 's textile industry has transformed in recent years from a declining sector to a rapidly developing one . After freeing the industry in 2004 -- 2005 from a number of limitations , primarily financial , the government permitted massive investment inflows , both domestic and foreign . From 2004 to 2008 , total investment into the textile sector increased by 27 billion dollars . Ludhiana produces 90 % of woollens in India and is known as the Manchester of India . Tirupur has gained universal recognition as the leading source of hosiery , knitted garments , casual wear and sportswear . Expanding textile centres such as Ichalkaranji enjoy one of the highest per - capita incomes in the country . India 's cotton farms , fibre and textile industry provides employment to 45 million people in India , including some child labour ( 1 % ) . The sector is estimated to employ around 400,000 children under the age of 18 . Mining Main article : Mining in India India 's mining industry was the fourth - largest producer of minerals in the world by volume , and eighth - largest producer by value in 2009 . In 2013 , it mined and processed 89 minerals , of which four were fuel , three were atomic energy minerals , and 80 non-fuel . The government - owned public sector accounted for 68 % of mineral production by volume in 2011 -- 12 . Nearly 50 % of India 's mining industry , by output value , is concentrated in eight states : Odisha , Rajasthan , Chhattisgarh , Andhra Pradesh , Telangana , Jharkhand , Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka . Another 25 % of the output by value comes from offshore oil and gas resources . India operated about 3,000 mines in 2010 , half of which were coal , limestone and iron ore . On output - value basis , India was one of the five largest producers of mica , chromite , coal , lignite , iron ore , bauxite , barites , zinc and manganese ; while being one of the ten largest global producers of many other minerals . India was the fourth - largest producer of steel in 2013 , and the seventh - largest producer of aluminium . India 's mineral resources are vast . However , its mining industry has declined -- contributing 2.3 % of its GDP in 2010 compared to 3 % in 2000 , and employed 2.9 million people -- a decreasing percentage of its total labour . India is a net importer of many minerals including coal . India 's mining sector decline is because of complex permit , regulatory and administrative procedures , inadequate infrastructure , shortage of capital resources , and slow adoption of environmentally sustainable technologies . Iron and steel Main article : Iron and steel industry in India In fiscal year 2014 -- 15 , India was the third - largest producer of raw steel and the largest producer of sponge iron . The industry produced 91.46 million tons of finished steel and 9.7 million tons of pig iron . Most iron and steel in India is produced from iron ore . Defence Main article : Defence industry of India With strength of over 1.3 million active personnel , India has the third - largest military force and the largest volunteer army . The total budget sanctioned for the Indian military for the financial year 2017 was ( US $53.5 billion ) . Defence spending is expected to rise to US $62 billion by 2022 . Pulp and paper Main article : Pulp and paper industry in India Services Hyderabad is a major IT services centre . The services sector has the largest share of India 's GDP , accounting for 57 % in 2012 , up from 15 % in 1950 . It is the seventh - largest services sector by nominal GDP , and third largest when purchasing power is taken into account . The services sector provides employment to 27 % of the work force . Information technology and business process outsourcing are among the fastest - growing sectors , having a cumulative growth rate of revenue 33.6 % between fiscal years 1997 -- 98 and 2002 -- 03 , and contributing to 25 % of the country 's total exports in 2007 -- 08 . Aviation Main articles : Aviation in India and Civil aviation in India India is the fourth - largest civil aviation market in the world recording an air traffic of 131 million passengers in 2016 . The market is estimated to have 800 aircraft by 2020 . In 2015 , Boeing projected India 's demand for aircraft to touch 1,740 , valued at $240 billion , over the next 20 years . This would account for 4.3 per cent of global volumes . According to Airbus , India will be one of the top three aviation markets in the next 20 years . Airbus is expecting an annual growth rate of over 11 per cent for the domestic market over the next ten years , while the combined growth rate for domestic and international routes would be more than 10 per cent . Civil aviation in India traces its beginnings to 18 February 1911 , with the first commercial flight from Allahabad to Naini . Henri Pequet , a French aviator , carried 6,500 pieces of mail on a Humber biplane . On 15 October 1932 , J.R.D. Tata flew a consignment of mail from Karachi to Juhu Airport . His airline later became Air India . In March 1953 , the Indian Parliament passed the Air Corporations Act . India 's airline industry was nationalised and the eight domestic airlines operating independently at that time , Deccan Airways , Airways India , Bharat Airways , Himalayan Aviation , Kalinga Airlines , Indian National Airways , Air India and Air Services of India were merged into two government - owned entities . Indian Airlines focussed on domestic routes and Air India International on international services . The International Airports Authority of India ( IAAI ) was constituted in 1972 while the National Airports Authority was constituted in 1986 . The Bureau of Civil Aviation Security was established in 1987 following the crash of Air India Flight 182 . East - West Airlines was the first national - level private airline to operate in the country after the government de-regularised the civil aviation sector in 1991 . The government allowed private airlines to operate charter and non-scheduled services under the ' Air Taxi ' Scheme until 1994 , when the Air Corporation Act was repealed and private airlines could now operate scheduled services . Private airlines including Jet Airways , Air Sahara , Modiluft , Damania Airways and NEPC Airlines commenced domestic operations during this period . The aviation industry experienced a rapid transformation following deregulation . Several low - cost carriers entered the Indian market in 2004 -- 05 . Major new entrants included Air Deccan , Air Sahara , Kingfisher Airlines , SpiceJet , GoAir , Paramount Airways and IndiGo . Kingfisher Airlines became the first Indian air carrier on 15 June 2005 to order Airbus A380 aircraft worth US $ 3 billion . However , Indian aviation would struggle due to an economic slowdown and rising fuel and operation costs . This led to consolidation , buy outs and discontinuations . In 2007 , Air Sahara and Air Deccan were acquired by Jet Airways and Kingfisher Airlines respectively . Paramount Airways ceased operations in 2010 and Kingfisher shut down in 2012 . Etihad Airways agreed to acquire a 24 % stake in Jet Airways in 2013 . AirAsia India , a low - cost carrier operating as a joint venture between Air Asia and Tata Sons launched in 2014 . As of 2013 -- 14 , only IndiGo and GoAir were generating profits . Banking and Finance Main articles : Banking in India and Finance in India The Indian money market is classified into the organised sector , comprising private , public and foreign - owned commercial banks and cooperative banks , together known as ' scheduled banks ' ; and the unorganised sector , which includes individual or family - owned indigenous bankers or money lenders and non-banking financial companies . The unorganised sector and microcredit are preferred over traditional banks in rural and sub-urban areas , especially for non-productive purposes such as short - term loans for ceremonies . Prime Minister Indira Gandhi nationalised 14 banks in 1969 , followed by six others in 1980 , and made it mandatory for banks to provide 40 % of their net credit to priority sectors including agriculture , small - scale industry , retail trade and small business , to ensure that the banks fulfilled their social and developmental goals . Since then , the number of bank branches has increased from 8,260 in 1969 to 72,170 in 2007 and the population covered by a branch decreased from 63,800 to 15,000 during the same period . The total bank deposits increased from ₹ 59.1 billion ( US $910 million ) in 1970 -- 71 to ₹ 38,309.22 billion ( US $590 billion ) in 2008 -- 09 . Despite an increase of rural branches -- from 1,860 or 22 % of the total in 1969 to 30,590 or 42 % in 2007 -- only 32,270 of 500,000 villages are served by a scheduled bank . India 's gross domestic savings in 2006 -- 07 as a percentage of GDP stood at a high 32.8 % . More than half of personal savings are invested in physical assets such as land , houses , cattle , and gold . The government - owned public - sector banks hold over 75 % of total assets of the banking industry , with the private and foreign banks holding 18.2 % and 6.5 % respectively . Since liberalisation , the government has approved significant banking reforms . While some of these relate to nationalised banks -- such as reforms encouraging mergers , reducing government interference and increasing profitability and competitiveness -- other reforms have opened the banking and insurance sectors to private and foreign companies . Financial technology Main article : FinTech in India According to the report of The National Association of Software and Services Companies ( NASSCOM ) , India has a presence of around 400 companies in the fintech space , with an investment of about $420 million in 2015 . The NASSCOM report also estimated the fintech software and services market to grow 1.7 times by 2020 , making it worth $8 billion . The Indian fintech landscape is segmented as follows -- 34 % in payment processing , followed by 32 % in banking and 12 % in the trading , public and private markets . Information technology Main articles : Information technology in India and Business process outsourcing in India The information technology ( IT ) industry in India consists of two major components : IT services and business process outsourcing ( BPO ) . The sector has increased its contribution to India 's GDP from 1.2 % in 1998 to 7.5 % in 2012 . According to NASSCOM , the sector aggregated revenues of US $ 147 billion in 2015 , where export revenue stood at US $ 99 billion and domestic at US $ 48 billion , growing by over 13 % . The growth in the IT sector is attributed to increased specialisation , and an availability of a large pool of low - cost , highly skilled , fluent English - speaking workers -- matched by increased demand from foreign consumers interested in India 's service exports , or looking to outsource their operations . The share of the Indian IT industry in the country 's GDP increased from 4.8 % in 2005 -- 06 to 7 % in 2008 . In 2009 , seven Indian firms were listed among the top 15 technology outsourcing companies in the world . The business process outsourcing services in the outsourcing industry in India caters mainly to Western operations of multinational corporations . As of 2012 , around 2.8 million people work in the outsourcing sector . Annual revenues are around $11 billion , around 1 % of GDP . Around 2.5 million people graduate in India every year . Wages are rising by 10 -- 15 percent as a result of skill shortages . Insurance Main article : Insurance in India India became the tenth - largest insurance market in the world in 2013 , rising from 15th in 2011 . At a total market size of US $66.4 billion in 2013 , it remains small compared to world 's major economies , and the Indian insurance market accounts for 2 % of the world 's insurance business . India 's life and non-life insurance industry has been growing at 20 % , and double - digit growth is expected to continue through 2021 . The market retains about 360 million active life - insurance policies , the most in the world . Of the 52 insurance companies in India , 24 are active in life - insurance business . The life - insurance industry is projected to increase at double - digit CAGR through 2019 , reaching US $1 trillion annual notional values by 2021 . The industry reported a growth rate of around 10 % from 1996 -- 97 to 2000 -- 01 . After opening the sector , growth rates averaged 15.85 % from 2001 -- 02 to 2010 -- 11 . Specialised insurers Export Credit Guarantee Corporation and Agriculture Insurance Company ( AIC ) offer credit guarantee and crop insurance , respectively . AIC , which initially offered coverage under the National Agriculture Insurance Company ( NAIS ) , has now started providing crop insurance on commercial line as well . It has introduced several innovative products such as weather insurance and insurance related to specific crops . The premium underwritten by the non-life insurers during 2010 -- 11 was ₹ 42,576 crore ( ₹ 425 billion ) against ₹ 34,620 crore ( ₹ 346 billion ) in 2009 -- 10 . The growth was satisfactory , particularly given across - the - broad cuts in the tariff rates . The private insurers underwrote premiums of ₹ 17,424 crore ( ₹ 174 billion ) against ₹ 13,977 crore ( ₹ 140 billion ) in 2009 -- 10 . Public sector insurers underwrote premiums of ₹ 25,151.8 crore ( ₹ 252 billion ) in 2010 -- 11 against ₹ 20,643.5 crore ( ₹ 206 billion ) in 2009 -- 10 , a growth of 21.8 % against 14.5 % in 2009 -- 10 . The Indian insurance business had been under - developed with low levels of insurance penetration . Post liberalisation , the sector has succeeded in raising penetration from 2.3 ( life 1.8 and non-life 0.7 ) in 2000 to 5.1 ( life 4.4 and non-life 0.7 ) in 2010 . Electricity sector Main articles : Electricity sector in India and Energy policy of India NTPC 's Ramagudam Super Thermal Power Station Primary energy consumption of India is the third - largest after China and the US with 5.3 % global share in the year 2015 . Coal and crude oil together account for 85 % of the primary energy consumption of India . India 's oil reserves meet 25 % of the country 's domestic oil demand . As of April 2015 , India 's total proven crude oil reserves are 763.476 million metric tons , while gas reserves stood at 1,490 billion cubic metres ( 53 trillion cubic feet ) . Oil and natural gas fields are located offshore at Bombay High , Krishna Godavari Basin and the Cauvery Delta , and onshore mainly in the states of Assam , Gujarat and Rajasthan . India is the fourth - largest consumer of oil and net oil imports were nearly ₹ 820,000 crore ( US $130 billion ) in 2014 -- 15 , which had an adverse effect on the country 's current account deficit . The petroleum industry in India mostly consists of public sector companies such as Oil and Natural Gas Corporation ( ONGC ) , Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited ( HPCL ) , Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited ( BPCL ) and Indian Oil Corporation Limited ( IOCL ) . There are some major private Indian companies in the oil sector such as Reliance Industries Limited ( RIL ) which operates the world 's largest oil refining complex . India became the world 's third - largest producer of electricity in 2013 with a 4.8 % global share in electricity generation , surpassing Japan and Russia . By the end of calendar year 2015 , India had an electricity surplus with many power stations idling for want of demand . The utility electricity sector had an installed capacity of 303 GW as of May 2016 of which thermal power contributed 69.8 % , hydroelectricity 15.2 % , other sources of renewable energy 13.0 % , and nuclear power 2.1 % . India meets most of its domestic electricity demand through its 106 billion tonnes of proven coal reserves . India is also rich in certain alternative sources of energy with significant future potential such as solar , wind and biofuels ( jatropha , sugarcane ) . India 's dwindling uranium reserves stagnated the growth of nuclear energy in the country for many years . Recent discoveries in the Tummalapalle belt may be among the top 20 natural uranium reserves worldwide , and an estimated reserve of 846,477 metric tons ( 933,081 short tons ) of thorium -- about 25 % of world 's reserves -- are expected to fuel the country 's ambitious nuclear energy program in the long - run . The Indo - US nuclear deal has also paved the way for India to import uranium from other countries . Infrastructure Vizag Sea Port , Visakhapatnam Port in Bay of Bengal Main articles : Indian road network , Indian Railways , Ports in India , and Transport in India India 's infrastructure and transport sector contributes about 5 % of its GDP . India has a road network of over 5,472,144 kilometres ( 3,400,233 mi ) as of 31 March 2015 , the second - largest road network in the world . At 1.66 km of roads per square kilometre of land ( 2.68 miles per square mile ) , the quantitative density of India 's road network is higher than that of Japan ( 0.91 ) and the United States ( 0.67 ) , and far higher than that of China ( 0.46 ) , Brazil ( 0.18 ) or Russia ( 0.08 ) . Qualitatively , India 's roads are a mix of modern highways and narrow , unpaved roads , and are being improved . As of 31 March 2015 , 61.05 % of Indian roads were paved . India has the lowest kilometre - lane road density per 100,000 people among G - 27 countries , leading to traffic congestion . It is upgrading its infrastructure . As of May 2014 , India had completed over 22,600 kilometres ( 14,000 mi ) of 4 - or 6 - lane highways , connecting most of its major manufacturing , commercial and cultural centres . India 's road infrastructure carries 60 % of freight and 87 % of passenger traffic . Indian Railways is the fourth - largest rail network in the world , with a track length of 114,500 kilometres ( 71,100 mi ) and 7,172 stations . This government - owned - and - operated railway network carried an average of 23 million passengers a day , and over a billion tonnes of freight in 2013 . India has a coastline of 7,500 kilometres ( 4,700 mi ) with 13 major ports and 60 operational non-major ports , which together handle 95 % of the country 's external trade by volume and 70 % by value ( most of the remainder handled by air ) . Nhava Sheva , Mumbai is the largest public port , while Mundra is the largest private sea port . The airport infrastructure of India includes 125 airports , of which 66 airports are licensed to handle both passengers and cargo . Retail Main article : Retailing in India Neighbourhood grocery shops handle much of retail trade in India . Retail industry contributes between 14 % and 20 % of India 's GDP . The Indian retail market is estimated to be US $600 billion and one of the top - five retail markets in the world by economic value . India has one of the fastest - growing retail markets in the world , and is projected to reach $1.3 trillion by 2020 . India 's retail industry mostly consists of local mom - and - pop stores , owner - manned shops and street vendors . Retail supermarkets are expanding , with a market share of 4 % in 2008 . In 2012 , the government permitted 51 % FDI in multi-brand retail and 100 % FDI in single - brand retail . However , a lack of back - end warehouse infrastructure and state - level permits and red tape continue to limit growth of organised retail . Compliance with over thirty regulations such as `` signboard licences '' and `` anti-hoarding measures '' must be made before a store can open for business . There are taxes for moving goods from state to state , and even within states . According to The Wall Street Journal , the lack of infrastructure and efficient retail networks cause a third of India 's agriculture produce to be lost from spoilage . Tourism Main article : Tourism in India Kerala became a major tourist destination after the state government promoted its natural coastline . The World Travel and Tourism Council calculated that tourism generated ₹ 8.31 lakh crore ( US $130 billion ) or 6.3 % of the nation 's GDP in 2015 and supported 37.315 million jobs , 8.7 % of its total employment . The sector is predicted to grow at an average annual rate of 7.5 % to ₹ 18.36 lakh crore ( US $280 billion ) by 2025 ( 7.2 % of GDP ) . India attracted 8.027 million international tourist arrivals in 2015 , compared to 7.679 million in 2014 , a growth of 4.5 % . India earned $21.07 billion in foreign exchange from tourism receipts in 2015 . International tourism to India has seen a steady growth from 2.37 million arrivals in 1997 to 8.03 million arrivals in 2015 . The United States is the largest source of international tourists to India , while European Union nations and Japan are other major sources of international tourists . Less than 10 % of international tourists visit the Taj Mahal , with the majority visiting other cultural , thematic and holiday circuits . Over 12 million Indian citizens take international trips each year for tourism , while domestic tourism within India adds about 740 million Indian travellers . India has a fast - growing medical tourism sector of its health care economy , offering low - cost health services and long - term care . In October 2015 , the medical tourism sector was estimated to be worth US $3 billion . It is projected to grow to $7 -- 8 billion by 2020 . In 2014 , 184,298 foreign patients traveled to India to seek medical treatment . Construction Main article : Construction industry of India Education Main article : Education in India Entertainment industry Main article : Entertainment industry in India See also : Gambling in India Healthcare Main article : Healthcare in India India 's healthcare sector is expected to grow at a CAGR of 29 % between 2015 and 2020 , to reach US $280 billion , buoyed by rising incomes , greater health awareness , increased precedence of lifestyle diseases , and improved access to health insurance . Logistics The logistics industry in India was worth over $160 billion in 2016 , and grew at a CAGR of 7.8 % in the previous five - year period . The industry employs about 22 million people . India was ranked 35th out of 160 countries in the World Bank 's 2016 Logistics Performance Index . Printing Main article : Printing industry in India Telecommunications Main article : Telecommunications in India The telecommunication sector generated ₹ 2.20 lakh crore ( US $34 billion ) in revenue in 2014 -- 15 , accounting for 1.94 % of total GDP . India is the second - largest market in the world by number of telephone users ( both fixed and mobile phones ) with 1.053 billion subscribers as of 31 August 2016 . It has one of the lowest call - tariffs in the world , due to fierce competition among telecom operators . India has the world 's third - largest Internet user - base . As of 31 March 2016 , there were 342.65 million Internet subscribers in the country . Industry estimates indicate that there are over 554 million TV consumers in India as of 2012 . India is the largest direct - to - home ( DTH ) television market in the world by number of subscribers . As of May 2016 , there were 84.80 million DTH subscribers in the country . Foreign trade and investment A map showing the global distribution of Indian exports in 2006 as a percentage of the top market ( US at $20.9 billion ) . Further information : Globalisation in India Foreign trade Main article : Foreign trade of India Further information : List of the largest trading partners of India India 's exports ( top ) and imports ( bottom ) , by value , in 2013 -- 14 . Until the liberalisation of 1991 , India was largely and intentionally isolated from world markets , to protect its economy and to achieve self - reliance . Foreign trade was subject to import tariffs , export taxes and quantitative restrictions , while foreign direct investment ( FDI ) was restricted by upper - limit equity participation , restrictions on technology transfer , export obligations and government approvals ; these approvals were needed for nearly 60 % of new FDI in the industrial sector . The restrictions ensured that FDI averaged only around $200 million annually between 1985 and 1991 ; a large percentage of the capital flows consisted of foreign aid , commercial borrowing and deposits of non-resident Indians . India 's exports were stagnant for the first 15 years after independence , due to general neglect of trade policy by the government of that period ; imports in the same period , with early industrialisation , consisted predominantly of machinery , raw materials and consumer goods . Treemap of India Exports ( 2016 ) from Harvard Atlas of Economic Complexity Since liberalisation , the value of India 's international trade has increased sharply , with the contribution of total trade in goods and services to the GDP rising from 16 % in 1990 -- 91 to 47 % in 2009 -- 10 . Foreign trade accounted for 48.8 % of India 's GDP in 2015 . Globally , India accounts for 1.44 % of exports and 2.12 % of imports for merchandise trade and 3.34 % of exports and 3.31 % of imports for commercial services trade . India 's major trading partners are the European Union , China , the United States and the United Arab Emirates . In 2006 -- 07 , major export commodities included engineering goods , petroleum products , chemicals and pharmaceuticals , gems and jewellery , textiles and garments , agricultural products , iron ore and other minerals . Major import commodities included crude oil and related products , machinery , electronic goods , gold and silver . In November 2010 , exports increased 22.3 % year - on - year to ₹ 850.63 billion ( US $13 billion ) , while imports were up 7.5 % at ₹ 1,251.33 billion ( US $19 billion ) . The trade deficit for the same month dropped from ₹ 468.65 billion ( US $7.2 billion ) in 2009 to ₹ 400.7 billion ( US $6.1 billion ) in 2010 . India is a founding - member of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ( GATT ) and its successor , the WTO . While participating actively in its general council meetings , India has been crucial in voicing the concerns of the developing world . For instance , India has continued its opposition to the inclusion of labour , environmental issues and other non-tariff barriers to trade in WTO policies . Balance of payments Cumulative current account balance 1980 -- 2008 based on IMF data Since independence , India 's balance of payments on its current account has been negative . Since economic liberalisation in the 1990s , precipitated by a balance - of - payment crisis , India 's exports rose consistently , covering 80.3 % of its imports in 2002 -- 03 , up from 66.2 % in 1990 -- 91 . However , the global economic slump followed by a general deceleration in world trade saw the exports as a percentage of imports drop to 61.4 % in 2008 -- 09 . India 's growing oil import bill is seen as the main driver behind the large current account deficit , which rose to $118.7 billion , or 11.11 % of GDP , in 2008 -- 09 . Between January and October 2010 , India imported $82.1 billion worth of crude oil . The Indian economy has run a trade deficit every year from 2002 to 2012 , with a merchandise trade deficit of US $189 billion in 2011 -- 12 . Its trade with China has the largest deficit , about $31 billion in 2013 . India 's reliance on external assistance and concessional debt has decreased since liberalisation of the economy , and the debt service ratio decreased from 35.3 % in 1990 -- 91 to 4.4 % in 2008 -- 09 . In India , external commercial borrowings ( ECBs ) , or commercial loans from non-resident lenders , are being permitted by the government for providing an additional source of funds to Indian corporates . The Ministry of Finance monitors and regulates them through ECB policy guidelines issued by the Reserve Bank of India ( RBI ) under the Foreign Exchange Management Act of 1999 . India 's foreign exchange reserves have steadily risen from $5.8 billion in March 1991 to $318.6 billion in December 2009 . In 2012 , the United Kingdom announced an end to all financial aid to India , citing the growth and robustness of Indian economy . India 's current account deficit reached an all - time high in 2013 . India has historically funded its current account deficit through borrowings by companies in the overseas markets or remittances by non-resident Indians and portfolio inflows . From April 2016 to January 2017 , RBI data showed that , for the first time since 1991 , India was funding its deficit through foreign direct investment inflows . The Economic Times noted that the development was `` a sign of rising confidence among long - term investors in Prime Minister Narendra Modi 's ability to strengthen the country 's economic foundation for sustained growth '' . Foreign direct investment This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( October 2015 ) Main article : Foreign direct investment in India Share of top five investing countries in FDI inflows ( 2000 -- 2010 ) Rank Country Inflows ( million US $ ) Inflows ( % ) Mauritius 50,164 42.00 Singapore 11,275 9.00 US 8,914 7.00 UK 6,158 5.00 5 Netherlands 4,968 4.00 As the third - largest economy in the world in PPP terms , India has attracted foreign direct investment ( FDI ) . During the year 2011 , FDI inflow into India stood at $36.5 billion , 51.1 % higher than the 2010 figure of $24.15 billion . India has strengths in telecommunication , information technology and other significant areas such as auto components , chemicals , apparels , pharmaceuticals , and jewellery . Despite a surge in foreign investments , rigid FDI policies were a significant hindrance . Over time , India has adopted a number of FDI reforms . India has a large pool of skilled managerial and technical expertise . The size of the middle - class population stands at 300 million and represents a growing consumer market . India liberalised its FDI policy in 2005 , allowing up to a 100 % FDI stake in ventures . Industrial policy reforms have substantially reduced industrial licensing requirements , removed restrictions on expansion and facilitated easy access to foreign technology and investment . The upward growth curve of the real - estate sector owes some credit to a booming economy and liberalised FDI regime . In March 2005 , the government amended the rules to allow 100 % FDI in the construction sector , including built - up infrastructure and construction development projects comprising housing , commercial premises , hospitals , educational institutions , recreational facilities , and city - and regional - level infrastructure . Between 2012 and 2014 , India extended these reforms to defence , telecom , oil , retail , aviation , and other sectors . From 2000 to 2010 , the country attracted $178 billion as FDI . The inordinately high investment from Mauritius is due to routing of international funds through the country given significant tax advantages -- double taxation is avoided due to a tax treaty between India and Mauritius , and Mauritius is a capital gains tax haven , effectively creating a zero - taxation FDI channel . FDI accounted for 2.1 % of India 's GDP in 2015 . As the government has eased 87 foreign investment direct rules across 21 sectors in the last three years , FDI inflows hit $60.1 billion between 2016 and 2017 in India . Outflows Since 2000 , Indian companies have expanded overseas , investing FDI and creating jobs outside India . From 2006 to 2010 , FDI by Indian companies outside India amounted to 1.34 per cent of its GDP . Indian companies have deployed FDI and started operations in the United States , Europe and Africa . The Indian company Tata is the United Kingdom 's largest manufacturer and private - sector employer . Remittances Main article : Remittances to India In 2015 , a total of US $68.91 billion was made in remittances to India from other countries , and a total of US $8.476 billion was made in remittances by foreign workers in India to their home countries . The UAE , the US , and Saudi Arabia were the top sources of remittances to India , while Bangladesh , Pakistan and Nepal were the top recipients of remittances from India . Remittances to India accounted for 3.32 % of the country 's GDP in 2015 . Mergers and Acquisitions Between 1985 and 2018 20,846 deals have been announced in , into ( inbound ) and out of ( outbound ) India . This cumulates to a value of 618 bil . USD . In terms of value , 2010 has been the most active year with deals worth almost 60 bil . USD . Most deals have been conducted in 2007 ( 1,510 ) . Here is a list of the top 10 deals with Indian companies participating : Acquiror Name Acquiror Mid Industry Acquiror Nation Target Name Target Mid Industry Target Nation Value of Transaction ( $ mil ) Petrol Complex Pte Ltd Oil & Gas Singapore Essar Oil Ltd Oil & Gas India 12,907.25 Vodafone Grp Plc Wireless United Kingdom Hutchison Essar Ltd Telecommunications Services India 12,748.00 Vodafone Grp PLC - Vodafone Asts Wireless India Idea Cellular Ltd - Mobile Bus Wireless India 11,627.32 Bharti Airtel Ltd Wireless India MTN Group Ltd Wireless South Africa 11,387.52 Bharti Airtel Ltd Wireless India Zain Africa BV Wireless Nigeria 10,700.00 BP PLC Oil & Gas United Kingdom Reliance Industries Ltd - 21 Oil Oil & Gas India 9,000.00 MTN Group Ltd Wireless South Africa Bharti Airtel Ltd Wireless India 8,775.09 Shareholders Other Financials India Reliance Inds Ltd - Telecom Bus Telecommunications Services India 8,063.01 Oil & Natural Gas Corp Ltd Oil & Gas India Hindustan Petro Corp Ltd Petrochemicals India 5,784.20 Reliance Commun Ventures Ltd Telecommunications Services India Reliance Infocomm Ltd Telecommunications Services India 5,577.18 Currency The RBI 's headquarters in Mumbai , Maharashtra Main articles : Indian rupee and Reserve Bank of India Year INR ₹ per US $ ( average annual ) 9.4058 1980 7.8800 1985 12.3640 17.4992 1995 32.4198 2000 44.9401 2005 44.1000 45.7393 2015 64.05 2016 67.09 2017 64.14 The Indian rupee ( ₹ ) is the only legal tender in India , and is also accepted as legal tender in neighbouring Nepal and Bhutan , both of which peg their currency to that of the Indian rupee . The rupee is divided into 100 paisas . The highest - denomination banknote is the ₹ 2,000 note ; the lowest - denomination coin in circulation is the 50 paise coin . Since 30 June 2011 , all denominations below 50 paise have ceased to be legal currency . India 's monetary system is managed by the Reserve Bank of India ( RBI ) , the country 's central bank . Established on 1 April 1935 and nationalised in 1949 , the RBI serves as the nation 's monetary authority , regulator and supervisor of the monetary system , banker to the government , custodian of foreign exchange reserves , and as an issuer of currency . It is governed by a central board of directors , headed by a governor who is appointed by the Government of India . The benchmark interest rates are set by the Monetary Policy Committee . The rupee was linked to the British pound from 1927 to 1946 , and then to the US dollar until 1975 through a fixed exchange rate . It was devalued in September 1975 and the system of fixed par rate was replaced with a basket of four major international currencies : the British pound , the US dollar , the Japanese yen and the Deutsche mark . In 1991 , after the collapse of its largest trading partner , the Soviet Union , India faced the major foreign exchange crisis and the rupee was devalued by around 19 % in two stages on 1 and 2 July . In 1992 , a Liberalized Exchange Rate Mechanism ( LERMS ) was introduced . Under LERMS , exporters had to surrender 40 percent of their foreign exchange earnings to the RBI at the RBI - determined exchange rate ; the remaining 60 % could be converted at the market - determined exchange rate . In 1994 , the rupee was convertible on the current account , with some capital controls . After the sharp devaluation in 1991 and transition to current account convertibility in 1994 , the value of the rupee has been largely determined by market forces . The rupee has been fairly stable during the decade 2000 -- 2010 . In September 2013 , the rupee touched an all - time low 68.27 to the US dollar . Income and consumption Main article : Income in India Gini index of India compared to other countries per World Bank data tables as of 2014 . India 's gross national income per capita had experienced high growth rates since 2002 . It tripled from ₹ 19,040 in 2002 -- 03 to ₹ 53,331 in 2010 -- 11 , averaging 13.7 % growth each of these eight years , with peak growth of 15.6 % in 2010 -- 11 . However growth in the inflation - adjusted per - capita income of the nation slowed to 5.6 % in 2010 -- 11 , down from 6.4 % in the previous year . These consumption levels are on an individual basis . The average family income in India was $6,671 per household in 2011 . According to 2011 census data , India has about 330 million houses and 247 million households . The household size in India has dropped in recent years , the 2011 census reporting 50 % of households have four or fewer members , with an average 4.8 members per household including surviving grandparents . These households produced a GDP of about $1.7 trillion . Consumption patterns note : approximately 67 % of households use firewood , crop residue or cow - dung cakes for cooking purposes ; 53 % do not have sanitation or drainage facilities on premises ; 83 % have water supply within their premises or 100 metres ( 330 ft ) from their house in urban areas and 500 metres ( 1,600 ft ) from the house in rural areas ; 67 % of the households have access to electricity ; 63 % of households have landline or mobile telephone service ; 43 % have a television ; 26 % have either a two - or four - wheel motor vehicle . Compared to 2001 , these income and consumption trends represent moderate to significant improvements . One report in 2010 claimed that high - income households outnumber low - income households . Per capita gross national income of India in 2013 compared to other countries , on purchasing power parity basis , per World Bank data . New World Wealth publishes reports tracking the total wealth of countries , which is measured as the private wealth held by all residents of a country . According to New World Wealth , India 's total wealth increased from $3,165 billion in 2007 to $8,230 billion in 2017 , a growth rate of 160 % . India 's total wealth rose by 25 % from $6.2 trillion in 2016 to $8.23 trillion in 2017 , making it the sixth wealthiest nation in the world . There are 20,730 multimillionaires ( 7th largest in the world ) and 119 billionaires in India ( 3rd largest in the world ) . With 330,400 high net - worth individuals ( HNWI ) , India is home to the 9th highest number of HNWIs in the world . Mumbai is the wealthiest Indian city and the 12th wealthiest in the world , with a total net worth of $950 billion in 2017 . Twenty - eight billionaires reside in the city . As of December 2016 , the next wealthiest cities in India were Delhi ( $450 billion ) , Bangalore ( $320 billion ) , Hyderabad ( $310 billion ) , Kolkata ( $290 billion ) , Chennai ( $150 billion ) and Gurgaon ( $110 billion ) . Poverty Main article : Poverty in India In May 2014 , the World Bank reviewed and proposed revisions to its poverty calculation methodology of 2005 and purchasing - power - parity basis for measuring poverty . According to the revised methodology , the world had 872.3 million people below the new poverty line , of which 179.6 million lived in India . With 17.5 % of total world 's population , India had a 20.6 % share of world 's poorest in 2013 . According to a 2005 -- 2006 survey , India had about 61 million children under the age of 5 who were chronically malnourished . A 2011 UNICEF report stated that between 1990 and 2010 , India achieved a 45 percent reduction in under age 5 mortality rates , and now ranks 46th of 188 countries on this metric . Since the early 1960s , successive governments have implemented various schemes to alleviate poverty , under central planning , that have met with partial success . In 2005 , the government enacted the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act ( MGNREGA ) , guaranteeing 100 days of minimum wage employment to every rural household in all the districts of India . In 2011 , it was widely criticised and beset with controversy for corrupt officials , deficit financing as the source of funds , poor quality of infrastructure built under the programme , and unintended destructive effects . Other studies suggest that the programme has helped reduce rural poverty in some cases . Yet other studies report that India 's economic growth has been the driver of sustainable employment and poverty reduction , though a sizeable population remains in poverty . Employment See also : Labour in India , Indian labour law , Child labour in India , and Unemployment in India Agricultural and allied sectors accounted for about 52.1 % of the total workforce in 2009 -- 10 . While agriculture employment has fallen over time in percentage of labour employed , services which includes construction and infrastructure have seen a steady growth accounting for 20.3 % of employment in 2012 -- 13 . Of the total workforce , 7 % is in the organised sector , two - thirds of which are in the government - controlled public sector . About 51.2 % of the workforce in India is self - employed . According to a 2005 -- 06 survey , there is a gender gap in employment and salaries . In rural areas , both men and women are primarily self - employed , mostly in agriculture . In urban areas , salaried work was the largest source of employment for both men and women in 2006 . Unemployment in India is characterised by chronic ( disguised ) unemployment . Government schemes that target eradication of both poverty and unemployment -- which in recent decades has sent millions of poor and unskilled people into urban areas in search of livelihoods -- attempt to solve the problem by providing financial assistance for starting businesses , honing skills , setting up public sector enterprises , reservations in governments , etc . The decline in organised employment , due to the decreased role of the public sector after liberalisation , has further underlined the need for focusing on better education and created political pressure for further reforms . India 's labour regulations are heavy , even by developing country standards , and analysts have urged the government to abolish or modify them in order to make the environment more conducive for employment generation . The 11th five - year plan has also identified the need for a congenial environment to be created for employment generation , by reducing the number of permissions and other bureaucratic clearances required . Inequalities and inadequacies in the education system have been identified as an obstacle , which prevents the benefits of increased employment opportunities from reaching all sectors of society . Child labour in India is a complex problem that is rooted in poverty . Since the 1990s , the government has implemented a variety of programs to eliminate child labour . These have included setting up schools , launching free school lunch programs , creating special investigation cells , etc . Author Sonalde Desai stated that recent studies on child labour in India have found some pockets of industries in which children are employed , but overall , relatively few Indian children are employed . Child labour below the age of 10 is now rare . In the 10 -- 14 age group , the latest surveys find only 2 % of children working for wage , while another 9 % work within their home or rural farms assisting their parents in times of high work demand such as sowing and harvesting of crops . India has the largest diaspora around the world , an estimated 16 million people , many of whom work overseas and remit funds back to their families . The Middle East region is the largest source of employment of expat Indians . The crude oil production and infrastructure industry of Saudi Arabia employs over 2 million expat Indians . Cities such as Dubai and Abu Dhabi in United Arab Emirates have employed another 2 million Indians during the construction boom in recent decades . In 2009 -- 10 , remittances from Indian migrants overseas stood at ₹ 2,500 billion ( US $38 billion ) , the highest in the world , but their share in FDI remained low at around 1 % . Economic trends and issues Commercial office buildings in Gurgaon With 1.27 billion people and the world 's third - largest economy in terms of purchasing power , India 's recent growth and development has been one of the most significant achievements of our times . Over the six and half decades since independence , the country has brought about a landmark agricultural revolution that has transformed the nation from chronic dependence on grain imports into a global agricultural powerhouse that is now a net exporter of food . Life expectancy has more than doubled , literacy rates have quadrupled , health conditions have improved . India will soon have the largest and youngest workforce the world has ever seen . At the same time , the country is in the midst of a massive wave of urbanization as some 10 million people move to towns and cities each year in search of jobs and opportunity . It is the largest rural - urban migration of this century . Massive investments will be needed to create the jobs , housing , and infrastructure to meet soaring aspirations and make towns and cities more livable and green . -- World Bank : India Country Overview 2013 Agriculture Main article : Agriculture in India Agriculture is an important part of the Indian economy . At around 1,530,000 square kilometres ( 590,000 sq mi ) , India has the second - largest amount of arable land , after the US , with 52 % of total land under cultivation . Although the total land area of the country is only slightly more than one third of China or the US , India 's arable land is marginally smaller than that of the US , and marginally larger than that of China . However , agricultural output lags far behind its potential . The low productivity in India is a result of several factors . According to the World Bank , India 's large agricultural subsidies are distorting what farmers grow and hampering productivity - enhancing investment . Over-regulation of agriculture has increased costs , price risks and uncertainty , and governmental intervention in labour , land , and credit are hurting the market . Infrastructure such as rural roads , electricity , ports , food storage , retail markets and services remain inadequate . The average size of land holdings is very small , with 70 % of holdings being less than one hectare ( 2.5 acres ) in size . Irrigation facilities are inadequate , as revealed by the fact that only 46 % of the total cultivable land was irrigated as of 2016 , resulting in farmers still being dependent on rainfall , specifically the monsoon season , which is often inconsistent and unevenly distributed across the country . In an effort to bring an additional two crore hectares ( 20 million hectares ; 50 million acres ) of land under irrigation , various schemes have been attempted , including the Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme ( AIBP ) which was provided ₹ 80,000 crore ( ₹ 800 billion ) in the union budget . Farming incomes are also hampered by lack of food storage and distribution infrastructure ; a third of India 's agricultural production is lost from spoilage . Corruption Corruption Perceptions Index for India compared to other countries , 2015 Main articles : Corruption in India and Indian black money Corruption has been a pervasive problem in India . A 2005 study by Transparency International ( TI ) found that more than half of those surveyed had first - hand experience of paying a bribe or peddling influence to get a job done in a public office in the previous year . A follow - up study in 2008 found this rate to be 40 percent . In 2011 , TI ranked India at 95th place amongst 183 countries in perceived levels of public sector corruption . By 2016 , India saw a reduction in corruption and its ranking improved to 79th place . In 1996 , red tape , bureaucracy and the Licence Raj were suggested as a cause for the institutionalised corruption and inefficiency . More recent reports suggest the causes of corruption include excessive regulations and approval requirements , mandated spending programs , monopoly of certain goods and service providers by government - controlled institutions , bureaucracy with discretionary powers , and lack of transparent laws and processes . Computerisation of services , various central and state vigilance commissions , and the 2005 Right to Information Act -- which requires government officials to furnish information requested by citizens or face punitive action -- have considerably reduced corruption and opened avenues to redress grievances . In 2011 , the Indian government concluded that most spending fails to reach its intended recipients , as the large and inefficient bureaucracy consumes budgets . India 's absence rates are among the worst in the world ; one study found that 25 % of public sector teachers and 40 % of government - owned public - sector medical workers could not be found at the workplace . Similarly , there are many issues facing Indian scientists , with demands for transparency , a meritocratic system , and an overhaul of the bureaucratic agencies that oversee science and technology . India has an underground economy , with a 2006 report alleging that India topped the worldwide list for black money with almost $1,456 billion stashed in Swiss banks . This would amount to 13 times the country 's total external debt . These allegations have been denied by the Swiss Banking Association . James Nason , the Head of International Communications for the Swiss Banking Association , suggested `` The ( black money ) figures were rapidly picked up in the Indian media and in Indian opposition circles , and circulated as gospel truth . However , this story was a complete fabrication . The Swiss Bankers Association never published such a report . Anyone claiming to have such figures ( for India ) should be forced to identify their source and explain the methodology used to produce them . '' A recent step taken by Prime Minister Modi , on 8 November 2016 , involved the demonetization of all 500 and 1000 rupee bank notes ( replaced by new 500 and 2000 rupee notes ) in order to return black money into the economy . Education Main article : Education in India India has made progress increasing the primary education attendance rate and expanding literacy to approximately three - fourths of the population . India 's literacy rate had grown from 52.2 % in 1991 to 74.04 % in 2011 . The right to education at elementary level has been made one of the fundamental rights under the eighty - sixth Amendment of 2002 , and legislation has been enacted to further the objective of providing free education to all children . However , the literacy rate of 74 % is lower than the worldwide average and the country suffers from a high drop - out rate . Literacy rates and educational opportunities vary by region , gender , urban and rural areas , and among different social groups . Economic disparities Main articles : Economic disparities in India and Poverty in India Economic disparities among the states and union territories of India , on GDP per capita , PPP basis in 2011 Poverty rates in India 's poorest states are three to four times higher than those in the more advanced states . While India 's average annual per capita income was $1,410 in 2011 -- placing it among the poorest of the world 's middle - income countries -- it was just $436 in Uttar Pradesh ( which has more people than Brazil ) and only $294 in Bihar , one of India 's poorest states . -- World Bank : India Country Overview 2013 A critical problem facing India 's economy is the sharp and growing regional variations among India 's different states and territories in terms of poverty , availability of infrastructure and socio - economic development . Six low - income states -- Assam , Chhattisgarh , Nagaland , Madhya Pradesh , Odisha and Uttar Pradesh -- are home to more than one - third of India 's population . Severe disparities exist among states in terms of income , literacy rates , life expectancy and living conditions . The five - year plans , especially in the pre-liberalisation era , attempted to reduce regional disparities by encouraging industrial development in the interior regions and distributing industries across states . The results have been discouraging as these measures increased inefficiency and hampered effective industrial growth . The more advanced states have been better placed to benefit from liberalisation , with well - developed infrastructure and an educated and skilled workforce , which attract the manufacturing and service sectors . Governments of less - advanced states have tried to reduce disparities by offering tax holidays and cheap land , and focused on sectors like tourism which can develop faster than other sectors . India 's income Gini coefficient is 33.9 , according to the United Nations Development Program ( UNDP ) , indicating overall income distribution to be more uniform than East Asia , Latin America and Africa . There is a continuing debate on whether India 's economic expansion has been pro-poor or anti-poor . Studies suggest that the economic growth has been pro-poor and has reduced poverty in India . Security markets Bombay Stock Exchange in Mumbai The development of Indian security markets began with the launch of the Bombay Stock Exchange ( BSE ) in July 1875 and Ahmedabad Stock exchange in 1894 . Since then , 22 other exchanges have traded in Indian cities . In 2014 , India 's stock exchange market became the 10th largest in the world by market capitalisation , just above those of South Korea and Australia . India 's two major stock exchanges , BSE and National Stock Exchange of India , had a market capitalisation of US $1.71 trillion and US $1.68 trillion as of February 2015 , according to World Federation of Exchanges . The initial public offering ( IPO ) market in India has been small compared to NYSE and NASDAQ , raising US $300 million in 2013 and US $1.4 billion in 2012 . Ernst & Young stated that the low IPO activity reflects market conditions , slow government approval processes and complex regulations . Before 2013 , Indian companies were not allowed to list their securities internationally without first completing an IPO in India . In 2013 , these security laws were reformed and Indian companies can now choose where they want to list first : overseas , domestically , or both concurrently . Further , security laws have been revised to ease overseas listings of already - listed companies , to increase liquidity for private equity and international investors in Indian companies . 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Raychaudhuri , Tapan ; Habib , Irfan ( 2004 ) . The Cambridge Economic History of India , Volume I : c. 1200 -- c. 1750 . New Delhi : Orient Longman . p. 543 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 250 - 2709 - 6 . Roy , Tirthankar ( 2006 ) . The Economic History of India 1857 -- 1947 . Oxford University Press . p. 385 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 568430 - 8 . Alamgir , Jalal ( 2008 ) . India 's Open - Economy Policy . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 77684 - 4 . Bharadwaj , Krishna ( 1991 ) . `` Regional differentiation in India '' . In Sathyamurthy , T.V. Industry & agriculture in India since independence . Oxford University Press . pp. 189 -- 199 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 564394 - 1 . Papers and reports Bahl , R. , Heredia - Ortiz , E. , Martinez - Vazquez , J. , & Rider , M. ( 2005 ) . India : Fiscal Condition of the States , International Experience , and Options for Reform : Volume 1 ( No. paper05141 ) . 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3138459875188648220	Cate Blanchett	Cate Blanchett - Wikipedia Cate Blanchett Jump to : navigation , search Cate Blanchett AC Blanchett at the San Diego Comic - Con in 2017 Catherine Elise Blanchett ( 1969 - 05 - 14 ) 14 May 1969 ( age 48 ) Ivanhoe , Victoria , Australia Residence Crowborough , Sussex , England , United Kingdom Alma mater National Institute of Dramatic Art ( BFA ) University of Melbourne Occupation Actress Theatre director Years active 1992 -- present Spouse ( s ) Andrew Upton ( m . 