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http://medicine.yale.edu/neurology/patients/neuromuscular/mg.aspx	Neurology share tweet email print Myasthenia Gravis Myasthenia Gravis ( MG ) is a chronic autoimmune disorder of neuromuscular transmission resulting in muscle weakness . The term " myasthenia " is Latin for muscle weakness , and " gravis " for grave or serious . Thomas Willis first described a patient with MG in 1672 . There were other sporadic case descriptions over the years and in 1900 , Campbell and Bramwell collected 60 cases of MG from the literature . Still the cause of the disease remained a mystery , until 1960 when Simpson proposed that myasthenia gravis was caused by antibodies against the acetylcholine receptor	[ "Myasthenia Gravis", "chronic autoimmune disorder", "muscle weakness" ]
http://medicnfo.com/36-hour-cialis.php	36 - hour CIALIS 36 - hour CIALIS could work fast , inside 30 minutes for some men . Also it can last longer , approximately le dose , or you may get a larger dose than you need . Take one 36 - hour CIALIS tablet at least 30 minutes prior to deciding to have intercourse . You might want to take CIALIS a couple of hours before sex . You and your doctor should decide the number of years before sexual activity you should take 36 - hour CIALIS . Your dose will likely be prescribed from your doctor . You may want to try CIALIS more often than once prior to getting the outcome you expect . Through CIALIS more than once but still are n ' t satisfied , consult your doctor . Do not take many tablet of CIALIS on a daily basis . It is possible to take CIALIS with or without food . Avoid other ED medicines or ED treatments while taking CIALIS . Avoid drinking a lot of alcohol ( as an example , 5 glasses of wine or 5 shots of whiskey ) when you ' ve got taken a 36 - hour CIALIS tablet . Drinking a lot of alcohol may cause a headache or dizziness , a rise in your pulse , or even a drop in your n 2 days . The ingredient can remain longer if you have troubles with your kidneys or liver , or you are taking certain other medications . Stop sex and obtain medical help right away when you get symptoms such as chest pain , dizziness , or nausea during sexual intercourse . Intercourse can put an extra strain on your own heart , especially if your heart is already weak from a heart attack or heart disease . What Can i Tell My Doctor Before Taking CIALIS ? CIALIS just is n ' t right for everyone . Only your doctor and you could assess if CIALIS suits you . Ask your healthcare provider in case your heart has good health enough that you should have intercourse . You ought not take CIALIS if your doctor has told you not have sex activity because of this illnesses . Before taking CIALIS , inform your healthcare provider about your medical problems , particularly if have or had : heart related illnesses for instance heart problems ( angina ) , heart failure , irregular heartbeats , or have gotten a heart attack high or low blood pressure levels or have high blood pressure that is n ' t controlled stroke liver or kidney problems or require dialysis retinitis pigmentosa , a rare genetic ( runs in families ) eye disease severe vision loss , including a common condition called NAION stomach ulcers or even a bleeding problem a deformed penis shape or Peyronie ' s disease a harder erection that lasted in excess of 4 hours blood corpuscle problems including sickle cell anemia , multiple myeloma , or leukemia Can Other Medicines Affect CIALIS ? Inform your doctor about each of the medicines you practice particularly n excessive amount alcohol when taking CIALIS ( as an example , 5 glasses of wine or 5 shots of whiskey ) . Drinking excessive alcohol can increase your chances of finding a headache or getting dizzy , increasing your heartrate , or cutting your high blood pressure . Consider some of the Possible Uncomfortable side effects Of CIALIS ? The most frequent side effects with CIALIS are : headache , indigestion , lumbar pain , muscle aches , flushing , and stuffy or runny nose . These negative effects usually go away soon after hours . Men who reunite pain and muscle aches usually catch on 12 to 24 hours after taking CIALIS . Lumbar pain and muscle aches usually go away within a couple of days . Call your healthcare provider if you achieve any side - effect that bothers you or one that will not go away . Uncommon but serious negative effects include : A harder erection that wont go away completely : Driving under the influence a harder erection lasting a lot more than 4 hours , seek immediate medical help avoid long - term injury . In rare instances , men taking prescription ED tablets , including CIALIS , reported an abrupt decrease or lack of vision or hearing ( sometimes with ear noise and dizziness ) . You can not determine if these events are related right to the ED tablets in order to additional circumstances . In case you employ a sudden decrease or decrease of vision or hearing , stop taking any ED tablet , including CIALIS and call a doctor immediately .	[ "CIALIS" ]
http://medievalfood123.weebly.com/breakfast-and-lunch.html	Home Who ate what Breakfast and lunch Dinner The people in the Middle Ages ate their breakfast between the hours of 6am and 7am What did kings eat for breakfast In medieval times kings ate bread fruits and oats For a drink the kings had wine or ale 3 fish or meat dishes What did lords nobles eat for breakfast For a drink they had wine or ale White bread 3 fish dishes and 3 meat dishes What did knights eat for breakfast Knights ate meat or thick stew Knights also had bread or vegetables The knights had good food because they were vassals to The Lord For a drink the knights had wine or ale In the Middle Ages the peasants ate plain f oods Some days the peasants didnt even get breakfast Peasants had fruit and bread If they were lucky they got ale For the first hundred years in the Middle Ages the people believed that they only needed one meal for the day Lunch wasnt served until the late Middle Ages Lunch was consumed between the hours of 1200pm and 1330 What did kings ate for lunch Kings drank ale beer wine Kings had 2 courses They had a main This included chicken cow or pork They had some bread vegetables and fish For a 2nd course they had fruit Lords and nobles ate For a drink Alewine They had meat pork was popular A serving of fish bread vegetables and soup Knights ate Fish or meat Soup and bread and vegetables Peasants ate Soup or stew Vegetables and bread	[ "bread", "fruits" ]
http://medievalscotland.org/problem/names/morgan.shtml	Medieval Scotland \| Medieval Names Archive \| Problem Names Project Concerning the Names Morgan , Morgana , Morgaine , Muirghein , Morrigan , and the Like by Heather Rose Jones known in the SCA as Tangwystyl verch Morgant Glasvryn © 1997 by Heather Rose Jones . All rights reserved . Last updated 7 March 1997 There are a set of names that have in common being spelled with the letters " M * R * G * N " and origin in some fashion in a Celtic language . Many people mistakenly assume that these names are all related to each other , or that they can be considered interchangeable . This essay will examine the various different origins , uses , and cultural affiliations involved , as well as their historical , literary , and modern uses . Pronunciation Guide upper case = accented syllable vowels have " continental " values - - a colon marks a long vowel kh = hard ch , as in Scottish " loch " or German " ach " gh = the voiced version of the preceding - - " gh " is to " kh " as " g " is to " k " y = as in " young " not as in " by " Summary In the event that you do n ' t want to read this entire article , here is a summary of the information on names in this article . Names Used By Actual Historic People Name Lang M / F ? Old Medieval Early Mod 500 - 1000 1000 - 1400 1400 - Muirghein Irish masc / fem Muirgen Muirgein Muirghein MUR - ghyen MUR - yin MIR - i : n Morien Welsh masc Morgen Morien mo : r - GHEN MO : R - yen MO : R - yen Morgan Welsh masc Morcant Morgant Morgan mo : r - GANT MO : R - gan MO : R - gan Names Used By Literary Or Legendary Characters Only Morrígan Irish Morgaine French Morgana Italian Background " Celtic " is the name of a group of languages , originally spoken over much of western Europe , but surviving in the Middle Ages primarily around the British Isles . Although these languages evolved from a common source ( called " Common Celtic " ) , by the time we have records of them , they had split into a number of distinct languages . So it is not useful to speak of a " Celtic name " ; any particular name will be an Irish name or a Welsh name or the like . The earliest written records we have of Celtic languages are of Gaulish and a few other continental languages from the first century or so BCE . While Gaulish itself did not survive into the Middle Ages , it is similar enough to the ancestors of languages that did to give us useful information . The surviving Celtic languages belong to two distinct groups : the Goidelic , or " Q - Celtic " languages , including Irish and Scottish Gaelic ; and the Brythonic , or " P - Celtic " languages , including Welsh , Cornish , and Breton These languages changed greatly over the period we will be considering , and it is convenient to identify some general periods in this change . 500 - 1000 CE corresponds roughly to the " Old Irish " and " Old Welsh " periods ; 1000 - 1400 CE corresponds roughly to the " Medieval " period of the langauges ; and after 1400 can be considered the " Early Modern " period . ( The periods are defined differently for different languaes , so this is a compromise . ) Another important point to remember is that pronunciation and spelling are complex topics . In the medieval period , there was a constant tension between the desire to spell words phonetically , " as they sound " , and the tendency of spelling to be conservative , to continue spelling words and names the same way even as pronunciation was changing . Each language tended to evolve its own system for representing sounds in writing . Thus , people who spoke different languages , when hearing a name , might write it in very different ways ; or if they The Names Morrígan It is convenient to get this name out of the way first . It is a name appearing in Irish legend which is entirely unrelated to the other names discussed here and for which there is no evidence of ordinary use prior to 1600 , and probably prior to modern times . or Morrígu is the Old Irish name of an ancient Irish war - goddess . The first part is cognate with the Old English maere , a word which has survived into Modern English as part of " nightmare . " The second part , rígan , is Old Irish for " queen . " Attempts have been made to connect Morrigan to Morgan , but there does not seem to be any sound basis for this . The word is sometimes used as a generic term for a group of three war goddesses , along with Macha and Bodb . [ DIL This name is the crux of much confusion , and it will surpise many people to learn that the common given name is entirely unrelated to the Arthurian Morgain . The Welsh given name derives from a hypothetical Common Celtic * Moricantos , with the first element probably meaning " sea " but the second element uncertain . It appears in Old Welsh as Morcant ( pronounced " mo : r - GANT " ) , in Early Medieval Welsh as Morgant ( pronounced " MO : R - gan " - - the " t " is most likely silent by this time ) , and in later Medieval Welsh as , the same form it has in Modern Welsh . [ Bartrum Bromwich In pre - modern records , the name is always masculine . It had a modest popularity in medieval Wales , neither one of the favorite names nor particularly rare . In the 20th century , the name is commonly used in the USA by women as well as men . I do n ' t know whether this is also true in Britain . Modern Welsh name books still consider the name exclusively masculine . [ Gruffudd At various times , the origin and meaning of the name has been popularly misinterpreted . During the Puritan period it was misunderstood as meaning " sea - born " ( the same meaning as below ) and it was used to translate the name Pelagius in the Book of Common Prayer . [ Withycombe ] In the 16th century there are examples of the name as a surname being spelled Morgaine or Morgayne Morgan & Morgan ] in English contexts , which may be due to a confusion with the literary name Morgain ( q.v . ) . This name was in ordinary use prior to 1600 , but only as a man ' s name . This name appears in Old Irish as Muirgen , in Medieval Irish as Muirgein , in Early Modern Irish as , and after the 20th century spelling reform it becomes Muirín . [ OC&M DIL In medieval records , it appears in ordinary use as the name of both men and women . ( There is also at least one semi - legendary literary figure that bears the name . ) [ OC&M The Common Celtic name from which it derives is most likely * Morigenos ( which would have been the masculine form ) , which means " sea - born . " The elements Mori - and - genos can be found in Gaulish names , although the compound itself does not appear in surviving inscriptions . This name was in ordinary use prior to 1600 by both men and women . Morgen / Morien Although Welsh and Irish are different languages , they come from a common root . Many Irish words have counterparts in Welsh which derived from the same origin . Words which are related in this way are called " cognates , " and comparisons of cognates can provide evidence for the original word . As it turns out , the Old Irish name has a cognate in Old Welsh : Morgen appears in Old Welsh as a man ' s name and was pronounced along the lines of " mo : r - GHEN " and evolves into Medieval ( and Modern ) Welsh , pronounced " MO : R - yen " . [ Llan Dav Bartrum ] There is some important timing to keep track of here : although and appear very much alike , they are different names taken from different periods . When was being used , the second appeared as , and when was being used , the other appeared as . The two are not interchangeable . This name was in ordinary use prior to 1600 as a man ' s name . And Geoffrey Of Monmouth Now we come to the Great Confusion . Geoffrey of Monmouth was a historical writer in the 12th century . He took a number of traditional historical tales and " dressed them up " for new audiences . One of the things he did was to provide names for a large number of characters that apparently had been left unnamed in previous versions of the stories . Without going into the details , we can determine that Geoffrey took these names from a variety of sources . Sometimes he used names that were being used in Britain at that time Guendoleu , a man ' s name from early Welsh poetry . Geoffrey not only misread it as Guendolen but used it for a female character . [ Hutson Geoffrey of Monmouth wrote the first stories that describe the Arthurian character we now call " Morgen le Fay " , who first appears in his " Vita Merlini " ( " The Life of Merlin , " ) written in the 12th century . Geoffrey calls the character , and identifies her as the chief of nine sisters who preside over the " isle of apples " , i.e. , Avalon . [ Bromwich ] Although it is possible to see a motivation for using this name in the " sea / Mor " connection , there is no reason to assume - - based on many of his other choices - - that he had any particular motivation at all . And while it is possible to extrapolate from the fact that the Irish cognate was used for both men and women , and hypothesize that the Welsh may also have been in ordinary use for both men and women , we have no direct evidence of this . Given the example of Guendoleu / Guendolen we have no reason to believe that such a consideration would have been important to Geoffrey . It is almost certain that Geoffrey knew the name from written sources rather than from hearing it used . At his time , the pronunciation would have been " MO : R - yen " and based on other examples in his work , the names he was likely to have heard spoken are rendered more phonetically , rather than retaining the conservative Old Welsh spellings . ( A typical example of this is the name of a local saint , which Geoffrey renders phonetically as Duvianus , but which would have been Dubianus in the written sources he was using . [ Hutson ] ) Geoffrey ' s work became the source for virtually all following Arthurian material , so the names he used - - for whatever reason - - were widely perpetuated . Morgain ( e ) When Geoffrey ' s stories and the names within them made their way to France , any possible connection with the original Welsh pronunciation was lost entirely . The French saw the name and guessed that it would be best represented by Morgain ( pronounced " mo : r - ge : n " ) . This became the standard French spelling of the characters name . [ ] Later , the form evolved by analogy with other French women ' s names ending in - e . There appears to be no evidence that the literary name Morgain was used by actual people before 1600 . Morgana This name has several possible origins , or understandings of its origin . The literary character " Morgain la Fee " appears in Italian versions of the Arthurian tales as " Fata Morgana " . [ De Felice may also be understood as a modern " feminization " of the masculine given name q.v . ) . There appears to be no evidence that was used as a name by real people before 1600 . A Note In Conclusion I have tried , as much as possible , to state negative evidence as " no evidence has been found for X " rather than as " X was absolutely not done " . If anyone can find clear , conclusive evidence that contradicts any of these points ( and hard citations , not just " I read in a book somewhere " ) , I would be very interested in receving it so that I can incorporate it into my understanding of this name - complex . In particular , I would not be shocked to discover French or Italian examples of the literary names Morgain / Morgana being taken into ordinary usage - - but to date , no such examples have come to my notice . Bibliography Bartrum , P . C . Early Welsh Genealogical Tracts . Cardiff : University of Wales Press , 1966 . Bromwich , Rachel . Trioedd Ynys Prydein : The Welsh Triads . Cardiff : University of Wales Press , 1978 . De Felice , Emidio . Dizionario dei Nomi Italiani . Milano : Arnoldo Mondadori Editore S.p.A. , 1986 . Dictionary of the Irish Language ( Based Mainly on Old and Middle Irish Materials ) - Compact Edition . Dublin : Royal Irish Academy , 1990 . " DIL " Evans , J . Gwenogvryn . The Text of the Book of Llan Dav . Aberystwyth : The National Library of Wales , 1979 . ( Facsimile version of the 1893 Oxford University Press edition ) " Llan Dav " Gruffudd , Heini . Enwau i ' r Cymry / Welsh Personal Names . Talybont : Y Lolfa , 1984 . Hutson , Arthur . British Personal Names in the Historia Regum Britanniae . Berkeley : University of California Press , 1940 . MacLennan , Malcolm . Gaelic Dictionary G - E E - G . Aberdeen : Aberdeen University Press , 1988 . Morgan , T . J . , & Morgan , Prys . Welsh Surnames . Cardiff : University of Wales Press , 1985 . Ó Corráin , Donnchadh & Maguire , Fidelma . Irish Names . Dublin : The Lilliput Press , 1990 . " OC&M " Ó Dónaill , Niall . Focloir Gaeilge - Bearla . Baile tha Cliath ( Dublin ) : Richview Browne & Nolan Ltd . , 1977 . Thurneysen , Rudolf . A Grammar of Old Irish . Dublin : The Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies , 1980 . Watkins , Calvert . The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo - European Roots . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company , 1985 . Withycombe , E . G . The Oxford Dictionary of English Christian Names ( 3rd Ed . ) . Oxford : The Clarendon Press , 1977 . Medieval Scotland Medieval Names Archive Problem Names Project Web MedievalScotland . org	[ "Morgana", "Celtic language", "cultural affiliations" ]
http://medievalwriting.50megs.com/scripts/history5.htm	Caroline Minuscule The development of Caroline Minuscule , or Carolingian minuscule , was a reform which increased the uniformity , clarity and legibility of handwriting . It was evidently developed in the late 8th century scriptorium of Charlemagne , or in those of the monasteries under his patronage , in the course of his conscious efforts to revive the literate culture of Classical Rome . This map shows the change and development of scripts in the 9th centuriy Caroline minuscule was not suddenly invented one rainy afternoon . Changes had been occurring over time to the Merovingian and Germanic minuscules , rendering them neater , rounder and simpler . The new script spread to various European monastic scriptoria , but in its early phase these various centres retained certain individualities of style from their earlier minuscule book hands . Sample of script transitional between Merovingian and Carolingian types , from an Epistle of Gregory the Great ( Cologne Cathedral Library , MS XCI ) in an 8th century volume . ( From New Palaeographical Society 1905 ) Accompanying the reform of the minuscule scripts was a return to standard Classical forms of the majuscule scripts such as uncial , and also half uncial , for display headings . Carolingian books employed a hierarchy of scripts to differentiate heading of different weight and to formalise page layout . The Carolingian chancery did not immediately adopt this new script for charters or diplomas , retaining certain calligraphic flourishes from Merovingian chancery script . It is a little intrguing that clarity and legibility seems to have been regarded as less important for legal documents than for liturgy In the early 9th century , the various centres using this script adopted a more standardised form , abandoning the flourishes and ligatures of their earlier styles . The monastery of Tours may have been responsible for spreading this more regular style via the many manuscripts produced there and sent to other monasteries . Sample of early 9th century Caroline minuscule from a Lives of the Fathers ( Brussels , Bibliothèque Royale , MS 8216 - 18 ) . ( From New Palaeographical Society 1904 ) The Ada Gospels of the late 8th century ( Treves , Stadtbibliothek , Bibelhandschriften 22 ( Codex aureus ) , p . 17 ) . ( From Steffens 1929 The script was adopted in northern Italy in the early part of the 9th century , building on a base of existing script reform . Insular minuscule disappeared from the German monasteries of Anglo - Saxon foundation around the mid 9th century and was replaced by Caroline minuscule . A similar replacement took place in Brittany which had used its own characteristic form of insular minuscule . The new style spread as far north as Denmark . Caroline minuscule was not adopted in England until the 10th century when it was associated with the reform of Benedictine monasticism . English Caroline minuscule retained a certain regional distinctiveness of style , including the wedge shaped ascenders from the earlier insular minuscule script . ( See Bishop1971 Ruins of St Augustine ' s Abbey , Canterbury Sample of English Caroline minuscule in the 10th century New Minster Charter ( British Library , Cotton Vespasian A VIII ) , by permission of the British Library . This map shows the spread of Caroline minuscule in the 10th century There was some variation between large , rounded forms of the script and smaller , more compact versions . Rounded and bold form of Caroline minuscule in the late 10th century Ramsay Psalter ( British Libary , Harley 2904 , f . 181 ) , by permission of the British Library . Small and compact version of Caroline minuscule in a computistical work concerning calculation of the date of Easter , from the later 11th century ( British Library , Cotton Caligula A XV , f . 125v ) , by permission of the British Library . In England the script was used for charters as well as for a book hand when the language used was Latin . However , insular minuscule was retained for English documents and books . Bilingual documents or books used both scripts , so that scribes were competent in both . Segment of a charter of the time of William II , in a clear Caroline minuscule hand . ( From Wright 1879 Caroline minuscule gradually replaced Visigothic script in Spain during the 11th century . Factors affecting its demise were the expansion of the Cluniacs into the country and the banning of the native script for ecclesiastical books in 1090 after liturgical reforms . For other works , the letter forms of Caroline minuscule gradually infiltrated the Visigothic . ( See Bischoff 1990 The Merovingian chancery script and its Carolingian successor were retained in Germany until around the mid 9th century and in France until the 10th century . The royal document hand of Germany became closer to the Caroline minuscule book hand , with some calligraphic flourishes . Private charters were generally produced in the Caroline minuscule book hand , often with long ascenders and descenders This map shows developments in the 11th century Caroline minuscule eventually became a relatively standardised script over an area ranging from Spain to Scandinavia , England to northern Italy . It is an easy script for us to read as the forms of letters are very similar to those employed today in book typefaces . The adoption of a more standardised form of writing coincided with an increase in the production of written works and their movements over greater expanses of territory . It signalled the return of a more literate mode of conduct of society . The association with liturgical reform in some areas is also interesting Columbia University has some examples of Caroline minuscule pages from northeast France in the second half of the 9th century . One ( Plimpton MS 57 frag . verso ) is a sermon of Faustus of Rietz , another ( Plimpton MS 56 frag . , verso ) is from Smaragdus , Collectiones epistolarum et evangeliorum . Gothic variations previous page History of Scripts What is Paleography ? If you are looking at this page without frames , there is more information about medieval writing to be found by going to the home page ( framed ) or the site map ( no frames ) .	[ "Caroline Minuscule" ]
http://mediplanhealthcare.com/	Hospitals Search Vision and Mission MEDIPLAN Healthcare Limited is a Health Maintenance Organization incorporated in May 2000 in Nigeria Mediplan Policies The protection and security of our subscribers personal information is one of our major objectives Benefits Better financial planning for healthcare benefits to employeesGuaranteed access to Online Help Mediplan Online Platform Click here EnroleeClient Form Click here Complaints and Concerns Submission Form Click here Tship Form Click here	[ "MEDIPLAN", "Health Maintenance Organization" ]
http://medmum.com/how-long-does-a-sunburn-last/	How long does a Sunburn Last ? By admin Sunburns are skin conditions caused due to prolonged exposure to the harmful UV rays . The skin has a protective pigment layer of melanin that protects the skin from UV radiations of the sun . This layer is unable to protect the skin when the skin is exposed to sunshine for long periods of time , thereby causing sunburns marked by reddening of skin , blisters , rashes , and other skin reactions . People with fairer skin are more prone to developing sunburns than those with darker skin . The symptoms of sunburn are generally visible after 1 hour of exposure to sun . A minor sunburn is accompanied by skin redness , inflammation , irritation , and tender to touch . Severe sunburns are characterized by blister formation , weakness , skin peeling , itching , skin rash , dizziness , nausea , fluid - filled blistering , chills , pain , and fever . Severe sunburns increase the risk to development of varied skin conditions like wrinkling , skin dryness , discoloration , formation of pigmented spots , and even skin cancer . Sponsored link The duration of sunburn prevalence is dependent on varied factors such as the severity of the burn , the skin complexion , and the treatment undertaken , etc . Sunburn severity in turn is dependent on the exposure time to UV rays and skin sensitivity . There is no cure for sunburns , whether they are severe or mild . The skin typically heals on its own over a period of time . Mild sunburns resolve in a few days . As severe painful sunburn poses increased health risks , it is necessary to treat them immediately . Severely damaged skin may take many days and even weeks for a full recovery . Treatment is focused on restoring skin color and alleviating the discomfort and associated symptoms as well as hastening the process of recovery . How long does sunburn and its symptoms last ? The duration of sunburn and its associated symptoms are usually dependent on the severity of the condition , as discussed below . Sponsored link Duration of mild sunburns : Patients may suffer from mild pain and skin redness . The effects of the sunburn may be felt and become visible many hours after contact with the sun . Minor sunburns usually last for 3 to 5 days . The skin in and around the affected area may peel during this recovery period . Patients can continue to work or attend school . Duration of moderate sunburns : Patients with moderate sunburns may need to take OTC painkillers to alleviate the pain . As compared to mild sunburns , moderate ones last for a few days longer . Lukewarm baths and use of cool compresses can help get relief . Skin irritation can be soothed by application of products containing aloe vera and vitamin E . Some patients may be able to attend school or do their jobs despite the discomfort , while others may not . Thus , moderate sunburns cause more than just physical skin damage . Duration of severe sunburns : These are very incapacitating and often require medical treatment by a doctor . Patients with extreme sunburns may even need to be hospitalized . Dehydration , fever , and blistering are just some of the associated symptoms that need to be treated in a hospital . Severe sunburns last for 2 to 3 weeks . Patients , especially those who are hospitalized , often miss work and school . The physical symptoms of sunburns usually disappear in 2 days to a few weeks depending on the severity of the condition . However , its effects tend to last for a lifetime . Excessive sun exposure can result in premature aging , wrinkling , age spots , and other changes that are permanent . The most dangerous outcome is skin cancer . It is therefore advisable to take steps to prevent sunburns , such as use of sunscreen , sunglasses , hats , and other sun protective measures before stepping out for work or pleasure . It is important to Home remedies for sunburns Medical treatment for sunburns include oral steroids for alleviation of pain and inflammation . Severe burns may require dressings and special burn creams . Patients with dehydration need to drink lots of water and juices , rest in cool rooms , and avoid going out till the sunburn heals fully . Mild sunburns can be treated with below listed home remedies : Soaking in an oatmeal bath or a cooling bath for about 30 minutes can alleviate the burning sensations and pain . Do not add body wash , soap , ice cubes , oils , or bath salts in the bath . Do not scrub as it can worsen the damage to the skin . Tap dry the skin after bath and apply sunburn cream on the affected areas . Soak a washcloth or a cotton ball in ice - cold whole milk and place it on the sunburn for about 20 minutes . It will soothe the skin , ease itchiness and pain , and enhance skin texture . Dip a tea bag in cold water and place on sunburn for 15 minutes . You may also make strong tea , cool and then refrigerate it , and later soak a washcloth in it and place over the sunburn . Other home remedies that can soothe and heal sunburns include tomato , potato , or cucumber slices ; creams with vitamins A , E , and C ; cold compresses ; tomato and buttermilk paste ; apple cider vinegar ; aloe vera gel or juice ; lavender or chamomile essential oils ; honey ; and witch hazel . Filed in : Health Questions Tags : sunburn About the Author Author Profile Subscribe If you enjoyed this article , subscribe to receive more just like it . Comments are closed . Diastasis Recti Surgery Grey Discharge	[ "Sunburns", "skin reactions", "UV rays" ]
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http://medpac.gov/-research-areas-/post-acute-care	Post - Acute Care Post - acute care ( PAC ) includes rehabilitation or palliative services that beneficiaries receive after , or in some cases instead of , a stay in an acute care hospital . Depending on the intensity of care the patient requires , treatment may include a stay in a facility , ongoing outpatient therapy , or care provided at home . The Commission analyzes trends in care and spending in PAC settings and makes recommendations to the Congress and the Medicare program . Narrow your results within this research area using the filters on the left . You can also sort your results using the drop - down boxes on the right . Showing 1 - 10 out of 359 Sort By : select Year : select 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 . . .	[ "PAC", "palliative services", "Commission analyzes trends" ]
http://medstarwashington.org/	Top News Innovative Stem Cell Therapeutic Strategy May be Transformative for Heart Failure Treatment Click here to read more How Can We Help You Begin your search for a physician service or location Find a Doctor Our full team of professionals is here for you Find a Doctor Call Us Today For an appointment or referral and to open the door to a healthier future 202877DOCS Maps Directions For directions to MedStar Washington Hospital Center parking information and more Getting Here	[ "Find a Doctor", "appointment", "Directions" ]
http://meekersf.com/	( 615 ) 656 - 1074 State Farm ® Insurance Agent George Meeker RICP ® 330 Mayfield Drive , Suite C - 5 Franklin , TN 37067 - 7278 Conveniently located in Franklin off of Carothers Pkwy , b / w Cool Springs Blvd and Bakers Bridge Ave Map & Directions Contact Us ABOUT ME George Meeker is a proud husband and father of two beautiful girls . He and his family have lived in the Nashville area since 2003 , and he has been a State Farm Agent since 2013 . George Meeker State Farm has consistently been recognized by State Farm . . .Read More Office Hours Today 9am - 5 : 30pm ( CDT ) Call us 24 hours a day ! Insurance Products Auto , Home , Business , Property , Life , Health Other Products Banking , Mutual Funds , Annuities FINRA ’ s BrokerCheck View Licenses Office Info 330 Mayfield Drive , Suite C - 5 Franklin , TN 37067 - 7278 Map & Directions Phone : ( 615 ) 656 - 1074 Languages : English , Español Simple Insights Financial Jargon Simplified : Health Insurance Knowing healthinsurance basics can help you on your path to building a firm financial foundation . Here ’ s some jargon you ’ ll want to know . Read more Intersection Safety and Red Light Cameras Learn the basics about red light cameras : how they work , where they ' re located and how officers issue tickets . Also get tips for staying safe at red lights . Read more In the market for a classic car ? Here ' s the buyer ' s guide you need . Buying a classic or antique car might be one of the most exciting purchases you ' ll make . Check out some helpful tips to help you through the process . View More Articles Social Media Videos Babymoon Play Audio Transcript RoboAgent ( : 45 ) Play Audio Transcript Be Part of Our Community of Good Neighbors Deer Contact Us Our Mission We ' re Hiring We can always be reached at ( 615 ) 656 - 1074 For your protection , please do not include sensitive personal information such as social security numbers , credit / debit card number , or health / medical information . Your Message null I ' d like more info about Auto Insurance Home & Property Insurance Life Insurance Small Business Insurance Banking Other Send Email Disclosures State Farm Bank , F.S.B. , Bloomington , Illinois ( " Bank " ) , is a Member FDIC and Equal Housing Lender . NMLS ID 139716 . The other products offered by affiliate companies of State Farm Bank are not FDIC insured , not a State Farm Bank obligation or guaranteed by State Farm Bank , and may be subject to investment risk , including possible loss of principal invested . The Bank encourages any interested individual ( s ) to submit an application for any product ( s ) offered by the Bank . We also encourage you to obtain information regarding the Bank ' s underwriting standards for each type of credit or service offered by visiting statefarm . com or by contacting the Bank at 877 - SF4 - BANK ( 877 - 734 - 2265 ) . Callers who are hearing or speech impaired should dial 711 or use a preferred Telecommunications Relay Service . To apply for a Bank product , you may also see your Life Insurance and annuities are issued by State Farm Life Insurance Company . ( Not Licensed in MA , NY , and WI ) State Farm Life and Accident Assurance Company ( Licensed in New York and Wisconsin ) Home Office , Bloomington , Illinois . Investors should carefully consider investment objectives , risks , charges and expenses . This and other important information is contained in the fund prospectuses and summary prospectuses which can be obtained by visiting the prospectus page on statefarm . com . Read it carefully . AP2019 / 01 / 0054 State Farm VP Management Corp . is a separate entity from those State Farm entities which provide banking and insurance products . Investing involves risk , including potential for loss . Neither State Farm nor its agents provide tax or legal advice . Please consult a tax or legal advisor for advice regarding your personal circumstances .	[ "George Meeker", "STATE FARM INSURANCE AGENT" ]
http://meetingsmeanbusiness.com/	LESS THAN ONE MONTH TO GO Global Meetings Industry Day is April 4 , 2019 . Register your GMID event and get free resources now . Great things happen when people come together . Face - to - face interaction is the platform where deals are struck , relationships are forged and ideas are generated . That ’ s what Meetings Mean Business is all about : showing the real power of what business meetings , conferences , conventions , incentive travel , trade shows and exhibitions collectively do for people , businesses and communities . PERSONAL CONNECTIONS There ’ s no substitute for a handshake and the value of your network ca n ’ t be overstated . This conventional wisdom is all true . But beyond the qualitative , there are concrete , tangible outcomes that come from personal connections . POSITIVE BUSINESS OUTCOMES Every business needs to make smart decisions with its resources . Hosting a client event , sending a team to a conference , providing employees with incentive travel , and investing in a trade show are significant investments – but what ’ s the return ? Here ’ s a hint : it ’ s far more than you think . STRONG COMMUNITIES The benefits of conventions , events , exhibitions and trade shows ripple beyond the walls of the meeting space . When meetings come to town , everybody benefits . The face - to - face industry creates jobs , generates commerce and creates far - reaching community impact .	[ "Meetings Mean Business", "Global Meetings Industry Day" ]
http://megafishingthailand.com/guided-fishing-in-thailand/chiang-mai/snakehead-and-jungle-perch-fishing/	Snakehead and Jungle Perch Fishing Tackle , lures , round trip transfer , Thai style longtail boats or speedboat and local experienced boatman / guides are ALL included . Wild fishing in Thailand - Mae Ngat Dam is located 85 km northwest of Chiang Mai , and is part of the spectacular Sri Lanna National park . We offer half day , full day and multiple daytrips , fishing from boats with accomodation on floating Houseboats ( Rafts ) . Full guiding service tackle and transport included . TARGET SPECIES : We fish here for the Giant Snakehead and Hampala Barb also called Jungle Perch . These Cyprinids are feeding almost on small fish , an provide good action on light tackle and fishing with topwater lures . Snakehead fishing will provide a challenge to anglers who enjoy fishing with lures . The sudden explosiveness of the strike will excite even the most experienced fishermen . The lake holds Tilapia max . 2kg ( 4.4lb ) Rohu max 6kg ( 13lb ) , Mud Carp max 6kg ( 13lb ) , Giant snakehead to 9kg ( 19.8lb ) FISHING METHODS : Lure fishing with topwater lures also using diving lures like Rapala . Precise casting with surface lures , like Pencils , Poppers and Buzzbaits , is essential as you will always fish in areas with flooded trees and other snags . Catch of a lifetime 19lb Giant snakehead ( Channa micropeltes ) Caught and released while on Thailand fishing holiday in Chiang mai . ITINERARY FULL DAY 04.30 am . pick - up from your hotel or guest house in Chiang Mai and transfer to the Dam about 1 hour Lure fishing from a local longtail boat until 11.00 am Lunch and a rest at a floating Restaurant in the middle of the lake 14.30 until 18 : 00 lure fishing Return to your hotel approx 19 : 30 ITINERARY HALF DAY 04.30 am . pick - up from your hotel or guest house in Chiang Mai Transfer to the Dam about 1 hour Lure fishing from a local longtail boat until 11.00 am Return to your hotel approx 12 : 30 pm PACKAGE PRICING HALF DAY : : 4.500 Thai Baht per angler per day . FULL DAY : : 7.500 Thai Baht per angler per day . PACKAGE INCLUDES HALF DAY : Free Pick up drop off and transfer from Chiang Mai international airport , Hotel or guest house in Chiang Mai , all fishing tackle , lures , baits , water , ice , day boat rental and professional fishing guide . FULL DAY : Free Pick up drop off and transfer from Chiang Mai international airport , Hotel or guest house in Chiang Mai , all fishing tackle , lures , baits , lunchbox meal , water , ice , day boat rental and professional fishing guide . NOT INCLUDED : Alcoholic and soft drinks . NOTE : It is recommended that you bring , during the raining season ( June - October ) , wet weather clothing along with you . Booking Form [ Show slideshow ] 1 2 3 4 5 6 ► CONTACT US NOW for pricing and booking information . We look forward to seeing you fishing in Thailand with us soon whether you are a match angler , species hunter or big fish specialist Join us at one of the many unique and amazing fishing parks , lakes , rivers , reservoirs and dams that are here in Thailand . There really is an unforgetable fishing in Thailand experience for all anglers at all levels from all backgrounds .	[ "SNAKEHEAD", "JUNGLE PERCH FISHING", "Mae Ngat" ]
http://megphed.gov.in/standards/standards.htm	Navigation Achievements Schemes Services Acts Rules Circulars Notifications Tenders Budget Photo Gallery Video Gallery Documents Standards Rainwater Harvesting Presentations JJNNURM DPR on GSWS Phase III Archive Schemes Status Achievements Different Type of Pipe Materials and Various Standards Recommended per capita water supply levels for designing schemes urban water supply schemes Domestic and Nondomestic needs Institutional needs Fire Fighting Demand Industrial needs Pressure requirements Recommended per capita water supply levels for designing schemes rural water supply programmes Guidelines Guidelines in sustainability Revised Submission guidelines Drinking Water Quality Standards Executive Guidelines for Implementation of Water Quality Testing Laboratories O and M of Laboratory Manual Physical and Chemical Quality of Drinking Water Bacteriological Guidelines Virological Quality Water Quality Monitoring and surveillance Different types of pipes for conveying and distribution of water are Galvanised Iron Pipes Cast Iron Pipes Steel Pipes Ductile Iron Pipes Asbestos Cement Pipes Concrete Pipes Prestressed Concrete Pipes Plastic Pipes Polyethylene Pipes GRP Pipes Archive	[ "Pipe Materials" ]
http://mehimandthecats.com/7-antibiotics-often-used-to-treat-infections-in-dogs/	7 Antibiotics Often Used To Treat Infections In Dogs Diane W July 27 , 2013 15 Comments Sharing is Caring : It is quite common for dogs to suffer from bacterial infections and diseases . For common bacterial illnesses , the treatment usually involves bacteriostatic antibiotics or bactericidal antibiotics depending on the condition . The bacteriostatic antibiotics inhibit the growth of bacteria to multiply through prevention , while the bactericidal antibiotics kill the bacteria . These antibiotics are available in capsules , chewable tablets , ointments and liquids , and it is important for you as a dog owner to be informed about these antibiotics and how they can affect your pet . Photo credit : clarita from morguefile . com Learning More About Antibiotics For Dogs While over the counter antibiotics are usually safe on dogs , it is still best that a sick dog is seen by a vet to determine the best treatment to be given because each dog is different and every health condition is also different . Dogs can develop allergic reactions to antibiotics so caution is always needed especially to avoid overdose . 1 . Amoxicillin And Cephalexin These are common antibiotics used for bacteria related illnesses and are related to penicillin . Amoxicillin is used to treat the gastrointestinal , respiratory and genitourinary systems of dogs , as well as skin infections . The typical dosage for amoxicillin is 10mg for every pound of body weight for every 8 to 12 hours . Cephalexin is used to treat various infections , but it is primarily used to treat wound , skin and bone infections . The dosage for cephalexin is 10mg to 15mg per every pound of body weight for every 8 to 12 hours . However 2 . Sulfamethox This antibiotic is strictly used for various infections as well as urinary tract infections in dogs . However , it is important that plenty of water is drunk when this is taken and side effects include nausea , loss of appetite , vomiting and diarrhea . 3 . Gentamicin Pneumonia , ear infections and eye infections can be treated with this antibiotic alone or with a combination of anti - inflammatory medication . This is available in tablets as well as a topical spray . 4 . Chloramphenicol This antibiotic contains a certain level of pH that can go through a dog ’ s body completely to treat bacteria and parasite infections . It can also enter the organs of a dog to battle infections making it a popular antibiotic . 5 . Sulfadimethoxine Also known as sulfa drugs , this antibiotic is specifically used to treat parasitic infections that cause gastrointestinal conditions in dogs . 6 . Tetracycline Protection against a variety of bacterial infections can be derived from tetracycline as it does not allow proteins to synthesize . However , infections are easily treated with this antibiotic because it has the ability to break through barriers that hinder treatments of infections . 7 . Doxycycline This is similar to tetracycline and it is also used in a variety of infections to prevent growth and production . Allergic Reactions To Antibiotics Allergic reactions can occur and depend on the type of antibiotic taken , as well as its dosage . Most of the time , the symptoms of allergic reactions occur within 24 hours , but they often last for a few hours after treatment is sought . The common reactions include breathing difficulty , painful rashes , itchiness , coughing , nausea , unable to eat and swelling . In severe cases of allergic reactions , dogs can experience anaphylactic shock which requires immediate medical attention . Citations : Photograph by : clarita . Featured images : License : Royalty Free or iStock source : http : / / mrg . bz / Cuwtiu Valerie Lawrence is a freelance writer specializing in animal health and nutrition . She also offers information about the various medications given to dogs and she also recommends vet clinic for any type of health concern in pets . Sharing is Caring : Advertisements Get started Create a professional website and start blogging today Share Your Passion Guest Post Pets Dogs Guest Post Passion Peel Off Masque Review ( # FreeProductReceived ) $ 50 Paypal Giveaway ! 15 thoughts on “ 7 Antibiotics Often Used To Treat Infections In Dogs Curious September 24 , 2016 at 6 : 46 PM Is the amount listed for Keflex correct ? Does n ’ t seem right that a 140lb dog would be taking 1400 to 2100mg twice daily . That sounds like it would kill the animal . I know dogs are different that humans but 500mg twice daily is a high dose for humans and the amount listed for dogs is 4 times that . Reply ↓ Serina Samples October 22 , 2016 at 11 : 42 PM I would research weither or not there is a max dosage . This question is a month old and I would be very curious to know what the answer turned out to be . Reply ↓ Pamela Wayans ( @ PamelaWayans ) May 17 , 2018 at 8 : 58 PM I have had ASTHMA my whole life but about 7 years ago my asthma got so bad and was diagnosed of EMPHYSEMA / COPD which was most likely due to the asthma . I was on double antibiotics and steroids , still did n ’ t feel any better . My lungs were constantly wheezing in all four chambers , i already used Advair , Spiriva , and Albuterol in my nebulizer , they just did n ’ t do much . April 2016 my sister in - law told us about Rich Herbs Foundation where she ordered herbs that Janice Tollis ( @ TollisJanice ) May 19 , 2018 at 6 : 11 AM i am happy to report with the help of Natural Herbal Garden natural herbs I have been able to reverse my symptoms using herbs , my symptoms totally declined over a 9 weeks use of the Natural Herbal Gardens COPD natural herbal formula . My COPD is totally reversed ! Their official web page is www . naturalherbalgardens . com After the herbal treatment I also finally was able to give up smoking after 20 years . I ‘ m thankful to nature Janice Tollis ( @ TollisJanice ) May 19 , 2018 at 6 : 11 AM I was diagnosed with COPD 5 years ago and was taking Spiriva and Advair plus nose sprays to slow down progression . My symptoms have always been shortness of breath , and dizziness . I am a 54 year old male . the Spiriva was n ’ t really working and I could not tolerate them for long due to severe side effects , so this year our family doctor started me on Natural Herbal Gardens COPD Herbal mixture , We ordered their COPD herbal treatment after reading alot of positive reviews , i am happy to report with the Sandra Penix May 19 , 2018 at 4 : 48 PM Is Bactria a good antibiotic to use for a uti ? ? ? ? sandyp Leave a Reply This site uses Akismet to reduce spam . Learn how your comment data is processed	[ "Antibiotics", "Treat Infections", "Dogs" ]
http://melrosewi.com/	Welcome to the Village of Melrose Jackson County , Wisconsin 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Clerk / Treasurer Office Hours Monday - 8 : 00 AM - 3 : 00 PM Tuesday - 8 : 00 AM - 3 : 00 PM Wednesday - 8 : 00 AM - 3 : 00 PM Thursday - 8 : 00 AM - 3 : 00 PM * * Unless otherwise posted * * * * Other hours as needed or by appointment . Please call 488 - 3191 and leave a message and your call will be returned as soon as possible . For site comments and information use the Contact form Featured in Fall 2014 Wisconsin Rural Water Journal Incorporated in 1913 , the Village of Melrose , Wisconsin is nestled in the Heart of Black River Country . Located just 40 miles Northeast of La Crosse , Wisconsin , Melrose boasts a population of 503 residents . Despite its small size , the Village surprisingly offers its citizens a wealth of recreational activities , business opportunities , and governmental services . The Melrose Recreation Department maintains two parks , tennis courts , a swimming pool and multiple baseball diamonds . The Water and Sewer Departments monitor state of the art wells , water treatment facilities , and a landmark water tower . Our part - time police officers , volunteer fire department and first - responders are first - class . Multiple businesses , churches , and a Post Office combine to provide residents with all of the necessities . Unhampered by gridlock traffic , industrial pollution , or big city noise ; what we do n ’ t provide in stature , we make up in friendliness . Come live , work , or visit us !	[ "THE VILLAGE OF MELROSE", "Jackson County", "Wisconsin" ]
http://melsdinerpf.com/location/	Location Come dine at the coolest place in town ! Mel ’ s Classic Diner is located at 119 Wears Valley Road , Pigeon Forge , TN 37863 . Call us ( 865 ) 429 - 2184 Mel ’ s Diner is open from 7am - Midnight every day . View Larger Map	[ "Mel 's Classic Diner", "Map" ]
http://meltsnow.com/products/calcium-chloride/dry-calcium-chloride/	Dry Calcium Chloride Calcium Chloride : Snow Removal , Ice Control , and More The compound calcium chloride , chemical formula CaCl2 has long been a staple and the backbone of premium high performance deicers . Use our dry calcium chloride for snow and ice removal anti - icing applications in advance of snow events to prevent ice and snow from freezing to the surface , and as catalyst with road salt for the removal of ” hard - pack ” . Meltsnow . com offers all forms of dry calcium chloride , including calcium chloride in 25 lb . and 50 lb . bags , calcium chloride in bulk , and calcium chloride in super sacks , also called FIBCs – flexible intermediate bulk containers . The available packages of our calcium chloride flakes are ; 25 lb . plastic bags , 50 pound plastic bags , and 2,000 pound FIBCs or super sacks . We deliver by box trailer , flatbed , rail , or ocean vessel . Calcium chloride is available in flake , pellet , powder , granular , prills , Peladow ® Dowflake ® Kemira ® NedMagtm Excel Pellets of Fire Driveway Heat TETRA Flake Thermocal ® C - Forcetm HotStuff Tetra 94 Pellets ® Our OXY calcium chloride dry products are available as 85 % CaCl2 flake and 88 - 90 % CaCl2 pellets . We also offer a full range of liquid calcium chloride products too . Check Out Our Dry Calcium Chloride Products For … Anti - Icing Ice Control Pre - Mix Advantages of Using Calcium Chloride Flakes , Pellets , Powder , Granular , Prills , and Nuggets Flakes – The advantages of calcium chloride flakes are that they provide a large flat surface area and stay put when applied . They also easily pass through various ice melt spreaders , including home - style walk behind spreaders and commercial grade spreaders and equipment . Flakes are desirable when mixing with other dry products used to combat snow and ice , like salt , sand , or other abrasives , and to open hard pack by making your own a “ hot mix ” with salt . Typically , flakes are more cost effective than pellets and they provide Pellets – Calcium chloride pellets are a spherical shape and work very well with ice melt spreaders . They do tend to roll like small BBs , which in some applications is an advantage and in others , a disadvantage . The pellet or spherical shape provides performance benefits as their interface with ice and snow is more concentrated and allows them to “ bore ” into and down under the icy surface , creating a brine underneath . This makes for easier mechanical clearing by helping to loosen the bond of ice to the surface that is being cleared . Powder – Calcium chloride in powder form is typically used as an additive in other processes , including as an accelerator in concrete to decrease set times in cold weather , as a refrigeration brine for skating rinks and cold storage facilities , and as a desiccant to scavenge moisture where it will adsorb so much water that it will eventually dissolve into the water it attracts . Nuggets – We also offer calcium chloride nuggets that have the mass to create the ice - boring features of a pellet , but since they are irregular and egg shaped , they do n ’ t roll away like pellets and will stay put more like a flake . We introduced our calcium chloride nuggets to the US market in 2004 however we not currently stocking them for this winter season . They quickly gained a lot of popularity in places where it ’ s important to prevent shrub and turf damage that ’ s often caused from ice melters Granular – CaCl2 in granular form is used extensively in the pool industry as it boosts calcium hardness to prevent corrosion damage to shot and poured concrete pool surfaces . Its granular formula dissolves quickly when added directly to pool water . Granular anhydrous calcium chloride is also used as a desiccant ; a drying agent and dehydrating agent . Granular calcium chloride in high - purity , food - grade form is used in many food industries , such as pickle packing and cheese manufacturing . Prills – Calcium chloride in prill form is also referred to as mini - pellets and it is typically used as an additive for the food and beverage industry . They are small balls that flow easily . They ’ re also available as a food - grade calcium chloride . Calcium Chloride for Dust Control Use our dry calcium chloride for dust control and fugitive dust suppression . Meltsnow . com stocks all forms of dry calcium chloride used in dust abatement . Available package types of our calcium chloride flakes , pellets and granules are ; 25 lb . plastic bags , 50 pound plastic bags , and 2,000 pound FIBCs or super sacks . We deliver by box trailer , flatbed , rail , or ocean vessel . Typically calcium chloride flakes are used for dust control because they are the least expensive form of dry calcium chloride when calculated on an active horsepower basis ; CaCl2 , however you can use any form of our calcium chloride to download our brochure for how to use our calcium chloride products for dust control for more information . Advantages of Using Calcium Chloride Flakes and Pellets for Dust Suppression Calcium chloride is the first choice for road dust control products . Why ? The reasons are many : Calcium chloride is hygroscopic , meaning it attracts moisture from the air and its surroundings . This keeps unpaved surfaces damp and the dust down . Cal chloride also resists evaporation , so a single application provides ongoing benefit . Calcium chloride ’ s thirst for moisture helps bind aggregate particles together . Unpaved surfaces become and remain compacted and over time , the chemical penetrates the surface adding a stabilizing effect to reduce frost damage and overall wear . Maintenance costs for a calcium chloride - treated road are much less than untreated roads . Dry CaCl2 in flake and pellet form will work well in most existing equipment that is set up to spread sand and salt products in the winter . New England Townships have used calcium chloride to manage unpaved surfaces , including dirt roads and parking areas , for years . This cost effective process reduces the amount of labor required to maintain unpaved surfaces that typically require grading and rolling several times of year when calcium is not applied . Our most popular calcium chloride dry products for dust management are our calcium chloride flakes in super sacks and 50 Whether building new roads or rehabilitating existing roads , simply spreading calcium chloride on the surface , or using it in full - depth reclamation technique , calcium chloride is the dust control material of choice . MeltSnow . com Knows Calcium Chloride All of our dry calcium chloride products are packaged in 50 - pound bags , 2,205 - pound super sacks , and in bulk . We ship by the truckload ( using standard box van and flatbed trailers ) , by rail car , by ocean vessel , and by the container direct from the port . Consult with one of our technical representatives about how to find the product that works best for your environment and conditions and how we can most cost effectively get it to you .	[ "Dry Calcium Chloride", "anti-icing applications", "Dust Control" ]
http://membean.com/wrotds/cycl-circle	archives » # 91 cycl → circle E - Mail : Subscribe by E - Mail Twitter : Follow @ membean on Twitter Facebook : Find us on facebook Listen MP3 : RSS Feed \| iTunes Quick Summary The Greek root word cycl means “ circle . ” This Greek root is the word origin of a number of English vocabulary words , including uni cycl e , re e , and Cycl ops . Perhaps the easiest way to remember that the Greek root word means “ circle ” is through the word bi e , which possesses two “ circles ” in the form of wheels . Podcast Want to read it instead ? From Membean The word ingredient Memlet , shown below , is one of many ways that a word is taught in Membean . See an example word page » Ingredient Memlet : cyclic cycl → circle , wheel - ic → characterized by , like A cyclic occurrence is like a “ circle ” because it goes round and round , never ceasing and always coming back again .	[ "cycl", "Greek root", "circle" ]