1997 ) Children Catherine Elise Blanchett , AC ( / ˈblæntʃət / ; born 14 May 1969 ) is an Australian actress and theatre director . She has received international acclaim and many accolades , including two Academy Awards , three Golden Globe Awards , three BAFTA Awards , six AACTA Awards , and three Screen Actors Guild Awards . Blanchett came to international attention for her role as Elizabeth I of England in Shekhar Kapur 's 1998 film Elizabeth , for which she won the BAFTA Award for Best Actress , the Golden Globe Award , and earned her first Academy Award for Best Actress nomination . Her portrayal of Katharine Hepburn in Martin Scorsese 's 2004 film The Aviator brought her critical acclaim and many accolades , including the Academy Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role , making her the only actor to win an Oscar for portraying another Oscar - winning actor . In 2013 , she starred as Jasmine Francis in Woody Allen 's Blue Jasmine , for which she won numerous accolades including the Academy Award for Best Actress . Blanchett is one of only six actors , and the only actress , to receive Academy Award nominations for portraying the same role in two films , accomplished with her performance as Queen Elizabeth I. She is additionally the only Australian to win two acting Oscars . A seven - time Oscar nominee , she has also received nominations for Notes on a Scandal ( 2006 ) , Elizabeth : The Golden Age ( 2007 ) , I 'm Not There ( 2007 ) and Carol ( 2015 ) . Her other notable films include The Talented Mr. Ripley ( 1999 ) , Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings trilogy ( 2001 -- 03 ) and The Hobbit trilogy ( 2012 -- 14 ) , Babel ( 2006 ) , The Curious Case of Benjamin Button ( 2008 ) , Robin Hood ( 2010 ) , How to Train Your Dragon 2 ( 2014 ) , Cinderella ( 2015 ) , and Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) . Blanchett has also had an extensive career on stage and is a four - time Helpmann Award winner for Best Female Actor in a Play . Her earlier roles include the title role in Electra at the National Institute of Dramatic Art ( 1992 ) , Ophelia in Hamlet at the Belvoir St Theatre in Sydney ( 1994 ) , Susan in Plenty in the West End ( 1999 ) , and the title role in Hedda Gabler with the Sydney Theatre Company ( 2004 ) . From 2008 to 2013 , she and her husband Andrew Upton were co-CEOs and artistic directors of the Sydney Theatre Company . Her other roles on stage include Blanche DuBois in A Streetcar Named Desire in Sydney , New York at the Brooklyn Academy of Music and Washington D.C. at the Kennedy Center ( 2009 ) ; Yelena in Uncle Vanya in Sydney , Washington D.C. at the Kennedy Center and New York at Lincoln Center ( 2011 ) ; and Claire in The Maids in Sydney ( 2013 ) and New York at Lincoln Center ( 2014 ) . Blanchett made her Broadway debut in 2017 with The Present , and received Tony Award , Drama Desk Award , and Drama League Award nominations for her performance in the play . Blanchett has been awarded the Centenary Medal for Service to Australian Society by the Australian government . She was appointed Chevalier of the Order of Arts and Letters by the French government in 2012 . She has been presented with a Doctor of Letters from University of New South Wales , University of Sydney , and Macquarie University in recognition of her extraordinary contribution to the arts , philanthropy and the community . In 2015 , she was honoured by the Museum of Modern Art and received the British Film Institute Fellowship in recognition of her outstanding contribution to the industry . In 2017 , Blanchett was made a Companion in the Order of Australia for `` eminent service to the performing arts as an international stage and screen actor , through seminal contributions as director of artistic organisations , as a role model for women and young performers , and as a supporter of humanitarian and environmental causes . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 1992 -- 2000 2.2 2000 -- 2007 2.3 2008 -- 2011 2.4 2012 -- present 3 Personal life 4 Filmography and theatre 5 Awards and achievements 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Early life ( edit ) Blanchett was born on 14 May 1969 in the Melbourne suburb of Ivanhoe . She is the middle of three children ; her older brother is a computer systems engineer , and her younger sister is a theatrical designer . Her Australian mother , June ( née Gamble ) , worked as a property developer and teacher , and her American father , Robert DeWitt Blanchett , Jr. , a Texas native , was a United States Navy petty officer who later worked as an advertising executive . The two met when Blanchett 's father 's ship broke down in Melbourne . When Blanchett was 10 , her father died of a heart attack , leaving her mother to raise the family on her own . Blanchett 's ancestry includes English , some Scottish , and remote French roots . Blanchett has described herself as being `` part extrovert , part wallflower '' during childhood . She had a penchant for dressing in traditionally masculine clothing , and went through goth and punk phases during her teenage years , and shaved her head at one point . She attended primary school in Melbourne at Ivanhoe East Primary School ; for her secondary education , she attended Ivanhoe Girls ' Grammar School and then Methodist Ladies ' College , where she explored her passion for the performing arts . In her late teens and early twenties , she worked at a nursing home in Victoria . She studied economics and fine arts at the University of Melbourne but dropped out after one year to travel overseas . While in Egypt , Blanchett was asked to play an American cheerleader , as an extra in the Egyptian boxing movie , Kaboria ; in need of money , she accepted . Upon her return to Australia , she moved to Sydney and enrolled in the National Institute of Dramatic Art ( NIDA ) to pursue an acting career . She graduated from NIDA in 1992 with a Bachelor of Fine Arts . Career ( edit ) This section needs expansion with : several theater roles unmentioned & not all films are included in prose . 1992 -- 2000 section needs image . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2015 ) 1992 -- 2000 ( edit ) Blanchett 's first major stage role was opposite Geoffrey Rush , in the 1992 David Mamet play Oleanna for the Sydney Theatre Company . That year , she was also cast as Clytemnestra in a production of Sophocles ' Electra . A couple of weeks after rehearsals , the actress playing the title role pulled out , and director Lindy Davies cast Blanchett in the role . Her performance as Electra became one of her most acclaimed at NIDA . In 1993 , Blanchett was awarded the Sydney Theatre Critics ' Best Newcomer Award for her performance in Timothy Daly 's Kafka Dances and won Best Actress for her performance in Mamet 's Oleanna , making her the first actor to win both categories in the same year . Blanchett played the role of Ophelia in an acclaimed 1994 -- 95 Company B production of Hamlet directed by Neil Armfield , starring Rush and Richard Roxburgh , and was nominated for a Green Room Award . She appeared in the 1994 TV miniseries Heartland opposite Ernie Dingo , the miniseries Bordertown ( 1995 ) with Hugo Weaving , and in an episode of Police Rescue entitled `` The Loaded Boy '' . She also appeared in the 50 - minute drama short Parklands ( 1996 ) , which received an Australian Film Institute ( AFI ) nomination for Best Original Screenplay . Blanchett made her feature film debut with a supporting role as an Australian nurse captured by the Japanese Army during World War II , in Bruce Beresford 's film Paradise Road ( 1997 ) , which co-starred Glenn Close and Frances McDormand . Her first leading role was as Lucinda Leplastrier in Gillian Armstrong 's romantic drama Oscar and Lucinda ( 1997 ) , opposite Ralph Fiennes . Blanchett received wide acclaim for her performance , and earned her first AFI Award nomination as Best Leading Actress ; she lost to Deborah Mailman in Radiance ( 1998 ) . She won the AFI Best Actress Award in the same year for her role as Lizzie in the romantic comedy Thank God He Met Lizzie ( 1997 ) , co-starring Richard Roxburgh and Frances O'Connor . By 1997 , Blanchett had accrued significant praise and recognition in her native Australia . Her first high - profile international role was as Elizabeth I of England in the critically acclaimed film Elizabeth ( 1998 ) , directed by Shekhar Kapur . The film catapulted her to stardom , and her performance garnered wide recognition , earning her the Golden Globe Award and British Academy Award ( BAFTA ) , and her first Screen Actors Guild ( SAG ) and Academy Award nomination for Best Actress . The following year , Blanchett appeared in Bangers ( 1999 ) , an Australian short film part of Stories of Lost Souls , a compilation of thematically - related short stories . The short was written and directed by her husband , Andrew Upton , and produced by Blanchett and Upton . She also appeared in the Mike Newell comedy Pushing Tin ( 1999 ) , costarring Billy Bob Thornton and Angelina Jolie ( critics singled out Blanchett 's performance ) , and the critically acclaimed Anthony Minghella film The Talented Mr. Ripley ( 1999 ) , alongside Matt Damon , Gwyneth Paltrow , Jude Law , and Philip Seymour Hoffman . She received her second BAFTA nomination for her performance in The Talented Mr. Ripley . 2000 -- 2007 ( edit ) Already an acclaimed actress , Blanchett received a host of new fans when she appeared in Peter Jackson 's Oscar - winning blockbuster trilogy , The Lord of the Rings , playing the role of Galadriel in all three films . The trilogy holds the record as the highest - grossing film trilogy of all time . In addition to The Lord of the Rings , 2001 also saw Blanchett diversify her portfolio with a range of roles in the dramas Charlotte Gray and The Shipping News and the American crime - comedy Bandits , for which she earned a second Golden Globe and SAG Award nomination . In 2002 , Blanchett appeared , opposite Giovanni Ribisi , in Tom Tykwer - directed Heaven , the first film in an unfinished trilogy by acclaimed writer - director Krzysztof Kieślowski. 2003 saw Blanchett again playing a wide range of roles ; Galadriel in the third and final installment of the Lord of the Rings film trilogy ( which won the Academy Award for Best Picture ) , the Ron Howard - directed western - thriller The Missing , Jim Jarmusch 's Coffee and Cigarettes -- playing two roles ( both against herself ) -- for which she received an Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Female nomination , and the biographical film Veronica Guerin , which earned her a Golden Globe Best Actress Drama nomination . Blanchett at the Berlin International Film Festival in 2007 In 2005 , she won her first Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her acclaimed portrayal of Katharine Hepburn in Martin Scorsese 's The Aviator . This made Blanchett the first actor to garner an Academy Award for playing an Oscar - winning actor . She lent her Oscar statue to The Australian Centre for the Moving Image . That year , Blanchett won the Australian Film Institute Best Actress Award for her role as Tracy Heart , a former heroin addict , in the Australian film Little Fish , co-produced by her and her husband 's production company , Dirty Films . Though lesser known globally than some of her other films , Little Fish received great critical acclaim in Blanchett 's native Australia and was nominated for 13 Australian Film Institute awards . In 2006 , she starred opposite Brad Pitt in the multi-lingual , multi-narrative ensemble drama Babel , directed by Alejandro González Iñárritu , which received seven Academy Award nominations , the Steven Soderbergh - directed The Good German with George Clooney , and the acclaimed Notes on a Scandal opposite Dame Judi Dench . Blanchett received a third Academy Award nomination for her performance in the latter film . In 2007 , Blanchett was named as one of Time magazine 's 100 Most Influential People in the World and also one of the most successful actresses by Forbes magazine . Blanchett had a cameo as Janine , forensic scientist and ex-girlfriend of Simon Pegg 's character in Edgar Wright 's Hot Fuzz ( 2007 ) . The cameo was uncredited and she gave her fee to charity . She reprised her role as Queen Elizabeth I in the 2007 sequel Elizabeth : The Golden Age , and portrayed Jude Quinn , one of six incarnations of Bob Dylan in Todd Haynes ' experimental film I 'm Not There . She won the Volpi Cup Best Actress Award at the Venice Film Festival ( accepted by fellow Australian actor and I 'm Not There co-star Heath Ledger ) , the Independent Spirit and Golden Globe Best Supporting Actress Award for her portrayal of Jude Quinn . At the 80th Academy Awards , Blanchett received two Academy Award nominations -- Best Actress for Elizabeth : the Golden Age and Best Supporting Actress for I 'm Not There -- becoming the eleventh actor to receive two acting nominations in the same year , and the first female actor to receive another nomination for the reprisal of a role . Of her achievement that year , critic Roger Ebert said , `` That Blanchett could appear in the same Toronto International Film Festival playing Elizabeth and Bob Dylan , both splendidly , is a wonder of acting '' . 2008 -- 2011 ( edit ) She next appeared in Steven Spielberg 's Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull , as the villainous KGB agent Col. Dr. Irina Spalko , Spielberg 's favorite villain from the entire series , and in David Fincher 's Oscar - nominated The Curious Case of Benjamin Button , co-starring with Brad Pitt for a second time . On 5 December 2008 , Blanchett was honoured with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6712 Hollywood Boulevard in front of Grauman 's Egyptian Theatre . Blanchett voiced the character of Granmamare for the English version of the film Ponyo , released July 2008 . In 2008 , Blanchett and her husband became co-CEOs and artistic directors of the Sydney Theatre Company . Blanchett at the 2011 Sydney Film Festival Blanchett returned to the theatre in 2009 with the Sydney Theatre Company production of Tennessee Williams ' A Streetcar Named Desire , directed by Liv Ullmann . She starred as Blanche DuBois alongside Joel Edgerton as Stanley Kowalski . Ullmann and Blanchett had been meaning to collaborate on a project since Ullman 's intended film adaption of A Doll 's House fell by the wayside . Blanchett proposed embarking on Streetcar to Ullmann , who jumped at the opportunity after initial discussion . The production traveled from Sydney to the Brooklyn Academy of Music in New York , and the Kennedy Center in Washington D.C. It was critically and commercially successful and Blanchett received critical acclaim for her performance as Blanche DuBois . The New York Times critic Ben Brantley said , `` DuBois has been pulled gently and firmly down to earth by Ms. Blanchett and Ms. Ullmann ... What Ms. Blanchett brings to the character is life itself , a primal survival instinct ... All the baggage that any `` Streetcar '' usually travels with has been jettisoned . Ms. Ullmann and Ms. Blanchett have performed the play as if it had never been staged before , with the result that , as a friend of mine put it , `` you feel like you 're hearing words you thought you knew pronounced correctly for the first time . '' '' The Washington Post 's Peter Marks proclaimed , `` What Blanchett achieves in the Sydney Theatre Company 's revelatory revival of `` A Streetcar Named Desire '' amounts to a truly great portrayal -- certainly the most heartbreaking Blanche I 've ever experienced . '' John Lahr of The New Yorker said of her portrayal , `` Blanchett , with her alert mind , her informed heart , and her lithe , patrician silhouette , gets it right from the first beat ... Blanchett does n't make the usual mistake of foreshadowing Blanche 's end at the play 's beginning ; she allows Blanche a slow , fascinating decline ... I do n't expect to see a better performance of this role in my lifetime . '' Jane Fonda , who attended a New York show , deemed it `` perhaps the greatest stage performance I have ever seen '' , and Meryl Streep declared , `` That performance was as naked , as raw and extraordinary and astonishing and surprising and scary as anything I 've ever seen ... She took the layers of a person and just peeled them away . I thought I 'd seen that play , I thought I knew all the lines by heart , because I 've seen it so many times , but I 'd never seen the play until I saw that performance . '' Blanchett won the Sydney Theatre Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role . The production and Blanchett received Helen Hayes Awards , for Outstanding Non-Resident Production and Outstanding Lead Actress in a Non-Resident Production award , respectively . Blanchett appeared opposite Russell Crowe in Ridley Scott 's Robin Hood in 2010 . In 2011 , she played the antagonist CIA agent Marissa Wiegler in Joe Wright 's action thriller film Hanna . In 2011 , Blanchett took part in two Sydney Theatre Company productions . She played Lotte Kotte in a new translation of Botho Strauß 's 1978 play Groß und klein ( Big and Small ) from Martin Crimp , directed by Benedict Andrews . After its Sydney run , the production traveled to London , Paris , the Vienna Festival and Ruhrfestspiele . Blanchett and the production received wide acclaim . Blanchett was nominated for the London Evening Standard Award for Best Actress , and won the Sydney Theatre Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role and the Helpmann Award for Best Actress . She then played Yelena , opposite Hugo Weaving and Richard Roxburgh , in Andrew Upton 's adaptation of Anton Chekhov 's Uncle Vanya , which traveled to the Kennedy Center and the New York City Center as part of the Lincoln Center Festival . The production and Blanchett received critical acclaim , with The New York Times ' Ben Brantley declaring , `` I consider the three hours I spent on Saturday night watching ( the characters ) complain about how bored they are among the happiest of my theatregoing life ... This Uncle Vanya gets under your skin like no other I have seen ... ( Blanchett ) confirms her status as one of the best and bravest actresses on the planet . '' The Washington Post 's Peter Marks dubbed the production Washington D.C 's top theatrical event of 2011 . Blanchett received the Helen Hayes Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Non-Resident Production , and the Helpmann Award for Best Actress . 2012 -- Present ( edit ) Blanchett reprised her role as Galadriel in Peter Jackson 's adaptations of The Hobbit ( 2012 -- 14 ) , prequel to The Lord of the Rings series , filmed in New Zealand . She voiced the role of `` Penelope '' in the Family Guy episode `` Mr. and Mrs. Stewie '' , which aired on 29 April 2012 , and Queen Elizabeth II in the episode `` Family Guy Viewer Mail 2 '' . Blanchett returned to Australian film with her appearance in The Turning ( 2013 ) , an anthology film based on a collection of short stories by Tim Winton . She was head of jury of the 2012 and 2013 Dubai International Film Festival . The Sydney Theatre Company 's 2013 season was Blanchett 's final one as co-CEO and artistic director . Blanchett at the Deauville American Film Festival in 2013 In 2013 , Blanchett played Jasmine French , the lead role in Woody Allen 's Blue Jasmine , costarring Alec Baldwin and Sally Hawkins . She received rave reviews for her performance , with some critics calling it the best role of her career ( surpassing her acclaimed starring role in Elizabeth ) . The performance earned her more than 40 industry and critics awards , including LAFCA Award , NYFCC Award , NSFC Award , Critics ' Choice Award , Santa Barbara International Film Festival Outstanding Performance of the Year Award , Australian Academy Award ( AACTA ) , SAG award , Golden Globe award , BAFTA award , Independent Film Spirit Award and the Academy Award for Best Actress . Blanchett 's win made her just the sixth actress to win an Oscar in both of the acting categories , the third to win Best Actress after Best Supporting Actress , and the first Australian to win more than one acting Oscar . In 2014 , Blanchett co-starred with Matt Damon and George Clooney in the latter 's film , The Monuments Men , based on the true story of a crew of art historians and museum curators who recover renowned works of art stolen by Nazis . The film featured an ensemble cast , including John Goodman , Bill Murray , Hugh Bonneville , and Jean Dujardin . She voiced the part of Valka in 2014 's How to Train Your Dragon 2 . The animated film was a critically acclaimed , box - office success , won the Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film and received an Academy Award nomination . Blanchett guest starred on the Australian show Rake , as the onscreen female version of Richard Roxburgh 's rogue protagonist , Cleaver . On 29 January 2015 , she co-hosted the 4th AACTA Awards with Deborah Mailman . In 2015 , Blanchett starred in five films . She portrayed Nancy in Terrence Malick 's Knight Of Cups , which premiered at the Berlin International Film Festival . Indiewire named Blanchett 's performance in Knight of Cups one of the 15 best performances in Terrence Malick films . She then portrayed Lady Tremaine , Cinderella 's evil stepmother , in Disney 's live - action re-imagining of Charles Perrault 's Cinderella and the 1950 animated film , to critical acclaim . She starred opposite Rooney Mara in Carol , the film adaption of Patricia Highsmith 's The Price of Salt , reuniting her with director Todd Haynes . Blanchett is an executive producer on the film . She received Academy Award , Golden Globe Award , and BAFTA Award nominations for her performance in Carol . She also portrayed Mary Mapes opposite Robert Redford 's Dan Rather in Truth , a film about the Killian documents controversy . Blanchett 's production company was a producing partner for the film . Blanchett also appeared in Manifesto , Julian Rosefeldt 's multi-screen video installation , in which 12 artist manifestos are depicted by 13 different characters played by Blanchett . In 2016 , Blanchett narrated one of two versions of Terence Malick 's documentary on Earth and the universe , Voyage of Time , which had its world premiere at the 73rd Venice Film Festival . In 2017 , Blanchett starred in the Sydney Theater Company play The Present , Andrew Upton 's adaption of Anton Chekhov 's play Platonov , directed by John Crowley . The production debuted in Sydney in 2015 , to critical acclaim , and transferred to Broadway in 2017 , marking Blanchett 's Broadway debut . Blanchett 's performance during the play 's Broadway run also received critical acclaim . She received a Tony Award nomination for Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in a Play , a Drama Desk Award nomination , and a Drama League Award nomination for the Distinguished Performance Award . In 2017 , Blanchett also appeared in Malick 's Song to Song , shot back - to - back with Knight of Cups in 2012 . She portrays Hela in the 2017 Marvel Comics superhero film Thor : Ragnarok , directed by Taika Waititi . In 2018 , Blanchett will star in the all - female spin - off of the Ocean 's Eleven franchise directed by Gary Ross , Ocean 's Eight , opposite Sandra Bullock , Mindy Kaling , Anne Hathaway and Helena Bonham Carter . Blanchett will also voice the sinister python Kaa in Andy Serkis ' adaptation of The Jungle Book titled Jungle Book , in which he will mix motion capture , CG animation , and live action . Blanchett will develop and direct Australian drama series Stateless based on the life and controversial mandatory detention case of Cornelia Rau . The project is funded by Screen Australia and co-produced by Blanchett and Andrew Upton 's production company . In September 2015 , it was announced that Blanchett would portray Lucille Ball in Lucy and Desi , written by Aaron Sorkin and produced by Ball 's two children . Amazon Studios acquired the rights to the film in August 2017 . In November 2015 , it was reported that Blanchett was in talks to appear in the film adaptation of the best - selling book Where 'd You Go , Bernadette , which will be directed by Richard Linklater . Personal life ( edit ) Blanchett is married to playwright and screenwriter Andrew Upton . They met in 1996 on the set of a TV show and were married on 29 December 1997 . Blanchett and Upton have four children : biological sons Dashiell John ( b . December 2001 ) , Roman Robert ( b . April 2004 ) , and Ignatius Martin ( b . April 2008 ) , and adopted daughter Edith Vivian Patricia , whose adoption was confirmed in March 2015 . Blanchett said that she and her husband had been wanting to adopt ever since the birth of their first child . After making Brighton , England their main family home for nearly 10 years , she and her husband returned to their native Australia in 2006 . In November 2006 , Blanchett attributed this move to desires to select a permanent home for her children , to be closer to her family , and to have a sense of belonging to the Australian theatrical community . She and her family lived in the Sydney suburb of Hunters Hill . Their Hunters Hill residence underwent extensive renovations in 2007 to be made more eco-friendly . Following the sale of their property there in late 2015 , Blanchett and Upton purchased a house in East Sussex , England in early 2016 . Blanchett has spoken about feminism and politics , telling Sky News in 2013 that she was concerned that `` a wave of conservatism sweeping the globe '' was threatening women 's role in society . She has also commented on the pressures women in Hollywood face now : `` Honestly , I think about my appearance less than I did ten years ago . People talk about the golden age of Hollywood because of how women were lit then . You could be Joan Crawford and Bette Davis and work well into your 50s , because you were lit and made into a goddess . Now , with everything being sort of gritty , women have this sense of their use - by date . '' Blanchett is a patron and ambassador of the Australian Film Institute and its academy , the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts . She is also a patron of the Sydney Film Festival , and the development charity SolarAid . She became a spokesperson for and the face of SK - II , the luxury skin care brand owned by Procter & Gamble , in 2005 . In 2006 , Blanchett joined former US Vice-President Al Gore 's Climate Project . In 2007 , Blanchett became the ambassador for the Australian Conservation Foundation . She was made an honorary life member of the Australian Conservation Foundation in 2012 , in recognition of her support for environmental issues . At the beginning of 2011 , Blanchett lent her support for a carbon tax . She received some criticism for this , particularly from conservatives . In January 2014 , Blanchett took part in the Green Carpet Challenge , an initiative to raise the public profile of sustainable fashion , founded by Livia Firth of Eco-Age . Blanchett is a patron of the new Australian Pavilion in the Venice Biennale , and spoke at its opening at the Venice Giardini in May 2015 . Blanchett spoke at former Prime Minister of Australia Gough Whitlam 's state funeral in 2014 , and at the Margaret Whitlam dinner and fundraiser event hosted by Tanya Plibersek MP in June 2015 . In May 2016 , the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) announced the appointment of Blanchett as a global Goodwill Ambassador . Blanchett , along with other celebrities , featured in a video from the UNHCR to help raise awareness to the global refugee crisis . The video , titled `` What They Took With Them '' , has the actors reading a poem written by Jenifer Toksvig and inspired by primary accounts of refugees , and is part of UNHCR 's `` WithRefugees '' campaign , which also includes a petition to governments to expand asylum to provide further shelter , integrating job opportunities , and education . Filmography and Theatre ( edit ) Main article : Cate Blanchett on screen and stage Blanchett has appeared in over 50 films and over 20 theatre productions . Directors she has worked with include Woody Allen , Wes Anderson , Gillian Armstrong , Bruce Beresford , Kenneth Branagh , Richard Eyre , David Fincher , Todd Haynes , Lasse Hallström , Ron Howard , Alejandro González Iñárritu , Peter Jackson , Jim Jarmusch , Barry Levinson , Richard Linklater , Terrence Malick , Anthony Minghella , Hayao Miyazaki , Mike Newell , Sam Raimi , Martin Scorsese , Steven Soderbergh , Steven Spielberg , Ridley Scott , Taika Waititi , and Joe Wright . As of 2017 , Blanchett 's films have grossed more than $10 billion at the worldwide box - office . Blanchett has featured in seven films that were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture : Elizabeth ( 1998 ) , The Lord of the Rings trilogy ( 2001 , 2002 and 2003 ) , The Aviator ( 2004 ) , Babel ( 2006 ) , and The Curious Case of Benjamin Button ( 2008 ) . Awards and achievements ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Cate Blanchett Blanchett at the 2015 Cannes Film Festival Among her numerous accolades for her performances , Blanchett has received two Academy Awards , three British Academy Awards , three Critics ' Choice Movie Awards , three Golden Globe Awards , three Independent Spirit Awards , three Screen Actors Guild Awards , four Helpmann Awards , six Australian Academy Awards , and awards from the Los Angeles Film Critics Association , National Board of Review , National Society of Film Critics , New York Film Critics Circle , and Venice Film Festival . Her performance as Katharine Hepburn in The Aviator made her the only actor to win an Oscar for portraying another Oscar - winning actor . Blanchett is only the third actress , after Jessica Lange and Meryl Streep , to win Best Actress after winning Best Supporting Actress . She is one of only six actors ( and the only actress ) in the history of the Oscars to be nominated twice for portraying the same role in two films ( Elizabeth I for Elizabeth and Elizabeth : The Golden Age ) , and the eleventh actor to receive two acting nominations in the same year . She is also the only Australian actor to win two acting Oscars . Blanchett received Premiere magazine 's Icon Award in 2006 . In 2008 , she received the Santa Barbara International Film Festival Modern Master Award in recognition of her accomplishments in the film industry . That year , she received a Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame , inducted at 6712 Hollywood Boulevard . She received Women in Film and Television International 's Crystal Award for excellence in the entertainment industry in 2014 . In 2015 , Blanchett was honoured at the Museum of Modern Art 's Film Benefit for her outstanding contributions to the industry . She received the British Film Institute Fellowship in recognition of her outstanding contribution to film , presented to her by fellow actor Ian McKellen . Blanchett was the recipient of the AACTA Longford Lyell Award for her `` outstanding contribution to the enrichment of Australia 's screen environment and culture . '' In 2016 , she received the Costume Designers Guild Lacoste Spotlight Award , in honour of an `` enduring commitment to excellence '' and her `` appreciation for the artistry of costume design and collaboration with the Costume Designers . '' In 2006 , a portrait of Blanchett and family painted by McLean Edwards was a finalist for the Art Gallery of New South Wales ' Archibald Prize . Another portrait of Blanchett was a finalist for the Archibald Prize in 2014 . In 2009 , Blanchett appeared in a series of commemorative postage stamps called Australian Legends , in recognition of the outstanding contribution made to Australian entertainment and culture . In 2015 , Madame Tussauds unveiled a wax figure of Blanchett draped in a recreation of the Valentino Garavani dress she wore to the 2005 Academy Awards ceremony . Blanchett was appointed Chevalier of the Order of Arts and Letters by the French Minister of Culture in 2012 , in recognition of her significant contributions to the arts . Blanchett was awarded the Centenary Medal for Service to Australian Society by the Australian government . She has been presented with a Doctor of Letters from University of Sydney , University of New South Wales , and Macquarie University , in recognition of her extraordinary contribution to the arts , philanthropy and the community . In 2017 , Blanchett was made a Companion in the Order of Australia for `` eminent service to the performing arts as an international stage and screen actor , through seminal contributions as director of artistic organisations , as a role model for women and young performers , and as a supporter of humanitarian and environmental causes . '' See also ( edit ) Film portal Theatre portal Television portal List of Academy Award records List of people on stamps of Australia List of Australian Academy Award winners and nominees List of actors nominated for two Academy Awards in the same year List of actors with two or more Academy Awards in acting categories List of actors with two or more Academy Award nominations in acting categories References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` SK - II # changedestiny : Conversations with Cate Blanchett '' . YouTube . 2 October 2015 . Retrieved 22 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Queen 's Birthday 2017 Honours : The full list '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 12 June 2017 . Retrieved 11 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilmoth , Peter ( 2 March 2008 ) . `` Can - do Cate '' . The Age . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cate Blanchett on madness , motherhood and working with Woody Allen '' . The Herald . 20 September 2013 . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Haun , Harry ( 16 July 2012 ) . `` From Hedda to Streetcar to Vanya : The Many Colors of Cate Blanchett '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 29 January 2015 . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cate Blanchett 's biography '' . Elle . December 2003 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Stein , Danielle ( June 2010 ) . `` With a theater company to run and her brood of boys to raise , Cate Blanchett barely has time to be a movie star . Good thing she 's a natural '' . W. Retrieved 26 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lennan , Jo ( 2012 ) . `` Cate Blanchett , Theatre Boss '' . Intelligent Life . Economist Group . Retrieved 15 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lahr , John ( 12 February 2007 ) . `` Disappearing Act '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 17 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Episode # 10.3 '' . Inside the Actors Studio . Season 10 . Episode 3 . 14 December 2003 . Bravo . Jump up ^ `` Daybreak : Cate Blanchett discusses ' The Monument Men ' '' . Yahoo !. 4 February 2014 . Archived from the original on 7 March 2014 . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cate Blanchett 's Surprising Spy History '' . Ancestry.com . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Famous alumni on Latham 's hit list '' . Crikey . Retrieved 15 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Enough Rope with Andrew Denton : Cate Blanchett '' . 9 May 2005 . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cate Blanchett -- Biography '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cate Blanchett -- Hollywood Walk of Fame '' . Walk of Fame . 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Indiewire. 23 July 2013 . Retrieved 1 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cate Blanchett 's Top 10 Films '' . IGN. 13 November 2013 . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cate Blanchett - Biography '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on 25 July 2013 . Retrieved 17 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Manelis , Michele . `` Cate Blanchett '' . GoldenGlobes.com . Retrieved 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jacquelin Perske '' . RGM Artists . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rake -- About '' . ABC Online . Retrieved 23 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars 2007 : full list of winners and nominees '' . The Guardian . London . 26 February 2007 . Retrieved 1 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( 3 May 2007 ) . `` Cate Blanchett -- The 2007 TIME 100 '' . Time . Retrieved 1 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 29 Things We Learned From the ' Hot Fuzz ' Commentary '' . FilmSchoolRejects.com. 22 August 2013 . Retrieved 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Topel , Fred . `` Inside ' Hot Fuzz ' with Filmmaker Edgar Wright '' . About.com . Retrieved 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Goodwin , Christopher ( 14 October 2007 ) . `` Cate Blanchett as Elizabeth I is no surprise '' . The Times . UK . Retrieved 14 October 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Hellard , Peta ( 23 January 2008 ) . `` Cate 's double Oscar nod '' . The Australian . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert ( 11 October 2007 ) . `` Elizabeth : The Golden Age Movie Review ( 2007 ) '' . RobetEbert.com . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ford , Spielberg and Lucas Talk ' Indiana Jones ' '' . Moviefone. 17 April 2008 . Retrieved 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Blanchett gets star on Walk of Fame '' . The Age . Melbourne , Australia . 6 December 2008 . Retrieved 21 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Child , Ben ( 27 November 2008 ) . `` English - language cast announced for Miyazaki 's Ponyo on the Cliff '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cate Blanchett on why being CEO is a matter of instinct '' . Business Review Weekly . 27 June 2014 . Retrieved 17 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Margot Saville ( 27 June 2014 ) . `` A class act : the discreet charm of cate blanchett '' . dailyreview.crikey.com.au . Archived from the original on 5 July 2015 . Retrieved 17 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Charlie Rose Show '' . Charlie Rose . Season 12 . Episode 8 . 10 December 2009 . PBS . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Masterclass : Liv Ullmann '' . Masterclass . Season 1 . Episode 2 . 25 April 2010 . HBO . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Streetcar Named Desire , with Cate Blanchett , to Play Kennedy Center and BAM '' . Playbill. 22 August 2008 . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cate Blanchett Coming to BAM and Kennedy Center in A Streetcar Named Desire '' . Key Brand Entertainment . 25 August 2008 . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Streetcar Named Desire '' . Sydney Theatre Company . Archived from the original on 14 June 2011 . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Healy , Patrick ( 14 December 2009 ) . `` Is Desire Enough to Bring ' Streetcar ' to Broadway ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Blanchett Impresses New York Audience '' . Newyork.usa.embassy.gov.au . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Brantley , Ben ( 3 December 2009 ) . `` A Fragile Flower Rooted to the Earth '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Marks , Peter ( 2 November 2009 ) . `` Review of ' A Streetcar Named Desire ' at Kennedy Center '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Lahr , John ( 14 December 2009 ) . `` Dangerous Liaisons '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Jane Fonda ( 11 December 2009 ) . `` Cate Blanchett '' . Janefonda.com . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Masterson , Lawrie ( 2 January 2010 ) . `` Meryl Streep 's complicated life '' . Herald Sun . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Streetcar and When the Rain Stops Falling Earn Sydney Theatre Awards '' . Playbill. 18 January 2010 . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ragtime , Streetcar , Eclipsed and Antebellum Are Helen Hayes Award Winners '' . Playbill. 6 April 2010 . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cate Blanchett to Star in Big and Small at London 's Barbican Theatre '' . Key Brand Entertainment . 30 January 2012 . Retrieved 6 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gross und klein -- Wiener Festwochen featuring Cate Blanchett and the Sydney Theatre Company '' ( PDF ) . Austria.embassy.gov.au . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Big and Small -- Spectacles -- Théâtre de la Ville '' . Théâtre de la Ville . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Barbican -- Sydney Theatre Company : Big and Small ( Gross und Klein ) '' . Barbican Centre . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Easter Success : STC 's Gross und Klein ( Big and Small ) a triumph in Paris '' . Aussietheatre.com. 8 April 2012 . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Matthew ( 14 May 2012 ) . `` Cate Blanchett On Stage : ' Gross Und Klein ' Review '' . HuffPost . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Evening Standard Theatre Awards : Adrian Lester and his writer wife Lolita Chakrabarti shortlisted '' . London Evening Standard . 12 November 2012 . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sydney Theatre Company 's Big and Small , Starring Cate Blanchett , Opens in London April 14 '' . Playbill. 14 April 2012 . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cate Blanchett wins fourth Helpmann Award '' . Herald Sun . 18 August 2014 . Retrieved 1 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Letter From Australia : Love Never Dies , Annie , Cate Blanchett , David Williamson and More '' . Playbill. 1 February 2012 . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Charles ( 14 July 2012 ) . `` In the moment with Cate Blanchett '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 26 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tomcast : Uncle Vanya , Plus Reviews '' . Sydneytheatre.com.au. 27 July 2012 . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Brantley , Ben ( 7 August 2011 ) . `` Chekhov 's Slugfest , With Pratfalls '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hayes names theater award winners '' . Variety . 24 April 2012 . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Torn Exclusive : Cate Blanchett , Ken Stott , Sylvester Mccoy , Mikael Persbrandt join cast of Peter Jackson 's The Hobbit '' . Los Angeles , CA : TheOneRing.net. 7 December 2010 . Retrieved 11 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Family Guy ' : Cate Blanchett + Stewie + exploding wallet = ? -- Exclusive Video '' . Entertainment Weekly . 27 April 2012 . Retrieved 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A look at movie and TV portrayals of Queen Elizabeth II '' . Daily News . 9 September 2015 . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Turning ' Trailer : Directed by Mia Wasikowska and Sixteen More '' . SlashFIlm. 25 June 2013 . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cate Blanchett Heads Jury of Second IWC Filmmaker Award at Dubai International Film Festival '' . Dubai Film Festival . 7 November 2013 . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cate Blanchett 's next step '' . YouTube . 6 September 2012 . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Jasmine '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 28 September 2013 . Jump up ^ List of awards and nominations received by Cate Blanchett Jump up ^ Eng , Joyce ( 2 March 2014 ) . `` 12 Years a Slave , Gravity Top Oscars '' . TV Guide . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Will Cate Blanchett join Meryl Streep and Jessica Lange in Oscars upgrade lounge ? '' . Goldderby.com . Retrieved 23 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars 2014 Winners Room : Cate Blanchett on being the first Australian actress to win two Oscars '' . YouTube . 16 November 2013 . Retrieved 5 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` George Clooney Sets Daniel Craig , Bill Murray , Cate Blanchett , Jean Dujardin For WWII Drama ' The Monuments Men ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved 18 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' How to Train Your Dragon 2 ′ : New Image & Details for Cate Blanchett 's Character '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : ' How To Train Your Dragon 2 ' Crosses $500 M Following China Debut '' . Forbes . 15 August 2014 . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes : ' How to Train Your Dragon 2 ' Wins Best Animated Feature Film '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 11 January 2015 . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Birdman , ' ' Budapest ' lead Oscar nominations '' . USA Today . 15 January 2015 . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cate Blanchett in first TV role for 15 years as a lesbian in ABC 's Rake '' . News.com.au. 2 February 2014 . Retrieved 23 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cate Blanchett flies into Sydney to begin rehearsals with Deborah Mailman for the AACTA Awards '' . The Daily Telegraph . 19 January 2015 . Retrieved 24 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Terrence Malick 's ' Knight of Cups ' Wo n't Get U.S. Release Until 2016 ; ' Weightless ' to Be Retitled '' . The Film Stage. 20 June 2015 . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Kiang , Jessica ( 3 March 2016 ) . `` The 15 Best Performances In Terrence Malick Films '' . Indiewire . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Raves for Blanchett , mixed chances for Oscar nominees , Fifty Shades dominates : Short Cuts '' . Brisbane Times . 18 February 2015 . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cate Blanchett on adopting baby Edith , making Cinderella and heading overseas to live '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 28 March 2015 . Retrieved 28 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 5 things we learned about ' Carol ' at NYFF '' . USA Today . 10 October 2015 . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( 14 January 2016 ) . `` Oscar Nominations : The Complete List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 14 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globe Nominations : The Complete List '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 10 December 2015 . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BAFTA Awards : ' Carol ' and ' Bridge of Spies ' Lead Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reported. 7 January 2016 . Retrieved 8 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Truth ' , ' Room ' , ' The Assassin ' & A Netflix Title Vie For Specialty Crowds -- Preview '' . Deadline. 16 October 2015 . Retrieved 16 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Rule , Dan ( 12 February 2016 ) . `` Art : Melbourne gallery shows include Andy Warhol / Ai Weiwei and Julian Rosefeldt '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 16 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Voyage of Time : Life 's Journey -- Terrence Malick '' . Venice Film Festival . Retrieved 3 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Terrence Malick 's ' Voyage Of Time ' Will Push The Boundaries Of Documentary Form '' . Tribeca Film Festival . 4 February 2015 . Retrieved 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Lowdown on Terrence Malick 's Three New Films '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 3 September 2014 . Retrieved 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Present '' . Sydney Theatre Company . Retrieved 24 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Meares , Joel ( 9 December 2016 ) . `` STC 's The Present on Broadway but Cate Blanchett promises a return to Sydney '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Clement , Olivia ( 17 December 2017 ) . `` Cate Blanchett and the Cast of The Present Spill Their Party Secrets '' . Playbill . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cate Blanchett and Richard Roxburgh make Broadway debuts in all - Australian production of The Present '' . News.com.au. 18 December 2016 . Retrieved 24 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Bowden , Ebony ( 10 January 2017 ) . `` Cate Blanchett and Richard Roxburgh receive rave reviews in Broadway debut '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Khomami , Nadia ( 9 January 2017 ) . `` Cate Blanchett 's Broadway debut in The Present delights critics '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Tony Award Nominations : The Great Comet and Hello , Dolly ! Lead the Pack '' . Playbill. 2 May 2017 . Retrieved 2 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hello , Dolly ! , Come From Away , and Anastasia Lead 2017 Drama Desk Award Nominations '' . Playbill. 27 April 2017 . Retrieved 2 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Cox , Gordon ( 19 April 2017 ) . `` Daniel Craig , Cate Blanchett , Allison Janney Nominated for Drama League Awards '' . Variety . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFM : FilmNation Unveils Back To Back Terrence Malick Films ' Lawless ' And ' Knight Of Cups , ' With Ryan Gosling , Christian Bale And Cate Blanchett '' . deadline.com. 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 3 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( 20 May 2016 ) . `` Thor : Ragnarok : Cate Blanchett , Jeff Goldblum , and more join cast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Paylist , The ( 3 June 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Cate Blanchett Is Circling The All - Female ' Ocean 's Eleven ' Film '' . The Playlist . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Evry , Max ( 9 June 2016 ) . `` Mindy Kaling & Helena Bonham Carter Join Ocean 's 11 Reboot '' . Comingsoon.net . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Not only has Showbiz 411 confirmed last week 's news that Cate Blanchett ( Cinderella , Blue Jasmine , Carol ) will join fellow Oscar winner Sandra Bullock ( Gravity , The Blind Side ) in Warner Bros . ' all - new , all - female Ocean 's Eleven reboot , they have also added two new names to the roster as Mindy Kaling ( `` The Mindy Project , '' `` The Office '' ) and Helena Bonham Carter ( Fight Club , Alice Through the Looking Glass ) join the heist film . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( 10 August 2016 ) . `` Warner Bros Firms ' Ocean 's 8 ' Lineup : Anne Hathaway , Rihanna , Awkwafina , Helena Bonham Carter , Mindy Kaling Join Sandra Bullock & Cate Blanchett '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 10 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( 20 August 2015 ) . `` Cate Blanchett , Christian Bale , others join Andy Serkis ' Jungle Book ' EW.com '' . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cate Blanchett to direct Australian TV drama , Stateless , based on Cornelia Rau '' . The Guardian . 21 July 2015 . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cate Blanchett to Star in Lucille Ball Biopic From Aaron Sorkin '' . Variety . 2 September 2015 . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon Studios Boards Lucy And Desi : Aaron Sorkin Scripting , Cate Blanchett To Play Lucille Ball '' . Deadline.com. 7 August 2017 . Retrieved 7 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( 12 November 2015 ) . `` Cate Blanchett in Talks to Star in ' Where 'd You Go , Bernadette ? ' Adaptation '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cate Blanchett : Getting married is insanity '' . People . 12 January 2007 . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cate Blanchett 's wedding regrets '' . Celebrity Bride Guide . 10 December 2008 . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cat Blanchett and Dashiell hop to it '' . People . 4 December 2009 . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cate Blanchett gives birth to a son '' . People . 26 April 2004 . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cate Blanchett welcomes third son , Ignatius Martin '' . People . 13 April 2008 . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cate Blanchett Has Adopted a Baby Girl '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 6 March 2015 . Retrieved 6 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Michael ( 6 March 2015 ) . `` Cate Blanchett and Husband Andrew Upton Adopt a Baby Girl '' . ABC News . Retrieved 6 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Milligan , Lauren ( 31 March 2015 ) . `` When Three Became Four '' . Vogue . Retrieved 7 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Rose '' . Charlie Rose . Season 21 . Episode 228 . Charlierose.com. 22 July 2013 . Archived from the original on 28 July 2013 . Retrieved 5 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Manelis , Michele ( 18 May 2015 ) . `` Cate Blanchett : A wicked talent '' . mindfood.com . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Michael Specter ( November 2006 ) . `` Head First '' . Vogue . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Hannah Edwards ( 12 December 2004 ) . `` Cate buys mansion for $10 m '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 17 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Cate Blanchett 's dream eco-home '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 8 July 2007 . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Spangaro , Alexandra ( 18 January 2016 ) . `` Cate Blanchett purchases $6 million English manor ' Highwell House ' '' . Domain Group . Retrieved 26 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cate Blanchett : Equality For Women Being Lost '' . Sky News . 17 September 2013 . Retrieved 20 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Walker , Harriet ( 2014 ) . `` The Golden Age of Cate '' . Never Underdressed . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 26 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFI -- AACTA Ambassador -- Cate Blanchett '' . AACTA . Retrieved 28 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sydney Film Festival to kick off with Hanna premiere '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cate Blanchett talks about SolarAid on the BBC '' . SolarAid.com. 22 May 2008 . Archived from the original on 15 June 2013 . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Kitchens , Simone ( 4 December 2012 ) . `` Cate Blanchett On Her Teenage Goth Years , Making Worst - Dressed Lists And More ( Photos ) '' . HuffPost . Retrieved 27 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Kerry Pieri ( 4 January 2013 ) . `` Beauty diary : SK - II face Cate Blanchett '' . Harper 's Bazaar . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Blanchett , Catherine ( Cate ) Elise '' . Australian Women 's Archives Project . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Climate Reality Project '' . The Australian Conservation Foundation . Archived from the original on 17 May 2013 . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Who on earth cares ? Cate Blanchett does '' . The Australian Conservation Foundation . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ACF leads the environmental evolution '' . The Australian Conservation Foundation . Archived from the original on 25 May 2012 . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Clean Energy Australia '' . Archived from the original on 7 August 2013 . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` I want to be able to look my children in the face '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 31 May 2011 . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cate Blanchett Wears Chopard 's Green Carpet Collection to win Best Actress at the Golden Globes '' . Eco-age.com. 12 January 2015 . Retrieved 6 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cate Blanchett Wears Chopard 's `` Green Carpet Challenge '' Earrings to 2014 Golden Globes `` . Ecouterre.com. 13 January 2014 . Retrieved 6 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Launch of the new Australian Pavilion in the historic Venice Biennale Gardens '' . Australia Council for the Arts . 23 April 2015 . Retrieved 23 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cate Blanchett to speak at Tanya Plibersek fundraiser '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 29 May 2015 . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Claire ( 2 May 2016 ) . `` Cate Blanchett appointed UNHCR Goodwill Ambassador '' . UNHCR . Retrieved 26 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What They Took With Them -- # WithRefugees '' . UNHCR. 7 September 2016 . Retrieved 14 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Stories -- # WithRefugees '' . UNHCR . Retrieved 14 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cate Blanchett -- Box Office History -- The Numbers '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cate Blanchett on ' How to Train Your Dragon 3 ′ and the Fear of Oscar Speeches '' . Variety . 10 February 2015 . Retrieved 16 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Debczak , Michele ( 15 January 2016 ) . `` When the Academy Nominates Actors Twice For Playing the Same Character '' . Mental Floss . Retrieved 9 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cate Blanchett wins best actress Oscar for Blue Jasmine '' . News.com.au. 30 March 2014 . Retrieved 23 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Women in Hollywood Spotlights several '' . The Daily News . 22 September 2006 . p. 2A . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SBIFF -- Cate Blanchett , Modern Master '' . Arlington Theater . 14 December 2007 . Retrieved 25 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Women In Film Honors Cate Blanchett , Kerry Washington , Rose Byrne and More '' . Playbill. 1 April 2014 . Retrieved 24 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MoMA 's Eighth Annual Film Benefit to Honor Cate Blanchett on November 17 '' . Museum of Modern Art . 30 July 2015 . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cate Blanchett to be Honored at MoMA 's 2015 Film Benefit '' . Indiewire. 3 August 2015 . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cate Blanchett to receive BFI Fellowship at LFF Awards Ceremony '' . British Film Institute . 3 September 2015 . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cate Blanchett says she 's ' incredibly blessed ' to receive top British film honour '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 18 October 2015 . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AACTA Longford Lyell Award '' . Australian Film Institute . Retrieved 7 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lacoste Spotlight Award '' . Costume Designers Guild. 6 January 2016 . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archibald Prize 06 '' . Art Gallery of New South Wales . Archived from the original on 29 June 2008 . Retrieved 26 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Maguire : Cate , take 1 / Cate , take 2 '' . Art Gallery of New South Wales . Archived from the original on 6 July 2015 . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Academy winners are stamped as 2009 Legends '' . Australia Post . Archived from the original on 4 February 2009 . Retrieved 5 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cate Blanchett Arrives in Hollywood '' . Madame Tussauds . Archived from the original on 8 July 2015 . Retrieved 2 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cate Blanchett was conferred the insigna of Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres '' . Retrieved 27 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cate Blanchett receives honorary doctorate from Macquarie University '' . Macquarie University , Sydney . 25 September 2014 . Retrieved 25 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Blanchett receives honorary doctorate '' . Sky News . 25 September 2014 . Archived from the original on 6 February 2015 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Knaus , Christopher ( 11 June 2017 ) . `` Queen 's birthday honours list : Cate Blanchett and Alan Joyce among Australians recognised '' . The Guardian . Further reading ( edit ) Blass , Sandra ; Weber , Reinhard ( 2006 ) . Cate Blanchett ( in German ) . Weber , Fachverlag für Filmliteratur . ISBN 3 - 9809390 - 1 - 4 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Eidson , Thomas ( 2003 ) . The Missing : A Novel ( Reprint ed . ) . Random House Trade Paperbacks . pp. xii -- xiii . ISBN 0812972384 . Elliott , Peter ; Manning , Ned ; Saltau , Margaret ; Surbey , Elizabeth ( 2011 ) . `` The Dramatic Life : Cate Blanchett '' . Drama Reloaded . Cambridge University Press . pp. 173 , 185 -- 186 . ISBN 052118312X . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Ford , Elizabeth ; Mitchell , Deborah ( 2009 ) . Royal Portraits in Hollywood : Filming the Lives of Queens . University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 9780813125435 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Moran , Albert ; Vieth , Errol ( 2005 ) . Historical Dictionary of Australian and New Zealand Cinema . Scarecrow Press . pp. 53 , 71 -- 72 , 414 . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 5459 - 7 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Pendergast , Tom ; Pendergast , Sara , eds. ( 2000 ) . International Dictionary of Films and Filmmakers : Actors and Actresses . St. James Press . pp. xvi , 1613 . ISBN 9781558624528 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Pomerance , Murray , ed. ( 2011 ) . `` Kate Winslet and Cate Blanchett -- The Performance Is the Star '' . Shining in Shadows : Movie Stars of the 2000s . Star Decades : American Culture / American Cinema . Rutgers University Press . pp. 10 , 182 -- 199 . ISBN 081355148X . Riggs , Thomas ( 2007 ) . Contemporary Theatre , Film and Television . 77 . Cengage Gale . ISBN 9780787690502 . Schafer , Elizabeth ; Smith , Susan Bradley ( 2003 ) . Playing Australia : Australian Theatre and the International Stage . Rodopi . pp. 212 -- 218 . ISBN 9789042008175 . ISSN 0921 - 2531 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Tulloch , John ( 2009 ) . Shakespeare and Chekhov in Production and Reception : Theatrical Events and Their Audiences . University of Iowa Press . pp. 160 , 171 , 175 -- 179 , 183 . ISBN 0877459266 . Weniger , Kay ( 2001 ) . Das grosse Personenlexikon des Films . Erster Band , A-C ( in German ) . 1 . Schwarzkopf & Schwarzkopf . ISBN 3896023403 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cate Blanchett . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Cate Blanchett Cate Blanchett on IMDb Cate Blanchett at TVGuide.com Cate Blanchett at the TCM Movie Database Cate Blanchett : A Life in Pictures , BAFTA webcast Cate Blanchett at the Internet Broadway Database Blanchett , Catherine ( Cate ) Elise in The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth - Century Australia Awards for Cate Blanchett Academy Award for Best Actress 1928 -- 1950 Janet Gaynor ( 1928 ) Mary Pickford ( 1929 ) Norma Shearer ( 1930 ) Marie Dressler ( 1931 ) Helen Hayes ( 1932 ) Katharine Hepburn ( 1933 ) Claudette Colbert ( 1934 ) Bette Davis ( 1935 ) Luise Rainer ( 1936 ) Luise Rainer ( 1937 ) Bette Davis ( 1938 ) Vivien Leigh ( 1939 ) Ginger Rogers ( 1940 ) Joan Fontaine ( 1941 ) Greer Garson ( 1942 ) Jennifer Jones ( 1943 ) Ingrid Bergman ( 1944 ) Joan Crawford ( 1945 ) Olivia de Havilland ( 1946 ) Loretta Young ( 1947 ) Jane Wyman ( 1948 ) Olivia de Havilland ( 1949 ) Judy Holliday ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 Vivien Leigh ( 1951 ) Shirley Booth ( 1952 ) Audrey Hepburn ( 1953 ) Grace Kelly ( 1954 ) Anna Magnani ( 1955 ) Ingrid Bergman ( 1956 ) Joanne Woodward ( 1957 ) Susan Hayward ( 1958 ) Simone Signoret ( 1959 ) Elizabeth Taylor ( 1960 ) Sophia Loren ( 1961 ) Anne Bancroft ( 1962 ) Patricia Neal ( 1963 ) Julie Andrews ( 1964 ) Julie Christie ( 1965 ) Elizabeth Taylor ( 1966 ) Katharine Hepburn ( 1967 ) Katharine Hepburn / Barbra Streisand ( 1968 ) Maggie Smith ( 1969 ) Glenda Jackson ( 1970 ) Jane Fonda ( 1971 ) Liza Minnelli ( 1972 ) Glenda Jackson ( 1973 ) Ellen Burstyn ( 1974 ) Louise Fletcher ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Faye Dunaway ( 1976 ) Diane Keaton ( 1977 ) Jane Fonda ( 1978 ) Sally Field ( 1979 ) Sissy Spacek ( 1980 ) Katharine Hepburn ( 1981 ) Meryl Streep ( 1982 ) Shirley MacLaine ( 1983 ) Sally Field ( 1984 ) Geraldine Page ( 1985 ) Marlee Matlin ( 1986 ) Cher ( 1987 ) Jodie Foster ( 1988 ) Jessica Tandy ( 1989 ) Kathy Bates ( 1990 ) Jodie Foster ( 1991 ) Emma Thompson ( 1992 ) Holly Hunter ( 1993 ) Jessica Lange ( 1994 ) Susan Sarandon ( 1995 ) Frances McDormand ( 1996 ) Helen Hunt ( 1997 ) Gwyneth Paltrow ( 1998 ) Hilary Swank ( 1999 ) Julia Roberts ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Halle Berry ( 2001 ) Nicole Kidman ( 2002 ) Charlize Theron ( 2003 ) Hilary Swank ( 2004 ) Reese Witherspoon ( 2005 ) Helen Mirren ( 2006 ) Marion Cotillard ( 2007 ) Kate Winslet ( 2008 ) Sandra Bullock ( 2009 ) Natalie Portman ( 2010 ) Meryl Streep ( 2011 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2012 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2013 ) Julianne Moore ( 2014 ) Brie Larson ( 2015 ) Emma Stone ( 2016 ) Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress 1936 -- 1950 Gale Sondergaard ( 1936 ) Alice Brady ( 1937 ) Fay Bainter ( 1938 ) Hattie McDaniel ( 1939 ) Jane Darwell ( 1940 ) Mary Astor ( 1941 ) Teresa Wright ( 1942 ) Katina Paxinou ( 1943 ) Ethel Barrymore ( 1944 ) Anne Revere ( 1945 ) Anne Baxter ( 1946 ) Celeste Holm ( 1947 ) Claire Trevor ( 1948 ) Mercedes McCambridge ( 1949 ) Josephine Hull ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 Kim Hunter ( 1951 ) Gloria Grahame ( 1952 ) Donna Reed ( 1953 ) Eva Marie Saint ( 1954 ) Jo Van Fleet ( 1955 ) Dorothy Malone ( 1956 ) Miyoshi Umeki ( 1957 ) Wendy Hiller ( 1958 ) Shelley Winters ( 1959 ) Shirley Jones ( 1960 ) Rita Moreno ( 1961 ) Patty Duke ( 1962 ) Margaret Rutherford ( 1963 ) Lila Kedrova ( 1964 ) Shelley Winters ( 1965 ) Sandy Dennis ( 1966 ) Estelle Parsons ( 1967 ) Ruth Gordon ( 1968 ) Goldie Hawn ( 1969 ) Helen Hayes ( 1970 ) Cloris Leachman ( 1971 ) Eileen Heckart ( 1972 ) Tatum O'Neal ( 1973 ) Ingrid Bergman ( 1974 ) Lee Grant ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Beatrice Straight ( 1976 ) Vanessa Redgrave ( 1977 ) Maggie Smith ( 1978 ) Meryl Streep ( 1979 ) Mary Steenburgen ( 1980 ) Maureen Stapleton ( 1981 ) Jessica Lange ( 1982 ) Linda Hunt ( 1983 ) Peggy Ashcroft ( 1984 ) Anjelica Huston ( 1985 ) Dianne Wiest ( 1986 ) Olympia Dukakis ( 1987 ) Geena Davis ( 1988 ) Brenda Fricker ( 1989 ) Whoopi Goldberg ( 1990 ) Mercedes Ruehl ( 1991 ) Marisa Tomei ( 1992 ) Anna Paquin ( 1993 ) Dianne Wiest ( 1994 ) Mira Sorvino ( 1995 ) Juliette Binoche ( 1996 ) Kim Basinger ( 1997 ) Judi Dench ( 1998 ) Angelina Jolie ( 1999 ) Marcia Gay Harden ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Jennifer Connelly ( 2001 ) Catherine Zeta - Jones ( 2002 ) Renée Zellweger ( 2003 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2004 ) Rachel Weisz ( 2005 ) Jennifer Hudson ( 2006 ) Tilda Swinton ( 2007 ) Penélope Cruz ( 2008 ) Mo'Nique ( 2009 ) Melissa Leo ( 2010 ) Octavia Spencer ( 2011 ) Anne Hathaway ( 2012 ) Lupita Nyong'o ( 2013 ) Patricia Arquette ( 2014 ) Alicia Vikander ( 2015 ) Viola Davis ( 2016 ) AACTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role Monica Maughan ( 1971 ) Jacki Weaver ( 1972 ) Judy Morris ( 1973 ) Julie Dawson ( 1974 / 1995 ) Helen Morse ( 1976 ) Pat Bishop ( 1977 ) Angela Punch McGregor ( 1978 ) Michele Fawdon ( 1979 ) Tracy Mann ( 1980 ) Judy Davis ( 1981 ) Noni Hazlehurst ( 1982 ) Wendy Hughes ( 1983 ) Angela Punch McGregor ( 1984 ) Noni Hazlehurst ( 1985 ) Judy Davis ( 1986 ) Judy Davis ( 1987 ) Nadine Garner ( 1988 ) Meryl Streep ( 1989 ) Catherine McClements ( 1990 ) Sheila Florance ( 1991 ) Lisa Harrow ( 1992 ) Holly Hunter ( 1993 ) Toni Collette ( 1994 ) Jacqueline McKenzie ( 1995 ) Judy Davis ( 1996 ) Pamela Rabe ( 1997 ) Deborah Mailman ( 1998 ) Sacha Horler ( 1999 ) Pia Miranda ( 2000 ) Kerry Armstrong ( 2001 ) Maria Theodorakis ( 2002 ) Toni Collette ( 2003 ) Abbie Cornish ( 2004 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2005 ) Emily Barclay ( 2006 ) Joan Chen ( 2007 ) Monic Hendrickx ( 2008 ) Frances O'Connor ( 2009 ) Jacki Weaver ( 2010 ) Judy Davis ( 2011 ) Deborah Mailman ( 2012 ) Rose Byrne ( 2013 ) Sarah Snook ( 2014 ) Kate Winslet ( 2015 ) Odessa Young ( 2016 ) AACTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role Melissa Jaffer / Jacki Weaver ( 1976 ) Veronica Lang ( 1977 ) Angela Punch McGregor ( 1978 ) Pat Evison ( 1979 ) Jill Perryman ( 1980 ) Judy Davis ( 1981 ) Kris McQuade ( 1982 ) Linda Hunt ( 1983 ) Anna Maria Monticelli ( 1984 ) Annie Byron ( 1985 ) Lindy Davies ( 1986 ) Jan Adele ( 1987 ) Tina Bursill ( 1988 ) Victoria Longley ( 1989 ) Julia Blake ( 1990 ) Fiona Press ( 1991 ) Pat Thomson ( 1992 ) Judy Davis ( 1993 ) Rachel Griffiths ( 1994 ) Amanda Douge ( 1995 ) Toni Collette ( 1996 ) Cate Blanchett ( 1997 ) Toni Collette ( 1998 ) Sacha Horler ( 1999 ) Greta Scacchi ( 2000 ) Rachael Blake ( 2001 ) Judi Farr ( 2002 ) Sacha Horler ( 2003 ) Lynette Curran ( 2004 ) Noni Hazlehurst ( 2005 ) Susie Porter ( 2006 ) Emma Booth ( 2007 ) Toni Collette ( 2008 ) Rachel Griffiths ( 2009 ) Deborah Mailman ( 2010 ) Louise Harris ( 2011 ) Jessica Mauboy ( 2012 ) Elizabeth Debicki ( 2013 ) Susan Prior ( 2014 ) Judy Davis ( 2015 ) Miranda Otto ( 2016 ) AACTA International Award for Best Actress Meryl Streep ( 2011 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2012 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2013 ) Julianne Moore ( 2014 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2015 ) Emma Stone ( 2016 ) BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role 1952 -- 1967 Vivien Leigh British , Simone Signoret Foreign ( 1952 ) Audrey Hepburn British , Leslie Caron Foreign ( 1953 ) Yvonne Mitchell British , Cornell Borchers Foreign ( 1954 ) Katie Johnson British , Betsy Blair Foreign ( 1955 ) Virginia McKenna British , Anna Magnani Foreign ( 1956 ) Heather Sears British , Simone Signoret Foreign ( 1957 ) Irene Worth British , Simone Signoret Foreign ( 1958 ) Audrey Hepburn British , Shirley MacLaine Foreign ( 1959 ) Rachel Roberts British , Shirley MacLaine Foreign ( 1960 ) Dora Bryan British , Sophia Loren Foreign ( 1961 ) Leslie Caron British , Anne Bancroft Foreign ( 1962 ) Rachel Roberts British , Patricia Neal Foreign ( 1963 ) Audrey Hepburn British , Anne Bancroft Foreign ( 1964 ) Julie Christie British , Patricia Neal Foreign ( 1965 ) Elizabeth Taylor British , Jeanne Moreau Foreign ( 1966 ) Edith Evans British , Anouk Aimée Foreign ( 1967 ) 1968 -- present Katharine Hepburn ( 1968 ) Maggie Smith ( 1969 ) Katharine Ross ( 1970 ) Glenda Jackson ( 1971 ) Liza Minnelli ( 1972 ) Stéphane Audran ( 1973 ) Joanne Woodward ( 1974 ) Ellen Burstyn ( 1975 ) Louise Fletcher ( 1976 ) Diane Keaton ( 1977 ) Jane Fonda ( 1978 ) Jane Fonda ( 1979 ) Judy Davis ( 1980 ) Meryl Streep ( 1981 ) Katharine Hepburn ( 1982 ) Julie Walters ( 1983 ) Maggie Smith ( 1984 ) Peggy Ashcroft ( 1985 ) Maggie Smith ( 1986 ) Anne Bancroft ( 1987 ) Maggie Smith ( 1988 ) Pauline Collins ( 1989 ) Jessica Tandy ( 1990 ) Jodie Foster ( 1991 ) Emma Thompson ( 1992 ) Holly Hunter ( 1993 ) Susan Sarandon ( 1994 ) Emma Thompson ( 1995 ) Brenda Blethyn ( 1996 ) Judi Dench ( 1997 ) Cate Blanchett ( 1998 ) Annette Bening ( 1999 ) Julia Roberts ( 2000 ) Judi Dench ( 2001 ) Nicole Kidman ( 2002 ) Scarlett Johansson ( 2003 ) Imelda Staunton ( 2004 ) Reese Witherspoon ( 2005 ) Helen Mirren ( 2006 ) Marion Cotillard ( 2007 ) Kate Winslet ( 2008 ) Carey Mulligan ( 2009 ) Natalie Portman ( 2010 ) Meryl Streep ( 2011 ) Emmanuelle Riva ( 2012 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2013 ) Julianne Moore ( 2014 ) Brie Larson ( 2015 ) Emma Stone ( 2016 ) BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role 1968 -- 1984 Billie Whitelaw ( 1968 ) Celia Johnson ( 1969 ) Susannah York ( 1970 ) Margaret Leighton ( 1971 ) Cloris Leachman ( 1972 ) Valentina Cortese ( 1973 ) Ingrid Bergman ( 1974 ) Diane Ladd ( 1975 ) Jodie Foster ( 1976 ) Jenny Agutter ( 1977 ) Geraldine Page ( 1978 ) Rachel Roberts ( 1979 ) Rohini Hattangadi / Maureen Stapleton ( 1982 ) Jamie Lee Curtis ( 1983 ) Liz Smith ( 1984 ) 1985 -- 2009 Rosanna Arquette ( 1985 ) Judi Dench ( 1986 ) Susan Wooldridge ( 1987 ) Judi Dench ( 1988 ) Michelle Pfeiffer ( 1989 ) Whoopi Goldberg ( 1990 ) Kate Nelligan ( 1991 ) Miranda Richardson ( 1992 ) Miriam Margolyes ( 1993 ) Kristin Scott Thomas ( 1994 ) Kate Winslet ( 1995 ) Juliette Binoche ( 1996 ) Sigourney Weaver ( 1997 ) Judi Dench ( 1998 ) Maggie Smith ( 1999 ) Julie Walters ( 2000 ) Jennifer Connelly ( 2001 ) Catherine Zeta - Jones ( 2002 ) Renée Zellweger ( 2003 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2004 ) Thandie Newton ( 2005 ) Jennifer Hudson ( 2006 ) Tilda Swinton ( 2007 ) Penélope Cruz ( 2008 ) Mo'Nique ( 2009 ) 2010 -- present Helena Bonham Carter ( 2010 ) Octavia Spencer ( 2011 ) Anne Hathaway ( 2012 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2013 ) Patricia Arquette ( 2014 ) Kate Winslet ( 2015 ) Viola Davis ( 2016 ) Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actress 1980 - 1999 Gena Rowlands ( 1980 ) Marília Pêra ( 1981 ) Meryl Streep ( 1982 ) Rosanna Arquette ( 1983 ) Judy Davis ( 1984 ) Geraldine Page ( 1985 ) Chloe Webb ( 1986 ) Holly Hunter ( 1987 ) Melanie Griffith ( 1988 ) Jessica Tandy ( 1989 ) Anjelica Huston ( 1990 ) Geena Davis ( 1991 ) Emma Thompson ( 1992 ) Holly Hunter ( 1993 ) Julianne Moore ( 1994 ) Nicole Kidman ( 1995 ) Brenda Blethyn ( 1996 ) Helena Bonham Carter ( 1997 ) Samantha Morton ( 1998 ) Hilary Swank ( 1999 ) 2000 - present Ellen Burstyn ( 2000 ) Tilda Swinton ( 2001 ) Maggie Gyllenhaal ( 2002 ) Scarlett Johansson ( 2003 ) Hilary Swank ( 2004 ) Reese Witherspoon ( 2005 ) Helen Mirren ( 2006 ) Marion Cotillard ( 2007 ) Sally Hawkins ( 2008 ) Meryl Streep ( 2009 ) Natalie Portman ( 2010 ) Michelle Williams ( 2011 ) Emmanuelle Riva ( 2012 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2013 ) Marion Cotillard ( 2014 ) Charlotte Rampling ( 2015 ) Isabelle Huppert ( 2016 ) Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Actress Nicole Kidman ( 1995 ) Frances McDormand ( 1996 ) Helena Bonham Carter ( 1997 ) Cate Blanchett ( 1998 ) Hilary Swank ( 1999 ) Julia Roberts ( 2000 ) Sissy Spacek ( 2001 ) Julianne Moore ( 2002 ) Charlize Theron ( 2003 ) Hilary Swank ( 2004 ) Reese Witherspoon ( 2005 ) Helen Mirren ( 2006 ) Julie Christie ( 2007 ) Anne Hathaway / Meryl Streep ( 2008 ) Sandra Bullock / Meryl Streep ( 2009 ) Natalie Portman ( 2010 ) Viola Davis ( 2011 ) Jessica Chastain ( 2012 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2013 ) Julianne Moore ( 2014 ) Brie Larson ( 2015 ) Natalie Portman ( 2016 ) Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Acting Ensemble ( 2001 -- 2009 ) Gosford Park ( 2001 ) : Eileen Atkins , Bob Balaban , Alan Bates , Charles Dance , Stephen Fry , Michael Gambon , Richard E. Grant , Tom Hollander , Derek Jacobi , Kelly Macdonald , Helen Mirren , Jeremy Northam , Clive Owen , Ryan Phillippe , Maggie Smith , Geraldine Somerville , Kristin Scott Thomas , Sophie Thompson , Emily Watson , James Wilby Chicago ( 2002 ) : Christine Baranski , Ekaterina Shchelkanova , Taye Diggs , Denise Faye , Colm Feore , Richard Gere , Deidre Goodwin , Queen Latifah , Lucy Liu , Susan Misner , Mýa , John C. Reilly , Dominic West , Renée Zellweger , Catherine Zeta - Jones The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) : Sean Astin , Sean Bean , Cate Blanchett , Orlando Bloom , Billy Boyd , Bernard Hill , Ian Holm , Ian McKellen , Dominic Monaghan , Viggo Mortensen , John Noble , Miranda Otto , John Rhys - Davies , Andy Serkis , Liv Tyler , Karl Urban , Hugo Weaving , David Wenham , Elijah Wood Sideways ( 2004 ) : Thomas Haden Church , Paul Giamatti , Virginia Madsen , Sandra Oh Crash ( 2005 ) : Christopher `` Ludacris '' Bridges , Sandra Bullock , Don Cheadle , Matt Dillon , Jennifer Esposito , William Fichtner , Brendan Fraser , Terrence Howard , Thandie Newton , Ryan Phillippe , Larenz Tate Little Miss Sunshine ( 2006 ) : Alan Arkin , Abigail Breslin , Steve Carell , Toni Collette , Paul Dano , Greg Kinnear Hairspray ( 2007 ) : Nikki Blonsky , Amanda Bynes , Paul Dooley , Zac Efron , Allison Janney , Elijah Kelley , Queen Latifah , James Marsden , Michelle Pfeiffer , Brittany Snow , Jerry Stiller , John Travolta , Christopher Walken Milk ( 2008 ) : Josh Brolin , Joseph Cross , James Franco , Victor Garber , Emile Hirsch , Diego Luna , Denis O'Hare , Sean Penn , Alison Pill Inglourious Basterds ( 2009 ) : Daniel Brühl , August Diehl , Julie Dreyfus , Michael Fassbender , Sylvester Groth , Jacky Ido , Diane Kruger , Mélanie Laurent , Denis Ménochet , Mike Myers , Brad Pitt , Eli Roth , Til Schweiger , Rod Taylor , Christoph Waltz , Martin Wuttke ( 2010 -- present ) The Fighter ( 2010 ) : Amy Adams , Christian Bale , Melissa Leo , Jack McGee , Mark Wahlberg The Help ( 2011 ) : Jessica Chastain , Viola Davis , Bryce Dallas Howard , Allison Janney , Chris Lowell , Ahna O'Reilly , Sissy Spacek , Octavia Spencer , Mary Steenburgen , Emma Stone , Cicely Tyson , Mike Vogel Silver Linings Playbook ( 2012 ) : Bradley Cooper , Robert De Niro , Anupam Kher , Jennifer Lawrence , Chris Tucker , Jacki Weaver American Hustle ( 2013 ) : Amy Adams , Christian Bale , Louis C.K. , Bradley Cooper , Jack Huston , Jennifer Lawrence , Alessandro Nivola , Michael Peña , Jeremy Renner , Elisabeth Röhm , Shea Whigham Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) : Zach Galifianakis , Michael Keaton , Edward Norton , Andrea Riseborough , Amy Ryan , Emma Stone , Naomi Watts Spotlight ( 2015 ) : Billy Crudup , Brian d'Arcy James , Michael Keaton , Rachel McAdams , Mark Ruffalo , Liev Schreiber , John Slattery , Stanley Tucci Moonlight ( 2016 ) : Mahershala Ali , Patrick Decile , Alex R. Hibbert , Naomie Harris , André Holland , Jharrel Jerome , Janelle Monáe , Jaden Piner , Trevante Rhodes , Ashton Sanders Empire Award for Best Actress Nicole Kidman ( 1996 ) Frances McDormand ( 1997 ) Joan Allen ( 1998 ) Cate Blanchett ( 1999 ) Gwyneth Paltrow ( 2000 ) Connie Nielsen ( 2001 ) Nicole Kidman ( 2002 ) Kirsten Dunst ( 2003 ) Uma Thurman ( 2004 ) Julie Delpy ( 2005 ) Thandie Newton ( 2006 ) Penélope Cruz ( 2007 ) Keira Knightley ( 2008 ) Helena Bonham Carter ( 2009 ) Zoe Saldana ( 2010 ) Noomi Rapace ( 2011 ) Olivia Colman ( 2012 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2013 ) Emma Thompson ( 2014 ) Rosamund Pike ( 2015 ) Alicia Vikander ( 2016 ) Felicity Jones ( 2017 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture -- Drama 1943 -- 1975 Jennifer Jones ( 1943 ) Ingrid Bergman ( 1944 ) Ingrid Bergman ( 1945 ) Rosalind Russell ( 1946 ) Rosalind Russell ( 1947 ) Jane Wyman ( 1948 ) Olivia de Havilland ( 1949 ) Gloria Swanson ( 1950 ) Jane Wyman ( 1951 ) Shirley Booth ( 1952 ) Audrey Hepburn ( 1953 ) Grace Kelly ( 1954 ) Anna Magnani ( 1955 ) Ingrid Bergman ( 1956 ) Joanne Woodward ( 1957 ) Susan Hayward ( 1958 ) Elizabeth Taylor ( 1959 ) Greer Garson ( 1960 ) Geraldine Page ( 1961 ) Geraldine Page ( 1962 ) Leslie Caron ( 1963 ) Anne Bancroft ( 1964 ) Samantha Eggar ( 1965 ) Anouk Aimée ( 1966 ) Edith Evans ( 1967 ) Joanne Woodward ( 1968 ) Geneviève Bujold ( 1969 ) Ali MacGraw ( 1970 ) Jane Fonda ( 1971 ) Liv Ullmann ( 1972 ) Marsha Mason ( 1973 ) Gena Rowlands ( 1974 ) Louise Fletcher ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Faye Dunaway ( 1976 ) Jane Fonda ( 1977 ) Jane Fonda ( 1978 ) Sally Field ( 1979 ) Mary Tyler Moore ( 1980 ) Meryl Streep ( 1981 ) Meryl Streep ( 1982 ) Shirley MacLaine ( 1983 ) Sally Field ( 1984 ) Whoopi Goldberg ( 1985 ) Marlee Matlin ( 1986 ) Sally Kirkland ( 1987 ) Jodie Foster / Shirley MacLaine / Sigourney Weaver ( 1988 ) Michelle Pfeiffer ( 1989 ) Kathy Bates ( 1990 ) Jodie Foster ( 1991 ) Emma Thompson ( 1992 ) Holly Hunter ( 1993 ) Jessica Lange ( 1994 ) Sharon Stone ( 1995 ) Brenda Blethyn ( 1996 ) Judi Dench ( 1997 ) Cate Blanchett ( 1998 ) Hilary Swank ( 1999 ) Julia Roberts ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Sissy Spacek ( 2001 ) Nicole Kidman ( 2002 ) Charlize Theron ( 2003 ) Hilary Swank ( 2004 ) Felicity Huffman ( 2005 ) Helen Mirren ( 2006 ) Julie Christie ( 2007 ) Kate Winslet ( 2008 ) Sandra Bullock ( 2009 ) Natalie Portman ( 2010 ) Meryl Streep ( 2011 ) Jessica Chastain ( 2012 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2013 ) Julianne Moore ( 2014 ) Brie Larson ( 2015 ) Isabelle Huppert ( 2016 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress -- Motion Picture Katina Paxinou ( 1943 ) Agnes Moorehead ( 1944 ) Angela Lansbury ( 1945 ) Anne Baxter ( 1946 ) Celeste Holm ( 1947 ) Ellen Corby ( 1948 ) Mercedes McCambridge ( 1949 ) Josephine Hull ( 1950 ) Kim Hunter ( 1951 ) Katy Jurado ( 1952 ) Grace Kelly ( 1953 ) Jan Sterling ( 1954 ) Marisa Pavan ( 1955 ) Eileen Heckart ( 1956 ) Elsa Lanchester ( 1957 ) Hermione Gingold ( 1958 ) Susan Kohner ( 1959 ) Janet Leigh ( 1960 ) Rita Moreno ( 1961 ) Angela Lansbury ( 1962 ) Margaret Rutherford ( 1963 ) Agnes Moorehead ( 1964 ) Ruth Gordon ( 1965 ) Jocelyne LaGarde ( 1966 ) Carol Channing ( 1967 ) Ruth Gordon ( 1968 ) Goldie Hawn ( 1969 ) Karen Black / Maureen Stapleton ( 1970 ) Ann - Margret ( 1971 ) Shelley Winters ( 1972 ) Linda Blair ( 1973 ) Karen Black ( 1974 ) Brenda Vaccaro ( 1975 ) Katharine Ross ( 1976 ) Vanessa Redgrave ( 1977 ) Dyan Cannon ( 1978 ) Meryl Streep ( 1979 ) Mary Steenburgen ( 1980 ) Joan Hackett ( 1981 ) Jessica Lange ( 1982 ) Cher ( 1983 ) Peggy Ashcroft ( 1984 ) Meg Tilly ( 1985 ) Maggie Smith ( 1986 ) Olympia Dukakis ( 1987 ) Sigourney Weaver ( 1988 ) Julia Roberts ( 1989 ) Whoopi Goldberg ( 1990 ) Mercedes Ruehl ( 1991 ) Joan Plowright ( 1992 ) Winona Ryder ( 1993 ) Dianne Wiest ( 1994 ) Mira Sorvino ( 1995 ) Lauren Bacall ( 1996 ) Kim Basinger ( 1997 ) Lynn Redgrave ( 1998 ) Angelina Jolie ( 1999 ) Kate Hudson ( 2000 ) Jennifer Connelly ( 2001 ) Meryl Streep ( 2002 ) Renée Zellweger ( 2003 ) Natalie Portman ( 2004 ) Rachel Weisz ( 2005 ) Jennifer Hudson ( 2006 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2007 ) Kate Winslet ( 2008 ) Mo'Nique ( 2009 ) Melissa Leo ( 2010 ) Octavia Spencer ( 2011 ) Anne Hathaway ( 2012 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2013 ) Patricia Arquette ( 2014 ) Kate Winslet ( 2015 ) Viola Davis ( 2016 ) Helpmann Award for Best Female Actor in a Play Caroline O'Connor ( 2001 ) Amanda Muggleton ( 2002 ) Rachel Griffiths ( 2003 ) Maggie Smith ( 2004 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2005 ) Caroline O'Connor ( 2006 ) Ursula Yovich ( 2007 ) Leah Purcell ( 2008 ) Robyn Nevin ( 2009 ) Julie Forsyth ( 2010 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2011 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2012 ) Alison Bell ( 2013 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2014 ) Pamela Rabe ( 2015 ) Paula Arundell ( 2016 ) Kate Mulvany ( 2017 ) Independent Spirit Award for Best Female Lead Geraldine Page ( 1985 ) Isabella Rossellini ( 1986 ) Sally Kirkland ( 1987 ) Jodie Foster ( 1988 ) Andie MacDowell ( 1989 ) Anjelica Huston ( 1990 ) Judy Davis ( 1991 ) Fairuza Balk ( 1992 ) Ashley Judd ( 1993 ) Linda Fiorentino ( 1994 ) Elisabeth Shue ( 1995 ) Frances McDormand ( 1996 ) Julie Christie ( 1997 ) Ally Sheedy ( 1998 ) Hilary Swank ( 1999 ) Ellen Burstyn ( 2000 ) Sissy Spacek ( 2001 ) Julianne Moore ( 2002 ) Charlize Theron ( 2003 ) Catalina Sandino Moreno ( 2004 ) Felicity Huffman ( 2005 ) Shareeka Epps ( 2006 ) Ellen Page ( 2007 ) Melissa Leo ( 2008 ) Gabourey Sidibe ( 2009 ) Natalie Portman ( 2010 ) Michelle Williams ( 2011 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2012 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2013 ) Julianne Moore ( 2014 ) Brie Larson ( 2015 ) Isabelle Huppert ( 2016 ) Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Female Anjelica Huston ( 1987 ) Rosanna DeSoto ( 1988 ) Laura San Giacomo ( 1989 ) Sheryl Lee Ralph ( 1990 ) Diane Ladd ( 1991 ) Alfre Woodard ( 1992 ) Lili Taylor ( 1993 ) Dianne Wiest ( 1994 ) Mare Winningham ( 1995 ) Elizabeth Peña ( 1996 ) Debbi Morgan ( 1997 ) Lynn Redgrave ( 1998 ) Chloë Sevigny ( 1999 ) Zhang Ziyi ( 2000 ) Carrie - Anne Moss ( 2001 ) Emily Mortimer ( 2002 ) Shohreh Aghdashloo ( 2003 ) Virginia Madsen ( 2004 ) Amy Adams ( 2005 ) Frances McDormand ( 2006 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2007 ) Penélope Cruz ( 2008 ) Mo'Nique ( 2009 ) Dale Dickey ( 2010 ) Shailene Woodley ( 2011 ) Helen Hunt ( 2012 ) Lupita Nyong'o ( 2013 ) Patricia Arquette ( 2014 ) Mya Taylor ( 2015 ) Molly Shannon ( 2016 ) London Film Critics ' Circle Award for Actress of the Year Susan Sarandon ( 1991 ) Judy Davis ( 1992 ) Holly Hunter ( 1993 ) Linda Fiorentino ( 1994 ) Nicole Kidman ( 1995 ) Frances McDormand ( 1996 ) Claire Danes ( 1997 ) Cate Blanchett ( 1998 ) Annette Bening ( 1999 ) Julia Roberts ( 2000 ) Nicole Kidman ( 2001 ) Stockard Channing ( 2002 ) Julianne Moore ( 2003 ) Imelda Staunton ( 2004 ) Naomi Watts ( 2005 ) Meryl Streep ( 2006 ) Marion Cotillard ( 2007 ) Kate Winslet ( 2008 ) Mo'Nique ( 2009 ) Annette Bening ( 2010 ) Anna Paquin / Meryl Streep ( 2011 ) Emmanuelle Riva ( 2012 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2013 ) Julianne Moore ( 2014 ) Charlotte Rampling ( 2015 ) Isabelle Huppert ( 2016 ) Longford Lyell Award Ian Dunlop ( 1968 ) Stanley Hawes ( 1970 ) Ken G. Hall ( 1976 ) Charles Chauvel ( 1977 ) Marie Lorraine , Paulette McDonagh , and Phyllis McDonagh ( 1978 ) Jerzy Toeplitz ( 1979 ) Tim Burstall ( 1980 ) Phillip Adams ( 1981 ) Eric Porter ( 1982 ) Bill Gooley ( 1983 ) David Williamson ( 1984 ) Don Crosby ( 1985 ) Barry Jones ( 1986 ) Paul Riomfalvy ( 1987 ) Russell Boyd ( 1988 ) John Meillon ( 1989 ) Peter Weir ( 1990 ) Fred Schepisi ( 1991 ) Lee Robinson ( 1992 ) Sue Milliken ( 1993 ) Jack Thompson ( 1994 ) George Miller ( 1995 ) Jan Chapman ( 1997 ) Bud Tingwell ( 1998 ) John Politzer ( 1999 ) Anthony Buckley ( 2000 ) David Stratton ( 2001 ) Patricia Edgar ( 2002 ) Ted Robinson ( 2003 ) Patricia Lovell ( 2004 ) Ray Barrett ( 2005 ) Ian Jones ( 2006 ) David Hannay ( 2007 ) Dione Gilmour ( 2008 ) Geoffrey Rush ( 2009 ) Reg Grundy ( 2010 ) Donald McAlpine ( 2012 ) Al Clark ( 2013 ) Jacki Weaver ( 2014 ) Andrew Knight ( 2015 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2015 ) Paul Hogan ( 2016 ) Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress Florinda Bolkan ( 1975 ) Liv Ullmann ( 1976 ) Shelley Duvall ( 1977 ) Jane Fonda ( 1978 ) Sally Field ( 1979 ) Sissy Spacek ( 1980 ) Meryl Streep ( 1981 ) Meryl Streep ( 1982 ) Shirley MacLaine ( 1983 ) Kathleen Turner ( 1984 ) Meryl Streep ( 1985 ) Sandrine Bonnaire ( 1986 ) Holly Hunter / Sally Kirkland ( 1987 ) Christine Lahti ( 1988 ) Andie MacDowell / Michelle Pfeiffer ( 1989 ) Anjelica Huston ( 1990 ) Mercedes Ruehl ( 1991 ) Emma Thompson ( 1992 ) Holly Hunter ( 1993 ) Jessica Lange ( 1994 ) Elisabeth Shue ( 1995 ) Brenda Blethyn ( 1996 ) Helena Bonham Carter ( 1997 ) Fernanda Montenegro / Ally Sheedy ( 1998 ) Hilary Swank ( 1999 ) Julia Roberts ( 2000 ) Sissy Spacek ( 2001 ) Julianne Moore ( 2002 ) Naomi Watts ( 2003 ) Imelda Staunton ( 2004 ) Vera Farmiga ( 2005 ) Helen Mirren ( 2006 ) Marion Cotillard ( 2007 ) Sally Hawkins ( 2008 ) Yolande Moreau ( 2009 ) Kim Hye - ja ( 2010 ) Yoon Jeong - hee ( 2011 ) Jennifer Lawrence / Emmanuelle Riva ( 2012 ) Cate Blanchett / Adèle Exarchopoulos ( 2013 ) Patricia Arquette ( 2014 ) Charlotte Rampling ( 2015 ) Isabelle Huppert ( 2016 ) National Board of Review Award for Best Supporting Actress Nina Foch ( 1954 ) Marjorie Rambeau ( 1955 ) Debbie Reynolds ( 1956 ) Sybil Thorndike ( 1957 ) Kay Walsh ( 1958 ) Edith Evans ( 1959 ) Shirley Jones ( 1960 ) Ruby Dee ( 1961 ) Angela Lansbury ( 1962 ) Margaret Rutherford ( 1963 ) Edith Evans ( 1964 ) Joan Blondell ( 1965 ) Vivien Merchant ( 1966 ) Marjorie Rhodes ( 1967 ) Virginia Maskell ( 1968 ) Pamela Franklin ( 1969 ) Karen Black ( 1970 ) Cloris Leachman ( 1971 ) Marisa Berenson ( 1972 ) Sylvia Sidney ( 1973 ) Valerie Perrine ( 1974 ) Ronee Blakley ( 1975 ) Talia Shire ( 1976 ) Diane Keaton ( 1977 ) Angela Lansbury ( 1978 ) Meryl Streep ( 1979 ) Eva Le Gallienne ( 1980 ) Mona Washbourne ( 1981 ) Glenn Close ( 1982 ) Linda Hunt ( 1983 ) Sabine Azéma ( 1984 ) Anjelica Huston ( 1985 ) Dianne Wiest ( 1986 ) Olympia Dukakis ( 1987 ) Frances McDormand ( 1988 ) Mary Stuart Masterson ( 1989 ) Winona Ryder ( 1990 ) Kate Nelligan ( 1991 ) Judy Davis ( 1992 ) Winona Ryder ( 1993 ) Rosemary Harris ( 1994 ) Mira Sorvino ( 1995 ) Juliette Binoche / Kristin Scott Thomas ( 1996 ) Anne Heche ( 1997 ) Christina Ricci ( 1998 ) Julianne Moore ( 1999 ) Lupe Ontiveros ( 2000 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2001 ) Kathy Bates ( 2002 ) Patricia Clarkson ( 2003 ) Laura Linney ( 2004 ) Gong Li ( 2005 ) Catherine O'Hara ( 2006 ) Amy Ryan ( 2007 ) Penélope Cruz ( 2008 ) Anna Kendrick ( 2009 ) Jacki Weaver ( 2010 ) Shailene Woodley ( 2011 ) Ann Dowd ( 2012 ) Octavia Spencer ( 2013 ) Jessica Chastain ( 2014 ) Jennifer Jason Leigh ( 2015 ) Naomie Harris ( 2016 ) National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actress 1966 - 1979 Sylvie ( 1966 ) Bibi Andersson ( 1967 ) Liv Ullmann ( 1968 ) Vanessa Redgrave ( 1969 ) Glenda Jackson ( 1970 ) Jane Fonda ( 1971 ) Cicely Tyson ( 1972 ) Liv Ullmann ( 1973 ) Liv Ullmann ( 1974 ) Isabelle Adjani ( 1975 ) Sissy Spacek ( 1976 ) Diane Keaton ( 1977 ) Ingrid Bergman ( 1978 ) Sally Field ( 1979 ) 1980 - 1999 Sissy Spacek ( 1980 ) Marília Pêra ( 1981 ) Meryl Streep ( 1982 ) Debra Winger ( 1983 ) Vanessa Redgrave ( 1984 ) Vanessa Redgrave ( 1985 ) Chloe Webb ( 1986 ) Emily Lloyd ( 1987 ) Judy Davis ( 1988 ) Michelle Pfeiffer ( 1989 ) Anjelica Huston ( 1990 ) Alison Steadman ( 1991 ) Emma Thompson ( 1992 ) Holly Hunter ( 1993 ) Jennifer Jason Leigh ( 1994 ) Elisabeth Shue ( 1995 ) Emily Watson ( 1996 ) Julie Christie ( 1997 ) Ally Sheedy ( 1998 ) Reese Witherspoon ( 1999 ) 2000 - present Laura Linney ( 2000 ) Naomi Watts ( 2001 ) Diane Lane ( 2002 ) Charlize Theron ( 2003 ) Imelda Staunton / Hilary Swank ( 2004 ) Reese Witherspoon ( 2005 ) Helen Mirren ( 2006 ) Julie Christie ( 2007 ) Sally Hawkins ( 2008 ) Yolande Moreau ( 2009 ) Giovanna Mezzogiorno ( 2010 ) Kirsten Dunst ( 2011 ) Emmanuelle Riva ( 2012 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2013 ) Marion Cotillard ( 2014 ) Charlotte Rampling ( 2015 ) Isabelle Huppert ( 2016 ) National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actress 1967 -- 1979 Marjorie Rhodes ( 1967 ) Billie Whitelaw ( 1968 ) Siân Phillips / Delphine Seyrig ( 1969 ) Lois Smith ( 1970 ) Ellen Burstyn ( 1971 ) Jeannie Berlin ( 1972 ) Valentina Cortese ( 1973 ) Bibi Andersson ( 1974 ) Lily Tomlin ( 1975 ) Jodie Foster ( 1976 ) Ann Wedgeworth ( 1977 ) Meryl Streep ( 1978 ) Meryl Streep ( 1979 ) 1980 -- 1999 Mary Steenburgen ( 1980 ) Maureen Stapleton ( 1981 ) Jessica Lange ( 1982 ) Sandra Bernhard ( 1983 ) Melanie Griffith ( 1984 ) Anjelica Huston ( 1985 ) Dianne Wiest ( 1986 ) Kathy Baker ( 1987 ) Mercedes Ruehl ( 1988 ) Anjelica Huston ( 1989 ) Annette Bening ( 1990 ) Jane Horrocks ( 1991 ) Judy Davis ( 1992 ) Madeleine Stowe ( 1993 ) Dianne Wiest ( 1994 ) Joan Allen ( 1995 ) Barbara Hershey ( 1996 ) Julianne Moore ( 1997 ) Judi Dench ( 1998 ) Chloë Sevigny ( 1999 ) 2000 -- present Elaine May ( 2000 ) Helen Mirren ( 2001 ) Patricia Clarkson ( 2002 ) Patricia Clarkson ( 2003 ) Virginia Madsen ( 2004 ) Amy Adams ( 2005 ) Meryl Streep ( 2006 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2007 ) Hanna Schygulla ( 2008 ) Mo'Nique ( 2009 ) Olivia Williams ( 2010 ) Jessica Chastain ( 2011 ) Amy Adams ( 2012 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2013 ) Patricia Arquette ( 2014 ) Kristen Stewart ( 2015 ) Michelle Williams ( 2016 ) New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress 1935 -- 1940 Greta Garbo ( 1935 ) Luise Rainer ( 1936 ) Greta Garbo ( 1937 ) Margaret Sullavan ( 1938 ) Vivien Leigh ( 1939 ) Katharine Hepburn ( 1940 ) 1941 -- 1960 Joan Fontaine ( 1941 ) Agnes Moorehead ( 1942 ) Ida Lupino ( 1943 ) Tallulah Bankhead ( 1944 ) Ingrid Bergman ( 1945 ) Celia Johnson ( 1946 ) Deborah Kerr ( 1947 ) Olivia de Havilland ( 1948 ) Olivia de Havilland ( 1949 ) Bette Davis ( 1950 ) Vivien Leigh ( 1951 ) Shirley Booth ( 1952 ) Audrey Hepburn ( 1953 ) Grace Kelly ( 1954 ) Anna Magnani ( 1955 ) Ingrid Bergman ( 1956 ) Deborah Kerr ( 1957 ) Susan Hayward ( 1958 ) Audrey Hepburn ( 1959 ) Deborah Kerr ( 1960 ) 1961 -- 1980 Sophia Loren ( 1961 ) No Award ( 1962 ) Patricia Neal ( 1963 ) Kim Stanley ( 1964 ) Julie Christie ( 1965 ) Elizabeth Taylor / Lynn Redgrave ( 1966 ) Edith Evans ( 1967 ) Joanne Woodward ( 1968 ) Jane Fonda ( 1969 ) Glenda Jackson ( 1970 ) Jane Fonda ( 1971 ) Liv Ullmann ( 1972 ) Joanne Woodward ( 1973 ) Liv Ullmann ( 1974 ) Isabelle Adjani ( 1975 ) Liv Ullmann ( 1976 ) Diane Keaton ( 1977 ) Ingrid Bergman ( 1978 ) Sally Field ( 1979 ) Sissy Spacek ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 2000 Glenda Jackson ( 1981 ) Meryl Streep ( 1982 ) Shirley MacLaine ( 1983 ) Peggy Ashcroft ( 1984 ) Norma Aleandro ( 1985 ) Sissy Spacek ( 1986 ) Holly Hunter ( 1987 ) Meryl Streep ( 1988 ) Michelle Pfeiffer ( 1989 ) Joanne Woodward ( 1990 ) Jodie Foster ( 1991 ) Emma Thompson ( 1992 ) Holly Hunter ( 1993 ) Linda Fiorentino ( 1994 ) Jennifer Jason Leigh ( 1995 ) Emily Watson ( 1996 ) Julie Christie ( 1997 ) Cameron Diaz ( 1998 ) Hilary Swank ( 1999 ) Laura Linney ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Sissy Spacek ( 2001 ) Diane Lane ( 2002 ) Hope Davis ( 2003 ) Imelda Staunton ( 2004 ) Reese Witherspoon ( 2005 ) Helen Mirren ( 2006 ) Julie Christie ( 2007 ) Sally Hawkins ( 2008 ) Meryl Streep ( 2009 ) Annette Bening ( 2010 ) Meryl Streep ( 2011 ) Rachel Weisz ( 2012 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2013 ) Marion Cotillard ( 2014 ) Saoirse Ronan ( 2015 ) Isabelle Huppert ( 2016 ) San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Actress 1990s Frances McDormand ( 1996 ) Pam Grier / Bai Ling ( 1997 ) Susan Sarandon ( 1998 ) Annette Bening ( 1999 ) 2000s Laura Linney / Julia Roberts ( 2000 ) Thora Birch ( 2001 ) Julianne Moore ( 2002 ) Naomi Watts ( 2003 ) Imelda Staunton ( 2004 ) Joan Allen ( 2005 ) Helen Mirren ( 2006 ) Julie Christie ( 2007 ) Kate Winslet ( 2008 ) Michelle Monaghan ( 2009 ) 2010s Jennifer Lawrence ( 2010 ) Brit Marling ( 2011 ) Michelle Williams ( 2012 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2013 ) Marion Cotillard ( 2014 ) Brie Larson ( 2015 ) Sônia Braga ( 2016 ) Satellite Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy ( 1996 -- 2010 , retired ) Gwyneth Paltrow ( 1996 ) Helen Hunt ( 1997 ) Christina Ricci ( 1998 ) Janet McTeer ( 1999 ) Renée Zellweger ( 2000 ) Nicole Kidman ( 2001 ) Jennifer Westfeldt ( 2002 ) Diane Keaton ( 2003 ) Annette Bening ( 2004 ) Reese Witherspoon ( 2005 ) Meryl Streep ( 2006 ) Ellen Page ( 2007 ) Sally Hawkins ( 2008 ) Meryl Streep ( 2009 ) Anne Hathaway ( 2010 ) Motion Picture Drama ( 1996 -- 2010 , retired ) Frances McDormand ( 1996 ) Judi Dench ( 1997 ) Cate Blanchett ( 1998 ) Hilary Swank ( 1999 ) Ellen Burstyn ( 2000 ) Sissy Spacek ( 2001 ) Diane Lane ( 2002 ) Charlize Theron ( 2003 ) Hilary Swank ( 2004 ) Felicity Huffman ( 2005 ) Helen Mirren ( 2006 ) Marion Cotillard ( 2007 ) Angelina Jolie ( 2008 ) Shohreh Aghdashloo ( 2009 ) Noomi Rapace ( 2010 ) Motion Picture ( 2011 -- present ) Viola Davis ( 2011 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2012 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2013 ) Julianne Moore ( 2014 ) Saoirse Ronan ( 2015 ) Isabelle Huppert ‎ / Ruth Negga ( 2016 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture ( 2001 -- 2010 ) Gosford Park Eileen Atkins , Bob Balaban , Alan Bates , Charles Dance , Stephen Fry , Michael Gambon , Richard E. Grant , Tom Hollander , Derek Jacobi , Kelly Macdonald , Helen Mirren , Jeremy Northam , Clive Owen , Ryan Phillippe , Maggie Smith , Geraldine Somerville , Kristin Scott Thomas , Sophie Thompson , Emily Watson , James Wilby 2002 Chicago Christine Baranski , Ekaterina Shchelkanova , Taye Diggs , Denise Faye , Colm Feore , Richard Gere , Deidre Goodwin , Queen Latifah , Lucy Liu , Susan Misner , Mýa , John C. Reilly , Dominic West , Renée Zellweger , Catherine Zeta - Jones 2003 The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Sean Astin , Sean Bean , Cate Blanchett , Orlando Bloom , Billy Boyd , Bernard Hill , Ian Holm , Ian McKellen , Dominic Monaghan , Viggo Mortensen , John Noble , Miranda Otto , John Rhys - Davies , Andy Serkis , Liv Tyler , Karl Urban , Hugo Weaving , David Wenham , Elijah Wood Sideways Thomas Haden Church , Paul Giamatti , Virginia Madsen , Sandra Oh 2005 Crash Christopher `` Ludacris '' Bridges , Sandra Bullock , Don Cheadle , Matt Dillon , Jennifer Esposito , William Fichtner , Brendan Fraser , Terrence Howard , Thandie Newton , Ryan Phillippe , Larenz Tate 2006 Little Miss Sunshine Alan Arkin , Abigail Breslin , Steve Carell , Toni Collette , Paul Dano , Greg Kinnear 2007 No Country for Old Men Javier Bardem , Josh Brolin , Garret Dillahunt , Tess Harper , Woody Harrelson , Tommy Lee Jones , Kelly Macdonald 2008 Slumdog Millionaire Rubina Ali , Tanay Chheda , Ashutosh Lobo Gajiwala , Azharuddin Mohammed Ismail , Anil Kapoor , Irrfan Khan , Ayush Mahesh Khedekar , Tanvi Ganesh Lonkar , Madhur Mittal , Dev Patel , Freida Pinto 2009 Inglourious Basterds Daniel Brühl , August Diehl , Julie Dreyfus , Michael Fassbender , Sylvester Groth , Jacky Ido , Diane Kruger , Mélanie Laurent , Denis Ménochet , Mike Myers , Brad Pitt , Eli Roth , Til Schweiger , Rod Taylor , Christoph Waltz , Martin Wuttke The King 's Speech Anthony Andrews , Helena Bonham Carter , Jennifer Ehle , Colin Firth , Michael Gambon , Derek Jacobi , Guy Pearce , Geoffrey Rush , Timothy Spall Complete list ( 1995 -- 2000 ) ( 2001 -- 2010 ) ( 2011 -- 2020 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role Jodie Foster ( 1994 ) Susan Sarandon ( 1995 ) Frances McDormand ( 1996 ) Helen Hunt ( 1997 ) Gwyneth Paltrow ( 1998 ) Annette Bening ( 1999 ) Julia Roberts ( 2000 ) Halle Berry ( 2001 ) Renée Zellweger ( 2002 ) Charlize Theron ( 2003 ) Hilary Swank ( 2004 ) Reese Witherspoon ( 2005 ) Helen Mirren ( 2006 ) Julie Christie ( 2007 ) Meryl Streep ( 2008 ) Sandra Bullock ( 2009 ) Natalie Portman ( 2010 ) Viola Davis ( 2011 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2012 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2013 ) Julianne Moore ( 2014 ) Brie Larson ( 2015 ) Emma Stone ( 2016 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role Dianne Wiest ( 1994 ) Kate Winslet ( 1995 ) Lauren Bacall ( 1996 ) Kim Basinger / Gloria Stuart ( 1997 ) Kathy Bates ( 1998 ) Angelina Jolie ( 1999 ) Judi Dench ( 2000 ) Helen Mirren ( 2001 ) Catherine Zeta - Jones ( 2002 ) Renée Zellweger ( 2003 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2004 ) Rachel Weisz ( 2005 ) Jennifer Hudson ( 2006 ) Ruby Dee ( 2007 ) Kate Winslet ( 2008 ) Mo'Nique ( 2009 ) Melissa Leo ( 2010 ) Octavia Spencer ( 2011 ) Anne Hathaway ( 2012 ) Lupita Nyong'o ( 2013 ) Patricia Arquette ( 2014 ) Alicia Vikander ( 2015 ) Viola Davis ( 2016 ) Vancouver Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress Laura Linney ( 2000 ) Sissy Spacek ( 2001 ) Julianne Moore ( 2002 ) Charlize Theron ( 2003 ) Imelda Staunton ( 2004 ) Felicity Huffman ( 2005 ) Helen Mirren ( 2006 ) Marion Cotillard ( 2007 ) Kate Winslet ( 2008 ) Carey Mulligan ( 2009 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2010 ) Elizabeth Olsen ( 2011 ) Jessica Chastain ( 2012 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2013 ) Tilda Swinton ( 2014 ) Brie Larson ( 2015 ) Isabelle Huppert ( 2016 ) Vancouver Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actress Toni Collette ( 2002 ) Patricia Clarkson ( 2003 ) Virginia Madsen ( 2004 ) Amy Adams ( 2005 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2006 ) Tilda Swinton ( 2007 ) Rosemarie DeWitt ( 2008 ) Vera Farmiga ( 2009 ) Hailee Steinfeld ( 2010 ) Jessica Chastain ( 2011 ) Amy Adams ( 2012 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2013 ) Patricia Arquette ( 2014 ) Alicia Vikander ( 2015 ) Michelle Williams ( 2016 ) Volpi Cup for Best Actress 1934 -- 1968 Katharine Hepburn ( 1934 ) Paula Wessely ( 1935 ) Annabella ( 1936 ) Bette Davis ( 1937 ) Norma Shearer ( 1938 ) Luise Ullrich ( 1941 ) Kristina Söderbaum ( 1942 ) Anna Magnani ( 1947 ) Jean Simmons ( 1948 ) Olivia de Havilland ( 1949 ) Eleanor Parker ( 1950 ) Vivien Leigh ( 1951 ) Ingrid Bergman ( 1952 ) Lilli Palmer ( 1953 ) Maria Schell ( 1956 ) Dzidra Ritenberga ( 1957 ) Sophia Loren ( 1958 ) Madeleine Robinson ( 1959 ) Shirley MacLaine ( 1960 ) Suzanne Flon ( 1961 ) Emmanuelle Riva ( 1962 ) Delphine Seyrig ( 1963 ) Harriet Andersson ( 1964 ) Annie Girardot ( 1965 ) Natalya Arinbasarova ( 1966 ) Shirley Knight ( 1967 ) Laura Betti ( 1968 ) 1983 -- 2000 Darling Légitimus ( 1983 ) Pascale Ogier ( 1984 ) Valeria Golino ( 1986 ) Kang Soo - yeon ( 1987 ) Isabelle Huppert / Shirley MacLaine ( 1988 ) Peggy Ashcroft / Geraldine James ( 1989 ) Gloria Münchmeyer ( 1990 ) Tilda Swinton ( 1991 ) Gong Li ( 1992 ) Juliette Binoche / Anna Bonaiuto ( 1993 ) Maria de Medeiros / Vanessa Redgrave ( 1994 ) Sandrine Bonnaire / Isabelle Huppert / Isabella Ferrari ( 1995 ) Victoire Thivisol ( 1996 ) Robin Tunney ( 1997 ) Catherine Deneuve ( 1998 ) Nathalie Baye ( 1999 ) Rose Byrne ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Sandra Ceccarelli ( 2001 ) Julianne Moore ( 2002 ) Katja Riemann ( 2003 ) Imelda Staunton ( 2004 ) Giovanna Mezzogiorno ( 2005 ) Helen Mirren ( 2006 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2007 ) Dominique Blanc ( 2008 ) Kseniya Rappoport ( 2009 ) Ariane Labed ( 2010 ) Deanie Ip ( 2011 ) Hadas Yaron ( 2012 ) Elena Cotta ( 2013 ) Alba Rohrwacher ( 2014 ) Valeria Golino ( 2015 ) Emma Stone ( 2016 ) Charlotte Rampling ( 2017 ) VIAF : 39585451 LCCN : nr99019510 ISNI : 0000 0001 2129 1386 GND : 129968471 SUDOC : 059667346 BNF : cb141565431 ( data ) BNE : XX1487684 IATH : w6pv6px9 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cate_Blanchett&oldid=809068778 '' Categories : Living people 20th - 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7867859860751596159	Service number (United States Armed Forces)	Service number ( United States armed forces ) - wikipedia Service number ( United States armed forces ) For other countries version of a service number , see `` Service number '' Service numbers were used by the United States Armed Forces as the primary means of service member identification from 1918 until 1974 . Service numbers are public information available under the Freedom of Information Act , unlike social security numbers which are protected by the Privacy Act of 1974 . Contents 1 Usage 2 Format 3 Prefix and suffix codes 4 References Usage ( edit ) Each branch of the military service had its own version of service numbers . In order by year of creation , these were : United States Army service numbers ( 1918 ) United States Navy service numbers ( 1920 ) United States Marine Corps service numbers ( 1920 ) United States Coast Guard service numbers ( 1921 ) United States Air Force service numbers ( 1948 ) The following are the original service numbers which were first issued to United States military personnel : R - 1 : Arthur Crean -- First service number of the United States armed forces O - 1 : John J. Pershing -- First officer service number of the United States Army 100 00 01 : Clayton Aab -- First enlisted service number of the United States Navy 532 -- Samuel R. Colhoun -- Earliest recorded officer service number of the United States Navy 01 -- James Ackerman -- First officer service number of the United States Marine Corps 20001 -- Alexander Schott -- First enlisted service number of the United States Marine Corps 1000 -- Joseph F. Farley -- First officer service number of the United States Coast Guard 100000 -- Mason B. Herring -- First enlisted service number of the United States Coast Guard 4A : Hoyt Vandenberg -- Earliest recorded officer service number of the United States Air Force The original Air Force enlisted force was composed of personnel formerly of the United States Army Air Forces who continued to use their Army service numbers upon transfer to the Air Force in 1947 . Thus , there is no established `` first '' enlisted service number of the U.S. Air Force since thousands of airmen simultaneously transferred into the Air Force on 18 September 1947 . Service numbers were eventually phased out completely by the social security number ; the Army and Air Force converted to social security numbers on 1 July 1969 , the Navy and Marine Corps on 1 January 1972 , and the Coast Guard on 1 October 1974 . Since that time , social security numbers have become the de facto military service number for United States armed forces personnel . Beginning in 2002 , the military began a further effort to protect the use of social security numbers , even within the military itself . New regulations declared that on all but the most official of documents ( such as a DD Form 214 or evaluation reports ) social security numbers would only list the last four digits . Regulations also were enacted to redact the social security number of reporting seniors ( which were written in their entirety ) on the personal copies of evaluation reports given to service members . The reason for this was to prevent possible identity theft issues committed by service members who had received a bad evaluation or who were disgruntled with their commanding officer . Format ( edit ) The general design of United States service numbers was created first by the United States Army and later adapted by the other branches of the armed forces . Between each branch , service numbers are assigned differently while some branches make a conscious effort to separate officer and enlisted numbers while others do not . It is therefore common in the U.S. service number system for officers and enlisted personnel to perhaps hold the same service number and even more common for service members from different branches to be assigned the same number as well . The Army is the only branch of service to begin both officer and enlisted service numbers at No. 1 . Marine Corps officer numbers also begin at No. 1 but Marine Corps enlisted numbers start much later at # 20,001 . There is also no service No. 1 in the Navy , Coast Guard , or Air Force although the earliest recorded Air Force officer number was No. 4 . The entire range of United States service numbers extends from 1 to 99,999,999 with the United States Army and Air Force the only services to use numbers higher than ten million . A special range of numbers from one to seven thousand ( 1 -- 7000 ) was also used by the United States Air Force Academy for assignment only to cadets and was not considered part of the regular service number system . Another unique service number series was the National Guard which used service numbers solely in the range of twenty to twenty nine million ( 20,000,000 -- 29,999,999 ) . Service Number Army Enlisted Army Officer Navy Enlisted Navy Officer Air Force Enlisted Air Force Officer Marine Enlisted Marine Officer Coast Guard Enlisted Coast Guard Officer 1 -- 100 World War I enlisted personnel World War I officers Not issued Not issued Not issued Senior Air Force officers formerly of the Army Air Forces Not issued World War I officers Not issued Not issued 101 -- 500 USMC Officers ( 1920s ) 501 -- 1000 Navy Officers ( 1920 ) 1001 -- 2000 Navy Officers ( 1920s -- 1930s ) USMC Officers ( 1930 -- 1941 ) Regular USCG Officers ( 1921 -- 1974 ) 2001 -- 10,000 USMC Officers ( World War II ) 10,001 -- 20,000 Regular Army officers ( 1920s / 1930s ) B '' & `` D '' Series Numbers ( 1965 -- 1971 ) 20,001 -- 30,000 Regular USAF Officers ( 1948 -- 1969 ) Retroactive ( 1905 -- 1917 ) Reserve / Warrant USCG Officers ( 1921 - 1950s ) 30,001 -- 50,000 Regular Army officers ( 1940s / 1950s ) 50,001 -- 60,000 Not issued USMC Officers ( 1948 -- 1966 ) 60,001 -- 70,000 Regular Army officers ( 1950s / 1960s ) Retroactive ( 1905 -- 1919 ) Non-Regular USCG Officers ( 1950s / 1960s ) 70,001 -- 80,000 Non-Regular USCG Officers ( 1960s / 1970s ) 80,001 -- 90,000 `` Special Use '' service numbers 90,001 -- 99,999 Regular Army ( Late 1960s ) 100,000 -- 125,000 Not issued USMC Enlisted ( 1920 -- 1935 ) USMC Officers ( 1966 -- 1972 ) USCG Enlisted ( 1920s / 1930s ) Not issued 125,001 -- 140,000 Navy Officers ( World War II ) Not issued 140,001 -- 150,000 Officer Reserves ( 1920 's -- 1941 ) 150,001 -- 200,000 Retroactive Service Numbers 200,001 -- 255,000 USMC Enlisted ( 1936 -- 1941 ) USCG Enlisted ( World War II ) 255,001 -- 350,000 USCG Enlisted ( 1945 -- 1962 ) 350,001 -- 500,000 Navy Officers ( 1945 -- 1955 ) USMC Enlisted ( Early World War II ) USCG Enlisted ( 1962 -- 1974 ) 500,001 -- 600,000 Officer Reserves ( 1942 -- 1954 ) USCG Enlisted ( World War II ) 600,001 -- 671,000 Navy Officers ( 1955 -- 1963 ) 671,001 -- 700,000 Navy Officers ( 1964 -- 1969 ) Not issued 700,001 -- 800,000 USMC Female Enlisted 800,001 -- 1,000,000 Special Duty Officers ( 1921 -- 1969 ) Not issued USMC Enlisted ( Mid World War II ) 1,000,001 -- 1,700,000 Army Officers ( 1942 -- 1954 ) Enlisted Series 100 ( Retroactive ) USMC Enlisted ( 1943 -- 1953 ) Not issued 1,700,001 -- 1,800,000 USMC Female Enlisted 1,800,001 -- 2,000,000 Early Air Force Reserve USMC Enlisted ( 1953 -- 1965 ) 2,000,001 -- 2,800,000 Enlisted Series 200 ( 1920 -- 1971 ) Not issued USMC Enlisted ( 1966 -- 1972 ) USCG Enlisted ( 1948 -- 1974 ) 2,800,001 -- 2,999,999 Not issued 3,000,000 -- 3,999,999 Warrant officers ( 1957 -- 1969 ) Enlisted Series 300 ( 1920 -- 1971 ) Air Force officers ( 1948 -- 1969 ) World War II ( Special Duty ) 4,000,000 -- 4,999,999 Army officers ( 1954 -- 1957 ) Enlisted Series 400 ( 1920 -- 1971 ) Not issued Female enlisted ( 1942 -- 1945 ) 5,000,000 -- 5,999,999 Army officers ( 1957 -- 1969 ) Enlisted Series 500 ( 1920 -- 1971 ) Special Duty enlisted ( 1942 ) 6,000,000 -- 6,999,999 Army enlisted ( 1919 -- 1941 ) Not issued Enlisted Series 600 ( 1920 -- 1971 ) World War II ( Special Duty ) 7,000,000 -- 7,100,000 Enlisted Series 700 ( 1920 -- 1971 ) USCG Enlisted ( 1943 -- 1945 ) 7,100,001 -- 7,999,999 Not issued 8,000,000 -- 8,999,999 Female enlisted ( 1948 -- 1969 ) Enlisted Series 800 ( 1920 -- 1971 ) Female enlisted ( 1948 -- 1969 ) Not issued 9,000,000 -- 9,999,999 Not issued Enlisted Series 900 ( 1920 -- 1971 ) Not issued 10,000,000 -- 10,999,999 Regular Army ( Enlisted Extra-US ) Not issued Regular Air Force 11,000,000 -- 19,999,999 Regular Army 20,000,000 -- 29,999,999 Army National Guard Air National Guard 30,000,000 -- 30,999,999 World War II draftees ( Extra-US ) WWII crossover # s 31,000,000 -- 39,999,999 World War II draftees 40,000,000 -- 49,999,999 Special duty enlisted 50,000,000 -- 59,999,999 Army draft force ( P - WWII ) Air Force draft force ( 1948 -- 1966 ) 60,000,000 -- 69,999,999 Army draft force ( Late 1960s ) Air Force draft force ( 1966 -- 1969 ) 70,000,000 -- 89,999,999 Not issued Not issued 90,000,000 -- 99,999,999 Philippine Army Augments ( WWII ) Prefix and suffix codes ( edit ) Service number prefix and suffix codes were one and two letter designators written before or after a service number ; a service member could only have one code at any given time . The purpose of these codes was to provide additional information regarding a military service member with the very first prefix codes created by the Army in 1920 and greatly expanded over the next thirty years . The Navy created the first suffix code `` W '' , written after the service numbers of female enlisted personnel , but it was the Air Force that made the greatest use of suffix codes until 1965 when the Air Force switched to using prefixes . Some prefix and suffix codes were also re-introduced , with different meanings , by various branches of military . In the modern age , the only code that survives is the suffix code `` FR '' , written after the social security numbers of Regular Air Force personnel . Service Number Code Branch of Service Prefix / Suffix Meaning Army & Air Force Prefix & Suffix As a prefix , used by members of the Women Army Corps . As a suffix , used by Regular Air Force officers until 1965 . AA Air Force Prefix Used by personnel of the `` Women in the Air Force '' ( WAF ) AD Air Force Prefix Used by Air Force aviation cadets AF Air Force Prefix Used by male Air Force enlisted personnel AO Army & Air Force Prefix First used by the Army Air Corps to denote Regular Army officers who were qualified in aviation . Later used by the Army Air Forces ( and eventually the Air Force Reserve ) to denote reserve officers AR Air Force Prefix Used by Air Force dieticians AW Air Force Prefix Used by Air Force warrant officers Navy Prefix Used between 1965 and 1971 as part of the `` B - Series '' enlisted service numbers Navy Prefix Used between 1969 and 1971 as part of the `` D - Series '' enlisted service numbers Air Force Suffix Used by male Air Force warrant officers until 1965 ER Army Prefix Used by enlisted members of the Army Reserve Army Prefix Used by field clerks during the First World War FG Air Force Prefix Used by officers and warrant officers of the Air National Guard FR Army & Air Force Prefix & Suffix Used briefly as an Army prefix by some enlisted members of the Army Reserve . Later used as an Air Force prefix for all officers and warrant officers of the Regular Air Force . After 1969 , used as a suffix for Regular Air Force officers , written after the social security number . FT Air Force Prefix Used by Air Force officers and warrant officers who were without a component FV Air Force Prefix Used by Air Force Reserve officers and warrant officers Air Force Suffix Used by female Air Force warrant officers until 1965 Army & Air Force Prefix & Suffix As a prefix , used by female specialist officers with service numbers of 100,001 and higher . As a suffix , used by Air Force Academy cadets until 1965 KF Army Prefix Used female Regular Army officers Army Prefix Used by enlisted members of the Women 's Army Corps MJ Army Prefix Used by Occupational Therapist Officers MM Army Prefix Used by Physical Therapist Officers MN Army Prefix Used by male members of the Army Nurse Corps MR Army Prefix Used by Army enlisted dieticians Army Prefix Used by female nurse officers NG Army Prefix Used by National Guard personnel Army Prefix Originally used by Regular Army officers prior to World War II . In the 1960s , used by Army specialist officers . OF Army Prefix Used by male Regular Army officers Army Prefix Originally used by Regular Army World War I enlisted personnel . In the 1960s , used by Army officer dieticians RA Army Prefix Used by Regular Army enlisted personnel RM Army Prefix Used by Regular Army enlisted personnel holding temporary commissions as warrant officers RO Army Prefix Used by Regular Army enlisted personnel holding temporary reserve officer commissions RP Army Prefix Used by retired Regular Army enlisted personnel upon recall to active duty RV Army Prefix Used by female warrant officers granted reserve commissioned officer billets RW Army Prefix Used by male warrant officers granted reserve commissioned officer billets Army Prefix Used by flight officers appointed from an enlisted status UR Army Prefix Used by draft peronnel who are later appointed officers in the Regular Army US Army Prefix Used by enlisted draft personnel of the Army of the United States Army , Air Force , Navy , & Marine Corps Prefix & Suffix As a prefix , used by Regular Army Warrant Officers . Also used by female Regular Air Force officers and female Marine Corps enlisted personnel . As a suffix , used by Navy female enlisted personnel WA Army Prefix Used by enlisted members of the Women 's Army Corps WL Army Prefix Used by female Regular Army personnel granted officer commissions in the Army Reserve WM Army Prefix Used by female Regular Army personnel granted warrant officer commissions in the Army Reserve WR Army Prefix Used by female enlisted reservists of the Women 's Army Corps References ( edit ) Sources National Personnel Records Center , Instruction Memo 1865.20 E , `` Service Number Information '' , 14 April 1988 Military Personnel Records Center , `` Training Guide Concerning Military Service Numbers '' , 28 June 2009 Notes Jump up ^ `` Information releasable under the Freedom of Information Act '' . National Archives . Jump up ^ National Personnel Records Center , Military Operations Branch , `` Service number index and registry of retired , deceased , and discharged military personnel '' ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Department of the Air Force , TRF ORDER 1 ; 26 September 1947 Jump up ^ `` Service number information '' . National Archives . Jump up ^ `` Navy Fitrep and Eval Writing Guide '' . Department of the Navy . United States Armed Forces Book Portal MC AF CG MC AF CG Navbox MC AF CG Leadership Commander - in - chief : President of the United States Secretary of Defense Deputy Secretary of Defense Secretary of Homeland Security Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security Joint Chiefs of Staff : Chairman Vice Chairman United States Congress : Committees on Armed Services : Senate House Active duty four - star officers United States military seniority National Security Act of 1947 Goldwater -- Nichols Act Organization Service departments Department of Defense ( Secretary ) : Army ( Secretary ) Navy ( Secretary ) Air Force ( Secretary ) Department of Homeland Security ( Secretary ) : Coast Guard Branches Army ( Chief of Staff ) Marine Corps ( Commandant ) Navy ( Chief of Naval Operations ) Air Force ( Chief of Staff ) Coast Guard ( Commandant ) Reserve components Reserves : A MC N AF CG National Guard : A AF Civilian auxiliaries Military Auxiliary Radio System Merchant Marine Civil Air Patrol Coast Guard Auxiliary Unified Combatant Command Africa Central European Indo - Pacific Northern Southern Cyber Special Operations Strategic Transportation Structure United States Code Title 10 Title 14 Title 32 Title 50 The Pentagon Installations Units : A MC N AF CG Logistics Media Unit mottoes Operations and history Current deployments Conflicts Wars Timeline History : A MC N AF CG Colonial World War II Civil affairs Officers ' clubs African Americans Asian Americans Buddhist Americans Jewish Americans Muslim Americans Pakistani Americans Sikh Americans Historiography : Army Center of Military History MC History Division Naval History and Heritage Command Air Force Historical Research Agency American official war artists : Army Art Program AF Art Program Personnel Training MEPS ASVAB Recruit training : A MC N AF CG Officer candidate school : A MC N AF Warrant : A MC Service academies : A ( prep ) N ( prep ) AF ( prep ) CG Merchant Marine ROTC A : ECP MC / N AF Medical Other education Uniforms Uniforms : A MC N AF CG Awards & decorations : Inter-service A MC / N AF CG Foreign International Devices Badges : Identification A MC N AF CG Ranks Enlisted : A MC N AF CG Warrant officers Officer : A MC N AF CG Other Oath : Enlistment Office Creeds & Codes : Code of Conduct NCO A MC N AF CG Service numbers : A MC N AF CG Military Occupational Specialty / Rating / Air Force Specialty Code Pay Uniform Code of Military Justice Judge Advocate General 's Corps Military Health System / TRICARE Separation Veterans Affairs Conscription Chiefs of Chaplains : A MC N AF CG Equipment MC : vehicles weapons other AF CG Land Individual weapons Crew - served weapons Vehicles ( active ) Sea All watercraft Ships : A N ( active ) AF CG MSC Weapons : N CG Reactors Air Aircraft World War I active Aircraft designation Missiles Helicopter arms Other Nuclear football Electronics ( designations ) Flags : A MC N AF CG Ensign Jack Guidons Food WMDs : Nuclear Biological Chemical Legend A = Army MC = Marine Corps N = Navy AF = Air Force CG = Coast Guard Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Service_number_(United_States_Armed_Forces)&oldid=801544668 '' Categories : Military of the United States Military life Identifiers Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 09 : 38 ( UTC ) . 