http://membean.com/wrotds/in-not	archives » # 28 in → not E - Mail : Subscribe by E - Mail Twitter : Follow @ membean on Twitter Facebook : Find us on facebook Listen MP3 : RSS Feed \| iTunes Quick Summary Prefixes are key morphemes in English vocabulary . The prefix in , which means “ in , on , or not , ” appears in numerous English vocabulary words , for example : in ject , flux , and sane . Prefixes do tend to have different meanings , which can be divined by context , common sense , and the process of elimination . Podcast Want to read it instead ? From Membean The word ingredient Memlet , shown below , is one of many ways that a word is taught in Membean . See an example word page » Ingredient Memlet : innate in - → nat → born e used for spelling and pronunciation An innate quality is “ inborn . ” Ingredient Memlet : inexorable in - not ex - out of , from , off or speak , plead , pray - able handy , capable of An inexorable event is “ not able to be pleaded or spoken away , ” that is , it will happen no matter what anyone “ prays . ”	[ "in", "not" ]
http://membean.com/wrotds/nom-name	archives » # 86 nom → name Quick Summary The Latin root word nom means “ name . ” This root is the word origin of a fair number of English vocabulary words , including nom inee and de inator . The root is easily recalled through the word inate , which refers to someone being “ named ” to run for office . Podcast Want to read it instead ? From Membean The word ingredient Memlet , shown below , is one of many ways that a word is taught in Membean . See an example word page » Ingredient Memlet : nominal nom → name - al → of or relating to Something nominal is “ in name only . ” Ingredient Memlet : misnomer mis - wrong , wrongly nom A misnomer is a “ wrong name ” for something .	[ "nom" ]
http://members.local706.org/blog/doreen-schultz-marchetti/	26 July 2016 In Memory DOREEN SCHULTZ MARCHETTI Journeyman Hair Stylist 19632016 Beloved by those who worked with her Journeyman Hair Stylist Doreen Schultz Marchetti inspired loved and laughed and was a creative light for everyone around her Doreen became a member of the Makeup Artists and Hair Stylists Guild in 1992 when the IATSE merged with NABET Local 531 Doreen achieved her Journeyman status in 1993 and had a voluminous body of work on moviesoftheweek afterschool specials and feature films Call Me Anna First and Ten Torch Song Trilogy Stop or My Mom Will Shoot and Who Speaks for Jonathan are well remembered films that were admired not only for their drama but for their creative excellence as well Doreen was the department head on so many popular television series Lost Party of Five The Suite Life on Deck The Suite Life of Zack and Cody along with The Fosters The Wonder Years and Tales From the Crypt Upon learning of Doreens passing Local 706665 member Tania Kahale and Joanne Miyata Local 665 expressed their admiration in a loving tribute from Hawaii Doreen arrived at Diamond Head Studios with great determination and a can do attitude She was a leader in the truest sense with exceptional skills knowledge passion integrity and kindness Her standards were very high and she did not settle for anything less from the Hair Department She elevated our skills and never limited our abilities knowing that we were capable Doreen her husband Robert and daughter Bryce made Hawaii home for 5 years embracing the Her adoring husband Robert spoke of his love for her by calling Doreen his gift his wife his angel Their beautiful daughter Bryce and nieces Marissa and Shane Salmon survive Doreen was very private about her battle with cancer as she fought valiantly she intended to overcome and return to the work she loved so much Sadly she lost her battle early in the morning of July 24 2016 A future memorial will be announced as soon as details are provided Doreen Schultz Marchetti with Rene Dashiell Latest News Virginia Darcy 19202018 27 December 2018 January 2019 Class Flyer 17 December 2018 2019 Guild Award Tickets ON SALE Now 16 December 2018 2019 Guild Awards Ballot is LIVE ONLINE 11 December 2018 Congratulations to our Incoming Board 7 December 2018 2019 Guild Awards Upcoming Dates 6 December 2018 Make Up Craft Meeting Dec 9 Local 706 Makeup Artists Only 6 December 2018 MUAHS Announces Lifetime Achievement Honorees 19 November 2018 General Membership Meeting Sun Nov 18 15 November 2018 Call for Applications Two Assist to Bus Rep Open Positions 13 November 2018 Archive 2018 December 7 November 10 October 4 September 7 August 2 July 3 June 5 May 3 April 7 March 2 February 4 January 2 2017 December 9 November 3 October 18 September 2 May 4 April 1 March 3 January 4 2016 November 2 October 4 September 1 August 1 July 1 June 2 May 1 April 1 January 1 2015 November 2 August 1 July 2 June 3 May 3 April 1 February 1 Categories Announcements 29 Awards 13 Classes 6 Elections 2 Events 7 Guild Awards 9 In Memory 43 News 1 News 1 Screenings 12 Authors Greg Maxwell 127 Feeds RSS Atom	[ "Hair Stylist", "voluminous body" ]
http://members.tripod.com/bab_teach/CCSU/HTMLLesson/physicallogical.htm	Character Tags A tag that you apply to an individual character is referred to as a character tag There are two types of character tags physical and logical Physical Tags Examples of Physical Character Tags B Indicates that the text should be bold B I Indicates that the text should be italic I TT Indicates that the text should be used with a font such as Courier that allots the same width to each character TT BIG Indicates that the text should be displayed in a big font Available in HTML 30 or higher BIG SMALL Indicates that the text should be displayed in a small font Available in HTML 30 or higher SMALL SUB Indicates that the text should be displayed as a subscript in a smaller font if possible Available in HTML 30 or higher SUB SUP Indicates that the text should be displayed as a superscript in a smaller font if possible Available in HTML 30 or higher SUP U Indicates that the text should be displayed underlined Not all browsers support this tag U Logical Tags Examples of Logical Character Tags	[ "Character Tags", "physical and logical" ]
http://members.tripod.com/h_javora/jed7.htm	Lower Secondary School Grades 79 Topics Resources Whats New Courses Learning savvylearners Japanese Ways Czech Ways Instr Design Web Publishing Japanese Education Japanese Ed Overview Juku Teachers Preschool Grades 16 Grades 79 Grades 1012 Higher Ed Employment Reform Implications Entrance Facilities Organization and staff Instruction and evaluation Curriculum Juku Problem areas Transition to upper secondary school Entrance Entering lower secondary school the equivalent of junior high school in the United States is another major stage in coming of age in Japan For the first time public school students are required to wear uniforms Other aspects of personal appearance are also regulated including hair style and accessories These changes symbolize the seriousness of secondary education and the expected attitudes and demeanor Though elementary school is serious and disciplined the atmosphere of lower secondary school is more so There is greater emphasis on academic subjects and concerns Education goals and procedures focus more narrowly on the transmission and acquisition Completion of lower secondary school marks the end of compulsory education It is the point of departure for entry into employment for the few so inclined at this stage and for the first competitive sorting of those who go to senior high school and beyond Facilities Public lower secondary school buildings and grounds are usually separate from those of elementary and upper secondary schools but are often similar in design with comparable facilities for learning In the classroom desks are arranged in rows and each pupil has a chair and desk where books are stored during the day Rooms are generally spare often with a single poster indicating the classroom cleaning schedule for students or the weekly list of scheduled classes The lack of displays and decorations signals that serious study is the primary purpose of the room Computers and other technical learning devices are not evident in the Japanese classroom in 1983 only 3 percent of lower secondary schools had a personal computer and few were used for instruction 1 Organization and staff The administration of lower secondary schools is similar to that of elementary schools with the principal and head teacher at the top Almost all of these positions are filled by men The majority of head teachers are more than 50 years old and most principals are more than 55 2 About onethird of lower secondary school teachers are women 3 Threequarters of the teachers at this level have bachelors degrees while only 1 percent have graduate degrees 4 The average number of teaching hours per week is about 22 5 Average class size is 36 students 6 Each class has it own room where it remains all day The teachers not the students move between classrooms This helps maximize learning time The room and its daily maintenance is the responsibility of the students who occupy it it is not the responsibility of the teachers who come there to lecture This is also the situation at the upper secondary level Each class is assigned an advisor tannin whose duties combine those of homeroom teacher and counselor in the United States This advisor is a teacher who is responsible for the academic and social guidance of the members of the class including counseling on personal and behavioral problems The advisor is present at daily and weekly homeroom meetings and handles various class administrative matters For 9th graders tannin guides each student in selecting the appropriate upper secondary school Instruction and evaluation A basic characteristic of Japanese secondary education and high school and university entrance examinations is adherence to the view that there is only one right answer Generally speaking the premium is on mastery of factual material often through drill and memorization rather than on analysis investigation and critical thinking Instruction is based heavily on lectures which adhere closely to the textbook and course content specified by Monbusho The teachers main concern is to cover the prescribed material thoroughly Instruction in most subjects is teachercentered and takes place in a straightforward manner usually through lectures and use of the chalkboard Students are frequently called on for answers and recitation They stand to respond Other methods of instruction are also employed including field trips student projects and laboratory work in science Twothirds of all Japanese lower secondary schools use some educational television as part of their instructional program and about 20 percent use educational radio 7 As in the elementary school students are treated uniformly and are not assigned to separate classes or groups on the basis of ability Students are still commonly divided into small groups for classroom duties but the elementary school emphasis on han as basic units for instruction largely disappears Students take tests at the end of each of the three trimesters of the Japanese school year and their performance is recorded for parents on report cards which contain test scores comments on the students daytoday performance and the teachers general evaluation By the 9th grade impending high school entrance examinations impart a sense of urgency to studying Inclass drilling for these examinations is rare in public schools however Curriculum In addition to the required subjects of the core curriculum the lower secondary school introduces the study of English The typical number of class periods per week for the full curriculum is shown in table C Table C Required Weekly Class Periods per Subject by Grade Level Subject First Year Grade 7 Second Year Grade 8 Third Year Grade 9 Japanese language Social studies Mathematics Science Music Fine arts Health and physical education Industrial arts or Homemaking Moral education Special activities Elective usually English Additional elective hour Total 5 4 3 3 2 2 3 2 1 2 3 0 30 4 4 4 3 2 2 3 2 1 2 3 0 30 4 3 4 4 1 1 3 3 1 2 3 1 30 Each class period is 50 minutes long Electives are assigned at the principals discretion The entire grade level is required to take the same elective English is the almost universal elective The additional elective hour in the 3rd year is typically assigned by the principal to one of the more difficult subjects such as mathematics or English Source Ministry of Education Science and Culture Japan Education in Japan A Graphic Presentation Tokyo The Ministry 1982 p59 Japanese language Lower secondary students study Japanese at an accelerated pace In addition to a review of the 1000 characters covered during elementary school they learn to read and write another 1000 characters thus completely covering the 2000 characters required for basic literacy in Japanese Students continue to study composition grammar and calligraphy and are introduced to classical Japanese and Chinese literature learning to read short easy passages in archaic language and literary style Social studies In the first 2 years of lower secondary school students restudy Japanese history and geography at a more sophisticated level They also study world history and geography in terms of other countries relations with Japan In the third year students learn the fundamentals of Japanese civics including the principles of the constitution and legal system and the interrelationships of local prefectural and national government Considerable attention is devoted to economics including taxes insurance savings price determination trade unions and international commerce There is strong emphasis on reading and interpreting statistics maps and tables of all types In addition students learn to make observations conduct surveys and summarize their results in a formal report A study comparing Japanese secondary school social studies textbooks to those of the United States found that Japanese textbooks present more complex vocabulary more data and a broader range of points of view than American texts do American textbooks include more case studies inquiry exercises and reflective thinking activities 8 Mathematics In addition to completing the study of basic arithmetical concepts and skills principles of algebra and geometry are taught at each grade level of lower secondary school In the 2nd and 3rd years probability and statistics are covered By the end of the compulsory curriculum all Japanese students have studied algebra through the factoring and plotting of quadratic equations and the geometry of circles the Pythagorean theorem and some basic solid geometry According to an analysis by Bruce Vogeli of Teachers College Columbia University the normal pace in these subjects and most others for all Japanese students is roughly equivalent to the fast track in a good suburban school system in the US Vogeli further observed that in the United States junior high school mathematics is primarily a review of arithmetic while in Japan it is oriented around basic algebra and geometry 9 Japanese mathematics textbooks at the lower secondary level are much shorter than similar textbooks in the United States and their prose style has been described as terse The texts are written with the assumption that the teacher will provide whatever further explanation and elaboration may be necessary to fully convey the concepts Problems in the textbooks are more complex than in American textbooks Endofchapter drills and extra problems are fewer and rarely include answers 10 Mathematics teachers do not typically assign a great deal of homework but it is assumed that students will spend considerable time reviewing and studying on their own Japanese 7thgrade teachers report that they assign 17 hours of mathematics homework per week in comparison to 26 hours per week reported by US teachers 11 Yet when the time spent on homework is combined with juku classes andor private tutoring Japanese 7th grade students report spending 47 hours per week studying mathematics outside of class in comparison to 29 hours per week at the equivalent level in the United States 12 Like other subjects mathematics is taught in a wellorganized systematic fashion Lets look at a typical lesson 13 The teacher arrives in the classroom a few minutes after the bell rings signaling the end of the 10minute break between classes The days student monitor calls the class to attention All students rise and bow Instruction begins almost immediately with a 5 to 8minute review of the previous lesson and its homework problems The latter with their solutions have already been written on the chalkboard by students assigned this task the previous day The teacher then introduces the new material to be covered and assumes that the students already have looked over the new section in their textbook before coming to class The teacher refers to related topics covered at earlier levels provides definitions and explanations and writes key points on the chalkboard as the lesson evolves Students are expected to take notes in their mathematics notebooks as the lesson proceeds Teachers collect the notebooks periodically for inspection as is done in other subjects All notebooks contain a dated entry followed by a complete record of what the teacher has written on the board as well as supplementary notes Problems worked in class are entered followed by homework assignments and any additional home study When teachers evaluate students homework the entire notebook is collected Very little work is done on separate sheets of paper After explaining the new material the teacher works some sample problems on the chalkboard Then the students are assigned one or two problems to solve at their desks Students are free to discuss these problems with their seatmates The solutions are finally settled through explanation at the board As the end of the class period approaches the teacher reviews the important points of the day and describes the topic that the next lesson will cover One or two homework problems may be assigned and the students who will put them on the board the next day are designated When the bell rings students again rise and bow and the teacher returns to the teachers room Science During the 1st year students study the properties of substances and their reactions characteristics and measurement of force plant and animal ecology and the solar system During the 2nd year the curriculum covers atoms and molecules and their influence on chemical reactions electrical circuits cellular processes and microscopic organisms and the mechanisms involved in weather changes By the end of the 3rd year students have studied the interrelationship of motion energy and work ions and ionic substances ecology photosynthesis and bigorganic processes and rock types and geologic formations Scientific observation laboratory experiments and fieldwork are part of the curriculum at Music The music curriculum continues to emphasize vocal and instrumental performance and appreciation Students learn to sing in a chorus and play musical instruments in an ensemble A full complement of treble midrange and bass parts is included and attention is paid to sophistication of tone quality and phrasing Music appreciation includes a broader acquaintance with classical Japanese music world folksongs and classical and modern Western orchestral and solo music Basic music theory and history are also covered Students compose simple works for voice or instruments and perform them as a group Fine arts The middle school curriculum continues training in painting and sculpture and adds graphic design Students plan and construct larger works They make a diagram develop a production schedule which accounts for the required tools and steps in completing the project make a model and finally produce the finished product Students also learn about various periods and styles of paintings sculpture design and craft work Health and physical education Physical education encourages students to be interested in and develop their ability to participate in individual and team sports including exercise gymnastics swimming volleyball soccer and basketball Boys are trained in traditional Japanese martial arts such as judo and fencing Girls study expressive dance For both sexes planned individual programs to increase physical skills are emphasized Twenty percent of class time is devoted to the study of health including physical and mental growth and development Topics include prevention of disease and accidents first aid and the interrelationship of health and daily habits Industrial arts and homemaking In lower secondary school most boys are trained in industrial arts and most girls in homemaking though boys and girls can choose to take either subject The general purposes are to help students acquire practical skills to become accustomed to using them and to develop appropriate attitudes toward work and home life The industrial arts curriculum includes woodworking metal working machine and engine maintenance wiring and electrical circuitry and agriculture and crop cultivation The homemaking curriculum covers clothesmaking cooking nutrition housing and interior design and infant and child care English According to Monbusho requirements English is an elective subject one of several foreign languages approved for study at the lower secondary level As noted earlier in Japan most electives are not choices left to the student but are courses selected by the principal according to prefectural guidelines Nearly all lower secondary schools follow a policy of requiring 3 years of English language instruction involving 105 class hours per year The choice is not surprising in part because English is one of the required subjects on university entrance examinations The purpose of the English curriculum is to train students to read and write English relying on grammatical analysis and translation to and from Japanese as the primary methods Instruction includes grammatical explanation practice with basic sentence patterns and memorization of vocabulary Each year approximately 350 words are studied in addition to various idioms and grammatical forms Brief passages are read and translated and students practice writing short compositions in English Although there have been various efforts over the years to provide more experience in listening to and speaking English these dimensions remain underdeveloped The English portions of the university entrance examinations have focused exclusively on the written rather than spoken language and instruction at the secondary school level is primarily geared to what will be tested in the university entrance examinations Moreover few Japanese teachers of English have substantial proficiency in conversational or idiomatic English Moral education This core educational concern continues to be addressed along the lines and themes summarized in the elementary school curriculum section Selfcontrol is emphasized in a broader human and social context The course is taught by the classroom advisor Character development is stressed all teachers in and out of formal classroom situations Special activities Two class hours per week are devoted to special activities which as in elementary school consist primarily of ceremonies field trips allschool events and required club activities Teachers continue to emphasize student guidance in both cognitive and behavioral matters and encourage the development of group awareness cooperative attitudes and proper behavior Class trip Each May all Japanese 9th graders go on an extended field trip For 4 days and 3 nights teachers and students tour one or another of Japans famous cultural and historical metropolitan areas Kyoto Tokyo and Hiroshima are favorites The purposes of these trips are to broaden students experience with a region of the country other than their own and to create an enjoyable shared memory of school life Another important goal is to train students in public manners and group etiquette Students are expected to conduct themselves with dignity Maintenance of school reputation is a serious matter Students and teachers spend a great deal of time in cooperative planning and preparation for this major event in class history Many students carefully save money to help finance their expenses Families contribute most of the costs and assistance for needy students is usually available Clubs All students are required to participate in a school club during one of the special activities hours There are clubs for the arts and several academic areas as well as for sports The vast majority of students also belong to an after school club These clubs are school based but largely student organized and run Athletic clubs are the most popular Club activity starts when school ends shortly after 3 pm and continues until 5 or 6 pm depending upon the season of the year Twothirds of all Japanese students in the three grades of lower secondary school report that they actively participate in the voluntary clubs Many students would likely engage in club activities every day but school regulations generally limit the number of days a club can meet each week In Japan the better a students academic record the more likely the student will be active in a sports club 14 Juku Lower secondary school students attend juku after school on the average of two and a half times per week They average 2 hours of lessons per regular visit or 5 hours total per week Juku students today have somewhat longer lessons and heavier courseloads than their predecessors did a decade ago 15 Of all lower secondary school students attending juku the largest group 42 percent is studying two subjects each week which are almost without exception English and mathematics Twentyfive percent of all thirdyear lower secondary school juku participants take five subjects The number of juku that concentrate on examination preparation has increased in recent years Currently the educational goals stated by juku operators for their lower secondary school programs are evenly divided between giving students a better understanding of ongoing school work and preparing them for entrance examinations 16 Problem areas The demanding curriculum is difficult for slow learners Three aspects of education policy compound this problem the view that effort alone can compensate for differences in ability little provision for diagnosis of learning disabilities and individualized remedial assistance and automatic promotion which increases the pressure on students who have fallen behind ochikobore as they face an increasing burden of academic demands Inevitably the number increases with grade level accompanied by attendant disaffection from school There is some school violence in Japan though its extent both in degree and frequency is much less than that experienced in the US However because violence is considered a serious aberration of school and societal norms it is a source of public concern and receives extensive coverage in the mass media In Japan school violence usually means violence directed against teachers student violence against other students and vandalism It rarely includes teacher violence against students The number of schools in which incidents of student violence occurred declined between 1982 and 1984 In 1984 about 115 percent of public lower secondary schools experienced some form of school violence The related problem of ijimebullying the intimidation or tormenting of individual students by others especially by groups of studentshas become the subject of serious concern and widespread media coverage throughout the country Bullied students are said to have some characteristics which set them apart from the rest of the students From all accounts the problem has been increasing in recent years and is more serious at the junior high than at the senior high school level Monbusho has set up a program to make teachers sensitive to such behavior and its symptoms and the police have established a special unit including a telephone hotline to deal with such incidents In the first half of 1985 approximately 1000 students were involved in bullying incidents which required police intervention The Tokyo hotline received over 1300 calls in 6 months mostly from lower secondary school students who were victims of bullying 17 Transition to upper secondary school In Japan the passage from compulsory education to senior high school is not automatic It requires formal application and entrance examinations which are given in March Preparation for these examinations becomes the dominant concern of most students in 9th grade Changes in participation patterns in sports clubs and juku dramatize the shift in use of discretionary time In July at the end of the first trimester thirdyear students begin to withdraw from active participation in clubs and enrichment activities and increasingly focus their out of school time on preparation for the entrance examinations for upper secondary school The participation rate in clubs drops sharply from over 90 percent of students in 7th and 8th grades to just under half of the students in 9th grade Of students attending juku in the 7th grade in 1985 about 62 percent were enrolled in a program geared toward reviewing and supplementing regular classroom instruction while approximately 24 percent were engaged in an examination preparatory program For 9thgrade students facing high school entrance examinations the pattern changed considerably The proportion of juku attendees engaged in examination preparatory programs more than doubled to 54 percent while the proportion engaged in review and supplementary study programs dropped off somewhat to a still high level of 43 percent There was a related decline in the proportion of students taking nonacademic enrichment lessons The 6week summer vacation and New Years holidays are times of particularly intense study and preparation High school entrance examinations are given in March Upper secondary school hierarchies In public perception each of the high schools in an attendance area is ranked in a hierarchy This perception is based largely on each schools record or success in sending its graduates to prestigious institutions of higher learningthe traditional standard of excellence in Japanese upper secondary education Historically public schools have enjoyed greater status than private schools but the situation is undergoing some change The majority of private schools and public vocational schools still occupy the middle and lower rungs of the hierarchy Recent scholarship indicates that parttime correspondence and night schools or programs are usually perceived to be the 18 The school hierarchy has remained stable Thomas Rohlen who has done the most thorough study of Japanese secondary education by a foreign scholar explains why Reputation is a selffulfilling prophecy The school drawing the best applicants has no trouble retaining its high reputation and the schools at or near the bottom can do very little to change their destiny New public high schools for lack of reputation take their place at the bottom of the ladder in their category academic or vocational The rule among public high schools is that status and quality are functions of relative age 19 Most students and their parents aspire to a public high school with a college preparatory program for reasons of status further education prospects and cost While public schools generally have the edge the number of students they accept is limited Thus students in the middle and lower levels of classroom achievement must adjust their aspirations to less prestigious institutions often a private school or one with a vocational curriculum Despite the higher cost of private secondary schools there is no guarantee of higher quality Children who do not perform well academically and their families usually pay a heavy price in more ways than one The youngsters end up in less prestigious high schools with all that foreshadows for future social status and career prospects and many of the parents have to pay the higher costs of private education Rohlen notes a further family burden for many parents whose children make up the lower third of the class academically Because there is a solid correlation between poverty and poor school performance it follows that the costs of private schooling are likely to fall heavily on 20 Those who do not succeed in gaining entry to a public or private high school for academic or economic reasons usually turn to public vocational schools For those students not gaining admission to the lowest ranking vocational schools the principal remaining alternatives are night school or employment 21 Entrance process The entrance process for upper secondary schools is carefully shaped to avoid a freeforall competition at examination time Admission is influenced prior to actual examinations by a form of guided placement at the application stage Advisors counsel each student regarding schools where he or she is likely to be admitted The advice is based on the students overall record grades scores on commercial achievement tests and sometimes on aptitude tests and the aspirations of student and parents The commercial tests are used as indicators of likely success on the various high schools entrance examinations Yet in the final analysis the main criterion for entrance into upper secondary education is the extent to which the course of study for lower secondary education has been mastered this is what the examinations confirm As is the case 3 years later for entry to the higher education level a large commercial publishing industry supplies examination preparation books and related study material such as practice examinations The books and study guides are often detailed For example they report kind and frequency of questions likely to be faced provide practical drill questions explain special problems that students should prepare to meet and give specific advice on strategy and tactics for examination taking All public high schools in a particular prefecture administer the same test although tests vary from prefecture to prefecture The examinations usually contain questions in three subject areasJapanese language mathematics and English Recently some prefectures have added science and social studies The examinations cover the work of all 3 years of lower secondary school but frequently half of the questions involve material learned in the 3rd year For a small percentage of the best students the classroom advisors recommendation and the students lower secondary school record may suffice in assuring admission to an appropriate upper secondary school These students are spared the pressure of entrance examinations This form of early selection is partly based on the predictability of the examination results if the conventional path were to be followed But it also reflects an emerging liberalized trend in high school admissions that is beginning to take into account a broader range of abilities than examination results alone Although there is some variation by prefecture the common pattern is that students can apply to only one public upper secondary school The entrance examinations of private high schools are usually available to anyone who wishes to apply so a student can apply to both a public and a private institution concurrently Schools choose from among the applicants on the basis of their scores on the entrance examination and their lower secondary school record The school record usually includes a description of the students special activities an evaluation of personality work habits and behavior and the school attendance record The advisors recommendation is seriously given and usually followed Most students take the entrance examination of the highest ranking school which their advisors believe they are likely to be able to enter and succeed in gaining admission Rohlen reports that a modicum of affirmative action on behalf of students from poorer sections of the district sometimes occurs in the process on an unofficial basis 22 The fit between the number of openings in a given school particularly in the better academic high schools the number applicants and the qualifications of individual students is so carefully worked out by classroom advisors that the final ratio of applicants to places in each of the upper secondary schools is kept very low commonly not above 12 to 1 and often under 11 to 1 Some close informal districtwide coordination with the admissions officials of the higher ranked public high schools seem apparent 23 Essentially then especially for the academic high schools entrance examinations serve more to confirm the lower schools advice and recommendations than to rigorously select a few students from among many applicants Indeed given the low ratio of applicants to openings the examination process could be viewed as a mechanism for excluding rather than including a very small proportion of the applicants The high school examinations major influence is motivational it provides a powerful influence on students to study seriously during the late middle school yearsand in the earlier years as well Girls do as well as boys in the high school entrance competition but their subsequent institutional enrollment pattern at the postsecondary level differs significantly reflecting different cultural norms and subsequent employment realities A smaller proportion of girls continue their education in universities 24 The results of the March entrance examinations are announced later the same month The small number of students who do not gain admission because of their own miscalculation in selecting a school to apply to poor examination performance or because they were misadvised can take a secondround examination at another school The second examination opportunity takes place shortly after the results of the first examination are known Net results The basic lesson regarding high school entrance is as Rohlen puts it work very hard in school or you will have to end up having to pay for private schooling just to get a diploma or even worse miss the chance for college altogether 25 But regardless of level of school achievement cost or prospects for postsecondary education the great majority of students continue on to senior high school By the end of 9th grade all students who desire to continue their schooling have been successfully matched with an upper secondary level school As shown in table 4 approximately 94 percent of all Japanese children advance to fulltime enrollment in one or another kind of upper secondary school and about 2 percent enter some type of parttime education program Approximately 3 percent take a fulltime job This leaves less than 1 percent unemployed or otherwise out of school The facts that nearly all Japanese junior high school students continue their education in one or another form of upper secondary education that 28 percent of the fulltime high school students attend private schools and that about 93 percent of those who enter 10th grade graduate from 12th grade indicate the great importance that Japanese culture places on securing at least a high school diploma These facts also dramatize the determination and sacrifice of parents at all levels of society to provide for their childrens education at least through high school graduation Up to Top Contact Us US Dept of Education Study	[ "Lower Secondary School", "Japanese secondary education", "Curriculum" ]
http://members.tripod.com/odyssey_08540/monsters.html	The monsters are numerous and distinct in The Odyssey . They symbolize many things , both in the story and in our lives . They may range from aggressive monsters to human beings much like ourselves ; they come in many forms . They may may be mental or physical , and may be decieving or boastful . However , one thing seems clear whether you have read the book or not : they are all very important , each and every one of them . This section of the website describes each monster ' s importance in both The Odyssey and in our lives . The Monsters Monsters and Characters Description Calypso A nymph who keeps Odysseus on her island of Ogygia for 8 years . Calypso is very fond of Odysseus and even offers to make him immortal because she is very lonely on her island . . . Cyclops The Cyclops , named Polyphemus , traps Odysseus and some of his crew in his cave . He eats six of them and then gets blinded by Odysseus . Odysseus uses his cunning skills to get out of the cave undetected by the Cyclops . . . Circe A nymph who lives on Aeaea and changes Odysseus ' crew into swine . Odysseus then threatens her and makes her turn his crew back into men . . . The Sirens Women who live on an island and lure men to thier doom by singing about the men ' s pasts . Odysseus passes by the their place and listens to their song while tied down . . . The Suitors Princes and lords who are in Odysseus ' palace and wants to marry Penelope , Odysseus ' loyal wife . They are all killed by Odysseus , along with Telemachus , the cowherd , and the swineherd . . . The Lotus Eaters People who eat a plant that makes them forget about home and want to stay there to eat more . They are visited by Odysseus and his crew while going to Aeaea . . . Scylla A six - headed monster that snatches six men , one for each of her heads , whenever a ship sails by . She lives in a cave opposite from the whirlpool , Charybdis . . . Charybdis A giant whirlpool monster that swallows Odysseus ' ship when he is returning from Thrinacia . The monster is opposite Scylla . . . The Underworld The place where dead people go . Odysseus goes there after Circe told him to . He meets a seer who tells him how to return home to Ithaca safely . . . The Cattle of the Sun Herds of cattle that live on Thrinacia . They belong to Helios , the sun god . Helios punished Odysseus ' crew because they killed some of the cattle . . . Poseidon The god of the sea who punishes Odysseus for blinding his son , Polyphemus . He makes Odysseus ' journey home as long as possible . . . Calypso A nymph who keeps Odysseus on her island of Ogygia for 8 years . Calypso is very fond of Odysseus and even offers to make him immortal because she is very lonely on her island . However , Odysseus wants to go home to Ithaca and see his family . On the 9th year , after Athena persuades Zeus , he sends a message to her , and she lets Odysseus go . Odysseus builds a raft on which she puts food and then he leaves . In our lives , Calypso is a person holding us back from our goals . She is misleading , selfish , and lonely . She cares only about herself . When you encounter these kinds of people , you should make them understand that there are other people in the world besides them . They are not the center of the universe . Cyclops The Cyclops , named Polyphemus , traps Odysseus and some of his crew in his cave . He eats six of them and then gets blinded by Odysseus . Odysseus uses his cunning skills to get out of the cave undetected by the Cyclops . He does this by getting the Cyclops drunk . Then , he blinds him with a wooden stake . He and his crew escape from Polyphemus ' cave by hiding under sheep . The Cyclops , because he has only one eye , represents people who see through only one perspective . This is normally not a good quality . You should either avoid these people or attempt to broaden their narrow - mindedness . Circe A nymph who lives on Aeaea and changes Odysseus ' crew into swine . Odysseus then threatens her and makes her turn his crew back into men . She then helps him by telling him that if he wants to go home , he must first go to the Underworld and talk to a seer . Circe represents wealth . If you abuse it , you will get " turned into pigs " . Odysseus ' crew saw her lustrous palace and their greed made them go inside without thinking . You should never let your greed control you . The Sirens Women who live on an island and lure men to thier doom by singing about the men ' s pasts . Odysseus passes by the their place and listens to their song while tied down . He does this after leaving Circe ' s island in which the nymph tells him to listen ( if he wants to ) to the Sirens ' songs . The Sirens sing about Odysseus ' past ( the Trojan War ) . The Sirens represent people who try to make you live in the past . When you encounter these kinds of people , you must resist them and force yourself to focus on the future . The future is much more important than the past . Anything bad that happened in the past can be excused by something in the future , and anything good that happened in the past can be ruined by something in the future . The Suitors Princes and lords who are in Odysseus ' palace and want to marry Penelope , Odysseus ' loyal wife . They are all killed by Odysseus , along with Telemachus , the cowherd , and the swineherd . For more information about what happened to them , click here . The suitors are basically led by two men : Antinous and Eurymachus . The Suitors were especially important in but what do they represent in our lives ? The Suitors in the book are a big problem faced by Odysseus when he finally gets back to his home , Ithaca . This , therefore , shows that no matter how close you are to your final goal , there will often be an obstacle preventing you from reaching that goal . You must do anything possible ( but it still must be reasonable ) to remove the obstacle . The Lotus Eaters People who eat a plant that makes them forget about home and want to stay there to eat more . They are visited by Odysseus and his crew while going to Aeaea . A couple of Odysseus ' crew members , when scouting , were given the drug and got highly addicted to it . This made them forget about their homes . Therefore , Odysseus dragged them back to his ships . These legendary people stand for many things in our journey though life . First and foremost , they stand for drugs , an obvious reason . Drugs can make you forget about everything important in your life . Another thing they can stand for is the certain things that distract you from getting to a place or destination . These distractions can influence you completely , making you forget virtually everything , much like drugs do . If you encounter one of these distractions , you must ignore it and stay focused on your journey . Scylla A six - headed monster that snatches six men , one for each of her heads , whenever a ship sails by . She lives in a cave opposite from the whirlpool , Charybdis . Also , Odysseus is told by Circe to pass her cave while journeying back to his homeland . Scylla ' s six heads snatch six men quickly to their doom . This shows how quickly an accident or tragedy can happen in real life and what unpredictable circumstances can arise . If a sudden tragedy happens to you or someone you know , you must bear it , like Odysseus did . Charybdis A giant whirlpool monster that swallows Odysseus ' ship when he is returning from Thrinacia . She is opposite Scylla . Charybdis opens for a period of time , and closes for an equal amount of time . When his ship is swallowed , Odysseus hangs onto a branch until Charybdis closes . Charybdis is not only opposite Scylla because of where she is , but she is also opposite because of what she does . Unlike Scylla , Charybdis sucks her victims in slowly . She represents things in your life that take you in very gradually , but once you do get " sucked in " , they are very harmful to you . When you encounter these kinds of things , you must stop before it is too late . The more you have been " sucked in " , the harder it is to stop or get out . The Underworld The place where dead people go . Odysseus goes there after Circe told him to . He meets a seer who tells him how to return home to Ithaca safely . Odysseus also meets his mother Anticleia . In order to talk to these " ghosts " , he must let them drink blood . The Underworld is a place for death and the dead . Odysseus ventures there and returns intact . There have not been many people who have done this . Most people go there only once : when they die . So , in our lives , this " Underworld " represents death . When someone you know dies , you must bear it . Since Odysseus was very scared to go down into the Underworld , the Underworld can also represent our fears . Like Odysseus , we must face and overcome our fears . The Cattle of the Sun Herds of cattle that live on Thrinacia . They belong to Helios , the sun god . Helios punished Odysseus ' crew because they killed some of the cattle . Odysseus ' crew was getting very hungry because they got trapped on Thrinacia by winds blowing the wrong way . Eventually one man said that he would rather be killed quickly by a god than starve to death slowly . Therefore , they all slaughtered the cattle there . They all got punished later by Zeus and Odysseus got home late and a wrecked man . The Cattle of the Sun symbolizes the various tempting things in life , and if one indulges himself in it too much , he may in turn get punished . An example of such a thing could be by the usage of drugs , and how somebody can get addicted to it and get into a bad situation . If you encounter one of these tempting things , you must force yourself to ignore it and walk away . Poseidon The god of the sea who punishes Odysseus for blinding his son , Polyphemus . He makes Odysseus ' journey home as long as possible and very hard . The god does this by creating a storm whenever Odysseus is out on the open sea and by punishing those that try to help Odysseus get home . The god Poseidon symbolizes a force always opposing you , thwarting your passage and trying to prevent you from achieving your goals . The force could be anything , from a mental disability to feeling grief to someone who despises you . But , if you try to achieve your goal extremely hard , and never even think about giving up , good will eventually overcome evil as shown by Odysseus reaching home . Home \| About \| Summary Journey \| Monsters	[ "The Odyssey", "Monsters", "Characters" ]
http://members.tripod.com/~Science_Technician/planets.htm	What are Planets Like ? Perhaps , early in the morning or evening , you have seen what looked like a very bright star low in the sky . People call these bright objects the morning star and the evening star . But they are really planets . Telescopes show that the planets are spherical bodies that go around the sun . The earth is one of the medium - sized planets . Compared to the hot materials in the sun , the materials in the planets are very cool . The planets can not give out their own light as the sun and other One way planets are different from stars is that they are made up of solids such as rocks and dust . Another way planets are different from stars is that they are many times smaller than most stars . Planets are also different from stars in that planets move around the sun . Before the telescope was invented , only five planets had been observed in the sky . These were Mercury , Venus , Mars , Jupiter , and Saturn . Since then , astronomers have discovered three other planets : Uranus , Neptune , and Pluto . So including the earth , there are nine planets that we know about . Mercury and Venus are nearer the sun than the earth is , while the other six planets are farther away . Each planet moves around the sun in a curved path , or orbit All the planets except Mercury , Venus , and probably Pluto , have one or more moons , or satellites . Each satellite moves in its own orbit around a planet , much as the planet moves in its orbit around the sun . In recent years , many artificial satellites have been sent into orbit around the earth . Some have even been sent into orbit around the sun , like planets . Of course , much more is known about the earth than about any other planet . Until recently , the only way we could get information about the other planets was by studying the light and other radiant energy that came from them to the earth . By using what has been learned about the earth , astronomers can get some idea of what the other planets may be like . Scientists are almost sure that most of the planets can not have living things like those on the earth . To stay alive , living things on the earth need air , water , and food . Food comes directly or indirectly from green plants , and green plants must have carbon dioxide and water . Living things also need oxygen . Furthermore , the temperature must not be too hot or too cold . Most of the planets do not seem to have the right conditions to support living things . Yet it is possible that one or two How do Planets Move ? Sir Isaac Newton explained why the earth and the other planets go around the sun in orbits , or revolve . He knew that objects on the earth fell to the ground when they were not held up by something . He thought that this same force might hold the moon and planets in their orbits . After much study and many calculations , he was able to show that this is true . He taught us that every body in the solar system , and everywhere else for that matter , pulls on every other body . This force is called gravitation . If gravitation were the only force acting on bodies , everything would be pulled together into one large lump , if we waited long enough . All of the planets and the sun and moon and stars would pull each other together in one place . So Newton knew that there must be something that prevented this . He discovered that any moving object will keep on moving at a constant speed in a straight line unless something happens to make it speed up , slow down , or change its direction . This property of matter is called inertia . This may seem strange at first , because we are used to seeing things that are in motion slow down and stop , or fall to the ground if they are thrown through the air . But this is because something is making them slow down and stop , or fall to the ground . An object that is pushed along the ground stops because friction makes it stop . And the gravitational pull of the earth makes an object that is thrown through the air fall to the ground . Out in space there is practically no friction . The planets are all moving very rapidly through space , and their motion is not slowed to any great extent by friction . But there is one force that acts on the planets and makes them keep changing their direction . This force is the gravitational pull of the sun . As a planet rushes along , this pull makes it swerve toward the sun . The planet does not move directly toward the sun because its inertia tends to keep it moving in a straight line . Instead , the ellipse . An ellipse is like a circle that has been flattened somewhat so that it is longer in one direction than the other . The sun is not at the center of a planet ' s orbit , but closer to one end that the other . The more a planet ' s orbit is flattened , the farther the sun is from the center . At the same time the planets revolve around the sun in their orbits , they spin around , or rotate . The axis is an imaginary line through the center of a planet around which it rotates . The axis of the earth passes from the North Pole to the South Pole through the center of the earth . As the earth rotates , it carries places on its surface around from west to east . That is why the sun , moon , stars , and other bodies appear to move across the sky from east to west each day , but they also seem to move about among the stars . This is because they are moving around the sun in	[ "Planets", "Newton" ]
http://members.tripod.com/~fun_fun_fun/7-3-76.html	Anaheim Stadium , Anaheim , CA July 3 , 1976 Beach Boys present : Backup band included : SETLIST - Encore - 23 . YOU ARE SO BEAUTIFUL 24 . ROCK AND ROLL MUSIC 25 . BARBARA ANN 26 . FUN , FUN , FUN - - - - - Contributed by : " C - Man "	[ "Anaheim Stadium", "Anaheim , CA" ]
http://members.usnotaries.net/faq.asp?FaqSubCategoryID=105	Question & Answer Center Here are some questions that are frequently asked by notaries public . For your convenience , we divided the FAQs into several categories . If an answer to your question is not listed below , please email us at members @ usnotaries . com . Our members - only Help Center will research your question and respond within two business days . Requirements for Proper Notarizations : Signatures Can the signer sign the document with a signature stamp instead of an original signature ? Because my boss travels frequently , he has a rubber stamp of his signature . Can I notarize his document with his signature stamped on the documents when he is not in the office ? A lawyer is insisting that I affix my seal on the signature line in lieu of my notary signature . Is n ’ t he wrong ? I notarize about thirty or forty documents daily for my employer . Can I use a rubber signature stamp in lieu of an original signature ? If a notary used a signature stamp to notarize a document , does it invalidate the notarization of the document ? Can I notarize my own signature ? How do I notarize a signature on a document that has carbons ? Do I have to notarize each copy of the original document ? Does notarizing a signer ’ s signature make the document “ legal ? ” I work for a bank in the Community Development Finance department , and I was asked whether it is within a notary ' s authority to notarize a signature guarantee . Is it ? Is a notary signature and the date of notarization required on all notarized documents ? The principal signer is named on the document as “ Joseph , ” but the signer signed the document as “ Joe . ” Should I insist that his signature match the name reflected on the document ? I notarized 43 affidavits that I copied from a master copy , and they were not accepted because the affidavits did not have my original signature . Did I do something wrong by not signing every affidavit ? A notary notarized a faxed signature without the signer being present . Is this a proper notarization ? I work for a corporation , and they notarize documents in large quantities for a busy executive . If a notary is to have the author sign in front of them , what is the best approach for meeting their time restrictions and the law ? Do I have to register a copy of my notary signature anywhere ? Can the signer sign the document with a signature stamp instead of an original signature ? Most states ’ statutes recognize the effectiveness of facsimile signatures , so long as they are placed on the document by the signer himself or at his direction . If your state ’ s notary laws do not specifically prohibit a notary public from notarizing the stamped signature of an individual , the notary must still execute proper notarial procedures , which entails that the signer affix his stamp signature in the presence of the notary at the time of the execution of the notarization . Refer to your state notary statute for further information , or contact your state Because my boss travels frequently , he has a rubber stamp of his signature . Can I notarize his document with his signature stamped on the documents when he is not in the office ? No . The document signer must personally appear before the notary at the time of the execution of the notarization . If your boss is not personally in front of you , face to face , at the time of the execution of the notarization , you must refuse to perform the notarial act . Furthermore , a notary may not take the acknowledgment of a signer by telephone or by any other means when the signer is not present . A lawyer is insisting that I affix my seal on the signature line in lieu of my notary signature . Is n ’ t he wrong ? Yes . For the execution of proper notarial procedures , a notary public must sign the notarial certificate at the time of the performance of the notarial act and authenticate the notarial act with a notary seal . Failure to execute proper notarial procedures at the time of the execution of the notarization can create civil and criminal liability for the notary public . I notarize about thirty or forty documents daily for my employer . Can I use a rubber signature stamp in lieu of an original signature ? Some states specifically mandate that their notaries public sign the notarial certificate with an original signature in the performance of every notarial act . Please consult with an attorney to determine whether a notary public in your state is permitted to use a signature stamp in the performance of his or her notarial acts . If a notary used a signature stamp to notarize a document , does it invalidate the notarization of the document ? Some states prohibit their notaries public from notarizing documents with a signature stamp . However , the notary statutes in some states merely state that the notary shall sign and affix a notary seal to the certificate at the time of the execution of the notarization . Many states ’ laws and courts have defined " signature , " “ sign , ” and “ signed ” to include any symbol executed or adopted by a person with the present intention to authenticate a writing . The specific question that you have asked is a question of fact that must Can I notarize my own signature ? No . The notary statutes in most states specifically prohibit their notaries public from notarizing their own signatures . Obviously , a notary public can not take his or her own acknowledgment or administer his or her own oath . How do I notarize a signature on a document that has carbons ? Do I have to notarize each copy of the original document ? No . After completing the notarial certificate on the document that is intended to be treated as the original , the notary public signs only the original certificate and authenticates the official act with a notary public seal . A notary public must never affix his or her original notary signature and seal to carbon copies or copies of a document being notarized . Does notarizing a signer ’ s signature make the document “ legal ? ” No . The notarization of a document does not make the document legal or valid . The notarization of a document is intended to make the document “ recordable . ” The notary public is not responsible for the content of the document . I work for a bank in the Community Development Finance department , and I was asked whether it is within a notary ' s authority to notarize a signature guarantee . Is it ? A notary public does not have the legal authority to “ guarantee a signature . ” Only an officer of a financial institution or a bona fide stock brokerage house has the legal authority to “ guarantee a signature , ” because the bank or brokerage making the guarantee has a legal obligation to the person who relies on the signature guarantee . Since you work for a financial institution , you may be in a position to provide a “ signature guarantee ” in your capacity as an employee of the financial institution , but not in the capacity Is a notary signature and the date of notarization required on all notarized documents ? Yes . The notary statutes in most states dictate that the notary public sign and affix a notary seal to the certificate at the time of the execution of the notarization . A notary public must complete the notarial certificate with the facts of the notarization , which includes the date of the notarization . The principal signer is named on the document as “ Joseph , ” but the signer signed the document as “ Joe . ” Should I insist that his signature match the name reflected on the document ? Yes . The signature of the principal signer must agree with the name printed on the document . I notarized 43 affidavits that I copied from a master copy , and they were not accepted because the affidavits did not have my original signature . Did I do something wrong by not signing every affidavit ? Some states legally require their notaries public to sign the notarial certificate with an original signature in the performance of every notarial act . Please consult with an attorney for legal advice . A notary notarized a faxed signature without the signer being present . Is this a proper notarization ? No . A notary public may not notarize a faxed signature because a document that will be treated as an original must contain the original signatures of the signer and notary . Moreover , the performance of every notarial act requires the signer to personally appear in front of the notary public in the same room at the time of the notarization of the transaction . There are no exceptions to the legal requirements of “ personal appearance ” for the performance of a notarial act . I work for a corporation , and they notarize documents in large quantities for a busy executive . If a notary is to have the author sign in front of them , what is the best approach for meeting their time restrictions and the law ? The performance of every notarial act requires the signer to personally appear in front of the notary public in the same room at the time of the notarization of the transaction . There are no exceptions to the legal requirements of “ personal appearance ” for the performance of a notarial act . Do I have to register a copy of my notary signature anywhere ? Contact your state ’ s commissioning authority for instructions regarding your notary signature , because some states require their notaries to file a copy of their notary signature either with the commissioning agency or the county clerk ’ s office where the notary resides .	[ "American Association of Notaries", "FAQs" ]