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-3286418188522317199	Tokyo Godfathers	Tokyo Godfathers - wikipedia Tokyo Godfathers Jump to : navigation , search Tokyo Godfathers Theatrical release poster Directed by Satoshi Kon Produced by Shinichi Kobayashi Masao Takiyama Taro Maki Screenplay by Keiko Nobumoto Satoshi Kon Story by Satoshi Kon Starring Tōru Emori Yoshiaki Umegaki Aya Okamoto Music by Keiichi Suzuki Moonriders Cinematography Katsutoshi Sugai Edited by Takeshi Seyama Kashiko Kimura Production company Madhouse Distributed by Sony Pictures Entertainment Japan Destination Films Release date August 30 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 30 ) ( Big Apple Anime Fest ) November 8 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 08 ) ( Japan ) Running time 92 minutes Country Japan Language Japanese Budget $2.4 million Box office $609,525 Tokyo Godfathers ( 東京ゴッドファーザーズ , Tōkyō Goddofāzāzu ) is a 2003 Japanese anime comedy - drama film directed by Satoshi Kon loosely based on Peter B. Kyne 's novel Three Godfathers . Tokyo Godfathers was the third animated film directed by Kon and the second which he both wrote and directed . Keiko Nobumoto , noted for being the creator of the Wolf 's Rain series and a head scriptwriter for Cowboy Bebop , co-wrote the script with Kon . Tokyo Godfathers received an Excellence Prize at the 2003 Japan Media Arts Festival . It also won Best Animation Film at the 58th Mainichi Film Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Themes 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) One Christmas Eve three people , a middle - aged alcoholic named Gin , a former drag queen Hana , and a dependent runaway girl Miyuki , discover an abandoned newborn while looking through the garbage . Deposited with the unnamed baby is a note asking the finder to take good care of her and a bag containing clues to the parents ' identity . The trio sets out to find the baby 's parents . The baby is named Kiyoko ( 清子 ) , literally meaning `` pure child '' as she is found on Christmas Eve . Outside a cemetery , the group encounters a high - ranking yakuza trapped under his car . The man happens to know the owner of the club Kiyoko 's mother used to work in ; his daughter is getting married to the club owner that day . At the wedding , the groom tells them that the baby 's mother is a former bar girl named Sachiko . He gives them Sachiko 's address , but the party is interrupted when a maid , revealed to be a Latin American hit man in disguise , attempts to shoot the bride 's father with a Tokarev TT - 33 . The hit man kidnaps Miyuki and the baby and takes them back to his home . There , Miyuki befriends the hit man 's wife and shows her some pictures of her family . Hana searches for Miyuki and Kiyoko while Gin takes care of an old homeless man who is dying in the street . After giving Gin a little red bag , the old man peacefully passes away . Some teenagers show up and beat Gin and the dead old man . Meanwhile , Hana finds the girls and they go off to find a place to stay . They go to Hana 's former club . Gin , who was rescued by another member of the club , is also there . The trio sets out to find Sachiko 's house . They 're informed of the unhappy relationship between Sachiko and her husband . The group rests at a store until they are told to leave by the clerk . Hana collapses , and Gin and Miyuki take their friend to the hospital . At the hospital , Gin finds his daughter , working as a nurse . Hana berates Gin in front of his daughter and storms out of the hospital . Miyuki follows with Kiyoko . Hana and Miyuki find Sachiko about to jump off a bridge . Sachiko insists that her husband got rid of the baby without her knowledge , and they return it to her . Meanwhile , Gin finds Sachiko 's husband , who reveals that Kiyoko is actually a baby that Sachiko stole from the hospital . They chase after Sachiko and the baby . After an intense car chase , Miyuki follows Sachiko to the top of a building . Sachiko reveals she became pregnant in hopes it would bring her closer to her husband . When the baby was stillborn , she decided to kidnap Kiyoko from the hospital , thinking , in her grief , the baby was hers . Sachiko tries to jump off the building , but her husband comes out of his apartment ( just across the street ) and begs her to start over with him . Sachiko jumps off nevertheless and Miyuki catches her but Sachiko accidentally drops the baby off of the building . Hana jumps after Kiyoko , catches the baby and lands safely due to a miraculous gust of wind . Hana , Miyuki , and Gin are taken to the hospital . Miyuki hands Gin his cigarettes and drops the old man 's small red bag on the floor , revealing a winning lottery ticket . Kiyoko 's real parents want to ask the trio to become her godparents . When a police inspector introduces them to the trio , the inspector is revealed to be Miyuki 's father . Cast ( edit ) Tōru Emori ( Japanese ) and Darren Pleavin ( English ) as Gin , a gambling addict and former bicycle shop owner who claims to have been a bicycle racer . He ran away from his family when his debts became too great . His daughter , a nurse , shares the name of the newfound baby Kiyoko . Yoshiaki Umegaki ( Japanese ) and Russel Wait ( English ) as Hana , a former drag queen who became homeless following the death of a boyfriend . Hana was also a foundling , and is the most sympathetic to Kiyoko 's plight and gives the baby her name . Aya Okamoto ( Japanese ) and Candice Moore ( English ) as Miyuki , a runaway high school student who fled home following a violent argument with her father . Satomi Kōrogi as Kiyoko , a newborn baby who was abandoned in a garbage dump . Because she was found on Christmas , she is named `` Kiyoko '' based on the Japanese translation of Silent Night . Shōzō Iizuka as Ōta , a yakuza boss who the main characters save from being crushed by his car . In gratitude , he invites them to his daughter 's wedding reception . Seizō Katō as Mother , the proprietor of the gay bar Hana was formerly employed in . Hiroya Ishimaru as Yasuo , Sachiko 's husband and the one who left Kiyoko at the garbage dump . Ryūji Saikachi as an old homeless man who is discovered by Gin . He entrusts Gin with the disposal of a small red bag before passing away . Yūsaku Yara as Miyuki 's father , a policeman in charge of searching for the missing baby Kiyoko , who was separated from her family . Kyōko Terase as Sachiko , a woman who claims to be Kiyoko 's mother . Mamiko Noto as Gin 's daughter , a nurse who is also named Kiyoko . Akio Ōtsuka as a doctor engaged to Gin 's daughter Kiyoko . Rikiya Koyama as Ōta 's son - in - law , who was collecting debt from Gin . Inuko Inuyama as Kurumizawa , a resident of Sachiko 's former neighborhood . Kanako Yahara as Yamanōchi Rie Shibata as Nekobaba Kōichi Yamadera as a taxi driver Additional voices by Hidenari Umezu , Mitsuru Ogata , Eriko Kawasaki , Chiyako Shibahara , Akiko Takeguchi , Kazuaki Itō , Nobuyuki Furuta , Atsuko Yuya , Toshitaka Shimizu , Bin Horikawa , Yūto Kazama , Masao Harada , Tsuguo Mogami , Yoshinori Sonobe , and Akiko Kawase Themes ( edit ) The film puts an emphasis on the theme of `` coincidences '' . Movie critic George Peluranee notes that `` Tokyo Godfathers is a film that shows the small yet significant ties that each of us have with supposed strangers , and tells well the story of miracles , family , love , and forgiveness . '' Susan Napier points out that Tokyo Godfathers is part of a trend in anime and manga as depicting families in an increasingly dark fashion , showcasing the problems with traditional families , and attempts by people to construct a `` pseudo-family '' out of an increasingly fragmented and isolating modern Japanese society . It is put forth that despite the seemingly criticisms of traditional families throughout the film , it ends with a more conservative feeling as everyone returns to their traditional / original families . Despite its seemingly traditional ending , the film offers a more radical version of family . Throughout the story these three homeless vagabonds unknowingly form a `` pseudo-family '' to protect themselves from the outside world and to overcome their personal demons . See also ( edit ) Homelessness in Japan Japanese films of 2003 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Interview Satoshi Kon '' ( in French ) . Catsuka . October 18 , 2006 . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tokyo Godfathers ( 2004 ) - Financial Information '' . The Numbers . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Leon ( 2010 ) . Tauris World Cinema : East Asian Cinemas : Exploring Transnational Connections on Film . I.B Tauris . p. 122 . ISBN 9781845116149 . ^ Jump up to : Napier , Susan ( 2008 ) . `` From Spiritual Fathers to Godfathers '' . In Akiko Hashimoto ; John W. Traphagan . Imagined Families , Lived Families . New York : SUNY Press . pp. 33 -- 49 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 7578 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Tokyo Godfathers ( anime ) at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia Tokyo Godfathers on IMDb Tokyo Godfathers at AllMovie `` 東京ゴッドファーザーズ ( Tōkyō Goddofāzāzu ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Japanese Movie Database . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 21 . 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-5755924968066430822	Laaga Chunari Mein Daag	Laaga Chunari Mein Daag - wikipedia Laaga Chunari Mein Daag Jump to : navigation , search Laaga Chunari Mein Daag Theatrical release poster Directed by Pradeep Sarkar Produced by Aditya Chopra Screenplay by Rekha Nigam Story by Aditya Chopra Starring Rani Mukerji Jaya Bachchan Konkona Sen Sharma Abhishek Bachchan Kunal Kapoor Narrated by Rani Mukerji Music by Shantanu Moitra Cinematography Sushil Rajpal Edited by Kaushik Das Distributed by Yash Raj Films Release date 12 October 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 12 ) Running time 137 mins Country India Language Hindi Budget ₹ 150 million ( US $2.3 million ) ( approx . ) Box office ₹ 250 million ( US $3.8 million ) ( Total Worldwide Collection until close date at 4 weeks ) Laaga Chunari Mein Daag -- Journey Of A Woman ( English : My Veil is Stained ) is a 2007 Indian drama film directed by Pradeep Sarkar and starring Rani Mukerji , Jaya Bachchan , Konkona Sen Sharma , Kunal Kapoor and Anupam Kher with special appearances by Abhishek Bachchan and Hema Malini . Produced by Aditya Chopra it premiered on 12 October 2007 . The film was the first directed by Sarkar under the Yash Raj Films banner . The movie is loosely inspired by the 1995 Marathi movie Doghi and 1981 movie Ahista Ahista which itself was a remake of 1969 Kannada movie Gejje Pooje . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Other cast 3 Production 4 Crew 5 Music 6 Reception 7 Box office 8 Awards 8.1 Filmfare Awards 8.2 Stardust Awards 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Vibhavari , affectionately called Badki ( Rani Mukerji ) , and Shubhavari , affectionately called Chutki ( Konkona Sen Sharma ) are the daughters of Shivshankar Sahay ( Anupam Kher ) and Savitri ( Jaya Bachchan ) . They live together on the banks of the Ganges in Banaras . Life is full of happiness and joy for the two , though the family is relatively poor . Badki especially is protective of her family and is determined to ensure Chutki completes her education . As things go from bad to worse when her father becomes ill , Badki goes to Mumbai to find work . She is unable to find a job as she has not completed 12th standard . Her so - called boss tells her that if she sleeps with him he will give her the job . The next day he declines what he had promised but pays her the money . After encountering many obstacles and feeling desperate and out of options , she is forced to become the exclusive call girl `` Natasha '' . Misleading her family -- telling them she is an event planner -- and sending them money for her father 's medicines . Badki learns to speak English and learns how to dress up in a modern way . She hides her secret to keep the family home from being foreclosed on . Chutki completes her MBA securing 1st rank and , unannounced , comes to live with Badki in Mumbai . The younger sister becomes a trainee at the Matrix Advertising agency , and falls in love with her boss , creative director Vivaan ( Kunal Kapoor ) . Badki finds love in attorney Rohan ( Abhishek Bachchan ) but leaves him , afraid that he would be disgusted by her profession . Chutki inadvertently discovers what Badki does for a living and is disgusted by this turn of events . The two sisters return to Banaras for Chutki 's wedding . Badki comes face to face with Rohan , and he is revealed to be Vivaan 's brother . Old feelings resurface between the two and eventually Rohan asks Badki to marry him . Badki refuses , feeling that Rohan would never accept her after knowing her profession . Chutki convinces Badki to think about her happiness for once and accept his proposal . During the conversation Shivshankar , Savitri and Chutki finally face the lies and secrets realising what Badki sacrificed for the family . Badki reveals her profession to Rohan , who shocks her by announcing that he knew , from the moment he saw her with her client in Zurich , that she was a call girl . Despite that he still wants to marry her and respects her . Badki readily accepts , finally gaining the happiness she has sought and gets married . Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Rani Mukerji as Vibhavari Sahay ( Badki ) Varma : Badki ( which means `` big sister '' ) is also known as Natasha . The elder daughter , Badki is fiercely protective of her family . When her education is stopped to compensate for expenses she does not fret ; she instead carries on and helps her mother . Her father has always disliked the fact that she was not born a son , which hurts her . She goes to Mumbai to help her family and does not hesitate in making sacrifices for them . Jaya Bachchan as Savitri Sahay : Savitri is the one who holds the Sahay family together . As her husband 's bitterness grows and affects his health , she leans on Badki for support . She is the only one in the family who knows what Badki has done to keep them all steady . Konkona Sen Sharma as Shubhavari Sahay ( Chutki ) Varma : Chutki ( `` little sister '' ) has everything she could ever want . Her mother and sister love her to the core and do everything to protect her . She is intelligent and sharp - minded but unaware of the sacrifices Badki is making for the family . Anupam Kher as Shivshankar Sahay : A former economics teacher , Shivshanker is unable to cope with an unfair dismissal at the college and his bitterness grows and grows . As the family sinks into poverty , he does nothing to help . He buys lottery tickets thinking he will win and , more importantly , bring back his days of glory . He resents the fact that Badki was not born a son and vents out his frustrations on his loved ones . His disappointment in Badki continues when she goes to Mumbai , thinking she will achieve nothing . Kunal Kapoor as Vivaan Varma : Having lived all his life in the big city , Vivaan has no idea how the rest of India lives or functions . When he meets Chutki , he dismisses her citing that she is a small village girl with no prospect of a job in his advertising agency . He changes his mind when he comes face - to - face with her independent attitude and is blown away . Abhishek Bachchan as Rohan Varma : Rohan is a top attorney . His look may be that of someone who is serious , but inside he has a childlike innocence . He meets Badki and falls in love with her but she runs away from him . Rohan is set on finding out why Badki is the way she is . Kamini Kaushal Hema Malini as Dulari Bai ( Dancer ) Other cast ( edit ) Tarana Raja as Sophia Ninad Kamat as Karan Harsh Chhaya as K. Gupta Murli Sharma as Sunil Tinnu Anand as Rajshankar ' Rajjo ' Sahay Sushant Singh as Ratan Sahay Suchitra Pillai as Michele Production ( edit ) Saif Ali Khan was originally approached for the role of Rohan that went to Abhishek Bachchan , and Vidya Balan had earlier been offered the role that went to Konkona Sen Sharma . Laaga Chunari Mein Daag was Jaya Bachchan 's first film since Nikhil Advani 's Kal Ho Naa Ho in 2003 . The production of the film gathered some controversy when a lighting crew - member drowned in the Ganges River . During a shooting session in Varanasi , bodyguards of Rani Mukerji aggressively moved media people and fans away from the filmset . A political and media storm followed , as various groups insisted that Mukerji should have stopped the security guards . The actress then apologised to the media , though claiming the media were trying to get too close to both her and Konkona Sen Sharma . Some scenes involving Mukerji and Bachchan were shot in Bern , Switzerland and Lucerne , Switzerland . Crew ( edit ) Director : Pradeep Sarkar Producer : Pradeep Sarkar and Aditya Chopra Writer : Pradeep Sarkar Dialogue : Rekha Nigam Music Director : Shantanu Moitra Lyrics : Swanand Kirkire Editing : Kaushik Das Cinematographer : Sushil Rajpal Choreography : Howard Rosemeyer Costumes : Sabyasachi Mukherjee , Subarna Ray Chaudhuri , Shiraz Siddique Sound design : Rishi Oberoi Music ( edit ) Laaga Chunari Mein Daag -- Journey Of A Woman Studio album by Shantanu Moitra Released 10 September 2007 ( India ) Genre Feature film soundtrack Label Yash Raj Music Producer Aditya Chopra Shantanu Moitra chronology Eklavya : The Royal Guard ( 2007 ) Eklavya : The Royal Guard 2007 Laaga Chunari Mein Daag ( 2007 ) Khoya Khoya Chand ( 2007 ) Khoya Khoya Chand 2007 The film 's soundtrack was released on 10 September 2007 . Songs such as Hum To Aise Hain and Kachchi Kaliyaan featured playback singers such as Sunidhi Chauhan , Shreya Ghoshal and KK . The soundtrack received a 3 out of 5 rating on indiaFm.com . # Song Singer ( s ) Length Picturised on Hum To Aise Hain Sunidhi Chauhan , Shreya Ghoshal , Swanand Kirkire & Pranab Biswas 05 : 07 Rani Mukerji , Konkona Sen Sharma , Jaya Bachchan & Anupam Kher Zara Gungunalein Chalo Babul Supriyo & Mahalakshmi Iyer 04 : 46 Abhishek Bachchan and Rani Mukerji Chunari Mein Daag Shubha Mudgal & Meeta Vashisht 04 : 21 Rani Mukerji Ik Teekhi Teekhi Si Ladki KK & Shreya Ghoshal 04 : 45 Kunal Kapoor & Konkona Sen Sharma 5 Ehi Thaiyaa Motiya Rekha Bhardwaj 04 : 40 Hema Malini 6 Kachchi Kaliyaan Sonu Nigam , KK , Sunidhi Chauhan & Shreya Ghoshal 04 : 35 Abhishek Bachchan , Rani Mukerji , Kunal Kapoor , Anupam Kher , Jaya Bachchan & Konkona Sen Sharma Reception ( edit ) The film premiered on 12 October 2007 in Mumbai and was released on the same day in North America . The film opened well as it was highly anticipated . However , due to negative reviews as well as the competition it faced from the more successful Bhool Bhulaiya it became a box office dud in India . It was however more successful overseas . In an interview with the filmmaker Pradeep Sarkar , said : `` It was tight budget film made with Rs 150 million and already on the first week it has made Rs 250 million gross worldwide . In what way we are saying that it is not doing well ? '' asked Sarkar . `` Admitting that the film did take a slow start in the domestic market , he 's hopeful it will grow on audiences in the weeks ahead , much in the same way that his debut film Parineeta did . '' In India , the film critically received a generally negative response , with reviewers criticising the repetitious and obsolete story line . Raja Sen of Rediff.com said the movie `` takes us back to a kind of cinema we thought we were done with . Indian cinema threw off the dupatta just a little while ago ; let 's not shackle it back down '' . Taran Adarsh from indiaFM said it `` stands on a shaky script and has all chances of slipping '' . Martin D'Souza of Glamsham.com noted , `` this is a big letdown '' from the director of the well - received Parineeta . The Hindustan Times wrote that , `` This one comes out smelling of mothballs , like a wedding dress stored for decades in an attic trunk . Not surprising , since the plot is vintage 1977 from Aaina , and the 1995 award winning Marathi film Doghi '' ( made by Sumitra Bhave with Uttara Baokar , Sadashiv Amrapurkar , Sonali Kulkarni and Renuka Daftardar ) . Anupama Chopra found the film `` a cauldron of wonderful cinematic talent , undone by half - baked writing '' . Critical response in the United States to the film was more mixed . Frank Lovece of Film Journal International said that the film put `` glossy Bollywood confection '' in a historical context , calling it a `` good old - fashioned , Douglas Sirk - style women 's weepie ... so universal you could substitute Joan Crawford for Rani Mukerji and New York City for Mumbai '' . Maitland McDonagh of TV Guide found the film `` breaks no new ground but is solidly entertaining '' while David Chute of L.A. Weekly said , `` The movie works so hard to transform its shocking subject into acceptable material for middlebrow melodrama that it never deals with it '' . Rachel Saltz of the New York Times termed the film , `` A fascinating blend of musical , melodrama and feminist fairy tale '' . Box office ( edit ) According to Box Office Mojo , the Domestic gross in the Opening Weekend was 19.7 million ( approx . ) or US $320,987 ; being release in 60 theatres , the close Date was 4 November 2007 and It was in release for 28 days ( 4 Weeks ) . Total lifetime grosses was 41.6 million ( approx . ) or US $675,102 ( 7.2 % of the total Worldwide Collection ) , at the Foreign market the collection was 533.1 million ( approx . ) or US $8,679,460 ( 92.8 % of the total Worldwide Collection ) . Total Worldwide collection 574.7 million or US $9,354,562 reported until 4 November 2007 . Awards ( edit ) Filmfare Awards ( edit ) Nominations Filmfare Best Actress Award - Rani Mukerji Filmfare Best Supporting Actress Award - Konkona Sen Sharma Stardust Awards ( edit ) Nominated Stardust Star of the Year Award - Female - Rani Mukerji References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : http://ibnlive.in.com/news/big-b-loved-laaga-chunari-mein-daag-defends-director/50821-8.html Jump up ^ http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=lagachunarimeindaag.htm Jump up ^ http://pro.boxoffice.com/statistics/movies/laaga-chunari-mein-daag-journey-of-a-woman-2007 Jump up ^ `` indiafm.com '' . Kamini Kaushal on LCMD . Retrieved 11 October 2007 . ^ Jump up to : TVGuide.com : Laaga Chunari Mein Daag : Journey Of A Woman `` Cast + Details '' Jump up ^ `` Pradeep Sarkar 's plans his next with Saif and Vidya '' . IndiaFM . Retrieved 20 November 2006 . External link in work = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Lightman of Yash Raj Films ' Chudiyan ' drowns in Varanasi '' . IndiaFM . Retrieved 20 November 2006 . External link in work = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Rani Mukerji in Controversy '' . IndiaFM . Archived from the original on 11 October 2007 . Retrieved 20 November 2006 . External link in work = ( help ) Jump up ^ Sen , Raja . Laaga Chunari Se Bhaag . Rediff.com . Accessed 13 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Adarsh , Taran . Laaga Chunari Mein Daag . indiaFM . Accessed 13 October 2007 . Jump up ^ D'Souza , Martin . Movie Review : Laga Chunari Mein Daag . Glamsham.com . Accessed 13 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Hindustan Times , `` Old Wine , Older Bottle '' Accessed 13 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Chopra , Anupama. ( 1 ) . NDTV . Accessed 13 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Film Journal International ( Oct. 12 , 2007 ) : Review by Frank Lovece Jump up ^ TVGuide.com ( Oct. 12 , 2007 ) : Review by Maitland McDonagh , Jump up ^ L.A. Weekly ( Oct. 17 , 2007 ) : `` Movie Reviews : 30 Days of Night , Canvas , Futbaal '' ( and more ) ; review by David Chute Jump up ^ Movie Review New York Times , 13 October 2007 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=main&id=lagachunarimeindaag.htm External links ( edit ) Official website Laaga Chunari Mein Daag on IMDb ( hide ) Yash Raj Films About Head Office Y - Films Yash Chopra Daag : A Poem of Love ( 1973 ) Kabhie Kabhie ( 1976 ) Kaala Patthar ( 1979 ) Silsila ( 1981 ) Mashaal ( 1984 ) Faasle ( 1985 ) Vijay ( 1988 ) Chandni ( 1989 ) Lamhe ( 1991 ) Darr ( 1993 ) Dil To Pagal Hai ( 1997 ) Veer - Zaara ( 2004 ) Jab Tak Hai Jaan ( 2012 ) Aditya Chopra Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge ( 1995 ) Mohabbatein ( 2000 ) Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi ( 2008 ) Befikre ( 2016 ) Kunal Kohli Mujhse Dosti Karoge ( 2002 ) Hum Tum ( 2004 ) Fanaa ( 2006 ) Thoda Pyaar Thoda Magic ( 2008 ) Shaad Ali Saathiya ( 2002 ) Bunty Aur Babli ( 2005 ) Jhoom Barabar Jhoom ( 2007 ) Kill Dil ( 2014 ) Siddharth Anand Salaam Namaste ( 2005 ) Ta Ra Rum Pum ( 2007 ) Bachna Ae Haseeno ( 2008 ) Sanjay Gadhvi Mere Yaar Ki Shaadi Hai ( 2002 ) Dhoom ( 2004 ) Dhoom 2 ( 2006 ) Shimit Amin Chak De ! India ( 2007 ) Rocket Singh : Salesman of the Year ( 2009 ) Jugal Hansraj Roadside Romeo ( 2008 ) Pyaar Impossible ! ( 2010 ) Kabir Khan Kabul Express ( 2006 ) New York ( 2009 ) Ek Tha Tiger ( 2012 ) Pradeep Sarkar Laaga Chunari Mein Daag ( 2007 ) Lafangey Parindey ( 2010 ) Mardaani ( 2014 ) Maneesh Sharma Band Baaja Baaraat ( 2010 ) Ladies vs Ricky Bahl ( 2011 ) Shuddh Desi Romance ( 2013 ) Fan ( 2016 ) Vijay Krishna Acharya Tashan ( 2008 ) Dhoom 3 ( 2013 ) Thugs of Hindostan ( 2018 ) Ramesh Talwar Doosra Aadmi ( 1977 ) Sawaal ( 1982 ) Ali Abbas Zafar Mere Brother Ki Dulhan ( 2011 ) Gunday ( 2014 ) Sultan ( 2016 ) Tiger Zinda Hai ( 2017 ) Habib Faisal Ishaqzaade ( 2012 ) Daawat - e-Ishq ( 2014 ) Qaidi Band ( 2017 ) Dibakar Banerjee Detective Byomkesh Bakshy ! ( 2015 ) Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar ( 2018 ) Sharat Katariya Dum Laga Ke Haisha ( 2015 ) Sui Dhaaga ( 2018 ) Other Noorie ( 1979 ) Nakhuda ( 1981 ) Aaina ( 1993 ) Yeh Dillagi ( 1994 ) Neal ' n ' Nikki ( 2005 ) Aaja Nachle ( 2007 ) Dil Bole Hadippa ! ( 2009 ) Badmaash Company ( 2010 ) Aurangzeb ( 2013 ) Aaha Kalyanam ( 2014 ) Bewakoofiyaan ( 2014 ) Titli ( 2014 ) Meri Pyaari Bindu ( 2017 ) Hichki ( 2018 ) List of films released by Yash Raj Films Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laaga_Chunari_Mein_Daag&oldid=815483601 '' Categories : 2007 films Hindi - language films 2000s Hindi - language films Indian films Films set in Uttar Pradesh Films about prostitution in India Films shot in Uttar Pradesh Films about women in India Yash Raj Films films Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 errors : external links EngvarB from April 2015 Use dmy dates from April 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français हिन्दी Italiano मराठी नेपाल भाषा Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 02 : 58 . 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-5132683552586571737	Chelsea F.C.	Chelsea F.C. - Wikipedia Chelsea F.C. Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the men 's football club . For the women 's football club , see Chelsea L.F.C. For other uses , see Chelsea ( disambiguation ) . Chelsea Full name Chelsea Football Club Nickname ( s ) The Blues , The Pensioners Short name CFC Founded 10 March 1905 ; 112 years ago ( 1905 - 03 - 10 ) Ground Stamford Bridge Ground Capacity 41,631 Ground Coordinates 51 ° 28 ′ 54 '' N 0 ° 11 ′ 28 '' W / 51.48167 ° N 0.19111 ° W / 51.48167 ; - 0.19111 Coordinates : 51 ° 28 ′ 54 '' N 0 ° 11 ′ 28 '' W / 51.48167 ° N 0.19111 ° W / 51.48167 ; - 0.19111 Owner Roman Abramovich Chairman Bruce Buck Manager Antonio Conte League Premier League 2016 -- 17 Premier League , 1st of 20 ( champions ) Website Club website Home colours Away colours Third colours Current season Chelsea Football Club ( / ˈtʃɛlsiː / ) is a professional football club based in Fulham , London , UK that competes in the English Premier League , of which they are reigning champions . Founded in 1905 , the club 's home ground since then has been Stamford Bridge . Chelsea had their first major success in 1955 , when they won the English league championship . They then won various cup competitions between 1965 and 1971 . The club 's greatest period of success has come during the last two decades , winning 21 trophies since 1997 . Chelsea have won six national league titles , seven FA Cups , five League Cups and four FA Community Shields , one UEFA Champions League , two UEFA Cup Winners ' Cups , one UEFA Europa League and one UEFA Super Cup . Chelsea are the only London club to win the UEFA Champions League , and one of five clubs and the first British club , to have won all three of UEFA 's major club competitions . Chelsea 's regular kit colours are royal blue shirts and shorts with white socks . The club 's crest has been changed several times in attempts to re-brand the club and modernise its image . The current crest , featuring a ceremonial lion rampant regardant holding a staff , is a modification of the one introduced in the early 1950s . The club have the sixth - highest average all - time attendance in English football . Their average home gate for the 2016 -- 17 season was 41,507 , the sixth highest in the Premier League . Since 2003 , Chelsea have been owned by Russian billionaire Roman Abramovich . In 2016 , they were ranked by Forbes magazine as the seventh most valuable football club in the world , at £ 1.15 billion ( $1.66 billion ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Stadium 3 Crest and colours 3.1 Crest 3.2 Colours 4 Support 4.1 Rivalries 5 Records 6 Ownership and finances 6.1 Sponsorship 7 Popular culture 8 Chelsea Ladies 9 Players 9.1 Current squad 9.2 Other players under contract 9.3 Out on loan 9.4 Reserves and Academy 10 Player of the Year 11 Notable managers 12 Management team 13 Club personnel 14 Honours 14.1 Domestic 14.1. 1 Leagues 14.1. 2 Cups 14.1. 3 Minor Cups 14.2 European 14.3 Doubles 15 Notes 16 Footnotes 17 References 18 External links History Main article : History of Chelsea F.C. The first Chelsea team in September 1905 In 1904 , Gus Mears acquired the Stamford Bridge athletics stadium with the aim of turning it into a football ground . An offer to lease it to nearby Fulham was turned down , so Mears opted to found his own club to use the stadium . As there was already a team named Fulham in the borough , the name of the adjacent borough of Chelsea was chosen for the new club ; names like Kensington FC , Stamford Bridge FC and London FC were also considered . Chelsea were founded on 10 March 1905 at The Rising Sun pub ( now The Butcher 's Hook ) , opposite the present - day main entrance to the ground on Fulham Road , and were elected to the Football League shortly afterwards . The club won promotion to the First Division in their second season , and yo - yoed between the First and Second Divisions in their early years . They reached the 1915 FA Cup Final , where they lost to Sheffield United at Old Trafford , and finished third in the First Division in 1920 , the club 's best league campaign to that point . Chelsea attracted large crowds and had a reputation for signing big - name players , but success continued to elude the club in the inter-war years . Former Arsenal and England centre - forward Ted Drake became manager in 1952 and proceeded to modernise the club . He removed the club 's Chelsea pensioner crest , improved the youth set - up and training regime , rebuilt the side with shrewd signings from the lower divisions and amateur leagues , and led Chelsea to their first major trophy success -- the League championship -- in 1954 -- 55 . The following season saw UEFA create the European Champions ' Cup , but after objections from The Football League and the FA Chelsea were persuaded to withdraw from the competition before it started . Chelsea failed to build on this success , and spent the remainder of the 1950s in mid-table . Drake was dismissed in 1961 and replaced by player - coach Tommy Docherty . Chart showing the progress of Chelsea 's league finishes from 1906 to the present Docherty built a new team around the group of talented young players emerging from the club 's youth set - up and Chelsea challenged for honours throughout the 1960s , enduring several near - misses . They were on course for a treble of League , FA Cup and League Cup going into the final stages of the 1964 -- 65 season , winning the League Cup but faltering late on in the other two . In three seasons the side were beaten in three major semi-finals and were FA Cup runners - up . Under Docherty 's successor , Dave Sexton , Chelsea won the FA Cup in 1970 , beating Leeds United 2 -- 1 in a final replay . Chelsea took their first European honour , a UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup triumph , the following year , with another replayed win , this time over Real Madrid in Athens . The late 1970s through to the ' 80s was a turbulent period for Chelsea . An ambitious redevelopment of Stamford Bridge threatened the financial stability of the club , star players were sold and the team were relegated . Further problems were caused by a notorious hooligan element among the support , which was to plague the club throughout the decade . In 1982 , Chelsea were , at the nadir of their fortunes , acquired by Ken Bates for the nominal sum of £ 1 , although by now the Stamford Bridge freehold had been sold to property developers , meaning the club faced losing their home . On the pitch , the team had fared little better , coming close to relegation to the Third Division for the first time , but in 1983 manager John Neal put together an impressive new team for minimal outlay . Chelsea won the Second Division title in 1983 -- 84 and established themselves in the top division , before being relegated again in 1988 . The club bounced back immediately by winning the Second Division championship in 1988 -- 89 . Chelsea players celebrate their first UEFA Champions League title against Bayern Munich . After a long - running legal battle , Bates reunited the stadium freehold with the club in 1992 by doing a deal with the banks of the property developers , who had been bankrupted by a market crash . Chelsea 's form in the new Premier League was unconvincing , although they did reach the 1994 FA Cup Final with Glenn Hoddle . It was not until the appointment of Ruud Gullit as player - manager in 1996 that their fortunes changed . He added several top international players to the side , as the club won the FA Cup in 1997 and established themselves as one of England 's top sides again . Gullit was replaced by Gianluca Vialli , who led the team to victory in the League Cup Final , the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup Final and the UEFA Super Cup in 1998 , the FA Cup in 2000 and their first appearance in the UEFA Champions League . Vialli was sacked in favour of Claudio Ranieri , who guided Chelsea to the 2002 FA Cup Final and Champions League qualification in 2002 -- 03 . In June 2003 , Bates sold Chelsea to Russian billionaire Roman Abramovich for £ 140 million . Over £ 100 million was spent on new players , but Ranieri was unable to deliver any trophies , and was replaced by José Mourinho . Under Mourinho , Chelsea became the fifth English team to win back - to - back league championships since the Second World War ( 2004 -- 05 and 2005 -- 06 ) , in addition to winning an FA Cup ( 2007 ) and two League Cups ( 2005 and 2007 ) . Mourinho was replaced by Avram Grant , who led the club to their first UEFA Champions League final , which they lost on penalties to Manchester United . In 2009 , Guus Hiddink guided Chelsea to another FA Cup success . In 2009 -- 10 , his successor Carlo Ancelotti led them to their first Premier League and FA Cup `` Double '' , and becoming the first English top - flight club to score 100 league goals in a season since 1963 . In 2012 , caretaker manager Roberto Di Matteo led Chelsea to their seventh FA Cup , and their first UEFA Champions League title , beating Bayern Munich 4 -- 3 on penalties , the first London club to win the trophy . In 2013 , interim manager Rafael Benítez guided Chelsea to win the UEFA Europa League against Benfica , becoming the first club to hold two major European titles simultaneously and one of four clubs , and the only British club , to have won all three of UEFA 's major club competitions . In the summer of 2013 , Mourinho returned as manager , leading Chelsea to League Cup success in March 2015 , and their fifth league title two months later . Two years later , under new coach Antonio Conte , Chelsea won its sixth English title . Stadium Main article : Stamford Bridge ( stadium ) Stamford Bridge , West Stand Chelsea have only had one home ground , Stamford Bridge , where they have played since the team 's foundation . It was officially opened on 28 April 1877 and for the first 28 years of its existence it was used almost exclusively by the London Athletic Club as an arena for athletics meetings and not at all for football . In 1904 the ground was acquired by businessman Gus Mears and his brother Joseph , who had also purchased nearby land ( formerly a large market garden ) with the aim of staging football matches on the now 12.5 acre ( 51,000 m2 ) site . Stamford Bridge was designed for the Mears family by the noted football architect Archibald Leitch , who had also designed Ibrox , Craven Cottage and Hampden Park . Most football clubs were founded first , and then sought grounds in which to play , but Chelsea were founded for Stamford Bridge . Starting with an open bowl - like design and one covered terrace , Stamford Bridge had an original capacity of around 100,000 . The early 1930s saw the construction of a terrace on the southern part of the ground with a roof that covered around one fifth of the stand . It eventually became known as the `` Shed End '' , the home of Chelsea 's most loyal and vocal supporters , particularly during the 1960s , 70s and 80s . The exact origins of the name are unclear , but the fact that the roof looked like a corrugated iron shed roof played a part . In the early 1970s , the club 's owners announced a modernisation of Stamford Bridge with plans for a state - of - the - art 50,000 all - seater stadium . Work began on the East Stand in 1972 but the project was beset with problems and was never completed ; the cost brought the club close to bankruptcy , culminating in the freehold being sold to property developers . Following a long legal battle , it was not until the mid-1990s that Chelsea 's future at the stadium was secured and renovation work resumed . The north , west and southern parts of the ground were converted into all - seater stands and moved closer to the pitch , a process completed by 2001 . When Stamford Bridge was redeveloped in the Bates era many additional features were added to the complex including two hotels , apartments , bars , restaurants , the Chelsea Megastore , and an interactive visitor attraction called Chelsea World of Sport . The intention was that these facilities would provide extra revenue to support the football side of the business , but they were less successful than hoped and before the Abramovich takeover in 2003 the debt taken on to finance them was a major burden on the club . Soon after the takeover a decision was taken to drop the `` Chelsea Village '' brand and refocus on Chelsea as a football club . However , the stadium is sometimes still referred to as part of `` Chelsea Village '' or `` The Village '' . Chelsea vs. West Bromwich Albion at Stamford Bridge on 23 September 1905 ; Chelsea won 1 -- 0 . The Stamford Bridge freehold , the pitch , the turnstiles and Chelsea 's naming rights are now owned by Chelsea Pitch Owners , a non-profit organisation in which fans are the shareholders . The CPO was created to ensure the stadium could never again be sold to developers . As a condition for using the Chelsea FC name , the club has to play its first team matches at Stamford Bridge , which means that if the club moves to a new stadium , they may have to change their name . Chelsea 's training ground is located in Cobham , Surrey . Chelsea moved to Cobham in 2004 . Their previous training ground in Harlington was taken over by QPR in 2005 . The new training facilities in Cobham were completed in 2007 . Stamford Bridge has been used for a variety of other sporting events since 1905 . It hosted the FA Cup Final from 1920 to 1922 , has held ten FA Cup Semi-finals ( most recently in 1978 ) , ten FA Charity Shield matches ( the last in 1970 ) , and three England international matches , the last in 1932 ; it was also the venue for an unofficial Victory International in 1946 . The 2013 UEFA Women 's Champions League Final was played at Stamford Bridge . View from the West Stand of Stamford Bridge during a Champions League game , 2008 In October 1905 it hosted a rugby union match between the All Blacks and Middlesex , and in 1914 hosted a baseball match between the touring New York Giants and the Chicago White Sox . It was the venue for a boxing match between world flyweight champion Jimmy Wilde and Joe Conn in 1918 . The running track was used for dirt track racing between 1928 and 1932 , greyhound racing from 1933 to 1968 , and Midget car racing in 1948 . In 1980 , Stamford Bridge hosted the first international floodlit cricket match in the UK , between Essex and the West Indies . It was also the home stadium of the London Monarchs American Football team for the 1997 season . The current club ownership have stated that a larger stadium is necessary in order for Chelsea to stay competitive with rival clubs who have significantly larger stadia , such as Arsenal and Manchester United . Owing to its location next to a main road and two railway lines , fans can only enter the ground via the Fulham Road exits , which places constraints on expansion due to health and safety regulations . The club have consistently affirmed their desire to keep Chelsea at their current home , but have nonetheless been linked with a move to various nearby sites , including the Earls Court Exhibition Centre , Battersea Power Station and the Chelsea Barracks . In October 2011 , a proposal from the club to buy back the freehold to the land on which Stamford Bridge sits was voted down by Chelsea Pitch Owners shareholders . In May 2012 , the club made a formal bid to purchase Battersea Power Station , with a view to developing the site into a new stadium , but lost out to a Malaysian consortium . The club subsequently announced plans to redevelop Stamford Bridge into a 60,000 - seater stadium . On 11 January 2017 it was announced that the stadium was given the go ahead from Hammersmith and Fulham council for the new 60,000 stadium to be built . Crest and colours Crest Chelsea have had four main crests , which all underwent minor variations . The first , adopted when the club was founded , was the image of a Chelsea pensioner , the army veterans who reside at the nearby Royal Hospital Chelsea . This contributed to the club 's original `` pensioner '' nickname , and remained for the next half - century , though it never appeared on the shirts . When Ted Drake became Chelsea manager in 1952 , he began to modernise the club . Believing the Chelsea pensioner crest to be old - fashioned , he insisted that it be replaced . A stop - gap badge which comprised the initials C.F.C. was adopted for a year . In 1953 , the club crest was changed to an upright blue lion looking backwards and holding a staff . It was based on elements in the coat of arms of the Metropolitan Borough of Chelsea with the `` lion rampant regardant '' taken from the arms of then club president Viscount Chelsea and the staff from the Abbots of Westminster , former Lords of the Manor of Chelsea . It also featured three red roses , to represent England , and two footballs . This was the first Chelsea crest to appear on the shirts , in the early 1960s . In 1986 , with Ken Bates now owner of the club , Chelsea 's crest was changed again as part of another attempt to modernise and because the old rampant lion badge could not be trademarked . The new badge featured a more naturalistic non-heraldic lion , in white and not blue , standing over the C.F.C. initials . This lasted for the next 19 years , with some modifications such as the use of different colours , including red from 1987 to 1995 , and yellow from 1995 until 1999 , before the white returned . With the new ownership of Roman Abramovich , and the club 's centenary approaching , combined with demands from fans for the popular 1950s badge to be restored , it was decided that the crest should be changed again in 2005 . The new crest was officially adopted for the start of the 2005 -- 06 season and marked a return to the older design , used from 1953 to 1986 , featuring a blue heraldic lion holding a staff . For the centenary season this was accompanied by the words ' 100 YEARS ' and ' CENTENARY 2005 -- 2006 ' on the top and bottom of the crest respectively . Colours Chelsea 's first home colours , used from 1905 until c. 1912 . Chelsea have always worn blue shirts , although they originally used the paler eton blue , which was taken from the racing colours of then club president , Earl Cadogan , and was worn with white shorts and dark blue or black socks . The light blue shirts were replaced by a royal blue version in around 1912 . In the 1960s Chelsea manager Tommy Docherty changed the kit again , switching to blue shorts ( which have remained ever since ) and white socks , believing it made the club 's colours more modern and distinctive , since no other major side used that combination ; this kit was first worn during the 1964 -- 65 season . Since then Chelsea have always worn white socks with their home kit apart from a short spell from 1985 to 1992 , when blue socks were reintroduced . Chelsea 's away colours are usually all yellow or all white with blue trim . More recently , the club have had a number of black or dark blue away kits . As with most teams , they have also had some more unusual ones . At Docherty 's behest , in the 1966 FA Cup semi-final they wore blue and black stripes , based on Inter Milan 's kit . In the mid-1970s , the away strip was a red , white and green kit inspired by the Hungarian national side of the 1950s . Other memorable away kits include an all jade strip worn from 1986 -- 89 , red and white diamonds from 1990 -- 92 , graphite and tangerine from 1994 -- 96 , and luminous yellow from 2007 -- 08 . The graphite and tangerine strip often appears in lists of the worst football kits ever . Support Chelsea fans at a match against Tottenham Hotspur , on 11 March 2006 Chelsea are among the most widely supported football clubs in the world . They have the sixth highest average all - time attendance in English football and regularly attract over 40,000 fans to Stamford Bridge ; they were the seventh best - supported Premier League team in the 2013 -- 14 season , with an average gate of 41,572 . Chelsea 's traditional fanbase comes from all over the Greater London area including working - class parts such as Hammersmith and Battersea , wealthier areas like Chelsea and Kensington , and from the home counties . There are also numerous official supporters clubs in the United Kingdom and all over the world . Between 2007 and 2012 , Chelsea were ranked fourth worldwide in annual replica kit sales , with an average of 910,000 . Chelsea 's official Twitter account has 9.8 million followers as of September 2017 . At matches , Chelsea fans sing chants such as `` Carefree '' ( to the tune of `` Lord of the Dance '' , whose lyrics were probably written by supporter Mick Greenaway ) , `` Ten Men Went to Mow '' , `` We All Follow the Chelsea '' ( to the tune of `` Land of Hope and Glory '' ) , `` Zigga Zagga '' , and the celebratory `` Celery '' , with the latter often resulting in fans ritually throwing celery . The vegetable was banned inside Stamford Bridge after an incident involving Arsenal midfielder Cesc Fàbregas at the 2007 League Cup Final . Mural at a Chelsea pub in Tashkent During the 1970s and 1980s in particular , Chelsea supporters were associated with football hooliganism . The club 's `` football firm '' , originally known as the Chelsea Shed Boys , and subsequently as the Chelsea Headhunters , were nationally notorious for football violence , alongside hooligan firms from other clubs such as West Ham United 's Inter City Firm and Millwall 's Bushwackers , before , during and after matches . The increase of hooligan incidents in the 1980s led chairman Ken Bates to propose erecting an electric fence to deter them from invading the pitch , a proposal that the Greater London Council rejected . Since the 1990s , there has been a marked decline in crowd trouble at matches , as a result of stricter policing , CCTV in grounds and the advent of all - seater stadia . In 2007 , the club launched the ' Back to the Shed ' campaign to improve the atmosphere at home matches , with notable success . According to Home Office statistics , 126 Chelsea fans were arrested for football - related offences during the 2009 -- 10 season , the third highest in the division , and 27 banning orders were issued , the fifth - highest in the division . Rivalries Main articles : West London derby , Arsenal F.C. -- Chelsea F.C. rivalry , Chelsea F.C. -- Tottenham Hotspur F.C. rivalry , and Chelsea F.C. -- Leeds United F.C. rivalry Chelsea have long - standing rivalries with North London clubs Arsenal and Tottenham Hotspur . A strong rivalry with Leeds United dates back to several heated and controversial matches in the 1960s and 1970s , particularly the 1970 FA Cup Final . More recently a rivalry with Liverpool has grown following repeated clashes in cup competitions . Chelsea 's fellow West London sides Brentford , Fulham and Queens Park Rangers are generally not considered major rivals , as matches have only taken place intermittently due to the clubs often being in separate divisions . A 2004 survey by Planetfootball.com found that Chelsea fans consider their main rivalries to be with ( in order ) : Arsenal , Tottenham Hotspur and Manchester United . In the same survey , fans of six clubs ( Arsenal , Fulham , Leeds United , QPR , Tottenham and West Ham United ) named Chelsea as one of their three main rivals . In a 2008 poll conducted by the Football Fans Census , Chelsea fans named Liverpool , Arsenal and Manchester United as their most disliked clubs . However , a 2012 survey has shown that Chelsea fans consider Tottenham to be their main rival , above Arsenal and Manchester United . Records For more details on this topic , see List of Chelsea F.C. records and statistics . Frank Lampard is Chelsea 's all - time highest goalscorer . Chelsea 's highest appearance - maker is ex-captain Ron Harris , who played in 795 competitive games for the club between 1961 and 1980 . The record for a Chelsea goalkeeper is held by Harris 's contemporary , Peter Bonetti , who made 729 appearances ( 1959 -- 79 ) . With 103 caps ( 101 while at the club ) , Frank Lampard of England is Chelsea 's most capped international player . Frank Lampard is Chelsea 's all - time top goalscorer , with 211 goals in 648 games ( 2001 -- 2014 ) ; he passed Bobby Tambling 's longstanding record of 202 in May 2013 . Seven other players have also scored over 100 goals for Chelsea : George Hilsdon ( 1906 -- 12 ) , George Mills ( 1929 -- 39 ) , Roy Bentley ( 1948 -- 56 ) , Jimmy Greaves ( 1957 -- 61 ) , Peter Osgood ( 1964 -- 74 and 1978 -- 79 ) , Kerry Dixon ( 1983 -- 92 ) and Didier Drogba ( 2004 -- 12 and 2014 -- 2015 ) . Greaves holds the record for the most goals scored in one season ( 43 in 1960 -- 61 ) . Chelsea 's biggest winning scoreline in a competitive match is 13 -- 0 , achieved against Jeunesse Hautcharage in the Cup Winners ' Cup in 1971 . The club 's biggest top - flight win was an 8 -- 0 victory against Wigan Athletic in 2010 , which was matched in 2012 against Aston Villa . Chelsea 's biggest loss was an 8 -- 1 reverse against Wolverhampton Wanderers in 1953 . Officially , Chelsea 's highest home attendance is 82,905 for a First Division match against Arsenal on 12 October 1935 . However , an estimated crowd of over 100,000 attended a friendly match against Soviet team Dynamo Moscow on 13 November 1945 . The modernisation of Stamford Bridge during the 1990s and the introduction of all - seater stands mean that neither record will be broken for the foreseeable future . The current legal capacity of Stamford Bridge is 41,663 . Every starting player in Chelsea 's 57 games of the 2013 -- 14 season was a full international -- a new club record . Chelsea signed Fernando Torres for £ 50 million , then the record for a purchase by a British club . Chelsea hold the English record for the highest ever points total for a league season ( 95 ) , the fewest goals conceded during a league season ( 15 ) , the highest number of clean sheets overall in a Premier League season ( 25 ) ( all set during the 2004 -- 05 season ) , the most consecutive clean sheets from the start of a league season ( 6 , set during the 2005 -- 06 season ) , and the highest number of Premier League victories in a season ( 30 ) , set during the 2016 -- 17 season . The club 's 21 -- 0 aggregate victory over Jeunesse Hautcharage in the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup in 1971 remains a record in European competition . Chelsea hold the record for the longest streak of unbeaten matches at home in the English top flight , which lasted 86 matches from 20 March 2004 to 26 October 2008 . They secured the record on 12 August 2007 , beating the previous record of 63 matches unbeaten set by Liverpool between 1978 and 1980 . Chelsea 's streak of eleven consecutive away league wins , set between 5 April 2008 and 6 December 2008 , is also a record for the English top flight . Their £ 50 million purchase of Fernando Torres from Liverpool in January 2011 was the record transfer fee paid by a British club until Ángel Di María signed for Manchester United in August 2014 for £ 59.7 million . Chelsea , along with Arsenal , were the first club to play with shirt numbers , on 25 August 1928 in their match against Swansea Town . They were the first English