http://members.wintergreenresort.com/	Wintergreen Membership Wintergreen Resort has been heralded as one of the most inclusive four season public resort communities , especially for its Wintergreen Members . Wintergreen has an exclusive membership program , open to property owners as well as to a limited number of non - property owners . Noteworthy advantages in the Wintergreen Membership include : All memberships include extended family privileges at no additional cost . All memberships come with two Guests of Member Exclusive Access Passes . Member exclusivity includes the privatization of the Devils Knob 18 - hole golf course , Devils Knob Tennis and Devils Grill restaurant along with the Wintergarden Aquatics & Fitness Center , Lake Monocan on Saturdays and Stoney Creek Pool , Tennis & Fitness Center . Several distinct member options are available . Dues are due annually – All Resort Membership ( $ 10,000 initial investment ) Annual Dues $ 2,589 Stoney Creek Membership ( $ 5,000 initial investment ) Annual Dues range from $ 1,912 New 2018 Membership Options Click here for more info Membership offers you the opportunity to become a valued stakeholder in the future of Wintergreen Resort . Your membership helps Wintergreen to invest in upgraded facilities and amenities , which help to maintain a vibrant , up - to - date Resort that appeals to all members and guests . An active , successful Resort is expected to have a positive impact on property values as well . All memberships will include extended family privileges at no additional cost and members may legacy transfer their membership within the family on the membership tree .	[ "Wintergreen Resort", "property owners", "family privileges" ]
http://membersavings.ca/banking.html	Convenience for You Account Options Our Internet , mobile and telephone banking services give you total convenience and secure , round - the - clock access to your accounts . What ’ s more , your MEMBER CARD ® credit union debit card provides full access to Interac and surcharge - free access to THE EXCHANGE ® Network , allowing you Canada - wide ATM banking . Personal Chequing Daily Interest Savings Investment Savings Platinum Savings US Dollar TFSA Daily Banking Made Easy A convenient way to manage your day - to - day banking : bill payments , deposits , cheques , withdrawals and more . Enjoy the features our Personal Chequing Account has to offer : Funds are accessible through our ABMs , all Interac ABMs , Interac Direct Payment system and THE EXCHANGE Network . Statements are issued on the last day of each month , free of charge . Statements will not be mailed to members who are Homebanking users and have requested eStatements . Deposits can be made by direct deposit , payroll deduction , THE EXCHANGE Network , electronic transfer , mail or in person . All purchases made by Direct Payment or by cheque are protected by our Buyers Protection Program . Copies of your cleared cheques can be provided to you if proof of payment is required . Personalized cheques are available at minimal cost . Overdraft protection is available on this account through a Personal Line - of - Credit , or a Home Equity Line - of - Credit . This account is identified by a seven digit number ending with the digit " 1 " . Interested ? Contact a Specialist Apply Now	[ "Member Savings", "Credit Union Limited", "Banking Services" ]
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http://membersofilluminati.blogspot.com/	MEMBERS OF ILLUMINATI - LIST OF MEMBERS Search More ! ! ! Sunday , August 2 , 2015 Jay - Z Illuminati - Exposing an Illuminati Devotee - Jay Z Satanist Jay Z Illuminati There is much evidence to be unveiled regarding rapper Shawn " Jay Z " Carter ' s involvement with the Illuminati . Jay Z , along with his wife ( and fellow Illuminati puppet ) Beyoncé Knowles , are not shy about displaying their affiliation with the Illuminati . The most notable evidence is Jay Z ' s frequent usage of a triangular hand gesture , which he has stated is a symbol used to promote his record label Roc - A - Fella Records . However , the triangle ( or pyramid ) is recognized by most conspiracy theorists , as the most widespread symbol of the Illuminati and freemasonry ; depicting wealth , enlightenment and supreme hierarchy over society . Another connection is that Jay Z ' s record label " Roc - a - Fella Records " is eerily similar to the name Rockefeller , one of the wealthiest and most powerful families in American history who were alleged Satanists and one of the thirteen elite bloodlines of the Illuminati . Jay Z ' s surreal music video for his song " Onto the Next One " contains several questionable imageries . A glass birdcage is seen at the 0 : 31 second mark . The birdcage is linked to Monarch mind controlling , and used as a representation of enslavement to the Illuminati . A black skull is shown with a white liquid being poured over it ( 0 : 49 ) and later a darker , blood - like liquid is poured over it ( 1 : 38 ) . At 2 : 24 a woman ' s mouth dripping blood can be seen . In the Knight ' s Templar ( an ancient secret organization which has been transformed into freemasonry ) drinking wine from a skull was a common practice for those being initiated into the organization , the wine represented blood and the skull was a representation of knowledge and At 0 : 33 seconds he is shown gesturing the sign of Baphomet ( 666 ) , a common gesture associated with the Illuminati . Other Baphomet references are seen throughout the video , at 2 : 12 a large horned skull makes a subtle appearance . Black wings briefly form into a Baphomet - like shape at 2 : 30 . At 3 : 51 , a ram skull appears , another reference to Baphomet . A crucifix between two bullets is seen at 3 : 39 , which could be depicted as a mockery of Christ . Jay Z has also been pictured wearing a hoodie with " Do What Thou Wilt " written on it . This quote was adopted by occultist Aleister Crowley and applies to his law of Thelema , " Do what thou wilt shalt be whole of the Law . " Aleister Crowley was also recognized as being an influential member of the Ordo Templi Orientis , which was a secret organization modeled after freemasonry and likely affiliated with the Illuminati . Jay Z ' s song " Lucifer " conveys a sinister message when back - masked . He can clearly be heard chanting " Murder Murder Jesus 666 . " Kanye West ' s song " Monster " ( featuring Jay Z , Nicki Minaj , Rick Ross and Bon Iver ) also contains controversial lyrics . Jay Z ' s part in the song states : " I kill a block I murder avenues rape and pillage a village , women and children . " Although most would argue that this line does n ' t refer to Jay Z and it ' s instead referring to rapists and murderers in general , it is alleged that the Illuminati and Freemasons partake in blood sacrifices , and children are their preferred sacrifices . Aleister Crowley ' s writings have implied this : " For the highest spiritual working one must accordingly choose that victim which contains the greatest and purest force . A male child of perfect innocence and high intelligence is the most satisfactory and suitable victim . " ( Taken from Aleister Crowley ' s Magick in Theory and Practice ) Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . Posted by Acebeats at 12 : 56 PM No comments : Email This BlogThis ! Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest Wednesday , July 29 , 2015 Iggy Azalea Illuminati - Iggy Azalea the Illuminati Puppet Not So Fancy - Iggy Azalea the Illuminati Puppet Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . Australian rapper Iggy Azalea ( real name Amethyst Kelly ) has become a fresh new face among the hip hop industry , and is probably best known for her hit single " Fancy " featuring Charli XCX . However , with her X - rated lyrics and oversexed provocative image , she is n ' t considered to be the prime example of a role model for teenage girls , yet she has the ability to garner a massive fanbase who idolize her . So one may ask , what is ' s agenda ? Is she merely a talented young artist from Australia who became lucky in the music industry after moving to the United States ? Could there be something far more sinister beyond her achieved fame ? As we know , the hip hop industry is riddled with Illuminati artists such as Nicki Minaj , Lil Wayne , Jay Z and many others . What makes different from the rest of the Illuminati acolytes ? Like most modern day hip hop artists , ' s songs contain a substantial amount of immoral messages that revolve around topics such as sex , wealth and fame , which are laden with profanity and thus marketed towards a young adult and teenage audience . In the Illuminati society , using these mainstream artists to convey negative messages to the world is a commonality , and appears to be another one of their sinful servants . In her music video for the single " Change Your Life , " the unholy Eye of Providence can be seen on her crop top . Here there is a monarch butterfly covering her eye ( another gesture of the All - Seeing Eye ) in this promotional photo for her music video " Bac To Tha Future , " and throughout the video she is seen with multiple butterflies upon her face . The monarch butterfly may appear to be a harmless symbol , but it is often associated with mind control and several other female Illuminati members have also used the butterfly extensively in promotional photos . In her Indian - themed music video for the song " Bounce , " she briefly flashes the " A - ok " gesture with both hands at the 1 : 25 mark . When used by celebrities in the media , this gesture is generally associated with the Illuminati and symbolizes " 666 " due to the circle and three fingers behind it . There is also a subliminal message shown in this promotional photo for Ariana Grande ' s song " Problem , " which features . In the background there is a five pointed star , and to the right there is a black horse behind it . The black horse could possibly symbolize the black horse of famine mentioned in The Book of Revelation , and it was also mentioned in Katy Perry ' s subliminal song " Dark Horse . " The most accurate interpretation of the black horse is that it symbolizes wealth and power , as black dye could only be afforded by the wealthy during biblical times , and that the wealthy will eventually cause severe corruption in the economy and affect the lower economical classes , which seems to be something that the Illuminati is very capable of doing . " When the Lamb opened the third seal , I heard the third living creature say , " Come ! " I looked , and there before me was a black horse ! Its rider was holding a pair of scales in his hand . " - Revelation 6 : 5 - 6 Posted by Acebeats at 3 : 54 PM No comments : Email This BlogThis ! Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest Older Posts Home Subscribe to : Posts ( Atom ) Leave Comments ! ! ! Share This With Friends ! ! !	[ "Illuminati members", "Jay-Z Illuminati", "Iggy Azalea Illuminati" ]
http://memeinge.com/blog/crock-pot-pork-tenderloin/	You are here : Home Recipes Special Diet Crock Pot Crock Pot Pork Tenderloin Crock Pot Pork Tenderloin March 18 , 2019 By Meme Jump to Recipe Print Recipe Easy crock pot pork tenderloin takes less than 10 minutes to prepare and slow cooks to perfection in 4 hours . Made with wholesome ingredients and no onion soup mix packet , this melt in your pork comes with its own gravy . Why you should make Crock Pot Pork Tenderloin If you like pork tenderloin , onions , garlic and red wine , then you will love this pork ! Why ? Here are a few reasons : It takes less than 10 minutes to prepare and is super fantastically easy thanks to the slow cooker Not only do you get a lean but amazingly flavorful slice of pork that practically melts in your melt , it also makes this to - die - for gravy that is literally made for mashed potatoes Why this recipe works The red wine , dried onions , and garlic make a very flavorful sauce that pairs really well with the pork tenderloin , so you have your own gravy already made when you cook this . The cornstarch in the spice mixture helps to thicken the gravy a wee bit , but you can also add a little more at the end to thicken it if desired . Cost of Crock Pot Pork Tenderloin : This meal is pretty inexpensive . One pound of pork tenderloin is around $ 6 , frozen green beans were on sale for 89 cents at my neighborhood grocery store at the time , and my Instant Pot mashed potatoes were leftovers . So I spent less than $ 10 for the entire meal pictured . Score ! How to make slow cooker pork tenderloin It ’ s quite simple to make … Place the pork in your slow cooker Add in liquid . Top with garlic . Stir together the spices and sprinkle over pork . Cook and enjoy ! Tips for cooking Crock Pot Pork Tenderloin What I love is that you do not have to sear the meat before cooking , and you do n ’ t have to cut off fat from the pork . Consider slicing off the silver skin which is a tough , shiny membrane of connective tissue . When you do n ’ t remove it , you ’ ll have a few slightly unpleasant bites of tough , chewy meat because silver skin does not break down . I like to use kitchen scissors to remove the silver skin because I find it easier than using a knife . But you can easily slice it off using a knife . The best ingredients for this Crock Pot Pork Tenderloin recipe Wine : Be sure you pick a really tasty red wine to use . You want to use a wine that you would actually drink because you will taste the wine in this dish . I have tested the recipe using Pinot Noir , Syrah , and Merlot . All were tasty in my opinion . Pork : I use a pork tenderloin that is between 1 and 2 pounds . You can cook 2 ( one pound ) tenderloins as well . See below for tips to double the recipe since the ingredient measurements are listed for a 1 - pound pork tenderloin . Garlic : You ’ ll use fresh and dried garlic powder , but there is an option to only use garlic powder if you ’ re out of fresh . You can use 1 / 2 teaspoon in place of the 3 cloves garlic . Make Ahead Tips There is n ’ t much prep time , but if you want to do anything ahead of time , you can stir together the spices and chop the garlic up to 24 hours in advance . You can also put everything into the slow cooker and refrigerate until ready to cook . However , be sure that you take the slow cooker out of the refrigerator at least 60 minutes before cooking so the slow cooker does n ’ t go from cold to hold too soon . This could cause it to crack . Variations for the Pork Tenderloin in the Crock Pot : Wine : Make sure that when you make this you use a wine that you enjoy drinking because you will taste the wine for sure . If you do n ’ t drink red wine , skip the wine and use an equal amount of unsalted broth . Chicken beef , mushroom , and vegetable broth would all work . However , I tested this recipe using chicken broth and found it to be not nearly as flavorful as the pork made with the wine . So I highly suggest using wine , or you can add a little extra salt and seasoning . Fresh Garlic : If you do not have fresh garlic , you can substitute it with more garlic powder . Use 1 / 2 teaspoon garlic powder in place of the garlic cloves . Is pork tenderloin healthy ? Pork tenderloin is a lean cut of pork and typically has very little visible fat , so it also makes it an easy choice when you ’ re preparing this meal since you do n ’ t have to bother cutting off any fat . Plus , pork tenderloin is a great change from your typical chicken dish . I feel like people always eat chicken because it ’ s familiar and lean and whatever . But pork is so underrated and it ’ s nutritious . According to the Pork Checkoff website , pork is an excellent source ( more than 20 % of the recommended daily value ) of thiamin , niacin , riboflavin , vitamin B - 6 , phosphorus and protein . It ’ s a good source ( meaning it has between 10 % and 19 % of the recommended daily value ) of riboflavin , zinc and potassium . Tips for buying pork tenderloin : Make sure you buy the pork that has no added solutions or marinade The marinade or solution wo n ’ t add anything to your meal other than a lot of sodium and other potentially strange ingredients . Not to mention that this pork totally beats any pre - marinated pork you ’ d buy at the store . This recipe is for pork tenderloin , but other people have had success with using pork loin . Pork loin is usually thicker , so you will need to cook it for a longer period of time . Just make sure that you use a thermometer and cook it to an internal temperature of at least 145 ° F . If you ’ re worried about putting pork tenderloin in the slow - cooker because you think it might dry out , do n ’ t be ! It is seriously falling apart , and I could hardly slice it without it shredding . You definitely do not need a knife for this meal ! And all that gravy in the slow cooker goes beautifully served over the pork . Storage Tips : After cooking , transfer to an airtight container and keep in the fridge for up to 5 days . You can also freeze this in an airtight container for up to one month . I like the freeze it sliced in single sized containers , so I can defrost only what I need . To reheat from frozen , add to a microwave safe bowl and heat at 50 % power in 90 second intervals until defrosted and warmed through . To reheat from the fridge , add to a microwave safe bowl and heat at 75 % power at 60 second intervals until warmed through . Frequently Asked Questions How do you double this Crock Pot Pork Tenderloin recipe ? If you want to double this recipe , you can double all the ingredients except the liquid and onions . I found that it was too much onion when I doubled all the ingredients . To double the recipe , double all the ingredients except the wine , water , dried minced onion and onion powder . Use only 1 cup water , 1 cup wine , 2 tablespoons onion flakes , 1 / 4 teaspoon onion powder . As for time , you can add about 2 hours on LOW . Since slow cookers can vary , I recommend using a meat thermometer to check to see if the internal temperature of 145 ° F . Can you use pork loin in this recipe ? Technically , you can make this slow cooker pork tenderloin recipe using pork loin , but I have only tested it using pork tenderloin . A pork loin is usually larger , so be sure to look for a 1 - 2 pound pork loin if you use it in this recipe . What to serve with Crock Pot Pork Tenderloin : In the pictures , you can see that I served it with these sautéed green beans and mashed potatoes . I ’ ve also served with roasted potatoes . Basically , I have a big serving of veggies + a carbohydrate for my main meals . In this case , the crock pot pork tenderloin has a lovely gravy that is perfect served with mashed potatoes to soak up the goodness . Final thoughts : This is the most popular recipe on my blog and for good reason . It is simple and delicious . 10 / 10 would recommend ! MORE MAIN COURSE SLOW COOKER RECIPES : Beef Carnitas Tacos Slow Cooker Chicken Tikka Masala Vegetarian Lasagna Slow Cooker Maple Mustard Pork Chops and Onions Chicken , Sweet potatoes and Peppers Crock Pot Pork Tenderloin Easy crock pot pork tenderloin takes less than 10 minutes to prepare and slow cooks to perfection in 4 hours . Made with wholesome ingredients and no onion soup mix packet , this melt in your pork comes with its own gravy . 4.91 from 11 votes Print Rate Prep Time : 10 minutes Cook Time : 4 hours Total Time : 4 hours 10 minutes Servings : Author : Meme Ingredients 1 pound pork tenderloin 3 / 4 cup water 3 / 4 cup red wine or broth ( see notes ) teaspoons Worcestershire sauce 1 tablespoon minced garlic about 3 cloves 2 tablespoons dried minced onion or dried chopped onion or onion flakes 2 teaspoons cornstarch 1 / 2 teaspoon garlic powder 1 / 2 teaspoon salt sugar 1 / 4 onion powder or additional dried minced onion 1 / 4 paprika black pepper dash turmeric optional dash nutmeg optional US Customary Metric Instructions Put the pork tenderloin in the bottom of a slow cooker . Pour in water , wine , and Worcestershire sauce into the slow cooker . Top the pork with minced garlic . In a small bowl , stir together remaining ingredients . Sprinkle mixture over pork . Cover slow cooker and cook on LOW for 4 - 5 hours ( if possible , flip pork over halfway through cooking ) or HIGH for 2 - 3 hours . Serve pork with the gravy in the slow cooker . Notes * Use 1 to 1.25 pounds pork tenderloin * To double the recipe , double all the ingredients except the wine , water , dried minced onion and onion powder . Use only 1 cup water , 1 cup wine , 2 tablespoons onion flakes , 1 / 4 teaspoon onion powder . * Be sure to use a wine you enjoy drinking ! * You can use less wine if you want or skip the wine altogether . Unsalted chicken or beef broth is ok , but you will likely need to add more spices . Make sure the liquid totals 1 1 / 2 cups . Did you try this recipe ? Mention @ memeinge or tag # livingwellkitchen on Instagram ! Bonus points for leaving a comment & recipe rating below . THANK YOU ! xo Click here for Nutrition Facts What to use in this recipe : * Based on this recipe from allrecipes . com This recipe was originally published on January 15th , 2013 . Recipe was re - tested , and text was updated . Does n ’ t this recipe look good ? ! You should probably share it : 527 Did you try this recipe ? ! Do n ’ t forget to rate the recipe and let me know your thoughts in the comments below . I love hearing from you ! And be sure to add # livingwellkitchen to your Instagram posts ! ! You can also FOLLOW ME on Instagram Pinterest Facebook , and Twitter for more approachable , nourishing recipes & tips that prove living a healthy lifestyle can be budget friendly , delicious , and fun . This site uses Akismet to reduce spam . Learn how your comment data is processed	[ "crock pot pork tenderloin", "recipe" ]
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http://memorialhealth.com/patients/medical-records.dot	Looking to obtain a copy of your medical records Paper Copy of Medical Records Please complete the following steps to obtain a paper copy of your medical records Print and complete the Medical Records Release Form Complete sign and date the form In order to verify your identification and validate your authorization we require that you include a legible copy of a valid photo ID eg drivers license military ID or state ID Mail fax or personally deliver your paperwork to the facility where you were treated Mail Nashville Health Information Management Service Center HSC Release of Information 552 Metroplex Dr Nashville TN 37211 Phone 615 6958700 Toll Free 866 2702311 Fax 877 8659738 Please allow 510 days for processing from date of receipt of the completed authorization Federal law permits up to 30 days Download Forms Medical Records Release English Spanish Urgent Requests Records for your Physician For immediate continuity of care your healthcare provider can request records The physician office must fax a written request on their letterhead to 855 6163822 indicating the patients name date of birth and date of visit in the facility and place STAT at the top of their request For assistance call 877 4038825 Insurance Attorney Disability and Third Party Requests Requests should be sent from your insurance company attorney or Disability Determination Service and mailed to the address below We can not accept faxes and email requests Mail request to Nashville Health Information Management Service Center HSC Release of Information 552 Metroplex Dr Nashville TN 37211 Phone 615 6958700 Toll Free 866 2702311 Fax 877 8659738	[ "Medical Records" ]
http://memory-alpha.wikia.com/wiki/Alexander_Marcus_(alternate_reality)	in : Humans Starfleet Headquarters personnel Starfleet personnel ( alternate reality ) and 2 more Alexander Marcus ( alternate reality ) English Edit Share Alternate Reality split 2233 Gender : Male Species : Human Affiliation : Federation Starfleet Section 31 Rank : Fleet Admiral Occupation : Flag officer Head of Section 31 Head of Starfleet Status : Deceased , killed by Khan Noonien Singh 2259 Died : 2259 USS Vengeance Marital Status : Married Spouse ( s ) : Wallace Children : Carol Marcus daughter Played by Peter Weller For the prime reality counterpart , please see Alexander Marcus If you ' ve got something to say … say it . Tomorrow ' s too late . Alexander Marcus Star Trek Into Darkness Admiral was the head of in the mid - 23rd century , and a member of Section 31 . He began a conspiracy to start a war with the Klingons using the 20th century genetically enhanced Human criminal Khan . He was the father of Carol Marcus Contents show Early life Edit Alexander Marcus was the head of Starfleet . At some point , Marcus had a daughter named Carol with a woman who had the maiden name Wallace . He was also the mentor of Christopher Pike and inspired him to join . Having been raised by him , Carol believed ( ultimately incorrectly ) that her father was incapable of killing innocents . ( Star Trek Into Darkness Starfleet Career Revival of Khan Khan aka John Harrison in cryogenic sleep Following the destruction of Vulcan in 2258 , ( Star Trek ) Marcus began seeking ways to militarize and better defend the Federation . In particular , he considered war with the Klingon Empire as inevitable . Section 31 discovered the SS Botany Bay which led to Marcus reviving Khan Noonien Singh and recruiting him under the name " John Harrison " to design weapons and ships . However , Khan resented Marcus ' s control over him and the use of his fellow surviving Augments as hostages , and attempted to smuggle them out in the experimental photon torpedoes he created . He was discovered , and Khan was forced to flee alone , beginning a one - man war on the Federation as he presumed Marcus killed his crew . Kirk ' s demotion When Captain James T . Kirk violated the Prime Directive while on Nibiru , the matter was brought to Marcus ' s attention who as punishment , confiscated the USS Enterprise from him and sent him back to Starfleet Academy . However , Pike convinced Marcus to alter the punishment for his protégé . Kirk was instead demoted to Pike ' s first officer Conspiracy Admiral Marcus briefs Starfleet ' s finest on Harrison ' s attack On stardate 2259.55 , Khan coerced Section 31 agent Thomas Harewood into bombing the Kelvin Memorial Archive in London . Marcus received a message from Harewood before he died explaining Harrison threatened him , and the admiral declared a manhunt at a summit in Starfleet Headquarters . Khan , aware protocol dictated a summit like this one , appeared in an attack vehicle and opened fire . However , Khan was forced to flee and Marcus survived , though Pike was killed . The following morning , Kirk reported Harrison had used the confiscated transwarp beaming formula to escape to Qo ' noS . Marcus ordered Kirk to pinpoint and execute Khan with the 72 experimental photon torpedoes he had designed . Marcus on the bridge of the Vengeance Once Kirk discovered the truth from Khan , Marcus showed up in the — a warship designed by Khan — demanding Kirk hand him over . When Kirk attempted to flee to Earth to put Khan on trial and expose Marcus , the caught up and crippled the flagship . Marcus ' s daughter Carol revealed she was on the Enterprise , but the admiral simply had her beamed up and prepared to wipe out all evidence of his scheme . Fortunately , Scotty had boarded the at coordinates given by Khan and deactivated its weapons . Khan and Kirk donned Thruster suits and flew over to the ship to commandeer the bridge during which Khan saved Kirk ' s life when the display compass in Kirk ' s helmet went dead leaving Kirk flying blind . Khan found Kirk amid the debris and guided him in . Marcus is crushed by Khan After taking over the bridge , Kirk believing that Khan intended to betray them ordered Montgomery Scott to stun Khan . Kirk then confronted Marcus over his betrayal of everything the Federation stood for , but Marcus angrily insisted that his actions were justified , and that without him the Federation would be destroyed in what he considered to be an inevitable war with the Klingons , a war he , ironically , was trying to start in the first place . Suddenly , Khan assaulted Kirk and Carol . Marcus briefly escaped to a console near the back of the bridge , but before he could achieve anything , Khan caught up with the admiral and Memorable quotes By now , some of you have heard what happened in London . The target was a Starfleet Data Archive , now it ' s a damn hole in the ground , 42 men and women are dead . One hour ago , I received a message from a Starfleet officer who confessed to carrying out this attack , that he was being forced to do it by this man : Commander John Harrison . He ' s one of our own , and he ' s the man responsible for this act of savagery . For reasons unknown , John Harrison has just declared a one - man war against , and under no circumstances are we to allow this man to escape Federation space . You here tonight represent the senior command of all the vessels in the region , and in the name of those we lost , you will run this bastard down . This is a manhunt , pure and simple , so let ' s get to work . " explaining the London bombing . Earth ' s perimeter sensors have not detected any warp signatures leaving the system , so we know he ca n ' t be far . You will park your ships in a blockade formation then deploy search vehicles and landing parties to run down every lead . This man has shown willingness to kill innocent people , so the rules of engagement are simple . If you come across this man and fear for your life or the lives of those nearby , you are authorized to use deadly force on sight . " explaining the hunt for John Harrison mission . You got something to say Kirk , say it . Tomorrow ' s too late . to James Kirk about his outburst . All - out war with the Klingons is inevitable , Mr . Kirk . If you ask me , it ' s already begun . Since we learned of their existence , the Klingon Empire has conquered and occupied two planets that we know of , fired on our ships half a dozen times . They are coming our way . to James Kirk about the tensions between the Federation and the Klingons . Well , shit ! You talked to him . , upon realizing that James Kirk knows John Harrison ' s true identity . That ' s a hell of an apology , son . But if it ' s any consolation , I was never gonna spare your crew . Fire when … , after James Kirk offers himself in return for the ' s safety . You better stop and think about what you ' re doing , Kirk . You better think about what you did on Qo ' noS . You made an incursion onto an enemy planet ! You killed a Klingon patrol . Even if you got away without a trace , war is coming . And who ' s gonna lead us ? ! YOU ? ! If I ' m not in charge , our entire way of life is decimated ! So , you want me off this ship , you better kill me . " to James Kirk , with the latter trying to arrest him at gunpoint . Appendices Appearances Star Trek films ( First appearance ) Background information Admiral Marcus was played by Peter Weller , who also played John Frederick Paxton Star Trek : Enterprise . The character was described by producers Damon Lindelof and Bryan Burk as being their attempt to incorporate a trope of Hong Kong cinema into the film , where the hero ( Kirk ) and villain ( Khan ) must temporarily set aside their differences . [ 1 ] Weller compared Marcus to General Curtis LeMay , the Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force in the 1960s , and a proponent of nuclear war . LeMay " had eighteen nukes stored on his own that he did n ' t tell the NSC or President Kennedy about – because he did n ' t deem them knowledgeable enough about war . That is unbelievable arrogance ! So , Admiral Marcus is basically like LeMay . [ 2 ] However , he opined that Marcus actually has a conscience because he wants to undo his mistake , but what " makes him bad , from a moralistic view , is that he ' s willing to sacrifice Kirk and the Enterprise to put this thing back in its shell . [ 3 ] Weller also disliked that people thought of Marcus as a " bad guy " , stating , " Everything he says is true : The Klingons are coming , they do need Khan , and that ' s that . It ' s just that he ’ s going to sacrifice the entire to get the job done , because the started to believe Khan . But if the had not believed Khan and had done what Marcus said , then there ' d be no movie , and everything would be cool . But the great writing in this is that the wakes the dude up and listens to his game , and then everything goes to crap . But that ' s the ' s hubris . That ' s them . They screwed up , not Marcus . Anyway , sorry to go off there . I just hate that . [ 4 ] Weller added he liked the character ' s name because it reminded him of Alexander the Great and Marcus Antonius [ 5 ] The Washington Examiner found parallels between Marcus and Dick Cheney , to which Simon Pegg responded " Absolutely , he ' s definitely a Republican . [ 6 ] Apocrypha The IDW comic series Star Trek : Countdown to Darkness , set in the alternate reality , reveals that Marcus was the first officer of a previous starship β ) which existed subsequent to NX - 01 , but prior to the new and was friend to Robert April ( β ) . In addition , " Scotty " indicated that , as a commander , Marcus served on the admissions board of Starfleet Academy Plus , Star Trek : Khan , in issues 4 5 , shows how Marcus found Khan and how he used Khan , forcing him to initiate his one - man war against Starfleet . The 2013 virtual collectible card battle game Star Trek : Rivals is using pictures for card # 81 " Admiral A . Marcus " and card # 106 " Rogue Admiral A . Marcus " . External link Alexander Marcus ( alternate reality ) at Memory Beta , the wiki for licensed works Categories Humans Starfleet Headquarters personnel Starfleet personnel ( alternate reality ) Starfleet flag officers Section 31 personnel Add category Languages : Български Deutsch	[ "Alexander Marcus", "Starfleet", "Christopher Pike" ]
http://memory-alpha.wikia.com/wiki/Benjamin_Sisko	in : Memory Alpha featured articles Humans Starfleet command personnel and 7 more Benjamin Sisko English Edit Share Multiple realities ( covers information from several alternate timelines Gender : Male Species : Human Affiliation : Federation Starfleet Prophets of Bajor Rank : Captain Occupation : Commanding officer Deep Space 9 USS Defiant Chief of Starfleet Security on Earth ( briefly in 2372 Adjutant to Admiral William Ross ( briefly in 2374 Emissary of the Prophets Status : Missing 2375 Born : 2332 New Orleans Earth Father : Joseph Sisko Mother : Sarah Sisko Joseph Sisko ' s second wife ( stepmother ) Sibling ( s ) : Judith Sisko ( half - sister ) At least two half - brothers Marital Status : Married Spouse ( s ) : Jennifer Sisko ( wife , deceased 2367 Kasidy Yates - Sisko ( wife ) Children : Jake Sisko ( son ) Unborn child Other Relative ( s ) : Sisko ' s great - great - grandfather Yates ' father father - in - law Yates ' mother mother - in - law Yates ' brother ( brother - in - law ) Played by Avery Brooks For the mirror universe counterpart , please see Benjamin Sisko ( mirror ) For fictional character , please see Benjamin Sisko ( fictional ) So you ' re the commander of Deep Space 9 . . . and the Emissary of the Prophets . Decorated combat officer , widower , father , mentor and . . . oh , yes , the man who started the war with the Dominion . Somehow I thought you ' d be taller . . . Senator Vreenak 2374 ( " In the Pale Moonlight " ) Benjamin Lafayette Sisko was a famous Starfleet officer best remembered for his seven - year assignment commanding station Deep Space 9 in the Bajor sector . After discovering the Bajoran wormhole , he became known to the Bajoran people as the Emissary of the Prophets . He fought the Borg at the Battle of Wolf 359 and played a critical role as a Starfleet strategist and front line commander in the Dominion War . ( DS9 : " Emissary " , " In the Hands of the Prophets " , " Accession Second Sight The Search , Part I Favor the Bold The Siege of AR - 558 What You Leave Behind " ) Contents show Childhood Edit Sisko ' s , owned by Benjamin ' s father Sisko was born in 2332 in New Orleans North America Earth , to Joseph and Sarah Sisko . Sarah , however , had been possessed by a Prophet – a non - linear alien species which lived in the then - undiscovered Bajoran wormhole – in order to ensure the birth of Benjamin , who would later become the Emissary of the Prophets . A year later , the Prophet returned control of Sarah ' s body , and she soon left her son and husband . Joseph soon remarried , and his new wife posed as Benjamin ' s biological mother all the rest of her life . ( DS9 : " Image in the Sand " ) She gave birth to his sister , Judith , ( Homefront " ) and at least two brothers . ( Paradise " ) During his childhood years , Sisko and his siblings were taught to cook by their father , who believed that replicated food was lacking . Joseph owned his own restaurant Sisko ' s , where his children worked in the summers . ( Homefront " ) Joseph called his children his " taste - testers " , and insisted that they all eat dinner together . ( A Man Alone Sisko had a crush , as a teen , on Neffie Beumont and dated Zoey Phillips for three years . ( Paradise Lost Starfleet Academy Sisko joined Starfleet Academy in 2350 , studying to be an engineer . During his first few weeks there , he beamed back home to New Orleans every night for a family dinner . ( Explorers Paradise Lost " ) After being taken off the task of tracking down and capturing Michael Eddington 2373 , Sisko stated to Dax that " In twenty five years of duty , I have never been taken off an assignment until now . " That reference would push Sisko ' s service in Starfleet back to 2348 , when he was sixteen years old , but is otherwise contradicted by numerous other references . During his sophomore year , he performed his field study at Starbase 137 . He later considered it to be one of the best experiences of his life . ( The Ascent During his years at the Academy , Ben became friends with Calvin Hudson and Laporin . ( The Maquis , Part I The Maquis , Part II Apocalypse Rising " ) Sisko also became the captain of his Academy wrestling team in 2351 Q - Less Apocalypse Rising " ) He once challenged a Vulcan Solok , to a match after a few drinks in the The Launching Pad . He lost , was humiliated , and resented Solok for decades . ( Take Me Out to the Holosuite Early career Early postings Sisko meets Jennifer at Gilgo Beach in 2354 After graduation in 2354 , while waiting for his first assignment , Benjamin met a woman named Jennifer at Gilgo Beach . As the year pressed on , the two fell in love , were married and moved to Benjamin ' s new posting at New Berlin . Together with Cal and Gretchen Hudson they attended the local Mazurka Festival where Benjamin was remembered for dancing in German lederhosen Emissary The Maquis , Part I While he was still " a raw young Ensign " , Sisko first met Curzon Dax Pelios Station , and thereafter , Curzon took Sisko " under his wing " and became the young officer ' s mentor . Years later , Sisko recalled that Curzon " taught me to appreciate life in ways I ' d never thought about before . He taught me about art science diplomacy " adding that " Whatever sense of honor I might have today , he nurtured . " ( Dax " ) During their careers , the two also served together for a many months aboard the USS Livingston Invasive Procedures Later in their careers together , Curzon ' s next host , Jadzia Dax once asked Sisko in , " Whatever happened to that young , callow Ensign I used to know ? The one who used to turn to me for advice all the time ? You know , the one with hair " His response was " I grew up . " ( You Are Cordially Invited " ) The following year , Ezri Dax told Kira Nerys to remind her to tell the story about a drunken Ensign she once escorted home , specifically , following a visit to " a bar on Bolarus and a certain young Mister Sisko . Field of Fire As Sisko continued to serve with Curzon , his mentor " used to take perverse pleasure in assigning me to take care of VIP guests . According to Sisko , he " graduated " from those assignments after he hit one of the guests , over " a simple misunderstanding over his attempt to coax a young Ensign to his quarters against her will . The Forsaken " ) Following his promotion to lieutenant , Sisko later recalled , " It took me a while to get used to being called " sir " by my friends who were still ensigns . Accession In a scene cut from The Wire " , Sisko mentioned that he was assigned to the Federation embassy on Romulus as a lieutenant junior grade . While there , Stolpan , one of the embassy ' s Romulan kitchen staff , got arrested by the Tal Shiar for political improprieties . Sisko , thinking he was invulnerable , decided that he would go into Tal Shiar Headquarters and convince them to set Stolpan free . Before Sisko proceeded with his foolish plan , Curzon took him to the side and told him that he might only make the situation worse by going in there , and that in the end , he would not be doing himself or Stolpan any good if they both ended up rotting in some Romulan prison . Sisko later served on the Okinawa during the Tzenkethi War The Adversary " ) At the time , he was more interested in engineering and ship design than command . However , Captain Leyton noticed potential in young Sisko , and promoted him to lieutenant commander , making him the ship ' s executive officer Wolf 359 Massacre by the Borg Sisko transferred to the Saratoga , where he also served as the first officer . Both Jennifer and Jake lived with him aboard the vessel . In early 2367 , the ship was operating close to Earth , and was called to join a fleet at Wolf 359 to defend the Sol system from a Borg attack . The Battle of Wolf 359 was a massacre . Thirty - nine of the forty starships assembled there were destroyed . The Borg damaged the Saratoga , forcing the crew to abandon ship . Sisko found his son and wife , but his wife had been killed in the attack . He was forced to leave her as the ship suffered a warp core breach As late as 2369 Sisko blamed Jennifer ' s death on Jean - Luc Picard , who had been assimilated by the Borg as Locutus of Borg and had carried out the massacre at Wolf 359 . ( According to the script notes , Sisko was said to be " in his late thirties " at the time of Wolf 359 . Recovery Sisko watches as the Borg destroy the Sisko was faced with the loss of his wife and raising his son alone . This left Sisko on the verge of resigning his commission . He intended to work on Earth , constructing orbital habitats , but struggled with the decision to leave . ( The Way of the Warrior He eventually found an outlet for his pain in a new posting at Utopia Planitia Fleet Yards Mars " ) There , Sisko worked on the prototype Defiant – the first in what was to be a fleet of warships to defend the Federation from the Borg . After work on the project slowed , and design flaws became apparent , the project was mothballed . ( The Search , Part I " ) It was also around this time , in 2367 , that Sisko attended a Starfleet briefing on Q Q - Less As he was contemplating his next move , his former captain , Leyton , nominated Sisko for a command position . Promoted to commander , he was assigned to Bajor , original home to the Prophets who had caused his birth . There Sisko was to command the old ore processing station Terok Nor , built by the Cardassians during their occupation of Bajor , then abandoned as part of their recent withdrawal from the system . Under Federation control , the station was newly christened Deep Space 9 . It was to be Sisko ' s responsibility to help prepare the Bajorans for entry into the Federation . In the script of " Emissary " , Sisko was contacted by a university official about a house on Earth being available , implying that he considered working for this university after leaving Starfleet . Sisko is briefed by Captain Picard Arriving on DS9 in early 2369 , Sisko was briefed by Jean - Luc Picard , whom he still blamed for his wife ' s death . At this point , Sisko told Picard he intended to resign and that Starfleet should probably look for a replacement . However , for the time being he continued his work , and assumed command of the station . Sisko ' s crew slowly arrived , and it was then that he met his future friends , Bajoran liaison and second in command Kira Nerys security chief Odo Doctor Julian Bashir , and Chief of Operations Miles O ' Brien . He was also reunited with his old friend Dax , living in a new host , Jadzia . The situation on Bajor was hostile , as factions vied for control in the new Bajoran Provisional Government . Sisko learned that the only way to unite them all was to call on the Bajoran spiritual leader , Kai Opaka . Sisko met with her in a secluded area of Bajor , and she told him that he was to be the Emissary of the Prophets and was destined to discover the Celestial Temple , home of the Prophets . Sisko returned to the station and with the help of Dax , began studying everything known about the Celestial Temple . Eventually they discovered an unusual area in the Denorios belt . Traveling there , they were surprised to discover a stable wormhole . Dax was sent home by the Prophets , but they met Sisko , who explained linear existence to them . While talking with the Prophets , Sisko was forced to come to terms with his wife ' s death , and he returned to Deep Space 9 . Sisko forgave Picard for his actions as a Borg , and informed him that he would stay in Starfleet . Sisko now had the difficult task of commanding a station with a large Bajoran staff , many of whom revered him as a religious figure – their prophesied Emissary . ( Deep Space 9 Life on the frontier Deep Space 9 ' s position at the mouth of the Bajoran wormhole made it a key location . Exploration and business opportunities were opened to the distant Gamma Quadrant , and DS9 became a wayport for ships and people from all over the quadrant . Sisko began encouraging Bajorans and merchants on the Promenade to stay on the station , in order to shape DS9 into a thriving community . ( " ) He even approved the formation of a school on the station . ( A Man Alone Station Deep Space 9 Sisko had to put all his training and skills to use , as he was forced to balance command , diplomacy , his home life , and his new position as a Bajoran religious icon . Sisko made first contact with the first species to come through the wormhole from the Gamma Quadrant , the Tosk , in 2369 . ( Captive Pursuit " ) He acted as defense in the extradition trial of Dax to the Klaestron government , and proved her innocent . ( " ) He fought in the war between the Ennis and the Nol - Ennis on the planet where Kai Opaka was stranded . ( Battle Lines " ) Constantly dealing with Jake ' s friendship with a Ferengi boy , Nog , proved to be a challenge . ( The Nagus " ) But his most difficult tasks were preparing Bajor for life in the Federation , and dealing with his title as the Emissary . During late 2369 , tensions on the station rose between Bajoran and Starfleet personnel . Scientific teachings about the nature of the Bajoran wormhole conflicted with the religious beliefs of much of the Bajoran population . Sisko struggled to keep the peace , and in the process had his first meeting with Vedek Winn Adami In the Hands of the Prophets Months later , internal pressures on Bajor exploded . A terrorist group called the Alliance for Global Unity – also known as the " Circle " – tried to seize power , under disguised support from the Cardassian Union , and sought to break off relations with the Federation . Starfleet was forced to abandon the station , but Sisko stayed behind , eventually proving the Cardassians ' involvement with the Circle , which allowed power to quickly return to the Bajoran Provisional Government . ( The Homecoming The Circle The Siege The Maquis Sisko was also forced to deal with internal pressures within the Federation as well . When the Federation - Cardassian Treaty of 2370 caused several colonies in Federation space to come under Cardassian rule , many colonists felt the Federation had abandoned them . They formed the Maquis , a terrorist group operating out of the Badlands . Sisko ' s old friend Calvin Hudson was assigned as the Starfleet attaché to the colonists in the Demilitarized Zone but became a Maquis leader . Several other Starfleet officers resigned to take up the Maquis cause . Sisko felt angered by the actions of these officers , and felt the pain of personal betrayal by Cal Hudson . ( The Maquis , Part II Michael Eddington The Maquis continued their private war for the next three years , and gained more support among Federation citizens . Deep Space 9 ' s chief of Starfleet security , Lieutenant Commander , and a woman with whom Sisko had become involved , Kasidy Yates , began to aid the Maquis in their activities . When Sisko discovered this , he felt betrayed by both people . He was forced to arrest Yates , but Eddington escaped . Sisko felt that Eddington had betrayed his oath to Starfleet the same way Cal Hudson had and vowed to capture him . ( For the Cause After eight months of tracking Eddington unsuccessfully , Starfleet took Sisko off the mission . However , he had become obsessed with finding his former officer , and continued his work to bring Eddington to justice . Sisko managed to force Eddington to surrender after he poisoned Solosos III , threatening to wage a campaign to poison every Maquis colony in the Demilitarized Zone . ( For the Uniform Several months later , Sisko and Eddington were involved in attempting to prevent a force of cloaked missiles from reaching Cardassia , launched by the Maquis as retaliation for their losses to the Dominion . The missiles were a ruse , however , propagated by Rebecca Sullivan in order to let Eddington know that the Maquis survivors had reached Athos IV for evacuation . Sisko was able to get the Maquis off the planet in a runabout despite coming under fire from the Jem ' Hadar Blaze of Glory Contact with the Dominion In late 2370 , Sisko made first contact with the Dominion in an encounter with the Jem ' Hadar . This launched Sisko on a path that would define his career . The Dominion declared the Gamma Quadrant off - limits to Alpha Quadrant species , and destroyed several Starfleet ships , along with the colony on New Bajor . Sisko returned to DS9 with the realization that he had discovered a powerful and dangerous new enemy . ( The Jem ' Hadar Sisko returned to Earth to brief Starfleet on the Dominion situation . Realizing that Deep Space 9 was to be the first line of defense from a Dominion attack , Sisko convinced Starfleet Command to finish work on the mothballed USS . Sisko returned to DS9 with the new warship , and entered the Gamma Quadrant on a mission to find the Founders " ) During the mission , the and crew were captured by the Jem ' Hadar and placed in a simulation , testing their reaction to a Dominion incursion in the Alpha Quadrant . It was discovered that the Founders were in fact Changelings , the same species as Sisko ' s security chief , Odo . Odo forced the Founders to release the crew , and they returned to the station . ( The Search , Part II " ) Based on his experiences with the Dominion , Sisko ' s psychological evaluation became required knowledge for Vorta operatives in the Dominion . ( To the Death Sisko ' s promotion was celebrated in late 2371 Following three years of commanding Deep Space 9 , Sisko was given a promotion , finally attaining the rank of captain in late 2371 . Soon afterward , Sisko discovered that the Founders had begun infiltrating the Federation , posing as high - ranking officials . One Founder , disguised as an ambassador , ordered Sisko on a mission to the Tzenkethi border , and then tried to provoke a new Tzenkethi war . Sisko and crew were successful in stopping the Founder ' s attempt , but it became apparent that there were now Changeling infiltrators throughout the Alpha Quadrant . ( The Adversary Rising pressures Fears of Dominion infiltration swept the quadrant , and when the Cardassian government was overthrown by the civilian Detapa Council 2372 , the Klingon Empire feared Changeling involvement . A large Klingon task force docked at Deep Space 9 , bound for Cardassian space . Klingon Chancellor Gowron asked Sisko for Starfleet ' s help in invading Cardassia Prime . Sisko rejected their call for help , and the Klingons withdrew from the Khitomer Accords , ending decades of peace . Sisko now had to help the new Cardassian government survive the Klingon attack . He contacted his long - time adversary , Gul Dukat , and arranged to rescue him and the new Council . He made sure , however , to test the members for possible Changeling impostors . Sisko then faced a Klingon fleet in the First Battle of Deep Space 9 until Starfleet reinforcements were imminent . Faced with a war on two sides , the Klingons backed down . However , the balance of power in the Alpha Quadrant was changing , which played right into the Dominion ' s hands . ( The Way of the Warrior Leyton and Sisko On Earth , video footage linked the bombing of the Antwerp Conference to Changeling infiltration . Sisko ' s knowledge of the Founders led to his brief promotion to Chief of Starfleet Security on Earth . Using Odo as a test subject , Sisko implemented many new security measures on Earth such as automated low - level phaser sweeps throughout Starfleet Headquarters . Unfortunately , his promotion was part of Sisko ' s former captain , Admiral Leyton ' s , plan to overthrow the Federation government . Leyton misjudged Sisko ' s loyalties , and the coup d ' état failed when Sisko and Odo exposed the plan . ( Sisko surgically altered to appear Klingon Changelings also infiltrated a high position within the Klingon Empire . In 2373 , Sisko and crew were ordered to expose the impostor . Undergoing cosmetic alterations to appear Klingon and taking the Klingon name Jodmos , son of Kobor , Sisko took three crewmembers to the Klingon outpost Ty ' Gokor to expose Chancellor Gowron ( whom the Founders had led Odo to believe was a Founder ) . It was later discovered that General Martok was the Changeling . The mission was a success , and it brought the two powers closer to reconciliation . ( During a trip to the Gamma Quadrant that same year , Sisko took possession of a Jem ' Hadar attack ship and returned the ship to Starfleet Intelligence The Ship " ) Soon afterward , the Dominion formed an alliance with the Cardassian Union , gaining a foothold in the Alpha Quadrant . They attempted to destroy Deep Space 9 and Bajor and cripple the Klingon and Federation fleets in one action , but Sisko discovered their plan and thwarted it . This new turn of events convinced the Klingon government to reinstate the Khitomer Accords , and Sisko allowed a permanent Klingon presence on the station . However , with the new Dominion presence in the Alpha Quadrant , war was inevitable . ( By Inferno ' s Light The Dominion War As Dominion fleets began coming through the wormhole on a weekly basis , Starfleet made the decision to mine the entrance to the wormhole . Sisko commanded the station during the resulting Battle of Deep Space 9 , the opening strike of the Dominion War . During the final moments of the battle , Sisko gave a speech to the station residents , telling them of his fondness for commanding the station , promising to return . The Dominion took control of the station , but Sisko implemented a computer program which completely destroyed DS9 ' s main computer core . Sisko retreated aboard the , leaving his prized antique baseball behind ; the station ' s new commander , Gul Dukat , knew this was a sign from Sisko that he would eventually return . ( Call to Arms The Dominion attacks Sisko commanded the for the next three months , engaging in numerous battles with Jem ' Hadar and Cardassian forces . Ordered to fall back to Starbase 375 , Sisko was placed in command of a mission behind enemy lines to destroy a ketracel - white storage facility . Sisko and crew traveled aboard the stolen Jem ' Hadar attack ship he had acquired a year before , and completed the mission . ( A Time to Stand " ) However , their ship was destroyed and they were stranded on a planet in Dominion space along with Jem ' Hadar forces . Knowing he was beaten , the commanding Vorta , Keevan , gave Sisko his force ' s attack plans . Sisko was forced to massacre the Jem ' Hadar troops , despite his personal objections . ( Rocks and Shoals " ) Sisko ' s crew was soon rescued by General Martok Worf aboard the IKS Rotarran Sons and Daughters Having completed his mission , Sisko was promoted to adjutant for Vice Admiral William Ross at Starbase 375 . He was forced to give command of the to Lieutenant Commander Dax . ( Behind the Lines " ) Using his new influence in Starfleet , Sisko created a plan to retake Deep Space 9 , Operation Return , and convinced Starfleet to commit its forces . After learning that the minefield around the wormhole was about to be neutralized , Sisko ordered the operation to commence immediately . ( Favor the Bold " ) He commanded the Starfleet forces during the battle from the , and made his way to DS9 . Faced with an armada of Dominion ships as the minefield fell , Sisko ordered the to go down with guns blazing . In a vision from the Prophets , Sisko convinced them to destroy the invading fleet , and he returned to retake the station . ( Sacrifice of Angels Following his defeat during Operation Return , Gul Dukat descended into madness and was captured . He was forced to stand trial for his crimes . Captain Sisko was to testify at his trial , but their transport , the Honshu , was destroyed by Cardassian forces . They escaped in a shuttlecraft and crashed on a nearby planet . There , Dukat ' s madness intensified , and he attempted to kill Sisko . Vowing to kill every Bajoran , Dukat escaped as the rescued Sisko . Following the ordeal , Sisko vowed that from then on , " it ' s him or me . Waltz Sisko with Romulan Senator Vreenak Soon afterward , Sisko hired Elim Garak to fabricate a recording designed to bring the Romulan Star Empire into the war . This plan was approved by Starfleet . Sisko struggled with the ethical implications of his actions , but in the end decided it was worth it . With the help of a few of Garak ' s sources , he was able to fabricate a holo - recording of the Dominion and Cardassians planning to invade Romulan space violating their nonaggression pact . He secretly invited Senator Vreenak over to DS9 to " show " him the evidence . However , Vreenak later found it was a fake and was prepared to expose this " vile deception " to the entire quadrant . A few days later , it was reported that the Senator ' s shuttle was destroyed . Sisko confronted Garak on what he had done , but the former Obsidian Order agent pointed out that it was the only way to make the Empire think that the Dominion was responsible , with the acceptable losses of one convict , one senator and the self - respect of one Starfleet captain . As a result , the Romulans entered the war , attacking several Cardassian outposts along the Cardassian - Romulan border , and turned the odds in the Federation ' s favor . Sisko later recorded what happened into his personal log before deleting it . ( In the Pale Moonlight Sisko was chosen to command the first offensive into Dominion space in late - 2374 . The First Battle of Chin ' toka was a success , but while Sisko was away , Gul Dukat managed to close the Bajoran wormhole , cutting off Bajor from the Prophets , after having killed Jadzia Dax . Sisko felt responsible , and decided to take a leave of absence to find a way to restore the wormhole . Sisko and Jake returned to New Orleans , not knowing if they would ever return to DS9 . ( Tears of the Prophets After three months on Earth , Sisko was given a vision of a woman ' s face in the sands of Tyree . He reconstructed her face on a PADD , and Jake recognized her from a photo in which she appeared with his grandfather , Joseph , who reluctantly identified her as Sarah Sisko , Sisko ' s biological mother . Joseph finally told his son about his true mother , prompting Benjamin to travel to Tyree to find the meaning of his vision . He departed along with his father , Jake , and Ezri Dax , the new Dax host . ( Image in the Sand " ) While on Tyree , Sisko discovered the Orb of the Emissary , which restored the Bajoran wormhole . He also communicated with the Prophet who had possessed his mother , and learned of her true identity . Following the reopening of the wormhole , the tide of the war turned back to the Federation ' s favor , and Sisko returned to the station . ( Shadows and Symbols The is destroyed Later that year , Sisko commanded the Second Battle of Chin ' toka . The ship was destroyed by the Dominion ' s new allies , the Breen Confederacy The Changing Face of Evil " ) Sisko was then given command of the São Paulo , in late 2375 , which was renamed to USS The Dogs of War In the first draft script of " The Dogs of War " , Sisko was established as having been unaware , prior to the arrival of the USS São Paulo at DS9 , that the station ' s personnel were going to be given a new - class ship . However , both the final draft script and the final version of the episode implied that he had indeed known about the ship ' s imminent arrival . Sisko then helped command the final assault into Dominion territory . The Battle of Cardassia was a success , with the help of the Cardassian Rebellion . Afterward , Sisko , Admiral Ross , and Chancellor Martok gathered in the ruins of Cardassia to celebrate . Faced with the destruction the Dominion had wrought in retaliation for the Cardassian uprising , Sisko did not feel like celebrating . He returned to the station to bid farewell to his crew before their reassignment . ( What You Leave Behind The Emissary Initial doubts When Sisko first met with Kai Opaka in 2369 , she surprised him by proclaiming that he would be the long prophesied Emissary to the Prophets . He was at first skeptical of her assessment , and immediately tried to dismiss her , stating that he was simply a Starfleet officer . Any religious role in another culture would directly clash with his oath to uphold the principles of Starfleet . However , when he discovered the Bajoran wormhole and made first contact with the non - linear lifeforms the Bajorans knew as the Prophets , he became slightly less " ) The Bajorans began celebrating the arrival of the Emissary each year during their Ha ' mara festival . ( Starship Down Later that year Sisko met Vedek Winn Adami for the first time during a Bajoran - Federation ideological conflict on the station . The Vedek , an ultra - conservative , was not sure that she believed Sisko was the Emissary . ( In 2371 , Sisko was confronted by Vedek Yarka , who told him that he had discovered a prophecy in which the Emissary was involved in the destruction of the Celestial Temple . After reviewing Trakor ' s Third Prophecy , Sisko ignored the Vedek ' s warnings . He continued work on a subspace communications relay through the wormhole into the Gamma Quadrant . However , Major Kira Nerys was slowly convinced that Yarka was correct . She interpreted the prophecy as referring to three Cardassian scientists aboard the station , and a comet which was discovered near the wormhole . The comet was on a course leading it into the wormhole , causing it to collapse . Sisko stopped the comet , but inadvertently released trace amounts of silithium , which caused the wormhole to constantly remain slightly open . In the end , this chain of events actually fulfilled Trakor ' s prophecy , without the destruction of the wormhole as the final outcome . Sisko began to take an interest in other Bajoran prophecies , but continued his skepticism about his role as the Emissary . ( Destiny Following destiny ' s path Akorem Laan ' s lightship Sisko continued walking the fine line between acknowledging the Bajoran beliefs and rejecting their admiration for him . In 2372 , an ancient Bajoran lightship emerged from the wormhole carrying famed poet Akorem Laan . Akorem had apparently discovered the wormhole centuries before , and had been inside it ever since . Finally able to relinquish his title , Sisko jumped at the chance to allow the poet to become the Emissary . However , when Akorem began guiding Bajor down a road incompatible with joining the Federation , Sisko decided to challenge his title . He began studying the ancient texts , and realized that many of the prophecies applied to him , and not to Akorem . The two men traveled back into the wormhole and met with the Prophets , who Sisko experiencing a threatening vision of Bajor ' s destruction In mid - 2373 , Sisko experienced a series of pagh ' tem ' far s in which the location of the lost city of B ' hala was revealed to him . He was also shown the destruction of Bajor after its entrance into the Federation . Following his visions , he recommended that Bajor not join the Federation at that time , which angered Starfleet Command . Sisko was forced to undergo surgery to stop the visions when they became life - threatening . ( Rapture When Sisko entered the wormhole facing a Dominion fleet following Operation Return , the Prophets communicated with him once again . They refused to allow Sisko to die , and granted the destruction of the Dominion fleet . Referring to his life as " the game " , they enacted a penance and told him that though he was " of Bajor " he would find no rest there . ( Sacrifice of Angels Sisko ' s morale slowly fell , and a few months later , after losing his friend Quentin Swofford , he was thinking of resigning his post . Knowing he had much work left on Bajor , the Prophets sent him another series of pagh ' tem ' far , in which he was shown the life of Benny Russell , a black writer on Earth in the 20th century . The trials endured by Russell allowed Sisko to reevaluate his problems , and he decided to stay on the station . ( Far Beyond the Stars Later that year , Sisko inadvertently instigated the prophesied Reckoning , the battle between the Prophets and the Pah - wraiths . His son was possessed by a Kosst Amojan and Major Kira was taken over by a Prophet . The outcome of the battle was indefinite due to interference by Kai Winn . ( The Reckoning Sisko fulfils his destiny in the Bajoran Fire Caves Following the release of a Pah - wraith by Dukat into the Orb of Contemplation in 2374 , Sisko was confronted with visions of his biological mother . He traveled to Tyree and discovered the Orb of the Emissary , which reopened the wormhole and the Orbs . ( Shadows and Symbols Sisko embraces his destiny Sisko was led to the Bajoran Fire Caves following the victory at the Battle of Cardassia , where he engaged in a final showdown with the Pah - wraiths , in the form of Dukat . Sisko destroyed the evil Book of the Kosst Amojan and trapped Dukat , along with the Pah - wraiths , in the Fire Caves forever . He was taken to the Celestial Temple , where according to the Prophets his work had only begun . ( Personal life Hobbies Sisko enjoyed cooking instead of just using the food replicator , thanks to his father ( a renowned chef whose specialty was Creole food ) . ( " ) He also played the piano and had an excellent singing voice . ( His Way Badda - Bing , Badda - Bang " ) He played Jokarian chess poker , but was n ' t a good bluffer . ( The Nagus Paradise According to Nog and Hector Ilario Saurian brandy was Sisko ' s favorite drink . ( Treachery , Faith and the Great River Field of Fire Sisko with his antique baseball Sisko was a fan of baseball . He owned several holosuite recreations of the game , a real antique baseball , and a baseball card of Giants & Mets legend Willie Mays , gifted to him by his son Jake after a lengthy series of negotiations aided by Nog . ( In the Cards " ) While Sisko was a fan of the New York Yankees , he was also a avid scholar of the game , appreciating the careers of greats such as Mays and " Buck " Bokai . He was also on the Academy wrestling team . ( Sisko ' s most ambitious pastime was the construction of an ancient Bajoran lightship replica . Sisko built the ship from scratch , using only materials available to the ancient Bajorans , with the exception of artificial gravity . The ship proved spaceworthy , and even helped prove that Bajorans had achieved spaceflight centuries before the Cardassians . ( Explorers Two legends meet Another of Sisko ' s interests was history . He collected models of old Starfleet starships , and ancient African art . ( " ) He was very knowledgeable about 21st century history , which came in handy when he became accidentally stranded in 2024 San Francisco Past Tense , Part I " ) One of his heroes was Captain James T . Kirk , whom Sisko got to meet during another accidental time trip to 2268 ; he even managed to acquire Kirk ' s autograph , Kirk thought he was signing a crew complement list , and told Kirk it had been an honor to serve with him . He also commented he would love to shake Kirk ' s hand , asking him about the Gorn he had fought previously on Cestus III Trials and Tribble - ations Relationships Soon after graduating the Academy in 2354 , Ben met his future wife Jennifer on Gilgo Beach on Earth . Sisko was carrying lemonades through the hot sand and stopped on Jennifer ' s towel to cool his feet . When Jennifer learned that Sisko was a young ensign , she was reluctant to go out with him , because her mother had warned her about dating young ensigns . However , she relented , and her mother turned out to love Sisko . The two were married , and their son Jake was born a year later . Jennifer and Jake accompanied Sisko on his assignment to the USS . When the ship was destroyed in a battle with the Borg , Jennifer was killed . ( A woman named Fenna was Sisko ' s first attraction after his wife ' s death . In 2370 , Sisko met her on the Promenade and was instantly taken with her . Unfortunately , he later discovered that Fenna was only a mental projection of Nidell , a telepathic woman married to Professor Gideon Seyetik Second Sight In two trips to the mirror universe , Sisko met the alternate version of his wife , Jennifer . He also had a brief romantic encounter with the alternate version of Jadzia Through the Looking Glass Shattered Mirror While telepathically influenced by Lwaxana Troi , Jadzia Dax displayed romantic interest in Sisko , which according to Doctor Bashir she only harbored on a subconscious level . Sisko did not appreciate her advances . ( Fascination Sisko wishing Kasidy Yates farewell shortly before her imprisonment Sisko was introduced to Kasidy Yates in 2371 by his son . The two began dating after they discovered a shared interest in baseball . ( Family Business " ) Yates later began smuggling supplies to the Maquis , and Sisko was forced to arrest her in 2372 . ( For the Cause " ) After Yates served her sentence , she returned to Deep Space 9 a year later , and the two resumed their relationship . ( Rapture Sisko marries Kasidy Yates in 2375 The two were engaged in Penumbra " ) The Prophets warned Sisko that the two were not destined to walk the same path , causing Ben to call off the wedding ; however he soon relented and the couple was married in a small ceremony conducted by Admiral William Ross . ( ' Til Death Do Us Part " ) Shortly thereafter , Kasidy became pregnant . ( The Dogs of War " ) After being taken by the Prophets to the Celestial Temple , Sisko appeared to Kasidy in a vision , telling her that he would someday return , and that he loved her . ( Kasidy ' s vision was originally filmed with Sisko telling her that he was a Prophet and could never return , but was reshot after Avery Brooks expressed concern about Sisko being seen as fulfilling the stereotype of a black man leaving his pregnant wife alone before she gives birth to their child . ( Star Trek : Deep Space Nine Companion Jake Jake Sisko Sisko ' s son Jake was born in 2355 to his first wife Jennifer . Sisko remembered taking care of Jake as a baby , and looked back on the time fondly . ( The Abandoned " ) By the time Jake became a teenager , Benjamin had already imparted his love of baseball to his son . The two watched holo - recreations of famous games , and played the game themselves . ( If Wishes Were Horses Starship Down Prior to 2367 , the Sisko family made a camping trip to Itamish III , where Jake learned water skiing . While on a camping trip on a planet in the Gamma Quadrant in 2370 , Jake recalled this vacation as the happiest time he and his parents had had together . ( The Jem ' Hadar On Deep Space 9 , Jake ' s friendship with Nog bothered Sisko at first , since Nog seemed to always get Jake into trouble . However , when Jake began to teach Nog to read , Sisko began to see their friendship was beneficial , and allowed them to remain friends . ( " ) In 2370 , Jake told his father that he did not wish to follow in his father ' s footsteps in Starfleet ; Sisko took the news well and gave Jake his blessing , provided that Jake pursue his chosen vocation with all his ambition . ( Shadowplay Sisko became very concerned in 2370 when Jake ' s first girlfriend turned out to be a dabo girl named Mardah Playing God " ) When Sisko finally met the girl , however , his fears were assuaged , as Mardah turned out to be very nice and began to reveal sides of Jake that Sisko had never known . ( The Abandoned As Jake began to concentrate on his future career in writing , Sisko felt his son slipping away . He occasionally forced Jake to come with him on various outings : on a trip to the Gamma Quadrant , the test flight of Sisko ' s Bajoran lightship , and to see the Bajoran wormhole undergo a subspace inversion The Visitor " ) But Sisko finally had to allow his son to become an adult , and in 2373 , Jake moved out and became roommates with Nog , who had by then become a Starfleet cadet The Ascent Ben and his son in 2375 In 2372 of an alternate timeline , during an accident on the , Sisko was caught in subspace for more than thirty years . During this time , Jake became obsessed with finding a way to bring his father back , and eventually sacrificed his own life to return Sisko back to the moment of the accident . The Visitor " ) Later that year , when Jake was slowly being killed by Onaya , Sisko discovered her true nature , and saved his son . ( The Muse When the Dominion temporarily took control of DS9 in 2374 , Jake decided to remain behind ; Sisko was reluctant to leave him behind , but knew that Jake was a grown man capable of making his own decisions , however dangerous . ( Call to Arms " ) Sisko did , however , have to explain leaving Jake behind to his very angered father . ( A Time to Stand After Sisko ' s disappearance , Jake felt troubled by the loss of his father . He was comforted by Kasidy Yates and Colonel Kira Nerys , who believed that Sisko would return . ( Friendships Academy friends Sisko went to the Academy with a Benzenite named Laporin , and Quentin Swofford , both of whom became starship captains . ( Far Beyond the Stars Sisko ' s old Academy friend Calvin " Cal " Hudson in 2370 Sisko ' s closest friend during his early career was Calvin Hudson . Sisko and Hudson attended the Academy together , and stayed friends afterward . The Siskos and Hudsons often took family vacations together . They once attended the Mazurka Festival at New Berlin . ( " ) When Hudson abandoned Starfleet and joined the Maquis , Sisko felt Hudson was personally betraying him . In 2370 , he allowed Hudson to escape Starfleet custody , but ended their twenty - year friendship . ( " ) Hudson was later killed in a skirmish with the Cardassians , news of which hit Sisko pretty bad . ( Blaze of Glory Dax Curzon Dax Benjamin ' s mentor during his younger days was Trill Ambassador Curzon Dax . After meeting Dax on Pelios Station 2350s , Dax and Sisko were close for almost twenty years . While defending Dax against charges of murder in 2369 , Sisko described the Trill ' s influence on him : " [ He ] taught me to appreciate life in ways I ' d never thought about before . He taught me about art , and science and diplomacy . Whatever sense of honor I have today , he nurtured . Dax attended Sisko ' s bachelor party in 2354 , and the two often visited Risa together . ( Invasive Procedures " ) When Curzon died in 2367 , his symbiont was passed on to a woman named Jadzia . Despite the new appearance of Dax , Sisko insisted on calling her " old man . " ( " ) Though it was initially difficult for him to adjust to Dax ' new appearance , Jadzia and Sisko became friends again quickly . ( Sisko soon considered Jadzia one of his closest friends . On at least two separate occasions , when faced with the possibility of her death , Sisko did whatever it took to save her . Jadzia once told Sisko in turn that , after living seven lifetimes , Dax had never had a friend like Sisko . ( Equilibrium Rejoined Upon Sisko ' s promotion to captain , Jadzia remarked that Curzon would have been proud of him , but not as proud as she was , a sentiment Sisko greatly appreciated . ( When Jadzia called off her wedding to Worf in 2374 , it was Sisko who told her that she was being unreasonable , finally convincing her to proceed with the nuptials . ( You Are Cordially Invited Sisko and Jadzia Dax in 2374 Jadzia was killed by Gul Dukat later that year , and Sisko was forced to say goodbye to her . Taking a moment before her funeral , Sisko told her that he needed her most now , and painfully regretted that she was gone . ( Tears of the Prophets However , the Dax symbiont lived on , having been joined with Ezri Tigan . The new Ezri Dax tracked down Sisko on Earth and helped him discover the Orb of the Emissary . ( " ) Dax eventually decided to return to Deep Space 9 , and continued her friendship with Sisko for a third lifetime . Unfortunately Ezri was unprepared for the Dax symbiont and struggled to adjust to the new memories ; in the process of helping her Sisko became both her commanding officer and mentor . ( Afterimage Kira Nerys The relationship between Sisko and his Bajoran first officer , Kira Nerys , began with a rocky start , since Kira openly stated that she was opposed to the Federation ' s presence for fear that that it would become an occupying power . ( " ) Kira ' s views on the Federation shifted once the wormhole was discovered , and she begrudgingly accepted the need for the Federation ' s presence to keep the Cardassians away . However , the early relationship between Sisko and Kira was still often defined by arguments regarding different approaches to station policy . At times , Kira was not only argumentative but also insubordinate contacting an admiral over Sisko ' s head . ( Past Prologue " ) However , Sisko stated that despite these arguments he and Kira always came away with new appreciation for the other ' s views . Kira joked at the end of their first year that she did n ' t believe Sisko was the devil , despite Winn Adami ' s attempt to portray the Federation as evil . ( Kira looks after Sisko when he is injured in a Jem ' Hadar attack Kira ' s religious beliefs further complicated the relationship with Sisko . Like other religious Bajorans , Kira viewed Sisko as the Emissary of the Prophets , which left Sisko feeling uncomfortable and conflicted at times . Kira attempted to keep her religious beliefs to herself ; however , when Sisko was injured by a Jem ' Hadar attack , she prayed for his recovery . After the incident , Sisko invited her to attend a baseball game with him . As Sisko grew to accept his position as the Emissary , the tension between the two softened . ( Destiny " ) When the Federation was forced to abandon Deep Space 9 , Sisko , speaking as both the Emissary and the commanding officer , ordered Kira and the other Bajorans to avoid interfering in the conflict with the Dominion . ( " ) However , as it became clear that the Federation was losing the war , Kira disregarded Sisko ' s orders and formed a new resistance against the Dominion . ( Rocks and Shoals Kira also shared her reservations with Sisko regarding his intentions to marry Kasidy Yates , due to the warnings from the Prophets that Sisko ' s marriage would cause him pain . ( ' Til Death Do Us Part Miles O ' Brien Sisko and Miles O ' Brien ' s relationship could be described as a classic example of a crewman ' s loyalty and devotion to a commander . This relationship developed quickly , with O ' Brien respecting Sisko from the start , and Sisko coming to rely on O ' Brien to keep Deep Space Nine running since the earliest days of his command . Sisko and O ' Brien talking about Jake . Sisko was quick to reprimand O ' Brien , after the Tosk incident , even though he approved of O ' Brien ' s actions on a personal level . ( Captive Pursuit Aside from this incident , Sisko developed a very casual friendship with O ' Brien , despite the difference in rank and the fact that Miles was an enlisted crewman and Sisko an officer . They both would occasionally talk about their respective roles as fathers . ( Sisko verbally threatened the Cardassians should any harm come to O ' Brien , when he was held under false charges in 2370 . Upon stopping the Cardassians ' plot regarding the Maquis , he pulled a few strings and extended O ' Brien ' s vacation time . ( Tribunal O ' Brien volunteered to remain behind on Deep Space Nine to help Sisko , Li Nalas , and a handful of others retain control of the station after Starfleet was ordered off by the Provisional Government , under the influence of The Circle . He did this even though it could have meant the end of his Starfleet career and over the strenuous objections of his wife . ( The Siege In Sisko ' s words , he was confident that O ' Brien could " take care of himself as well as anyone [ Sisko ] knew " . ( Honor Among Thieves Sisko was sympathetic to O ' Brien after his daughter Molly was thrown into a time portal . Once the incident ended , he volunteered to represent his engineer at a Starfleet hearing , and defended his actions at a hearing . ( Time ' s Orphan Odo Sisko speaking with Odo in 2371 Although Odo noted that he did n ' t think he would like Benjamin Sisko when he first met him , the two formed a keen respect for each other over the years . When Sisko was promoted to Captain , Odo noted that , while he did n ' t personally see the relevance of such titles , he could think of nobody who deserved this ritual more than Sisko . Sisko reciprocated this admiration more than once . When Odo ' s life was at stake following his capture by the Obsidian Order and his illness , Sisko into Dominion territory to save Odo , despite the risks of conflict with the Dominion . Odo also accompanied Sisko back to Earth when they received news that the Changelings had reached Earth . He helped him develop means of detecting Changelings on the planet . Odo later helped Sisko , who was falsely accused of being a Changeling by Admiral Leyton , escape . ( The Die is Cast Broken Link The crew and residents of Deep Space 9 Sisko grew very close to his command crew on Deep Space 9 . Besides Dax , Miles O ' Brien , and Kira Nerys , he formed close relationships with Worf , Odo and Julian Bashir . He occasionally invited his staff to a home - cooked dinner . ( Equilibrium " ) However , he often had to draw the line between friend and commanding officer . On more than one occasion when a member of his senior staff bent ( or broke ) the rules , Sisko was forced to come down on them without regard for their off - duty relationship . Sisko was not quite fond of Quark , but over time , he began to tolerate the Ferengi . He blackmailed Quark on a number of occasions when he thought it necessary , such as convincing him to stay on DS9 , and helping the Federation make First Contact with the Founders of the Dominion . He was grateful when Quark helped uncover the first Dominion spy , and when he saved his life from a Jem ' Hadar . ( Nog with Sisko , attempting to convince him to support his interest in joining Starfleet Though initially unsupportive of Jake ' s friendship with Nog , Sisko eventually grew to like the young Ferengi . Nog asked Sisko to help him apply to Starfleet Academy ; initially wary of the idea , Sisko soon recognized Nog ' s genuine desire to become a cadet , and he approved . ( Heart of Stone " ) When Nog returned to DS9 for field study , Sisko actually encouraged his friendship with Jake , hoping that Nog ' s new Starfleet discipline would rub off on his son . ( " ) Nog later served under Sisko on the , and Sisko began to rely on Nog ' s presence among his crew . ( The only other Ferengi Sisko got along with on DS9 was Rom , Nog ' s father . At one point , both Sisko and Rom conspired to get Jake and Nog talking in the same room . Sisko also performed the wedding of Rom and Leeta When Sisko assembled his senior staff in for a baseball game on the holosuite against a team of Vulcans , the Logicians led by Captain Solok , the game brought the crew together , and they enjoyed the experience . During this time , he intimidated Rom by kicking him off his baseball team ( the Niners ) due to his poor batting skills . He later apologized [ sincerely ] to Rom for his attitude . ( Take Me Out to the Holosuite Later that year , Sisko also took part in a jack - in - the - box program involving Vic Fontaine with his crew . Though intially skeptical , Sisko helped regain Vic ' s lounge after it had been taken over by the mob . ( Badda - Bing , Badda - Bang " ) Sisko assembled his crew together one last time , at Vic ' s , following the end of the Dominion War . ( William Ross After the Dominion War started , Sisko and Vice Admiral William Ross developed a good working relationship . In early - 2374 , Ross made Sisko his adjutant . Later that year , when the Federation Alliance was ready to go on the offensive against the Dominion , Ross gave Sisko the news that Starfleet had chosen him to plan the invasion of Cardassia . ( Behind the Lines Despite their fairly solid working relationship , Ross expressed some frustration with Sisko ' s status as the Emissary of the Prophets . This frustration came to a head in late - 2374 on the eve of the First Battle of Chin ' toka , when Sisko told Ross that the Prophets told him not to go to Cardassia . Ross told Sisko that he could no longer be both a Starfleet captain and the Emissary of the Prophets , and that he would have to choose one or the other . Sisko opted to go to Cardassia . ( Ross performed Sisko ' s wedding ceremony to Kasidy Yates in 2375 . ( Memorable quotes You value your ignorance of what is to come ? That may be the most important thing to understand about Humans . It is the unknown that defines our existence . We are constantly searching , not just for answers to our questions , but for new questions . We are explorers . We explore our lives , day by day . And we explore the galaxy , trying to expand the boundaries of our knowledge . And that is why I am here . Not to conquer you with weapons or ideas , but to co - exist and learn . Prophet ( as Jake ) Sisko You exist here . I exist here . I do n ' t know if you can understand ; I see her like this every time I close my eyes , in the darkness , in the blink of an eye , I see her like this . None of your past experiences helped prepare you for this consequence . And I have never figured out how to live without her . So you choose to exist here . It is not linear . No , it ' s not linear . Prophet ( as Jennifer Sisko ) Sisko discuss the death of Sisko ' s wife in a vision induced by the Prophets in " There ' s an old saying : Fortune favors the bold . Well , I guess we ' re about to find out . " You hit me ! Picard never hit me ! I ' m not Picard ! Q Benjamin Sisko " Better luck next time . " " You better hope there is n ' t a next time , mister ! I have cut you a lot of slack in the past ; I even decided to look away once or twice when I could have come down hard on you , but those days are over ! Now we may not be able to get you for selling weapons but you so much as LITTER on the Promenade , and I will nail you to the wall ! ! " to Quark Business as Usual The Bajorans who have lived with us on the station , who have worked with us for months , who helped us move this station to protect the wormhole , who joined us to explore the Gamma Quadrant , who have begun to build the future of Bajor with us , these people know that we are neither the enemy nor the devil . We do n ' t always agree . We have some damned good fights in fact , but we always come away from them with a little better understanding and appreciation of each other . " On Earth , there is no poverty , no crime , no war . You look out the window of Starfleet Headquarters and you see paradise . Well , it ' s easy to be a saint in paradise , but the Maquis do not live in paradise . Out there in the Demilitarized Zone , all the problems have n ' t been solved yet . Out there , there are no saints — just people . Angry , scared , determined people who are going to do whatever it takes to survive , whether it meets with Federation approval or not ! , on Nechayev ' s suggestion that he " establish a dialogue " with the Maquis in My father used to say that the road to hell is paved with good intentions . I laid the first stone right there . I ' d committed myself . I ' d pay any price ; go to any lengths because my cause was righteous . My . . .intentions were good . In the beginning , that seemed like enough . So . . . I lied . I cheated . I bribed men to cover the crimes of other men . I am an accessory to murder . But the most damning thing of all . . . I think I can live with it . And if I had to do it all over again , I would . Garak was right about one thing , a guilty conscience is a small price to pay for the safety of the Alpha Quadrant . So I will learn to live with it . Because I can live with it . can live with it . . . Computer , erase that entire personal log . Holograms Hippocrates Noah with Sisko ' s appearance Ben Sisko has been holographically duplicated on a number of occasions . A recreation was created by the personnel of Deep Space 9 in 2370 in order to lure Bajoran soldiers into a during the coup d ' état attempt by " The Circle " . ( A transporter accident in 2372 aboard Deep Space 9 resulted in transporter patterns that would normally be stored in the pattern buffer to overwrite some of the characters in the Julian Bashir , Secret Agent holoprogram set in the 1960s . The character of Hippocrates Noah was overwritten with the appearance of Sisko . ( Our Man Bashir Luther Sloan recreated the entire station and staff of Deep Space 9 in 2374 as part of his investigation into Julian Bashir . This program had a recreation of Sisko . ( Inquisition Chronology : Born in 2333 : Mother , leaves 2350 : Joins Starfleet Academy 2351 : Spends sophomore year on Starbase 137 2354 : Graduates ; marries Jennifer Sisko , moves to new posting on New Berlin Colony 2355 : Son , , born Late 2350s : Serves aboard Livingston ; promoted to lieutenant Early 2360s : Serves aboard Okinawa ; promoted to lieutenant commander first officer Mid 2360s 2366 Battle of Wolf 359 ; wife dies ; transfers to Utopia Planitia Fleet Yards ; works on - class design project 2369 : Promoted to commander ; commands station ; discovers the Bajoran wormhole , becoming the 2370 : First contact with the Dominion : Given command of alongside DS9 ; meets Kasidy Yates captain : Defends Deep Space 9 and the Cardassian Detapa Council during a Klingon invasion ; prevents coup of Earth by Admiral : Proposes restoration of Khitomer Accords ; forced to evacuate Deep Space 9 ; start of the Dominion War Retakes Deep Space 9 ; responsible for the Romulan Star Empire joining the war ; awarded the Christopher Pike Medal of Valor ; leads the First Battle of Chin ' toka : Discovers truth about mother , Prophets ; marries Kasidy Yates ; the lost during the Second Battle of Chin ' toka ; given command of Sao Paulo ; Dominion War ends ; defeats Dukat and the pah - wraiths ; joins the Prophets in the Celestial Temple Appendices Background information When Avery Brooks ' agent first rang him to tell him that there was a role available in a new Star Trek show , Brooks laughed , because he instinctively felt he was going to be offered a role requiring heavy prosthetics , which he was n ' t interested in doing ( though he ended up doing so anyway , in " " ) . After finding out the role was that of a Human , Brooks was still unconvinced , and of his pursuit of the role he said , " This will never work . " Indeed , on his way to his audition for the part , the transmission in his car began to slip , so he called the producers and nonchalantly told them he could n ' t make it ; he was surprised when they rearranged his audition . It was ultimately the quality of the script for " " which convinced Brooks of the value of the show . ( " Crew Dossier : Benjamin Sisko " , DS9 Season 7 DVD special features ) Ronald D . Moore mentioned the story of Moses as an inspiration for the developments in Sisko ' s life . ( AOL chat 1997 In the script for " Emissary " , Benjamin Sisko is described as " a rugged , charismatic man in his late thirties , " as of 2366 [ 1 ] The original Writer ' s Bible for Star Trek : Deep Space Nine , created in 1992 [ 2 ] gave this biography for the character : Benjamin Sisko , human Starfleet commander with a twelve year - old son , whose gentle , strong , soft spoken demeanor belies the temper that he is constantly trying to control . And when he loses it , he gets furious with himself . He ' s a man of action who gets impatient with too much talk , but as he has become more mature , he ' s learned to stop and think twice about losing control . He has a weakness for baseball , a sport that died out in the 22nd century and he frequently goes to a holo - suite to have a chat and a catch with one [ of ] his legendary ballplayer heroes . Sisko was on a starship with his wife and son at the famous encounter with the Borg led by the Borgified Picard , and his wife was killed . That leads to bitterness toward Picard . Picard : Have we met before ? Sisko : Yes , we met in battle . Since that tragedy , he has been assigned to shore duty on Mars where he was on the team reconstructing the fleet at Utopia Planitia Yards . Sisko objected to being assigned to DS9 . He told Starfleet he had a son to raise and had been asking for an Earth assignment , not this . His important work on DS9 gives him a new direction , but his is still very much a life framed by tragedy . Speaking in 1992 , shortly after filming had begun on " Emissary " , Avery Brooks said of Sisko , " He is very , very human . He shows what he feels , wears what he feels . He is a quick thinker , but yet a deep thinker . He is a single parent , and thus is worried about raising his son . In this case , of course , he is a widower , so that part of his history is there , especially every time he looks at his son , he is seeing that part of his life , indeed , seeing his wife , and we have to assume that he loved her very " ( Hidden File 01 , DS9 Season 1 DVD special features ) In 2012 , Brooks recalled his role as Sisko : " When I read the pilot script , it was the presentation of a man dealing with loss and raising a son , and how he handled those situations , that really got my attention . Certainly the fact you have a black man in a command position is very important . That is something that goes far beyond just having black people working on a show , which itself is also very important . It goes to children being able to see themselves on screen and visualize that in the future they will be doing something of importance to the Star Trek . My wife convinced me to go to the audition . She was the one who said , ' You ca n ' t say no to this ' . [ 3 ] According to Michael Piller , " It was harder to define Sisko as a character than perhaps any of the others , and ultimately it took us probably a season and a half to reach the conclusion that Sisko was a builder , a man who built things , stayed with projects , as opposed to the driver , the captain of a starship who went off and moved from place to place . New Frontiers : The Story of Deep Space Nine DS9 Season 2 DVD special features ) Piller also talks about this aspect of Sisko ' s character , the builder in contrast to Picard ' s explorer , numerous times in the Star Trek : Deep Space Nine Companion Hans Beimler also saw Sisko as a builder . Beimler commented , " Captain Sisko is a complicated man . He ' s a family man . He ' s a builder , a man who has come to this place and is trying to do something – he ' s not some kind of transient . Picard and Kirk were both captains who were ' passing through , ma ' am ' , but Sisko is here to stay , to build something more lasting . I certainly can relate to that situation and that kind of man ; he ' s a different kind of hero , more complex in a The Official Star Trek : Deep Space Nine Magazine issue 15 Speaking in 1999 , just after filming on " " had finished , Ira Steven Behr said , " Sisko ' s arc is pretty clear . He came to the station , it was an assignment he did not want , he was not happy to be there , and he became a man who talks about living on Bajor for the rest of his life . So , I think it was a healing process for Sisko . I think he ' s a wonderful leader , and he ' s a great family man . And he came to the show a wounded man , who had just lost his wife , was somewhat bitter , " ( " Crew Dossier : Benjamin Sisko " , DS9 Season 7 DVD Avery Brooks has stated of Sisko , " The relationship with his son was critically important , aside from the fact that I have children , but knowing how tenuous , how fragile , how fleeting , ultimately , the moment , or moments that you have with your children , how important and critical the time that you spend early on in sowing these seeds that you hope will help your child survive and then pray that you ' ve done the right thing . " ( " Crew Dossier : Benjamin Sisko " , special features ) Cirroc Lofton also says , " With Jake ' s character , he brought out the human - ness in the captain because otherwise you would just see the captain as an authoritative figure , you ' d see him as just being someone who just gives orders , and someone who ' s really firm and aggressive , with Jake he can be playful , and you see the father side and the Human side of this icon , this character , this person who you respect , but there ' s another side to him , the loving , caring side , the playful " ( " Crew Dossier : Jake Sisko " , Brooks has also commented , " The investigation of self , or the discovery of self , is an internal journey . The investigation of the unknown is not outer , ultimately , but inner . So , the idea of this man reluctantly wrestling with this idea of being the chosen one , to make this journey , this internal journey , towards the discovery of self , something that human - kind does , until they leave the planet I ' m sure , certainly that ' s what I ' m doing . Brooks commented : " When people come up to me and ask what being Benjamin Sisko meant , I understand why they are asking me that , " Brooks said . " I do n ' t get mad or upset . I just let them know he was one aspect of my life , one role that was good to me , but not one that defines who or what I am . But I ' m happy so many people remember it and remember me , and I hope the full message of Star Trek , that humanity must interact and evolve " . [ 4 ] One of the plans for a six - episode arc which started season six was to promote Sisko to admiral , even if only temporarily . This was vetoed after extensive discussion involving Ira Steven Behr , who " felt it took the lead character out of the pantheon . " He did , however , briefly serve as adjutant to Admiral Ross , temporarily turning over his command to Dax . ( Star Trek Monthly issue 38 ) Around the same time , Ron D . Moore in an unrelated matter described Sisko as having evolved since the start of the series in that he had " grown accustomed to the idea that he may never get admiral ' s stars " ( AOL chat 1997 ) ( In Black and Brown Planets : The Politics of Race in Science Fiction , the authors write : " Perhaps after watching black actor Avery Brooks play Captain Sisko on Star Trek : Deep Space Nine ( 1993 – 99 ) , Americans no longer were alienated by the idea of electing a black man as the U.S. President " . Sisko undergoes a major change of appearance between Seasons 3 and 4 , shaving his head and growing a beard . This coincided with Avery Brooks reprising the role of Hawk in a Spenser : For Hire TV movie in which Hawk sported the same look . Other actors who auditioned for the role of Sisko were Robert Gwilym , Keith Allen , Pip Torrens , Ralph Brown , Anthony Head , Jolyon Baker , Peter Firth , Nick Brimble , Stefan Kalipha and Peter Capaldi ( who later became the Twelfth Doctor of Doctor Who ) . [ 5 ] Apocrypha In the DS9 relaunch novels , Sisko returns from the Celestial Temple in the novel Unity , on the day that his daughter ( β ) is born , and subsequently lives on Bajor with Kasidy . As of the Star Trek : Typhon Pact novel Rough Beasts of Empire , Sisko has returned to Starfleet and is in command of the Galaxy - class starship Robinson β ) . Whereas in Rough Beasts of Empire , Sisko requested a divorce from Kasidy on the basis of the Prophets warning him , several years earlier , that he would face great sorrow , in Plagues of Night , he withdrew the request . In the novel Ascendance , Sisko starts a mission commanding the Robinson on a exploration mission into the Gamma Quadrant that he expects to last two years . In Star Trek Online , Sisko ' s antique baseball still sits at his former desk , in a protective case , and a Prophet encountered in the mission " Crack in the Mirror " says that " the Sisko " has convinced them to leave to the player character the task of retrieving the stolen Orb of Possibilities from the mirror universe . This seems to indicate that , in this continuity , Sisko has not returned from the Celestial Temple . See also Jodmos Benny Russell Gabriel Bell Hippocrates Noah External links StarTrek . com , the official website Wikipedia Memory Beta , the wiki for licensed works The Star Trek Online Wiki This is a featured article . At the time it was featured ( November 2004 ) it was considered one of the best examples of the Memory Alpha community ' s work . This article was featured more than five years ago though , and its status should be reviewed . The links below can be used to check how the article has changed in that time . Featured revision ( 35887 ) Diff to current Blurb Categories Memory Alpha featured articles Humans Starfleet command personnel USS Okinawa personnel USS Saratoga ( NCC - 31911 ) personnel Utopia Planitia Fleet Yards personnel Deep Space 9 personnel Starfleet captains Mythological figures Athletes Add category Languages : Česky Deutsch Español Français Italiano 日本語 Nederlands Polski Русский Српски / Srpski Svenska	[ "Benjamin Sisko", "Starfleet officer", "Deep Space 9" ]
http://memory-alpha.wikia.com/wiki/Bird-of-Prey	in Spacecraft classifications BirdofPrey English A Klingon BirdofPrey In starship classification a BirdofPrey was a type of smaller warship Generally they resembled large predatory birds TOS Balance of Terror TNG The Defector Two cultures were known to operate BirdsofPrey Klingon Empire 22nd century BirdofPrey Mid23rd century BirdofPrey Late23rd 24th century BirdofPrey Romulan Star Empire 22nd century BirdofPrey 23rd century BirdofPrey The first BirdofPrey seen was in TOS Balance of Terror and was of the Romulan variety As originally conceived the Klingon variant of the BirdofPrey was actually a Romulan ship the script of Star Trek III at first called for the films main villains to be Romulans using a Romulan BirdofPrey as had been typical of BirdofPrey use in Star Trek The Original Series In the chronology of the Star Trek universe the term BirdofPrey was first referenced on Enterprise in Sleeping Dogs and may have been implied to be the two ships approaching at high warp at the end of that episode An earlier reference made in Broken Bow to a fleet of warbirds was mentioned by Brannon Braga as a mistake implying that the production team only wished Romulan ships to be identified as warbirds In the game Star Trek Legacy the BirdofPrey is available as a ship for the player to control Starship types attack cruiser attack fighter battle cruiser battleship birdofprey blockade runner carrier colony ship combat cruiser corvette cruiser destroyer diplomatic vessel dreadnought escort vessel explorer ship flagship freighter frigate garbage scow heavy cruiser holding vessel hospital ship interceptor light cruiser luxury liner mining vessel patrol ship penal deportation vessel pilot vessel prison ship raider robot ship runabout science vessel scout ship star cruiser starliner starship supply ship support vessel survey ship tanker timeship trading vessel training vessel transport ship tug warbird warship External links BirdofPrey at the wiki for licensed Star Trek works BirdofPrey class at the wiki for licensed Star Trek works Categories Spacecraft classifications Languages Deutsch 日本語 Nederlands Polski	[ "starship classification" ]
http://memory-alpha.wikia.com/wiki/Journey%27s_End_(episode)	in TNG episodes Journeys End episode English Real World article written from a Production point of view Journeys End TNG Episode 7x20 Production number 40277272 First aired 28 March 1994 171st of 176 produced in TNG 171st of 176 released in TNG 317th of 747 released in all Written by Ronald D Moore Directed by Corey Allen 477512 2370 Arc The Traveler 3 of 3 Journeys End redirects here for the TNG special please see Journeys End The Saga of Star Trek The Next Generation As a result of a longdisputed treaty with the Cardassians the Federation has agreed to return several planets to Cardassian control One such planet Dorvan V is inhabited by the descendants of Native Americans They do not wish to leave their new home which they had spent many years searching for Contents show Summary Teaser Captains log stardate 477512 The Enterprise has arrived at Starbase 310 for a meeting with Fleet Admiral Necheyev This visit has also given us the opportunity to pick up a member of the family Wesley Crusher has returned from Starfleet Academy for a vacation His mother shows him some quarters for his own joking that they are as far as possible to hers so that they dont have to see each other Geordi La Forge and Data show up to welcome Wesley happy to see him However Wesley is not his usual jovial self His mother notices and says they should let him settle in When they leave its clear something is bothering him Act One JeanLuc Picard is in the observation lounge preparing some special refreshments to receive Admiral Nechayev of Starfleet including Earl Grey tea watercress sandwiches and Bularian canapés He tells Riker that he wants to make the Admiral feel welcome to the Enterprise in order to relieve the tension there has been between them in the past When the Admiral arrives she immediately dismisses Riker and starts talking straight about her point Only after she realizes the special refreshments that Picard prepared for her fitting her tastes does she accept to sit and talk Necheyev explains that the Federation has completed 3year long negotiations on the Cardassian border and shows Picard the new trace of the border He notices how some Federation colonies become placed in Cardassian territory and viceversa The Admiral says these colonies will have to be relocated Specifically she tasks Picard to evacuate a colony of American Indians who settled on Dorvan V twenty years ago Picard reminds her that these people were already forcibly displaced from their ancestral lands centuries ago Then they left Earth 200 years ago in order to preserve their cultural identity and it was not until twenty years ago when they finally found a planet to settle Admiral says she is aware and raised objections unsuccessfully She says those people were originally warned about their settlement and agreed to the risk Ultimately it is a reasonable price to pay for peace Meanwhile in engineering La Forge calls the attention of Wesley who was just walking by to tell him about his new work involving plasmadyne relays Initially uninterested Welsey responds arrogantly questioning whether the converter interface would hold up and says that his work is obsolete La Forge is confused and displeased by Wesleys reaction saying he does not understand what happened to him Reminding him about acting like an officer he gets a snappy response and dismisses him saying he does not need his help with that attitude Act Two Captains log supplemental The Enterprise has arrived at Dorvan V and I have spoken to the leader of the Tribal Council He has agreed to meet with us this afternoon to discuss the situation Picard and Deanna Troi are on Dorvan V conducting the initial meeting with the Tribal Council Picard tells the Native American leaders that there is very little he can do to change the situation as the decision was made at the very highest level of Starfleet Anthwara the leader of the tribe on Dorvan V resists Picards attempt to convince them to relocate Troi offers the suggestion of other available planets to colonize with similar environmental conditions as well as their help in getting settled immediately Anthwara responds saying that the environmental conditions themselves are not the basis of their location but rather that the mountains the rivers and the sky welcomed them Another member in the council Wakasa is obviously skeptical and says that Picard is laughing at Anthwara even though his face shows no sign of jest Before any more misunderstandings occur Troi suggests to adjourn the meeting and Picard invites the group to the Enterprise for a reception later that night Meanwhile in Wesleys quarters Dr Crusher tries to talk to Wesley about his mood She says that since he arrived he has been moody sullen and rude and that she does not understand what is happening to him She tells him that the incident in engineering is inexcusable and that a fourthyear Starfleet cadet should have a certain level of maturity Then Wesley loses his temper and shouts that he is sick of following rules and regulations and sick of living up to everyone elses expectations and abruptly leaves Later that night the Native American leaders attend the reception in Ten Forward Anthwara and Picard talk about the tense situation concerning the people on Dorvan V Anthwara talks about his ancestors and says that their spirits still guide him and his people including his grandfather Katowa who was the first person to lead the tribe to Dorvan V over two hundred years ago Anthwara says that there was opposition to the move but when his grandfather made the decision it was final Anthwara changes the subject and asks Picard about his family which Picard knows a great deal about Picard then starts telling Anthwara about his family history Shortly after Wesley comes in and apologizes to his mother for being late and sits down One of the Native Americans Lakanta approaches him He tells Wesley that he knew that he would come to Dorvan V two years ago when he saw Wesley in a vision he had in the Habak a colony meditation chamber for vision quests Wesley says he doesnt understand but Lakanta interjects that Wesley that he has come to them in order to find the answers he seeks Act Three After the party Beverly asks Picard for help with Wesley She says his grades are dropping and that he is defensive with everyone If he continues on that path he will end up being dropped out of his Starfleet class according to Admiral Brand Picard thinks though that Wesley is not willing to get help from them and that pushing him would only make him move further away The next morning Wesley is on the planets surface to find Lakanta He questions him about what he should do but Lakanta just says he doesnt know He then asks about the Habak Lakanta asks Wesley what he thinks is sacred Wesley responds that he respects a lot of things but hes not sure he really thinks of anything as sacred Lakanta explains that everything is sacred to them the plants the mountains even the dirt beneath their feet And here Wesley is also a sacred person regardless of whether Wesley believes it Lakanta says that Wesley needs to respect In the meantime negotiations continue about the inhabitants on the planet Picard is still bound by his orders and the treaty Anthwara ignores this and simply states he knows Picard wont take them from the planet Not believing in coincidences he says that they didnt know initially why Picard specifically was sent to the planet until last night when Picard was telling him about his familys history Anthwara says he has found the answer and asks if Picard knows about the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 when the native tribes revolted against the Spanish when they tried to gain control of the land Troi knew the incident but Picard wasnt familiar Ten years later the Spanish came back and brutally displaced the natives He says one of the soldiers was Javier Maribona Picard one of Picards ancestors Picard wasnt aware of the incident or the soldier but doesnt think it has any bearing on the present situation He believes Picard is there to erase the stain of blood worn by Picards family for 23 generations With this revelation he leaves After the meeting Picard and Troi go outside and find Worf and his team unexpectedly observing a team of Cardassians in the village Act Four Picard moves forward and talks to Gul Evek who says that the evacuation should be underway by now Taking him aside Picard does not understand why Cardassians are on the planet six weeks early and asks Gul Evek what they are doing there He replies that they are doing a survey of the buildings left over Picard warns them that any harm done to the colonists while they are still under the jurisdiction of the Federation means that Picard would have to respond accordingly Picard then returns to the ship and asks Admiral Nechayev to request an emergency session of the Federation Council to reopen the issue of relocation for the tribe She replies that she had already asked two days prior but that Starfleet declined the request Picard then asks Worf to make preparations to remove the inhabitants of Dorvan V He reflects with Riker on the possibility of a dark chapter in his family history he may be about to repeat Meanwhile Wesley somewhere in a building goes with Lakanta to the Habak Lakanta says strangers are not allowed there but Wesley is not a stranger because Lakanta saw him in his original vision quest Wesley asks him what he should do Lakanta tells Wesley to start a fire for his journey because while Lakanta can open the door only he Wesley can go through it After some time while Lakanta guides Wesley on a spirit quest Wesley finds that Lakanta has suddenly disappeared and slowly he realizes he is seeing the spirit of his late father Jack Crusher on the other side of the fire His father congratulates Wesley on his travels and for having come this far since he died but he also tells Wesley that he should not follow his path the path of a Starfleet officer any longer Wesley needed to begin a new path that was genuinely his own The vision at first startles Wesley but he soon thereafter gains clarity from it As Wesley leaves the Habak he encounters Worf planning the forced but covert relocation of the planets inhabitants Compelled to stop them he announces to the colonists Worfs plans resulting in them demanding Starfleets departure Act Five But I wont be wearing this uniform any longer Im resigning from the Academy In the observation lounge Picard strongly reprimands Wesley for his behavior which jeopardized the away teams safety Wesley responds by calmly denouncing the relocation on moral grounds saying that the people are not just some random group of colonists and that their culture predates the Federation Picard understands but demands that Wesley keep his opinions to himself and follow orders so long as he is in a Starfleet uniform Wesley promptly announces his resignation from the Academy and leaves his combadge on the table Beverly doesnt understand why Wesley is leaving the Academy and confronts him saying she cant stop him but he must explain himself Wesley finally tells her about his vision of his father He explains that he has known for a long time that he wasnt meant to be a Starfleet officer and that he wanted to please her Captain Picard and everyone else who hoped for him to become a Starfleet officer He wasnt able to admit it to himself until now Beverly drives home the point that she would be proud of Wesley no matter what he does because the Traveler had told Captain Picard long ago that Wesley was a special like Mozart and that he was destined for things quite different from the rest of the crew She resigns herself to the fact that this might be the first step in that direction In the meantime Gul Evek is on the Enterprise discussing the situation on the planet with Picard when some Cardassians are taken hostage by the colonists Worf reports to Picard and he immediately asks Gul Evek to beam them up Evek refuses and has his ship the Vetar to be ready to beam more troops to the surface Picard tells him he must respond to those actions and pleads with him to stop the escalation of violence now On the planets surface a fight breaks out and a phaser is fired at a Cardassian As Wesley watches he tries to stop it and suddenly all movement stops A phaser beam is fired halfway through the air but hasnt reached its intended target yet Wesleys guide Lakanta reveals himself as the Traveler with whom Wesley had last had contact with years ago Wesley it turns out can travel to a different plane in time and existence The Traveler tells Wesley that he has evolved to a new level ready to take the first step on a journey that few Humans will ever experience The Traveler will be Wesleys guide if he wishes Wesley asks about the colonists but the Traveler says they have to find their own journeys and that he must trust that they will do that They step back into regular time and the phaser strikes the Cardassian as the fight continues Back on the Enterprise bridge Picard pleads with Evek not to force a battle and states that they have taken so long to reach an agreement that they should try to avoid conflict whenever possible Gul Evek considers the options and reluctantly orders the Vetar crew to lock onto and beam his people back aboard avoiding a direct fight He then tells Picard that he lost two of three sons during the war and that he does not wish to lose the last one The colonists still insistent on staying on the planet decide to forgo Federation citizenship and remain on the planet under the Cardassians control Picard confirms with them that they understand that this means they will not be eligible for assistance from the Federation or Starfleet in case of problems which they accept Gul Evek then indicates that while he cant guarantee every Cardassian encounter will respect it most should be willing to leave the colony in peace so long as they do not interfere in their affairs Picard says he will send a report to Starfleet and that he hopes Captains log Stardate 477553 The Enterprise is preparing to leave Dorvan V but former Cadet Wesley Crusher will be staying behind Wesley prepares to leave his mother and Picard in the transporter room Hell explore the universe with the Traveler and says his studies will begin with the people on Dorvan V because the Traveler says they are aware of many things of which he can learn a lot His mother reminds him to dress warmly on those other planes of existence and they both smile Wesley thanks Picard and beams off of the Enterprise D for the last time and Picard comforts his mother as they walk out of the transporter room Memorable quotes There has been a certain amount of tension between us in the past Tension is hardly the word Id use Picard speaks of his relationship with Nechayev to Riker Gul Evek those people are Federation citizens and I am sworn to protect them If your troops attack that village my security forces will respond I hope you realize the consequences of Federation officers firing on Cardassian troops Oh yes I do That is why we must stop this now before its too late Captain Picard and Gul Evek I dont know whats gotten into you Wes Look do you want my help or not With this kind of an attitude absolutely not Youre dismissed Geordi and Wesley Now you be sure to dress warmly on those other planes of existence Dr Crusher to Wesley Have faith in their abilities to solve their problems on their own The Traveler Evek the last war caused massive destruction and cost millions of lives Dont send our two peoples down that same path again not like this Now the future lies in your hands right now Give us one last chance for peace Captain Picard to Gul Evek So if youre sacred then you have to treat yourself with respect to do otherwise is to desecrate something holy Lakanta to Wesley Starfleet isnt for me Wesley Crusher Earl Grey tea watercress sandwiches and Bularian canapés are you up for promotion Riker to Picard Maybe I am sick of following rules and regulations Maybe Im sick of living up to everyone elses expectations Did you ever think of that Wesley Crusher to Beverly Crusher That is why you have come to us To erase a stain of blood worn by your family for twentythree generations Anthwara to Picard after learning that Javier MaribonaPicard killed Native Americans in the Pueblo Revolt There comes a time in a young mans life when he doesnt want to stay with his poor senile mother I understand Beverly Crusher to Wesley Crusher You set out on a journey that wasnt your own Now its time to find a path that is truly yours Dont follow me any further Jack Crusher during Wesleys vision Do you know what theyre trying to do Theyre preparing to beam you away and take you to their ship Youre not gonna let them do that are you Wesley Crusher to the inhabitants of Dorvan V Inexcusable You defied the orders of the ranking officer on the scene You put the lives of the entire away team in jeopardy and youve made an already tense situation worse Your actions reflect very badly on this ship and on that uniform Now I want an explanation Mr Crusher and I want it now What you are doing down there is wrong These people are not some random group of colonists They are a unique culture with a history that predates the Federation and Starfleet That does not alter the fact that my orders are to I know Admiral Necheyev gave you an order and she was given an order from the Federation council but its still wrong That decision is not yours to make Cadet I dont know what has gotten into you lately and frankly right now I dont care But I will tell you this while you wear that uniform you will obey every order you are given and you will conform to Starfleet regulations and rules of conduct Is that clear Yes sir it is but I wont be wearing this uniform any longer Im resigning from the Academy Picard and Wesley Crusher By giving up your status as Federation citizens any future request you or your people make to Starfleet will go unanswered You will be on your own and under Cardassian jurisdiction I understand captain And we are prepared to take that risk Picard and Anthwara I can not speak for every Cardassian you may encounter but if you leave us alone I suspect that we will do the same Gul Evek to Anthwara I was right captain You did not take us from our land and you have wiped clean a very old stain of blood Anthwara to Picard Well good luck Mister good luck Wesley Thank you for a lot of things Picard and Wesley Crusher say their farewells Background information Production history Final draft script 20 January 1994 1 Premiere airdate 28 March 1994 First UK airdate 22 May 1996 Story and production Dan Curry Kris Krosskove and Corey Allen on the set of this episode Shawn Piller and Anatonia Napoli wrote the original story for this episode Jeri Taylor intended the Native American colony in this episode to be the home of Voyager character Chakotay Star Trek The Next Generation Companion though this was never mentioned on screen Coincidentally Ned Romero who plays Anthwara in this episode would later play Chakotays grandfather in VOY The Fight This was the first episode directed by Corey Allen since The Game in season 5 Also this was the last Next Generation episode directed by Allen Ronald D Moore commented I was the one who pushed to get Wesley out of the Academy and send him off with the Traveler I felt that there was a builtin contradiction in a character that wed said was like Mozart in his appreciation of higher mathematics and physics yet was just on the same career path as any Starfleet cadet I didnt get it if Wes is truly special and gifted what the hell is he doing at the Helm It seemed like he was only going to the Academy to live up to the memory of his father and the expectations of Picard not because it was his best destiny Journeys End also seemed like an opportunity to see someone walk away from Starfleet with their head held high and just say Its cool but not for me I was tired of everyone in the 24th century saying All I want to do is wear the uniform and serve on a starship Hey its cool but its not for everyone So I pushed to have Wes realize his destiny was elsewhere and have him walk away AOL chat 1997 Continuity The boom operator in the final episode Admiral Nechayev slightly misquotes Otto von Bismarck when she says to Picard that Diplomacy is the art of the possible In fact the correct wording of the famous quotation is Politics is the art of the possible 2 This episode marks the creation of the Demilitarized Zone and the beginning of the Maquis The Maquis are formed in the DS9 episodes The Maquis Part I and The Maquis Part II This episode was intentionally used by the writers to show the beginnings of the Maquis for use in Star Trek Voyager AOL chat 1997 In the scene where Wesley follows Lakanta upstairs a member of the sound department can be briefly seen This is the sixth time a member of the production staff was accidentally filmed and appeared in the final episode The first five were a camera operator in The Naked Now two camera operators in Angel One Bill Gocke in Unification II an unnamed production staff member in Times Arrow and June Abston Haymore in Birthright Part I When Wesley explains to Dr Crusher why hes resigning she tells him of how the Traveler spoke of Wes to Picard as a kind of Mozart and that Picard mentioned it to her However in the episode Where No One Has Gone Before whose events Crusher recalls the Traveler explicitly tells Picard Its Wesley I wanted to speak to you about Its best you do not repeat this to the others especially not to the mother Whatever happens it is imperative that proceed naturally He should be encouraged but told none of this Apparently Picard in speaking to of all people Dr Crusher blatantly disregarded this request However as Dr Crusher evidently did not mention any of what the Traveler said to Wesley before he chose to resign the Travelers concern may have been unnecessary The set for the village is a redress of that used for Thine Own Self Cast and characters It was Wil Wheaton s last appearance on television as Wesley Crusher He later reprised the role for a cameo in Star Trek Nemesis although the majority of his scene was cut from the final release This episode was Tom Jackson s first appearance in any American television production He regularly appears in Canadian television and film productions His only other American television appearance was in the Law and Order Criminal Intent episode Wasichu Richard Poe reprises his role as Gul Evek from DS9 Playing God He would return as the character later in the year in TNG Preemptive Strike and two DS9 episodes The Maquis Part I and Tribunal as well as Star Trek Voyager s pilot episode Caretaker Video and DVD releases UK VHS release twoepisode tapes CIC Video Volume 86 22 August 1994 As part of the TNG Season 7 DVD collection Links and references Starring Patrick Stewart as Capt JeanLuc Picard Jonathan Frakes as Cmdr William T Riker Also starring LeVar Burton as Lt Cmdr Geordi La Forge Michael Dorn as Lieutenant Worf Gates McFadden as Dr Beverly Crusher Marina Sirtis as Counselor Deanna Troi Brent Spiner as Lt Commander Data Special appearance by Wil Wheaton as Wesley Crusher Guest stars Tom Jackson as Lakanta Natalija Nogulich as Alynna Nechayev Ned Romero as Anthwara George Aguilar as Wakasa Richard Poe as Evek Eric Menyuk as The Traveler Doug Wert as Jack Crusher Uncredited costars Arratia as Alfonse Pacelli Lena Banks as operations division ensign Joe Bauman as Garvey Ed Dennett as Tribal Council member Hal Donahue as command division lieutenant Tom Donahue as Native American colonist Vulcan vision Elliot Durant III as operations division ensign Henry Kingi Sr as Native American colonist Ron Large as command division officer Marianne Lewis as operations division lieutenant jg Scott Marklyn as Native American colonist Ferengi vision deleted scene Michael Moorehead as science division ensign Tom Morga as Cardassian officer Sara Nabor as Native American colonist Lewis Ninham as Native American colonist Indian vision Bobby Parker as Native American colonist Rebecca Parker as Native American colonist Matilda Recindes as Native American colonist Cindy Rocco as Native American colonist Frank Salsedo as Tribal Council member John Saint John as Tribal Council member Victor Sanchez as Native American colonist Tailhead vision M Smith as Native American colonist Noriko Suzuki as operations division ensign Will Yazzie as Native American colonist Unknown performers as Command division officer Female operations division lieutenant jg voice Four colonists Operations division ensign Glinn Telak voice Two Cardassian officers Standins David Keith Anderson standin for LeVar Burton Carl David Burks standin for Brent Spiner Michael Echols standin for Michael Dorn Nora Leonhardt standin for Marina Sirtis Lorine Mendell standin for Gates McFadden Richard Sarstedt standin for Jonathan Frakes Dennis Tracy standin for Patrick Stewart 1680 bear bonsai Brand Bularian canapé Cardassian Cardassian border Cardassian government Charlemagne Cochrane unit confinement beam trace converter interface coyote Demilitarized Zone Dorvan V Dorvan sector Earl Grey tea Earth Eveks sons Federation Federation Council FederationCardassian Treaty Ferengi fish Fleet Admiral generation Glinn graduation Gul Habak Indian Indian Council Indian representative joke Katowa Klingon Mansara MaribonaPicard Javier microfusion interrelay Mintakan tapestry mountain Mozart Wolfgang Amadeus New Mexico North American Indians Number one painting parrot path Picard Maurice plasmadyne relay Pueblo Pueblo Revolt red alert river secondary phase inverter senility Spanish squad Starbase 310 Starbase 310 planet Starfleet Starfleet Academy Starfleet Command Starfleet General Orders and Regulations subprocessor matrix tailhead Tau Ceti Tribal Council tribe vacation Vassbinder Vetar village vision quest Vulcan warp field warp propulsion interrelay warship watercress sandwich Western Europe Wrightwell External links Journeys End at Memory Beta the wiki for licensed Star Trek works Journeys End at Wikipedia Journeys End at StarTrekcom the official Star Trek website Journeys End at MissionLogPodcastcom a Roddenberry Star Trek podcast Previous episode Genesis Star Trek The Next Generation Season 7 Next episode Firstborn Categories TNG episodes Languages Deutsch Español Français Italiano 日本語 Nederlands Recent Wiki Activity Brestant Sulfur 1 hour ago Spock Sulfur 1 hour ago Star Trek Fleet Command Sulfur 1 hour ago Measurements Gvsualan 2 hours ago Help us grow Memory Alpha Get Started	[ "Federation" ]
http://memory-alpha.wikia.com/wiki/Kivas_Fajo	in Zibalians Kivas Fajo English Gender Species Zibalian Affiliation Stacius Trade Guild Occupation Trader Status Arrested 2366 Born Lum District Tomobiki City Theta Zibal III Played by Saul Rubinek Why dont you accept your fate Youll return to your chair and you will stay there You will entertain me and you will entertain my guests and if you dont Ill simply kill someone else Him perhaps Doesnt matter Their blood will be on your hands too just like poor Varria s Kivas Fajo to Data 2366 The Most Toys Kivas Fajo was a Zibalian trader in the 24th century He was born in the Lum District of Tomobiki City on Theta Zibal III and was educated at the University of Oneamisu on Iraatan V Fajos personality was very childish and almost obsessive about his collection of unique items and his speech mannerisms reflected that He was also very controlling of others and would often try to get his way through his brash and snippy attitude becoming very upset if he didnt get his way He did not care about morals or the legality of his actions By 2366 Fajo owned a trade ship called the Jovis and had become known throughout the Stacius Trade Guild for his large collection of rare and precious items One of his competitors was Palor Toff Aboard the Jovis Fajo was assisted with his collection by Varria who began working for Fajo in 2352 In 2366 Fajo attempted to add Lieutenant Commander Data to his collection learning that he was the only sentient android in existence He designed an elaborate plan to kidnap Data He produced a toxic substance called tricyanate and had it introduced into the water supply at the Beta Agni II colony knowing that a rare substance called hytritium was the only thing that could eliminate it Fajo supplied the USS Enterprise D with enough to do the job Being unsafe for the transporter and dangerous for humanoids to handle he predicted that the captain would have Data transport it via shuttle After disabling Data with some kind of electrical burst Fajos crew staged a shuttle explosion making it appear to the crew of the Enterprise that Data had been destroyed With a seemingly innocent disaster the Enterprise would be forced to continue its mission and declare Data deceased In order to contain Data on the Jovis he had a special door constructed for his collection room and had proximityactuated field generators which impeded positron flows to protect himself and Varria from Data He found that Data would not cooperate and would not modify his programming in order to accept his situation It frustrated Fajo as he considered Data just a machine but he successfully used force by destroying Datas uniform to get him to wear special clothes and to sit in a chair obediently by threatening to kill Varria This backfired however as Varria attempted to help Data escape Fajos personality peaked to anger when he found out and he killed her with a VaronT disruptor another of his unique items He threatened that if Data did not return to his chair and sit there forever he would murder more of his own crew Witnessing the act Data told Fajo he could no longer allow him to continue drew a weapon and was apparently ready to kill him Fortunately for Fajo Data was transported to the Enterprise which had deduced what had happened Unfortunately for the trader however he was arrested and his collection was confiscated all of his possessions that he had stolen would be returned to their proper owners TNG The Most Toys Items of value collected by Kivas Fajo Lieutenant Commander Data Lapling Lawmin Galactopedia Moliam Andi tapestries Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci Mark OffZel vase Rejac Crystal 1962 Roger Maris baseball card Rodulan Bosotile Romulan ale Pratorean The Starry Night by Vincent van Gogh VaronT disruptor Veltan sex idol Lost Ark of the Covenant The Persistence of Memory by Salvador Dalí Pieces of art in Kivas Fajos collection Background information Kivas Fajo was named for preproduction coordinator Lolita Fatjo 1 The following was described of the character in the episodes script notes Fajo is a male Zibalian with a commanding presence a man of the world or rather the galaxy with undeniable personal charm and grace and yet someone not to be trifled with Rappaport the first Kivas Fajo British actor David Rappaport was the first actor chosen for the Kivas Fajo role but he attempted suicide over the weekend after a few days of filming were completed Director Timothy Bond stated There was a story going around that they had found him in his car with a tube running from the exhaust Footage of David Rappaport as Kivas Fajo was included on the TNG Season 3 Bluray release Captains Logs The Unauthorized Complete Trek Voyages David Rappaport continued to suffer from acute depression and successfully committed suicide two months later dying from a selfinflicted gunshot wound in a Los Angeles park on 2 May 1990 2 His death occurred just five days before the episode premiered Saul Rubinek a Star Trek fan who had been in contact with his friend director Timothy Bond called hoping to arrange a set visit He was then asked by Bond to take over the Fajo role which he accepted Star Trek The Next Generation Companion External link Kivas Fajo at Memory Beta the wiki for licensed Star Trek works Categories Zibalians Languages Deutsch	[ "Kivas Fajo", "Zibalian trader" ]
http://memory-alpha.wikia.com/wiki/Kurtwood_Smith	in : Performers Film performers DS9 performers VOY performers Kurtwood Smith English Edit Share Real World article ( written from a Production point of view Kurtwood Smith Birth name : Kurtwood Larson Smith Gender : Male Date of birth : 3 July 1943 Place of birth : New Lisbon , Wisconsin , USA Roles : Actor Character ( s ) : Federation President Thrax Annorax . . .as Thrax . . .as Annorax born 3 July 1943 ; age 75 ) is an actor who has played three different roles on Star Trek , spanning a movie and three episodes . He first appeared as the Federation President in Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country and later played Thrax in the Star Trek : Deep Space Nine fifth season episode " Things Past " . He shared scenes with Rene Auberjonois in both of these productions . In 1997 , he played the role of Annorax in the Star Trek : Voyager fourth season episodes " Year of Hell " and " Year of Hell , Part II " . For " Year of Hell " , Smith filmed his scenes on Friday 15 August 1997 on Paramount Stage 9 and for " Year of Hell , Part II " between Friday 22 August and Tuesday 26 August on Paramount Stage 9 and 16 . His uniform from this episode was later sold off on the It ' s A Wrap ! sale and auction on eBay . [ 1 ] Smith is perhaps best known for his role as Red Forman in the situation comedy television series That ' 70s Show . He is also known for his role as gang leader Clarence Boddicker in the 1987 science fiction film RoboCop ( with Peter Weller and Ronny Cox ) . Acting professionally since the late 1970s , Smith has appeared in over 100 films and television shows and at least fourteen stage productions . Contents show Personal life Edit Kurtwood Larson Smith was born in New Lisbon , Wisconsin , but he and his family had moved to California by the late 1950s . Smith attended California ' s Canoga Park High School , where he was senior class president , and studied theater at the College of San Mateo and San Jose State University . He ultimately earned a Master of Fine Arts degree in Drama from Stanford University . Smith has said in interviews that his mother named him Kurtwood because she felt Kurt Smith was too short a name . Smith has said he believes he is the only Smith married Cecilia Souza in 1964 . They had two children together , a son and a daughter , before divorcing in 1974 . In 1988 , he married actress Joan Pirkle , whom he met on the set of RoboCop Career Notable film work Smith ' s earliest confirmed feature film work was a small role in the 1980 musical comedy Roadie , which also featured Hamilton Camp . The following year , he appeared in the musical Zoot Suit , along with John Anderson Mike Gomez Ed Peck Tony Plana , and Smith ' s Voyager co - star , Robert Beltran . Smith ' s first significant film role came in the 1984 action thriller Flashpoint , in which he worked with Kevin Conway and Miguel Ferrer Smith and Ferrer again worked together a few years later when both were cast in the 1987 blockbuster . In this film , Smith played Clarence Boddicker , the gang leader who kills the central character , police officer Alex Murphy , played by Peter Weller . Ferrer ' s character then reconstructs Murphy into the cyborg " RoboCop " . Ray Wise played one of Boddicker ' s gang members , while Ronny Cox played the executive who turned out to be employing and protecting Smith ' s character . Robert DoQui also appears in the film as Murphy ' s boss and shares a scene with Smith . Following the success of , Smith landed a supporting role in another action film , Rambo III . This was followed by major supporting roles in the 1989 films True Believer ( with Joel Polis Richard Fancy ) and Dead Poets Society . In the latter film , Smith played a father who disapproves of his son ' s wish to become an actor , leading his son to commit suicide . Norman Lloyd also appeared in the film , playing the headmaster of the school Smith ' s son was attending . Smith was the third male lead in the 1991 comic thriller Company Business , which was written and directed by Nicholas Meyer . This film led to Meyer casting Smith as the Federation President in Star Trek VI Company Business also starred Terry O ' Quinn and , like Star Trek VI , it was produced by Steven - Charles Jaffe and edited by Ronald Roose Smith was one of the many Star Trek alumni to appear in Woody Allen ' s Shadow and Fog ; his co - stars in this film included Robert Joy Kenneth Mars Richard Riehle Camille Saviola Wallace Shawn , and David Ogden Stiers . Smith then starred in the 1993 science fiction film Fortress , playing the lead villain , Prison Director Poe . Clifton Collins , Jr . Jeffrey Combs , and Tom Towles had roles in this film , as well . In the 1993 thriller The Crush , Smith and Gwynyth Walsh played the parents of the central character . Smith ' s subsequent film credits included To Die For ( 1995 ) , Citizen Ruth ( 1996 , with David Graf and Kenneth Mars ) , Broken Arrow ( 1996 , with Casey Biggs Bob Gunton James MacDonald Vyto Ruginis Christian Slater ) , A Time to Kill Ashley Judd ) , Deep Impact ( 1998 , with Ellen Bry James Cromwell Denise Crosby Mark Moses Tucker Smallwood Concetta Tomei ) , and Girl , Interrupted ( starring Whoopi Goldberg Winona Ryder ) . Since 2000 , Smith ' s film credits have consisted of shorts and independent productions . In 2006 , he was the recipient of the Independent Spirit Award at the 2006 Garden State Film Festival for his lead performance in the drama Hard Scrambled Thomas Kopache had a supporting role in this film . Smith was the voice of Kanjar Ro in the animated 2009 direct - to - DVD movie Green Lantern : First Flight . This film also featured the voices of Olivia d ' Abo Larry Drake Victor Garber David L . Lander John Larroquette Richard McGonagle William Schallert Malachi Throne In 2010 , Smith acted in his first major feature film in ten years , the comedy Cedar Rapids TNG guest star Stephen Root also has a supporting role in this film . Notable television work Guest appearances Smith made his television debut in an episode of the soap opera parody series Soap in 1980 . He has since appeared on such television programs as The A - Team ( starring Dwight Schultz , with Lance LeGault Picket Fences Sam Anderson William Newman 3rd Rock from the Sun Courtney Peldon ) , and Malcolm in the Middle Hallie Todd and the aforementioned Kenneth Mars ) . Kim Manners has directed Smith on at least three occasions . The first was a 1986 episode of Stingray which also featured Ian Abercrombie . The following year , they collaborated on an episode of 21 Jump Street in which Robert Hooks Ray Walston appeared . Smith and Manners reunited in 1996 for the " Grotesque " episode of the hit science fiction series The X - Files , executive - produced by John Shiban , in which Smith played Agent Bill Patterson . In 2007 , Smith appeared in two television series starring alumni : Psych , which features Corbin Bernsen House , which had Jennifer Morrison . On Psych , Smith also worked with Lisa Banes . In addition , Smith played FBI Agent Edward Cooper in three episodes of Medium , one in 2006 , another in 2008 , and the latest in 2009 . Smith appeared in the seventh season of the FOX drama series 24 , executive - produced by Manny Coto Brannon Braga . He played Senator Blaine Mayer , who was responsible for the disbanding of the Counter Terrorist Unit ( CTU ) and was attempting to bring Jack Bauer to justice for committing what he saw as Human rights violations . His character was killed by a rogue operative . Others who appeared on 24 that season include John Billingsley Connor Trinneer Bob Gunton Glenn Morshower Jeffrey Nordling Tony Todd Annie Wersching In addition to his live - action work , Smith has lent his voice to numerous animated programs . He voiced recurring characters on such shows as Eek ! The Cat ( as the Dinosaur Military Commander ) , The Zeta Project ( as Agent James Bennett ) , and Squirrel Boy ( as Mr . Johnson ) . He has also done voice work for episodes of Batman Beyond Grim & Evil Robot Chicken Mini - series and TV movies In 1981 , Smith appeared in the two - part NBC mini - series Murder in Texas , along with Warren Munson . In 1985 , Smith had a supporting role in the television movie The Midnight Hour , which starred Star Trek : The Next Generation regular LeVar Burton The 1986 , Smith worked with another TNG regular , Jonathan Frakes , in the mini - series North and South , Book II , in which Smith played Colonel Hram Berdan . Other performers he worked with on this production included Kirstie Alley Mary Crosby Jim Metzler James Read Leon Rippy Bumper Robinson William Schallert Jean Simmons David Ogden Stiers Anthony Zerbe In the 1998 television movie A Bright Shining Lie , Smith and fellow Trek guest actors Ed Lauter Harve Presnell all played generals . Regular roles Smith has been a regular cast member on several television series . His first was Renegades , a police drama which ran on ABC in the spring 1983 . Smith played Police Captain Frank Scanlon on this series , which involved members of a street gang being recruited by the police to fight crime . Tracy Scoggins Brian Tochi were also regulars on this series . For the 1987 - 1988 television season , Smith played the lead villain in the espionage adventure series The New Adventures of Beans Baxter . Smith ' s character , Mr . Sue , was the leader of the Underground Government Liberation Intergroup ( U.G.L.I. ) , who spent the series trying to capture the title character , high school student and secret spy " Beans " Baxter . Baxter ' s mother was played by Elinor Donahue Smith ' s next series was the situation comedy Big Wave Dave ' s , which ran on NBC for six episodes in 1993 . On this series , Smith played a beach bum who claimed to be Jack Lord , the actor who starred in Hawaii Five - O and who was Gene Roddenberry ' s first choice for the role of James T . Kirk in the 1960s . Smith had his greatest success playing Reginald " Red " Forman in the FOX comedy series That ' 70s Show . He played the role through all eight seasons of the show – from 1998 through 2006 – and appeared in all 201 episodes . Don Stark was also a regular on the series , playing Red Forman ' s neighbor and occasional boss , Bob Pinciotti . Next , Smith starred in the CBS series Worst Week as Dick Clayton . The series aired for fifteen episodes from September 2008 through February 2009 . The series was officially canceled in May 2009 ; a previously unaired episode , which aired in June 2009 , was its last . Smith also worked with on a pilot for CBS called Hitched ( co - starring with Sharon Lawrence ) , though it has yet to be picked up as a series . More recently , Smith has been the voice of Don Killbride in the animated TBS series Neighbors from Hell , which premiered in June 2010 . Other Trek connections Films The Deer Hunter ( 1978 , uncredited ) with John Savage Going Berzerk ( 1983 ) with Rosalind Chao Elinor Donahue Richard Libertini Two Idiots in Hollywood ( 1988 ) with Jim Beaver William Utay Homesick ( 1988 , short ) with Miriam Flynn Heart of Dixie ( 1989 ) with Barbara Babcock Virginia Madsen Tom Wright Quick Change ( 1990 ) with Reg E . Cathey Tim Halligan Oscar ( 1991 ) with Mark Metcalf Heart and Souls ( 1993 , uncredited ) with Alfre Woodard Under Siege 2 : Dark Territory ( 1995 ) with Brenda Bakke Jonathan Banks Christopher Darga Patrick Kilpatrick Shelter ( 1998 ) with Brenda Bakke Teddy Bears ' Picnic ( 2002 ) with Henry Gibson Kenneth Mars Michael McKean Brenda Strong Television Episodic Blue Thunder episode " Revenge in the Sky " ( 1984 ) with David Spielberg Riptide episode " The Orange Grove " ( 1984 ) with Stanley Kamel Ken Olandt It ' s a Living episode " Hail to the Chef " ( 1985 ) with John Putch The Magnificent Seven episode " Ghosts of the Confederacy " ( 1998 ) with Andrew Kavovit Ron Perlman Ned Romero Rick Worthy UC : Undercover episode " Of Fathers and Sons " ( 2001 ) directed by Lou Antonio TV movies Missing Pieces ( 1983 ) with Robin Gammell Kenneth Tigar Deadly Messages ( 1985 ) with Raye Birk International Airport ( 1985 ) with Susan Oliver Jason Wingreen The Christmas Gift ( 1986 ) with Anne Haney Harvey Vernon Doorways ( 1992 ) with Gary Epper Max Grodénchik Robert Knepper External links at Wikipedia at IMDb NowCasting . com Categories Performers Film performers DS9 performers VOY performers Add category Languages : Deutsch Español Nederlands	[ "Kurtwood Smith", "actor", "Star Trek" ]
http://memory-alpha.wikia.com/wiki/Paramount_Stage_9	in : Filming locations Paramount Stage 9 English Edit Share Real World article ( written from a Production point of view Paramount logo found at the intro of many Star Trek films Paramount Stage 9 is located on the Paramount Pictures lot in Hollywood , California . Stage 9 was used in most Star Trek productions including the first seven feature films Star Trek : The Next Generation and Star Trek : Voyager It was used through the four - year run of Star Trek : Enterprise and also housed sets for the 2009 film Contents show 1977 - 1986 Edit During its 1977 pre - production , sets for Star Trek : Phase II were slated for construction and permanent use on Stage 9 . Main bridge from Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country Main engineering from Star Trek : The Motion Picture Most of Phase II ' s sets were completed when that series gave way to production of Star Trek : The Motion Picture , at which point they were modified and expanded for use in the feature film . Stage 9 contained the primary interiors of the refit Enterprise and the USS Enterprise - A including the main bridge transporter room sickbay corridor complex Captain Kirk ' s cabin , and engineering After the first feature , the dilithium chamber was added to engineering for the climax of Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan . The sets remained mostly unchanged for Star Trek III : The Search for Spock The stage was used through Star Trek IV : The Voyage Home for Bird - of - Prey and - A interiors , until it was taken over for permanent use in Star Trek : The Next Generation Paramount Stage 8 housed the rec deck of the , seen in The Motion Picture 1987 - 1994 In 1987 , with the start of , the sets on Stage 9 underwent minor modifications , the most drastic of which being the overhaul of the engineering and main bridge sets – the latter becoming the battle bridge of the USS - D Corridors from With new bridge and living quarters sets being constructed on Stage 6 for season one , Stage 9 contained the - D ' s engineering , sickbay , crew quarters , transporter room , shuttlebay , and corridor complex sets . Other sets include the shuttlecraft interior , Data ' s quarters , and the Tamarian bridge seen in the episode " Darmok " , filmed on 24 July 1991 25 July 1991 . The scenes on the Rutian plaza in the episode " The High Ground " were also filmed on stage 9 as were the scenes aboard the Talarian observation craft in the episode " Suddenly Human " , filmed on 27 July 1990 . Stage 9 also housed the workout room seen in episodes such as " Clues 29 November 1990 Sickbay doubled as the observation lounge until season two , during which the main bridge , crew quarters , Ten Forward lounge , and observation lounge were built on Stage 8 . Sickbay was completely rebuilt . Over the seven season run of TNG , the sets were refined – the corridors were expanded for longer tracking shots – but remained mostly unchanged even through the production of the seventh feature , Star Trek Generations The vast TNG interior sets were redressed for the final two original series movies , Star Trek V : The Final Frontier Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country in 1988 respectively . Space across from the transporter room was saved for swing sets such as Troi ' s office and the battle bridge doubled as Data ' s lab and other locations , on and off the Stage 8 housed the remaining - D interiors used in TNG and Generations Break - in On 10 January 2007 , a user on the video sharing website YouTube posted four videos entitled Stage 9 Interlopers Consisting of four parts , the videos were shot on the night of 10 March 1988 by ( at least ) two fervent fans who had broken onto the Paramount lot . Wandering through the darkened sets of ( circa season one ) , the fans were able to light select parts of the sets , including most of the ship ' s display terminals and part of the warp core . Dressed in a makeshift Starfleet uniform ( with white socks ) , one of the fans acted as the host of what was likely intended to be a homemade documentary – at one point climbing onto a sickbay biobed , then accidentally knocking it to the floor . Taking still photographs of the various " working " control panels , the fans can be heard discussing ways of removing set pieces from the stage . According the YouTube user ' s description of the videos , when the fans were caught , they dropped the camcorder containing the footage and fled . [ 1 ] 1994 - 2001 After their use in Generations , the sets on Stage 9 underwent yet another revamp for their debut as the Voyager Corridors from Star Trek : Voyager While retaining their general position , the Voyager interior sets were dramatically expanded , engineering gaining a large second level and sickbay expanding to include a larger doctor ' s office and ( from the second season on ) an adjoining medical lab . The corridor complex was similarly expanded . Stage 9 also housed the quarters sets and the transporter room In its previous incarnation , engineering stood as part of the corridor complex and was often modified to represent a junction or living area . The revamp for VOY corrected this problem by making engineering its own compartment – a permanent standing set . In 1995 ' s sickbay was modified for use in Star Trek : First Contact and again in 1997 Star Trek : Insurrection . The entrance to main engineering also represented the - E ' s library . Stage 8 housed the remaining interiors used in VOY . For the second season episode " Resistance " , Stage 9 housed the set of Caylem ' s shelter . The scenes were filmed on Monday 25 September 1995 and Tuesday 26 September On Monday 2 April 2001 , Stage 9 housed the sets for the cave interiors , jungle sets , and rocky side areas during second unit for the seventh season episode " Natural Law " . 2001 - 2005 2001 , following the end of ' s final season , all of the sets in Stage 9 were permanently removed . Star Trek : Enterprise , " In a Mirror , Darkly Instead of being home to the interiors of NX - 01 , Stage 9 housed only that series ' cave set and various swing sets . Paramount Stages 18 and 8 housed all of the NX - 01 interiors used in Stage 9 housed the following sets : Captain ' s mess ENT : " Terra Nova " ) Terra Nova underground tunnels caves gutting room , and well ENT : " " ) Underground catacombs stairwell , archway , meditation room , and reliquary at the monastery at P ' Jem The Andorian Incident The meditation room set was built near the spot where the aboard the was built for in 1977 . ( " The Andorian Incident " , text commentary ENT Season 1 DVD special feature The catacombs sets in this episode were an expansion of the cave sets from the previous episode , " " and were enlarged , modified , and several times used on following episodes of . ( " The Andorian Incident " , text commentary ENT Season 1 DVD special feature Surface of Archer ' s Comet Breaking the Ice Shuttlepod 1 interior , Akaali forest clearing basement mine control room and stairwell ( Civilization Risan bistro , nightclub , and basement under the nightclub and Hoshi Sato ' s apartment Two Days and Two Nights Rura Penthe Judgment Bridge Defiant In a Mirror , Darkly " , " In a Mirror , Darkly , Part II Rigel X These Are the Voyages . . . Stage 9 roof in " These Are the Voyages . . . The ceiling of the stage was actually seen in the scenes of " " , as it was deemed a good fit for the interior of the complex . Stage 9 was home to the mines of Remus 2002 for the filming of scenes from Star Trek Nemesis Following the cancellation of 2005 , Stage 9 was , for the first time in many years , put into use in non - productions . 2007 According to a May 2007 news item from The Trek Movie Report website , J.J. Abrams ' 2009 film , , was – in part – filmed on Paramount ' s Stage 9 . Set construction was scheduled to take place in July 2007 , utilizing other " historic " sound stages including Stages 8 , 11 14 15 , and 18 . [ 2 ] Productions Star Trek : Phase II Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan Star Trek III : The Search for Spock Star Trek IV : The Voyage Home Star Trek V : The Final Frontier Star Trek Generations Star Trek : First Contact Star Trek : Insurrection Star Trek Nemesis 2009 Paramount stages 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 25 29 31 32 M Sources Judith Garfield Reeves - Stevens Star Trek Phase II : The Lost Series Stephen Edward Poe A Vision of the Future - Star Trek : Voyager Michael Denise Okuda Star Trek Nemesis ( Special Edition ) Michael Okuda , A Brief History of Paramount Stages 8 & 9 StarTrek . com [ 3 ] ( X ) External links Paramount Pictures – official website StarTrek . com , the official website Categories Filming locations Add category Languages : Deutsch	[ "Paramount Stage 9", "Hollywood", "Star Trek p" ]
http://memory-alpha.wikia.com/wiki/Rascals_(episode)	in TNG episodes Rascals episode English Share Real World article written from a Production point of view Rascals TNG Episode 6x07 Production number 40276233 First aired 2 November 1992 132nd of 176 produced in TNG 132nd of 176 released in TNG 240th of 748 released in all Teleplay by Allison Hock Story by Ward Botsford Diana Dru Botsford and Michael Piller Directed by Adam Nimoy 462357 2369 Captain Picard Ensign Ro Guinan and Keiko OBrien are regressed physiologically to age 12 by a transporter accident but retain their adult memories resulting in different reactions from each When rogue Ferengi hijack the Enterprise the young crewmembers along with Alexander Rozhenko lead the revolt Contents show Summary Teaser Captains Log Stardate 462357 Ensign Ro Keiko OBrien Guinan and I are returning to the Enterprise after a fascinating visit to the planet Marlonia As twelve year olds Returning to the USS Enterprise D from a botanic and archaeology expedition on the planet Marlonia where Keiko OBrien had found a specimen of Draebidium calimus and Captain Picard had found 700yearold crockery with inscriptions somewhat resembling early Taguan but more closely resembling Barolian designs the Enterprise D shuttlecraft Fermi carrying Ro Laren Captain Picard Keiko and Guinan is enveloped by an energy anomaly The emergency transport to the Enterprise is difficult Chief OBrien having been puzzled by the implication of a forty percent drop in mass of the transportees and upon being beamed aboard the Enterprise D OBrien and the away party themselves are shocked by the materialization on the transporter platform of a twelveyearold captain bartender botanist and Bajoran ensign instead of their adult selves Act One Despite their new appearances the crew fortunately still have the mental capacity and memories of their former bodies Since he seems physically fit enough Picard immediately heads to the bridge to handle the situation While dealing with the crews discomfort at his appearance he gives the command to leave a probe to study the area and head to Ligos VII once they are done salvaging the remains of the Fermi Privately Doctor Crusher tries to convince him to relieve himself of duty in case the transformation becomes more serious He reluctantly agrees and retires to his quarters Elsewhere on the ship Guinan and Ro are trying to adjust to their new lifestyles Ro just wants to return to duty while Guinan is enjoying this experience She tells Ro she has not been this young in a very long time and she intends to enjoy every minute of it Ro complains constantly about how much she hates being a child and Guinan insists how fun childhood is Ro leaves to contemplate her current situation alone in her quarters and young Guinan joins her in a turbolift Also Keikos situation is at odds with her family life what with her being a wife and mother Her husband Miles is confounded by fact that she now resembles the image of a twelveyearold girl In the course of a difficult discussion with Keiko who is worried about their marriage he eventually reassures her that they will make it work but admits he does not know how Their daughter Molly does not recognize her mother when she comes to read her a bedtime story Rather than telling Molly what has happened Keiko leaves the room and Miles tells the bedtime story Act Two First Officers Log supplemental The Enterprise has reached the Ligos system We have begun to search for the missing Federation science team Doctor Crusher reports no progress on a cure for the members of the shuttle crew Counselor Troi comes to see Picard Exploring the possibility that he must grow up again she suggests alternatives for him should Starfleet not accept a child Captain such as getting another degree at Starfleet Academy or taking a sabbatical and studying geology or archaeology He admits the options have an appeal but still seem like a big step and feels like moving backward instead of forward Dr Crusher compares the ryboviroxicnucleic sequences of tissues taken from Picard prior to the event and afterwards It appears that the new sample is missing several key viroxic sequences She explains to Riker that somehow these sequences were lost during transport The same effect happened to Keikos plants By accelerating the growth the plant became a normal older plant which means if they do nothing the crew will grow up again like normal She wonders if they can use the transporter pattern buffer since she has their patterns on file La Forge arrives in the cargo bay with the sensor report to meet OBrien where they study the shuttle debris It looks like tritanium s molecular structure on the starboard side has completely broken down and can be easily crushed with the hand He decides to run a metallurgical analysis on it in engineering Meanwhile Guinan finally persuades Ro to have a little childhood fun which apparently allows Ro to relax and enjoy herself they jump on a bed each trying to go higher than the other La Forge and OBrien report to Riker their theory a molecular reversion field caught the shuttle and threw off the transporter lock reconstructing them as children when it missed the RVB sequences Crusher starts to confirm her transporter option with OBrien when Riker is called to the bridge since they have arrived at Ligos VII The crew start their investigation when two Klingon BirdsofPrey decloak and start firing Act Three The EnterpriseD under attack by the Ferengi renegades The Enterprise is able to fire briefly but quickly loses systems Soon they are boarded by Ferengi at multiple locations including the bridge Fortunately Riker manages to lock out the computers command functions They begin transporting all adults to the surface of the planet The DaiMon Lurin enters the bridge and the Ferengi crew report they have secured the ship but dont have command access Lurin addresses Riker and declares the ship to be a loss and open for claim to salvage demanding they help or they will start killing them Act Four The Ferengi decide to keep the children aboard the ship One takes Picard to one of the schoolrooms and leaves him Ro Guinan Keiko and Alexander are already there Ro knows they have engineering and several decks and they have to assume they have the bridge With command functions locked out they have limited options Lurin is enjoying the ready room and tells Riker they are not affiliated with the Ferengi Alliance He reveals their plan to use the crew as additional slave labor in extracting vendarite from the planet the Federation science team already being used Lurin wants to sell the Enterprise to the Romulans and threatens to kill them all unless Riker helps him Picard and Guinan wrestle with the childrens computer which wont allow normal schematic information but they do get a decent representation of the ship in general Ro and Keiko open up a panel to a Jefferies tube and they all head in to start their plan Picard and Keiko lure the Ferengi in the transporter room out with a toy car obtain phasers and set up a force field around the transporter pad while Alexander steals two hyposprays from sickbay and Ro and Guinan head to main engineering and wait Next Picard needs to talk to Riker By tricking Berik the Ferengi guard outside the room in which he is held captive by acting petulant as a child might Picard manages to get him to bring him to Riker under the pretense that Riker is his father Riker is surprised but immediately plays along Act Five Pretending to want to play computer games Picard conveys the message while sitting in the observation lounge to Riker to activate the LCARS net in the schoolroom which would give them full access to the computer systems Once Picard is back in the classroom Lurin threatens to harm the children if Riker does not unlock the computer and teach his lieutenant Morta how to operate the Enterprise Riker pretends to instruct the Ferengi officer but only speaks in nonsensical technobabble On the side Riker unlocks the computer in the classroom When the children gain control to the transporter they start using combadges to beam the Ferengi behind the force field on the transporter pad and the weapons deactivation program to disable their sidearms With the majority of the Ferengi confined and with help from Riker Picard disables the Ferengi on the bridge and confronts Lurin in the ready room with a phaser thus ending the siege Captains Log Stardate 462363 We have taken Lurin and his men into custody The Ferengi Alliance has quickly disavowed any knowledge of these renegades With the mining operation closed and our crew back on board we can now turn our attention to other problems After the Ferengi are taken into custody the doctor and Chief OBrien use the transporter to change Picard Keiko and Guinan back into adults However at Guinans suggestion Ro stays a child a little longer so she can finally learn to enjoy her childhood Log entries Captains log USS Enterprise NCC1701D 2369 First officers log USS Enterprise NCC1701D Memorable quotes Look at these fragments Theyre theyre very nearly in perfect condition and yet theyre seven hundred years old So is my father Picard and Guinan So what the hell am I supposed to do now Young Ro getting used to being a child again You are asking me to step down You are still JeanLuc Picard What do you think you should do Young Picard recommended to hand command of the Enterprise to Riker by Crusher Well I should be doing something instead of just standing around waiting for them to find a cure Youre right Lets go play Young Ro and young Guinan Childhood was a long depressing period of my life and I was grateful when it was finally over Id rather not relive it Young Ro I havent been young for a long time and I intend to enjoy every minute of it Young Guinan Its I dont know but this feels wrong somehow Miles Edward OBrien I am still your wife Technically yes Technically No II mean of course youre my wife But youre also ten years old Beverly said its actually closer to 12 Thats not the point So what is the point Is our marriage over I didnt say that But until they find a way to reverse this effect its hard to ignore the fact that youre a little girl Miles O Brien and Young Keiko You could return to the Academy Take another degree Brush up on your Latin And be Wesley Crushers roommate Troi and Young Picard discussing Picards choices while waiting for his body to mature again Ive spent my life looking forward Young Picard about his attitude toward life Its a childs computer remember Computer can you show me a picture of the inside of the Enterprise Yes I can The Enterprise is a Galaxy class starship Can you spell Enterprise ENTER Delete audio Young Guinan elementary school computer and young Picard This is the first time these Jefferies tubes havent seemed cramped How much farther do we have to go About fifty meters Dont tell me youre tired Im not as young as I used to be Shared chuckle Young Ro and young Guinan I need to see my father I need to see him right now I need to see him now Now now now now now now now N Stop it you hurt me I want my father I want my father Young Picard to Berik Thanks number one A Ferengi guard eyes Picard and Riker with suspicion Hes my number one dad Picard and Riker embrace grinning widely Young Picard plotting with Riker to recapture the Enterprise Okay Morta The Enterprise computer system is controlled by three primary main processor cores crosslinked with redundant melacortzramistat 14kiloquad interface modules The core element is based on an FTL nanoprocessor with 25 bilateral kelilactirals With twenty of those being slaved into the primary Heisenfram terminals Now you know what a bilateral kelilactiral is Of course I do Human I am not stupid No Of course not This is the isopalavial interface which controls the main firomantal drive unit Dont touch that youll blow up the entire firomantal drive Alright wawaWait Whawhat is a a ferromactal drive Just explain it to me That is the firomantal drive unit it controls the ramistat core and keeps the ontarian manifold at 40000 KRGs The firomantal drive is powered by Riker spouting gibberish and just a hint of real treknobabble about the inner workings of the Enterprise computer to Morta Riker repeatedly says firomantal Morta mispronounces it I believe youre in my chair Young Picard as he points a phaser at Lurin in his ready room How do you feel I feel fine Everything seems a little smaller Crusher after Picard is returned to being an adult by the transporter Did you do this one too Uhhuh I did that one all of them Adult Guinan and young Ro discussing Ros drawings Background information Goldberg and script supervisor Cosmo Genovese on set Production history Writers first draft script 10 November 1991 Final draft script 4 September 1992 Premiere airdate 2 November 1992 First UK airdate 23 August 1995 Story and production Ronald D Moore commented When Michael Piller bought the premise I thought he was completely insane An Away Team rematerializes on the transporter as children with adult minds I tried again and again to bury this idea which of course meant that I would get saddled with the inevitable rewrite when the script came in I just thought it was a ludicrous idea and wanted nothing to do with it That said once I got the assignment the professional writer in me had to commit to the material and do the best with it that I could so I tried very hard to bring AOL chat 1997 As originally scripted when the Ferengi begin to board the Enterprise both Worf and Data would have been attacked by the intruders By the time the episode went to production Data was allowed to remain uninjured and can be seen held captive along with the rest of the bridge crew Jill Sherman Donner is credited as cowriter on the shooting script but not the actual episode 1 This episode is directed by Adam Nimoy the son of Leonard Nimoy He also later directed Timescape Cast Adam Nimoy directs Birkin This is the last episode of the series chronologically in which Miles OBrien Colm Meaney appears Soon after he transfers to Deep Space 9 In fact this episode was filmed after the DS9 pilot Emissary although it aired two months earlier He does appear in All Good Things in the scenes set in 2364 This episode also marks the final appearance of Rosalind Chao Keiko OBrien and the only appearance of Hana Hatae Molly OBrien on the series Both make their first Star Trek Deep Space Nine appearances in A Man Alone Mike Gomez and Tracey Walter previously appeared together as different Ferengi Tarr and Kayron respectively in The Last Outpost Michael Snyder also previously played a different Ferengi Qol in The Perfect Mate The young Picard is played by the same actor David Tristan Birkin who played René Picard Captain Picards nephew in the episode Family David was actually 15 when Rascals was filmed The actress who played young Guinan Isis J Jones also played the young version of Whoopi Goldberg s adult Guinan character in the movie Sister Act which was released the same year as this episode aired Continuity There is a reference to this episode in the Deep Space Nine fourth season episode Bar Association In that episode Odo cites the case of the Ferengi invaders as an example of a security breach aboard the Enterprise D Two shots of the battle against the BirdsofPrey were reused from Yesterdays Enterprise Captain Kirk and crew had undergone a similar change reverting to children in the Star Trek The Animated Series episode The CounterClock Incident Picard pretending to be Rikers son recalls the episode Future Imperfect in which Riker had a son named JeanLuc in a holographic simulation of the Enterprise D Video and DVD releases UK VHS release twoepisode tapes CIC Video Volume 67 17 May 1993 As part of the TNG Season 6 DVD collection Links and references Starring Patrick Stewart as Capt JeanLuc Picard Jonathan Frakes as Cmdr William Riker Also starring LeVar Burton as Lt Cmdr Geordi La Forge Michael Dorn as Lieutenant Worf Gates McFadden as Dr Beverly Crusher Marina Sirtis as Counselor Deanna Troi Brent Spiner as Lt Commander Data Guest stars Colm Meaney as Miles OBrien Rosalind Chao as Keiko OBrien Michelle Forbes as Ro Laren David Tristan Birkin as Picard age 12 Megan Parlen as Ro age 12 Caroline Junko King as Keiko age 12 Isis J Jones as Guinan age 12 Mike Gomez as Lurin Tracey Walter as Berik Michael Snyder as Morta Brian Bonsall as Alexander Rozhenko And Special guest star Whoopi Goldberg as Guinan Costars Morgan Nagler as Kid 1 Hana Hatae as Molly Majel Barrett Roddenberry as Computer Voice Uncredited costars Lena Banks as operations division ensign Michael Braveheart as Martinez Carl David Burks as Russell Tracee Lee Cocco as Jae Tony Cruz as Lopez Grace Harrell as operations division officer Christie Haydon as command division ensign David B Levinson as Ferengi Adam Lieberman as Ferengi David Jeffries as Ferengi Michael Moorehead as science division ensign Keith Rayve as command division ensign Victor Sein as command division officer Noriko Suzuki as operations division ensign Unknown performers as Female command division officer Five Ferengi Four school children Humuhumunukunukuapuaa computer voice Two technicians Stunt doubles George Colucci as stunt double for Michael Snyder Mark Riccardi as stunt double for Jonathan Frakes Standins and photo doubles David Keith Anderson standin for LeVar Burton Carl David Burks standin for Brent Spiner Tracee Cocco hand double for David Tristan Birkin Michael Echols standin for Michael Dorn Nora Leonhardt standin for Marina Sirtis Lorine Mendell standin for Gates McFadden Richard Sarstedt standin for Jonathan Frakes Dennis Tracy standin for Patrick Stewart adolescence anesthizine alloy archeology auxiliary power bearing bilateral kelilactiral bioscan Brel class Buranian calcium childhood central computer class 4 probe coffee crayon cream Crusher Wesley cup DaiMon DNA doll Draebidium calimus Draebidium froctus drawing Earl Grey tea elements Federation Ferengi Salvage Code Fermi firomactal drive FTL nanoprocessor Galaxy class Humuhumunukunukuapuaa inertial damper interface module Jefferies tube jumper keiyurium kiloquad Langford Latin Ligos VII Ligos system Lurins BirdofPrey Marlonia Marlonian meter mercury element microfracture Midsummer Nights Dream A molecular reversion field Number one pattern buffer preadolescence phase inducer plant biology primary heisenfram terminal puberty quad red alert redundant melacortz ramistat refugee camp remote controlled toy Ro Talia Romulans royal blue ryboviroxicnucleic sabbatical secondary generator security access code security field shore leave spelling square root Starfleet Starfleet Academy sugar Suvin IV tag Taguan Tarcassian razor beast tin tissue sample torsional stress toy transporter Transporter Room 3 transporter signature transposition matrix tritanium turbolift Type 6 shuttlecraft Vendarite vocabulary Library computer references Table of Elements Accurentum Averyonium Babaloo Beium Bermanium Brownfieldium Bugsonian Californium Cavorite Chanockian Cheeseium Chico Chronister Cosmoium Craftium Curly Daffyduckium Dentium Dilithium Disneyium Drapanas Duckdodgers Estonianium Exitstageleft Fieldium Franconium Freedonia Gamma series Groucho Grouchoian Harpo Hawkeye Hobbes Hydrogen Hypersonic series Jamesium Johnsonium Jonesium Keiyurium Kryptonite Lithium Magnumium PI Mazdaium Meeseian Mega series Monty Neskoromnium Omega series Paramount Pillerium Poi Potatoeium Princessium Purseronite Quarkian Redskinium Rhubarbium Smutkoian Snarkium Sodium Stimsonium Stoogeian Stoogeium Sufferinsucat Thomsonian Tngonian Transonic series World series Yacobian Zeppo External links Rascals at Memory Beta the wiki for licensed Star Trek works Rascals at Wikipedia Rascals at StarTrekcom the official Star Trek website Rascals at MissionLogPodcastcom a Roddenberry Star Trek 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http://memory-alpha.wikia.com/wiki/Seven_of_Nine	in : Memory Alpha featured articles Humans USS Voyager personnel and 3 more Seven of Nine English View source Share Multiple realities ( covers information from several alternate timelines Gender : Female Species : Human , former Borg drone Affiliation : Federation Starfleet Borg Collective ( formerly ) Occupation : Scientist Status : Active 2378 Born : Stardate 25479 ( 2350 ) , Tendara colony Father : Magnus Hansen Mother : Erin Hansen Marital Status : Single Children : One Other Relative ( s ) : Irene Hansen aunt Sven Hansen ( 22nd century ancestor ) Played by Jeri Ryan Erica Lynne Bryan ( as a child ) , Katelin Petersen ( as a child ) Seven redirects here ; for the interstellar secret agent , please see Gary Seven What ' s your designation ? " " Seven of Nine , Tertiary Adjunct of Unimatrix 01 . But you may call me Seven of Nine . Kathryn Janeway and Seven of Nine 2374 ( " Scorpion , Part II " ) ( full Borg designation : Seven of Nine , Tertiary Adjunct of Unimatrix 01 ) was a Human female who was a former Borg drone . She was born Annika Hansen on stardate 25479 ( 2349 ) , the daughter of eccentric exobiologists Magnus and Erin Hansen . She was assimilated by the Borg in 2356 at age six , along with her parents , but was liberated by the crew of the USS Voyager in 2374 . She joined the crew and returned to the Alpha Quadrant with the starship in 2378 Contents show Early life Annika was born on the Federation Tendara colony on Stardate 25479 . During her childhood , she never visited Earth . ( VOY : " Hunters " ) Her favorite color growing up was red . ( VOY : " The Gift " ) As a young child , Annika often stayed with her aunt , Irene Hansen . Her favorite treats were strawberry tarts , which Irene once used to coax Annika out of a guest room in which she had locked herself . She was very strong - willed and did not hesitate to point out if the strawberries used in baking the tarts were not perfectly ripe . ( Author , Author " ) At one point in her childhood , she wanted to become a ballerina . ( One Small Step " ) Time on the Raven Annika Hansen aboard the Raven in 2356 Annika ' s parents , Magnus and Erin Hansen , were exobiologists investigating the existence of the Borg . After a great deal of persuasion , the granted the Hansens the use of the USS , a small long - range craft , to aid them in their investigation . In 2353 , they took Annika , then aged four , along with them . They spent a good deal of time aboard the in search of the Borg ; Annika celebrated three birthdays aboard the ship . Eventually , the Hansens encountered a Borg cube and followed it through its transwarp conduit into the Delta Quadrant , the Borg ' s region of origin . They gathered a great deal of scientific data on the biology of Borg drones and the nature of the Collective by moving undetected through Borg space due to multi - adaptive shielding , invented by Magnus Hansen . They even went aboard Borg vessels , using bio - dampeners to remain undetected . However , their research came to an abrupt end in 2356 when an ion storm struck the . The ship sustained damage , including , most importantly , damage to the multi - adaptive shielding , which went off - line for 13.2 seconds . This left them exposed long enough for the Borg to detect them and perceive them as a target for assimilation . The Hansens tried to evade pursuit by masking the ' s warp trail , but the Borg still managed to pursue and find them . They and their daughter were promptly captured and assimilated . Naturally , the experience was traumatizing for Annika . ( The Raven " , " Dark Frontier " ) Life as a Borg drone Seven of Nine , Tertiary Adjunct of Unimatrix 01 Annika was placed in a maturation chamber , where the hive mind began to restructure her synaptic pathways and purge her individuality . She emerged as a Borg drone five years later in 2361 , the turmoil of having been forcibly assimilated replaced with order , and spent the next thirteen years in the Collective with the designation Seven of Nine . As a drone , she assisted in the assimilation of millions , from individuals to entire species . She personally assimilated many individuals from a variety of species , including Humans , Klingons Ferengi Bajorans Bolians Krenim , and Cardassians Infinite Regress " , " Collective In early 2368 , Seven of Nine , along with three other drones in her unimatrix crash landed on a planet in the Delta Quadrant . The other drones , who were assimilated as adults , began to regain their identities upon being severed from the Borg Collective , but Seven was frightened as she knew nothing else but life as a drone . She forcibly linked the other drones together into a temporary collective in order to suppress their identities , and they were retrieved soon after . ( Survival Instinct " ) Seven of Nine remained a Borg drone until 2374 , when she was liberated . ( Scorpion , Part II The Gift USS Voyager Torn from the Collective Disconnected from the Collective During the brief war between the Borg and Species 8472 in late 2373 , the USS was caught between the two belligerents . Seeking to protect her crew , and being made aware of the extreme threat to the galaxy posed by Species 8472 , Captain Kathryn Janeway forged an alliance with the Borg , offering them the technology behind modified Borg nanoprobes which could be used as biological photon torpedo warheads against their common enemy , in exchange for safe passage through Borg space and non - assimilation . The Collective assigned Seven of Nine to work with to develop the weapon . When her cube sacrificed itself to save from an attacking 8472 bio - ship , she and a small number of drones beamed onto to continue the work . Janeway was severely injured , leaving her first officer Commander Chakotay , in command . Seven of Nine wanted to go to another cube , but Chakotay refused . The drones attempted to commandeer ' s navigation systems to take it to the nearest cube , but Chakotay decompressed the deck the drones were on , blowing them into space . Seven of Nine , however , managed to remain aboard . Instructed to do so by the Collective , she took into Species 8472 ' s realm , forcing deployment of the modified nanoprobe torpedoes to protect the ship . A recovered Janeway resumed command and reinstated the alliance . The torpedoes proved effective . Now vulnerable , 8472 retreated . However , the Collective broke the alliance and Seven of Nine attempted to take to be assimilated . But this was anticipated and a contingency plan was successfully enacted which permanently severed her link to the Collective . Janeway decided to keep Seven of Nine aboard . ( Scorpion Seven confronts Janeway about being separated from the Collective The transition back to Humanity was difficult for Seven of Nine . She appeared to accept her severance from the Collective , but tried to contact it at the first opportunity . She was stopped , however . ( The Doctor ' s holographic chief medical officer , was able to remove most of her implants and restore most of her Human appearance , but her long - term assimilation meant that some parts were vital to her survival and could not be removed . She also refused to be called by her name of Annika Hansen as Seven of Nine was the designation she had always known . But she accepted a shortened version , " Seven " at the suggestion of Captain Janeway . ( Day of Honor Shortly after Seven was freed from the collective , neared a moon in B ' omar space , the location of the crashed wreck of the , which had been partially assimilated by the Borg when they caught it . A Borg homing beacon aboard was still active . Seven began experiencing visions of a raven and flashbacks to the time she was assimilated . The beacon reactivated several of Seven ' s nanoprobes , giving her an irresistible drive to find the source of the beacon . She escaped in a shuttlecraft and flew to the moon , discovered the ship and recovered the entire memory of her assimilation . ( The Raven Scientific accomplishments Seven of Nine at her station on the bridge During her first few months on , Seven attempted to help the engineering crew modify the warp drive to generate transwarp conduits . The efforts failed , and almost cost its warp core in the process . ( Day of Honor Along with Ensign Harry Kim , Seven of Nine designed and constructed the ship ' s astrometrics lab , which used Borg technology to plot routes that trimmed several years off of ' s journey . The lab became an important asset to and was Seven ' s domain for the rest of the journey . ( Revulsion Year of Hell " ) Using the astrometrics lab , Seven discovered the Hirogen communications network , which allowed to temporarily receive messages from the Alpha Quadrant . ( Hunters " ) When monthly data streams and , later , real - time communication became possible , Seven helped implement enhancements to deflector dish Life Line Author , Author Seven developed a technique for using Borg nanoprobes to revive an individual who had been dead several hours . It was used on Neelix in Mortal Coil A team led by Seven adapted a Borg design to contain and destroy Omega molecules found in the Delta Quadrant in . The molecules temporarily stabilized while in the chamber . Seven was the only one to see it happen ; as the Borg considered the Omega Molecule to be " perfection " in its purest form ( but had never been able to stabilize it ) , the former drone underwent what could be described as a religious experience when she saw Omega spontaneously stabilize . ( The Omega Directive Seven was part of the team which designed the Delta Flyer shuttlecraft in 2375 Extreme Risk Seven assisted in the construction of the quantum slipstream drive installed aboard 2375 In an alternate timeline , the use of the drive destroyed the ship , killing her and everyone else aboard . However , just after the drive was activated , a signal from that timeline was received by Seven via her cortical implants . This signal contained phase corrections that , when used , collapsed the slipstream , eliminating that timeline and saving the ship and crew . Timeless When crossed the territory of the anti - telepathic Devore , Seven helped develop a transporter suspension technique in order to hide telepathic crewmembers and Brenari refugees . ( Counterpoint In 2376 , Seven developed enhancements to her alcove that allowed her to process information and make connections between various events while she regenerated . This allowed Seven to deduce that photonic fleas had been degrading sensor efficiency and that a catapult built by an alien named Tash employed a tetryon reactor like that of the Caretaker ' s array . However , the process overloaded her cortical implants , and she began drawing wild conclusions concerning ' s mission and crew . She convinced Chakotay that ' s presence in the Delta Quadrant was intentional and a prelude to a joint Federation / Cardassian invasion , while later telling Captain Janeway that Chakotay was organizing a Maquis rebellion , using technology of the Caretaker , to launch strikes on Federation and Cardassian targets . She then began to believe that was sent to the Delta Quadrant to retrieve her from the Borg Collective , and that she would be analyzed and dissected upon return to the Alpha Quadrant . She left the ship in the Delta Flyer , but Janeway was able to convince her that this ' conspiracy ' was only a delusion caused by her alcove enhancements . She returned to and the enhancements were removed . ( The Voyager Conspiracy A hologram of Reginald Barclay was transmitted to in early 2377 . The hologram supposedly brought information to about using a geodesic fold to return the ship to the Alpha Quadrant . In reality , the hologram had been intercepted and reprogrammed by Ferengi , who wanted to harvest Seven of Nine ' s nanoprobes and sell them for profit . Although the holo - Barclay claimed modifications to the shields would protect while in the fold , Seven eventually discovered that the hologram was deceiving them . ( Inside Man Moral conflicts rescued a member of Species 8472 from a Hirogen hunting party in mid . Captain Janeway wanted to return the creature to its native fluidic space because it had told Tuvok of its plight telepathically ; it meant no harm and just wanted to go home . The Hirogen , however , wanted to hunt and kill it . They threatened to destroy unless the 8472 was returned to them . Seven felt that it should be surrendered in order to protect , but Captain Janeway strongly disagreed , saying that it was wrong to sacrifice another lifeform to save themselves . Seven refused to help open a quantum singularity into fluidic space to allow the 8472 to return to its realm , and Janeway confined her to the cargo bay . The Doctor needed nanoprobes to help treat the injured alien , and Seven was ordered to bring them to The Doctor so he could treat it . At the same time , a Hirogen hunter who had been injured from his initial hunt of the 8472 , and who The Doctor had been treating , attacked the 8472 . Seven transported both the Hirogen and the crew had fostered since she had been freed from the Collective . ( Prey encountered Entharan weapons broker Kovin . Seven worked with him and viewed the weapons he offered to sell , but was very much uncomfortable around him . She later struck him in engineering . With The Doctor ' s help , Seven recovered memories which suggested Kovin had assaulted her and stolen nanoprobes for use as weapons . Circumstantial evidence also supported her story , and tried to apprehend Kovin . It is later determined that her memories were simply ones from her time as a Borg drone mixed with experiences of Kovin . Unfortunately , Kovin was killed when tried to contact him and tell him of his innocence . Both Seven and The Doctor experienced deep remorse over contributing to Kovin ' s death . ( Retrospect Working to contain the Omega particles When the Omega particles were found in the Delta Quadrant , Seven held a certain fascination with them , since the Borg had tried , unsuccessfully , to stabilize the molecules . She believed they held the key to perfection and that she would be able to use the Borg research to stabilize the molecules . However , Captain Janeway believed it was too risky and the molecules were destroyed . They spontaneously stabilized shortly before being destroyed by . Seven witnessed this and experienced one of her first spiritual moments in the process . ( The Omega Directive A race of bounty hunters known as the Hazari began attacking . A group of aliens called the Think Tank offered to help defeat the Hazari , but wanted Seven of Nine as payment . Kurros , a member of the Think Tank , tried to appeal to Seven ' s quest for perfection and have her join willingly , but she declined his offer . Further investigation revealed that Kurros had hired the Hazari to attack for the express purpose of taking Seven of Nine . The crew developed a plan with the Hazari which involved Seven willingly joining the Think Tank . Once with them , she would disable systems aboard their vessel . Kurros sensed deception , and forced Seven to link with the Think Tank ' s telepathic net . She overloaded the network as the link was established , disrupting the function of their entire ship . Seven was returned to as the Think Tank was overwhelmed with a Hazari attack squadron . ( Think Tank In 2376 docked at a Markonian outpost . While there , Seven of Nine encountered the group of drones which she had linked together eight years prior . They had since been liberated from the Collective , but were permanently linked due to Seven ' s modifications . They attacked Seven in order to find out what she had done to them , but were stopped by security . Seven later voluntarily linked with the drones to retrieve the memories of the crash , but further damage was caused when the link was broken . Even though the drones were no longer connected to one another , all but Seven were left comatose . They needed their neural implants removed , but it would only give them a month to live . They could be saved if reassimilated into the Borg Collective , but Seven decided that a brief life as an individual was much more valuable than eternal life as a drone , and she ordered Survival Instinct Also that year , Seven was part of an away team which discovered the Vaadwaur race , placed in stasis centuries prior . Seven was excited at the prospect of helping to rebuild a society in order to atone for the destruction she participated in while a member of the Collective , and worked with the Vaadwaur to find them a new home . It was later determined that the Vaadwaur were warlike and hostile , and their awakening placed the region of space near their homeworld in great danger . Seven was upset that her intention to help may have caused further suffering . ( Dragon ' s Teeth Again during the same year , Seven and an injured Tuvok were captured by Penk , a Norcadian who organized the spectator sport Tsunkatse , and Seven was forced to fight in the ring . After rescue , Tuvok thanked her for taking his place in a red match and asked if she had recovered . Seven said that her victory only came from her loss of control , and worried that the three years she had spent regaining her Humanity were lost in the ring . However , Tuvok pointed out that her feelings of guilt , shame and remorse meant that her Humanity had been reaffirmed , not lost . ( Tsunkatse Seven held hostage by Iko 2377 , Seven became friends with a Nygean man named Iko , who had committed murder and had been sentenced to death on his homeworld . Initially , Iko took Seven prisoner when he was beamed aboard and made threats to the crew . He later became remorseful when his body and conscience were " healed " by Seven ' s nanoprobes after he was severely beaten by Yediq , the prison warden , when he threatened his family . Seven tried to help him avoid his death sentence , but his crime could not be forgiven by the victim ' s family and he was put to death . Seven was left troubled at the idea that Iko was executed for one murder while she had never been punished for her own actions in the Borg , but Janeway assured her that her time in the Collective was punishment enough . ( Repentance Dealings with the Borg Stealing a transwarp coil While transporting back to , a malfunction caused nanoprobes from Seven ' s bloodstream to merge with The Doctor ' s mobile emitter . The nanoprobes quickly assimilated the advanced 29th century technology , and used genetic material from Mulchaey to create an advanced Borg drone , with the emitter at its core . The drone lacked Borg programming , giving Seven the opportunity to communicate with him . She attempted to teach him to be an individual , and he was even given the name One by Neelix , but he wished to learn more about the Borg . Attempts to prevent the Borg from detecting One failed and his attempts to modify ' s weapons to fight them proved insufficient . He transported aboard the Borg vessel , destroying it from within . His built - in shielding allowed him to survive the explosion badly injured , but he refused treatment and died in ' s sickbay to keep the crew safe from constant assimilation threats . Seven mourned him as if she had lost a son . ( Drone Seven in Unimatrix Zero as Annika Hansen Later in ' s crew prepared for a daring raid on a damaged Borg sphere in order to steal a transwarp coil and substantially shorten their journey home . Seven was contacted by the Borg Queen , who revealed that she had set a trap for and its crew would be assimilated if she did not return to the Collective . Seven reluctantly agreed , learning that she was deliberately granted her freedom as part of a larger plan to assimilate Humanity . Seven resisted the Queen ' s attempts to convince her to develop a nanoprobe virus and was eventually rescued by ' s crew . ( Dark Frontier she discovered that she was one of a few Borg with a certain assimilation mutation that allowed them to retain their individuality while regenerating inside of an artificial construct known as Unimatrix Zero . Freed from the Collective , she was once again contacted by the others inside . They were on the verge of being discovered and needed her help . With some assistance from ' s crew , the drones were given the ability to retain their individuality outside of the construct . This allowed them to launch an open revolt against the Collective , plunging the Collective into civil war Unimatrix Zero Unimatrix Zero , Part II Identity crises When the Hirogen overtook and used its crew and holodecks to conduct hunts , Seven was assigned the identity of Mademoiselle de Neuf ( literally , " Miss of Nine " ) in the French Resistance holoprogram . The Doctor was able to modify her Borg implants and restore her real identity without the Hirogen knowing . She worked with The Doctor and Ensign Kim to stage a counterstrike against the Hirogen and restore the identities of the rest of the crew . ( The Killing Game " ) Seven later modified explosives to emit a photonic burst which disabled holographic activity on part of the ship , a crucial event which allowed Captain Janeway to defeat the leader of the Hirogen and return control of the ship to the Starfleet crew . ( The Killing Game , Part II One of Seven ' s personalities eating like a Klingon Seven was stricken with something akin to a multiple - personality disorder in when neared a vinculum infected with a synthetic pathogen by Species 6339 . Several personalities , including Starfleet officers , a Klingon warrior , a Vulcan official , a Krenim scientist , a Ferengi trader , a woman trying to find her son aboard the Melbourne at the Battle of Wolf 359 , and a frightened young child , emerged . These turned out to be personalities of individuals assimilated by Seven , and it was soon made clear the malfunctions in her implants were precisely what Species 6339 wished to inflict on the rest of the Collective . The personalities began to take over Seven , and her own individuality was lost . Tuvok was able to use a mind meld to retrieve Seven ' s consciousness and the vinculum was deactivated . ( Infinite Regress ' s crew was forced to abandon ship after hitting a subspace mine . They were rescued by rogue elements of the Quarren , and had their identities reassigned in order to supply labor and fill a shortage on the Quarren homeworld . The entire crew , except Chakotay , Kim , and Neelix , who were away on the , had their memories of erased and false memories of terrible conditions on their homeworlds implanted . Seven started to use her real name , Annika Hansen , and was given a job as an efficiency monitor in a power distribution plant , working with several other crew members including Captain Janeway , Tuvok , and B ' Elanna Torres . Her Borg desire for perfection made her perfectly suited for the job , and she was often overzealous in chastising workers . The identity reassignment did not completely work on Tuvok , though , and he began to remember his former life , including Seven of Nine . He mind - melded with her , causing memories of her life on and as a drone to resurface . ( Workforce " ) As the flashbacks continued , Annika investigated Tuvok ' s records . She believed there was a connection to the disappearance of Torres , who had been rescued by the remaining crew , and Annika later learned that Tuvok had accessed files of most of the crew , including Janeway , Torres , and herself . This led her to realize the inconsistency that many new workers from the same species began work on the same day , which was unusual during a labor shortage . Additionally , they were all brought through the neuropathology division , although none of the workers remembered this . Her suspicions were dismissed and explained as an outbreak of Dysphoria Syndrome . Annika was undaunted , and later visited the neuropathology division complaining of the flashbacks in order to access their computer system . While there , she discovered the Dysphoria Syndrome outbreak was actually a cover - up masterminded by a Quarren doctor called Kadan , to hide the fact that ' s crew and many others had been abducted . This confirmed the story Chakotay had told to Captain Janeway , and Annika and a Quarren official , Yerid , went to the hospital to prevent Kadan from using the reassignment technique on Chakotay and Tuvok . They succeeded , and the entire crew was transported back to the ship . The Doctor was successful in restoring the identities of the entire crew . ( Workforce , Part II Personal development Although she began to accept her Humanity , Seven was still not completely eager to return to the Alpha Quadrant , and became apprehensive when opportunities presented themselves . ( Hope and Fear " ) Her reluctance actually proved lifesaving for the crew in when the ship was nearly ingested by a bioplasmic organism known as the telepathic pitcher plant . She was one of only three crew members ( the others being Naomi Wildman – who , like Seven , had no emotional links to Earth and the Alpha Quadrant – and The Doctor , who was unaffected due to his inorganic nature ) not affected by its illusion of a wormhole back to the Alpha Quadrant . Despite the crew ' s attempts to place her into stasis , she was able to join forces with The Doctor and an alien named Qatai to free Bliss " ) Like many Borg drones separated from the Collective , Seven suffered a degree of eremophobia ( a fear of being alone ) , which she was forced to face when piloting through an area of space riddled with subnucleonic radiation while the crew was placed in stasis for the duration . ( At first , Seven found holodecks a pointless endeavor , fulfilling a Human desire to fantasize which she did not share . ( " ) She reluctantly took part in Janeway ' s Leonardo da Vinci simulation , but believed it to be a waste of time . ( " ) Later , however , she visited many of Tom Paris ' programs , including The Adventures of Captain Proton in which she played Constance Goodheart to Paris ' Captain Proton . She still saw the program as frivolous , and quickly disabled Satan ' s Robot instead of playing along with the storyline of the program . ( Night " ) In , she visited the Fair Haven program . By this time , she engaged the holographic characters in conversation and participated in the fantasy . ( Fair Haven " ) She and The Doctor attended a screening of Attack of the Lobster People in a recreation of the Palace Theater Repression " ) Also during , Seven created a holographic simulation of in order to improve her social abilities . In the program , her Borg implants had been permanently removed , and she was given a Starfleet science uniform and crew quarters . She also explored a romantic relationship with Chakotay while running the program . She began to use the program excessively , interfering with her duties . ( Human Error Relationships Initially , after her release from the Collective , Seven retained much of her former drone personality . She was harsh towards the rest of the crew and often disobeyed Captain Janeway ' s orders when she felt they were incorrect . However , as time went on she gradually formed a close bond with the others , especially with The Doctor , Tuvok , and Janeway herself . ( During her time with the Borg , Seven became used to the billions of voices that made up the Collective . After she was separated from them , she found solitude distressing . It became more apparent when Seven was left with The Doctor to watch over as it went through a radioactive Mutara class nebula . When The Doctor ' s program went off - line , she was alone in command of . Her implants began malfunctioning , and she saw convincing hallucinations of an alien named Trajis Lo - Tarik and the crew , seriously injured by the effects of the nebula . She was able to ignore the illusions and eventually save the crew after the ship ' s systems began to malfunction as a result of the nebula ' s radiation . After this experience , Seven joined a group in the mess hall for the first time . ( Family Seven ' s parents , Erin and Magnus Hansen Seven ' s aunt , Irene Hansen Seven began to read her parents ' journals from their mission aboard the , as these were her only link to her parents . She encountered the drone which was originally her father while held captive by the Borg in . He most likely was destroyed along with the Borg Queen ' s vessel She had an ancestor , Sven " Buttercup " Hansen , who was a 22nd century prize boxer . ( 11 : 59 Seven was present for some of the conversations the crew had with families after two - way communication was established in . She was reluctant to contact her aunt , , but the experiences of the crew convinced her it would be worthwhile . Irene was overjoyed to speak with her , but Seven was slightly uncomfortable when Irene used her real name , Annika . ( Seven ' s recognition of her father and the fear and hatred she felt because of his dehumanization is thought to be one of the reasons her opinion about the Borg changed from near admiration to loathing the Borg more than most characters . Seven also had a " son " . A transporter accident involving The Doctor ' s mobile emitter and Seven ' s nanoprobes resulted in the creation of a Borg drone , . At first she was reluctant to teach the drone about individuality and life on , but she eventually became attached to him , almost maternally . When One decided to allow himself to die for the benefit of the crew , Seven was deeply upset . ( Drone Friendships While under the influence of synthehol , Seven told The Doctor and several other crew that she considered them all " very good friends . " ( Timeless Kathryn Janeway Janeway tries to help Seven remember her life before being assimilated Captain Janeway made the decision to sever Seven of Nine from the Collective . She helped her through the difficult transition to Humanity in , trying to force memories of her life as Annika Hansen to surface . ( " ) Janeway also tried to tutor Seven in the arts and further cultivate her Humanity . ( " ) Seven was not hesitant to question Captain Janeway ' s decisions , sometimes publicly . She thought Janeway placed the crew in unnecessary danger by exploring the Delta Quadrant and contacting civilizations such as the Mari , rather than setting a course for home . ( Random Thoughts When believed that Starfleet had sent the Dauntless to bring the crew home in late 2374 , Seven did not want to return with the crew . She requested to remain in the Delta Quadrant , possibly returning to the Borg Collective . Janeway was dismayed that Seven had not found an appreciation for her new life in the year she spent aboard . Later , the ship was found to be a fake created by Arturis in order to deliver the crew to the Borg . While trapped aboard the ship , Seven confessed to Captain Janeway that she was thankful for her individuality and was not eager to return to the Collective . She also confessed that it was fear of the unknown , that is , what will happen after she returns to Earth , that discouraged her from going back . ( Hope and Fear , Seven inadvertently helped The Doctor recover memories of Ensign Ahni Jetal , erased from his database when they caused problems with his ethical subroutines . Captain Janeway intended to erase the memories once again , but Seven voiced concern . She felt that erasing The Doctor ' s memories would essentially mean turning a blind eye to his development as an individual . Seven admitted that she saw Janeway as a role model , but began to question that image after her treatment of The Doctor . This gave Janeway more to think about , and she decided to restore the memories to The Doctor . ( Latent Image Seven of Nine often had the ear of the captain , coming to her whenever she needed moral guidance , or wanted to express something she had learned about Humanity . One such occasion occurred in , when Seven dropped a barrier protecting the Ventu from cultural contamination . Before making any command decisions , Janeway asked Seven what she thought of the Ventu ; Seven found them antiquated , but resourceful . She believed that if the Ledosians were allowed to contaminate them more , " something unique would be lost . " ( Natural Law In an alternate timeline , Seven of Nine was fatally wounded on an away mission and died upon her return to . Her death deeply affected the Janeway of that time . ( Endgame B ' Elanna Torres engineer B ' Elanna Torres was distrustful of Seven , and the two almost came to blows several times during Seven ' s early days on . Torres was stunned that Seven experienced no remorse over the fate of civilizations such as the Caatati , devastated by the Borg . ( " ) Torres believed Seven was cold , rude , and acted like the crew of were Borg drones . She told Chakotay that she did not want to be held responsible if she and Seven got into a physical altercation . Chakotay , in turn , put Torres ' own attitude in check when he made it clear that she needed to find a way to work with Seven and that she would be held responsible if a fight occurred . Seven earned some of Torres ' respect when she used a feedback pulse to disable a Hirogen who threatened the ship ' s use of the communications network in ( although she made sure the disapproving Janeway was out of earshot first ) . ( Message in a Bottle " ) Seven studied Torres and future husband Tom Paris during their courtship , even noting the times when the two had sexual relations . Upon discovering this in , Torres was quite incensed . ( Someone to Watch Over Me While the two women would never become close friends , they did develop a good working relationship as time passed . By , the two had grown more comfortable with each other . Torres comforted Seven when she was faced with death after her cortical node malfunctioned , telling her that she made valuable contributions to the crew of Imperfection " ) Torres talked to Seven about Paris shortly before their marriage in 2377 . Seven suggested that Torres try to participate in some of Paris ' interests in order to improve their relationship , which led to Torres ' participation in the Antarian Trans - stellar Rally Drive " ) To Torres ' shock , Seven presented her with a baby shower present and complimented her on her hair the following year . ( Human Error Naomi Wildman Naomi Wildman was the first child born aboard . She was initially scared of Seven and afraid that she could assimilate her . Soon , she became fascinated with Seven , and began following her in early . Seven was initially annoyed with her , and disapproved of Naomi ' s study of Borg species designations . While Seven was experiencing problems due to contact with the infected vinculum , one of the personalities to emerge was that of a small child . She played kadis - kot with Naomi , to Naomi ' s delight . After the crisis was resolved , Seven decided to instruct Naomi in astrometrics , giving her several star charts and species information to study . Seven also requested a game of kadis - kot with Naomi . ( " ) They became friends , going to lunch or playing games of kadis - kot . They had in common that they often could n ' t understand the crew ' s determination to return to Earth . This fact proved helpful when was confronted by the telepathic pitcher plant , which made the rest of the crew see it as a wormhole to Earth . Seven and Naomi were unaffected due to their indifference about returning home and , aided by Qatai , who had hunted the creature for years , and The Doctor , they were able to trick the creature into expelling Bliss " ) When Seven was kidnapped by the Borg , Naomi demonstrated her determination to save Seven , and presented to Captain Janeway a plan to rescue Seven . ( " ) Seven once stated that she thought of Naomi as her family on board The Voyager Conspiracy Tuvok Tuvok was quick to compliment Seven when she had quickly learned and won a game of Kal - toh Both Tuvok and Seven of Nine often preferred completing away missions in silence . After working together and Seven saving Tuvok ' s life , he was able to help her cope with the difficult mission they shared . ( Surrogate motherhood Seven interacts with the Borg children , Seven became a temporary mother figure to a group of children whom had discovered aboard a derelict Borg vessel . She cared for the children , named Icheb Mezoti Rebi , and Azan , until the latter three were returned to their own people Child ' s Play Imperfection " ) Seven was frustrated with her initial attempts to tutor the children . She designed a rigid schedule for their activities , enacting serious punishment when they failed to adhere to the schedule . They rebelled against the restrictions , and an exasperated Seven told Chakotay she no longer wished to supervise them . He made her realize that while consistency is important , children also need spontaneity . Her efforts were much more successful once she made allowances for that . ( Ashes to Ashes Icheb After discovering that he had been genetically engineered as a weapon against the Borg , the eldest of the children , Icheb , remained with and he and Seven formed a close relationship . ( Child ' s Play " ) Icheb expressed a desire to apply for Starfleet Academy admission , and hoped Seven would speak to the captain about having Commander Tuvok teach him preliminary courses . Around this time , Icheb donated his own cortical node when the failure of Seven ' s jeopardized her life . She initially refused to accept his help , placing his safety above her own despite his research showing that he was far more likely to survive the loss of the node than she was . ( Romance Harry Kim became physically attracted to Seven shortly after she joined . Noticing this , she addressed the situation with him , asking him if he desired to " copulate " , thereby embarrassing him . However , she did tell Kim late at night in the mess hall that she was willing to explore her sexuality and told him to take his clothes off . ( Revulsion " ) The attraction was also painfully obvious to the rest of the crew . ( " ) She seduced him in a dream caused by aliens encountered in Waking Moments Under The Doctor ' s tutelage , Seven first explored true romance in . She chose engineering crew member William Chapman after determining that their interests were compatible . However , Seven ' s directness was too overbearing for Chapman , and the date ended up in disaster when Seven accidentally tore a ligament in his shoulder while dancing . ( Someone to Watch Over Me , Seven was distressed to discover that the Borg had deliberately programmed the cortical implant of their drones to shut down in the event that the drone began to experience strong emotion , thus killing the drone . The Doctor believed he could reprogram the affected implant , but Seven refused treatment . Later that year , she changed her mind , and she underwent the surgery . ( Endgame Axum While Seven was assisting the drones of Unimatrix Zero , she mainly dealt with a man named Axum , with whom she had had a romantic relationship within Unimatrix Zero while she was still a drone . The relationship sparked again , strengthening her resolve to help those within the Unimatrix . However , Axum was physically aboard a scout vessel at the border of fluidic space in a remote sector of the Beta Quadrant , making it impossible to contact him again once Unimatrix Zero was destroyed . ( Unimatrix Zero , Part II The Doctor Seven gives The Doctor a friendly kiss The Doctor was responsible for the removal of Seven ' s implants , and also conducted her weekly maintenance sessions . He also took it upon himself to teach Seven social behavior , using the same interpersonal relationship exercises Kes once practiced with him . ( Prey " ) Later , he created a holodeck simulation of for her to become more comfortable with large social gatherings . ( The Doctor encouraged Seven to explore romantic relationships in , coaching her in the basics of dating and grooming . He also discovered her singing voice , and the two sang a duet of " You Are My Sunshine " . He was partially motivated by a wager made with Ensign Paris , who believed that Seven would not be able to bring a date to a reception planned aboard without making a scene . Although Seven ' s date with Lieutenant Chapman ended up in disaster , she attended the reception with The Doctor , and charmed the guests with a toast to individuality . However , she was hurt to discover that The Doctor ' s help was due to the bet . At this point , The Doctor found that he himself was falling in love with Seven , but refused to admit it to her . He tried to apologize to her , but she came to him first and said she no longer needed the , The Doctor was stranded aboard the Equinox along with Seven , and the crew disengaged his morality subroutines to extract activation codes for their warp drive from Seven ' s cranial implants , which would leave her mentally disabled . The Doctor almost went through with the procedure , but Captain Rudolph Ransom stopped him . He apologized to Seven for the incident , and she held no ill will towards him . ( Equinox , Part II The Doctor created a subroutine for daydreaming in early . Seven featured prominently in several fantasies , either serving as a damsel in distress or competing with other female crew members for The Doctor ' s affections . He even fantasized about painting her in the nude . When the fantasies began to overrun his program , his mental activity was tied into the holodeck , allowing Seven to see what he had been daydreaming . She did not take offense , but after she kissed him following Captain Janeway ' s announcement that the Emergency Command Hologram subroutines would be developed , she made it clear that it was simply a platonic gesture . ( Tinker Tenor Doctor Spy The Doctor as Seven of Nine While Ensign Kim , Seven , and The Doctor conducted a routine survey on board the , they were captured by a race known as the Lokirrim . The Lokirrim had waged war against holographic lifeforms who rebelled against Lokirrim rule , and as a result , banned all holographic activity within their borders . Seven transferred The Doctor ' s program to her cortical implant in order to hide him from the Lokirrim and prevent him from being decompiled . In the process , The Doctor took control of Seven ' s motor abilities , and was essentially trapped in her body . The Doctor tried to engineer an escape by cultivating a relationship with a Lokirrim official , Ranek , but the new sensations of taste and emotion were too tempting for The Doctor . He ended up overindulging in several foods and causing pain to Seven . Ranek later called Seven to the ship ' s bridge with the intention of setting up a romantic liaison . Although The Doctor was able to see his command codes , Ranek attempted to kiss him in Seven ' s body , which was not reciprocated . Shortly afterward , he went to complain about the incident to Jaryn , a crewmember The Doctor had been working with to treat injured Lokirrim crew . The Doctor became sexually aroused when Jaryn gave Seven a neck massage . Both incidents greatly irritated Seven , and once The Doctor had been returned to the mobile emitter they got into an argument about the values of indulgence . The Doctor felt Seven showed excessive restraint and did not allow for superfluous pleasure , which The Doctor believed was an important part of life . Kim managed to return the subject to escape , and The Doctor and Seven worked together once again to transmit a distress signal to . The Doctor was downloaded back into Seven ' s implants , and was able to convince Ranek to join her on a " second date . " They knocked him out at the first available opportunity , and transmitted a message to including the ship ' s command codes . Their plan was discovered by Jaryn , and Seven was taken captive . After arrived , Seven returned The Doctor ' s program to the mobile emitter and they escaped . Upon their return to the ship , Seven decided that The Doctor had a point about her restraint concerning pleasures such as food . She brought a meal to sickbay and described the sensations of eating it to The Doctor , allowing him to experience it vicariously . ( Body and Soul When The Doctor ' s rights as an individual came into question , Seven testified at the hearing conducted with Starfleet Command . She spoke highly of The Doctor , appreciative of his efforts to develop her individuality . ( when The Doctor believed he was about to die , he finally admitted his feelings for her , and was embarrassed when he survived . ( Renaissance Man " ) The Doctor was also crestfallen when he learned Seven had begun to date Chakotay . ( Chakotay Seven of Nine and Chakotay share a private moment in 2378 Like many of the crew , Chakotay was distrustful of Seven during her first year on board . He questioned Captain Janeway when she chose to leave Seven in control while the ship traversed a Mutara - class nebula . ( Chakotay was interested in the early history of space exploration , and jumped at the chance to retrieve the Ares IV command module from a graviton ellipse encountered by . Seven saw this fascination as dangerous , and she was proven right when the , sent to retrieve the module , was trapped in the ellipse . She was upset with Chakotay , but her attitude changed when she beamed over to the command module to retrieve a component to repair the damaged Flyer . Chakotay told her to savor the moment and recover as much history as possible . She replayed Lieutenant John Kelly ' s logs , and was touched by his devotion to duty . She had his body beamed back to the Flyer and spoke in admiration of Kelly at his funeral aboard One Small Step Seven considered a romantic relationship with Chakotay in . In her holodeck simulation of , Chakotay became her love interest , and she went on several dates with him . To her embarrassment , The Doctor learned of the simulation when she collapsed on the holodeck due to her Borg programming , designed to shut down the implants of a drone should he / she experience strong emotion . These implants would require dangerous , repeated surgeries to remove , and Seven chose not to proceed . ( " ) The Doctor strove to develop a safer method of removing this obstacle to her development and several months later he was able to remove the implants with a single surgical procedure . After the affected implants were removed , Seven was free to become involved with the real Chakotay , and the two began dating in . Neelix gave Seven ideas for dates . In an alternate timeline , when Admiral Janeway was forced to convince Captain Janeway to return to the nebula , she revealed that Seven of Nine and Chakotay later married . ( Physiology The Doctor was able to remove most of Seven ' s implants and restore most of her Human appearance , but she still had some Borg technology left ; these were tied into her vital functions , and removing them would have killed her . She also still needed to regenerate , like any Borg drone , using a Borg alcove , although she had been known to not need regeneration for extended periods of time ( Natural Law " ) . She was given a special suit and also issued a combadge As a former drone , Seven had considerable superior physical characteristics over most Humans . Her visual acuity was vastly superior , due to her ocular implant , along with an eidetic memory and superior physical strength for a healthy Human woman her age . ( Vis à Vis Scientific Method Relativity " ) As for her regular Human senses , they were more acute than the average Human as well . ( Body and Soul " ) Her heart respiratory system were completely reinforced . ( The Haunting of Deck Twelve " ) She was also much more resistant to injury and many forms of radiation , including chroniton subnucleonic radiation that would quickly kill an ordinary Human . ( Year of Hell " ) In addition , she became an extremely proficient martial artist , mastering the Norcadian martial art of " ) With her Borg implants , she was also able to serve as a physical host to any holographic character . ( Her enhanced Borg physiology also had its downside , such as being prone to malfunctions or failures or receiving unwanted transmissions from the Borg Queen or other Borg devices . ( " ) Her powerful were highly sought after and in the market each sold for six bars of latinum . In fact , in Ferengi marauders attempted to obtain Seven of Nine ' s nanoprobes by perpetrating an elaborate scheme . Seven ' s nanoprobes had multiple applications which made them so valuable , including slowing the aging process and even reanimating dead tissue . ( Inside Man " ) As the result of an infected Borg vinculum that had identified her as an errant drone and was trying to reintegrate her into the collective , Seven once developed multiple personality disorder exhibiting the behavior and personalities of the individuals assimilated by the Borg during her eighteen years as a drone . ( " ) When she was once experimenting with the nature of individuality and intimate relationships , experiencing a host of strong emotions unfamiliar to her , her cortical node shut down as a fail - safe mechanism to deactivate drones who started to regain their emotions . ( Alternate Seven of Nine Holograms Seven of Nine , projected from The Doctor ' s daydreams Seven of Nine was holographically duplicated on a number of occasions : Seven of Nine was created by so he could practice expressing his romantic feelings to the real Seven . ( A holographic representation of Seven in the nude was being painted by The Doctor when his daydreams were projected into the holodeck Tinker Tenor Doctor Spy A hologram of Seven was used in order to evaluate the chances of a successful replacement of Seven ' s cortical node . ( A hologram of Seven as a Borg Drone was used by the Kyrian Museum of Heritage set in , to detail their encounter with the warship , as an aid to a history lesson . ( Living Witness Alternate realities and timelines , most of ' s crew was duplicated by a biomimetic lifeform known as the " Silver Blood . " ( Demon " ) The crew eventually agreed to allow the silver blood to replicate every individual on board , and the real crew left the class Y world . They began to forget their origins and ultimately started to believe that they were the real crew and set a course for the Alpha Quadrant . By mid , they had developed an enhanced warp drive and were closer to the Alpha Quadrant than the real . At the wedding of that ship ' s Tom Paris and B ' Elanna Torres , Seven caught the bouquet . Shortly following this event , the enhanced warp drive began to degrade the structure of the ship and the crew , as it was harmful to the " Silver Blood . " Captain Janeway decided to continue to the Alpha Quadrant in spite of this discovery , and did not attempt to locate a Class Y planet until many of the crew had succumbed to the degradation and the ship was severely damaged . Seven was one of the last crew members to degrade , and she attempted to build a message beacon out of non - affected materials to disintegrated just as the real caught up to it . ( Course : Oblivion Sometime in the 29th century , Captain Braxton , of the Federation timeship Relativity , went back to 2371 and planted a temporal disruptor on in order to destroy it . The crew of the recruited Seven of Nine from late to help find the device because her ocular implant was capable of detecting it . Seven was altered in order to look Human , given a blue Starfleet uniform , and sent to several time periods to pursue Braxton . Unfortunately , the side effects of the time travel were detrimental , and Seven died twice before discovering that Braxton was responsible . Further complicating matters , the timeline was contaminated by Seven ' s presence twice in the year 2371 and once in , shortly before Seven was taken . Eventually , Braxton was apprehended and Captain Janeway helped repair the timeline by stopping Braxton before he ever had the chance to plant the disruptor . Slightly confused , Seven and Janeway were returned and reintegrated to the year and instructed not to tell of their experiences under order of the Temporal Prime Directive was fractured into several different time periods upon encountering a spatial rift , the cargo bay was reverted to when the Borg first transported onto . Chakotay was the only crew member not affected , and contacted the Seven of Nine of this time period . She designed a plan to use a chroniton field to bring the ship back into temporal sync . She later helped the crew retake engineering from Seska 2373 Shattered In an alternate timeline occurring shortly after ' s first encounter with the Krenim in , Seven developed a temporal shielding technology which protected the ship from the Krenim chroniton torpedoes as well as alterations in the timeline caused by Annorax weapon ship . The shield was perfected when she determined the exact phase variance of an intact torpedo lodged in ' s hull , found while making repairs to ' s badly - damaged systems . The torpedo detonated while Seven and Tuvok were nearby . Although Seven was unharmed , Tuvok was blinded . She assisted him in daily tasks aboard , as surgery to correct the blindness was impossible in ' s state . When ' s crew was forced to share quarters due to power failures , she shared quarters with Ensign Brooks . Seven found living with her difficult , as her personal habits were " chaotic . " Seven remained aboard when most of the crew abandoned ship . ( " ) Seven later helped fit temporal shielding to the Mawasi fleet . The timeline was eradicated when collided with the temporal weapon ship , erasing it from history , along with any events caused due to the existence of the weapon ship . Thanks to Seven ' s temporal shielding , was able to erase the weapon ship from existence , thereby saving the entire galaxy from Annorax ' catastrophic changes . ( Year of Hell , Part II In another alternate timeline created when used a quantum slipstream drive in but rode it all the way to the Alpha Quadrant , the ship crash - landed on an arctic planet , killing its entire crew . Harry Kim and Chakotay , who had survived the trip in the , spent fifteen years trying to locate . They developed a plan to use a Borg temporal transmitter that they stole from the Federation to transmit the correct variance to Seven of Nine ' s cranial interplexing beacon in the past and therefore alter history . They stole the and took it to , needing Seven ' s cranial implant and The Doctor ' s expertise to find her translink frequency allowing them to send the course corrections to and prevent the crash . Seven was located on the bridge and the reactivated Doctor removed her cranial implant . Once he was able to find her translink frequency – 108.44236000 – he attached it to the beacon . The first attempt to send the correction directly to her cranial implant failed , and was still lost . Kim then sent another correction , designed to collapse the slipstream , just before the , the alternate Doctor and his girlfriend ( Chakotay ' s ) Tessa Omond were destroyed by the Challenger . The new plan worked , thus negating their deaths , and was saved . ( In yet another alternate timeline erased due to the actions of Admiral Kathryn Janeway , Chakotay and Seven were married aboard in the 2380s . However , Seven was killed on an away mission before returned home , and Janeway blamed herself for her death . This was a major motivation for her to travel back to and alter the past to bring home in that year . ( In the 31st century simulation of at the Kyrian Museum of Heritage , the incomplete records from ' s visit in painted the crew as murderers and savages . Seven , still with full Borg implants , was the leader of a group of Borg aboard who were sent to assault several Kyrians . This simulation was corrected after the reactivation of a backup copy of ' s EMH from the EMH backup module stolen during the ship ' s visit . ( Living Witness Miscellaneous Seven ' s first real food after being severed from the Borg collective was chadre ' kab " ) She also developed a fondness for strawberries , left over from her childhood . ( In The Doctor ' s Vortex holonovel entitled Photons Be Free , Seven ' s alter ego was a former drone named " Three of Eight " . She was the only person aboard the Vortex who spoke in defense of The Doctor , and helped him escape after he was arrested for expanding his program . She pleaded with Captain " Jenkins " to prevent The Doctor ' s program from being decompiled , calling it a crime that individuals like The Doctor were not appreciated . When Tom Paris temporarily rewrote the program , the character became " Two of Three " . Paris made light of The Doctor ' s obvious crush on Seven by making the holographic doctor in his program chauvinistic . The EMH character used a Klingon aphrodisiac on " Two of Three , " causing her to react positively to his affections . ( Seven and Chakotay made first contact with the Ventu Ledos before the start of a conference on that planet . Initially hesitant to reach out to the primitive race , Seven was so moved by her experiences with the Ventu that she convinced Janeway to restore the energy barrier protecting the Ventu ' s lands and customs from the Ledosians Chronology 2350 : Born to father Magnus Hansen and mother 2353 : Embarks on a scientific journey to study the together with her parents aboard the : Is assimilated by the Borg along with her parents . 2373 : Serves as an intermediary between the Borg Collective and the : Is separated from the Collective by and begins new life on : Returns to the Borg Collective and comes face to face with the Borg Queen and her assimilated father . ( : Becomes guardian to four former Borg children , Rebi Azan Mezoti Icheb : Helps to free members of the rogue , thereby igniting an internal Borg resistance movement . ( : Returns to the with Appendices Background information Seven of Nine was played by actress Jeri Ryan . She first appeared in the fourth season opener , " " . Young Annika Hansen was played by Erica Lynne Bryan in " Scorpion , Part II " and " " , and Katelin Petersen in " " . The concept of Seven of Nine began while Brannon Braga was sitting at home , late one night , and saw a televised promotion for the Borg - centric third season installment " Unity " . ( Braving the Unknown : Season Four VOY Season 4 DVD Cinefantastique , Vol . 30 , No . 9 / 10 , p . 75 ) The idea of having a Borg crewman aboard the starship – a notion that instantly appealed to Braga – occurred to him as he was watching the advertisement . ( Cinefantastique , Vol . 30 , No . 9 / 10 , p . 75 ) He then brought the character concept to the attention of fellow writer Joe Menosky . Braga later remembered , " I called Joe Menosky , and pitched this idea , and he thought it was a great idea . And then we talked about it and all the things . . . . ' What would that mean , to have a Borg character ? ' It would be really cool . " ( Braving the Unknown : Season Four VOY Season 4 DVD ) Braga also related , " I called Joe Menosky and we brainstormed . I wanted to make sure it was n ' t a stupid idea . " ( , Vol . 30 , No . 9 / 10 , p . 75 ) After Menosky approved of the concept , Braga called Executive Producer Rick Berman . " It was late , but I was so excited [ . . . . ] He really liked the idea but he had the stroke of genius , ' Make it a Borg babe , ' " said Braga . " And we just talked about it , for a couple hours , and we just thought , ' This is a really cool idea . This could be really . . . just the thing we need . ' ) This marathon conversation between Berman and Braga took place in the spring of 1997 A Vision of the Future - Star Trek : Voyager , p . 348 ) Berman was not the only executive producer to whom Braga suggested the idea of a Borg crew member , however . " I [ . . . ] took it in to Rick Berman and Jeri Taylor " Braga said , " and they liked the idea . , Vol . 30 , No . 9 / 10 , p . 75 ) Taylor herself commented , " The idea of having a female Borg was one of those that came largely through spontaneous combustion . It started with Brannon , and quickly gained a great deal of support . A Vision of the Future - Star Trek : Voyager , p . 348 ) Seven of Nine was originally called " Perra " and had witnessed friends of hers being brutally killed around her at an outpost on Kelta Prime , a long time before she encountered and its crew . During that early incident , her Humanity , according to Perra herself , had " died . " There was a time thereafter when she wished she had died along with her friends but , when she joined the Borg Collective , that emotional pain disappeared and she found the voices of the Collective to be comforting . This backstory was even written into casting sides that , in 1997 , were used to audition the part . [ 1 ] The call sheets for the episodes " Scorpion , Part II " and " The Gift " also featured Ryan in the role of " Perra " . Brannon Braga opined that Seven of Nine was the Spock or Data the show needed . " The Doctor came close , " he said . " I liked The Doctor character . But Seven of Nine to me was like The Wild Child – I was inspired by that Truffaut movie about trying to tame someone who was raised by wolves or in this case someone raised by Borg . [ 2 ] Brannon Braga envisioned , upon devising the Seven of Nine character , that she would ultimately be portrayed as meeting an unfortunate end . " Seven of Nine was , for me , designed to be a character that was gonna die tragically , " Braga admitted . " I planned that . [ 3 ] He elaborated , " I thought she should have somehow sacrificed herself to get the closest thing she had to a family home . I think it would have been amazing but I was shot down . I was not running the show at the time ; it was Ken Biller and Rick . [ 4 ] An actress who auditioned for the role of Seven was Hudson Leick ( Callisto from Xena : Warrior Princess ) . ( Beyond the Final Frontier , p . 308 ; [ 5 ] ) Another actress who read for the part was Claudia Christian ( Ivanova from Babylon 5 ) . ( Beyond the Final Frontier , p . 308 ) Brannon Braga was involved in the casting process from the start . He commented , " We read a lot of different kinds of actresses of different ages . We narrowed it down to three , and Jeri Ryan was the best . , Vol . 30 , No . 9 / 10 , p . 75 ) Ryan tried out for the role in mid - May 1997 . She recalled , " I , of course , auditioned like everyone else . As a matter of fact , I read a couple of times and then I got the job . Star Trek Monthly issue 33 , p . 17 ) Jeri Ryan ' s first day on Star Trek : Voyager was Tuesday 27 May 1997 on which she had a medical appointment like all the other main cast members . On this day , there were also the interviews with Ryan ' s possible stand - ins for which recurring Star Trek : The Next Generation background actress Cameron was cast . Cameron later left the production during the episode " " and the stand - in position was re - cast with Brita Nowak . On Wednesday 28 May , Ryan had her makeup and wardrobe tests followed by fittings on Thursday 29 May . Her first day filming " Scorpion , Part II " was on Friday 30 May with a makeup call at 6 : 30 am and a set call at 10 : 00 am . On this day , Ryan filmed some bridge and ready room scenes on Paramount Stage 8 Seven ' s infamous costume began as a silver version in " " , which was also used in " " and " " . It was retired because the material was too restrictive for actress Jeri Ryan ' s movement and it was difficult for her to breathe in , especially when she sat down . A new brown uniform , featuring a lower neckline , debuted in " " , and a variant with a small collar is visible in " Scientific Method " . A cobalt blue costume with grey shoulders and arms first appeared in " In the Flesh " but was replaced by an all - cobalt version in " The Disease " . A plum - colored outfit first appeared in " " . Seven can be seen wearing a Starfleet uniform on only two occasions , the first being " " , when she is undercover in ' s past , and the second being in " " , in a holographic simulation . Her Borg costume was also revived in several episodes , mostly in flashback scenes . Some fans jokingly call Seven " Barbie of Borg " and 36D of 9 , due to a common belief that she was brought on board mainly to boost ratings among male viewers . Jeri Ryan freely admitted this to be true , saying , " I knew exactly what I was in for when I had my first costume fitting . Clearly my character was added to the show for sex appeal , which remains the one way to get attention very quickly . I do n ' t think it ' s the only way to get viewers to watch strong women , but it worked . " . ( TV Week magazine ( Canada ) of May 8 - 14 , 1999 pages 6 - 7 , 9 from " Super Moms " , an interview by Michael Logan ) Kate Mulgrew admitted that she and Jeri Ryan did not see eye - to - eye while filming because " I had thought ' damn , we were going to forgo all of this with a female captain . ' But the demographics proved the audience wanted more sex . " However , she reflected that Ryan " did a marvelous job in a very difficult role . It was very clear to anyone with eyes in their head that Jeri Ryan ’ s beauty and sexual appeal were an important part of the numbers . [ 6 ] The character Seven of Nine appeared in ninety - seven episodes of Star Trek : Voyager . Counting the Kyrian recreation of the character in " " , the biomimetic copy in " Course : Oblivion " , and an illusory Seven of Nine in " Barge of the Dead " , she appeared in exactly one hundred episodes . Apocrypha In the PC videogames Star Trek : Elite Force Star Trek : Elite Force II , Seven was responsible for creating a device called " I - Mod " ( Infinity Modulator ) . The I - Mod was specifically made to be used against the Borg . The I - Mod device was made into a weapon of its own ( a rifle ) , capable of firing unique infinitely modulated shots that made adapting impossible . According to the video game Star Trek : Starship Creator , Seven of Nine was born on Gemaura III to parents Seka and Han . In an alternate future seen in the Deep Space Nine book trilogy Millennium , Seven , along with and her crew , returned to the Alpha Quadrant at an unspecified time . By 2399 , Seven had been promoted to admiral . Seven , along with Hugh , helped to negotiate a treaty between the Federation and the , in the name of fighting the Bajorans , with whom the Federation was at war . In this future , she was apparently romantically involved with The Doctor . The entire timeline was reset thanks to Benjamin Sisko and the crew of Deep Space 9 In the relaunch book series , Seven broke up with Chakotay , moved in with her aunt , and attained much undesired celebrity . She eventually joined a Federation " think tank " with The Doctor . Next Generation relaunch novel Before Dishonor , Seven of Nine had become a civilian instructor at Starfleet Academy specializing in cybernetic technology . When Janeway was assimilated to become a new Borg Queen , Seven joined the crew of the Enterprise - E to reactivate the planet killer weapon with the assistance of Geordi La Forge Spock in an effort to attack and destroy the Borg ship attacking Earth Following the events of Star Trek : Destiny , Seven of Nine ' s remaining Borg implants were seemingly destroyed . She underwent a severe emotional shift , yet to be explained , and began asserting her true name as Annika Hansen once again . In the timeline for Star Trek Online , Seven of Nine joined Starfleet after ' s return to the Alpha Quadrant , and was assigned to a special Borg Task Force . When the task force was dissolved in 2385 – Starfleet believing the Borg were no longer a threat – Seven angrily disagreed with the decision and resigned from Starfleet , accepting a position at the Daystrom Institute instead . [ 7 ] Seven appears in Delta Rising , the second expansion to STO , voiced once again by Jeri Ryan . In the wake of " Operation Delta Rising " , a campaign to return to the Delta Quadrant to fight the Undine , Tuvok – now an admiral and commanding – asked Seven to leave the Daystrom Institute to work for the new Delta Alliance . Seven and her research team are rescued from a small outpost after the ship carrying them , the USS Callisto , is destroyed . Following a Voth fleet that mysteriously disengaged from combat , Seven and her rescuers arrive at the homeworld of the Turei , where they learn that the Vaadwaur have managed to gain advanced technology and have begun a campaign to reconquer the Delta Quadrant . Seven again expresses her guilt at awakening the Vaadwaur , but accepts Tuvok ' s offer to serve with him again on to combat the new threat . She also works alongside the Cooperative , a group of free Borg drones , in their efforts to avoid being reassimilated by the Collective or destroyed by their opponents . See also Constance Goodheart Anna Jameson Mademoiselle de Neuf Three of Eight Two of Three External links at StarTrek . com , the official Star Trek website at Wikipedia Memory Beta , the wiki for licensed Star Trek works The Star Trek Online Wiki This is a featured article . At the time it was featured ( April 2005 ) it was considered one of the best examples of the Memory Alpha community ' s work . This article was featured more than five years ago though , and its status should be reviewed . The links below can be used to check how the article has changed in that time . Featured revision ( 83722 ) Diff to current Blurb Categories Memory Alpha featured articles Humans USS Voyager personnel Scientists Former Borg drones Borg drones Languages : Català Česky Deutsch Español Français Italiano 日本語 Nederlands Polski Português Српски / Srpski Svenska 中文 ( 中国大陆 )	[ "Seven of Nine", "Borg drone", "Erin Hansen" ]