side to travel by aeroplane to a domestic away match , when they visited Newcastle United on 19 April 1957 , and the first First Division side to play a match on a Sunday , when they faced Stoke City on 27 January 1974 . On 26 December 1999 , Chelsea became the first British side to field an entirely foreign starting line - up ( no British or Irish players ) in a Premier League match against Southampton . In May 2007 , Chelsea were the first team to win the FA Cup at the new Wembley Stadium , having also been the last to win it at the old Wembley . They were the first English club to be ranked No. 1 under UEFA 's five - year coefficient system in the 21st century . They were the first team in Premier League history to score at least 100 goals in a single season , reaching the milestone on the final day of the 2009 -- 10 season . Chelsea are the only London club to win the UEFA Champions League , after beating Bayern Munich in the 2012 final . Upon winning the 2012 -- 13 UEFA Europa League , Chelsea became the first English club to win all four European trophies and the only club to hold the Champions League and the Europa League at the same time . Ownership and finances Chelsea owner Roman Abramovich Chelsea Football Club were founded by Gus Mears in 1905 . After his death in 1912 , his descendents continued to own the club until 1982 , when Ken Bates bought the club from Mears ' great - nephew Brian Mears for £ 1 . Bates bought a controlling stake in the club and floated Chelsea on the AIM stock exchange in March 1996 . In July 2003 , Roman Abramovich purchased just over 50 % of Chelsea Village plc 's share capital , including Bates ' 29.5 % stake , for £ 30 million and over the following weeks bought out most of the remaining 12,000 shareholders at 35 pence per share , completing a £ 140 million takeover . Other shareholders at the time of the takeover included the Matthew Harding estate ( 21 % ) , BSkyB ( 9.9 % ) and various anonymous offshore trusts . After passing the 90 % share threshold , Abramovich took the club back into private hands , delisting it from the AIM on 22 August 2003 . He also took on responsibility for the club 's debt of £ 80 million , quickly paying most of it . Thereafter , Abramovich changed the ownership name to Chelsea FC plc , whose ultimate parent company is Fordstam Limited , which is controlled by him . Chelsea are additionally funded by Abramovich via interest free soft loans channelled through his holding company Fordstam Limited . The loans stood at £ 709 million in December 2009 , when they were all converted to equity by Abramovich , leaving the club themselves debt free , although the debt remains with Fordstam . Since 2008 the club have had no external debt . Chelsea did not turn a profit in the first nine years of Abramovich 's ownership , and made record losses of £ 140m in June 2005 . In November 2012 , Chelsea announced a profit of £ 1.4 million for the year ending 30 June 2012 , the first time the club had made a profit under Abramovich 's ownership . This was followed by a loss in 2013 and then their highest ever profit of £ 18.4 million for the year to June 2014 . Chelsea have been described as a global brand ; a 2012 report by Brand Finance ranked Chelsea fifth among football brands and valued the club 's brand value at US $398 million -- an increase of 27 % from the previous year , also valuing them at US $10 million more than the sixth best brand , London rivals Arsenal -- and gave the brand a strength rating of AA ( very strong ) . In 2016 , Forbes magazine ranked Chelsea the seventh most valuable football club in the world , at £ 1.15 billion ( $1.66 billion ) . As of 2016 , Chelsea are ranked eighth in the Deloitte Football Money League with an annual commercial revenue of £ 322.59 million . Sponsorship The Sauber F1 Team , an official partner of the club , displaying the Chelsea crest Chelsea 's kit has been manufactured by Nike since July 2017 . Previously , the kit was manufactured by Adidas , which was originally contracted to supply the club 's kit from 2006 to 2018 . The partnership was extended in October 2010 in a deal worth £ 160 million over eight years . This deal was again extended in June 2013 in a deal worth £ 300 million over another ten years . In May 2016 , Adidas announced that by mutual agreement , the kit sponsorship would end six years early on 30 June 2017 . Chelsea had to pay £ 40m in compensation to Adidas . In October 2016 , Nike was announced as the new kit sponsor , in a deal worth £ 900m over 15 years , until 2032 . Previously , the kit was manufactured by Umbro ( 1975 -- 81 ) , Le Coq Sportif ( 1981 -- 86 ) , The Chelsea Collection ( 1986 -- 87 ) , Umbro ( 1987 -- 2006 ) , and Adidas ( 2006 -- 2017 ) . Chelsea 's first shirt sponsor was Gulf Air , agreed during the 1983 -- 84 season . The club were then sponsored by Grange Farms , Bai Lin Tea and Simod before a long - term deal was signed with Commodore International in 1989 ; Amiga , an offshoot of Commodore , also appeared on the shirts . Chelsea were subsequently sponsored by Coors beer ( 1994 -- 97 ) , Autoglass ( 1997 -- 2001 ) , Emirates ( 2001 -- 05 ) , Samsung Mobile ( 2005 -- 08 ) and Samsung ( 2008 -- 15 ) . Chelsea 's current shirt sponsor is the Yokohama Rubber Company . Worth £ 40 million per year , the deal is second in English football to Chevrolet 's £ 50 million - per - year sponsorship of Manchester United . The club has a variety of other sponsors , which include Carabao , Delta Air Lines , Beats by Dre , Singha , EA Sports , Rexona , Hublot , Ericsson , William Hill , Levy Restaurants , Wipro , Grand Royal Whisky , Bangkok Bank , Guangzhou R&F , Mobinil , IndusInd Bank , and Ole777 . Popular culture Chelsea parade through the streets of Fulham and Chelsea after winning their league and cup double , May 2010 In 1930 , Chelsea featured in one of the earliest football films , The Great Game . One - time Chelsea centre forward , Jack Cock , who by then was playing for Millwall , was the star of the film and several scenes were shot at Stamford Bridge , including the pitch , the boardroom , and the dressing rooms . It included guest appearances by then - Chelsea players Andrew Wilson , George Mills , and Sam Millington . Owing to the notoriety of the Chelsea Headhunters , a football firm associated with the club , Chelsea have also featured in films about football hooliganism , including 2004 's The Football Factory . Chelsea also appear in the Hindi film Jhoom Barabar Jhoom . In April 2011 , Montenegrin comedy series Nijesmo mi od juče made an episode in which Chelsea play against FK Sutjeska Nikšić for qualification of the UEFA Champions League . Up until the 1950s , the club had a long - running association with the music halls ; their underachievement often provided material for comedians such as George Robey . It culminated in comedian Norman Long 's release of a comic song in 1933 , ironically titled `` On the Day That Chelsea Went and Won the Cup '' , the lyrics of which describe a series of bizarre and improbable occurrences on the hypothetical day when Chelsea finally won a trophy . In Alfred Hitchcock 's 1935 film The 39 Steps , Mr Memory claims that Chelsea last won the Cup in 63 BC , `` in the presence of the Emperor Nero . '' Scenes in a 1980 episode of Minder were filmed during a real match at Stamford Bridge between Chelsea and Preston North End with Terry McCann ( played by Dennis Waterman ) standing on the terraces . The song `` Blue is the Colour '' was released as a single in the build - up to the 1972 League Cup Final , with all members of Chelsea 's first team squad singing ; it reached number five in the UK Singles Chart . The song has since been adopted as an anthem by a number of other sports teams around the world , including the Vancouver Whitecaps ( as `` White is the Colour '' ) and the Saskatchewan Roughriders ( as `` Green is the Colour '' ) . In the build - up to the 1997 FA Cup Final , the song `` Blue Day '' , performed by Suggs and members of the Chelsea squad , reached number 22 in the UK charts . Bryan Adams , a fan of Chelsea , dedicated the song `` We 're Gonna Win '' from the album 18 Til I Die to the club . Chelsea Ladies For more details on this topic , see Chelsea L.F.C. . Chelsea also operate a women 's football team , Chelsea Ladies . They have been affiliated to the men 's team since 2004 and are part of the club 's Community Development programme . They play their home games at Wheatsheaf Park , the home ground of Conference South club Staines Town . The club were promoted to the Premier Division for the first time in 2005 as Southern Division champions and won the Surrey County Cup nine times between 2003 and 2013 . In 2010 Chelsea Ladies were one of the eight founder members of the FA Women 's Super League . In 2015 , Chelsea Ladies won the FA Women 's Cup for the first time , beating Notts County Ladies at Wembley Stadium , and a month later clinched their first FA WSL title to complete a league and cup double . John Terry , former captain of the Chelsea men 's team , is the President of Chelsea Ladies . Players Current squad As of 20 September 2017 Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality . No . Position Player GK Willy Caballero DF Antonio Rüdiger DF Marcos Alonso MF Cesc Fàbregas 6 MF Danny Drinkwater 7 MF N'Golo Kanté 9 FW Álvaro Morata 10 MF Eden Hazard 11 MF Pedro 13 GK Thibaut Courtois 14 MF Tiémoué Bakayoko 15 MF Victor Moses 16 MF Kenedy 17 MF Charly Musonda No . Position Player 21 DF Davide Zappacosta 22 MF Willian 23 FW Michy Batshuayi 24 DF Gary Cahill ( captain ) 27 DF Andreas Christensen 28 DF César Azpilicueta ( vice-captain ) 30 DF David Luiz 35 DF Jake Clarke - Salter 36 MF Kyle Scott 37 GK Eduardo 44 MF Ethan Ampadu 66 DF Dujon Sterling -- DF Baba Rahman For recent transfers , see 2017 -- 18 Chelsea F.C. season . Other players under contract Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality . No . Position Player 41 GK Mitchell Beeney -- GK Matej Delač No . Position Player -- DF Wallace -- FW Islam Feruz Out on Loan Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality . No . Position Player -- GK Jamal Blackman ( on loan to Sheffield United until 30 June 2018 ) -- GK Nathan Baxter ( on loan to Woking until 30 June 2018 ) -- GK Bradley Collins ( on loan to Forest Green Rovers until 30 June 2018 ) -- GK Jared Thompson ( on loan to Chippenham Town until 30 June 2018 ) -- DF Ola Aina ( on loan to Hull City until 30 June 2018 ) -- DF Fankaty Dabo ( on loan to Vitesse until 30 June 2018 ) -- DF Jay Dasilva ( on loan to Charlton Athletic until 30 June 2018 ) -- DF Michael Hector ( on loan to Hull City until 30 June 2018 ) -- DF Tomáš Kalas ( on loan to Fulham until 30 June 2018 ) -- DF Todd Kane ( on loan to Groningen until 30 June 2018 ) -- DF Matt Miazga ( on loan to Vitesse until 30 June 2018 ) -- DF Kenneth Omeruo ( on loan to Kasımpaşa until 30 June 2018 ) -- DF Fikayo Tomori ( on loan to Hull City until 30 June 2018 ) -- DF Kurt Zouma ( on loan to Stoke City until 30 June 2018 ) -- MF Victorien Angban ( on loan to Waasland - Beveren until 30 June 2018 ) -- MF Lewis Baker ( on loan to Middlesbrough until 30 June 2018 ) -- MF Jérémie Boga ( on loan to Birmingham City until 30 June 2018 ) No . Position Player -- MF Charlie Colkett ( on loan to Vitesse until 30 June 2018 ) -- MF Jordan Houghton ( on loan to Doncaster Rovers until 3 January 2018 ) -- MF Ruben Loftus - Cheek ( on loan to Crystal Palace until 30 June 2018 ) -- MF Mason Mount ( on loan to Vitesse until 30 June 2018 ) -- MF Nathan ( on loan to Amiens until 30 June 2018 ) -- MF Kasey Palmer ( on loan to Huddersfield Town until 30 June 2018 ) -- MF Danilo Pantić ( on loan to Partizan until 30 June 2018 ) -- MF Mario Pašalić ( on loan to Spartak Moscow until 30 June 2018 ) -- MF Lucas Piazon ( on loan to Fulham until 30 June 2018 ) -- MF Josimar Quintero ( on loan to Rostov until 30 June 2018 ) -- MF Marco van Ginkel ( on loan to PSV until 30 June 2018 ) -- MF Charlie Wakefield ( on loan to Stevenage until 30 June 2018 ) -- FW Tammy Abraham ( on loan to Swansea until 30 June 2018 ) -- FW Izzy Brown ( on loan to Brighton & Hove Albion until 30 June 2018 ) -- FW Joao Rodríguez ( on loan to Tampico Madero until 30 June 2018 ) -- FW Ike Ugbo ( on loan to Barnsley until 30 June 2018 ) Reserves and Academy For further information : Chelsea F.C. Under - 23s and Academy Player of the Year Year Winner 1967 Peter Bonetti 1968 Charlie Cooke 1969 David Webb 1970 John Hollins 1971 John Hollins 1972 David Webb 1973 Peter Osgood Gary Locke Charlie Cooke 1976 Ray Wilkins 1977 Ray Wilkins Year Winner 1978 Micky Droy 1979 Tommy Langley 1980 Clive Walker 1981 Petar Borota 1982 Mike Fillery Joey Jones 1984 Pat Nevin 1985 David Speedie 1986 Eddie Niedzwiecki Pat Nevin 1988 Tony Dorigo Year Winner 1989 Graham Roberts 1990 Ken Monkou 1991 Andy Townsend 1992 Paul Elliott 1993 Frank Sinclair 1994 Steve Clarke 1995 Erland Johnsen Ruud Gullit 1997 Mark Hughes 1998 Dennis Wise 1999 Gianfranco Zola Year Winner 2000 Dennis Wise 2001 John Terry 2002 Carlo Cudicini 2003 Gianfranco Zola Frank Lampard 2005 Frank Lampard 2006 John Terry 2007 Michael Essien 2008 Joe Cole 2009 Frank Lampard Didier Drogba Year Winner 2011 Petr Čech 2012 Juan Mata 2013 Juan Mata 2014 Eden Hazard 2015 Eden Hazard 2016 Willian 2017 Eden Hazard Source : Chelsea F.C. Notable managers For more details on this topic , see List of Chelsea F.C. managers . The following managers won at least one trophy when in charge of Chelsea : Name Period Trophies Ted Drake 1952 -- 1961 First Division Championship , Charity Shield Tommy Docherty 1962 -- 1967 League Cup Dave Sexton 1967 -- 1974 FA Cup , UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup John Neal 1981 -- 1985 Second Division Championship John Hollins 1985 -- 1988 Full Members Cup Bobby Campbell 1988 -- 1991 Second Division Championship , Full Members Cup Ruud Gullit 1996 -- 1998 FA Cup Gianluca Vialli 1998 -- 2000 FA Cup , League Cup , Charity Shield , UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , UEFA Super Cup José Mourinho 2004 -- 2007 2013 -- 2015 3 Premier Leagues , 3 League Cups , FA Cup , Community Shield Guus Hiddink 2009 2015 -- 2016 FA Cup Carlo Ancelotti 2009 -- 2011 Premier League , FA Cup , Community Shield Roberto Di Matteo 2012 FA Cup , UEFA Champions League Rafael Benítez 2012 -- 2013 UEFA Europa League Antonio Conte 2016 -- present Premier League Management team Antonio Conte was appointed manager in 2016 Position Staff First - team Manager Antonio Conte Assistant Manager Angelo Alessio Gianluca Conte Goalkeeper Coach Gianluca Spinelli Henrique Hilário Head Fitness Coach Paolo Bertelli Julio Tous Chris Jones Assistant Fitness Coach Constantino Coratti Club Ambassador / Assistant To The First Team Head Coach Carlo Cudicini Consultant Personal Trainer / Nutritionist Tiberio Ancora Senior Opposition Scout Mick McGiven Medical Director Paco Biosca Head of Youth Development Neil Bath Under - 21 Team Manager Adi Viveash Under - 18 Team Manager Jody Morris Head of Match Analysis James Melbourne Source : Chelsea F.C. Club Personnel Chelsea FC plc is the company which owns Chelsea Football Club . The ultimate parent company of Chelsea FC plc is Fordstam Limited and the ultimate controlling party of Fordstam Limited is Roman Abramovich . On 22 October 2014 , Chelsea announced that Ron Gourlay , after ten successful years at the club including five as Chief Executive , is leaving Chelsea to pursue new business opportunities . On 27 October 2014 , Chelsea announced that Christian Purslow is joining the club to run global commercial activities and the club do not expect to announce any other senior appointments in the near future having chairman Bruce Buck and Director Marina Granovskaia assumed the executive responsibilities . Chelsea Ltd . Owner : Roman Abramovich Chelsea F.C. plc Board Chairman : Bruce Buck Directors : Eugene Tenenbaum and Marina Granovskaia Executive Board Club Secretary : David Barnard Chairman : Bruce Buck Directors : Eugene Tenenbaum and Marina Granovskaia Head of Global Commercial Activities : Christian Purslow Life President Lord Attenborough ( 1923 -- 2014 ) Vice-Presidents Peter Digby Sir Peter Harrison Joe Hemani John Leigh Anthony Reeves Alan Spence Source : Chelsea F.C. Honours Upon winning the 2012 -- 13 UEFA Europa League , Chelsea became the fourth club in history to have won the `` European Treble '' of European Cup / UEFA Champions League , European Cup Winners ' Cup / UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , and UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League after Juventus , Ajax and Bayern Munich . Chelsea are the first English club to have won all three major UEFA trophies . Domestic Leagues First Division / Premier League Winners ( 6 ) : 1954 -- 55 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2009 -- 10 , 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 Second Division Winners ( 2 ) : 1983 -- 84 , 1988 -- 89 Cups Diego Costa and John Terry holding the League Cup after Chelsea 's victory in 2015 FA Cup Winners ( 7 ) : 1969 -- 70 , 1996 -- 97 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2006 -- 07 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2011 -- 12 Football League Cup Winners ( 5 ) : 1964 -- 65 , 1997 -- 98 , 2004 -- 05 , 2006 -- 07 , 2014 -- 15 FA Community Shield Winners ( 4 ) : 1955 , 2000 , 2005 , 2009 Minor Cups Full Members Cup Winners ( 2 ) : 1985 -- 86 , 1989 -- 90 European Didier Drogba holding the Champions League trophy after Chelsea 's victory in 2012 UEFA Champions League Winners ( 1 ) : 2011 -- 12 UEFA Europa League Winners ( 1 ) : 2012 -- 13 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup Winners ( 2 ) : 1970 -- 71 , 1997 -- 98 UEFA Super Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1998 Source : Chelsea F.C. Doubles 1997 -- 98 : League Cup and European Cup Winners ' Cup 2004 -- 05 : League and League Cup 2006 -- 07 : FA Cup and League Cup 2009 -- 10 : League and FA Cup 2011 -- 12 : FA Cup and UEFA Champions League 2014 -- 15 : League and League Cup Notes Jump up ^ Includes Caretaker manager Jump up ^ Won as Interim first team coach Jump up ^ Includes Interim manager ^ Jump up to : Upon its formation in 1992 , the Premier League became the top tier of English football ; the First and Second Divisions then became the second and third tiers , respectively . The First Division is now known as the Football League Championship and the Second Division is now known as Football League One . Jump up ^ The trophy was known as the Charity Shield until 2002 , and as the Community Shield ever since . Footnotes Jump up ^ `` Chelsea 's first cup final -- a century ago '' . Chelsea FC. 23 April 2015 . Retrieved 25 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Team History -- Introduction '' . Chelsea F.C. official website . Archived from the original on 27 May 2011 . Retrieved 11 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Premier League Handbook Season 2015 / 16 '' ( PDF ) . Premier League . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` General Club Information '' . Chelsea F.C. official website . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Trophy Cabinet '' . Chelsea F.C. official website . Archived from the original on 12 May 2012 . Retrieved 20 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chelsea win breaks London duck '' . Union of European Football Associations. 20 May 2012 . Retrieved 20 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea wins Europa on Ivanovic header '' . ESPNFC. 16 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea join illustrious trio '' . UEFA . Retrieved 17 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chelsea centenary crest unveiled '' . BBC Sport. 12 November 2004 . Retrieved 2 January 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Time League Attendance Records '' . nufc.com. 22 September 2015 . Archived from the original on 6 April 2016 . Retrieved 6 April 2016 . Please note , pre-war figures come from unreliable sources . ^ Jump up to : `` Attendances ( at home ) '' . Soccerstats.com . Retrieved 21 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Russian businessman buys Chelsea '' . BBC Sport. 2 July 2003 . Retrieved 11 February 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Ozanian , Mike ( 11 May 2016 ) . `` The World 's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2016 '' . Forbes . Retrieved 12 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Glanvill ( 2006 ) . Chelsea FC : The Official Biography . p. 55 . Jump up ^ `` The Birth of a Club '' . Chelsea F.C. 30 September 2004 . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Team History -- 1905 -- 29 '' . Chelsea F.C. official website . Archived from the original on 18 July 2011 . Retrieved 23 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Between the Wars -- Big Names and Big Crowds '' . Chelsea F.C. official website . Archived from the original on 20 July 2012 . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Brian Glanville ( 10 January 2004 ) . `` Little sign of change for Chelsea and their impossible dreams '' . The Times . UK . Retrieved 15 March 2009 . ( registration required ) Jump up ^ Brian Glanville ( 27 April 2005 ) . `` The great Chelsea surrender '' . The Times . UK . Retrieved 29 December 2006 . Jump up ^ Glanvill , Rick ( 2006 ) . Chelsea FC : The Official Biography -- The Definitive Story of the First 100 Years . Headline Book Publishing Ltd. p. 196 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7553 - 1466 - 9 . Jump up ^ Glanvill ( 2006 ) . Chelsea FC : The Official Biography . pp. 84 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Glanvill ( 2006 ) . Chelsea FC : The Official Biography . pp. 143 -- 157 . Jump up ^ Glanvill ( 2006 ) . Chelsea FC : The Official Biography . pp. 89 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Glanvill ( 2006 ) . Chelsea FC : The Official Biography . pp. 90 -- 91 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea sack Ranieri '' . BBC Sport. 1 June 2004 . Retrieved 20 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea appoint Mourinho '' . BBC Sport. 2 June 2004 . Retrieved 20 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Matt Barlow ( 12 March 2006 ) . `` Terry Eyes Back - to - Back Titles '' . Sporting Life . Archived from the original on 3 June 2012 . Retrieved 22 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea name Grant as new manager '' . BBC Sport. 20 September 2007 . Retrieved 21 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea 2 -- 1 Everton '' . BBC Sport. 30 May 2009 . Retrieved 1 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chelsea 8 -- 0 Wigan '' . BBC Sport. 9 May 2010 . Retrieved 16 May 2010 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 5 May 2012 ) . `` Chelsea 2 -- 1 Liverpool '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 20 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : McNulty , Phil ( 19 May 2012 ) . `` Bayern Munich 1 -- 1 Chelsea ( aet , 4 -- 3 pens ) '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 20 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Benfica 1 -- 2 Chelsea '' . BBC Sport. 15 May 2013 . Retrieved 15 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea claim last - gasp Europa League triumph '' . Agence France - Presse. 15 May 2013 . Archived from the original on 27 February 2014 . Retrieved 3 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea 2 -- 0 Tottenham Hotspur '' . BBC Sport. 1 March 2015 . Retrieved 13 April 2015 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 3 May 2015 ) . `` Chelsea 1 -- 0 Crystal Palace '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea crowned Premier League champions after win at West Brom -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . 12 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stadium History -- Introduction '' . Chelsea F.C. official website . Archived from the original on 12 May 2012 . Retrieved 20 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Glanvill ( 2006 ) . Chelsea FC : The Official Biography . pp. 69 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Glanvill ( 2006 ) . Chelsea FC : The Official Biography . pp. 91 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Veysey , Wayne ( 24 May 2005 ) . `` QPR take over Chelsea training ground '' . London Evening Standard . Archived from the original on 25 October 2012 . Retrieved 24 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea 's new training ground for the future '' . BBC London . 5 July 2007 . Retrieved 24 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cup Final Statistics '' . The Football Association . Archived from the original on 16 May 2012 . Retrieved 18 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` England 's Matches : Unofficial '' . Englandfootballonline . Archived from the original on 22 January 2011 . Retrieved 18 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 final : Stamford Bridge '' . UEFA . Retrieved 11 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` All Blacks '' . Rugbyfootballhistory.com . Retrieved 18 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Countdown to SABR Day 2011 '' . BaseballGB.co.uk . Retrieved 18 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Wilde : The Original Explosive Thin Man '' . Cyberboxingzone.com . Retrieved 18 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stamford Bridge Speedway '' . guskuhn.net . Retrieved 18 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Invades England 1948 '' . speedcarworld.com . Archived from the original on 25 March 2012 . Retrieved 19 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Twenty20 before Twenty20 '' . spincricket.com . Archived from the original on 11 January 2012 . Retrieved 18 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` London Monarchs '' . Britballnow.co.uk . Retrieved 19 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea chief : We will drop out of Europe 's elite without new stadium '' . BBC . 25 April 2012 . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Glanvill ( 2006 ) . Chelsea FC : The Official Biography . p. 76 . Jump up ^ `` Kenyon confirms Blues will stay at Stamford Bridge '' . RTÉ Sport. 12 April 2006 . Archived from the original on 15 December 2007 . Retrieved 1 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Observer Stadium Story Denied '' . Chelsea F.C. official website . 9 November 2008 . Archived from the original on 23 April 2014 . Retrieved 23 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea deny they 're to ditch Stamford Bridge for 60,000 stadium at Earls Court '' . Daily Mail . UK . 10 November 2010 . Retrieved 19 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea plan Bridge redevelopment '' . BBC Sport. 20 January 2006 . Retrieved 1 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea FC lose fan vote on stadium '' . BBC . 27 October 2011 . Retrieved 11 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea bid to buy Battersea power station in £ 1bn stadium plan '' . The Guardian . UK . 4 May 2012 . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea 's Battersea hopes end as Malaysian consortium completes deal '' . The Guardian . UK . 5 July 2012 . Retrieved 10 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Stamford Bridge : ' Slinky ' or Bird 's Nest ? Chelsea unveil new £ 500m stadium '' . The Independent . UK . 3 December 2015 . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.standard.co.uk/sport/football/chelseas-new-500m-stadium-will-be-one-of-world-s-best-football-arenas-say-council-leaders-a3438496.html Jump up ^ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/article-4111332/Chelsea-ahead-new-60-000-Stamford-Bridge-stadium.html ^ Jump up to : Glanvill ( 2006 ) . Chelsea FC : The Official Biography . p. 42 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea Metropolitan Borough Council '' . Civic Heraldry of England and Wales . Retrieved 21 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 1980s Summary '' . Chelsea F.C . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Moor , Dave . `` Historical Kits -- Chelsea F.C. '' . Historical Kits . Retrieved 28 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea -- Historical Football Kits '' . Historical Kits . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Glanvill , Rick ( 2006 ) . Chelsea Football Club : The Official History in Pictures . ISBN 0 - 7553 - 1467 - 0 . p. 212 Jump up ^ Mears , Brian ( 2002 ) . Chelsea : Football Under the Blue Flag . Mainstream Sport . p. 42 . ISBN 1 - 84018 - 658 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chelsea Change Kits '' . Historical Kits . Retrieved 7 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Mears ( 2002 ) . Chelsea : Football Under the Blue Flag . p. 58 . Jump up ^ Batty , Clive ( 2007 ) . Kings of the King 's Road : The Great Chelsea Team of the 60s & 70s . Vision Sports Publishing . p. 244 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 905326 - 22 - 8 . Jump up ^ Rayner , Dominic ( 12 July 2005 ) . `` 10 of the worst ... football kits '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 23 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Eyes wide shut '' . The Observer. 12 August 2007 . Retrieved 7 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Jamie . `` Chelsea are a more universally loved club ! Blues chief lauds 400million fan base '' . Daily Express . London . Jump up ^ `` The world 's most popular football club revealed : Man United , Liverpool F.C. , Arsenal F.C. , Barca , Real or Chelsea ? '' . talkSPORT . Jump up ^ `` Supporters Clubs Map '' . Chelsea F.C. official website . Archived from the original on 23 March 2014 . Retrieved 23 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Manchester United and Real Madrid top global shirt sale charts '' . Sporting Intelligence . 8 October 2012 . Retrieved 8 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` League Table of Twitter Followers '' . Folos . Retrieved 4 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Glanvill ( 2006 ) . Chelsea FC : The Official Biography . p. 150 . Jump up ^ `` '' Carefree '' audio sample `` . Fanchants.com . Retrieved 3 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Scott Murray ( 17 April 2002 ) . `` Fans sent spinning after tossing salad '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 1 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Making a new start '' . BBC News . 2 May 2002 . Retrieved 21 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Bates : Chelsea 's driving force '' . BBC Sport. 2 July 2003 . Retrieved 21 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Soccer hooliganism : Made in England , but big abroad '' . BBC News . 2 June 1998 . Retrieved 1 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics on football - related arrests and banning orders '' . Home Office . November 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 March 2011 . Retrieved 14 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Glanvill ( 2006 ) . Chelsea FC : The Official Biography . pp. 312 -- 318 . Jump up ^ `` A brief history of the Arsenal - Chelsea rivalry and why it matters '' . The Guardian . 22 April 2015 . Retrieved 7 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Glanvill ( 2006 ) . Chelsea FC : The Official Biography . pp. 321 -- 325 . Jump up ^ `` Six very modern football rivalries '' . TalkSport. 19 May 2011 . Retrieved 23 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A brief guide to Chelsea 's rivalry with Liverpool '' . The Guardian . 29 October 2015 . Retrieved 4 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Glanvill ( 2006 ) . Chelsea FC : The Official Biography . p. 311 . Jump up ^ `` Football Rivalries : The Complete Results '' . Planetfootball.com . Retrieved 2 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` THE LONDON FOOTBALL REPORT 2008 '' ( PDF ) . footballfanscensus.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 March 2014 . Retrieved 7 December 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.thedaisycutter.co.uk/2012/09/football-rivalries-the-survey/ ^ Jump up to : For the appearance and goalscoring records of all Chelsea players , see Glanvill ( 2006 ) . Chelsea FC : The Official Biography . pp. 399 -- 410 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea 's Frank Lampard given golden boot by Bobby Tambling '' . BBC . 19 May 2013 . Retrieved 7 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea Legends '' . Chelsea News . Retrieved 11 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Words on Winning : 21 -- 0 '' . Chelsea F.C. official website . Archived from the original on 23 April 2014 . Retrieved 23 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea v Wigan match report '' . Chelsea F.C. official website . Archived from the original on 5 June 2014 . Retrieved 23 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea F.C. '' . Union of European Football Associations . Retrieved 15 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Dutton , Paul . `` Ask Statsman 37 '' . Chelsea F.C. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013 . Retrieved 23 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Team History -- 1940s '' . Chelsea F.C. official website . Archived from the original on 13 July 2011 . Retrieved 23 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Viner , Brian ( 29 October 2005 ) . `` Brian Viner : Diamond days of side who brought touch of glamour to post-war Britain '' . The Independent . Independent Print Limited . Archived from the original on 2 March 2014 . Retrieved 20 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pre-Match Briefing : Burnley v Chelsea -- part one '' . Chelsea F.C . Retrieved 18 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mourinho proud of battling finish '' . BBC Sport. 13 May 2005 . Retrieved 29 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Charlton 0 -- 2 Chelsea '' . BBC Sport. 17 September 2005 . Retrieved 12 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea 5 -- 1 Sunderland '' . BBC Sport. 21 May 2017 . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cup Winners ' Cup Trivia '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 21 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea 3 -- 2 Birmingham '' . BBC Sport. 12 August 2007 . Retrieved 9 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea 0 -- 1 Liverpool '' . BBC Sport. 26 October 2008 . Retrieved 26 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea in eleven heaven '' . Premier League . 8 December 2008 . Archived from the original on 19 December 2008 . Retrieved 18 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Torres makes record move from Liverpool to Chelsea '' . BBC . 31 January 2011 . Retrieved 12 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Transfer news : Manchester United sign Angel di Maria from Real Madrid '' . Sky Sports . Jump up ^ `` Shirt Numbers '' . England Football Online . Retrieved 1 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Glanvill ( 2006 ) . Chelsea FC : The Official Biography . p. 96 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Mark ( 27 December 1999 ) . `` Southampton 1 Chelsea 2 '' . Sporting Life . Archived from the original on 3 June 2012 . Retrieved 27 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Kevin ( 20 May 2007 ) . `` Something old , new and Blue '' . The Observer . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Kassies , Bert . `` UEFA Team Ranking 2008 '' . UEFA European Cup Football : Results and Qualification . Retrieved 2 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea etch new name on trophy '' . Union of European Football Associations. 19 May 2012 . Retrieved 20 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea first team to hold Champions , Europa League titles '' . Vanguard . 15 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` UK Football Clubs on the UK Stock Markets '' . Football Economy . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bates sells off Chelsea to a Russian billionaire '' . The Daily Telegraph . 7 February 2003 . Retrieved 27 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea tycoon to clear club 's debt '' . BBC . 28 July 2003 . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Club Information '' . Chelsea F.C. Archived from the original on 2 July 2012 . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Roman Abramovich turns £ 340m of debt into equity as Chelsea loss falls '' . The Guardian . 30 December 2009 . Retrieved 27 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Statement on Club Finance '' . Chelsea F.C. Archived from the original on 23 April 2014 . Retrieved 23 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Roman Abramovich still owed £ 726m under complex Chelsea structure '' . The Guardian . 19 May 2010 . Retrieved 27 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea and United debts at record £ 1.5 bn '' . The Guardian . 20 May 2008 . Retrieved 27 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chelsea FC record first Abramovich - era profit '' . BBC . 9 November 2012 . Retrieved 25 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CHELSEA FC ANNOUNCES ANNUAL PROFIT '' . Chelsea F.C. 9 November 2012 . Archived from the original on 11 November 2012 . Retrieved 9 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea FC reports a record £ 18m in annual profit '' . BBC . 14 November 2014 . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 most Valuable Football Club Brands '' ( PDF ) . Brand Finance . May 2012 . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top 30 Football Club Brands '' ( PDF ) . Brand Finance . September 2011 . Retrieved 4 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea -- Deloitte Football Money League '' . Deloitte . Retrieved 21 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea manager Carlo Ancelotti puts his faith in elder statesman Didier Drogba '' . The Daily Telegraph . 22 October 2010 . Retrieved 27 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea agree whopping £ 300m kit deal with sportswear giants adidas '' . Daily Mail . London . 22 June 2013 . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CHELSEA AND ADIDAS ANNOUNCE EXTENSION OF GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP '' . Chelsea FC. 22 June 2013 . Archived from the original on 24 June 2013 . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Adidas ends Chelsea sponsorship six years early '' . BBC . 11 May 2016 . Retrieved 28 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea confirm kit deal with Nike worth £ 60m a season until 2032 '' . The Guardian . 13 October 2016 . Retrieved 28 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chelsea sign £ 40m - per - year shirt deal with Japanese tyre company '' . BBC Sport. 26 February 2015 . Retrieved 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Ashling O'Connor ( 2 May 2005 ) . `` Clubs to cash in on mobile advertising '' . The Times . UK . Retrieved 21 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sponsors and Partners '' . Chelsea F.C. official website . Retrieved 4 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Great Game '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 1 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Glanvill ( 2006 ) . Chelsea FC : The Official Biography . pp. 120 -- 121 . Jump up ^ Steve Hawkes ( 10 May 2004 ) . `` Football firms hit the film circuit '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 25 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea teams up with Yash Raj Films '' . DNA India . 25 September 2006 . Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 . Retrieved 1 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Nijesmo mi od Juce -- Novosti -- Epizode -- Chelsea u `` gledajte onlajn '' sekciji '' ( in Montenegrin ) . nijesmomiodjuce.com . Archived from the original on 30 August 2013 . Retrieved 23 April 2014 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ Scott Murray ( 30 September 2002 ) . `` Di Canio has last laugh at Chelsea comedy store '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The 39 Steps '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` All About Scoring , Innit ? '' . Minder.org . Retrieved 8 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Is The Colour '' . Chart Stats . Archived from the original on 28 January 2012 . Retrieved 21 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Caps ' ' Proclaim ' season opener '' . Vancouver Courier . Archived from the original on 3 January 2008 . Retrieved 21 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Stephen Hunt ( 26 November 2009 ) . `` Riders fans enjoy musical edge '' . Calgary Herald . Archived from the original on 5 May 2014 . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Day '' . Chart Stats . Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The soul of Chelsea in 50 moments '' . The Times . 29 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Countdown to the Champions League Final in Moscow '' . The Sun . 2 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea Moving on Up '' . FemaleSoccer.net . Retrieved 20 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` About the Ladies '' . Chelsea F.C. official website . Archived from the original on 4 September 2012 . Retrieved 11 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Womens Cup Previous Winners '' . surreyfa.com . Archived from the original on 5 September 2014 . Retrieved 11 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Eight teams successful in Women 's Super League bid '' . London : fcbusiness.co.uk. 24 March 2010 . Archived from the original on 25 January 2011 . Retrieved 20 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea lift FA Cup in front of record crowd '' . shekicks.net. 2 August 2015 . Archived from the original on 8 December 2015 . Retrieved 2 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea Ladies : How Women 's Super League title was won '' . UK : BBC . 5 October 2015 . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Leighton , Tony ( 18 October 2009 ) . `` John Terry digs deep to rescue Chelsea Ladies after funding cuts '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved 20 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` First team '' . Chelsea F.C . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League - Chelsea - Squad '' . UEFA.com . Retrieved 4 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Captain Cahill : Delighted , proud and excited '' . Chelsea F.C. 26 July 2017 . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` On Loan Players '' . Chelsea Football Club . Retrieved 7 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Club Personnel '' . Chelsea F.C. 1 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Club statement '' . Chelsea F.C. 22 October 2014 . Retrieved 22 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea Statement '' . Chelsea F.C. 27 October 2014 . Retrieved 27 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Eugene Tenenbaum '' . Chelsea F.C. 1 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Marina Granovskaia '' . Chelsea F.C. 1 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Fifield , Dominic ( 14 June 2013 ) . `` Chelsea give formal role to Abramovich aide Marina Granovskaia '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea join illustrious trio '' . UEFA. 15 May 2013 . References Batty , Clive ( 2004 ) . Kings of the King 's Road : The Great Chelsea Team of the 60s and 70s . Vision Sports Publishing Ltd . ISBN 0 - 9546428 - 1 - 3 . Batty , Clive ( 2005 ) . A Serious Case of the Blues : Chelsea in the 80s . Vision Sports Publishing Ltd . ISBN 1 - 905326 - 02 - 5 . Glanvill , Rick ( 2006 ) . Chelsea FC : The Official Biography -- The Definitive Story of the First 100 Years . Headline Book Publishing Ltd . ISBN 0 - 7553 - 1466 - 2 . Hadgraft , Rob ( 2004 ) . Chelsea : Champions of England 1954 -- 55 . Desert Island Books Limited . ISBN 1 - 874287 - 77 - 5 . Harris , Harry ( 2005 ) . Chelsea 's Century . Blake Publishing . ISBN 1 - 84454 - 110 - X . Ingledew , John ( 2006 ) . And Now Are You Going to Believe Us : Twenty - five Years Behind the Scenes at Chelsea FC . John Blake Publishing Ltd . ISBN 1 - 84454 - 247 - 5 . Matthews , Tony ( 2005 ) . Who 's Who of Chelsea . Mainstream Publishing . ISBN 1 - 84596 - 010 - 6 . Mears , Brian ( 2004 ) . Chelsea : A 100 - year History . 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-550713476965591372	History of the race and intelligence controversy	History of the race and intelligence controversy - wikipedia History of the race and intelligence controversy Jump to : navigation , search The history of the race and intelligence controversy concerns the historical development of a debate , concerning possible explanations of group differences encountered in the study of race and intelligence . Since the beginning of IQ testing around the time of World War I there have been observed differences between average scores of different population groups , but there has been no agreement about whether this is mainly due to environmental and cultural factors , or mainly due to some genetic factor , or even if the dichotomy between environmental and genetic factors is the most effectual approach to the debate . In the late nineteenth and early 20th century , group differences in intelligence were assumed to be due to race and , apart from intelligence tests , research relied on measurements such as brain size or reaction times . By the mid-1930s most psychologists had adopted the view that environmental and cultural factors predominated . In the mid-1960s , physicist William Shockley sparked controversy by claiming there might be genetic reasons that black people in the United States tended to score lower on IQ tests than whites . In 1969 the educational psychologist Arthur Jensen published a long article with the suggestion that compensatory education had failed to that date because of genetic group differences . A similar debate among academics followed the publication in 1994 of The Bell Curve by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray . Their book prompted a renewal of debate on the issue and the publication of several interdisciplinary books on the issue . One contemporary response was a report from the American Psychological Association that found no conclusive explanation for the observed differences between average IQ scores of racial groups . A 2012 review article in the journal American Psychologist and a rejoinder to a reply to that article are some of the latest publications prompted by the debate . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early history 1.2 1920 -- 1960 1.3 1960 -- 1980 1.4 1980 -- 2000 1.5 2000 -- present 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References History ( edit ) Early history ( edit ) Lithograph of a North American skull from Samuel Morton 's Crania Americana , 1839 . Morton believed that intelligence was correlated with brain size and varied between racial groups Francis Galton , the English eugenicist who wrote extensively on the relation between intelligence and social class In the 18th century , European philosophers and scientists , such as Voltaire , David Hume , Immanuel Kant , and Carl Linnaeus , proposed the existence of different mental abilities among the races . During the 19th and early 20th centuries the idea that there are differences in the brain structures and brain sizes of different races , and that these differences explained the different intelligences , was much advocated and studied . Through the publication of his book Hereditary Genius in 1869 , polymath Francis Galton spurred interest in the study of mental abilities , particularly as they relate to heredity and eugenics . Lacking the means to directly measure intellectual ability , Galton attempted to estimate the intelligence of various racial and ethnic groups based on observations from his and others ' travels , on the number and quality of intellectual achievements of different groups , and on the percentage of `` eminent men '' in each of these groups . He argued that intelligence was normally distributed in all racial and ethnic groups , and that the means of the distributions varied between the groups . In Galton 's estimation ancient Attic Greeks had been the people with the highest average intelligence , followed by contemporary Englishmen , with black Africans at a lower level , and Australian Aborigines lower still . He did not specifically study Jews , but remarked that `` they appear to be rich in families of high intellectual breeds '' . In 1895 , R. Meade Bache of the University of Pennsylvania published an article in Psychological Review claiming that reaction time increases with evolution . Bache supported this claim with data demonstrating increased reaction times among White Americans when compared with those of Native Americans and African Americans , with Native Americans having the shortest reaction time . He hypothesized that the long reaction time of White Americans was to be explained by their possessing more contemplative brains which did not function well on tasks requiring automatic responses . This was one of the first examples of modern scientific racism , in which science was used to bolster beliefs in the superiority of a particular race . In 1912 the Columbia psychology graduate Frank Bruner reviewed the scientific literature on auditory perception in black and white subjects in Psychological Bulletin , characterizing , `` the mental qualities of the Negro as : lacking in filial affection , strong migratory instincts and tendencies ; little sense of veneration , integrity or honor ; shiftless , indolent , untidy , improvident , extravagant , lazy , lacking in persistence and initiative and unwilling to work continuously at details . Indeed , experience with the Negro in classrooms indicates that it is impossible to get the child to do anything with continued accuracy , and similarly in industrial pursuits , the Negro shows a woeful lack of power of sustained activity and constructive conduct . '' Alfred Binet ( 1857 - 1911 ) , inventor of the first intelligence test Lewis Terman , psychologist and developer of the Stanford - Binet intelligence test The psychologist Henry H. Goddard had suggested with Terman that `` feeble - mindedness '' was hereditary In 1916 George O. Ferguson conducted research in his Columbia Ph. D. thesis on `` The psychology of the Negro '' , finding them poor in abstract thought , but good in physical responses , recommending how this should be reflected in education . In the same year Lewis Terman , in the manual accompanying the Stanford - Binet Intelligence Test , referred to the higher frequency of morons among non-white American racial groups stating that further research into race difference on intelligence should be conducted and that the `` enormously significant racial differences in general intelligence '' could not be remedied by education . In 1916 a team of psychologists , led by Robert Yerkes and including Terman and Henry H. Goddard , adapted the Stanford - Binet tests as multiple choice group tests for use by the US army . In 1919 , Yerkes devised a version of this test for civilians , the National Intelligence Test , which was used in all levels of education and in business . Like Terman , Goddard had argued in his book , Feeble - mindedness : Its causes and consequences ( 1914 ) , that `` feeble - mindedness '' was hereditary ; and in 1920 Yerkes in his book with Yoakum on the Army Mental Tests described how they `` were originally intended , and are now definitely known , to measure native intellectual ability . '' Both Goddard and Terman argued that the feeble - minded should not be allowed to reproduce . In the USA , however , independently and prior to the IQ tests , there had been political pressure for such eugenic policies , to be enforced by sterilization ; in due course IQ tests were later used as justification for sterilizing the mentally retarded . It was also argued that the IQ tests should be used to control immigration to the USA . Already in 1917 Goddard reported on the low IQ scores of new arrivals at Ellis Island ; and Yerkes argued from his army test scores that there were consistently lower IQ levels amongst those from Eastern and Southern Europe , which could lead to a decline in the national intelligence . In 1923 , in his book A study of American intelligence , Carl Brigham wrote that on the basis of the army tests , `` The decline in intelligence is due to two factors , the change in races migrating to this country , and to the additional factor of sending lower and lower representatives of each race . '' He concluded that , `` The steps that should be taken to preserve or increase our present mental capacity must of course be dictated by science and not by political expediency . Immigration should not only be restrictive , but highly selective . '' The Immigration Act of 1924 put these recommendations into practice , introducing quotas based on the 1890 census , prior to the waves of immigration from Poland and Italy . While Gould and Kamin argued that the psychometric claims of Nordic superiority had a profound influence on the institutionalisation of the 1924 immigration law , other scholar 's have argued that `` the eventual passage of the ' racist ' immigration law of 1924 was not crucially affected by the contributions of Yerkes or other psychologists . '' 1920 -- 1960 ( edit ) In the 1920s psychologists started questioning underlying assumptions of racial differences in intelligence ; although not discounting them , the possibility was considered that they were on a smaller scale than previously supposed and also due to factors other than heredity . In 1924 Floyd Allport wrote in his book `` Social Psychology '' that the French sociologist Gustave Le Bon was incorrect in asserting `` a gap between inferior and superior species '' and pointed to `` social inheritance '' and `` environmental factors '' as factors that accounted for differences . Nevertheless , he conceded that `` the intelligence of the white race is of a more versatile and complex order than that of the black race . It is probably superior to that of the red or yellow races . '' In 1929 Robert Woodworth in his textbook `` Psychology : a study of mental life '' made no claims about innate differences in intelligence between races , pointing instead to environmental and cultural factors . He considered it advisable to `` suspend judgment and keep our eyes open from year to year for fresh and more conclusive evidence that will probably be discovered '' . In the 1930s the English psychologist Raymond Cattell wrote three tracts , Psychology and Social Progress ( 1933 ) , The Fight for Our National Intelligence ( 1937 ) and Psychology and the Religious Quest ( 1938 ) . The second was published by the Eugenics Society , of which he had been a research fellow : it predicted the disastrous consequences of not stopping the decline in the average intelligence in Britain by one point per decade . In 1933 Cattell wrote that , of all the European races , the `` Nordic race was the most evolved in intelligence and stability of temperament . '' He argued for `` no mixture of bloods between racial groups '' because `` the resulting re-shuffling of impulses and psychic units throws together in each individual a number of forces which may be incompatible . '' He rationalised the `` hatred and abhorrence ... for the Jewish practice of living in other nations instead of forming an independent self - sustained group of their own '' , referring to them as `` intruders '' with a `` crafty spirit of calculation . '' He recommended a rigid division of races , referring to those suggesting that individuals be judged on their merits , irrespective of racial background , as `` race - slumpers '' . He wrote that in the past `` the backward branches of the tree of mankind '' had been lopped off as `` the American Indians , the Black Australians , the Mauris and the negroes had been driven by bloodshed from their lands '' , unaware of `` the biological rationality of that destiny . '' He advocated a more enlightened solution : by birth control , by sterilization and by `` life in adapted reserves and asylums , '' where the `` races which have served their turn ( should ) be brought to euthanasia . '' Franz Boas , regarded as the father of anthropology in the US , had a lasting influence on the work of Otto Klineberg and his generation He considered blacks to be naturally inferior , on account of `` their small skull capacity . '' In 1937 he praised the Third Reich for their eugenic laws and for `` being the first to adopt sterilization together with a policy of racial improvement . '' In 1938 , after newspapers had reported on the segregation of Jews into ghettos and concentration camps , he commented that the rise of Germany `` should be welcomed by the religious man as reassuring evidence that in spite of modern wealth and ease , we shall not be allowed ... to adopt foolish social practices in fatal detachment from the stream of evolution . '' In late 1937 Cattell moved to the US on the invitation of the psychologist Edward Thorndike from Columbia University , also involved in eugenics . He spent the rest of his life there as a research psychologist , devoting himself after retirement to devising and publicising a refined version of his ideology from the 1930s that he called Beyondism . In 1935 Otto Klineberg wrote two books `` Negro Intelligence and Selective Migration '' and `` Race Differences '' , dismissing claims that African Americans in the northern states were more intelligent than those in the south . He argued that there was no scientific proof of racial differences in intelligence and that this should not therefore be used as a justification for policies in education or employment . The hereditarian view began to change in the 1920s in reaction to excessive eugenicist claims regarding abilities and moral character , and also due to the development of convincing environmental arguments . In the 1940s many psychologists , particularly social psychologists , began to argue that environmental and cultural factors , as well as discrimination and prejudice , provided a more probable explanation of disparities in intelligence . According to Franz Samelson , this change in attitude had become widespread by then , with very few studies in race differences in intelligence , a change brought out by an increase in the number of psychologists not from a `` lily - white ... Anglo - Saxon '' background but from Jewish backgrounds . Other factors that influenced American psychologists were the economic changes brought about by the depression and the reluctance of psychologists to risk being associated with the Nazi claims of a master race . The 1950 race statement of UNESCO , prepared in consultation with scientists including Klineberg , created a further taboo against conducting scientific research on issues related to race . Adolf Hitler banned IQ testing for being `` Jewish '' as did Joseph Stalin for being `` bourgeois '' . 