http://memory-alpha.wikia.com/wiki/Starfleet_insignia	in Memory Alpha incomplete articles Clothing accessories Symbols Starfleet insignia English Multiple realities covers information from several alternate timelines The Starfleet insignia was an asymmetrical arrowheadshaped pennant adopted by Starfleet as its identifying emblems It was displayed on starship hulls installations uniforms worn by Starfleet personnel and equipment used by that personnel Contents show History This article or section is incomplete This page is marked as lacking essential detail and needs attention Information regarding expansion requirements may be found on the articles talk page Feel free to this page to assist with this expansion United Earth insignia The United Earth Starfleet of the 22nd century used a simple forwardfacing pointer shaped pennant with a round backdrop that was reminiscent of symbols used by NASA in the 20th and 21st centuries The original design for the Starfleet uniform of that era did not include this symbol unless it was a crewperson assigned to Starfleet Command who would wear the insignia as their assignment patch on the left shoulder In a later uniform revision of the 2160s personnel wore the Starfleet patch on their right shoulder as well as the left shoulder assignment patch ENT First Flight These Are the Voyages TNG The Royale Shortly after the founding of the United Federation of Planets in 2161 a solid silver delta was worn on the left breast of the uniform with individual assignment patches worn on both shoulders Star Trek Beyond Personnel sit in front of a 2260s Starfleet pennant In the mid 23rd century a simplified pennant version of the delta was used on Federation starships and installations This symbol for Starfleet was not worn on uniforms which again only displayed an individual crewpersons assignment patch Some starships such as the Defiant had an assignment patch similar to this symbol TOS Court Martial ENT In a Mirror Darkly In a Mirror Darkly Part II The delta insignia came into usage for much of Starfleets exploration division in the early to mid 23rd century A starburst insignia was used by flag officers and administrative support staff of fleet headquarters and starbases Some Constitution Class Federation Starships during the mid23rd century used a variety of insignia unique to each ship The Enterprise maintained the delta as her insignia and assignment patch TOS The Cage Court Martial The Doomsday Machine The Omega Glory ENT In a Mirror Darkly Part II Star Trek DIS The Vulcan Hello By the early 2270s while installations and starships such as Epsilon IX station maintained their individual assignment patches Starfleet Command had adopted a new Starfleet insignia a symbol previously used as the assignment patch of the USS Enterprise and prior to that the USS Kelvin and USS Franklin Star Trek The Motion Picture Star Trek Star Trek Beyond Specifically the command division insignia with the MACO fivepointed star contained in the arrowhead was most often used although a version omitting the internal star gained prominence as well This arrowhead shape with similar asymmetry as the previous incarnation had roots in history as being used in a basic form on the United States armed forces space command ratings badge and unit insignia and on UESPA exploration vessels such as the Friendship 1 in the 21st century This symbol was now pointed up when worn on the chest or shoulder of uniforms as well as displayed in signage The arrowhead was faced forward when used as hull decoration This symbol eventually phased out all assignment patches by the late 2270s and remained in use for some Starfleet divisions well into the 24th century The metal badge version of this symbol became Starfleets first combadge as well Star Trek II The Wrath of Khan TNG Yesterdays Enterprise VOY Friendship One In the 2340s a more stylized version of the symbol the familiar arrowhead without any internal symbology within the shape and mounted on an oval field was incorporated into uniforms A metal badge of this emblem again serving as a combadge was worn on the uniform chest This symbol also became common in starship hull pennants TNG Encounter at Farpoint Family By the 2370s a newer version was created for use as a combadge with a stylized trapezoidal background Starship hull pennants of this era began using a simplified version of the arrowhead alone without a background Even with the newer insignia in use Starfleet Command still used the 2270s circularbacked version with inscribed star shape in their signage and parts of flag officer uniforms Star Trek Generations DS9 The Search Part I VOY Caretaker Star Trek Insurrection 2160s 2230s insignia Late2240s2250s Command division Captain Early 2270s insignia Command division Late 2270s2340s insignia 2340s2360s insignia 2370s insignia Add an image to this gallery Alternate reality In the alternate reality created by Nero s incursion Starfleet had done away with the assignment patches by the 2250s Instead the fleet was united behind a gold arrowhead slightly modified from the assignment patch of the USS Kelvin with a shallow arrowhead indentation on the inside as seen on dress uniforms The insignia used on starships was a silver arrowhead with a hollow division symbol inside the arrowhead similar to the assignment patches used aboard the prime timelines USS Enterprise Star Trek Dress uniform insignia Fleet version Command division Uniform patch Add an image to this gallery Mirror universe In the mirror universe a dagger impaling the Earth was the symbol of the Terran Empire and as such was used as the insignia of the Imperial Starfleet ENT In a Mirror Darkly In a Mirror Darkly Part II DIS Despite Yourself TOS Mirror Mirror Imperial insignia 2150s Imperial insignia 2250s Imperial insignia 2260s Add an image to this gallery Parallel and future versions In the Barash created falsefuture illusion experienced by William T Riker in 2367 the symbol used in the Starfleet combadge consisted of the arrowhead either silver or gold with four horizontal bars behind indicating the rank of the individual by the number of bars that were gold or silver TNG Future Imperfect This version was also in use in an alternate quantum reality visited by Worf in 2370 TNG Parallels In several alternate timelines observed by Starfleet personnel new variations of this symbol exist In the 2390s and 25th century Starfleet personnel have been known to wear a hollow outlined version of the arrowhead with two irregular stylized vertical trapezoids behind it as their badge TNG All Good Things DS9 The Visitor VOY Timeless Endgame Further in the future 29th century Starfleet has a rotated version of the arrowhead shape with the bottom half filled in with a mirror of the top point of the shape In 29th century timeship hull decorations the arrowhead has been shown pointing backwards from the direction of motion for the first time possibly because of the vessels capability for time travel VOY Futures End Futures End Part II Relativity This insignia somewhat modified was also used as the logo for the Chronowerx Industries company of the late 20th century Its founder Henry Starling stole a 29th century vessel and used the insignia aboard as his company logo as most of his products were invented using scavenged parts of the ship Holographic 2383 Alternate 2370 insignia Captain Holographic flag officer insignia Alternate 2390s insignia 29th century insignia Add an image to this gallery Starfleet uniform styles By era 2140sEarly 2160s Mid 2160s 2230s Late 2230s2250s 2250s2260s Mid 2260sEarly 2270s Mid 2270s Late 2270s2350s 2350s2370s Late 2360sEarly 2370s 2370s By type Casual duty attire Patient wear Fictional uniforms Alternate parallel uniforms Alternate reality uniforms Terran Empire uniforms Related topics Assignment patch Federation blue MACO uniform and equipment Starfleet decorations Starfleet insignia Starfleet ranks Terran Empire ranks Xenylon Uniforms of the Alpha Quadrant Appendix Background information Provisional officers allsilver combadge A memo from Bob Justman dated 18 December 1967 discusses the Starfleet arrowhead emblem and individual crew patches It states all Starship personnel wear the Starship emblem that we have established for our Enterprise Crew Members to wear meaning that the arrowhead was always meant to be the emblem for all of Starfleet Further the crew of the Antares was the equivalent of the Merchant Marines or freighter personnel and other emblems should be counted as production mistakes 1 A great deal of fan fiction and other non canon sources such as the Star Trek The Next Generation Technical Manual p 3 suggest that the Starfleetwide adoption of the Enterprise emblem was probably to honor the ship and her crew for their successful and historic fiveyear mission This has not been referenced on screen however Considering that one of Star Trek s longheld influences is the Age of Sail it may be a reference to the British Royal Navys adoption of Nelson Chequer the particular coloration of the ships of Admiral Horatio Nelson on all of its ships after the Battle of Trafalgar In a form of fact emulating fiction and viceversa the US Air Force Space Command badges have a delta arrowhead very similar to the 1960sdesigned Enterprise insignia while the United Earth Starfleet insignia seems to be a deliberate synthesis between the TOS era pennant and the NASA logo From the Star Trek Encyclopedia 4th ed vol 1 p 365 The distinctive arrowhead symbol used on Starfleet uniforms was first created by Original Series costume designer William Ware Theiss for the The Cage in 1964 Three versions of the original symbol were created used for command personnel science specialists and engineering staff A fourth version featuring a red cross was occasionally worn by Christine Chapel During the original Star Trek series it was generally assumed that the arrowhead symbol was unique to Enterprise and that other starships had different insignias for their uniforms This changed in Star Trek The Motion Picture when a modified emblem designed by Robert Fletcher was used not only on Enterprise crew members but on all Starfleet personnel We therefore assume that at some point after the original Star Trek series the Enterprise emblem was adopted for the entire Starfleet The feature film insignia in a couple of variations was used for the movies set in the Kirk era as well for Star Trek The Next Generation flashback sequences involving Picards cadet days Yet another variation was created for Star Trek The Next Generations first season by Theiss in conjunction with Rick Sternbach and Mike Okuda This version was also used on Star Trek Deep Space Nine Current Starfleet officers wear a version designed by John Eaves and Bob Blackman first seen in Star Trek Generations Additionally two hypothetical future versions have been seen One designed by Okuda was seen in Future Imperfect and Parallels while another designed by Eaves was used in All Good Things and The Visitor Still more variants were added for the Kelvin timeline for Star Trek and Star Trek Into Darkness Another version which appeared only in The Cage had a unique symbol of a box open on the wearers left with a C shape inside Only two crewmembers were seen wearing this unique insignia both were on the bridge with one standing like a guard at the turbolift doors and the other standing at times next to Captain Pikes chair This unique insignias departmentdivision was never mentioned on screen it was dropped in the second pilot Where No Man Has Gone Before and never appeared again Several patches were sold off on the Its A Wrap sale and auction on eBay 2 Categories Memory Alpha incomplete articles Clothing accessories Symbols Languages Česky Deutsch	[ "Starfleet insignia", "starship hulls" ]
http://memory-alpha.wikia.com/wiki/Yeoman	in : Titles Yeoman English Edit Share Yeoman Janice Rand An unnamed yeoman aboard the USS Enterprise - A When I get my hands on the Headquarters genius that assigned me a female yeoman . . . " " What ' s the matter Jim , do n ' t you trust yourself ? " " I ' ve already got a female to worry about . Her name ' s the Enterprise . James T . Kirk and Leonard McCoy discussing Yeoman Janice Rand 2266 ( " The Corbomite Maneuver " ) Yeoman was a Starfleet title during the 23rd century with duties as personal assistants , such as carrying a Starfleet tricorder and retrieving information for a starship ' s captain , or announcing one ' s arrival with a boatswain ' s whistle . Throughout the 2260s and 2270s , yeomen were typically — but not exclusively — young women ; there were also male yeomen during the 2250s and the 2290s . ( TOS : " The Cage " ; Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country Some yeomen , such as Janice Rand , were enlisted personnel during their time in this position . There were different rates of yeoman , all the way down to " third class . " Seventeen - year - old Tina Lawton carried this rate in 2266 . ( TOS : " Charlie X " ) The final draft script of " Charlie X " abbreviated this , calling Lawton a " Yeoman 3rd " in the scripted stage directions . Yeomen could also have held the rank of a junior officer , as seen with a yeoman assigned to the USS Enterprise - A , who wore an officer ' s uniform with the rank of lieutenant junior grade Star Trek V : The Final Frontier List of yeomen Edit Yeomen Atkins , Doris Barrows , Tonia Burke Colt , J.M . Landon , Martha Lawton , Tina ( 3rd class ) Mears Rand , Janice Ross , Teresa Smith Tamura Tankris Thompson , Leslie Zahra Unnamed Captain Pike ' s personal yeoman Unnamed USS ( NCC - 1701 ) command yeoman Unnamed USS ( NCC - 1701 ) operations yeoman ( NCC - 1701 - A ) yeoman Samno wore crewman rank insignia , even though he was implied to be a yeoman . Ranks and Positions Enlisted personnel Commissioned officers Generals and flag officers Fleet : CRM PO CPO MID CDT ENS LT JG LT LT CMDR CMDR CAPT FCAPT CDORE RADM VADM ADM FADM Military : PVT AMN CPL SGT SSGT MSGT 1SGT 2nd LT 1st LT CAPT MAJ LT COL COL BRIG MAJ GEN LT GEN GEN MARSHAL Positions : Boatswain Chief Corpsman Engineer ' s mate Specialist Technician TAC SO 3rd 2nd 1st CO DD Portmaster Chief of Staff CinC Services : Andorian Bajoran Cardassian Ferengi Jem ' Hadar Klingon Romulan SS United Earth MACO United Earth / Federation Starfleet United States Vulcan Mirror universe Terran Empire Starfleet Terran Empire MACO This chart shows only general equivalencies based on the ranks used by many governments on Earth , as well as the rest of the galaxy Appendices Background information Gene Roddenberry always imagined an attractive young woman as his Star Trek captain ' s personal assistant , writing the first yeoman on Trek as Chris Pike ' s young Yeoman Colt in " The Cage " . However , Pike states in the episode that he can not get used to seeing women on the bridge with the exception of Number One , indicating that his previous yeoman was male . The following information regarding the yeoman was taken from the Star Trek Writers / Directors Guide ( third revision ) : Played by a succession of young actresses , always lovely . One such character has been well established in the first year , " Yeoman Janice Rand " , played by Grace Lee Whitney . Whether Yeoman Rand or a new character provided by the writer , this female Yeoman serves Kirk as his combination Executive Secretary Valet Military aide . As such , she is always capable , a highly professional career girl . As with all female Crewman aboard , during duty hours she is treated co - equal with males of the same rank , and the same level of efficient performance is expected . The Yeoman often carries a small over - the - shoulder case , a Tricorder , about the size of a small handbag , which is also an electronic recorder - camera - sensor combinations , immediately available to the Captain should he be away from his Command Console In the words of actress Grace Lee Whitney , she viewed her role as a yeoman to be , " Her duties were that of a right - hand woman , a girl Friday . In other words , she took care of Kirk ' s personal needs , like a valet would do . I had a pet name I used to call myself : a ' space geisha . ' " ( Starlog # 105 , April 1986 , p . 48 ) During the run of the original series , only female yeomen were featured . Male yeomen later appeared on screen in both Star Trek : The Animated Series and the Star Trek films In foreign translations of , the yeomen of TOS were usually not referred as yeoman , as their title was changed to " corporal " , " sergeant " or another naval rank . External links at Memory Beta , the wiki for licensed works at Wikipedia Categories Titles Add category Languages : Deutsch Español Français Italiano 日本語	[ "Yeoman", "Memory Alpha" ]
http://memory-key.com/memory/consolidation	The role of consolidation in memory Consolidation " is a term that is bandied about a lot in recent memory research . Here ' s my take on what it means . Becoming a memory Initially , information is thought to be encoded as patterns of neural activity — cells " talking " to each other . Later , the information is coded in more persistent molecular or structural formats ( e.g. , the formation of new synapses ) . It has been assumed that once this occurs , the memory is " fixed " — a permanent , unchanging , representation . With new techniques , it has indeed become possible to observe these changes ( you can see videos here ) . Researchers found that the changes to a cell that occurred in response to an initial stimulation lasted some three to five minutes and disappeared within five to 10 minutes . If the cell was stimulated four times over the course of an hour , however , the synapse would actually split and new synapses would form , producing a ( presumably ) permanent change . Memory consolidation theory The hypothesis that new memories consolidate slowly over time was proposed 100 years ago , and continues to guide memory research . In modern consolidation theory , it is assumed that new memories are initially ' labile ' and sensitive to disruption before undergoing a series of processes ( e.g. , glutamate release , protein synthesis , neural growth and rearrangement ) that render the memory representations progressively more stable . It is these processes that are generally referred to as “ consolidation ” . Recently , however , the idea has been gaining support that stable representations can revert to a labile state on reactivation . Memory as reconstruction In a way , this is not surprising . We already have ample evidence that retrieval is a dynamic process during which new information merges with and modifies the existing representation — memory is now seen as reconstructive , rather than a simple replaying of stored information Reconsolidation of memories Researchers who have found evidence that supposedly stable representations have become labile again after reactivation , have called the process “ reconsolidation ” , and suggest that consolidation , rather than being a one - time event , occurs repeatedly every time the representation is activated . This raises the question : does reconsolidation involve replacing the previously stable representation , or the establishment of a new representation , that coexists with the old ? Whether reconsolidation is the creating of a new representation , or the modifying of an old , is this something other than the reconstruction of memories as they are retrieved ? In other words , is this recent research telling us something about consolidation ( part of the encoding process ) , or something about reconstruction ( part of the retrieval process ) ? Hippocampus involved in memory consolidation The principal player in memory consolidation research , in terms of brain regions , is the hippocampus . The hippocampus is involved in the recognition of place and the consolidation of contextual memories , and is part of a region called the medial temporal lobe ( MTL ) , that also includes the perirhinal , parahippocampal , and entorhinal cortices . Lesions in the medial temporal lobe typically produce amnesia characterized by the disproportionate loss of recently acquired memories . This has been interpreted as evidence for a memory consolidation process . Some research suggests that the hippocampus may participate only in consolidation processes lasting a few years . The entorhinal cortex , on the other hand , gives evidence of temporally graded changes extending up to 20 years , suggesting that it is this region that participates in memory consolidation over decades . The entorhinal cortex is damaged in the early stages of Alzheimer ’ s disease . There is , however , some evidence that the hippocampus can be involved in older memories — perhaps when they are particularly vivid . A recent idea that has been floated suggests that the entorhinal cortex , through which all information passes on its way to the hippocampus , handles “ incremental learning ” — learning that requires repeated experiences . “ Episodic learning ” — memories that are stored after only one occurrence — might be mainly stored in the hippocampus . This may help explain the persistence of some vivid memories in the hippocampus . Memories of emotionally arousing events tend to be more vivid and to persist longer than do memories of neutral or trivial events , and are , moreover , more likely to require only a single experience . Whether or not the hippocampus may retain some older memories , the evidence that some memories might be held in the hippocampus for several years , only to move on , as it were , to another region , is another challenge to a simple consolidation theory . Memory more complex than we thought So where does all this leave us ? What is consolidation ? Do memories reach a fixed state ? My own feeling is that , no , memories do n ' t reach this fabled " cast in stone " state . Memories are subject to change every time they are activated ( such activation does n ' t have to bring the memory to your conscious awareness ) . But consolidation traditionally ( and logically ) refers to encoding processes . It is reasonable , and useful , to distinguish between : the initial encoding , the " working memory " state , when new information is held precariously in shifting patterns of neural activity , the later encoding processes , when the information is consolidated into a more permanent form with the growth of new connections between nerve cells , the ( possibly much ) later retrieval processes , when the information is retrieved in , most probably , a new context , and is activated anew I think that " reconsolidation " is a retrieval process rather than part of the encoding processes , but of course , if you admit retrieval as involving a return to the active state and a modification of the original representation in line with new associations , then the differences between retrieval and encoding become less evident . When you add to this the possibility that memories might " move " from one area of the brain to another after a certain period of time ( although it is likely that the triggering factor is not time per se ) , then you cast into disarray the whole concept of memories becoming stable . Perhaps our best approach is to see memory as a series of processes , and consolidation as an agreed - upon ( and possibly arbitrary ) subset of those processes . References : Frankland , P.W. , O ' Brien , C . , Ohno , M . , Kirkwood , A . & Silva , A.J. 2001 . - CaMKII - dependent plasticity in the cortex is required for permanent memory . Nature , 411 , 309 - 313 . Gluck , M.A. , Meeter , M . & Myers , C.E. 2003 . Computational models of the hippocampal region : linking incremental learning and episodic memory . Trends in Cognitive Sciences , 7 ( 6 ) , 269 - 276 . Haist , F . , Gore , J.B. & Mao , H . 2001 . Consolidation of human memory over decades revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging . Nature neuroscience , 4 ( 11 ) , 1139 - 1145 . Kang , H . , Sun , L.D. , Atkins , C.M. , Soderling , T.R. , Wilson , M.A. & Tonegawa , S . ( 2001 ) . An Important Role of Neural Activity - Dependent CaMKIV Signaling in the Consolidation of Long - Term Memory . Cell , 106 , 771 - 783 . Lopez , J.C. 2000 . Shaky memories in indelible ink . Nature Reviews Neuroscience , 1 , 6 - 7 . Miller , R.R. & Matzel , L.D. 2000 . Memory involves far more than ' consolidation ' . Nature Reviews Neuroscience , 1 , 214 - 216 . Slotnick , S.D. , Moo , L.R. , Kraut , M.A. , Lesser , R.P. & Hart , J . Jr . 2002 . Interactions between thalamic and cortical rhythms during semantic memory recall in human . Proc . Natl . Acad . Sci . U.S.A. , 99 , 6440 - 6443 . Spinney , L . 2002 . Memory debate focuses on hippocampal role . BioMedNet News , 18 March 2002 . Wirth , S . , Yanike , M . , Frank , L.M. , Smith , A.C. , Brown , E.N. & Suzuki , W.A. 2003 . Single Neurons in the Monkey Hippocampus and Learning of New Associations . Science , 300 , 1578 - 1581 . Zeineh , M.M. , Engel , S.A. , Thompson , P.M. & Bookheimer , S.Y. 2003 . Dynamics of the Hippocampus During Encoding and Retrieval of Face - Name Pairs , Science , 299 , 577 - 580 . For more , see the research reports How the brain works consolidation Sleep	[ "consolidation", "glutamate" ]
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/awhhtml/awmss5/red_cross.html	INTRODUCTION USING THE COLLECTIONS SELECTED COLLECTIONS Women ' s Suffrage Reform Education Health and Medicine Blackwell Sisters Civil War Red Cross and World War I Public Health Nurses Reproductive Health Male Doctors and Others Mental Health Science Papers of Presidents and First Ladies Congressional Collections Legal Collections Military and Diplomatic Affairs Literature and Journalism Artists , Architects , and Designers Actresses and Actors CONCLUSION MANUSCRIPT EXTERNAL SITES VISIT / CONTACT Health and Medicine : Red Cross and World War I Watercolor drawing in souvenir autograph album . E . Carra [ nce ] . Mary Curry Desha Breckinridge file , Breckinridge Family Papers ( container 845 ) . Manuscript Division . LC - MS - 13698 - 4 . full caption \| bibliographic record During Clara Barton ' s last years with the American National Red Cross , the organization was criticized for its inefficiency and came under rebuke during the Spanish - American War from Surgeon General George M . Sternberg , who believed that women nurses should not be permitted on the battlefield but instead should be confined to base hospitals . Sternberg appointed physician and anthropologist Anita Newcomb McGee ( 1864 - 1940 ) [ catalog record ] as acting assistant surgeon general and charged her with recruiting qualified graduate nurses to staff army hospitals and later to serve in overseas camps . At the end of the war , McGee helped organize a permanent Army Nurses Corps . Her papers ( 3,000 items ; 1688 - 1932 ) document her medical and army careers as well as her role in forming the Women ' s Anthropological Society of America and her research on communal societies in the United States , including the Shakers and the Oneida community . The discord within the American National Red Cross was fueled in part by a power struggle between Clara Barton and newly appointed executive committee member Mabel Thorp Boardman ( 1860 - 1946 ) [ catalog record ] , who eventually succeeded Barton as the organization ' s leader in 1904 . Boardman ' s papers ( 4,000 items ; 1853 - 1945 ; bulk 1904 - 29 ) , which include extensive correspondence with William Howard Taft and other national officials , trace the Red Cross ' s growing ties to the federal government and its emergence as the leading voluntary organization providing disaster and war relief and promoting public health and safety . During the First World War , more than eighteen thousand Red Cross nurses served with the Army and Navy Nurse Corps . Some of these nurses — such as Dorothy Kitchen O ' Neill ( 69 items ; 1918 - 19 ) [ ] , who was stationed at American Red Cross headquarters in Savenay , France — worked at American base hospitals , at field units , and aboard ships , whereas others , including Helen Culver Kerr ( 200 items ; 1918 - 19 ) [ ] , served at home combating the 1918 influenza epidemic and providing medical services to military camps , munitions plants , and shipyards . Some American Red Cross nurses served as part of the British Expeditionary Force ( B.E.F. ) . Edith Hulsizer Copher ( 1891 - 1935 ) , for example , went to France as a dietitian with a B.E.F. Red Cross unit formed by Dr . Harvey Cushing of the Harvard Medical School , and her letters in the Hulsizer Family Papers ( 145 items ; 1915 - 41 ; bulk 1917 - 19 ) [ ] provide not only an account of the medical conditions in army facilities but a glimpse of the social life and everyday concerns of the young hospital staff . The long hours , stress , and exposure to disease took a toll on army medical personnel . Obituaries in the Breckinridge Family Papers ( 205,000 items ; 1752 - 1965 ) [ ] suggest that fatigue and overwork contributed to the death of Mary Curry Desha Breckinridge ( d . 1918 ) , a Red Cross nurse who joined a Chicago hospital unit serving in France during the war . Several hundred letters written to and from Breckinridge describe her experiences . At the start of World War I , Red Cross official Grace Elizabeth Allen ( 1886 - 1976 ) was just entering nursing school in Washington , D.C. Several volumes of her meticulous diary in the Allen Family Papers ( 500 items ; 1865 - 1976 ) [ ] discuss her training and wartime work at Columbia Hospital in the nation ' s capital . [ Top ]	[ "American National Red Cross", "World War I", "Anita Newcomb McGee" ]
http://memory.ucsf.edu/ftd/overview/biology/executive/single	Facebook Twitter Youtube Clinic Dementia & the Brain Caregiving & Support Research & Clinical Trials Our Center Home > Dementia & the Brain > Executive Functions Executive Functions The term ‟ executive functions ” refers to the higher - level cognitive skills you use to control and coordinate your other cognitive abilities and behaviors . The term executive functions refers to the higher - level cognitive skills you use to control and coordinate your other cognitive abilities and behaviors . The term is a business metaphor , suggesting that your executive functions are akin to the chief executive that monitors all of the different departments so that the company can move forward as efficiently and effectively as possible . How we organize our lives , how we plan and how we then execute those plans is largely guided by our executive system . Executive functions can be divided into organizational and regulatory abilities . Organization includes gathering information and structuring it for evaluation . Regulation involves evaluating the available information and modulating your responses to the environment . Seeing a wonderful dessert in front of you may be tempting to devour , but your executive system might remind you that eating it would conflict with your inner goals , such as losing weight . Organization – attention , planning , sequencing , problem - solving , working memory , cognitive flexibility , abstract thinking , rule acquisition , selecting relevant sensory information Regulation – initiation of action , self - control , emotional regulation , monitoring internal and external stimuli , initiating and inhibiting context - specific behavior , moral reasoning , decision - making Anatomy of Executive Functions Executive deficits have been associated with damage to the most forward areas of the frontal lobes ( located just above your eyes ) , as well as the cortical ( i.e. , parietal lobes ) and subcortical structures that connect to the frontal lobes . The executive system involves the prefrontal cortex , basal ganglia and thalamus . The frontal lobes are the last areas of the brain to fully develop . This area of the brain was evolutionarily late to appear and is much larger in human beings than in our closest nonhuman primate relatives . The frontal lobes typically account for about 40 % of the human brain . Disorders of Executive Functions Because these skills integrate information at a higher level across cognitive domains , damage to the executive system typically involves a cluster of deficiencies , not just one ability . The loss of that administrative control affects the ability to organize and regulate multiple types of information and often cause behavioral change . Damage to the executive system often leads to : Difficulty organizing Difficulty in planning and initiation ( getting started ) Inability to multitask Difficulty with verbal fluency Trouble planning for the future Difficulty processing , storing , and / or retrieving information Mood swings Lack of concern for people and animals Loss of interest in activities Socially inappropriate behavior Inability to learn from consequences from past actions Difficulty with abstract concepts ( the inability to make the leap from the symbolic to the real world ) Unawareness or denial that their behavior is a problem Assessment The instruments used to assess executive behavior draw on the cognitive skills described above , such as mental agility , planning , organization , inhibition and freedom from distraction . Widely used tests include the Word Fluency Task , Stroop Test , Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and the Trail Making Test . Executive function deficits can occur as the result of a variety of neurologic conditions including traumatic brain injury , neurodegenerative diseases including frontotemporal dementia , cerebrovascular disease , as well as a number of psychiatric and developmental disorders , including obsessive - compulsive disorder , Tourette ’ s syndrome , depression , schizophrenia , attention - deficit / hyperactivity disorder , autism and addiction .	[ "Executive Functions", "cognitive skills", "executive system" ]
http://memorycarenewbraunfels.com/	Dr Sauer on Avoiding Falls Dr K Morgan Sauer leads a practical and informative discussion on the Importance of Avoiding Falls THE CORE OF OUR MISSION Memory CARE Guiding principles of Memory Care of New Braunfels Caregiving Care Coordination Communication Community Engagement OUR PROMISE Enhancing the level of care for Alzheimer Dementia residents through training and education programs for our caregivers staff and families while providing a model of care that considers families with as much compassion as we share with our residents CAREGIVER TIPS Take advantage of respite care SignUp for Caregiver Tips Here OUR GOAL At Memory Care of New Braunfels we are 100 dedicated to the individualized focused care of our Alzheimers and dementia residents and their families We provide care environments for those suffering from the numerous forms of memory loss by offering a uniquely designed Care Program for each individual Our doctors and specialists understand the importance of a personalized approach by providing customized programs that are designed to show the same compassion towards families as we do towards our residents always with respect Youll find our facilities offer a warm comfortable home supportive services nutritiondesigned food menus created by chefs and staffed by dedicated caring professionals with 100 commitment There is no cure for Alzheimers disease however at Memory Care of New Braunfels our goal is to Maximize Resident Functional Independence Maintain Functional Activities of Daily Living Levels Encourage Resident Social Engagement Minimize Resident Falls Dehydration and Frailty The Memory Care of New Braunfels program is designed to meet all of these goals Youre invited to follow us get helpful information and keep in touch with Memory Care of New Braunfels on your favorite social media channel Contact Us Schedule a Tour Photo Gallery Visit us on Facebook About Memory Care of New Braunfels Recent News Careers Our Goal What Makes Us Unique Caregiver Education Memory Care Program Community Highlights Helpful Resources Memory Care of New Braunfels 2022 State HWY 46 W New Braunfels TX 78132 Phone 8304205882 Email infomemorycarenewbraunfelscom Copyright 2019 Memory Care of New Braunfels	[ "Memory Care of New Braunfels", "New Braunfels", "Morgan Sauer" ]
http://memphis.about.com/od/memphismusic/f/elvisgrandkids.htm	United States Tennessee Memphis Guide Does Elvis Presley Have Grandchildren ? By Teresa R . Simpson Updated 08 / 02 / 17 Question : Does Elvis Presley Have Grandchildren ? Answer : Elvis and Priscilla Presley have four grandchildren , all of whom were born to their only child , Lisa Marie Presley . Danielle Riley Keough - - who goes by Riley Keough - - was born on May 29 , 1989 in Los Angeles , California . She is a model who began her career as a Tommy Hilfiger model at age 12 . Her father is musician Danny Keough , Lisa Marie ' s first husband . Benjamin Storm Keough was born on October 21 , 1992 in Los Angeles , California . He is also the child of Danny Keough . Both Ben and Riley were homeschooled by their father while their mother was on tour . Harper Vivienne Ann Lockwood was born on October 7 , 2008 in Thousand Oaks , California . Her father is musician , Michael Lockwood , Lisa Marie ' s fourth husband . Finley Aaron Love Lockwood is Harper ' s fraternal twin sister and so was also born on October 7 , 2008 in Thousand Oaks . More Frequently Asked Questions About Elvis Where was Elvis Born ? When was Elvis ' Birthday ? Did Elvis Have Siblings ? What was Elvis ' Middle Name ? What was Elvis ' First Recording ? What Does TCB Stand For ? Was Elvis a Racist ? How Many Children Did Elvis Have ? When Did Elvis Die ? Where is Elvis Buried ? Could Elvis Still Be Alive ? What Does TCB Stand For ?	[ "Elvis Presley", "Los Angeles", "The Girlfriend Experience" ]
http://memphiscashsaver.com/whitehaven-grocery-store/	4049 Elvis Presley Blvd Memphis TN 38116 Phone 901 3453003 Hours of Operation Monday 700 AM 1000 PM Tuesday 700 AM 1000 PM Wednesday 700 AM 1000 PM Thursday 700 AM 1000 PM Friday 700 AM 1000 PM Saturday 700 AM 1000 PM Sunday 700 AM 1000 PM Memphis Locations East Memphis Grocery Store Midtown Memphis Grocery Store Whitehaven Grocery Store Winchester Road Grocery Store	[ "Elvis Presley Blvd Memphis", "Hours of Operation" ]
http://memphishumane.org/adopt-a-pet/pets-ready-for-adoption/	PETS READY FOR ADOPTION All of our currently available dogs and cats are listed below Resources Intake Information Lost Found Local Resources Legislation Alerts Humane Education Caring for Your Pet Report Cruelty File A Report Local Laws News News In the Media Press Room Events About Our Mission FAQ Staff Board of Directors Careers Financial Information Contact Us Donate Online Donate Needed Items Other Ways to Help How Your Gifts Help Donate Your Car Cans for Pets Pets Ready for Adoption Take a look at our adoptable animals then head over to the Adoption Process page to see whats next Dogs To see all of our adoptable dogs go here Cats To see all of our adoptable cats go here featured pets See some of the amazing pets that are looking for a happy home	[ "adoptable animals" ]
http://men.emedtv.com/acamprosate/acamprosate.html	Acamprosate What Is Acamprosate ? Acamprosate calcium Campral ® ) is a prescription medication approved to treat alcohol dependence . It is intended for use after a person has stopped drinking ( usually after detoxification ) and should be used in combination with a comprehensive alcohol treatment program that includes counseling and group support programs . ( Click What Is Acamprosate Used For ? for more information , including possible off - label uses . ) Side Effects of Acamprosate As with any medicine , acamprosate can cause side effects . However , not everyone who takes the drug will experience side effects . In fact , most people tolerate it quite well . If side effects do occur , in most cases , they are minor and either require no treatment or are easily treated by you or your healthcare provider . Serious side effects are less common . Common side effects of acamprosate include , but are not limited to : Diarrhea Itching Nausea A feeling of general weakness . ( Click Side Effects of Acamprosate to learn more , including potentially serious side effects that you should report immediately to your healthcare provider . )	[ "Acamprosate", "drug", "alcohol" ]
http://men.emedtv.com/tadalafil/dosage-of-tadalafil.html	Dosage of Tadalafil Dosage of Tadalafil : An Introduction The dosage of tadalafil Cialis ® ) your healthcare provider recommends will vary depending on a number of factors , such as : The condition being treated Other medical conditions you may have Other medications you may be currently taking . As always , do not adjust your dosage unless your healthcare provider specifically instructs you to do so . ( Please note that this article refers specifically to Cialis , the original tadalafil product that is approved for treating erectile dysfunction . For information about dosing with the tadalafil product used to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension , please see Adcirca Dosage . ) Tadalafil Dosing for Erectile Dysfunction The recommended starting dosage of tadalafil for treating erectile dysfunction is tadalafil 10 mg one hour prior to sexual activity . However , you may take tadalafil anywhere from 1 hour to 36 hours before sexual activity . Depending on the effectiveness of the medication ( and whether you experience any side effects ) , your healthcare provider may increase or decrease your tadalafil dosage . The maximum tadalafil dosage is tadalafil 20 mg . Alternatively , tadalafil can be taken on a daily basis ( every single day , whether you plan sexual activity or not ) . For this use , the recommended dose is tadalafil 2.5 mg once daily , at the same time each day ( it does not matter when you plan to have sexual activity if you take tadalafil this way ) . If the 2.5 mg daily dosage does not seem to be working well enough , your healthcare provider may increase the dose to tadalafil 5 mg every day . Lower dosages may be recommended for men with kidney or liver problems .	[ "healthcare", "Tadalafil" ]
http://menard.com/	We are YOUR Cooperative Working for our members STRONG PRINCIPLES RUN THROUGH EVERY COOP LINE 10800 Services 8 Counties Served 2600 Miles of Line Friday October 5 2018 Member Angel Tree Menard Electric Cooperatives Christmas Committee wants to make Wishes come true for members children this Christmas Entry forms available here Thursday September 20 2018 Employees Help Restore Power After Hurricane Menard Electric Cooperative employees answered the call to help electric cooperatives restore power to hundreds of thousands after devastating storms Thursday September 20 2018 IEC Memorial Scholarships 2000 scholarships for college and line schools available now Thursday September 20 2018 Listing of Returned Capital Credit Checks Help us locate members to get capital credit checks returned Page 1	[ "Menard Electric Cooperative" ]
http://mendoza.nd.edu/programs/mba-programs/two-year-mba/tuition-financial-aid/	Home Graduate Programs Two - Year MBA Two - Year MBA Attend an Event Visit Apply Overview Highlights Career Development Student Life What You ' ll Learn Our Community Admission Tuition & Aid Events Apply Ready to learn more ? Tell us about yourself : * Required First Name * Last Name * Email Address * Gender Submit Gain analytical skills and an ethical leadership foundation to fuel your career . The traditional Two - Year MBA degree at Notre Dame is the hallmark of graduate business education . It will prepare you for success in business , regardless of your prior background . With an average of five years of work experience , each class is enriched by the unique perspectives of its members ranging from traditional business professionals to military veterans , men and women , and students from diverse ethnic and cultural backgrounds . In two years at Notre Dame , you ’ ll earn a values - based MBA with a focus on Business Analytics . You ’ ll join a close - knit class with countless opportunities to develop your own leadership style and engage with the community . And , in the end , you ’ ll be connected with a global alumni network rated one of the most responsive in the world . Duration : 2 Years Format : Full - time Location : Notre Dame Highlights : MBA Student Experience The traditional Two - Year MBA is a rigorous full - time program , located on our iconic campus near South Bend , Indiana . It ’ s a program that continues to evolve and innovate , positioning you to become a global thought leader . Lead Courageously Your MBA journey launches with Integral Leadership Development , four days of individual and group activities to help you discern your most important values , strengths and weaknesses — a process that proves to be unexpectedly challenging . Business Analytics You ' ll build a strong business analytics tool kit with a curriculum designed to give you the skills needed to lead using insights drawn from big data . Global Experiences Global experiences are a vital part of business education today , and you ' ll have unique opportunities through the Two - Year MBA program to see the real world impact of business first hand . Entrepreneurial Spirit From submitting your idea to investing in a technology already in the pipeline to securing an internship , there are a number of ways that MBA students can get involved in the groundbreaking work happening at the IDEA Center . Welcome to the Notre Dame Family Notre Dame ’ s small program size and personal attention help to develop a close - knit community and relationships that last long after graduation . Including your classmates , faculty and staff , you ' ll become part of the Notre Dame Family ! 125 Average Class Size 740 - 610 GMAT Middle 80 % Range 5.1 Years Average Work Experience 85 % Students Receiving fellowship 3.3 Average GPA 3.1 Student to Faculty Ratio Contact a Student Career Development Our approach is designed to give you the tools and support you need to reach your goals . We leverage dedicated professionals , a robust career strategy process ( involving both formal coursework and tailored one - to - one coaching ) , and a powerful suite of tools and resources . Career Leadership Course A central component of your career development experience is our Career Leadership Course , which meets twice per week during Module # 1 ( your first seven weeks on campus ) . The course serves as a strong foundation for your career development and consists of the following phases : Dedicated 1 : 1 Coaching You will benefit from tailored , individual career coaching that works with your schedule — you schedule the meetings , drive the agenda and lead the conversations Our coaches have industry experience , coaching training , and a deep commitment to understanding students . Our coaches help our students align with their values , leverage their strengths , and ignite their passion . MBA Treks Travel with fellow students to the San Francisco Bay Area to talk business with companies like Salesforce , Cisco , Intel or Google ; or to Wall Street in New York City to discuss investment banking or finance with Citi , Deutsche Bank , JP Morgan and more . A Community of Support Interact with corporate representatives through hundreds of on - campus touch points each year ; Plug into Notre Dame ’ s world - class alumni network ; or , Engage with the IDEA Center at Innovation Park , where aspiring entrepreneurs , faculty , students and industry experts collaborate . Employment Statistics ( Class of 2018 ) 91 % Received Offer within 3 months of Graduating $ 133,862 Average Salary ( including bonus ) OR $ 111,850 Average Salary 100 % Received Internship Offer Hiring companies of recent MBA Grads Abbott Nutrition Amazon American Airlines AT&T Bank of America / Merrill Lynch Capital One Cisco Citi Deloitte Deutsche Bank Discover Financial Services Emerson ExxonMobil EY FTI Consulting General Electric Huron Consulting IBM Intel Johnson & Johnson Liberty Mutual M&T Bank McKinsey & Co . Microsoft Nationwide Pacific Gas & Electric PwC Procter & Gamble SAP United Airlines Whirlpool Class of 2017 U.S. Placement By Region * Percentages may not add to 100 % due to rounding 16 % WEST 11 % SOUTHWEST 38 % MIDWEST 6 % MID - ATLANTIC 20 % NORTHEAST 6 % SOUTH Learn more about employer engagement 2018 Employment Report ( PDF ) The Economist ranks Notre Dame among the Top 5 MBA programs for “ alumni effectiveness ” and among the Top 10 for “ potential to network . ” Student Life as a Two - Year MBA Student While you ’ re earning the Two - Year MBA and advancing your career , you ’ ll still have time to get the full Notre Dame student experience . The MBA Family Life Committee is dedicated to offering a community of support as you make Notre Dame your home . Attend Mass in the Basilica of the Sacred Heart ; join an intramural sports team ; or volunteer in the community through the Center for Social Concerns Join classmates , professors , and recruiters at the MBA Tailgate Party during home football games . Join the Beta Gamma Sigma National Business Honor Society Learn more about the Military and Women in Business at Notre Dame What You ’ ll Learn : MBA Course of Study After only one semester of core business classes , you ’ ll select a concentration track and embark on a tailored set of courses relevant to your personal and professional goals . Apply what you ’ ve learned in the mid - semester Interterm Intensive , a weeklong course that allows you to broaden your expertise or study abroad . In four semesters , with 64 credits , you ’ ll discover everything you ’ ve ever wanted to know about business . Signature Experiences Business on the Frontlines ( BOTFL ) Applied Investment Management ( AIM ) Integral Leadership Development ( ILD ) Global Opportunities Explore the Two - Year MBA Curriculum Concentration Tracks Fall 2018 MBA Academic Calendar ( PDF ) Spring 2019 MBA Academic Calendar ( PDF ) Our Community You will be challenged by world - class faculty and inspired by accomplished alumni . You will collaborate with students from a wide range of personal and professional backgrounds . Terrell Hunt MBA Candidate ' 19 " I already feel ready to effectively and ethically tackle the challenges of a challenging world . " Chris Adkins Associate Teaching Professor " How do you create value for yourself and other people ? " Sarah Shoemaker Alumna " The community at Notre Dame is an amazing experience . The smaller program makes it so that you can really get to know your classmates , but you can also get to know student services , career services . " Adria Griffin MBA Candidate ' 19 " Notre Dame ’ s MBA program has allowed me not only to develop valuable business skills in the classroom , but also engage with and learn from the most diverse and experienced group of peers I ’ ve ever had the opportunity to meet . I feel like I ’ m getting so much more than a degree from my time here ! " Admission Round Deadline Decision Early Decision Sept . 18 , 2018 Nov . 2 , 2018 1 Oct . 16 , 2018 Dec . 14 , 2018 2 Jan . 8 , 2019 Mar . 15 , 2019 3 Mar . 19 , 2019 May 3 , 2019 4 Apr . 9 , 2019 May 10 , 2019 Early Decision Early Decision candidates are expected to withdraw their candidacy from other schools and provide a non - refundable $ 4,000 deposit . International Applicants International candidates are strongly encouraged to apply by February 1 to allow time for VISA paperwork and processing . View All Application Requirements Schedule Off - Campus Interview GMAT Mini Quiz Tuition & Aid The Notre Dame MBA offers one of the best returns on investment of any top - ranked MBA program , aided by merit - based fellowships and the low cost of living for our beautiful suburban campus . $ 56,338 Tuition for the Two - Year MBA program for the 2019 - 2020 academic year . 100 % of tuition is covered for those named as Meyer Fellows . 85 % of Two - Year MBA students are awarded a fellowship 100 % of female fellowship recipients are Forte Fellows Learn More about Financial Aid Events There are many opportunities to interact with MBA students and staff both on - campus and in your hometown . Our team is excited to meet you , share our passion for Notre Dame and be a resource as you go through the MBA selection process . On - Campus Experiences Throughout the year , the Admissions team offers Information sessions , formal admissions interviews and special events on campus regardless of where you are in the admissions process . Learn more about the different options available ! Off - Campus Events and Interviews The Admissions Team travels around the US and overseas to meet and engage with the best MBA candidates . See when an Admissions Representative will be in your area next ! In addition to MBA events , our team will periodically offer opportunities for in - person interviews on the road . Off - campus interviews are typically offered between September and January . Webinars Throughout the year , our team and current students will offer informational webinars and Q&A sessions to help you understand our community and the opportunities the ND MBA offers from the comfort of your home . View past webinars and look for updated content during the year . Thu Jun 13 - Fri Jun 14 Service Academy Career Conference – Washington , DC All Events Attend an Event Visit	[ "MBA Programs", "Tuition", "Financial Aid" ]