1960 -- 1980 ( edit ) William Shockley , the Nobel laureate in physics , suggested that the decline in the average IQ in the US could be solved by eugenics In 1965 William Shockley , Nobel laureate in physics and professor at Stanford University , made a public statement at the Nobel conference on `` Genetics and the Future of Man '' about the problems of `` genetic deterioration '' in humans caused by `` evolution in reverse '' . He claimed social support systems designed to help the disadvantaged had a regressive effect . Shockley subsequently claimed the most competent American population group were the descendants of original European settlers , because of the extreme selective pressures imposed by the harsh conditions of early colonialism . Speaking of the `` genetic enslavement '' of African Americans , owing to an abnormally high birth rate , Shockley discouraged improved education as a remedy , suggesting instead sterilization and birth control . In the following ten years he continued to argue in favor of this position , claiming it was not based on prejudice but `` on sound statistics '' . Shockley 's outspoken public statements and lobbying brought him into contact with those running the Pioneer Fund who subsequently , through the intermediary Carleton Putnam , provided financial support for his extensive lobbying activities in this area , reported widely in the press . With the psychologist and segregationist R. Travis Osborne as adviser , he formed the Foundation for Research and Education on Eugenics and Dysgenics ( FREED ) . Although its stated purpose was `` solely for scientific and educational purposes related to human population and quality problems , '' FREED mostly acted as a lobbying agency for spreading Shockley 's ideas on eugenics . Wickliffe Draper , founder of the Pioneer Fund The Pioneer Fund had been set up by Wickliffe Draper in 1937 with one of its two charitable purposes being to provide aid for `` study and research into the problems of heredity and eugenics in the human race '' and `` into the problems of race betterment with special reference to the people of the United States '' . From the late fifties onwards , following the 1954 Supreme Court decision on segregation in schools , it supported psychologists and other scientists in favour of segregation . All of these ultimately held academic positions in the Southern states , notably Henry E. Garrett ( head of psychology at Columbia University until 1955 ) , Wesley Critz George , Frank C.J. McGurk , R. Travis Osborne and Audrey Shuey , who in 1958 wrote The Testing of Negro Intelligence , demonstrating `` the presence of native differences between Negroes and whites as determined by intelligence tests . '' In 1959 Garrett helped to found the International Association for the Advancement of Ethnology and Eugenics , an organisation promoting segregation . In 1961 he blamed the shift away from hereditarianism , which he described as the `` scientific hoax of the century '' , on the school of thought -- the `` Boas cult '' -- promoted by his former colleagues at Columbia , notably Franz Boas and Otto Klineberg , and more generally `` Jewish organizations '' , most of whom `` belligerently support the equalitarian dogma which they accept as having been ' scientifically ' proved . '' He also pointed to Marxist origins in this shift , writing in a pamphlet , Desegregation ; fact and hokum , that `` It is certain that the Communists have aided in the acceptance and spread of equalitarianism although the extent and method of their help is difficult to assess . Equalitarianism is good Marxist doctrine , not likely to change with gyrations in the Kremlin line . '' In 1951 Garrett had even gone as far as reporting Klineberg to the FBI for advocating `` many Communistic theories '' , including the idea that `` there are no differences in the races of mankind . '' One of Shockley 's lobbying campaigns involved the educational psychologist , Arthur Jensen , of the University of California , Berkeley ( UC Berkeley ) . Although earlier in his career Jensen had favored environmental rather than genetic factors as the explanation of race differences in intelligence , he had changed his mind during 1966 - 1967 when he was at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford . Here Jensen met Shockley and through him received support for his research from the Pioneer Fund . Although Shockley and Jensen 's names were later to become linked in the media , Jensen does not mention Shockley as an important influence on his thought in his subsequent writings ; rather he describes as decisive his work with Hans Eysenck . He also mentions his interest in the behaviorist theories of Clark L. Hull which he says he abandoned largely because he found them to be incompatible with experimental findings during his years at Berkeley . Arthur Jensen , professor of educational psychology at UC Berkeley who wrote the 1969 article on intelligence that became one of the most controversial articles in the history of psychology In a 1968 article published in Disadvantaged Child , Jensen questioned the effectiveness of child development and antipoverty programs , writing `` As a social policy , avoidance of the issue could be harmful to everyone in the long run , especially to future generations of Negroes , who could suffer the most from well - meaning but misguided and ineffective attempts to improve their lot . '' In 1969 Jensen wrote a long article in the Harvard Educational Review , `` How Much Can We Boost IQ and Scholastic Achievement ? '' In October 1967 Arthur Jensen gave an invited address with the same title as his article at the annual meeting of the California Advisory Council of Educational Research in San Diego In his article , 123 pages long , Jensen insisted on the accuracy and lack of bias in intelligence tests , stating that the absolute quantity g that they measured , the general intelligence factor , first introduced by the English psychologist Charles Spearman in 1904 , `` stood like a Rock of Gibraltar in psychometrics '' . He stressed the importance of biological considerations in intelligence , commenting that `` the belief in the almost infinite plasticity of intellect , the ostrich - like denial of biological factors in individual differences , and the slighting of the role of genetics in the study of intelligence can only hinder investigation and understanding of the conditions , processes , and limits through which the social environment influences human behavior . '' He argued at length that , contrary to environmentalist orthodoxy , intelligence was partly dependent on the same genetic factors that influence other physical attributes . More controversially , he briefly speculated that the difference in performance at school between blacks and whites might have a partly genetic explanation , commenting that there were `` various lines of evidence , no one of which is definitive alone , but which , viewed all together , make it a not unreasonable hypothesis that genetic factors are strongly implicated in the average Negro - white intelligence difference . The preponderance of the evidence is , in my opinion , less consistent with a strictly environmental hypothesis than with a genetic hypothesis , which , of course , does not exclude the influence of environment or its interaction with genetic factors . '' He advocated the allocation of educational resources according to merit and insisted on the close correlation between intelligence and occupational status , arguing that `` in a society that values and rewards individual talent and merit , genetic factors inevitably take on considerable importance . '' Concerned that the average IQ in the USA was inadequate to answer the increasing needs of an industrialised society , he predicted that people with lower IQs would become unemployable while at the same time there would be an insufficient number with higher IQs to fill professional posts . He felt that eugenic reform would prevent this more effectively than compensatory education , surmising that `` the technique for raising intelligence per se in the sense of g , probably lie more in the province of biological science than in psychology or education '' . He pointed out that intelligence and family size were inversely correlated , particularly amongst the black population , so that the current trend in average national intelligence was dysgenic rather than eugenic . As he wrote , `` Is there a danger that current welfare policies , unaided by eugenic foresight , could lead to the genetic enslavement of a substantial segment of our population ? The fuller consequences of our failure seriously to study these questions may well be judged by future generations as our society 's greatest injustice to Negro Americans . '' He concluded by emphasizing the importance of child - centered education . Although a tradition had developed for the exclusive use of cognitive learning in schools , Jensen argued that it was not suited to `` these children 's genetic and cultural heritage '' : although capable of associative learning and memorization ( `` Level I '' ability ) , they had difficulties with abstract conceptual reasoning ( `` Level II '' ability ) . He felt that in these circumstances the success of education depended on exploiting `` the actual potential learning that is latent in these children 's patterns of abilities '' . He suggested that , in order to ensure equality of opportunity , `` schools and society must provide a range and diversity of educational methods , programs and goals , and of occupational opportunities , just as wide as the range of human abilities . '' Later , writing about how the article came into being , Jensen said that the editors of the Review had specifically asked him to include his view on the heritability of race differences , which he had not previously published . He also maintains that only five percent of the article touched on the topic of race difference in IQ . Cronbach ( 1975 ) also gave a detailed account of how the student editors of Harvard Educational Review commissioned and negotiated the content of Jensen 's article . Many academics have given commentaries on what they considered to be the main points of Jensen 's article and the subsequent books in the early 1970s that expanded on its content . According to Jencks & Phillips ( 1998 ) , in his article Jensen had argued `` that educational programs for disadvantaged children initiated as the War on Poverty had failed , and the black - white race gap probably had a substantial genetic component . '' They summarised Jensen 's argument as follows : `` Most of the variation in black - white scores is genetic '' `` No one has advanced a plausible environmental explanation for the black - white gap '' `` Therefore it is more reasonable to assume that part of the black - white gap is genetic in origin '' According to Loehlin , Lindzey & Spuhler ( 1975 ) , Jensen 's article defended 3 claims : IQ tests provide accurate measurements of a real human ability that is relevant in many aspects of life . Intelligence , as measured by IQ tests , is highly ( about 80 % ) heritable and parents with low IQs are much more likely to have children with low IQs Educational programs have been unable to significantly change the intelligence of individuals or groups . According to Webster ( 1997 ) , the article claimed `` a correlation between intelligence , measured by IQ tests , and racial genes '' . He wrote that Jensen , based on empirical evidence , had concluded that `` black intelligence was congenitally inferior to that of whites '' ; that `` this partly explains unequal educational achievements '' ; and that , `` because a certain level of underachievement was due to the inferior genetic attributes of blacks , compensatory and enrichment programs are bound to be ineffective in closing the racial gap in educational achievements . '' Several commentators mention Jensen 's recommendations for schooling : according to Barry Nurcombe , Jensen 's own research suggests that IQ tests amalgamate two forms of thinking which are hierarchically related but which become differentially distributed in the population according to SES : level 1 and level 2 , associative learning and abstract thinking ( g ) , respectively . Blacks do as well as whites on tests of associative learning , but they fall behind on abstract thinking . The educational system should attend to this discrepancy and derive a more pluralistic approach . The current system puts minority groups at a marked disadvantage , since it overemphasizes g - type thinking . Jensen had already suggested in the article that initiatives like the Head Start Program were ineffective , writing in the opening sentence , `` Compensatory education has been tried and it apparently has failed . '' Other experts in psychometrics , such as Flynn ( 1980 ) and Mackintosh ( 1998 ) , have given accounts of Jensen 's theory of Level I and Level II abilities , which originated in this and earlier articles . As the historian of psychology William H. Tucker comments , Jensen 's leading question , `` Is there a danger that current welfare policies , unaided by eugenic foresight , could lead to the genetic enslavement of a substantial segment of our population ? The fuller consequences of our failure seriously to study these questions may well be judged by future generations as our society 's greatest injustice to Negro Americans , '' repeating Shockley 's phrase `` genetic enslavement '' , proved later to be one of the most inflammatory statements in the article . Raymond Cattell , one of Jensen 's main supporters who referred to his opponents as `` ignoracists '' Shockley conducted a widespread publicity campaign for Jensen 's article , supported by the Pioneer Fund . Jensen 's views became widely known in many spheres . As a result , there was renewed academic interest in the hereditarian viewpoint and in intelligence tests . Jensen 's original article was widely circulated and often cited ; the material was taught in university courses over a range of academic disciplines . In response to his critics , Jensen wrote a series of books on all aspects of psychometrics . There was also a widespread positive response from the popular press -- with The New York Times Magazine dubbing the topic `` Jensenism '' -- and amongst politicians and policy makers . In 1971 Richard Herrnstein wrote a long article on intelligence tests in The Atlantic for a general readership . Undecided on the issues of race and intelligence , he discussed instead score differences between social classes . Like Jensen he took a firmly hereditarian point of view . He also commented that the policy of equal opportunity would result in making social classes more rigid , separated by biological differences , resulting in a downward trend in average intelligence that would conflict with the growing needs of a technological society . Hans Eysenck , professor of psychology at the Institute of Psychiatry and Jensen 's mentor Jensen and Herrnstein 's articles were widely discussed . Hans Eysenck defended the hereditarian point of view and the use of intelligence tests in `` Race , Intelligence and Education '' ( 1971 ) , a pamphlet presenting Jensenism to a popular audience , and `` The Inequality of Man '' ( 1973 ) . He was severely critical of anti-hereditarians whose policies he blamed for many of the problems in society . In the first book he wrote that , `` All the evidence to date suggests the strong and indeed overwhelming importance of genetic factors in producing the great variety of intellectual differences which ( are ) observed between certain racial groups '' , adding in the second , that `` for anyone wishing to perpetuate class or caste differences , genetics is the real foe '' . `` Race , Intelligence and Education '' was immediately criticized in strong terms by IQ researcher Sandra Scarr as an `` uncritical popularization of Jensen 's ideas without the nuances and qualifiers that make much of Jensen 's writing credible or at least responsible . '' Although the main intention of the hereditarians had been to challenge the anti-hereditarian establishment , they were unprepared for the level of reaction and censure in the scientific world . Militant student groups at Berkeley and Harvard conducted campaigns of harassment on Jensen and Herrnstein with charges of racism , despite Herrnstein 's refusal to endorse Jensen 's views on race and intelligence . Two weeks after the appearance of Jensen 's article , the Berkeley chapter of the student organization Students for a Democratic Society staged protests against Arthur Jensen on the campus of the University of California , Berkeley , chanting `` Fight racism . Fire Jensen ! '' Jensen himself states that he even lost his employment at Berkeley because of the controversy . Similar campaigns were waged in London against Eysenck and in Boston against Edward Wilson , the founding father of sociobiology , the discipline that explains human behavior through genetics . The attacks on Wilson were orchestrated by the Sociobiology Study Group , part of the left wing organization Science for the People , formed of 35 scientists and students , including the Harvard biologists Stephen J. Gould and Richard Lewontin , who both became prominent critics of hereditarian research in race and intelligence . In 1972 50 academics , including the psychologists Jensen , Eysenck and Herrnstein as well as five Nobel laureates , signed a statement entitled `` Resolution on Scientific Freedom Regarding Human Behavior and Heredity '' , criticizing the climate of `` suppression , punishment and defamation of scientists who emphasized the role of heredity in human behavior '' . In October 1973 a half - page advertisement entitled `` Resolution Against Racism '' appeared in the New York Times . With over 1000 academic signatories , including Lewontin , it condemned `` racist research '' , denouncing in particular Jensen , Shockley and Herrnstein . This was accompanied by a high level of commentaries , criticisms and denouncements from the academic community . Two issues of the Harvard Educational Review were devoted to critiques of Jensen 's work by psychologists , biologists and educationalists . As documented by Wooldridge ( 1995 ) , the main commentaries involved : population genetics ( Richard Lewontin , Luigi Cavalli - Sforza , Walter Bodmer ) ; the heritability of intelligence ( Christopher Jencks , Mary Jo Bane , Leon Kamin , David Layzer ) ; the possible inaccuracy of IQ tests as measures of intelligence ( summarised in Jensen 1980 , pp. 20 -- 21 ) ; and sociological assumptions about the relationship between intelligence and income ( Jencks and Bane ) . More specifically , the Harvard biologist Richard Lewontin commented on Jensen 's use of population genetics , writing that , `` The fundamental error of Jensen 's argument is to confuse heritability of character within a population with heritability between two populations . '' Jensen denied making such a claim , saying that his argument was that high within - group heritability increased the probability of non-zero between - group heritability . The political scientists Christopher Jencks and Mary Jo Bane , also from Harvard , recalculated the heritability of intelligence as 45 % instead of Jensen 's estimate of 80 % ; and they determined that only about 12 % of variation in income was due to IQ , so that in their view the connections between IQ and occupation were less clear than Jensen had suggested . Ideological differences also emerged in the controversy . The circle of scientists around Lewontin and Gould , some of them self - admittedly motivated by a Marxist ideology , rejected the research of Jensen and Herrnstein as `` bad science '' . While not objecting to research into intelligence per se , they felt that this research was politically motivated and objected to the reification of intelligence : the treatment of the numerical quantity g as a physical attribute like skin colour that could be meaningfully averaged over a population group . They claimed that this was contrary to the scientific method , which required explanations at a molecular level , rather than the analysis of a statistical artifact in terms of undiscovered processes in biology or genetics . In response to this criticism , Jensen later wrote : ' ... what Gould has mistaken for `` reification '' is neither more nor less than the common practice in every science of hypothesizing explanatory models to account for the observed relationships within a given domain . Well known examples include the heliocentric theory of planetary motion , the Bohr atom , the electromagnetic field , the kinetic theory of gases , gravitation , quarks , Mendelian genes , mass , velocity , etc . None of these constructs exists as a palpable entity occupying physical space . ' He asked why psychology should be denied `` the common right of every science to the use of hypothetical constructs or any theoretical speculation concerning causal explanations of its observable phenomena ? '' Cyril Burt , the English educationalist whose disputed twin studies had been used as data by Jensen in some of his early articles and books The academic debate also became entangled with the so - called `` Burt Affair '' , because Jensen 's article had partially relied on the 1966 twin studies of the British educational psychologist Sir Cyril Burt : shortly after Burt 's death in 1971 , there were allegations , prompted by research of Leon Kamin , that Burt had fabricated parts of his data , charges which have never been fully resolved . Franz Samelson documents how Jensen 's views on Burt 's work varied over the years : Jensen was Burt 's main defender in the USA during the 1970s . In 1983 , following the publication in 1978 of Leslie Hearnshaw 's official biography of Burt , Jensen changed his mind , `` fully accept ( ing ) as valid ... Hearnshaw 's biography '' and stating that `` of course ( Burt ) will never be exonerated for his empirical deceptions '' . However , in 1992 , he wrote that `` the essence of the Burt affair ... ( was ) a cabal of motivated opponents , avidly aided by the mass media , to bash ( Burt 's ) reputation completely '' , a view repeated in an invited address on Burt before the American Psychological Association , when he called into question Hearnshaw 's scholarship . Trofim Lysenko who , as director of Soviet research in biology under Joseph Stalin , blocked research into genetics for ideological reasons Similar charges of a politically motivated campaign to stifle scientific research on racial differences , later dubbed `` Neo-Lysenkoism '' , were frequently repeated by Jensen and his supporters . Jensen ( 1972 ) bemoaned the fact that `` a block has been raised because of the obvious implications for the understanding of racial differences in ability and achievement . Serious considerations of whether genetic as well as environmental factors are involved has been taboo in academic circles , '' adding that , `` In the bizarre racist theories of the Nazis and the disastrous Lysenkoism of the Soviet Union under Stalin , we have seen clear examples of what happens when science is corrupted by subservience to political dogma . '' After the appearance of his 1969 article , Jensen was later more explicit about racial differences in intelligence , stating in 1973 `` that something between one - half and three - fourths of the average IQ differences between American Negroes and whites is attributable to genetic factors . '' He even speculated that the underlying mechanism was a `` biochemical connection between skin pigmentation and intelligence '' linked to their joint development in the ectoderm of the embryo . Although Jensen avoided any personal involvement with segregationists in the US , he did not distance himself from the approaches of journals of the far right in Europe , many of whom viewed his research as justifying their political ends . In an interview with Nation Europa , he said that some human races differed from one another even more than some animal species , claiming that a measurement of `` genetic distance '' between blacks and whites showed that they had diverged over 46,000 years ago . He also granted interviews to Alain de Benoist 's French journal Nouvelle École and Jürgen Rieger 's German journal Neue Anthropologie of which he later became a regular contributor and editor , apparently unaware of its political orientation owing to his poor knowledge of German . The debate was further exacerbated by issues of racial bias that had already intensified through the 1960s because of civil rights concerns and changes in the social climate . In 1968 the Association of Black Psychologists ( ABP ) had demanded a moratorium on IQ tests for children from minority groups . After a committee set up by the American Psychological Association drew up guidelines for assessing minority groups , failing to confirm the claims of racial bias , Jackson ( 1975 ) wrote the following as part of a response on behalf of the ABP : Psychological testing historically has been a quasi-scientific tool in the perpetuation of racism on all levels of scientific objectivity , it ( testing ) has provided a cesspool of intrinsically and inferentially fallacious data which inflates the egos of whites by demeaning Black people and threatens to potentiate Black genocide . Other professional academic bodies reacted to the dispute differently . The Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues , a division of the American Psychological Society , issued a public statement in 1969 criticizing Jensen 's research , declaring that , `` To construct questions about complex behavior in terms of heredity versus environment is to oversimplify the essence and nature of human development and behavior . '' The American Anthropological Association convened a panel discussion in 1969 at its annual general meeting , shortly after the appearance of Jensen 's paper , where several participants labelled his research as `` racist '' . Subsequently , the association issued an official clarification , stating that , `` The shabby misuse of IQ testing in the support of past American racist policies has created understandable anxiety over current research on the inheritance of human intelligence . But the resulting personal attacks on a few scientists with unpopular views has had a chilling effect on the entire field of behavioral genetics and clouds public discussion of its implications . '' In 1975 the Genetics Society of America made a similarly cautious statement : `` The application of the techniques of quantitative genetics to the analysis of human behavior is fraught with human complications and potential biases , but well - designed research on the genetic and environmental components of human psychological traits may yield valid and socially useful results and should not be discouraged . '' 1980 -- 2000 ( edit ) Jim Flynn , the New Zealand political scientist who has studied changes in IQ scores In the 1980s , the political scientist Jim Flynn compared the results of groups who took both older and newer versions of specific IQ tests . His research led him to the discovery of what is now called the Flynn effect : a substantial increase in average IQ scores over the years across all groups tested . His discovery was confirmed later by many other studies . While trying to understand these remarkable test score increases , Flynn had postulated in 1987 that `` IQ tests do not measure intelligence but rather a correlate with a weak causal link to intelligence '' . By 2009 , however , Flynn felt that the IQ test score changes are real . He suggests that our fast - changing world has faced successive generations with new cognitive challenges that have considerably stimulated intellectual ability . `` Our brains as presently constructed probably have much excess capacity ready to be used if needed . That was certainly the case in 1900 . '' Flynn notes that `` Our ancestors in 1900 were not mentally retarded . Their intelligence was anchored in everyday reality . We differ from them in that we can use abstractions and logic and the hypothetical to attack the formal problems that arise when science liberates thought from concrete situations . Since 1950 , we have become more ingenious in going beyond previously learned rules to solve problems on the spot . '' Richard Lynn , the English psychologist who has written extensively on global group differences in intelligence From the 1980s onwards , the Pioneer Fund continued to fund hereditarian research on race and intelligence , in particular the two English - born psychologists Richard Lynn of the University of Ulster and J. Philippe Rushton of the University of Western Ontario , its president since 2002 . Rushton returned to the cranial measurements of the 19th century , using brain size as an extra factor determining intelligence ; in collaboration with Jensen , he most recently developed updated arguments for the genetic explanation of race differences in intelligence . Lynn , longtime editor of and contributor to Mankind Quarterly and a prolific writer of books , has concentrated his research in race and intelligence on gathering and tabulating data about race differences in intelligence across the world . He has also made suggestions about its political implications , including the revival of older theories of eugenics , which he describes as `` the truth that dares not speak its name '' . f announced the results of a survey conducted in 1984 on a sample of over a thousand psychologists , sociologists and educationalists in a multiple choice questionnaire , and expanded in 1988 into the book The IQ Controversy , the Media , and Public Policy . The book claimed to document a liberal bias in the media coverage of scientific findings regarding IQ . The survey included the question , `` Which of the following best characterizes your opinion of the heritability of black - white differences in IQ ? '' 661 researchers returned the questionnaire , and of these , 14 % declined to answer the question , 24 % voted that there was insufficient evidence to give an answer , 1 % voted that the gap was purely `` due entirely to genetic variation '' , 15 % voted that it `` due entirely due to environmental variation '' and 45 % voted that it was a `` product of genetic and environmental variation '' . Jencks & Phillips ( 1998 ) have pointed out that those who replied `` both '' did not have the opportunity to specify whether genetics played a large role . There has been no agreement amongst psychometricians on the significance of this particular answer . Scientists supporting the hereditarian point of view have seen it as a vindication of their position . In 1989 J. Philippe Rushton was placed under police investigation by the Attorney General of Ontario , after complaints that he had promoted racism in one of his publications on race differences . In the same year , Linda Gottfredson of the University of Delaware had an extended battle with her university over the legitimacy of grants from the Pioneer Fund , eventually settled in her favour . Both later responded with an updated version of Henry E. Garrett 's `` equalitarian dogma '' , labelling the claim that all races were equal in cognitive ability as an `` egalitarian fiction '' and a `` scientific hoax '' . Gottfredson ( 1994 ) spoke of a `` great fraud '' , a `` collective falsehood '' and a `` scientific lie '' , citing the findings of Snyderman and Rothman as justification . Rushton ( 1996 ) wrote that there was a `` taboo on race '' in scientific research that had `` no parallel ... not the Inquisition , not Stalin , not Hitler . '' In his 1998 book `` The g Factor : The Science of Mental Ability '' , Jensen reiterated his earlier claims of Neo-Lysenkoism , writing that `` The concept of human races ( as ) a fiction '' has various `` different sources , none of them scientific , '' one of them being `` Neo-Marxist philosophy , '' which `` excludes consideration of genetic or biological factors ... from any part in explaining behavioral differences amongst humans . '' In the same year the evolutionary psychologist Kevin B. MacDonald went much further , reviving Garrett 's claim of the `` Boas cult '' as a Jewish conspiracy , after which `` research on racial differences ceased , and the profession completely excluded eugenicists like Madison Grant and Charles Davenport . '' In 1994 the debate on race and intelligence was reignited by the publication of the book The Bell Curve : Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray . The book was received positively by the media , with prominent coverage in Newsweek , Time , the New York Times and the Wall Street Journal . Although only two chapters of the book were devoted to race differences in intelligence , treated from the same hereditarian standpoint as Jensen 's 1969 paper , it nevertheless caused a similar furore in the academic community to Jensen 's article . Many critics , including Stephen J. Gould and Leon Kamin , asserted that the book contained unwarranted simplifications and flaws in its analysis ; in particular there were criticisms of its reliance on Lynn 's estimates of average IQ scores in South Africa , where data had been used selectively , and on Rushton 's work on brain size and intelligence , which was controversial and disputed . These criticisms were subsequently presented in books , most notably The Bell Curve Debate ( 1995 ) , Inequality by Design : Cracking the Bell Curve Myth ( 1996 ) and an expanded edition of Gould 's The Mismeasure of Man ( 1996 ) . In 1994 a group of 52 scientists , including Rushton , Lynn , Jensen and Eysenck , were cosignatories of an op - ed article in the Wall Street Journal written by Linda Gottfredson entitled `` Mainstream Science on Intelligence '' . The article , supporting the conclusions of The Bell Curve , was later republished in an expanded version in the journal Intelligence . The editorial included the statements : `` Genetics plays a bigger role than environment in creating IQ differences among individuals ... The bell curve for whites is centred roughly around IQ 100 ; the bell curve for American blacks roughly around 85 ... black 17 - year olds perform , on the average , more like white 13 - year olds in reading , math and science , with Hispanics in between . '' Another early criticism was that Herrnstein and Murray did not submit their work to academic peer review before publication . There were also three books written from the hereditarian point of view : Why race matters : race differences and what they mean ( 1997 ) by Michael Levin ; The g Factor : The Science of Mental Ability ( 1998 ) by Jensen ; and Intelligence ; a new look by Hans Eysenck . Various other books of collected contributions appeared at the same time , including The black - white test gap ( 1998 ) edited by Christopher Jencks and Meredith Phillips , Intelligence , heredity and environment ( 1997 ) edited by Robert Sternberg and Elena Grigorenko . A section in IQ and human intelligence ( 1998 ) by Nicholas Mackintosh discussed ethnic groups and Race and intelligence : separating science from myth ( 2002 ) edited by Jefferson Fish presented further commentary on The Bell Curve by anthropologists , psychologists , sociologists , historians , biologists and statisticians . In 1999 the same journal Intelligence reprinted as an invited editorial a long article by the attorney Harry F. Weyher Jr. defending the integrity of the Pioneer Fund , of which he was then president and of which several editors , including Gottfredson , Jensen , Lynn and Rushton , were grantees . In 1994 the Pioneer - financed journal Mankind Quarterly , of which Roger Pearson was the manager and pseudonymous contributor , had been described by Charles Lane in a review of The Bell Curve in the New York Review of Books as `` a notorious journal of ' racial history ' founded , and funded , by men who believe in the genetic superiority of the white race '' ; he had called the fund and its journal `` scientific racism 's keepers of the flame . '' Gottfredson had previously defended the fund in 1989 - 1990 , asserting that Mankind Quarterly was a `` multicultural journal '' dedicated to `` diversity ... as an object of dispassionate study '' and that Pearson did not approve of membership of the American Nazi Party . Pearson ( 1991 ) had himself defended the fund in his book Race , Intelligence and Bias in Academe . In response to the debate on The Bell Curve , the American Psychological Association set up a ten - person taskforce , chaired by Ulrich Neisser , to report on the book and its findings . In its report , `` Intelligence : Knowns and Unknowns '' , published in February 1996 , the committee made the following comments on race differences in intelligence : `` African American IQ scores have long averaged about 15 points below those of Whites , with correspondingly lower scores on academic achievement tests . In recent years the achievement - test gap has narrowed appreciably . It is possible that the IQ - score differential is narrowing as well , but this has not been clearly established . The cause of that differential is not known ; it is apparently not due to any simple form of bias in the content or administration of the tests themselves . The Flynn effect shows that environmental factors can produce differences of at least this magnitude , but that effect is mysterious in its own right . Several culturally - based explanations of the Black / White IQ differential have been proposed ; some are plausible , but so far none has been conclusively supported . There is even less empirical support for a genetic interpretation . In short , no adequate explanation of the differential between the IQ means of Blacks and Whites is presently available . '' Jensen commented : As I read the APA statement , ( ... ) I did n't feel it was contradicting my position , but rather merely sidestepping it . It seems more evasive of my position than contradictory . The committee did acknowledge the factual status of what I have termed the Spearman Effect , the reality of g , the inadequacy of test bias and socioeconomic status as causal explanations , and many other conclusions that do n't differ at all from my own position . ( ... ) Considering that the report was commissioned by the APA , I was surprised it went as far as it did . Viewed in that light , I am not especially displeased by it . Rushton found himself at the centre of another controversy in 1999 when unsolicited copies of a special abridged version of his 1995 book Race , Evolution and Behavior , aimed at a general readership , were mass mailed to psychologists , sociologists and anthropologists in North American universities . As a result , Transaction Publishers withdrew from publishing the pamphlet , financed by the Pioneer Fund , and issued an apology in the January 2000 edition of the journal Society . In the pamphlet Rushton recounted how black Africans had been seen by outside observers through the centuries as naked , insanitary , impoverished and unintelligent . In modern times he remarked that their average IQ of 70 `` is the lowest ever recorded '' , due to smaller average brain size . He explained these differences in terms of evolutionary history : those that had migrated to colder climates in the north to evolve into whites and Asians had adapted genetically to have more self - control , lower levels of sex hormones , greater intelligence , more complex social structures , and more stable families . He concluded that whites and Asians are more disposed to `` invest time and energy in their children rather than the pursuit of sexual thrills . They are ' dads ' rather than ' cads . ' '' J. Philippe Rushton did not distance himself from groups on the far right in the US . He was a regular contributor to the newsletters of American Renaissance and spoke at many of their biennial conferences , in 2006 sharing the platform with Nick Griffin , leader of the British National Party . 2000 -- present ( edit ) In 2002 , Richard Lynn and Tatu Vanhanen , published IQ and the Wealth of Nations . Vanhanen claimed `` Whereas the average IQ of Finns is 97 , in Africa it is between 60 and 70 . Differences in intelligence are the most significant factor in explaining poverty . '' A complaint by Finland 's `` Ombudsman for Minorities '' , Mikko Puumalainen , resulted in Vanhanen being considered to be investigated for incitement of `` racial hatred '' by the Finnish National Bureau of Investigations . In 2004 , the police stated they found no reason to suspect he incited racial hatred and decided not to launch an investigation . In 2007 James D. Watson , Nobel laureate in biology , gave a controversial interview to the Sunday Times Magazine during a book tour in the United Kingdom . Watson stated he was `` inherently gloomy about the prospect of Africa '' because `` all our social policies are based on the fact that their intelligence is the same as ours -- whereas all the testing says not really . '' He also wrote that `` there is no firm reason to anticipate that the intellectual capacities of peoples geographically separated in their evolution should prove to have evolved identically . Our wanting to reserve equal powers of reason as some universal heritage of humanity will not be enough to make it so . '' This resulted in the cancellation of a Royal Society lecture , along with other public engagements , and his suspension from his administrative duties at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory . He subsequently cancelled the tour and resigned from his position at CSHL , where he had served as either director , president or chancellor since 1968 . However , Watson was later appointed chancellor emeritus of CSHL , and , as of 2009 , he continued to advise and guide project work at the laboratory . In 2005 the journal Psychology , Public Policy and Law of the American Psychological Association ( APA ) published a review article by Rushton and Jensen , `` Thirty Years of Research on Race Differences in Cognitive Ability '' . The article was followed by a series of responses , some in support , some critical . Richard Nisbett , another psychologist who had also commented at the time , later included an amplified version of his critique as part of the book Intelligence and How to Get It : Why Schools and Cultures Count ( 2009 ) . Rushton and Jensen in 2010 made a point - for - point reply to this and again summarized the hereditarian position in `` Race and IQ : A theory - based review of the research in Richard Nisbett 's Intelligence and How to Get It '' . In 2015 in the journal Intelligence , Davide Piffer published a review of Published Genome Wide Association Studies ( GWAS ) . His study analysed nine SNPs associated with educational attainment and found that the average incidence of the alleles associated with higher attainment for each race tightly corresponded to said races ' phenotypic IQ ( correlation of 0.91 ) . The study also purported to have found evidence that these differences in genetic potential for intelligence between races were the result of natural selection and not genetic drift . In 2016 , Rindermann , Becker & Coyle ( 2016 ) attempted to replicate the findings of Snyderman & Rothman ( 1987 ) by surveying 71 psychology experts on the causes of international differences in cognitive test scores . They found that the experts surveyed ranked education as the most important factor of these differences , with genes in second place ; they also found the most variation in the rankings of genetics compared to any other factor . See also ( edit ) Henry Garrett Robert Yerkes The IQ Controversy , the Media and Public Policy Eugenics Notes ( edit ) This article cites its sources but does not provide page references . You can help to improve it by introducing citations that are more precise . ( May 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jump up ^ Fish 2002 , p. 159 , Chapter 6 , `` Science and the idea of race '' , by Audrey Smedley Jump up ^ Baker 1974 , pp. 18 -- 27 Jump up ^ Morton 1839 Jump up ^ Bean 1906 Jump up ^ Mall 1909 ^ Jump up to : Benjamin 2006 , pp. 188 -- 189 Jump up ^ Mackintosh 1998 , pp. 7 -- 10 Jump up ^ Jensen 1998 , pp. 15 -- 16 ^ Jump up to : Baker 1974 , pp. 40 -- 44 Jump up ^ `` Reaction Time with Reference to Race '' . Psychological Review . 2 ( 5 ) : 475 -- 486 . 1895 . doi : 10.1037 / h0070013 . Jump up ^ Benjamin 2006 , p. 188 Jump up ^ Bruner , Frank G. ( 1912 ) , `` The primitive races in America '' , Psychological Bulletin , 9 : 380 -- 390 , doi : 10.1037 / h0072417 Jump up ^ Ferguson , George O. ( 1916 ) , The psychology of the Negro , Negro Universities Press ^ Jump up to : Benjamin 2006 , p. 189 Jump up ^ Terman , Lewis M. ( 1916 ) , The Measurement of Intelligence : An Explanation of and a Complete Guide for the use of the Stanford Revision and Extension of the Binet - Simon Intelligence Scale , Houghton Mifflin Co . Jump up ^ Mackintosh 1998 , p. 17 Jump up ^ Mackintosh 1998 , pp. 20 -- 21 Jump up ^ Kevles 1998 Jump up ^ Brigham 1923 , p. 178,210 Jump up ^ Mackintosh 1998 , pp. 22 -- 23 Jump up ^ Samelson 1979 , p. 135 Jump up ^ but see McPherson , K ( 1985 ) . `` On intelligence testing and immigration legislation '' . American Psychologist. 40 ( 2 ) : 242 -- 243 . doi : 10.1037 / 0003 - 066x. 40.2. 242 . Jump up ^ Allport , Floyd Henry ( 1984 ) , Social psychology , Routledge , ISBN 0 - 415 - 09258 - 2 Reprint of 1924 book . Jump up ^ Woodworth , Robert S. ( 2006 ) , Psychology : A Study of Mental Life , Kessinger Publishing , ISBN 1 - 4286 - 4126 - 2 Reprint of 1929 textbook . Jump up ^ Benjamin 2006 , pp. 189 -- 190 Jump up ^ Kevles 1998 , pp. 134 -- 138 Jump up ^ Wooldridge 1995 , p. 145 Jump up ^ Tucker , 1996 & 239 - 249 Jump up ^ Tucker 2009 , pp. 1 -- 15 Jump up ^ Klineberg , Otto ( 1935 ) , Negro intelligence and selective migration , Columbia University Press Jump up ^ Klineberg , Otto ( 1935 ) , Race differences , Harper and Brothers Jump up ^ A history of Modern Psychology in Context , Wade E. Pickren and Alexandra Rutherford , Wiley , 2010 , page 163 Jump up ^ Samelson ( 1978 ) Jump up ^ Benjamin 2006 , pp. 190 -- 191 ^ Jump up to : Segerstråle 2001 Jump up ^ The structure & measurement of intelligence , Hans Jürgen Eysenck and David W. Fulker , Transaction Publishers , 1979 , page 16 . Jump up ^ Cooper , D.Y. ( 2010 ) . `` William Bradford Shockley '' . American National Biography . Jump up ^ Tucker 1996 , p. 194 Jump up ^ Tucker 2002 , pp. 43,180 -- 181 Jump up ^ Tucker 1996 , pp. 193 -- 194 Jump up ^ Rushton , J.P. ( 2002 ) . `` The Pioneer Fund and the Scientific Study of Human Differences '' ( PDF ) . Albany Law Review . 66 : 207 -- 262 . ^ Jump up to : Tucker 2002 Jump up ^ Rose 2009 Jump up ^ Lynn 2001 The official history of the Pioneer Fund written by a board member . Jump up ^ Winston 1996 Jump up ^ Winston 1998 Jump up ^ Garrett 1961a Jump up ^ Garrett 1961b , p. 256 Jump up ^ Albee 1996 , p. 90 Jump up ^ Jackson 2005 , pp. 111 -- 112 Jump up ^ Shurkin 2006 Jump up ^ Alland 2002 , pp. 121 -- 124 Jump up ^ Roger Pearson 's 1992 book `` Shockley on Race and Eugenics '' contains a foreword by Jensen , giving a lengthy assessment of Shockley Jump up ^ In Shurkin 2006 , pp. 270 -- 271 , Jensen is reported as saying that Shockley 's main contribution was to distract opponents and that `` I have always been amazed that someone as bright as he could have contributed so little over so long a span of time '' . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , A. ( 1998 ) . `` Jensen on `` Jensenism '' `` . Intelligence . 26 ( 3 ) : 181 -- 208 . doi : 10.1016 / S0160 - 2896 ( 99 ) 80002 - 6 . Jump up ^ See : Tucker 2002 , pp. 148,255 Tucker 1996 , p. 197 Byrd & Clayton 2001 , p. 436 Jensen 1968 Jump up ^ Jensen 1969 Jump up ^ Tucker 1996 , p. 203 Jump up ^ Gottfredson 1998 Jump up ^ Wooldridge 1995 , pp. 363 -- 365 ^ Jump up to : Tucker 1996 , p. 204 Jump up ^ Lerner 2002 , p. 270 Jump up ^ Cronbach 1975 , p. 3 ^ Jump up to : Jensen 1972 Jump up ^ Jencks & Phillips 1998 , p. 16 Jump up ^ Loehlin , Lindzey & Spuhler 1975 Jump up ^ Webster 1997 , pp. 19 -- 20 Jump up ^ See ; Freeman 1980 Tucker 1996 Ornstein 1982 Pyle 1979 Valencia 1997 Nurcombe , De Lacey & Walker 1999 Jump up ^ Nurcombe , De Lacey & Walker 1999 , p. 45 , Chapter 2 , The Great Debate Jump up ^ See : Wooldridge 1995 Tucker 2002 Maltby , Day & Macaskill 2007 Jump up ^ See : Tucker 1996 , pp. 243 -- 245 Cattell 1971 Jump up ^ Wooldridge 1995 Jump up ^ Wooldridge 1995 , p. 365 Jump up ^ Wooldridge 1995 , pp. 366 -- 367 Jump up ^ S. Scarr ( 1981 ) . Race , Social Class , and individual Differences in I.q. Psychology Press . pp. 62 -- 65 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89859 - 055 - 5 . ; article previously published in Science , 1971 , 174 , 1223 - 1228 . Jump up ^ Cronbach 1975 Jump up ^ Wooldridge 1995 , pp. 368 -- 373 Jump up ^ Segerstråle , 2001 & 17 - 24 Segerstråle gives a detailed account of the Sociobiology Study Group , founded in 1975 . Jump up ^ Segerstråle 2001 , p. 33 , 44,272 Jump up ^ Ornstein 1974 , p. 174 Jump up ^ Wooldridge 1995 , pp. 374 -- 376 Jump up ^ See : Wooldridge 1995 , p. 374 Block & Dworkin 1976 , p. 89 Jump up ^ Sesardic 2005 , pp. 132 -- 134 Jump up ^ See : Wooldridge 1995 , p. 375 -- 376 Block & Dworkin 1976 , p. 330 -- 335 , `` Five Myths About Your IQ '' Jump up ^ Segerstråle 1992 Jump up ^ Jensen 1982 Jump up ^ See : Wooldridge 1995 , p. 375 Samelson 1997 Mackintosh 1995 Mackintosh 1998 , p. 74 -- 76 Alland 2002 Jump up ^ See : Samelson 1997 Jensen 1974 Jensen 1978 Jump up ^ Jensen 1983 , pp. 17 , 20 Jump up ^ Jensen 1992a , p. 121 Jump up ^ Jensen 1992b Jump up ^ Samelson 1997 , pp. 146 -- 148 Jump up ^ See : Segerstråle 2001 Jackson 2005 Herrntein 1973 Jensen 1982 Davis 1983 Pearson 1997 Gottfredson 1998 Jump up ^ Jackson 2005 , p. 184 Jump up ^ Jensen 1972 , p. 328 Jump up ^ Tucker 1996 , pp. 203,261 -- 264 Jump up ^ Kühn 2001 , p. 112 Jump up ^ Jensen 1973 , p. 363 Jump up ^ Rose 1975 , p. 202 Jump up ^ See : Jensen 1980 , p. 16 Wooldridge 1995 , p. 376 Hickman & Reynolds 1986 , p. 411 Jump up ^ Modgil & Modgil 1987 , p. 44 Jump up ^ Scarr & Carter - Saltzman 1982 , p. 796 Jump up ^ Richards 1997 , p. 279 Jump up ^ Maltby , Day & Macaskill , p. 302 Jump up ^ Flynn , James R. ( 2009 ) . What Is Intelligence ? ( p. 110 ) . Cambridge University Press . Kindle Edition . Jump up ^ Flynn , James R. ( 2009 ) . What Is Intelligence ? ( pp. 10 - 11 ) . Cambridge University Press . Kindle Edition . Jump up ^ Rushton & Jensen 2005 Jump up ^ See : Tucker 2002 Richards 1997 Richardson 2003 , p. 226 Current editorial board of Mankind Quarterly Jump up ^ See : Jencks & Phillips 1998 , p. 20 Flynn 1991 , p. 7 Gottfredson 1994 Sternberg , Grigorenko & Kidd 2006 Jump up ^ See : Winston 1996 Gordon 1992 Gottfredson 1994 Eysenck 1994 Eysenck 2000 Miele 2002 Jump up ^ Gross 1990 Jump up ^ See : Winston 1996 , p. 246 Winston 1996 , p. 236 , footnote : `` Rushton 's ( 1994 ) notion of the ' equalitarian fiction ' is that Blacks and Whites are genetically equal in cognitive ability . Gottfredson 's ( 1994 ) notion of the ' egalitarian fiction ' is that ' racial - ethnic groups never differ in average developed intelligence ' ( p. 53 ) . I have never seen a scholarly source which maintained that groups never show mean differences in intelligence test scores . Gottfredson gives no reference for anyone who holds this position . '' Jump up ^ See : Jackson 2005 , pp. 201 -- 202 Jensen 1998 , p. 420 , The meaning of race MacDonald 1998 , p. 103 Jump up ^ See : Matlby , Day & Macaskill 2007 , pp. 334 -- 347 Hothersall 2003 , pp. 440 -- 441 Fish 2002 , pp. 57 -- 94 , Chapter 3 , `` The Misuse of Life History Theory : J.P. Rushton and the Pseudoscience of Racial Hierarchy '' by Joseph L. Graves Sternberg & Kaufman 2001 , p. 14 , 19 , Chapter 2 , `` Evolutionary Psychology '' , by James B. Grossman and James Kaufman Jump up ^ Gottfredson , Linda J. ( 1997 ) . `` Mainstream Science on Intelligence ( editorial ) '' ( PDF ) . Intelligence . 24 ( 1 ) : 13 -- 23 . doi : 10.1016 / S0160 - 2896 ( 97 ) 90011 - 8 . Jump up ^ Chamorro - Premuzic 2007 , p. 84 `` More importantly differential psychologists have been unanimous in their support for The Bell Curve . In fact , in the year the book was published , 52 eminent intelligence experts ( not only from differential psychology ) published a dossier entitled ' Mainstream Science on Intelligence ' in which they endorsed the core claims and data endorsed by Herrnstein and Murray . '' Jump up ^ Gillborn 2008 , p. 112 `` The Bell Curve sparked huge controversy in the 1990s with its claims that African Americans ( and ' underclass whites ' ) were genetically predisposed to lower intelligence and higher criminality . In 1994 , as the controversy raged on , a group of 52 professors ( including Rushton , Lynn , Eysenck and Jensen ) presented themselves as ' experts in intelligence and allied fields ' and signed a statement that was published in the Wall Street Journal under the title ' Mainstream science on intelligence ' . Among the statements of supposedly ' mainstream ' scientific opinion were the following : `` Genetics plays a bigger role than environment in creating IQ differences among individuals ... The bell curve for whites is centred roughly around IQ 100 ; the bell curve for American blacks roughly around 85 ... black 17 - year olds perform , on the average , more like white 13 - year olds in reading , math and science , with Hispanics in between . '' These views are presented as if distilled from numerous ' scientific ' studies and the tone is somewhat dry . But the meaning is clear . First , the authors are saying that intelligence is largely a matter of genetic inheritance . Second , they are saying that most whites are naturally more intelligent than most black people ; in fact , that the ' average white ' is more intelligent than 8 out of 10 African American ! '' Jump up ^ Gillborn 2008 , p. 112 Jump up ^ Gottfredson 1997 Jump up ^ Arthur S. Goldberger and Charles F. Manski ( 1995 ) `` Review Article : The Bell Curve by Herrnstein and Murray '' , Journal of Economic Literature , 36 ( 2 ) , June 1995 , pp. 762 -- 776 . `` HM and their publishers have done a disservice by circumventing peer review ... a process of scientific review is now under way . But , given the process to date , peer review of The Bell Curve is now an exercise in damage control ... '' Jump up ^ Fish ( 2002 ) pp. 1 -- 28 Jump up ^ Sternberg , Grigorenko & Kidd ( 2005 ) Intelligence , Race and Genetics Jump up ^ Tucker 2002 , p. 2 Jump up ^ See : Tucker 2002 , pp. 2,203,206 -- 209 Jump up ^ See : Neisser 1996 , p. 97 Mackintosh 1998 , p. 148 Matlby , Day & Macaskill 2007 , pp. 334 -- 347 Hothersall 2003 , pp. 440 -- 441 Jump up ^ fMiele , Frank ( 2002 ) . Intelligence , Race , and Genetics : Conversations with Arthur R. Jensen . Oxford : Westview Press . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 4274 - 0 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2003 Jump up ^ Rushton 2000 Jump up ^ 2006 conference report of American Renaissance by Jared Taylor Jump up ^ Psych prof accused of racism , UWO Gazette , February 2000 Jump up ^ Lynn , R. and Vanhanen , T. ( 2002 ) . IQ and the wealth of nations . Westport , CT : Praeger . ISBN 0 - 275 - 97510 - X Jump up ^ Comments in interview could bring charges of inciting racism against PM Vanhanen 's father Helsingin Sanomat , August 12 , 2004 Jump up ^ `` KRP ei aloita esitutkintaa Vanhasen lausunnoista '' . National Bureau of Investigation ( in Finnish ) . August 18 , 2004 . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ See : Hunt - Grubbe , C. `` The elementary DNA of dear Dr. Watson '' , Times Online ( London ) , October 14 , 2007 . Retrieved October 24 , 2007 . Science always has and should be open to debate . Times Online ( London ) . 2007 - 10 - 21 . James Watson 's Disastrous Interview . Gelf. 2007 - 10 - 14 Race remarks get Nobel winner in trouble , MSNBC , AP , October 18 , 2007 . Retrieved October 18 , 2007 . Syal , R. `` Nobel scientist who sparked race row says sorry - I did n't mean it '' , Times Online ( London ) , October 19 , 2007 . Retrieved October 24 , 2007 . `` Museum drops race row scientist '' , BBC , October 18 , 2007 . Retrieved October 24 , 2007 . `` Watson Returns to USA after race row '' , International Herald Tribune ( New York ) , October 19 , 2007 . Retrieved on November 10 , 2007 Watson , James ( September -- October 2007 ) . `` Blinded by Science . An exclusive excerpt from Watson 's new memoir , Avoid Boring People : Lessons from a Life in Science . '' . 02138 Magazine : 102 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 28 . As we find the human genes whose malfunctioning gives rise to such devastating developmental failures , we may well discover that sequence differences within many of them also lead to much of the observable variation in human IQs . A priori , there is no firm reason to anticipate that the intellectual capacities of peoples geographically separated in their evolution should prove to have evolved identically . Our desire to reserve equal powers of reason as some universal heritage of humanity will not be enough to make it so . `` The complex James Watson '' . Times Literary Supplement . Jerry A. Coyne , December 12 , 2007 How to Avoid Boring People : Lessons from a Life in Science The Science Network interview with James Watson On Point `` James Watson on how to climb the slippery double helix of life '' - Tom Ashbrook talks to James Watson about his new memoir , `` Avoid Boring People : Lessons from a Life in Science . '' van Marsh , A. `` Nobel - winning biologist apologizes for remarks about blacks '' , CNN , October 19 , 2007 . Retrieved October 24 , 2007 . Watson , J.D. `` James Watson : To question genetic intelligence is not racism '' , Independent ( London ) , October 19 , 2007 . Retrieved October 24 , 2007 Cold Springs Harbor Laboratory . October 18 , 2007 . Statement by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Board of Trustees and President Bruce Stillman , Ph. D. Regarding Dr. Watson 's Comments in The Sunday Times on October 14 , 2007 . Press release . Retrieved October 24 , 2007 . Wigglesworth , K. DNA pioneer quits after race comments , Los Angeles Times , October 26 , 2007 . Retrieved December 5 , 2007 `` Nobel prize - winning biologist resigns . '' `` , CNN , October 25 , 2007 . Retrieved on October 25 , 2007 . `` DNA Pioneer Watson Resigns Amid Cloud of Scandal '' by Malcolm Ritter AP 10 / 25 / 07 11 : 29 AM PhT Watson , J. Statement by James D. Watson `` Retirement '' , New York Times , 25 October 2007 . Retrieved 5 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Rushton , J.P. ; Jensen , A.R. ( 2008 ) . `` James Watson 's Most Inconvenient Truth : Race Realism and the Moralistic Fallacy '' ( PDF ) . Medical Hypotheses. 71 ( 5 ) : 629 -- 640 . PMID 18656315 . doi : 10.1016 / j. mehy. 2008.05. 031 . Jump up ^ Rushton & Jensen 2005 , pp. 246 -- 8 Jump up ^ Benjamin 2003 , p. 191 Jump up ^ Rouvroy , Antoinette ( 2008 ) . Human genes and neoliberal governance : a Foucauldian critique . Routledge - Cavendish . p. 86 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 44433 - 0 . Jump up ^ Nisbett , Richard ( 2009 ) . Intelligence and How to Get It : Why Schools and Cultures Count . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 06505 - 7 . Jump up ^ Rushton , J. Philippe ; Jensen , Arthur R. ( 2010 ) . `` Race and IQ : A theory - based review of the research in Richard Nisbett 's Intelligence and How to Get It '' ( PDF ) . 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( 1994 ) , `` Editorial : The equalitarian dogma revisited '' ( PDF ) , Intelligence , 19 : 263 -- 280 , doi : 10.1016 / 0160 - 2896 ( 94 ) 90001 - 9 Rushton , J.P. ( 1996a ) , `` Equalitarian dogmas '' , Right NOW ! , 13 : 20 -- 21 Rushton , J.P. ( 1996 ) , `` Political correctness and the study of racial differences '' ( PDF ) , Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless , 5 : 213 -- 229 , doi : 10.1007 / bf02088000 Rushton , J.P. ( 2000 ) , Race , Evolution and Behavior : A Life History Perspective ( PDF ) ( 2nd special abridged ed . ) , Port Huron , MI : Charles Darwin Research Institute , ISBN 0 - 9656836 - 2 - 1 Rushton , J.P. ; Jensen , A.R. ( 2005 ) , `` Thirty years of research on race differences in cognitive ability '' ( PDF ) , Psychology , Public Policy , and Law , 11 : 235 -- 294 , doi : 10.1037 / 1076 - 8971.11. 2.235 Samelson , Franz ( 1978 ) , `` From `` race psychology '' to `` studies in prejudice '' : Some observations on the thematic reversal in social psychology `` , Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences , 14 : 265 -- 278 , PMID 11610360 , doi : 10.1002 / 1520 - 6696 ( 197807 ) 14 : 3 < 265 : : AID - JHBS2300140313 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - P Samelson , Franz ( 1979 ) , `` Putting psychology on the map : Ideology and intelligence testing '' , in Buss , AR , Psychology in social context , Irvington Publishers Samelson , Franz ( 1997 ) , `` What to do about fraud charges in science ; or , will the Burt affair ever end ? '' , Genetica , 99 : 145 -- 151 , PMID 9463070 , doi : 10.1023 / A : 1018302319394 Scarr , S. ; Carter - Saltzman , L. 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( 1987 ) , `` Survey of expert opinion on intelligence and aptitude testing '' , American Psychologist , 42 : 137 -- 144 , doi : 10.1037 / 0003 - 066x. 42.2. 137 Sternberg , Robert J. ; Kaufman , James C. , eds. ( 2001 ) , The evolution of intelligence , Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates , ISBN 0 - 8058 - 3267 - X Sternberg , Robert J. ; Grigorenko , Elena L. ; Kidd , Kenneth K. ( 2006 ) , `` Racing toward the finish line '' , American Psychologist , 61 : 178 -- 179 , doi : 10.1037 / 0003 - 066x. 61.2. 178 Tucker , William H. ( 1996 ) , The Science and Politics of Racial Research , University of Illinois Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 06560 - 6 Tucker , William H. ( 2002 ) , The Funding of Scientific Racism : Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund , University of Illinois Press , ISBN 0 - 252 - 02762 - 0 Tucker , William H. ( 2003 ) , `` The Leading Academic Racists of the Twentieth Century '' , The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education , 39 : 90 -- 95 , JSTOR 3134390 Tucker , William H. ( 2009 ) , The Cattell Controversy : Race , Science , and Ideology , University of Illinois Press , ISBN 0 - 252 - 03400 - 7 Valencia , Richard R. , ed. ( 1997 ) , The evolution of deficit thinking : educational thought and practice , Stanford series on education and public policy , 19 , Falmer Press , ISBN 0 - 7507 - 0665 - 1 Webster , Yehudi O. ( 1997 ) , Against the multicultural agenda : a critical thinking alternative , Praeger , ISBN 0 - 275 - 95876 - 0 Weyher , H.F. ( 1999 ) , `` The Pioneer Fund , the Behavioral Sciences , and the Media 's False Stories '' , Intelligence , 26 : 319 -- 336 , doi : 10.1016 / s0160 - 2896 ( 99 ) 00003 - 3 Winston , Andrew ( 1996 ) , `` The context of correctness : A comment on Rushton '' ( PDF ) , Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless , 5 : 231 -- 250 , doi : 10.1007 / BF02088001 Winston , Andrew ( 1998 ) , `` Science in the service of the far right : Henry E. Garrett , the IAAEE , and the Liberty Lobby '' , Journal of Social Issues , 54 : 179 -- 210 , doi : 10.1111 / 0022 - 4537.00059 Wooldridge , Adrian ( 1995 ) , Measuring the Mind : Education and Psychology in England c. 1860 - c. 1990 , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 39515 - 1 Zenderland , Leila ( 2001 ) , Measuring Minds : Henry Herbert Goddard and the Origins of American Intelligence Testing , Cambridge Studies in the History of Psychology , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 00363 - 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_race_and_intelligence_controversy&oldid=805998662 '' Categories : Race and intelligence controversy History of psychology Intelligence tests Scientific racism Hidden categories : CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2013 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2013 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from April 2013 Articles lacking page references from May 2013 CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2017 , at 00 : 30 . 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2318345023985844231	List of countries by incarceration rate	List of countries by incarceration rate - Wikipedia List of countries by incarceration rate A map of incarceration rates by country This is a list of countries by incarceration rate . Contents 1 Incarceration rates 2 Notes 2.1 China 2.2 North Korea 2.3 United Kingdom 2.4 United States 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Incarceration rates ( edit ) This list is initially sorted alphabetically . Click the sorting cell ( with the icon ) below the incarceration rate header to sort by rate . ( Requires JavaScript . ) The table can be sorted in ascending or descending order . The row number column stays static , and does not sort . In the table below see `` United Kingdom '' to find the rates for Scotland , Northern Ireland , and England and Wales . There is no rate listed for the UK as a whole . South Korea is listed as Republic of ( South ) Korea . For info on North Korea , see notes below . `` Notes '' column links to notes section below the chart . 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 Country ( or dependent territory , subnational area , etc . ) Incarceration rate ( Prisoners per 100,000 population ) Notes Afghanistan 88 Albania 193 Algeria 146 American Samoa ( USA ) 337 Andorra 69 Angola 93 Anguilla ( United Kingdom ) 307 Antigua and Barbuda 373 Argentina 186 Armenia 131 Aruba ( Netherlands ) 165 Australia 167 Austria 98 Azerbaijan 235 Bahamas 438 Bahrain 234 Bangladesh 47 Barbados 300 Belarus 364 Belgium 91 Belize 356 Benin 68 Bermuda ( United Kingdom ) 319 Bhutan 145 Bolivia 156 Bosnia and Herzegovina : Federation 73 Bosnia and Herzegovina : Republika Srpska 66 Botswana 208 Brazil 328 British Virgin Islands ( United Kingdom ) 470 Brunei 134 Bulgaria 125 Burkina Faso 41 Burundi 84 Cambodia 176 Cameroon 121 Canada 114 Cape Verde 298 Cayman Islands ( United Kingdom ) 359 Central African Republic 16 Chad 59 Chile 225 China 118 Notes Colombia 227 Comoros 23 Republic of the Congo 27 Cook Islands ( New Zealand ) 229 Costa Rica 374 Ivory Coast 66 Croatia 78 Cuba 510 Curaçao ( Netherlands ) 236 Cyprus 83 Czech Republic 209 Democratic Republic of the Congo 29 Denmark 59 Djibouti 66 Dominica 289 Dominican Republic 244 Ecuador 222 Egypt 116 El Salvador 610 England & Wales ( United Kingdom ) 141 Notes Equatorial Guinea 63 Estonia 202 Ethiopia 127 Faroe Islands ( Denmark ) 12 Fiji 158 Finland 57 France 102 French Guiana ( France ) 281 French Polynesia ( France ) 176 Gabon 191 Gambia 58 Georgia 254 Germany 78 Ghana 50 Gibraltar ( United Kingdom ) 165 Greece 93 Greenland ( Denmark ) 225 Grenada 435 Guadeloupe ( France ) 192 Guam ( USA ) 404 Guatemala 136 Guernsey ( United Kingdom ) 138 Guinea 25 Guinea - Bissau 10 Guyana 259 Haiti 96 Honduras 216 Hong Kong ( China ) 111 Hungary 184 Iceland 38 India 33 Indonesia 94 Iran 284 Iraq 126 Ireland 82 Isle of Man ( United Kingdom ) 108 Israel 236 Italy 96 Jamaica 138 Japan 45 Jersey ( United Kingdom ) 133 Jordan 197 Kazakhstan 194 Kenya 111 Kiribati 113 Kosovo 106 Kuwait 157 Kyrgyzstan 171 Laos 119 Latvia 218 Lebanon 126 Lesotho 92 Liberia 44 Libya 99 Liechtenstein 27 Lithuania 235 Luxembourg 115 Macao 197 Macedonia 156 Madagascar 88 Malawi 79 Malaysia 167 Maldives 514 Mali 33 Malta 133 Marshall Islands 66 Martinique ( France ) 217 Mauritania 46 Mauritius 195 Mayotte ( France ) 119 Mexico 165 Federated States of Micronesia 127 Moldova 215 Monaco 85 Mongolia 262 Montenegro 174 Morocco 232 Mozambique 65 Myanmar ( formerly Burma ) 145 Namibia 295 Nauru 140 Nepal 65 Netherlands 59 New Caledonia ( France ) 198 New Zealand 220 Nicaragua 238 Niger 53 Nigeria 36 Northern Mariana Islands ( USA ) 482 Norway 74 Northern Ireland ( United Kingdom ) 79 Notes Oman 36 Pakistan 43 Palau 345 Panama 390 Papua New Guinea 63 Paraguay 199 Peru 267 Philippines 172 Poland 198 Portugal 129 Puerto Rico ( USA ) 313 Qatar 53 Reunion ( France ) 115 Romania 116 Russia 411 Rwanda 434 Samoa 204 São Tomé and Príncipe 85 Saudi Arabia 197 Scotland ( United Kingdom ) 137 Notes Senegal 76 Serbia 152 Seychelles 437 Sierra Leone 64 Singapore 201 Sint Maarten ( Netherlands ) 347 Slovakia 190 Slovenia 64 Solomon Islands 73 South Africa 280 South Korea 109 South Sudan 52 Spain 127 Sri Lanka 94 Saint Kitts and Nevis 393 Saint Lucia 279 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 378 Sudan 46 Suriname 183 Swaziland 282 Sweden 57 Switzerland 82 Syria 60 Taiwan 259 Tajikistan 121 Tanzania 58 Thailand 497 Timor - Leste 51 Togo 62 Tonga 166 Trinidad and Tobago 270 Tunisia 206 Turkey 287 Turkmenistan 583 Tuvalu 110 Uganda 129 Ukraine 158 United Arab Emirates 104 United States Virgin Islands ( USA ) 542 USA 655 Notes Uruguay 321 Uzbekistan 150 Vanuatu 71 Venezuela 173 Vietnam 122 Yemen 53 Zambia 146 Zimbabwe 120 Notes ( edit ) Return to top of table . China ( edit ) China . The rate of 118 is for sentenced prisoners in 2015 in Ministry of Justice prisons only . World Prison Brief : `` 1,649,804 ( prisoners ) at mid-2015 ( via Asian and Pacific Conference of Correctional Administrators - sentenced prisoners in Ministry of Justice prisons only , excluding pre-trial detainees and those held in administrative detention ) . The Deputy Procurator - General of the Supreme People 's Procuratorate reported in 2009 that , in addition to the sentenced prisoners , more than 650,000 were held in detention centres In China . If this was still correct in mid-2015 the total prison population in China was at least 2,300,000 ... 118 ( rate ) based on an estimated national population of 1.4 billion at mid-2015 ( from United Nations figures ) -- sentenced prisoners in Ministry of Justice prisons only . ( A total prison population of 2,300,000 would raise the prison population rate to 164 per 100,000 . ) '' See also : Re-education through labor and Laogai . North Korea ( edit ) North Korea . Little information exists regarding North Korea 's incarceration rate . The U.S. Committee for Human Rights in North Korea estimates 150,000 to 200,000 incarcerated based on testimony of defectors from the state police bureau , which roughly equals 600 - 800 people incarcerated per 100,000 . For more info see Prisons in North Korea . United Kingdom ( edit ) United Kingdom . Main chart source only provides rates for the constituent parts of the UK . In the above chart see Scotland , Northern Ireland , and England and Wales . They are all listed separately under `` United Kingdom '' in the table . United States ( edit ) Juveniles in residential placement , 1997 -- 2015 . US Year Male Female Total 90,771 14,284 105,055 1999 92,985 14,508 107,493 89,115 15,104 104,219 2003 81,975 14,556 96,531 2006 78,998 13,723 92,721 2007 75,017 11,797 86,814 61,359 9,434 70,793 2011 53,079 8,344 61,423 2013 46,421 7,727 54,148 2015 40,750 7,293 48,043 Further information : United States incarceration rate , Comparison of United States incarceration rate with other countries , and List of U.S. states by incarceration and correctional supervision rate United States . Incarceration rate ( per 100,000 population of all ages ) is for inmates held in adult facilities in the USA . It does not include inmates in the custody of correctional facilities operated by departments of corrections in U.S. territories ( American Samoa , Guam , and the U.S. Virgin Islands ) and U.S. commonwealths ( Northern Mariana Islands and Puerto Rico ) . In addition , there were 40,750 juveniles in juvenile detention in 2015 . For more juvenile detention information and numbers , see Youth incarceration in the United States . 32 % of inmates in Federal facilities , which house around 10 % of the US ' incarcerated population , are not US citizens . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Incarceration rates and Criminal justice statistics . List of prisons List of countries by execution rate List of countries by intentional homicide rate List of U.S. states by homicide rate United States incarceration rate Category : Penal systems by country References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Highest to Lowest . World Prison Brief ( WPB ) . Use dropdown menu to choose lists of countries by region , or the whole world . Use menu to select highest - to - lowest lists of prison population totals , prison population rates , percentage of pre-trial detainees / remand prisoners , percentage of female prisoners , percentage of foreign prisoners , and occupancy rate . Column headings in WPB tables can be clicked to reorder columns lowest to highest , or alphabetically . For detailed information for each country click on any country name in lists . See also the WPB main data page and click on the map links and / or the sidebar links to get to the region and country desired . Data for the whole Wikipedia list was last retrieved on 8 June 2018 . Some numbers may be adjusted here later according to later info . Please update the table here only from this WPB source . For a quick method to fully update the table see the relevant section ( `` conversion examples '' ) of Commons : Convert tables and charts to wiki code or image files . Jump up ^ `` 32 % of Federal Inmates Are Aliens '' . CIS.org . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ China . By World Prison Brief . Jump up ^ The Hidden Gulag : The Lives and Voices of `` Those Who are Sent to the Mountains '' , 2nd ed . By David Hawk . Published April 10 , 2012 by Committee for Human Rights in North Korea . ISBN 0615623670 . ^ Jump up to : Sickmund , M. , Sladky , T.J. , Kang , W. , & Puzzanchera , C ... `` Easy Access to the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement '' . Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention . Click `` National Crosstabs '' at the top , and then choose the census years . Click `` Show table '' to get the total number of juvenile inmates for those years . Or go here for all the years . And here . Jump up ^ United States of America . By World Prison Brief . Jump up ^ Correctional Populations in the United States , 2016 ( NCJ 251211 ) . Published April 2018 by U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics ( BJS ) . By Danielle Kaeble and Mary Cowhig , BJS statisticians . See PDF . Appendix table 1 on page 11 has rates and counts by state . See page 1 `` highlights '' section for the `` 1 in ... '' numbers . See table 4 on page 4 for a timeline of nationwide incarceration rates . See appendix table 3 on page 13 , for `` Persons held in custody in state or federal prisons or in local jails , 2000 , 2010 , and 2015 -- 2016 '' . That table also has incarceration rates . See appendix table 2 on page 12 for the number or persons incarcerated in territorial prisons , military facilities , and jails in Indian country . Jump up ^ `` 32 % of Federal Inmates Are Aliens '' . CIS.org . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 27 . External links ( edit ) Core Publications of the World Prison Brief . Such as the World Prison Population List , and the World Female Imprisonment List . Persons Detained Statistics of incarceration ( `` detained '' ) from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Prison population per capita . Edutube . World map . Move cursor over countries to see incarceration rates . Click the full - screen icon in the bottom - left of the map to launch it in a full - screen window . Then click anywhere on the map and use your mouse scroll wheel to zoom in or out . Drag the map to move it in any direction . Data Analysis Tools -- Corrections Statistical Analysis Tool ( CSAT ) -- Prisoners . United States Bureau of Justice Statistics . Number of inmates in Ukraine rises for first time in 7 years . 26 March 2009 . Kyiv Post . Incarceration Science Prison healthcare Criminology Penology Punishment Stanford prison experiment Prisoners Criminal Detainee Hostage Political prisoner Prisoner of conscience Prisoner of war Slave Prisons Types Black site Debtors ' Extermination camp Farm Internment Island Labor camp Battalion Chain gang Military Penal colony Corrective labor colony Prisoner - of - war camp Private Ship Youth detention center Security levels House arrest Administrative detention Death row Maximum security Open Supermax Components Cell Solitary confinement Commissary Cemetery Food Library Nursery Officer Warden Sally port Trusty system Escape List of prison escapes Helicopter prison escapes Prisoner - of - war escapes Culture Film Gang ( United States ) Handball Literature Blogs American Prison ring Slang Tattooing Social issues Abuse ( United States ) Contemplative programs Solitary confinement Education Informants LGBT Mentally ill people in the United States Mobile phones Pay - to - stay Overcrowding Private prisons ( United States ) Violence Rape ( United States ) Religion ( United States ) Riots Sexuality Strikes Suicide Protective custody Women in prison ( United States ) Organizations International Network of Prison Ministries African Prisons Project Florida Justice Institute Justice Action POA ( trade union ) Prison abolition movement Prison Advice and Care Trust Prison Fellowship Prison Fellowship International Prison Legal News Prison Officers ' Association ( Ireland ) Prison Radio Prison Reform Trust Prison University Project The Prison Phoenix Trust WriteAPrisoner.com Leaving prison Escape Rehabilitation Work release Lists Countries by incarceration rate Prisons By country Australia China Chile Estonia Germany India Ireland Jamaica Japan North Korea Russia Soviet Union Gulag Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom United States Imprisonment and detention Commons Criminal justice portal Lists of countries by laws and law enforcement rankings Age of Consent Legal candidacy for political office Criminal responsibility Legal drinking Legal driving Majority Legal marriage Retirement age Mandatory retirement School - leaving age Legal smoking Voting Suffrage Youth suffrage Working age Drugs Alcohol Alcohol consumption Alcohol law Bath salts Legal status of Mephedrone Legal status of MPDV Legal status of Methylone Cannabis Legality annual use lifetime use Cocaine use Legality Methamphetamine Legality LSD Legality Opiate use Salvia divinorum Legality Death Legality of euthanasia Homicide by decade Law enforcement killings Legality of suicide Legality of assisted suicide Guns Deaths Ownership Punishment Corporal punishment At home At school In court Death penalty Incarceration Obscenity Incest Laws Pornography Child pornography Simulated child pornography Drawn pornography depicting minors Internet pornography Prostitution Sexual assault Child sexual abuse Rape Sodomy law Sex trafficking Zoophilia Censorship Censorship by country Book censorship by country Film censorship by country Internet censorship by country Cartographic censorship Political censorship Video gaming censorship by country Human rights Children 's rights Children in the military Intersex rights LGBT rights Slavery Human trafficking Freedom of movement by country In the air Abode Property and Environmental Air Estate Land Minerals Mining Mortgage Water Riparian water Business Corporate Corporate liability Competition Mergers and acquisitions Monopoly Legality of bitcoin by country or territory International ownership International waters Sea law Maritime law Antarctic Treaty System Other Abortion law Minors and abortion Animal rights Immigration law Human cloning National legal systems Police brutality Prisoner abuse Religious law Separation of church and state Sharia Size of police forces World Justice Project List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_countries_by_incarceration_rate&oldid=856828286 '' Categories : Lists of countries by population - related issue Incarceration rates Penal systems by country Hidden categories : Article with table with fixed row numbers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Română Русский தமிழ் Українська اردو 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 19 : 41 ( UTC ) . 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5636160686272662403	Coach (baseball)	Coach ( Baseball ) - wikipedia Coach ( Baseball ) In baseball , a number of coaches assist in the smooth functioning of a team . They are assistants to the manager , who determines the lineup and decides how to substitute players during the game . Beyond the manager , more than a half dozen coaches may assist the manager in running the team . Contents 1 Roles of professional baseball coaches 1.1 Bench coach 1.2 Pitching and bullpen coaches 1.3 Offensive coaches : hitting coach and base coaches 1.4 Additional coaching responsibilities 1.5 Other coaches 1.6 Minor and amateur leagues 2 See also 3 References Roles of professional Baseball coaches ( edit ) Hall of Fame manager Connie Mack wearing a suit instead of a team uniform Baseball is unique in that the manager and coaches typically all wear numbered uniforms similar to those of the players . Notable exceptions to this were Baseball Hall of Fame manager Connie Mack , who always wore a black suit during his 50 years at the helm of the Philadelphia Athletics , and Burt Shotton , manager of the Brooklyn Dodgers in the late 1940s , who wore a Dodger 200 cap and a team jacket over street clothes in the dugout . After the widespread adoption of numbered uniforms in the early 1930s , Joe McCarthy , another Hall of Fame manager , wore a full uniform but no number on his back for the remainder of his career ( with the New York Yankees , then the Boston Red Sox ) . Coincidentally , all three men retired during or after the same season -- 1950 . Full - time coaches in professional baseball date to 1909 , when John McGraw of the New York Giants engaged Arlie Latham and Wilbert Robinson as coaches . By the 1920s , most Major League teams had two full - time coaches , although the manager often doubled as third - base coach and specialists such as pitching coaches were rare . After World War II , most MLB teams listed between three and five coaches on their roster , as managers increasingly ran their teams from the dugout full - time , and appointed pitching and bullpen coaches to assist them and the baseline coaches . Batting and bench coaches came into vogue during the 1960s and later . Because of the proliferation of uniformed coaches in the modern game , by the late 2000s Major League Baseball had restricted the number of uniformed staff to six coaches and one manager during the course of a game . Beginning with the 2013 season , clubs are permitted to employ a seventh uniformed coach , designated the assistant hitting coach , at their own discretion . Bench coach ( edit ) The first bench coach in baseball was George Huff , who took that helm for the Illinois Fighting Illini baseball in 1905 ; at the time , it meant a coach present throughout the season . More recently , the bench coach is a team 's second - in - command . The bench coach serves as an in - game advisor to the manager , offering situational advice , and bouncing ideas back and forth in order to assist the manager in making game decisions . If the manager is ejected , suspended , or unable to attend a game for any reason , the bench coach assumes the position of acting manager . If the manager is fired or resigns during the season , it is usually the bench coach who gets promoted to interim manager . The bench coach 's responsibilities also include helping to set up the day 's practice and stretching routines before a game , as well as coordinating spring training routines and practices . Pitching and bullpen coaches ( edit ) A pitching coach mentors and trains teams ' pitchers . He advises the manager on the condition of pitchers and their arms , and serves as an in - game coach for the pitcher currently on the mound . When a manager makes a visit to the mound , he typically is doing so to make a pitching change or to discuss situational defense . However , to talk about mechanics or how to pitch to a particular batter , the pitching coach is the one who will typically visit the mound . The pitching coach is generally a former pitcher . One exception is Dave Duncan , the former pitching coach of the St. Louis Cardinals , who was a catcher . Prior to the early 1950s , pitching coaches were usually former catchers . The bullpen coach is similar to a pitching coach , but works primarily with relief pitchers in the bullpen . He does not make mound visits , however , as he stays in the bullpen the entire game , working with relievers who are warming up to enter the game . Generally , the bullpen coach is either a former pitcher or catcher . Offensive coaches : hitting coach and base coaches ( edit ) A hitting coach , as the name suggests , works with a team 's players to improve their hitting techniques and form . He monitors players ' swings during the game and over the course of the season , advising them when necessary between at - bats on adjustments to make . He also oversees their performance during practices , cage sessions , and pre-game batting practice . With the advent of technology , hitting coaches are increasingly utilizing video to analyze their hitters along with scouting the opposing pitchers . Video has allowed hitting coaches to clearly illustrate problem areas in the swing , making the adjustment period quicker for the player being analyzed . This process is typically called video analysis . Brian Snitker as third base coach for the Atlanta Braves in 2008 . Two on - field coaches are present when the team is at bat . Stationed in designated coaches ' boxes near first and third base , they are appropriately named base coaches -- individually , first base coach and third base coach . They assist in the direction of baserunners , help prevent pickoffs , and relay signals sent from the manager in the dugout to runners and batters . While the first base coach is primarily responsible for the batter as to whether he stops at first base or not or for a runner already on first , the third base coach carries more responsibility . His duties include holding or sending runners rounding second and third bases , as well as having to make critical , split - second decisions about whether to try to score a runner on a hit , and accounting for the arm strength of the opposing team 's fielder and the speed and position of his baserunner . Additional coaching responsibilities ( edit ) The bench coach , third base coach , and first base coach often are assigned additional responsibility for assisting players in specific areas , particularly defense . Common designations include outfield instructor , infield instructor , catching instructor , and baserunning instructor . When a coaching staff is assembled , the selection of the first base coach is frequently made with the purpose of filling a gap in these coaching responsibilities , as the actual in - game duties of a first base coach are relatively light . Other coaches ( edit ) Teams may also employ individuals to work with players in other areas or activities . These positions sometimes include the word `` coach '' in their titles . Individuals holding these positions usually do not dress in uniform during games , as the number of uniformed coaches is restricted by Major League Baseball rules . The most prominent of these positions are the athletic trainer and the strength and conditioning coach . All Major League Baseball teams employ an athletic trainer ; most employ a strength and conditioning coach . Other positions include bullpen catcher and batting practice pitcher . Some teams also employ additional coaches without specific responsibilities . Minor and amateur leagues ( edit ) In general , Major League Baseball teams will have one person specifically assigned to each coaching position described above . However , minor league and amateur teams typically have coaches fulfill multiple responsibilities . A typical minor league / amateur team coaching structure will have a manager , a pitching coach , and a hitting coach , each of whom also assumes the responsibilities of the first and third base coaches , bullpen coach , etc . In U.S. college baseball , the title `` manager '' is not used ; the person who fills the role of a professional manager is instead called the `` head coach '' . See also ( edit ) Coach ( sports ) References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Baseball coaches . ^ Jump up to : Thorne , John , and Palmer , Pete , eds ... , Total Baseball . New York : Warner Books , 1989 , page 2,153 Jump up ^ The Associated Press , March 30 , 2007 Jump up ^ Neyer , Rob ( January 15 , 2013 ) . `` Coming to a dugout near you : Interpreters ! Assistant hitting coaches ! '' . SBNation.com . Jump up ^ Gagnon , Cappy ( 2004 ) . Notre Dame Baseball Greats : From Anson to Yaz . Arcadia Publishing . p. 47 . ISBN 0738532622 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 29 . Before the 1905 season , when George Huff took the helm for the University of Illinois , no college had ever employed a bench coach . Before that time ( and for another 5 - 10 years at most colleges ) , anyone listed as ' coach ' was either a professional player hired as the pre-season teacher of baseball , or was the player - coach or captain of the team . Jump up ^ `` The Role of the Bench Coach '' -- The Birdhouse Archived October 3 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` More than just a side job : For a manager , bench coach is a trusted confidant '' -- Boston Globe Jump up ^ Zimniuch , Fran ( 2010 ) . Fireman : The Evolution of the Closer in Baseball . Chicago : Triumph Books . p. 73 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60078 - 312 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` The Mets ' Next Third Base Coach '' NY Daily News Baseball positions Pitchers by role Ace pitcher Starting pitcher Relief pitcher Middle relief pitcher Long reliever Setup man Closer Left - handed specialist by style Power pitcher Control pitcher Ground ball pitcher Fly ball pitcher Switch pitcher Defensive players by number Pitcher ( 1 / P ) Catcher ( 2 / C ) First baseman ( 3 / 1B ) Second baseman ( 4 / 2B ) Third baseman ( 5 / 3B ) Shortstop ( 6 / SS ) Left fielder ( 7 / LF ) Center fielder ( 8 / CF ) Right fielder ( 9 / RF ) by type Pitcher Catcher Infielder Outfielder Utility player Utility infielder Position player Fourth outfielder Corner outfielder Offensive players by role Batter Runner Batting order ( 1 -- 9 ) Designated hitter Pinch hitter Pinch runner Lead off Leadoff hitter Cleanup hitter by style Clutch hitter Contact hitter Power hitter Switch hitter Non-players Official scorer Umpire Manager Coaches Batboy Ball boy / girl General manager Related Captain Battery Disabled list Phantom ballplayer Platoon system Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coach_(baseball)&oldid=840962613 '' Categories : Baseball occupations Baseball coaches Sports coaches Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 日本語 Português Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 13 May 2018 , at 05 : 07 ( UTC ) . 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-5595934471564789931	2018 FIFA World Cup	2018 FIFA World Cup - wikipedia 2018 FIFA World Cup `` 2018 World Cup '' redirects here . For other competitions of that name , see 2018 World Cup ( disambiguation ) . `` FIFA 2018 '' redirects here . For the video game , see FIFA 18 . 2018 FIFA World Cup Чемпионат мира по футболу FIFA 2018 Chempionat mira po futbolu FIFA 2018 2018 FIFA World Cup official logo Tournament details Host country Russia Dates 14 June -- 15 July Teams 32 ( from 5 confederations ) Venue ( s ) 12 ( in 11 host cities ) Final positions Champions France ( 2nd title ) Runners - up Croatia Third place Belgium Fourth place England Tournament statistics Matches played 64 Goals scored 169 ( 2.64 per match ) Attendance 3,031,768 ( 47,371 per match ) Top scorer ( s ) Harry Kane ( 6 goals ) Best player Luka Modrić Best young player Kylian Mbappé Best goalkeeper Thibaut Courtois Fair play award Spain ← 2014 2022 → The 2018 FIFA World Cup was the 21st FIFA World Cup , an international football tournament contested by the men 's national teams of the member associations of FIFA once every four years . It took place in Russia from 14 June to 15 July 2018 . It was the first World Cup to be held in Eastern Europe , and the 11th time that it had been held in Europe . At an estimated cost of over $14.2 billion , it was the most expensive World Cup . It was also the first World Cup to use the video assistant referee ( VAR ) system . The finals involved 32 teams , of which 31 came through qualifying competitions , while the host nation qualified automatically . Of the 32 teams , 20 had also appeared in the previous tournament in 2014 , while both Iceland and Panama made their first appearances at a FIFA World Cup . A total of 64 matches were played in 12 venues across 11 cities . The final took place on 15 July at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow , between France and Croatia . France won the match 4 -- 2 to claim their second World Cup title , marking the fourth consecutive title won by a European team . Contents 1 Host selection 1.1 Criticism 2 Teams 2.1 Qualification 2.2 Draw 2.3 Squads 3 Officiating 3.1 Video assistant referees 4 Venues 4.1 Stadiums 4.2 Team base camps 5 Preparation and costs 5.1 Budget 5.2 Infrastructure spending 5.3 Volunteers 5.4 Transport 6 Schedule 7 Opening ceremony 8 Group stage 8.1 Tiebreakers 8.2 Group A 8.3 Group B 8.4 Group C 8.5 Group D 8.6 Group E 8.7 Group F 8.8 Group G 8.9 Group H 9 Knockout stage 9.1 Bracket 9.2 Round of 16 9.3 Quarter - finals 9.4 Semi-finals 9.5 Third place play - off 9.6 Final 10 Statistics 10.1 Goalscorers 10.2 Discipline 10.3 Awards 10.3. 1 Dream Team 10.3. 2 Prize money 11 Marketing 11.1 Branding 11.2 Mascot 11.3 Ticketing 11.4 Match ball 11.5 Merchandise 11.6 Official song 12 Controversies 12.1 Host selection 12.2 Response to Skripal poisoning 13 Critical reception 14 Broadcasting rights 15 Sponsorship 16 See also 17 Notes 18 References 19 External links Host selection Main article : Russia 2018 FIFA World Cup bid Russian bid personnel celebrate the awarding of the 2018 World Cup to Russia on 2 December 2010 . President Vladimir Putin holding the FIFA World Cup Trophy at a pre-tournament ceremony in Moscow on 9 September 2017 The 100 - ruble commemorative banknote celebrates the 2018 FIFA World Cup . It features an image of Soviet goalkeeper Lev Yashin . The bidding procedure to host the 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup tournaments began in January 2009 , and national associations had until 2 February 2009 to register their interest . Initially , nine countries placed bids for the 2018 FIFA World Cup , but Mexico later withdrew from proceedings , and Indonesia 's bid was rejected by FIFA in February 2010 after the Indonesian government failed to submit a letter to support the bid . During the bidding process , the three remaining non-UEFA nations ( Australia , Japan , and the United States ) gradually withdrew from the 2018 bids , and the UEFA nations were thus ruled out of the 2022 bid . As such , there were eventually four bids for the 2018 FIFA World Cup , two of which were joint bids : England , Russia , Netherlands / Belgium , and Portugal / Spain . The 22 - member FIFA Executive Committee convened in Zürich on 2 December 2010 to vote to select the hosts of both tournaments . Russia won the right to be the 2018 host in the second round of voting . The Portugal / Spain bid came second , and that from Belgium / Netherlands third . England , which was bidding to host its second tournament , was eliminated in the first round . The voting results were as follows : 2018 FIFA bidding ( majority 12 votes ) Bidders Votes Round 1 Round 2 Russia 9 13 Portugal / Spain 7 7 Belgium / Netherlands England Eliminated Criticism The English Football Association and others raised concerns of bribery on the part of the Russian team and corruption from FIFA members . They claimed that four members of the executive committee had requested bribes to vote for England , and Sepp Blatter had said that it had already been arranged before the vote that Russia would win . The 2014 Garcia Report , an internal investigation led by Michael J. Garcia , was withheld from public release by Hans - Joachim Eckert , FIFA 's head of adjudication on ethical matters . Eckert instead released a shorter revised summary , and his ( and therefore FIFA 's ) reluctance to publish the full report caused Garcia to resign in protest . Because of the controversy , the FA refused to accept Eckert 's absolving of Russia from blame , with Greg Dyke calling for a re-examination of the affair and David Bernstein calling for a boycott of the World Cup . Teams Qualification Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification For the first time in the history of the FIFA World Cup , all eligible nations -- the 209 FIFA member associations minus automatically qualified hosts Russia -- applied to enter the qualifying process . Zimbabwe and Indonesia were later disqualified before playing their first matches , while Gibraltar and Kosovo , who joined FIFA on 13 May 2016 after the qualifying draw but before European qualifying had begun , also entered the competition . Places in the tournament were allocated to continental confederations , with the allocation unchanged from the 2014 World Cup . The first qualification game , between Timor - Leste and Mongolia , began in Dili on 12 March 2015 as part of the AFC 's qualification , and the main qualifying draw took place at the Konstantinovsky Palace in Strelna , Saint Petersburg , on 25 July 2015 . Of the 32 nations qualified to play at the 2018 FIFA World Cup , 20 countries competed at the previous tournament in 2014 . Both Iceland and Panama qualified for the first time , with the former becoming the smallest country in terms of population to reach the World Cup . Other teams returning after absences of at least three tournaments include : Egypt , returning to the finals after their last appearance in 1990 ; Morocco , who last competed in 1998 ; Peru , returning after 1982 ; and Senegal , competing for the second time after reaching the quarter - finals in 2002 . It is the first time three Nordic countries ( Denmark , Iceland and Sweden ) and four Arab nations ( Egypt , Morocco , Saudi Arabia and Tunisia ) have qualified for the World Cup . Notable countries that failed to qualify include four - time champions Italy ( for the first time since 1958 ) , three - time runners - up and third placed in 2014 the Netherlands ( for the first time since 2002 ) , and four reigning continental champions : 2017 Africa Cup of Nations winners Cameroon , two - time Copa América champions and 2017 Confederations Cup runners - up Chile , 2016 OFC Nations Cup winners New Zealand , and 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup champions United States ( for the first time since 1986 ) . The other notable qualifying streaks broken were for Ghana and Ivory Coast , who had both made the previous three tournaments . Note : Numbers in parentheses indicate positions in the FIFA World Rankings at the time of the tournament . AFC ( 5 ) Australia ( 36 ) Iran ( 37 ) Japan ( 61 ) Saudi Arabia ( 67 ) South Korea ( 57 ) CAF ( 5 ) Egypt ( 45 ) Morocco ( 41 ) Nigeria ( 48 ) Senegal ( 27 ) Tunisia ( 21 ) CONCACAF ( 3 ) Costa Rica ( 23 ) Mexico ( 15 ) Panama ( 55 ) CONMEBOL ( 5 ) Argentina ( 5 ) Brazil ( 2 ) Colombia ( 16 ) Peru ( 11 ) Uruguay ( 14 ) OFC ( 0 ) None qualified UEFA ( 14 ) Belgium ( 3 ) Croatia ( 20 ) Denmark ( 12 ) England ( 12 ) France ( 7 ) Germany ( 1 ) Iceland ( 22 ) Poland ( 8 ) Portugal ( 4 ) Russia ( 70 ) ( host ) Serbia ( 34 ) Spain ( 10 ) Sweden ( 24 ) Switzerland ( 6 ) Qualified Did not qualify Disqualified Not a FIFA member Draw Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup seeding The draw was held on 1 December 2017 at 18 : 00 MSK at the State Kremlin Palace in Moscow . The 32 teams were drawn into 8 groups of 4 , by selecting one team from each of the 4 ranked pots . For the draw , the teams were allocated to four pots based on the FIFA World Rankings of October 2017 . Pot 1 contained the hosts Russia ( who were automatically assigned to position A1 ) and the best seven teams , pot 2 contained the next best eight teams , and so on for pots 3 and 4 . This was different from previous draws , when only pot 1 was based on FIFA rankings while the remaining pots were based on geographical considerations . However , teams from the same confederation still were not drawn against each other for the group stage , except that two UEFA teams could be in each group . Pot 1 Pot 2 Pot 3 Pot 4 Russia ( 65 ) ( hosts ) Germany ( 1 ) Brazil ( 2 ) Portugal ( 3 ) Argentina ( 4 ) Belgium ( 5 ) Poland ( 6 ) France ( 7 ) Spain ( 8 ) Peru ( 10 ) Switzerland ( 11 ) England ( 12 ) Colombia ( 13 ) Mexico ( 16 ) Uruguay ( 17 ) Croatia ( 18 ) Denmark ( 19 ) Iceland ( 21 ) Costa Rica ( 22 ) Sweden ( 25 ) Tunisia ( 28 ) Egypt ( 30 ) Senegal ( 32 ) Iran ( 34 ) Serbia ( 38 ) Nigeria ( 41 ) Australia ( 43 ) Japan ( 44 ) Morocco ( 48 ) Panama ( 49 ) South Korea ( 62 ) Saudi Arabia ( 63 ) Squads Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup squads Croatia players after the 2018 World Cup Final against France Initially , each team had to name a preliminary squad of 30 players but , in February 2018 , this was increased to 35 . From the preliminary squad , the team had to name a final squad of 23 players ( three of whom must be goalkeepers ) by 4 June . Players in the final squad may be replaced for serious injury up to 24 hours prior to kickoff of the team 's first match and such replacements do not need to have been named in the preliminary squad . For players named in the 35 - player preliminary squad , there was a mandatory rest period between 21 and 27 May 2018 , except for those involved in the 2018 UEFA Champions League Final played on 26 May . Officiating Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup officials On 29 March 2018 , FIFA released the list of 36 referees and 63 assistant referees selected to oversee matches . On 30 April 2018 , FIFA released the list of 13 video assistant referees , who solely acted in this capacity in the tournament . Referee Fahad Al - Mirdasi of Saudi Arabia was removed in 30 May 2018 over a match - fixing attempt , along with his two assistant referees , compatriots Mohammed Al - Abakry and Abdulah Al - Shalwai . A new referee was not appointed , but two assistant referees , Hasan Al Mahri of the United Arab Emirates and Hiroshi Yamauchi of Japan , were added to the list . Assistant referee Marwa Range of Kenya also withdrew after the BBC released an investigation conducted by a Ghanaian journalist which implicated Marwa in a bribery scandal . show List of officials Confederation Referee Assistant referees Video assistant referees AFC Alireza Faghani ( Iran ) Reza Sokhandan ( Iran ) Mohammadreza Mansouri ( Iran ) Abdulrahman Al - Jassim ( Qatar ) Ravshan Irmatov ( Uzbekistan ) Abdukhamidullo Rasulov ( Uzbekistan ) Jakhongir Saidov ( Uzbekistan ) Mohammed Abdulla Hassan Mohamed ( United Arab Emirates ) Mohamed Al Hammadi ( United Arab Emirates ) Hasan Al Mahri ( United Arab Emirates ) Ryuji Sato ( Japan ) Toru Sagara ( Japan ) Hiroshi Yamauchi ( Japan ) Nawaf Shukralla ( Bahrain ) Yaser Tulefat ( Bahrain ) Taleb Al Maari ( Qatar ) CAF Mehdi Abid Charef ( Algeria ) Anouar Hmila ( Tunisia ) Malang Diedhiou ( Senegal ) Djibril Camara ( Senegal ) El Hadji Samba ( Senegal ) Bakary Gassama ( Gambia ) Jean Claude Birumushahu ( Burundi ) Abdelhak Etchiali ( Algeria ) Gehad Grisha ( Egypt ) Redouane Achik ( Morocco ) Waleed Ahmed ( Sudan ) Janny Sikazwe ( Zambia ) Jerson Dos Santos ( Angola ) Zakhele Siwela ( South Africa ) Bamlak Tessema Weyesa ( Ethiopia ) CONCACAF Joel Aguilar ( El Salvador ) Juan Zumba ( El Salvador ) Juan Carlos Mora ( Costa Rica ) Mark Geiger ( United States ) Frank Anderson ( United States ) Joe Fletcher ( Canada ) Jair Marrufo ( United States ) Corey Rockwell ( United States ) Ricardo Montero ( Costa Rica ) John Pitti ( Panama ) Gabriel Victoria ( Panama ) César Arturo Ramos ( Mexico ) Marvin Torrentera ( Mexico ) Miguel Hernández ( Mexico ) CONMEBOL Julio Bascuñán ( Chile ) Carlos Astroza ( Chile ) Christian Schiemann ( Chile ) Wilton Sampaio ( Brazil ) Gery Vargas ( Bolivia ) Mauro Vigliano ( Argentina ) Enrique Cáceres ( Paraguay ) Eduardo Cardozo ( Paraguay ) Juan Zorrilla ( Paraguay ) Andrés Cunha ( Uruguay ) Nicolás Tarán ( Uruguay ) Mauricio Espinosa ( Uruguay ) Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) Hernán Maidana ( Argentina ) Juan Pablo Belatti ( Argentina ) Sandro Ricci ( Brazil ) Emerson de Carvalho ( Brazil ) Marcelo Van Gasse ( Brazil ) Wilmar Roldán ( Colombia ) Alexander Guzmán ( Colombia ) Cristian de la Cruz ( Colombia ) OFC Matthew Conger ( New Zealand ) Simon Lount ( New Zealand ) Tevita Makasini ( Tonga ) Norbert Hauata ( Tahiti ) Bertrand Brial ( New Caledonia ) UEFA Felix Brych ( Germany ) Mark Borsch ( Germany ) Stefan Lupp ( Germany ) Bastian Dankert ( Germany ) Artur Soares Dias ( Portugal ) Paweł Gil ( Poland ) Massimiliano Irrati ( Italy ) Tiago Martins ( Portugal ) Danny Makkelie ( Netherlands ) Daniele Orsato ( Italy ) Paolo Valeri ( Italy ) Felix Zwayer ( Germany ) Cüneyt Çakır ( Turkey ) Bahattin Duran ( Turkey ) Tarık Ongun ( Turkey ) Sergei Karasev ( Russia ) Anton Averianov ( Russia ) Tikhon Kalugin ( Russia ) Björn Kuipers ( Netherlands ) Sander van Roekel ( Netherlands ) Erwin Zeinstra ( Netherlands ) Szymon Marciniak ( Poland ) Paweł Sokolnicki ( Poland ) Tomasz Listkiewicz ( Poland ) Antonio Mateu Lahoz ( Spain ) Pau Cebrián Devís ( Spain ) Roberto Díaz Pérez ( Spain ) Milorad Mažić ( Serbia ) Milovan Ristić ( Serbia ) Dalibor Đurđević ( Serbia ) Gianluca Rocchi ( Italy ) Elenito Di Liberatore ( Italy ) Mauro Tonolini ( Italy ) Damir Skomina ( Slovenia ) Jure Praprotnik ( Slovenia ) Robert Vukan ( Slovenia ) Clément Turpin ( France ) Cyril Gringore ( France ) Nicolas Danos ( France ) Video assistant referees VAR in use in during the Group D match between Nigeria and Iceland , at Volgograd . Shortly after the International Football Association Board 's decision to incorporate video assistant referees ( VARs ) into the Laws of the Game , on 16 March 2018 , the FIFA Council took the much - anticipated step of approving the use of VAR for the first time in a FIFA World Cup tournament . VAR operations for all games are operating from a single headquarters in Moscow , which receives live video of the games and are in radio contact with the on - field referees . Systems are in place for communicating VAR - related information to broadcasters and visuals on stadiums ' large screens are used for the fans in attendance . VAR had a significant impact in several games . On 15 June 2018 , Diego Costa 's goal against Portugal became the first World Cup goal based on a VAR decision ; the first penalty as a result of a VAR decision was awarded to France in their match against Australia on 16 June and resulted in a goal by Antoine Griezmann . A record number of penalties were awarded in the tournament , with this phenomenon being partially attributed to VAR . Overall , the new technology has been both praised and criticised by commentators . FIFA declared the implementation of VAR a success after the first week of competition . Venues Further information : 2018 FIFA World Cup venues Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stadiums of FIFA World Cup 2018 . Russia proposed the following host cities : Kaliningrad , Kazan , Krasnodar , Moscow , Nizhny Novgorod , Rostov - on - Don , Saint Petersburg , Samara , Saransk , Sochi , Volgograd , Yaroslavl , and Yekaterinburg . Most cities are in European Russia , while Sochi and Yekaterinburg are very close to the Europe - Asia border , to reduce travel time for the teams in the huge country . The bid evaluation report stated : `` The Russian bid proposes 13 host cities and 16 stadiums , thus exceeding FIFA 's minimum requirement . Three of the 16 stadiums would be renovated , and 13 would be newly constructed . '' In October 2011 , Russia decreased the number of stadiums from 16 to 14 . Construction of the proposed Podolsk stadium in the Moscow region was cancelled by the regional government , and also in the capital , Otkrytiye Arena was competing with Dynamo Stadium over which would be constructed first . The final choice of host cities was announced on 29 September 2012 . The number of cities was further reduced to 11 and number of stadiums to 12 as Krasnodar and Yaroslavl were dropped from the final list . Of the 12 stadiums used for the tournament , 3 ( Luzhniki , Yekaterinburg and Sochi ) have been extensively renovated and the other 9 stadiums to be used are brand new ; $11.8 billion has been spent on hosting the tournament . Sepp Blatter stated in July 2014 that , given the concerns over the completion of venues in Russia , the number of venues for the tournament may be reduced from 12 to 10 . He also said , `` We are not going to be in a situation , as is the case of one , two or even three stadiums in South Africa , where it is a problem of what you do with these stadiums '' . Reconstruction of the Yekaterinburg Central Stadium in January 2017 In October 2014 , on their first official visit to Russia , FIFA 's inspection committee and its head Chris Unger visited St Petersburg , Sochi , Kazan and both Moscow venues . They were satisfied with the progress . On 8 October 2015 , FIFA and the Local Organising Committee agreed on the official names of the stadiums used during the tournament . Of the twelve venues used , the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow and the Saint Petersburg Stadium -- the two largest stadiums in Russia -- were used most , both hosting seven matches . Sochi , Kazan , Nizhny Novgorod and Samara all hosted six matches , including one quarter - final match each , while the Otkrytiye Stadium in Moscow and Rostov - on - Don hosted five matches , including one round - of - 16 match each . Volgograd , Kaliningrad , Yekaterinburg and Saransk all hosted four matches , but did not host any knockout stage games . Stadiums Exterior of Otkrytie Arena in Moscow A total of twelve stadiums in eleven Russian cities were built and renovated for the FIFA World Cup . Kaliningrad : Kaliningrad Stadium . The first piles were driven into the ground in September 2015 . On 11 April 2018 the new stadium hosted its first match . Kazan : Kazan Arena . The stadium was built for the 2013 Summer Universiade . It has since hosted the 2015 World Aquatics Championship and the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup . The stadium serves as a home arena to FC Rubin Kazan . Moscow : Luzhniki Stadium . The largest stadium in the country was closed for renovation in 2013 . The stadium was commissioned in November 2017 . Moscow : Spartak Stadium . The stadium is a home arena to its namesake FC Spartak Moscow . In accordance with the FIFA requirements , during the 2018 World Cup it is called Spartak Stadium instead of its usual name Otkritie Arena . The stadium hosted its first match on 5 September 2014 . Nizhny Novgorod : Nizhny Novgorod Stadium . The construction of the Nizhny Novgorod Stadium commenced in 2015 . The project was completed in December 2017 . Rostov - on - Don : Rostov Arena . The stadium is located on the left bank of the Don River . The stadium construction was completed on 22 December 2017 . Saint Petersburg : Saint Petersburg Stadium . The construction of the stadium commenced in 2007 . The project was officially completed on 29 December 2016 . The stadium has hosted games of the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup and will serve as a venue for UEFA Euro 2020 . Samara : Samara Arena . The construction officially started on 21 July 2014 . The project was completed on 21 April 2018 . Saransk : Mordovia Arena . The stadium in Saransk was scheduled to be commissioned in 2012 in time for the opening of the all - Russian Spartakiad , but the plan was revised . The opening was rescheduled to 2017 . The arena hosted its first match on 21 April 2018 . Sochi : Fisht Stadium . The stadium hosted the opening and closing ceremonies of the 2014 Winter Olympics . Afterwards , it was renovated in preparation for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup and 2018 World Cup . Volgograd : Volgograd Arena . The main arena of Volgograd was built on the demolished Central Stadium site , at the foot of the Mamayev Kurgan memorial complex . The stadium was commissioned on 3 April 2018 . Yekaterinburg : Ekaterinburg Arena . The Central Stadium of Yekaterinburg has been renovated for the FIFA World Cup . The arena 's stands have a capacity of 35,000 spectators . The renovation project was completed in December 2017 . Moscow Saint Petersburg Sochi Luzhniki Stadium Otkritie Arena ( Spartak Stadium ) Krestovsky Stadium ( Saint Petersburg Stadium ) Fisht Olympic Stadium ( Fisht Stadium ) Capacity : 78,011 Capacity : 44,190 Capacity : 64,468 Capacity : 44,287 Volgograd Moscow Saint Petersburg Kaliningrad Nizhny Novgorod Kazan Samara Volgograd Saransk Sochi Rostov - on - Don Yekaterinburg Rostov - on - Don Volgograd Arena Rostov Arena Capacity : 43,713 Capacity : 43,472 Nizhny Novgorod Kazan Nizhny Novgorod Stadium Kazan Arena Capacity : 43,319 Capacity : 42,873 Samara Saransk Kaliningrad Yekaterinburg Samara Arena Mordovia Arena Kaliningrad Stadium Central Stadium ( Ekaterinburg Arena ) Capacity : 41,970 Capacity : 41,685 Capacity : 33,973 Capacity : 33,061 Team base camps Base camps were used by the 32 national squads to stay and train before and during the World Cup tournament . On 9 February 2018 , FIFA announced the base camps for each participating team . Argentina : Bronnitsy , Moscow Oblast Australia : Kazan , Republic of Tatarstan Belgium : Krasnogorsky , Moscow Oblast Brazil : Sochi , Krasnodar Krai Colombia : Verkhneuslonsky , Republic of Tatarstan Costa Rica : Saint Petersburg Croatia : Roshchino , Leningrad Oblast Denmark : Anapa , Krasnodar Krai Egypt : Grozny , Chechen Republic England : Repino , Saint Petersburg France : Istra , Moscow Oblast Germany : Vatutinki , Moscow Iceland : Gelendzhik , Krasnodar Krai Iran : Bakovka , Moscow Oblast Japan : Kazan , Republic of Tatarstan Mexico : Khimki , Moscow Oblast Morocco : Voronezh , Voronezh Oblast Nigeria : Yessentuki , Stavropol Krai Panama : Saransk , Republic of Mordovia Peru : Moscow Poland : Sochi , Krasnodar Krai Portugal : Ramenskoye , Moscow Oblast Russia : Khimki , Moscow Oblast Saudi Arabia : Saint Petersburg Senegal : Kaluga , Kaluga Oblast Serbia : Svetlogorsk , Kaliningrad Oblast South Korea : Saint Petersburg Spain : Krasnodar , Krasnodar Krai Sweden : Gelendzhik , Krasnodar Krai Switzerland : Togliatti , Samara Oblast Tunisia : Pervomayskoye , Moscow Oblast Uruguay : Bor , Nizhny Novgorod Oblast Preparation and costs Budget Scale model of the Volgograd Arena . Construction began in 2015 . At an estimated cost of over $14.2 billion as of June 2018 , it is the most expensive World Cup in history , surpassing the cost of the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil . The Russian government had originally earmarked a budget of around $20 billion which was later slashed to $10 billion for the preparations of the World Cup , of which half is spent on transport infrastructure . As part of the program for preparation to the 2018 FIFA World Cup , a federal sub-program `` Construction and Renovation of Transport Infrastructure '' was implemented with a total budget of 352.5 billion rubles , with 170.3 billion coming from the federal budget , 35.1 billion from regional budgets , and 147.1 billion from investors . The biggest item of federal spending was the aviation infrastructure ( 117.8 billion rubles ) . Construction of new hotels was a crucial area of infrastructure development in the World Cup host cities . Costs continued to balloon as preparations were underway . Infrastructure spending Platov International Airport in Rostov - on - Don was upgraded with automated air traffic control systems , modern surveillance , navigation , communication , control , and meteorological support systems . Koltsovo Airport in Yekaterinburg was upgraded with radio - engineering tools for flight operation and received its second runway strip . Saransk Airport received a new navigation system ; the city also got two new hotels , Mercure Saransk Centre ( Accor Hotels ) and Four Points by Sheraton Saransk ( Starwood Hotels ) as well as few other smaller accommodation facilities . In Samara , new tram lines were laid . Khrabrovo Airport in Kaliningrad was upgraded with radio navigation and weather equipment . Renovation and upgrade of radio - engineering tools for flight operation was completed in the airports of Moscow , Saint Petersburg , Volgograd , Samara , Yekaterinburg , Kazan and Sochi . On 27 March , the Ministry of Construction Industry , Housing and Utilities Sector of Russia reported that all communications within its area of responsibility have been commissioned . The last facility commissioned was a waste treatment station in Volgograd . In Yekaterinburg , where four matches are hosted , hosting costs increased to over 7.4 billion rubles , over-running the 5.6 billion rubles originally allocated from the state and regional budget . Volunteers Volunteer flag bearers on the field prior to Belgium 's ( flag depicted ) group stage match against Tunisia Volunteer applications to the Russia 2018 Local Organising Committee opened on 1 June 2016 . The 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia Volunteer Program received about 177,000 applications , and engaged a total of 35,000 volunteers . They received training at 15 Volunteer Centres of the Local Organising Committee based in 15 universities , and in Volunteer Centres in the host cities . Preference , especially in the key areas , was given to those with knowledge of foreign languages and volunteering experience , but not necessarily to Russian nationals . Transport Free public transport services were offered for ticketholders during the World Cup , including additional trains linking between host cities , as well as services such as bus service within them . Schedule Launching of a 1,000 days countdown in Moscow The full schedule was announced by FIFA on 24 July 2015 ( without kick - off times , which were confirmed later ) . On 1 December 2017 , following the final draw , six kick - off times were adjusted by FIFA . Russia was placed in position A1 in the group stage and played in the opening match at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow on 14 June against Saudi Arabia , the two lowest - ranked teams of the tournament at the time of the final draw . The Luzhniki Stadium also hosted the second semi-final on 11 July and the final on 15 July . The Krestovsky Stadium in Saint Petersburg hosted the first semi-final on 10 July and the third place play - off on 14 July . Opening ceremony Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup opening ceremony Soprano Aida Garifullina and pop singer Robbie Williams singing `` Angels '' at the opening ceremony The opening ceremony took place on Thursday , 14 June 2018 , at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow , preceding the opening match of the tournament between hosts Russia and Saudi Arabia . Former Brazilian World Cup - winning striker Ronaldo walked out with a child wearing a Russia 2018 shirt . English pop singer Robbie Williams then performed two songs before he and Russian soprano Aida Garifullina performed a duet while other performers emerged , dressed in the flags of all 32 teams and carrying a sign bearing the name of each nation . Dancers were also present . Ronaldo returned with the official match ball of the 2018 World Cup which was sent into space with the International Space Station crew in March and came back to Earth in early June . Group stage Competing countries were divided into eight groups of four teams ( groups A to H ) . Teams in each group played one another in a round - robin basis , with the top two teams of each group advancing to the knockout stage . Ten European teams and four South American teams progressed to the knockout stage , together with Japan and Mexico . For the first time since 1938 , Germany ( reigning champions ) did not advance past the first round . For the first time since 1982 , no African team progressed to the second round . For the first time , the fair play criteria came into use , when Japan qualified over Senegal due to having received fewer yellow cards . Only one match , France v Denmark , was goalless . Until then there were a record 36 straight games in which at least one goal was scored . All times listed below are local time . Tiebreakers The ranking of teams in the group stage is determined as follows : Points obtained in all group matches ; Goal difference in all group matches ; Number of goals scored in all group matches ; Points obtained in the matches played between the teams in question ; Goal difference in the matches played between the teams in question ; Number of goals scored in the matches played between the teams in question ; Fair play points in all group matches ( only one deduction can be applied to a player in a single match ) : Yellow card : -- 1 points ; Indirect red card ( second yellow card ) : -- 3 points ; Direct red card : -- 4 points ; Yellow card and direct red card : -- 5 points ; Drawing of lots . Group A Pre-match ceremony prior to the opening game , Russia v Saudi Arabia Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup Group A Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Uruguay 0 0 5 0 + 5 9 Advance to knockout stage Russia ( H ) 0 8 + 4 6 Saudi Arabia 0 7 − 5 Egypt 0 0 6 − 4 0 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers ( H ) Host . 14 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 14 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Russia 5 -- 0 Saudi Arabia Gazinsky 12 ' Cheryshev 43 ' , 90 + 1 ' Dzyuba 71 ' Golovin 90 + 4 ' Report Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Attendance : 78,011 Referee : Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) 15 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) 17 : 00 YEKT ( UTC + 5 ) Egypt 0 -- 1 Uruguay Report Giménez 89 ' Central Stadium , Yekaterinburg Attendance : 27,015 Referee : Björn Kuipers ( Netherlands ) 19 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 19 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Russia 3 -- 1 Egypt Fathy 47 ' ( o.g. ) Cheryshev 59 ' Dzyuba 62 ' Report Salah 73 ' ( pen . ) Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg Attendance : 64,468 Referee : Enrique Cáceres ( Paraguay ) 20 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 20 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Uruguay 1 -- 0 Saudi Arabia Suárez 23 ' Report Rostov Arena , Rostov - on - Don Attendance : 42,678 Referee : Clément Turpin ( France ) 25 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 25 ) 18 : 00 SAMT ( UTC + 4 ) Uruguay 3 -- 0 Russia Suárez 10 ' Cheryshev 23 ' ( o.g. ) Cavani 90 ' Report Cosmos Arena , Samara Attendance : 41,970 Referee : Malang Diedhiou ( Senegal ) 25 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 25 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Saudi Arabia 2 -- 1 Egypt Al - Faraj 45 + 6 ' ( pen . ) Al - Dawsari 90 + 5 ' Report Salah 22 ' Volgograd Arena , Volgograd Attendance : 36,823 Referee : Wilmar Roldán ( Colombia ) Group B The first match of the group , Iran 's squad against Morocco in St. Petersburg Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup Group B Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Spain 0 6 5 + 1 5 Advance to knockout stage Portugal 0 5 + 1 5 Iran 0 Morocco 0 − 2 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers 15 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Morocco 0 -- 1 Iran Report Bouhaddouz 90 + 5 ' ( o.g. ) Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg Attendance : 62,548 Referee : Cüneyt Çakır ( Turkey ) 15 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Portugal 3 -- 3 Spain Ronaldo 4 ' ( pen . ) , 44 ' , 88 ' Report Costa 24 ' , 55 ' Nacho 58 ' Fisht Olympic Stadium , Sochi Attendance : 43,866 Referee : Gianluca Rocchi ( Italy ) 20 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 20 ) 15 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Portugal 1 -- 0 Morocco Ronaldo 4 ' Report Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Attendance : 78,011 Referee : Mark Geiger ( United States ) 20 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 20 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Iran 0 -- 1 Spain Report Costa 54 ' Kazan Arena , Kazan Attendance : 42,718 Referee : Andrés Cunha ( Uruguay ) 25 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 25 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Iran 1 -- 1 Portugal Ansarifard 90 + 3 ' ( pen . ) Report Quaresma 45 ' Mordovia Arena , Saransk Attendance : 41,685 Referee : Enrique Cáceres ( Paraguay ) 25 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 25 ) 20 : 00 KALT ( UTC + 2 ) Spain 2 -- 2 Morocco Isco 19 ' Aspas 90 + 1 ' Report Boutaïb 14 ' En - Nesyri 81 ' Kaliningrad Stadium , Kaliningrad Attendance : 33,973 Referee : Ravshan Irmatov ( Uzbekistan ) Group C Australia v Peru Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup Group C Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification France 0 + 2 7 Advance to knockout stage Denmark 0 + 1 5 Peru 0 0 Australia 0 5 − 3 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers 16 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 16 ) 13 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) France 2 -- 1 Australia Griezmann 58 ' ( pen . ) Behich 81 ' ( o.g. ) Report Jedinak 62 ' ( pen . ) Kazan Arena , Kazan Attendance : 41,279 Referee : Andrés Cunha ( Uruguay ) 16 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 16 ) 19 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Peru 0 -- 1 Denmark Report Poulsen 59 ' Mordovia Arena , Saransk Attendance : 40,502 Referee : Bakary Gassama ( Gambia ) 21 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 21 ) 16 : 00 SAMT ( UTC + 4 ) Denmark 1 -- 1 Australia Eriksen 7 ' Report Jedinak 38 ' ( pen . ) Cosmos Arena , Samara Attendance : 40,727 Referee : Antonio Mateu Lahoz ( Spain ) 21 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 21 ) 20 : 00 YEKT ( UTC + 5 ) France 1 -- 0 Peru Mbappé 34 ' Report Central Stadium , Yekaterinburg Attendance : 32,789 Referee : Mohammed Abdulla Hassan Mohamed ( United Arab Emirates ) 26 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 26 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Denmark 0 -- 0 France Report Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Attendance : 78,011 Referee : Sandro Ricci ( Brazil ) 26 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 26 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Australia 0 -- 2 Peru Report Carrillo 18 ' Guerrero 50 ' Fisht Olympic Stadium , Sochi Attendance : 44,073 Referee : Sergei Karasev ( Russia ) Group D Iceland v Croatia Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup Group D Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Croatia 0 0 7 + 6 9 Advance to knockout stage Argentina 5 − 2 Nigeria 0 − 1 Iceland 0 5 − 3 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers 16 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 16 ) 16 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Argentina 1 -- 1 Iceland Agüero 19 ' Report Finnbogason 23 ' Otkritie Arena , Moscow Attendance : 44,190 Referee : Szymon Marciniak ( Poland ) 16 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 16 ) 21 : 00 KALT ( UTC + 2 ) Croatia 2 -- 0 Nigeria Etebo 32 ' ( o.g. ) Modrić 71 ' ( pen . ) Report Kaliningrad Stadium , Kaliningrad Attendance : 31,136 Referee : Sandro Ricci ( Brazil ) 21 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 21 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Argentina 0 -- 3 Croatia Report Rebić 53 ' Modrić 80 ' Rakitić 90 + 1 ' Nizhny Novgorod Stadium , Nizhny Novgorod Attendance : 43,319 Referee : Ravshan Irmatov ( Uzbekistan ) 22 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Nigeria 2 -- 0 Iceland Musa 49 ' , 75 ' Report Volgograd Arena , Volgograd Attendance : 40,904 Referee : Matthew Conger ( New Zealand ) 26 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 26 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Nigeria 1 -- 2 Argentina Moses 51 ' ( pen . ) Report Messi 14 ' Rojo 86 ' Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg Attendance : 64,468 Referee : Cüneyt Çakır ( Turkey ) 26 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 26 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Iceland 1 -- 2 Croatia G. Sigurðsson 76 ' ( pen . ) Report Badelj 53 ' Perišić 90 ' Rostov Arena , Rostov - on - Don Attendance : 43,472 Referee : Antonio Mateu Lahoz ( Spain ) Group E Brazil v Costa Rica Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup Group E Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Brazil 0 5 + 4 7 Advance to knockout stage Switzerland 0 5 + 1 5 Serbia 0 − 2 Costa Rica 0 5 − 3 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers 17 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 17 ) 16 : 00 SAMT ( UTC + 4 ) Costa Rica 0 -- 1 Serbia Report Kolarov 56 ' Cosmos Arena , Samara Attendance : 41,432 Referee : Malang Diedhiou ( Senegal ) 17 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 17 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Brazil 1 -- 1 Switzerland Coutinho 20 ' Report Zuber 50 ' Rostov Arena , Rostov - on - Don Attendance : 43,109 Referee : César Arturo Ramos ( Mexico ) 22 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) 15 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Brazil 2 -- 0 Costa Rica Coutinho 90 + 1 ' Neymar 90 + 7 ' Report Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg Attendance : 64,468 Referee : Björn Kuipers ( Netherlands ) 22 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) 20 : 00 KALT ( UTC + 2 ) Serbia 1 -- 2 Switzerland Mitrović 5 ' Report Xhaka 52 ' Shaqiri 90 ' Kaliningrad Stadium , Kaliningrad Attendance : 33,167 Referee : Felix Brych ( Germany ) 27 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 27 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Serbia 0 -- 2 Brazil Report Paulinho 36 ' Thiago Silva 68 ' Otkritie Arena , Moscow Attendance : 44,190 Referee : Alireza Faghani ( Iran ) 27 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 27 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Switzerland 2 -- 2 Costa Rica Džemaili 31 ' Drmić 88 ' Report Waston 56 ' Sommer 90 + 3 ' ( o.g. ) Nizhny Novgorod Stadium , Nizhny Novgorod Attendance : 43,319 Referee : Clément Turpin ( France ) Group F Germany v Mexico Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup Group F Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Sweden 0 5 + 3 6 Advance to knockout stage Mexico 0 − 1 6 South Korea 0 0 Germany 0 − 2 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers 17 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 17 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Germany 0 -- 1 Mexico Report Lozano 35 ' Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Attendance : 78,011 Referee : Alireza Faghani ( Iran ) 18 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 18 ) 15 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Sweden 1 -- 0 South Korea Granqvist 65 ' ( pen . ) Report Nizhny Novgorod Stadium , Nizhny Novgorod Attendance : 42,300 Referee : Joel Aguilar ( El Salvador ) 23 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 23 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) South Korea 1 -- 2 Mexico Son Heung - min 90 + 3 ' Report Vela 26 ' ( pen . ) Hernández 66 ' Rostov Arena , Rostov - on - Don Attendance : 43,472 Referee : Milorad Mažić ( Serbia ) 23 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 23 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Germany 2 -- 1 Sweden Reus 48 ' Kroos 90 + 5 ' Report Toivonen 32 ' Fisht Olympic Stadium , Sochi Attendance : 44,287 Referee : Szymon Marciniak ( Poland ) 27 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 27 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) South Korea 2 -- 0 Germany Kim Young - gwon 90 + 3 ' Son Heung - min 90 + 6 ' Report Kazan Arena , Kazan Attendance : 41,835 Referee : Mark Geiger ( United States ) 27 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 27 ) 19 : 00 YEKT ( UTC + 5 ) Mexico 0 -- 3 Sweden Report Augustinsson 50 ' Granqvist 62 ' ( pen . ) Álvarez 74 ' ( o.g. ) Central Stadium , Yekaterinburg Attendance : 33,061 Referee : Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) Group G Belgium v Tunisia Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup Group G Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Belgium 0 0 9 + 7 9 Advance to knockout stage England 0 8 + 5 6 Tunisia 0 5 8 − 3 Panama 0 0 11 − 9 0 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers 18 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 18 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Belgium 3 -- 0 Panama Mertens 47 ' Lukaku 69 ' , 75 ' Report Fisht Olympic Stadium , Sochi Attendance : 43,257 Referee : Janny Sikazwe ( Zambia ) 18 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 18 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Tunisia 1 -- 2 England Sassi 35 ' ( pen . ) Report Kane 11 ' , 90 + 1 ' Volgograd Arena , Volgograd Attendance : 41,064 Referee : Wilmar Roldán ( Colombia ) 23 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 23 ) 15 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Belgium 5 -- 2 Tunisia E. Hazard 6 ' ( pen . ) , 51 ' Lukaku 16 ' , 45 + 3 ' Batshuayi 90 ' Report Bronn 18 ' Khazri 90 + 3 ' Otkritie Arena , Moscow Attendance : 44,190 Referee : Jair Marrufo ( United States ) 24 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 24 ) 15 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) England 6 -- 1 Panama Stones 8 ' , 40 ' Kane 22 ' ( pen . ) , 45 + 1 ' ( pen . ) , 62 ' Lingard 36 ' Report Baloy 78 ' Nizhny Novgorod Stadium , Nizhny Novgorod Attendance : 43,319 Referee : Gehad Grisha ( Egypt ) 28 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 28 ) 20 : 00 KALT ( UTC + 2 ) England 0 -- 1 Belgium Report Januzaj 51 ' Kaliningrad Stadium , Kaliningrad Attendance : 33,973 Referee : Damir Skomina ( Slovenia ) 28 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 28 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Panama 1 -- 2 Tunisia Meriah 33 ' ( o.g. ) Report F. Ben Youssef 51 ' Khazri 66 ' Mordovia Arena , Saransk Attendance : 37,168 Referee : Nawaf Shukralla ( Bahrain ) Group H Japan v Poland Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup Group H Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Colombia 0 5 + 3 6 Advance to knockout stage Japan 0 Senegal 0 Poland 0 5 − 3 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers Notes : ^ Jump up to : Fair play points : Japan − 4 , Senegal − 6 . 19 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 19 ) 15 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Colombia 1 -- 2 Japan Quintero 39 ' Report Kagawa 6 ' ( pen . ) Osako 73 ' Mordovia Arena , Saransk Attendance : 40,842 Referee : Damir Skomina ( Slovenia ) 19 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 19 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Poland 1 -- 2 Senegal Krychowiak 86 ' Report Cionek 37 ' ( o.g. ) Niang 60 ' Otkritie Arena , Moscow Attendance : 44,190 Referee : Nawaf Shukralla ( Bahrain ) 24 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 24 ) 20 : 00 YEKT ( UTC + 5 ) Japan 2 -- 2 Senegal Inui 34 ' Honda 78 ' Report Mané 11 ' Wagué 71 ' Central Stadium , Yekaterinburg Attendance : 32,572 Referee : Gianluca Rocchi ( Italy ) 24 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 24 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Poland 0 -- 3 Colombia Report Mina 40 ' Falcao 70 ' Ju . Cuadrado 75 ' Kazan Arena , Kazan Attendance : 42,873 Referee : César Arturo Ramos ( Mexico ) 28 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 28 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Japan 0 -- 1 Poland Report Bednarek 59 ' Volgograd Arena , Volgograd Attendance : 42,189 Referee : Janny Sikazwe ( Zambia ) 28 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 28 ) 18 : 00 SAMT ( UTC + 4 ) Senegal 0 -- 1 Colombia Report Mina 74 ' Cosmos Arena , Samara Attendance : 41,970 Referee : Milorad Mažić ( Serbia ) Knockout stage Russia v Croatia Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage In the knockout stages , if a match is level at the end of normal playing time , extra time is played ( two periods of 15 minutes each ) and followed , if necessary , by a penalty shoot - out to determine the winners . If a match went into extra time , each team was allowed to make a fourth substitution , the first time this had been allowed in a FIFA World Cup tournament . Bracket Round of 16 Quarter - finals Semi-finals Final 30 June -- Sochi Uruguay 6 July -- Nizhny Novgorod Portugal Uruguay 0 30 June -- Kazan France France 10 July -- Saint Petersburg Argentina France 2 July -- Samara Belgium 0 Brazil 6 July -- Kazan Mexico 0 Brazil 2 July -- Rostov - on - Don Belgium Belgium 15 July -- Moscow ( Luzhniki ) Japan France 1 July -- Moscow ( Luzhniki ) Croatia Spain 1 ( 3 ) 7 July -- Sochi Russia ( p ) 1 ( 4 ) Russia 2 ( 3 ) 1 July -- Nizhny Novgorod Croatia ( p ) 2 ( 4 ) Croatia ( p ) 1 ( 3 ) 11 July -- Moscow ( Luzhniki ) Denmark 1 ( 2 ) Croatia ( a.e.t. ) 3 July -- Saint Petersburg England Third place play - off Sweden 7 July -- Samara 14 July -- Saint Petersburg Switzerland 0 Sweden 0 Belgium 3 July -- Moscow ( Otkritie ) England England 0 Colombia 1 ( 3 ) England ( p ) 1 ( 4 ) Round of 16 30 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 30 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) France 4 -- 3 Argentina Griezmann 13 ' ( pen . ) Pavard 57 ' Mbappé 64 ' , 68 ' Report Di María 41 ' Mercado 48 ' Agüero 90 + 3 ' Kazan Arena , Kazan Attendance : 42,873 Referee : Alireza Faghani ( Iran ) 30 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 30 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Uruguay 2 -- 1 Portugal Cavani 7 ' , 62 ' Report Pepe 55 ' Fisht Olympic Stadium , Sochi Attendance : 44,287 Referee : César Arturo Ramos ( Mexico ) 1 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 01 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Spain 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Russia Ignashevich 12 ' ( o.g. ) Report Dzyuba 41 ' ( pen . ) Penalties Iniesta Piqué Koke Ramos Aspas 3 -- 4 Smolov Ignashevich Golovin Cheryshev Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Attendance : 78,011 Referee : Björn Kuipers ( Netherlands ) 1 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 01 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Croatia 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Denmark Mandžukić 4 ' Report M. Jørgensen 1 ' Penalties Badelj Kramarić Modrić Pivarić Rakitić 3 -- 2 Eriksen Kjær Krohn - Dehli Schöne N. Jørgensen Nizhny Novgorod Stadium , Nizhny Novgorod Attendance : 40,851 Referee : Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) 2 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 02 ) 18 : 00 SAMT ( UTC + 4 ) Brazil 2 -- 0 Mexico Neymar 51 ' Firmino 88 ' Report Cosmos Arena , Samara Attendance : 41,970 Referee : Gianluca Rocchi ( Italy ) 2 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 02 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Belgium 3 -- 2 Japan Vertonghen 69 ' Fellaini 74 ' Chadli 90 + 4 ' Report Haraguchi 48 ' Inui 52 ' Rostov Arena , Rostov - on - Don Attendance : 41,466 Referee : Malang Diedhiou ( Senegal ) 3 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 03 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Sweden 1 -- 0 Switzerland Forsberg 66 ' Report Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg Attendance : 64,042 Referee : Damir Skomina ( Slovenia ) 3 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 03 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Colombia 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) England Mina 90 + 3 ' Report Kane 57 ' ( pen . ) Penalties Falcao Ju . Cuadrado Muriel Uribe Bacca 3 -- 4 Kane Rashford Henderson Trippier Dier Otkritie Arena , Moscow Attendance : 44,190 Referee : Mark Geiger ( United States ) Quarter - finals 6 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Uruguay 0 -- 2 France Report Varane 40 ' Griezmann 61 ' Nizhny Novgorod Stadium , Nizhny Novgorod Attendance : 43,319 Referee : Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) 6 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Brazil 1 -- 2 Belgium Renato Augusto 76 ' Report Fernandinho 13 ' ( o.g. ) De Bruyne 31 ' Kazan Arena , Kazan Attendance : 42,873 Referee : Milorad Mažić ( Serbia ) 7 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 07 ) 18 : 00 SAMT ( UTC + 4 ) Sweden 0 -- 2 England Report Maguire 30 ' Alli 59 ' Cosmos Arena , Samara Attendance : 39,991 Referee : Björn Kuipers ( Netherlands ) 7 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 07 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Russia 2 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Croatia Cheryshev 31 ' Fernandes 115 ' Report Kramarić 39 ' Vida 101 ' Penalties Smolov Dzagoev Fernandes Ignashevich Kuzyayev 3 -- 4 Brozović Kovačić Modrić Vida Rakitić Fisht Olympic Stadium , Sochi Attendance : 44,287 Referee : Sandro Ricci ( Brazil ) Semi-finals 10 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 10 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) France 1 -- 0 Belgium Umtiti 51 ' Report Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg Attendance : 64,286 Referee : Andrés Cunha ( Uruguay ) 11 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 11 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Croatia 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) England Perišić 68 ' Mandžukić 109 ' Report Trippier 5 ' Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Attendance : 78,011 Referee : Cüneyt Çakır ( Turkey ) Third place play - off 14 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 14 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Belgium 2 -- 0 England Meunier 4 ' E. Hazard 82 ' Report Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg Attendance : 64,406 Referee : Alireza Faghani ( Iran ) Final Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup Final 15 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 15 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) France 4 -- 2 Croatia Mandžukić 18 ' ( o.g. ) Griezmann 38 ' ( pen . ) Pogba 59 ' Mbappé 65 ' Report Perišić 28 ' Mandžukić 69 ' Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Attendance : 78,011 Referee : Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) Statistics Further information : 2018 FIFA World Cup statistics Goalscorers There were 169 goals scored in 64 matches , for an average of 2.64 goals per match . Twelve own goals were scored during the tournament , doubling the record of six set in 1998 . 6 goals Harry Kane 4 goals Romelu Lukaku Antoine Griezmann Kylian Mbappé Cristiano Ronaldo Denis Cheryshev 3 goals Eden Hazard Yerry Mina Mario Mandžukić Ivan Perišić Artem Dzyuba Diego Costa Edinson Cavani 2 goals Sergio Agüero Mile Jedinak Philippe Coutinho Neymar Luka Modrić Mohamed Salah John Stones Takashi Inui Ahmed Musa Son Heung - min Andreas Granqvist Wahbi Khazri Luis Suárez 1 goal Ángel Di María Gabriel Mercado Lionel Messi Marcos Rojo Michy Batshuayi Nacer Chadli Kevin De Bruyne Marouane Fellaini Adnan Januzaj Dries Mertens Thomas Meunier Jan Vertonghen Roberto Firmino Paulinho Renato Augusto Thiago Silva Juan Cuadrado Radamel Falcao Juan Fernando Quintero Kendall Waston Milan Badelj Andrej Kramarić Ivan Rakitić Ante Rebić Domagoj Vida Christian Eriksen Mathias Jørgensen Yussuf Poulsen Dele Alli Jesse Lingard Harry Maguire Kieran Trippier Benjamin Pavard Paul Pogba Samuel Umtiti Raphaël Varane Toni Kroos Marco Reus Alfreð Finnbogason Gylfi Sigurðsson Karim Ansarifard Genki Haraguchi Keisuke Honda Shinji Kagawa Yuya Osako Javier Hernández Hirving Lozano Carlos Vela Khalid Boutaïb Youssef En - Nesyri Victor Moses Felipe Baloy André Carrillo Paolo Guerrero Jan Bednarek Grzegorz Krychowiak Pepe Ricardo Quaresma Mário Fernandes Yury Gazinsky Aleksandr Golovin Salem Al - Dawsari Salman Al - Faraj Sadio Mané M'Baye Niang Moussa Wagué Aleksandar Kolarov Aleksandar Mitrović Kim Young - gwon Iago Aspas Isco Nacho Ludwig Augustinsson Emil Forsberg Ola Toivonen Josip Drmić Blerim Džemaili Xherdan Shaqiri Granit Xhaka Steven Zuber Dylan Bronn Ferjani Sassi Fakhreddine Ben Youssef José Giménez 1 own goal Aziz Behich ( against France ) Fernandinho ( against Belgium ) Mario Mandžukić ( against France ) Ahmed Fathy ( against Russia ) Edson Álvarez ( against Sweden ) Aziz Bouhaddouz ( against Iran ) Oghenekaro Etebo ( against Croatia ) Thiago Cionek ( against Senegal ) Denis Cheryshev ( against Uruguay ) Sergei Ignashevich ( against Spain ) Yann Sommer ( against Costa Rica ) Yassine Meriah ( against Panama ) Source : FIFA Discipline Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup disciplinary record In total , only four players were sent off in the entire tournament , the fewest since 1978 . International Football Association Board technical director David Elleray stated a belief that this was due to the introduction of VAR , since players would know that they would not be able to get away with anything under the new system . A player is automatically suspended for the next match for the following offences : Receiving a red card ( red card suspensions may be extended for serious offences ) Receiving two yellow cards in two matches ; yellow cards expire after the completion of the quarter - finals ( yellow card suspensions are not carried forward to any other future international matches ) The following suspensions were served during the tournament : Player Offence ( s ) Suspension ( s ) Carlos Sánchez in Group H vs Japan ( matchday 1 ; 19 June ) Group H vs Poland ( matchday 2 ; 24 June ) Yussuf Poulsen in Group C vs Peru ( matchday 1 ; 16 June ) in Group C vs Australia ( matchday 2 ; 21 June ) Group C vs France ( matchday 3 ; 26 June ) Jérôme Boateng in Group F vs Sweden ( matchday 2 ; 23 June ) Group F vs South Korea ( matchday 3 ; 27 June ) Armando Cooper in Group G vs Belgium ( matchday 1 ; 18 June ) in Group G vs England ( matchday 2 ; 24 June ) Group G vs Tunisia ( matchday 3 ; 28 June ) Michael Amir Murillo in Group G vs Belgium ( matchday 1 ; 18 June ) in Group G vs England ( matchday 2 ; 24 June ) Group G vs Tunisia ( matchday 3 ; 28 June ) Igor Smolnikov in Group A vs Uruguay ( matchday 3 ; 25 June ) Round of 16 vs Spain ( 1 July ) Sebastian Larsson in Group F vs Germany ( matchday 2 ; 23 June ) in Group F vs Mexico ( matchday 3 ; 27 June ) Round of 16 vs Switzerland ( 3 July ) Héctor Moreno in Group F vs Germany ( matchday 1 ; 17 June ) in Group F vs Sweden ( matchday 3 ; 27 June ) Round of 16 vs Brazil ( 2 July ) Stephan Lichtsteiner in Group E vs Brazil ( matchday 1 ; 17 June ) in Group E vs Costa Rica ( matchday 3 ; 27 June ) Round of 16 vs Sweden ( 3 July ) Fabian Schär in Group E vs Brazil ( matchday 1 ; 17 June ) in Group E vs Costa Rica ( matchday 3 ; 27 June ) Round of 16 vs Sweden ( 3 July ) Blaise Matuidi in Group C vs Peru ( matchday 2 ; 21 June ) in Round of 16 vs Argentina ( 30 June ) Quarter - finals vs Uruguay ( 6 July ) Casemiro in Group E vs Switzerland ( matchday 1 ; 17 June ) in Round of 16 vs Mexico ( 2 July ) Quarter - finals vs Belgium ( 6 July ) Mikael Lustig in Group F vs Mexico ( matchday 3 ; 27 June ) in Round of 16 vs Switzerland ( 3 July ) Quarter - finals vs England ( 7 July ) Michael Lang in Round of 16 vs Sweden ( 3 July ) Suspension served outside tournament Thomas Meunier in Group G vs Panama ( matchday 1 ; 18 June ) in Quarter - finals vs Brazil ( 6 July ) Semi-finals vs France ( 10 July ) Awards Luka Modrić accepting the Golden Ball award from Vladimir Putin Kylian Mbappé receiving the World Cup best young player award from Emmanuel Macron France lifting the World Cup trophy The following awards were given at the conclusion of the tournament . The Golden Boot ( top scorer ) , Golden Ball ( best overall player ) and Golden Glove ( best goalkeeper ) awards were all sponsored by Adidas . Golden Ball Silver Ball Bronze Ball Luka Modrić Eden Hazard Antoine Griezmann Golden Boot Silver Boot Bronze Boot Harry Kane ( 6 goals , 0 assists ) Antoine Griezmann ( 4 goals , 2 assists ) Romelu Lukaku ( 4 goals , 1 assist ) Golden Glove Thibaut Courtois Best Young Player Kylian Mbappé FIFA Fair Play Award Spain Additionally , FIFA.com shortlisted 18 goals for users to vote on as the tournaments ' best . The poll closed on 23 July . The award was sponsored by Hyundai . Goal of the Tournament Goalscorer Opponent Score Round Benjamin Pavard Argentina 2 -- 2 Round of 16 Dream team As was the case during the 2010 and 2014 editions , FIFA did not release an official All - Star Team , but instead invited users of FIFA.com to elect their Fan Dream Team . Goalkeeper Defenders Midfielders Forwards Thibaut Courtois Marcelo Thiago Silva Raphaël Varane Diego Godín Kevin De Bruyne Philippe Coutinho Luka Modrić Harry Kane Kylian Mbappé Cristiano Ronaldo FIFA also published an alternate team of the tournament based on player performances evaluated through statistical data . Goalkeeper Defenders Midfielders Forwards Thibaut Courtois Andreas Granqvist Thiago Silva Raphaël Varane Yerry Mina Denis Cheryshev Philippe Coutinho Luka Modrić Harry Kane Antoine Griezmann Eden Hazard Prize money Prize money amounts were announced in October 2017 . Position Amount ( million USD ) Per team Total Champions 38 38 Runner - up 28 28 Third place 24 24 Fourth place 22 22 5th -- 8th place ( quarter - finals ) 16 64 9th -- 16th place ( round of 16 ) 12 96 17th -- 32nd place ( group stage ) 8 128 Total 400 Marketing The typeface `` Dusha '' used for branding Branding The tournament logo was unveiled on 28 October 2014 by cosmonauts at the International Space Station and then projected onto Moscow 's Bolshoi Theatre during an evening television programme . Russian Sports Minister Vitaly Mutko said that the logo was inspired by `` Russia 's rich artistic tradition and its history of bold achievement and innovation '' , and FIFA President Sepp Blatter stated that it reflected the `` heart and soul '' of the country . For the branding , Portuguese design agency Brandia Central created materials in 2014 , with a typeface called Dusha ( from душа , Russian for soul ) designed by Brandia Central and edited by Adotbelow of DSType Foundry in Portugal . Mascot Main article : Zabivaka Tournament mascot , wolf Zabivaka The official mascot for the tournament was unveiled 21 October 2016 , and selected through a design competition among university students . A public vote was used to select from three finalists -- a cat , a tiger , and a wolf . The winner , with 53 % of approximately 1 million votes , was Zabivaka -- an anthropomorphic wolf dressed in the colours of the Russian national team . Zabivaka 's name is a portmanteau of the Russian words забияка ( `` hothead '' ) and забивать ( `` to score '' ) , and his official backstory states that he is an aspiring football player who is `` charming , confident and social '' . Ticketing The first phase of ticket sales started on 14 September 2017 , 12 : 00 Moscow Time , and lasted until 12 October 2017 . The general visa policy of Russia did not apply to participants and spectators , who were able to visit Russia without a visa right before and during the competition regardless of their citizenship . Spectators were nonetheless required to register for a `` Fan - ID '' , a special photo identification pass . A Fan - ID was required to enter the country visa - free , while a ticket , Fan - ID and a valid passport were required to enter stadiums for matches . Fan - IDs also granted World Cup attendees free access to public transport services , including buses , and train service between host cities . Fan - ID was administered by the Ministry of Digital Development , Communications and Mass Media , who could revoke these accreditations at any time to `` ensure the defence capability or security of the state or public order '' . Match ball Main article : Adidas Telstar 18 Match ball `` Telstar 18 '' Match ball for the knockout stage , `` Telstar Mechta '' . The official match ball of the 2018 World Cup group stage was `` Telstar 18 '' , based on the name and design of the first Adidas World Cup ball from 1970 . It was introduced on 9 November 2017 . After the group stage , `` Telstar Mechta '' was used for the knockout stage . The word mechta ( Russian : мечта ) means dream or ambition . The difference between Telstar 18 and Mechta is the red details on the design . Merchandise See also : FIFA World Cup video games On 30 April 2018 , EA announced a free expansion for FIFA 18 based on the 2018 FIFA World Cup , featuring all 32 participating teams and all 12 stadiums used at the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Official song Main article : Live It Up ( Nicky Jam song ) The official song of the tournament was `` Live It Up '' , with vocals from Will Smith , Nicky Jam and Era Istrefi , released on 25 May 2018 . Its music video was released on 8 June 2018 . Controversies Main article : List of 2018 FIFA World Cup controversies Thirty - three footballers who are alleged to be part of the steroid program are listed in the McLaren Report . On 22 December 2017 , it was reported that FIFA fired a doctor who had been investigating doping in Russian football . On 22 May 2018 FIFA confirmed that the investigations concerning all Russian players named for the provisional squad of the FIFA World Cup in Russia had been completed , with the result that insufficient evidence was found to assert an anti-doping rule violation . FIFA 's medical committee also decided that Russian personnel would not be involved in performing drug testing procedures at the tournament ; the action was taken to reassure teams that the samples would remain untampered . Host selection The choice of Russia as host has been challenged . Controversial issues have included the level of racism in Russian football , and discrimination against LGBT people in wider Russian society . Russia 's involvement in the ongoing conflict in Ukraine has also caused calls for the tournament to be moved , particularly following the annexation of Crimea . In 2014 , FIFA President Sepp Blatter stated that `` the World Cup has been given and voted to Russia and we are going forward with our work '' . Allegations of corruption in the bidding processes for the 2018 and 2022 World Cups caused threats from England 's FA to boycott the tournament . FIFA appointed Michael J. Garcia , a US attorney , to investigate and produce a report on the corruption allegations . Although the report was never published , FIFA released a 42 - page summary of its findings as determined by German judge Hans - Joachim Eckert . Eckert 's summary cleared Russia and Qatar of any wrongdoing , but was denounced by critics as a whitewash . Garcia criticised the summary as being `` materially incomplete '' with `` erroneous representations of the facts and conclusions '' , and appealed to FIFA 's Appeal Committee . The committee declined to hear his appeal , so Garcia resigned in protest of FIFA 's conduct , citing a `` lack of leadership '' and lack of confidence in the independence of Eckert . On 3 June 2015 , the FBI confirmed that the federal authorities were investigating the bidding and awarding processes for the 2018 and 2022 World Cups . In an interview published on 7 June 2015 , Domenico Scala , the head of FIFA 's Audit And Compliance Committee , stated that `` should there be evidence that the awards to Qatar and Russia came only because of bought votes , then the awards could be cancelled '' . Prince William , Duke of Cambridge and former British Prime Minister David Cameron attended a meeting with FIFA vice-president Chung Mong - joon in which a vote - trading deal for the right to host the 2018 World Cup in England was discussed . Response to Skripal poisoning In response to the March 2018 poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal , British Prime Minister Theresa May announced that no British ministers or members of the royal family would attend the World Cup , and issued a warning to any travelling England fans . Iceland diplomatically boycotted the World Cup . Russia responded to the comments from the UK Parliament claiming that `` the west are trying to deny Russia the World Cup '' . The Russian Foreign Ministry denounced Boris Johnson 's statements that compared the event to the 1936 Olympics held in Nazi Germany as `` poisoned with venom of hate , unprofessionalism and boorishness '' and `` unacceptable and unworthy '' parallel towards Russia , a `` nation that lost millions of lives in fighting Nazism '' . The British Foreign Office and MPs had repeatedly warned English football fans and `` people of Asian or Afro - Caribbean descent '' travelling to Russia of `` racist or homophobic intimidation , hooligan violence and anti-British hostility '' . English football fans who have travelled have said they have received a warm welcome from ordinary citizens after arriving in Russia . Critical reception Russia received widespread praise as World Cup hosts . Facilities -- such as the refurbished Luzhniki Stadium ( pictured ) -- were one aspect of Russia 's success . At the close of the World Cup Russia was widely praised for its success in hosting the tournament , with Steve Rosenberg of the BBC deeming it `` a resounding public relations success '' for Putin , adding , `` The stunning new stadiums , free train travel to venues and the absence of crowd violence has impressed visiting supporters . Russia has come across as friendly and hospitable : a stark contrast with the country 's authoritarian image . All the foreign fans I have spoken to are pleasantly surprised . '' FIFA President Gianni Infantino stated , `` Everyone discovered a beautiful country , a welcoming country , that is keen to show the world that everything that has been said before might not be true . A lot of preconceived ideas have been changed because people have seen the true nature of Russia . '' Infantino has proclaimed Russia 2018 to be `` the best World Cup ever '' , as 98 % of the stadiums were sold out , there were three billion viewers on TV all around the world and 7 million fans visited the fan fests . Broadcasting rights Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup broadcasting rights FIFA , through several companies , sold the broadcasting rights for the 2018 FIFA World Cup to various local broadcasters . In the United States , the 2018 World Cup was the first men 's World Cup whose English rights were held by Fox Sports , and Spanish rights held by Telemundo . The elimination of the US national team in qualifying led to concerns that US interest and viewership of this World Cup would be reduced ( especially among `` casual '' viewers interested in the US team ) , especially noting how much Fox paid for the rights , and that US games at the 2014 World Cup peaked at 16.5 million viewers . During a launch event prior to the elimination , Fox stated that it had planned to place a secondary focus on the Mexican team in its coverage to take advantage of their popularity among US viewers ( factoring Hispanic and Latino Americans ) . Fox stated that it was still committed to broadcasting a significant amount of coverage for the tournament . In February 2018 , Ukrainian rightsholder UA : PBC stated that it would not broadcast the World Cup . This came in the wake of growing boycotts of the tournament among the Football Federation of Ukraine and sports minister Ihor Zhdanov . Additionally , the Football Federation of Ukraine refused to accredit journalists for the World Cup and waived their quota of tickets . However , the Ukrainian state TV still broadcast the World Cup , and more than 4 million Ukrainians watched the opening match . Sponsorship FIFA partners FIFA World Cup sponsors African supporters Asian supporters European supporters Adidas Coca - Cola Gazprom Hyundai -- Kia Qatar Airways Visa Wanda Group Anheuser - Busch InBev Hisense McDonald 's Mengniu Dairy Vivo Egypt -- Experience & Invest Diking Luci Yadea Alfa - Bank Alrosa Rostelecom Russian Railways See also Association football portal Russia portal 2010s portal FIFA World Cup hosts 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup 2021 FIFA Confederations Cup Notes Jump up ^ France will qualify for this tournament as World Cup winners if it takes place . However FIFA has discussed abolishing the competition . References ^ Jump up to : `` Golden consolation for magical Modric '' . FIFA. 15 July 2018 . Archived from the original on 16 July 2018 . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ethics : Executive Committee unanimously supports recommendation to publish report on 2018 / 2022 FIFA World Cup bidding process '' ( Press release ) . FIFA. 19 December 2014 . 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Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Набор волонтеров на ЧМ - 2018 установил новый рекорд Чемпионатов мира '' ( A set of volunteers at the World Cup 2018 set a new World Cup record ) ( in Russian ) . FIFA. 17 January 2017 . Archived from the original on 1 June 2018 . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Чемпионат мира по футболу FIFA 2018 в России -- Волонтерская программа : F.A.Q. '' ( FIFA 2018 World Cup in Russia -- Volunteer program : F.A.Q. ) ( in Russian ) . FIFA . Archived from the original on 10 October 2016 . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ames , Nick ( 27 March 2018 ) . `` World Cup 2018 : what is a Fan ID and do I need one to watch games in Russia ? '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 31 March 2018 . Retrieved 10 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Wildie , Tom ( 8 June 2018 ) . `` Aussie soccer fan 's World Cup dream crushed by new Russian visa rejection '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on 9 June 2018 . 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Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2018 Opening Ceremony : What time will it start and when will Robbie Williams feature ? '' . The Telegraph . 13 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 13 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Robbie Williams show at World Cup opening ceremony is too short to ever be dull '' . The Guardian . 14 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 14 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup 2018 : Ronaldo and Robbie Williams star in opening ceremony '' . BBC . 14 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ White , Adam ( 27 June 2018 ) . `` What does Didier Deschamps want from his France team ? If only he knew '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 28 June 2018 . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tie - breakers for Russia 2018 groups '' . FIFA. 20 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group A -- Russia v Saudi Arabia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 14 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group A -- Egypt v Uruguay '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group A -- Russia v Egypt '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 19 June 2018 . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group A -- Uruguay v Saudi Arabia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 20 June 2018 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group A -- Uruguay v Russia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group A -- Saudi Arabia v Egypt '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group B -- Morocco v IR Iran '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group B -- Portugal v Spain '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group B -- Portugal v Morocco '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 20 June 2018 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group B -- IR Iran v Spain '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 20 June 2018 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group B -- IR Iran v Portugal '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group B -- Spain v Morocco '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group C -- France v Australia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group C -- Peru v Denmark '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group C -- Denmark v Australia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 21 June 2018 . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group C -- France v Peru '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 21 June 2018 . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group C -- Denmark v France '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group C -- Australia v Peru '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group D -- Argentina v Iceland '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group D -- Croatia v Nigeria '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group D -- Argentina v Croatia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 21 June 2018 . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group D -- Nigeria v Iceland '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 22 June 2018 . Retrieved 22 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group D -- Nigeria v Argentina '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group D -- Iceland v Croatia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group E -- Costa Rica v Serbia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 17 June 2018 . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group E -- Brazil v Switzerland '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 17 June 2018 . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group E -- Brazil v Costa Rica '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 22 June 2018 . Retrieved 22 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group E -- Serbia v Switzerland '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . 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Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group F -- Germany v Sweden '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 23 June 2018 . Retrieved 23 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group F -- Korea Republic v Germany '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 27 June 2018 . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group F -- Mexico v Sweden '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 27 June 2018 . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group G -- Belgium v Panama '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 18 June 2018 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 18 June 2018 . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group G -- Tunisia v England '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 18 June 2018 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 24 June 2018 . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . 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Archived from the original on 16 April 2018 . Retrieved 16 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA 's Confederations Cup has uncertain future after Russia '' . FOX Sports . 9 June 2017 . Archived from the original on 20 June 2018 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2018 FIFA World Cup . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for World Cup 2018 . FIFA.com 2018 website Welcome2018.com 2018 FIFA World Cup Stages Group stage Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Group G Group H Knockout stage Final General information Qualification Bids Broadcasting rights Controversies Discipline Officials Opening ceremony Seeding Squads Statistics Official symbols Adidas Telstar 18 ( ball ) `` Live It Up '' ( song ) Zabivaka ( mascot ) 2018 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions France Runners - up Croatia Third place Belgium Fourth place England Quarter - finals Brazil Russia Sweden Uruguay Round of 16 Argentina Colombia Denmark Japan Mexico Portugal Spain Switzerland Group stage Australia Costa Rica Egypt Germany Iceland Iran Morocco Nigeria Panama Peru Poland Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia South Korea Tunisia 2018 FIFA World Cup stadiums Kaliningrad Stadium ( Kaliningrad ) Krestovsky Stadium ( Saint Petersburg ) Luzhniki Stadium ( Moscow ) Otkritie Arena ( Moscow ) Kazan Arena ( Kazan ) Nizhny Novgorod Stadium ( Nizhny Novgorod ) Samara Arena ( Samara ) Volgograd Arena ( Volgograd ) Mordovia Arena ( Saransk ) Rostov Arena ( Rostov - on - Don ) Fisht Olympic Stadium ( Sochi ) Central Stadium ( Yekaterinburg ) FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . World championships in 2018 `` 2017 2019 '' Summer sports Archery field indoor Association football ( men ) Athletics ( indoor ) Badminton individual team Basketball women Basketball ( 3x3 ) Beach handball men women Bowls Boxing ( women ) Canoeing slalom sprint Cycling road track mountain bike cyclo - cross BMX Fencing Field hockey men women Finswimming Floorball ( men ) Gymnastics artistic rhythmic trampoline acrobatic aerobic Judo Karate Lacrosse ( men ) Orienteering Modern pentathlon Quidditch Racquetball Rowing Rugby sevens men women Sailing Shooting Softball ( women ) Squash men women 's team Swimming ( 25 m ) Table tennis men women team Volleyball men women Weightlifting Wrestling Winter sports Bandy men women Curling men women mixed mixed doubles Figure skating Ice hockey men women Ski flying Speed skating allround sprint short track Cue & mind sports Chess open women Darts BDO PDC Snooker six - red Pool Nine - ball Motor sports Air race Endurance racing F1 Powerboat Formula E 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Formula One F2 GP3 Motocross MotoGP Moto2 Moto3 Rally WRC - 2 WRC - 3 Rallycross Speedway individual team Sidecarcross Superbike Supersport Touring car Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=854343990 '' Categories : 2018 FIFA World Cup 2018 in association football 2017 -- 18 in Russian football FIFA World Cup tournaments International association football competitions hosted by Russia June 2018 events in Russia June 2018 sports events in Europe July 2018 events in Russia July 2018 sports events in Europe Hidden categories : CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Wikipedia semi-protected pages EngvarB from July 2018 Use dmy dates from July 2018 Articles containing Russian - language text Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikivoyage Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Лезги Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt 吴语粵語中文 डोटेली 100 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 16 : 55 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the name of the ball in fifa 2018	[]	[]

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