http://meningitis-etc.blogspot.com/	meningitis - etc Friday , February 8 , 2019 Prosecutors : NECC Convictions Must Stand By Walter F . Roche Jr . Federal prosecutors today asked a federal judge to deny motions for acquittal filed in behalf of three pharmacists convicted last year on charges stemming from the probe of a deadly 2012 fungal meningitis outbreak . Charging that the petitions for acquittal or a new trial simply rehashed arguments already rejected during the eight week trial , the prosecutors said the jury ' s guilty verdicts against Gene Svirskiy , Christopher Leary and Alla Stepanets should stand . The three were employed at the New England Compounding Center , which was shuttered in the wake of the outbreak which took the lives of more than 100 patients who had been injected with contaminated steroids shipped by NECC . The three were not charged , however , with playing any role in the specific drug blamed for the outbreak but for producing and shipping other contaminated , mislabeled and untested drugs to health facilities from Florida to upstate New York . Svirskiy and Leary were convicted on charges of racketeering , conspiracy , mail fraud and violations of the Food Drug and Cosmetic Act , while Stepanets was convicted on six counts of violating the Food Drug and Cosmetic Act . In the Friday filings Assistant U.S. Attorneys George Varghese and Amanda Strachan wrote that none of the arguments raised in the acquittal motions " justify the extraordinary step of overturning the jury ' s verdict in this case . " Citing the motion filed in behalf of Svirskiy , the prosecutors said , " The jury was presented with abundant evidence of Svirskiy ' s " knowing participation in NECC ' s fraudulent scheme . " And , they argued , the fact that the pharmacists never actually interacted with any of NECC ' s customers was irrelevant . Cited were internal emails copied or sent to Svirskiy and Leary detailing repeated sterility and other problems in the clean room where they worked . The emails also showed the defendants were aware untested products were being shipped to customers despite promises to the contrary . Svirskiy had also argued that he was prejudiced when U.S. District Judge Richard G . Stearns barred testimony about racial slurs and anti Semitic statements made by co - defendant Glenn Chin . Stearns concluded the statements would just inflame " for no particular reason . " Chin was convicted in a separate trial and is currently serving an eight year prison term . Labeling some of the arguments " the last gasp of the convicted , " the prosecutors added , " There was absolutely nothing wrong " with the prosecutions closing arguments in the trial that ended in early December . In Stepanets ' case , prosecutors said claims that her role at NECC was merely clerical were disproved by evidence and testimony during the trial . They noted she approved for shipment drugs prescribed for obviously fictitious patients such as L.L. Bean and Filet O ' Fish . The three were convicted along with Gregory Conigliaro and Sharon Carter in last year ' s trial . They also have filed motions for acquittal or a new trial and a hearing is scheduled for Feb . 26 . Two final NECC defendants are scheduled for trial in March . Contact : wfrochejr999 @ gmail . com Posted by Walter Roche at 7 : 21 PM No comments : Email This BlogThis ! Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest Tuesday , January 29 , 2019 Conigliaro Seeks Acquittal or New Trial By Walter F . Roche Jr . A part owner of the drug company blamed for a deadly 2012 outbreak is seeking an acquittal or a new trial charging that highly prejudicial evidence and even a comment from the presiding judge made it impossible for confused jurors to conclude he conspired to defraud the U.S. Food and Drug Administration . In two filings in U.S. District Court in Boston , Mass . the attorney for Gregory Conigliaro argued that prosecutors never should have been allowed to state that their client " made millions of dollars " from the New England Compounding Center , the now defunct firm blamed for the fungal meningitis outbreak . Conigliaro and four others were convicted late last year on racketeering , mail fraud and conspiracy charges following a more than two month trial . The charges stem from a two year probe of the outbreak that took the lives of more than 100 patients . Daniel Rubenstein , Conigliaro ' s lawyer , stated that among the prejudicial evidence unfairly allowed during the trial was testimony relating to a nearby recycling facility that Conigliaro owns . He wrote that evidence should not have been allowed should not have been allowed because prosecutors failed to present any evidence that the recycling business was the source of deadly fungi that made its way into drugs that NECC was selling . The filing cites a comment made during the trial by U.S. District Judge Richard G . Stearns regarding the recycling evidence as " unduly prejudicial . " " I have a different view , " Stearns said following a comment by Conigliaro ' s defense team challenging the relevance of the recycling business . The two memoranda come as the date for a hearing on the acquittal motion is approaching . Another defendant , Sharon Carter last week filed a similar acquittal motion . A Feb . 26 hearing date has been set for oral arguments on the acquittal requests . Conigliaro and Carter ' s lawyers , taking a cue from Stearns , centered their arguments on the claim that it was a legal impossibility for the two to conspire to defraud the FDA , because the government agency did not have clear legal authority to regulate drug compounders like NECC . Citing trial and Congressional testimony along with FDA documents , Rabinowitz wrote that " the uncontroverted evidence at trial showed it was legally impossible to determine whether a business was a manufacturer or a compounding pharmacy . Prosecutors and government witnesses charged that NECC was actually acting as a manufacturer but disguised itself as a compounding pharmacy to avoid stricter regulation by the FDA . Noting that the U.S. Supreme Court struck down a law that did set a distinction between manufacturers and compounders , Rabinowitz argued it was not possible for the court to find the FDA had been defrauded of its regulatory ability and cited the testimony of Dr . Janet Woodcock of the FDA and former FDA Commissioner Margaret Hamburg . The filing also states that Conigliaro should have been granted a separate trial because much of the evidence against the four co - defendants had nothing to do with the single conspiracy charge against Conigliaro . The result , the filing continues was " weeks and weeks of testimony " that was completely irrelevant to the single charge against Conigliaro . Rabinowitz also argued that Stearns should not have allowed testimony by pharmacy regulators from nine states , who were called as prosecution witnesses against Conigliaro . " The evidence at trial was legally insufficient for any rational trier of fact to conclude that the government proved beyond a reasonable doubt that Mr . Conigliaro intended to defraud the FDA , " the filing concludes . Posted by Walter Roche at 10 : 57 AM 4 comments : Email This BlogThis ! Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest Friday , January 25 , 2019 NECC Defendant Wants Jury Overturned One of the defendants in the recent trial stemming from a deadly fungal meningitis is asking the the presiding judge to overturn the jury ' s guilty verdict on charges that she conspired to defraud the U.S. Food and Drug Administration . In a 21 - page motion filed today in U.S. District Court in Boston , Mass . lawyers for Sharon Carter said it was a legal impossibility for her to conspire to defraud the FDA of its legal authority because top agency officials themselves did n ' t think they had that authority to regulate state licensed drug compounders . The argument was one that presiding U.S. District Judge Richard G . Stearns specifically urged defense attorneys to explore when he set the schedule for the acquittal motions . The same argument has been raised by lawyers for co - defendant Gregory Conigliaro , who is seeking acquittal . Carter was one of five employees of the New England Compounding Center convicted late last year following a more than two month trial in Stearn ' s courtroom . The trial was the third stemming from the 2014 indictment of 14 NECC connected individuals who were charged following a two year probe of the deadly fungal meningitis outbreak caused by contaminated NECC drugs . " The FDA did not believe that it possessed clear statutory or regulatory authority - or necessary tools - to oversee the compounders during the relevant time period , " attorney Michael Pinneault wrote in the 21 - page filing in support of an acquittal on the same conspiracy charge . The motion cites testimony by Dr . Janet Woodcock during last year ' s trial and in congressional hearings . Former FDA Commissioner Margaret Hamburg ' s congressional testimony also was cited . The filing notes that when the FDA was informed by Colorado regulators of NECC ' s illegal activity in that state , the FDA merely forwarded the information to Massachusetts regulators , effectively deferring jurisdiction . The brief also argues that there was insufficient evidence presented by federal prosecutors to justify a conviction " The evidence failed to prove that Ms . Carter knew of the existence of an agreement to deceive , obstruct and impede the FDA , " the filing states . Prosecutors charged that NECC was actually acting as a drug manufacturer subject to strict FDA regulation , but disguised itself as a small family owned company subject only to state regulation . " There was no testimony that Ms . Carter contributed to , or even knew about NECC ' s " communicators with regulators , " the filing continues . Noting that Carter ' s role at NECC involved supervising other workers in verifying orders for drugs , the brief states that that the evidence did not support the conclusion that Carter was even aware of a conspiracy to defraud the FDA . Carter ' s brief cites the testimony of Robert Ronzio , the prosecution ' s star witness who testified that , " I did n ' t realize at the time what we were doing was illegal . " The jury ' s conviction , the filing concludes , " is contrary to the substantial weight of the evidence . " Contact : wfrochejr999 @ gmail . com 6 : 35 PM 3 comments : Friday , January 18 , 2019 Panel Rules for Disclosure of Jurors ' Addresses A three judge panel has reversed and vacated a ruling by the judge presiding over the NECC criminal cases in which he refused to provide the addresses of the 12 jurors who decided the case against Glenn Chin , who was convicted on racketeering and mail fraud charges . In a 27 - page ruling written by Judge David J . Barron the First Circuit Court of Appeals today vacated the order issued by U.S. District Court Judge Richard G . Stearns . Citing a prior appeals court decision in a case brought by the Boston Globe , the court said Stearns failed to make a particularized finding that justified withholding the jurors ' addresses . The suit was filed by WBUR the public radio station owned by Boston University . WBUR had filed a request for the names home addresses of the jurors who decided the case against Chin . Chin was a supervising pharmacist for the New England Compounding Center , the company blamed for a deadly 2012 fungal meningitis outbreak . The jurors cleared Chin on 25 counts of second degree murder , but convicted him on racketeering , mail fraud and conspiracy charges . Stearns not only refused to provide the jurors addresses but refused to provide even the names of the jurors until Chin had been sentenced , which did n ' t occur until several weeks following the jury verdict The appeals court said that before it could restrict access to jurors names and addresses a judge must first make " the kind of particularized findings that could justify either the non - disclosure of that information or the disclosure of it only with lawful conditions tailored to those findings . " In remanding the case back to the district court , the panel instructed Stearns " to follow the rule set forth in re . Globe and to unseal the jurors ' names and addresses as WBUR requested . " The decision marks the second time a Stearns decision in the NECC cases has been reversed by an appeals court . Another appeals panel reversed Stearns decision to dismiss charges against three of the original 14 defendants . Two of those defendants , Kathy Chin and Michelle Thomas are scheduled to go to trial March 25 . 6 : 44 PM No comments : Thursday , January 17 , 2019 NECC " Consultant " Gets Probation A hospital pharmacy buyer who collected $ 355,000 to help channel business to a now defunct drug company was spared jail and placed on one year ' s probation today following a hearing in U.S. District Court in Boston , Mass . U.S. District Judge Leo Sorokin , following the agreed recommendation of prosecutors and a defense lawyer , imposed the sentence on Claudio Pontoriero , who is still working as a pharmacy buyer , but for a different hospital . He also imposed a $ 40,000 restitution order and a $ 100 special assessment . Pontoriero , a registered pharmacy technician , had entered a guilty plea to a charge that he lied to federal agents in 2015 when he was asked why he had been paid the $ 355,000 by Ameridose , LLC . Under the plea agreement Pontorieo acknowledged that the payments of $ 5,000 per month over six years were not for web site services but for using his position at the Massachusetts General Hospital to steer business to Ameridose and a sister company , the New England Compounding Center ( NECC ) . Both companies closed down in the aftermath of the outbreak . Pontoriero ' s role came to light during the investigation of the 2012 fungal meningitis outbreak , a deadly public health crisis caused by contaminated steroids shipped by NECC to health providers across the country . Both Pontoriero ' s former and current employers wrote letters of support for him . He is currently employed at the Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital . 5 : 04 PM 1 comment : Wednesday , January 16 , 2019 NECC Pharmacists Under Investigation A Massachusetts regulatory board has formally opened complaint investigations against four defendants who were convicted late last year on charges ranging from racketeering to mail fraud , all stemming from a federal probe of the 2012 fungal meningitis outbreak . According to a spokeswoman for the Board of Pharmacy , the panel voted at a meeting last week to initiate investigations against the four defendants who were found guilty following a more than two month trial in U.S. District Court in Boston , Mass . " The complaints serve to initiate investigations in which the board will gather relevant documentation and evidence , " the spokeswoman said . Those being investigated are Gene Svirskiy , Christopher Leary , Alla Stepanets and Sharon Carter . All were employed at the now defunct New England Compounding Center , the company blamed for the outbreak which took the lives of more than 100 patients among 800 who were sickened . Leary , Svirskiy and Stepanets are licensed pharmacists , while Carter is a registered pharmacy technician . The board voted to take no action against Joseph Evanosky , who was acquitted of all charges in the recent trial . The board spokeswoman said that any disciplinary action , would require a vote by the full board and the agency would be required to comply with the provisions of the state Administrative Procedures Act . That statute requires that the licensees facing discipline must be notified and given an opportunity to respond . A fifth NECC defendant who was found guilty , Gregory Conigliaro , is not a licensed pharmacist , but could face action by the regulatory board overseeing real estate agents . Conigliaro , a licensed real estate salesman , was vice president and part owner of NECC . The five were among 14 indicted in 2014 following a two year probe of the fungal meningitis outbreak . Barry J . Cadden and Glenn Chin , both licensed pharmacists surrendered their licenses before they were indicted . Both are now serving jail terms following their conviction on racketeering and mail fraud charges . Cadden was president and part owner of NECC while Chin was a supervising pharmacist . During the recent trial lawyers for the defendants repeatedly cited the fact that their clients had retained their licenses despite the outbreak but testimony showed that the state pharmacy board delayed action at the request of federal prosecutors . 2 : 03 PM Tuesday , January 15 , 2019 Pharmacist in NECC Probe Seeks Probation A pharmacist , who pleaded guilty to lying to federal investigators about his relationship with a now defunct drug company , is asking a federal judge not to give him a jail sentence but one year of probation and a $ 100 special assessment . In an 11 - page filing in U.S. District Court in Boston , Mass . the lawyer for Claudio Pontoriero said his client was guilty of only a one time lapse of judgment when he lied to federal agents about the payments he received from Ameridose , a now shuttered Westborough pharmaceutical company that came under scrutiny in the 2012 fungal meningitis outbreak . Pontoriero is scheduled to go before U.S. District Judge Leo Sorokin for sentencing Thursday . Pontoriero , a pharmacy technician , entered a guilty plea to charges that he lied to federal agents about $ 355,000 in payments he received from Ameridose between 2006 and 2012 . The payments were made in $ 5,000 monthly installments . He told agents that the payments were in return for consulting work related to the company ' s web site . In fact , prosecutors charged , Pontoriero was being paid in return for his influence at Massachusetts General Hospital in winning business for Ameridose and a sister company , the New England Compounding Center . NECC has been named as the cause of the 2012 outbreak which sickened nearly 800 patients , killing more than 100 of them . Pontoriero was a pharmacy buyer at Mass General . He is still a registered technician and is employed at Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital . In the filing this week , Pontotiero ' s lawyer , Joshua Ruby , wrote that his client was a dedicated husband who realized the seriousness of the charges filed against him . He noted federal prosecutors also agreed that Pontoriero should not be imprisoned . Noting that two other NECC defendants , Douglas and Carla Conigliaro , were given only probation as a sentence after their guilty pleas , Ruby wrote that it would be a " grave injustice " for Pontoriero to be given a harsher sentence . He noted that the Conigliaros earned profits from NECC and were " personally involved in events leading up to the 2012 meningitis outbreak . " Attached to the filing were 23 - pages of letters from supporters urging leniency for Pontoriero . Among those were Carlo DeMaria , the mayor of Everett . Older Posts Home Subscribe to : Posts ( Atom )	[ "NECC", "Massachusetts regulatory board" ]
http://menshair.about.com/od/facialhair/a/beardcare.htm	Hairstyles Helpful Tips for Caring for Your Beard Siavash Ghanbari / Unsplash by David Alexander updated April 05 , 2019 Because the hair on your face is somewhat different than the hair on your head , caring for your beard requires a modified set of instructions . Luckily , the tricks of the trade are easy to learn and put into practice . Use these tips to keep your facial hair healthy and looking good . Stay Conditioned The key to a fantastic looking beard is to keep it clean and well - conditioned . For this important task , simply use the same shampoo and conditioner on your face as you do your head . If your beard is gray , conditioning is key because grey hair can grow thicker and more bristly than colored hair . The conditioning will help soften the beard . For unruly beards , a dab of beard conditioner ( such as Craig ' s Beard and Stache Butter ) will tame those whiskers . Comb It Out In addition to cleaning and conditioning , keeping your beard well maintained is essential . Use a fine - toothed comb to keep your beard smooth and free from tangles by running the comb through the beard in the direction of the hair growth . Seek Professional Help To give your beard the best shape possible , have it trimmed periodically by a professional barber . Finding a good barber can be tough these days , but they ' re out there . After your barber has professionally shaped your beard , you can maintain it easier at home . Invest in the Right Tools Investing in quality trimmers is crucial to keeping a well - groomed beard at home . Choose a trimmer with an adjustable trimming guide for mistake - proof trimming . Stay away from scissors as you ' ll have a hard time getting an even trim . If you really want to go all out , buy two clippers . A full - sized clipper ( like those a barber uses to cut your hair ) will make overall trimming easier , while a small fine - toothed trimmer will cut closer and allow you to get a clean outline . For trimming , we recommend the Andis Headliner PLS In addition to a good trimmer , it ' s also recommended that you invest in a wall - mounted mirror with a telescoping arm . This will prevent you from having to lean across the bathroom counter and ensure you can get close up . Use a Shave Oil A clear shaving oil will allow you to see what you are shaving and will help ensure clean lines around your beard . For this purpose , we suggest using The Gentlemens Refinery Pre Shave Oil Color Carefully If your beard is graying or a dramatically different color from the hair on your head , there are dyes specifically formulated for facial hair that are safe to use at home . Follow the instructions on the package carefully to ensure good , even coverage . Never use beard color immediately after a shower . The essential oils produced by your skin will help prevent staining of the face , but these oils are stripped away by showering . Avoid using color treatments designed for your hair as these are not formulated to handle the tougher hair on your face . Just for Men makes brush - in color gels that work well .	[ "Beard", "unruly beards", "quality trimmer" ]
http://menshealthlink.com/pearly-penile-papules/	Pearly Penile Papules Pearly Penile Papules \| What is it - and do I need to be concerned ? Pearly Penile Papules is also known as hirsuties coronae glandis or , hirsutoid papillomas . On the Internet , there is no shortage of people peddling information – and much misinformation about Pearly Penile Papules . As with most things , there is always someone trying to put a spin on something if they stand to make some money or increase their ratings , etc . The skin condition known as Pearly Penile Papules is not immune from the spin . Many information sources play to your insecurities and anxieties and attempt to convince you it needs “ curing ” as if you were carrying a disease . In actual fact it does n ’ t need curing . It is a skin condition , not a disease , and is totally normal . In this context , by normal we mean not abnormal , as it is quite common . It is so normal that if your penis is graced with PPP , you are in good company , as millions of other young and middle aged men are graced with it too . By some estimates , as many as 30 % ( or more ) of the population ( in the age bracket ) have this condition . This page was last updated on 9th of April 2019 If that is all you ’ re worried about , you are fortunate . Many men strut around like a big stud - muffin , with the secret added attraction of HPV ( genital ) Warts or some other shameful and degrading sexually transmitted disease . I had it too . You can expect Penile Papules to diminish as you age . I am in my upper middle age and it ’ s been gone for a while now . Most people are generally uneasy with Penile Papules , at least at some time in their life – usually , I suspect during the years when searching for a mate . Once properly identified so you ’ re certain what it is ( and not something worse ) you can really forget about it . Me ? I called it my built - in French Tickler . It was an adornment . When they were handing out penises , I got the bonus plan . I am aware that not everyone sees the humor in that . I ’ ll attempt to give you all the information needed for you to come to terms with it , if you would , or , so you can determine what the next step is for you . Some people choose not to deal with the papules and actively seek methods to rid themselves of the problem . There really is no need to remove the papules , unless for aesthetic reasons , which is the usual reason stated . Guys do n ’ t like PPP , because it is , or could be perceived to be unsightly . It can cause self - consciousness , problems with self - esteem in some and cause your new girlfriend to wonder about it , aloud , from a safe distance . » § « , , . · · . , , . · · . » § « , , . · · . » § « If you are hell - bent on getting rid of the adornment , be sure and do it safely - some methods have ‘ convalescence periods ’ and / or possible side effects . There are some methods of removal that are benign and reliable . Read more about them here : CLICK : Safe PPP Removal » § « , , . · · . , , . · · . » § « , , . · · . » § « Let ’ s get a positive ID , shall we ? Pearly Penile Papules are small , white , pimple - like protrusions , not unlike a ‘ skin tag . ’ They show up in groups of many , arranged in rows around the circumference of the base of the glans , or corona , of the penis . There are variations as can be seen in this dermatology atlas collection of photos . Click the link for photos . Be forewarned - these are graphic photos , not suitable for all eyes . Photos HERE PPP are very normal , are not contagious and they are extremely common . They are more likely to be found in uncut ( uncircumcised ) men . They are totally benign , and can not be spread by sexual activity . Although they sometimes cause a lot of confusion , they do not need to be worried about - they are totally fine . If you are concerned it might be a couple of other things , see your family doctor or General Practitioner . To attempt to get rid of it , using some abrasive or caustic substance , there is a concern that you will more likely damage yourself . What else could it be ? Fordyce Spots – is another skin condition that causes concern . Fordyce Spots are not easily confused with Penile Papules . Check this reference for more on Fordyce ’ s Spots You ’ re Kidding , RIGHT ? ! Genital Warts ? Warts are usually more random , appearing on the shaft of penis , on the head , inside and / or on the foreskin . They tend to be much bigger . PPP is most always in neat rows along the head of the penis . Warts can appear anywhere and resemble little cauliflowers , in a way . Or , they can be slightly smooth and shiny . Very common and treatable - could be the ‘ common cold ’ of STD . Alternately referred to as penile warts , Anal warts , Condyloma - it is caused by a virus ( HPV ) and is contagious . Because it is contagious , there is some measure of psychological baggage that goes with it . To test : Simply take a facecloth or Q - Tip , dip it in some vinegar and place a little on the suspected wart . If it begins to turn white , there ’ s a good chance it could be a wart . Your GP can take care of that for you . If there is any doubt , see a doctor . If left untreated , it can develop into a big problem . Syphilis ? Syphilis causes a dark , hard , flat ulcer type area that is usually pain free . Get treatment right away . Herpes ? Herpes usually manifests itself as blisters on the penis that are burning , stinging , achy . It spreads easily , and is easily treated , as well . Muluscum Contagiosum , benign bumps . It is a viral infection , can be treated but best tactic may be to leave them alone , do n ’ t scratch them and they go away in about six months to 18 mos . depending upon how much you mess with them . It is best to seek guidance from your family doctor or GP . Pearly Penile Papules : What it is n ’ t Relax , it ’ s not contagious . It is definitely not a disease . It is not sexually transmitted , nor is it transmitted in any other way . It is not transmitted – it was n ’ t transmitted to you and you will not transmit it to anyone else . Am I the Only One ? ? Who has this besides me ? One study in the UK surveyed 188 college students under the age of 25 and 70 patients over the age of 50 . The study was to determine the prevalence and to compare the related information regarding size of the papules and how widely spread they were in each case . The PPP was categorized from one to four according to increasing size and distribution of the papules . The students ’ information gathered was from self examination and the patients information came via clinical examination . An anonymous questionnaire was issued to help assess how prevalent PPP was in the age brackets . In the under - 25 group , the prevalence of PPP was 38 % . Among the over - 50 group , the prevalence was 11 % . In categories 3 and 4 ( presumably the higher numbers in terms of papules and most widespread in area ) it was 8.5 % in the under - 25 group and less than 1.5 % in the over - 50 age group . In the under - 25 age group , the prevalence of Penile Papules was 26.5 % in circumcised men and slightly over 42 % in uncircumcised men . The findings were not related to frequency of sexual intercourse , nor to elapsed time since first sexual intercourse . This study showed that the papules seem to largely disappear with age . Any latent presence in patients over 50 years old are less marked than younger men . The condition is less prevalent in circumcised men . One advisory that came out of the study was to uncircumcised men . In order to maximize exposure of the coronal area to normal abrasion , men could be advised to wear the foreskin rolled back . The extra abrasion that occurs may shorten the time it takes for the PPP to go away . » § « , , . · · . , , . · · . » § « , , . · · . » § « To get rid of PPP , be sure and do it safely - some methods have ‘ periods of convalescence ’ and / or possible long - term side effects . On the flip side , there are some methods of removal that are benign and reliable . Read more about them here : CLICK : Safe PPP Removal » § « , , . · · . , , . · · . » § « , , . · · . » § « Do you have any thoughts on this or experience with it ( good , bad , or funny ) ? If so , why not share them by commenting below . Also , if you like this , please share it on Facebook or another social media - buttons are on the page . We do appreciate it . As always , thanks for spending time here Useful Resources to Aid in Identification : Hirsuties coronae glandis Pearly Penile Papules Image credits : Jack at Wikipedia 123RF Stock Photo Visitors to this page arrived here after searching for one or more of the following terms : castor oil treatment ppp , cause pearly penile papules , causes , male genitals , get rid of , get rid papules , get rid pearly penile papules help , get rid penile papules , get rid ppp , get rid ppp home , get rid ppp tea tree oil , herbal remedies pearly penile papules , home remedies pearly penile papules , home remedies pearly penile papules home remedies , home remedies remove ppp , home remedy pearly penile papules , homeopathic Recent visitors have also viewed : Induratio Penis Plastica Fordyce Spots Picture Fordyce Spots	[ "Pearly Penile Papules", "hirsuties coronae glandis", "hirsutoid papillomas ." ]
http://menstrual-cycle-calculator.com/	Menstrual Cycle Calculator & Calendar : Calculate Your Next Period , Ovulation & Due Date Medically Reviewed by Dr Anique Ali Use this period calculator to calculate your next menstrual period , fertile period or ovulation , and due date . To give you an estimate as to when those time frames are , please provide the requested information and press the Calculate button ( results will be shown below , together with a fertility calendar ) : 1 . When did your last period start ? Monday April 15 2 . How many days did it last ? 3 . How long is your cycle ? Calculate Table of Content If you want to stand the best chance of getting pregnant , then you need to know when you are ovulating . This is the time of the month when you are at your most fertile , after ovulation ( which happens around day 14 of your cycle [ 1 ] ) there is a greater chance of a sperm reaching the egg and fertilizing it . However , one of the biggest problems and questions that people have is knowing how to calculate their next fertile period and when is the best time to try . This is where technology can come in handy . You can use these tools , such as a menstrual cycle calculator , can help provide you with a rough estimate of when you are going to ovulate next . But of course , a period calculator is not the same as talking to a healthcare professional , so this is just to aid you in coming up with the most accurate calculation possible . How Do Menstrual Cycle Calculators Work ? Menstrual Cycle Calculators vary in complexity . Some will ask you for information such as your average body temperature , as well as various other bits and pieces about what your body is currently going through . While there are women who measure their basal body temperature , it ’ s not something that the everyday woman uses . However , it is a rather accurate way ( when done 100 % correctly ) to determine when a woman is ovulating . Some feel that these types of cycle calculators are “ overkill ” , but for those who are using the basal body temperature to prevent and plan a pregnancy , they have this information handy . If you are n ’ t into this type of strict monitoring , a simple calculator like the one provided here can give you really good results and help you plan . Using a Period Calculator The first thing that the period calculator will ask you is the date of your last period . With so many apps available now , this should be information that is readily available . And just remember , when calculating your period , you use the first day of your last period . This was the beginning of your cycle . If you do n ’ t know the exact first day , calculate back from the last day however long it lasted , and start tracking now . Especially if you are trying to get pregnant . Some will use a menstruation calculator to figure out when to expect their periods and when to expect PMS . PMS is due to the change in hormones that cause periods and pregnancy . When you are pregnant or during your period , these emotional and physical symptoms subside [ 2 ] . Some women can then plan to change their diet a few days before they expect PMS and help to alleviate some of the symptoms . The next piece of information that you will be asked for is the average length of time between your periods . This is the length of the menstrual cycle . Of course , the human body does vary wildly here , and whilst some months there could be 30 days between your period , others it could be as low as 25 . However , you are only after an average here . Being as accurate as possible is important as this will affect the results that you are given which can have a profound effect on when the calculator tells you is the ideal time to try for a child . Finally , you will be given your results . Based on the information you provided , it will calculate when your next period is anticipated and also your fertile period which is when you stand the best chance to get pregnant How To Calculate Your Next Period & Ovulation Infographic Understanding the Menstrual Cycle Properly While you may already have a fair understanding of your own menstrual cycle , there are women who have cycle lengths that vary . Sometimes , your own cycle can be as short as 23 days on cycle and 28 or 30 days the next . When a variation in menstrual cycle length occurs , it usually happens before you ovulate . This is referred to as the follicular phase which encompasses menstruation as well and ends when you ovulate 3 ] . A woman generally ovulates between days 12 - 16 of their cycle which is the start of the luteal phase [ 4 ] . There is a multitude of reasons as to why your period could be altered , be it stress or medications , even weight gain / loss or travel . Unless you think you are pregnant , it could be a myriad of reasons that have your period coming irregularly Understanding Your Next Menstrual Cycle and Fertilization If you are trying to get pregnant you need to understand how the menstrual cycle works . The process starts when the thick lining of your womb starts to break up due to the decrease in estrogen and progesterone levels . Without a sufficient amount of these hormones , your body will shed the lining and it will start to prepare for your next menstrual cycle . However , if a sperm does make contact with and fertilizes the egg , it will close all pores to prevent more sperms from getting in there . The fertilized egg will stay in the fallopian tube for 3 - 4 days and then move to the uterus and attach to its wall , staying there for the long haul of pregnancy . Your body will produce human Chorionic Gonadotrophin ( hCG ) or pregnancy hormone right away ( which can be seen within 6 - 8 days by a blood test and can take about 2 weeks if not longer to be seen in urine tests ) [ 5 ] . The body will continue to produce the required estrogen and progesterone hormones so that the womb lining will not be shed and the placenta can grow mature enough that it can support the pregnancy . Some Important Information Regarding the Calculator The period calculator above also comes with a fertility calendar . You can navigate through different months by clicking on the NEXT 2 MONTHS and PREVIOUS 2 MONTHS links . This allows you to plan and prepare for your fertile and menstrual periods in the upcoming months . What you do need to remember though is that the information is n ’ t 100 % accurate as it is impossible to predict the human body . Your fertile period gives you a good range in when to have intercourse to potentially get pregnant . You can learn more about the likelihood of conception in this article That being said , the menstrual calculator is still an extremely useful tool . It provides a simple way of knowing when to anticipate your next period and when is the best time to try for getting pregnant This could be a huge help for those with busy schedules to plan their days to start their family . Learn more Want to learn more about your menstrual cycle ? Find out how does the Fertility Calculator work or how to to calculate your period manually Want to know if you ’ re pregnant ? Take this online pregnancy test , read more about the most common reasons why your period might be late or find out when it ’ s the best time to take a home pregnancy test . FAQ How do I calculate the length of my cycle ? Can I have sex during my period ? What is “ average ” for periods ? My period is really heavy ; what can I do to change that ? Can I get pregnant if my periods are irregular ? How do I know if I need to see a doctor ? Can I prevent PMS ? Do you have any other question about your period , ovulation , pregnancy or other related topics ? Check out our Frequently Asked Questions page References Your Fertility . Women ’ s Guide to Getting the Timing Right [ link Mayo Clinic . Premenstrual Syndrome ( PMS ) . [ link Better Health Channel . Menstrual Cycle . [ see above # 3 WebMD . Pregnancy and Conception . [ Eleanor Jones via Cosmopolitan . 10 Questions Period All Guys Want Answered [ Playtex . Period 101 . [ The University of Iowa . Birth Control Pill Fact Sheet . [ WebMD . Slideshow : Answers to Your Top period Questions . [ see above # 9 Spread the love About The Author Daniella Hall Mom to an amazing and crazy toddler , Aaron , with a passion for women ’ s health and wellness . One the side she also loves being outdoors , baking and creating cooking videos with Aaron Read More	[ "Menstrual Cycle", "Ovulation" ]
http://menstrupedia.com/articles/puberty/physical-changes-girls	Physical changes that occur during puberty in girls 1 . Development of breasts Between the ages of 8 - 13 years , girls start developing breasts . Morphologically ( that is in terms of form and shape ) , breasts look like a cone with the base at the chest wall and the apex at the nipple . It is possible that one of the breasts grows faster than the other but by the time the breasts are fully developed the differences in their shape and size are reduced . For a majority of girls there is a small difference in shape and size of the two breasts which is permanent and is 2 . Appearance of hair in the armpit During puberty , hair begins to grow in your arm pits . 3 . Widening of hips and appearance of pubic hair Through the years of puberty , the hips of a girl widen and hair begins to grow in the genital region . Hair in the genital region is known as pubic hair . 4 . Growth spurt During puberty girls experience a sharp growth in their height . This is known as growth spurt . By the time she is 16 years old , she attains about 98 % of the final height that she will eventually grow to . 5 . Onset of menstruation Menstruation is a process in which a sexually mature girl ' s or a woman ' s body releases of a small amount of blood and tissue through her vagina . Menstruation is a normal process that every healthy and sexually mature girl and woman undergo generally once every month . First occurrence of menstruation is called menarche and it marks the age when girls become sexually mature . Generally menarche occurs between the ages of 9 and 14 years and varies on an individual basis . References : Teenage growth and development : 11 - 14 Years , http : / / www . pamf . org Puberty and adolescence , http : / / www . nlm . nih . gov Reproductive anatomy and physiology , http : / / www . columbia . edu	[ "Physical changes", "puberty", "girls" ]
http://mental-health-matters.com/disorder/dissociative-identity-disorder/	Category : Dissociative Identity Disorder The Unspeakable by Judy Castelli \| Feb 4 , 2009 \| Abuse Issues Child Abuse Dissociative Identity Disorder Expired Rape and Sexual Assault Sexual Abuse Trauma Disorders 0 I watch the Evening News . A mother is put into the squad car . A little girl - child walks from the . . . Read More Life After DID : Dissociative Identity Disorder and Child Abuse by Judy Castelli Feb 4 , 2009 Child Abuse Children Dissociative Identity Disorder Expired Personality Disorders 0 I will speak to those among you who may know a person with Multiple Personality Disorder ( or Dissociative Identity Disorder as it ’ s now known ) , and to those who may be survivors of childhood abuse . I will speak as a person . . . Read More Sign Up For Our Newsletter ! First Name : Email address :	[ "Dissociative Identity Disorder" ]
http://mental-health.emedtv.com/lorazepam/lorazepam.html	Lorazepam What Is Lorazepam ? Lorazepam ( Ativan ® ) is a prescription medication that is used to treat anxiety . An injectable form of the medicine is also available . The injectable form of lorazepam is used to decrease nervous tension and anxiety , as well as treat severe seizures ( known medically as status epilepticus ) . Lorazepam is part of a group of medications called benzodiazepines . ( Click What Is Lorazepam Used For ? for more information on what the drug is used for , including possible off - label uses . ) Who Makes Lorazepam ? It is currently made by Biovail Pharmaceuticals . How Does It Work ? Lorazepam is part of a group of medicines called benzodiazepines . These drugs have several effects on the body , including : Reducing anxiety Causing sleepiness Relaxing muscles Stopping seizures Impairing short - term memory . All medicines in this category can have these effects to some degree , depending on the specific benzodiazepine that is being taken . They work in the brain by enhancing the effects of gamma - aminobutyric acid GABA ) , a brain chemical that is naturally calming . GABA can slow down or stop certain nerve signals in the brain . This is why lorazepam and other benzodiazepines are known as mild tranquilizers , sedatives , or central nervous system depressants ( CNS depressants ) .	[ "Lorazepam", "anxiety", "gamma-aminobutyric acid" ]
http://mentalfloss.com/article/12299/10-living-things-thriving-death-valley	10 Living Things Thriving in Death Valley BY Brian McMahon August 20 , 2012 There ’ s a reason it ’ s called Death Valley . This vast expanse of the Mojave Desert gets less than 2 inches of rain per year , the daytime temperatures can reach upwards of 120 degrees , and the landscape is so salt - laden and windswept that it ’ s nearly impossible for anything to take root . But there ’ s more life in Death Valley than you ’ d imagine . Here are 10 stubborn plants and animals that refuse to retire to greener pastures . 1 . The Rat with a Drinking Problem Like many Death Valley residents , the kangaroo rat lives for the nightlife . It spends most of its day napping underground , only venturing out after sunset . Of course , taking advantage of the cool nighttime temps is a common trick among desert mammals . What ’ s not common is how the kangaroo rat has adapted to deal with the scarcity of water : It never drinks the stuff ! Special organs inside its nose allow it to absorb moisture directly from the air , and highly efficient kidneys keep its body hydrated . In fact , 2 . The Fish That Got Lucky in Las Vegas Despite its bone - dry landscape , Death Valley is home to thousands of pupfish . The colorful , sardine - like fish live in isolated waterholes only a few feet wide . But how did all those aquatic animals get lured into the desert ? The pupfish are actually stragglers from the ice age 10,000 years ago , back when the valley was a large glacial lake . As the glaciers melted , schools of pupfish became trapped in the waterholes and evolved into several distinct species . Today , the water in the small ponds can be as Life for the pupfish has become even more difficult in recent years . Beginning in the 1960s , farmers near Death Valley started pumping the desert ’ s groundwater for irrigation , which depleted the waterholes and caused serious declines in pupfish populations . One particular species , the Devils Hole pupfish , came close to extinction in 2006 when its numbers dipped below 40 . But then an unlikely savior emerged : the Mandalay Bay Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas . The casino relocated several pupfish to its swank aquariums , successfully reviving the species before its luck 3 . The Plant That Outshines the Sun It ’ s no secret that Death Valley is a tricky place for plants to take root . The earth there is so salty that it would kill most vegetation . But the Desert Holly has developed a clever technique for dealing with the unfriendly soil . The low - growing shrub soaks up the salt in the ground along with any moisture , and then , during blooming season from January to April , it excretes the sodium deposits onto its leaves . As a result , the plant turns from green to silver — a color change that 4 . The Bird You Do n ’ t Want Your Children to See Death Valley is home to the most iconic of desert birds — the roadrunner . Thanks to its Looney Tunes fame , the bird has become quite a tourist attraction . At the Death Valley National Park Visitor Center , sightseers can view roadrunners from large glass windows , and park officials often shout “ meep , meep ! ” as they approach . However , the roadrunners do n ’ t frequent the visitor ’ s center for the attention ; they ’ re looking for fresh meat . Unlike their cartoon counterpart , real - life roadrunners are 5 . The Tortoise You Can Scare to Death The desert tortoise has a simple solution for coping with Death Valley ’ s extreme heat : it avoids it . The slow - moving creature hibernates during the winter and stays in its burrow for much of the summer , meaning that it spends more than 90 percent of its life immobile . In fact , the tortoise usually only surfaces after a good rain . Then , it gets to work . The tortoise stocks up on water by eating plants and digging trenches to collect rain . But to stay hydrated through its extended hibernation , the reptile relies on something else — its highly sophisticated bladder . Unlike most animals , the tortoise ’ s bladder acts as a holding tank , allowing it to reabsorb water back into its body . Incredibly , a desert tortoise can go a full year without taking in any fresh water at all . And because its bladder is so important to a tortoise ’ s survival , park rangers often remind visitors 6 . The Bird with Legs You Never Want to Eat The turkey vulture primarily feasts on decomposing animals , but that ’ s not the most disgusting thing about it . To stay cool , the vulture makes use of a process known asurohydrosis , a fancy way of saying that it pees on its legs to keep from overheating . This serves two purposes : the evaporating urine cools the blood circulating through the vulture ’ s legs , and also acts as a disinfectant , killing any germs the scavenger may have picked up from its last meal . You know you ’ re a dirty animal when 7 . Seeds of Greatness Every so often , Death Valley reveals a rare and beautiful display of life — a sea of colorful wildflowers , blossoming by the millions . The flowers seem to emerge out of nowhere , but in truth , the seeds of these blooms are always hidden on the desert floor , just waiting for the right amount of sunlight and rainfall before sprouting . The seeds are protected by a thick , waxy coating that guards them against the extreme heat . But when the desert gets enough rain to wash away the coating ( which is n ’ 8 . The Flower That Haunts The Gravel Ghost wildflower lives its life with the utmost discretion . It starts off as a patch of grayish leaves that blends in with the surrounding landscape . Then it sprouts a wiry stalk about 3 ft . high , which is also camouflaged against the barren scenery . But when the bulb atop the stalk blooms , it produces a vibrant white flower that insects flock to pollinate . Still , the stalk is so difficult to see that it creates the eerie appearance of a floating flower — hovering , ghost - like , above the desert 9 . Winning , by a Hare The black - tailed jackrabbit may get teased for its oversize ears , but those trademark appendages help it beat the heat in Death Valley . The rabbit ’ s 7 - inch - long ears contain a wealth of blood vessels that dissipate heat and help the animal regulate its body temperature . But the jackrabbit ’ s voracious appetite also plays into its success against the harsh climate . Like many desert creatures , the jackrabbit gets its water from the plants it eats . The clever hare switches its grazing seasonally , waiting until the hot summer 10 . The Lizard That Was Born to Run Like a water bug racing across a pond , the fringe - toed lizard glides with gravity - defying grace over the loose sand of the desert . Specially shaped scales on its toes allow the small reptile to scamper across the dunes and outrun most predators . But speed is n ’ t the lizard ’ s only superpower ; the lightning - fast reptile can also vanish in an instant by diving headfirst beneath the surface of the sand . Thanks to special scales that fold over its eyes , ears , and nostrils , the fringe - top - story Subscribe to our Newsletter ! SIGN UP NOW	[ "Death Valley", "Mojave Desert", "MENTAL FLOSS" ]
http://mentalfloss.com/article/12870/tituba-early-american-witch	Tituba the Early American Witch Barring fictional characters a slave named Tituba is Americas most famous witch She was there at Ground Zero in the case of the Salem Witch Trials of 1692 But because she was a slave her documented biography is sparse compared to other accused witches of Salem Photograph by Flickr user ISD 191 Performing Arts Programs Samuel Parris returned to Boston from his inherited sugar plantation in Barbados with three slaves Tituba John and an unnamed boy in 1680 Since this is the first mention of Tituba in the historical record it is assumed that she was acquired in Barbados and was somewhere between 12 and 18 years old Parris was neither married nor a minister then Parris married in Boston and the family moved to Salem Village in 1689 so that Samuel could take the position of minister Tituba and John were married at about that time Both were referred to in later court documents as having At least one historian traced Tituba from the Arawak people of what is now Venezuela and wrote that she was kidnapped and sold into slavery in the Caribbean as a child Tituba was working in the home of the Reverend Samuel Parris and family when the middle child 9yearold Elizabeth called Betty and her cousin 11yearold Abigail Williams suffered a series of fits possibly convulsions The two girls were soon joined by their young friends Ann Putnam and Elizabeth Hubbard who also exhibited strange fits visions and unexplained behavior No medical reason could be found for the fits although poisoning through contaminated rye flour has been posited as a possible cause so the local doctor suggested there might be a supernatural basis for their suffering One of the girls admitted to the practice of fortunetelling which immediately threw suspicion on Tituba However there is no evidence in contemporary documents that Tituba actually taught the practice to the girls The four girls named Tituba as one of their oppressors along with Sarah Good a mentally ill beggar and Sarah Osborn a widow in poor health who was in a dispute with the Putnam family Once the accusations were leveled Tituba confessed to all sorts of demonic sins signing the Devils book flying on a pole seeing supernatural animals attacking the girls But even though her background is what drew suspicion none of her confessions were of practices related to the Caribbean Africa or voodoo Photograph by Flickr user ISD 191 Performing Arts Programs One bit of witchcraft that can be linked to Tituba is the witch cake When Dr Griggs could not make a diagnosis of the girls symptoms Tituba supposedly made a cake using the urine of the afflicted girls baked into rye The cake was then fed to a dog to see if its behavior changed This scheme was reportedly carried out on February 25th of 1692 but how the dog reacted was not recorded It certainly focused more suspicion on Tituba as the witch behind the girls affliction by then several more young girls were exhibiting the manifestations But Tituba didnt come up with the idea or the recipe it was suggested by a neighbor named Mary Sibley Parris later called Mary Sibley out in church about her part in the scheme she promptly apologized for her error and was forgiven When Rev Parris heard about the witch cake he became enraged and beat Tituba Confronted with evidence of Titubas supernatural dabbling he ordered her to confess to being in league with the devil Eventually Tituba began confessing to the most outlandish dealings with demons and animals Modern consensus is that she confessed to make the beatings stop And once the beating stopped Tituba agreed to pretty much anything that was suggested to her and even began to accuse other women of witchcraft beginning with Sarah Good and Sarah Osborn who had already been named by the afflicted young girls An arrest warrant was issued for Tituba and the other two women on February 29th From that point accusations and confessions flew thick and fast as Salem residents tried to deflect guilt from themselves while passing judgment on those they had problems with Before the trials were over in the fall of 1692 twenty people had been executed for witchcraft plus two dogs as accomplices A couple hundred people were imprisoned and five had died while in prison that year including Sarah Osborn Sarah Good the third of those originally accused was convicted and hanged Both Sarahs refused to confess to the bitter end Over the past 150 years or so the popular image of Tituba was that she was actually a slave of African descent There have been several reasons for this shift in thought Titubas assumed dabbling in witchcraft thought by some to be a form of voodoo her supposed origin in Barbados and the racial politics of the 19th century a period in which quite a few fictional and semifictional accounts were written of the Salem Witch Trials The designation of Tituba as black is often explained by stating that the Puritans didnt distinguish the different racial backgrounds of slaves so her description as Indian could have meant anything But that statement doesnt make much sense The Puritans did distinguish the different races of their slaves The unnamed boy who traveled to Boston with Tituba and John Indian was described as Negro in contemporary documents he died before the trials Another slave accused of witchcraft Mary Black was described as a Negro as well and she had a convenientlybestowed last name just like Tituba Indian But what happened to Tituba Because she confessed Tituba never went to trial She sat in prison as the other witchcraft trials went on in Salem In the fall when public opinion turned away from accusations of witchcraft Tituba recanted her testimony She stayed in prison for 13 months because Rev Parris angered that Tituba changed her earlier confession refused to pay the necessary fees to free her Photograph by Flickr user ISD 191 Performing Arts Programs A similar fate befell the other two slaves who were accused of witchcraft in Salem Mary Black steadfastly maintained her innocence while the slave called Candy readily confessed Yet the two who spent some months in jail were never brought to trial The case against Mary Black was eventually dismissed and Candy was pronounced not guilty It is possible that the three slaves were considered unimportant as they had no actual power in the community owned no property that could be seized and had little opportunity to make enemies No one bothered to complain about the disposition of their cases Eventually a person whose name was not recorded redeemed Tituba from prison essentially buying her and took her away from Salem It is thought that the same person bought John Indian as well John and Tituba had a daughter named Violet who stayed with the Parris family until at least 1720 when Samuel Parris died After being taken from prison the word freed is not appropriate here Tituba was never heard from again Many factors came together to cause the witch hysteria of 1692 in Massachusetts local religious and political tensions greed fear and desperation an imbalance of power and History Miss Cellania 0 Subscribe to our Newsletter	[ "Tituba", "American Witch" ]
http://mentalfloss.com/article/19817/quick-10-10-famous-people-and-their-drug-habits	The Quick 10 : 10 Famous People and Their Drug Habits BY Stacy Conradt October 9 , 2008 New book recommendation ! Assuming you ' ve already pre - ordered the mental_floss History of the World , that is . It ' s called Genius and Heroin by Michael Largo , the same guy who wrote Final Exits Genius is full of stories about famous people and their famous vices - including , but not limited to , heroin . 1 . Sigmund Freud - cocaine . At first , his interest was purely medical . He wrote papers about the feelings associated with the substance , saying that it provided exhilaration and euphoria just minutes after partaking . Freud ' s buddy , Ernest von Fleischl , had a pretty bad morphine habit , so to help him kick it , Freud prescribed cocaine as a " safe " alternative . Fleischl became addicted , of course , and was soon spending more than $ 10,000 per month on the drug . Proving himself to be a good scholar but perhaps not a great friend 2 . Andy Warhol - Obetrol . Obetrol marketed today as Adderall , a fairly common drug used to treat ADHD . But Andy popped them in true Valley - of - the - Dolls - style . The difference between Adderall and Obetrol seems to be time options - Adderall is made and sold in immediate - release tablets and time - release tablets , but Obetrol comes only in an immediate release option . 3 . Miles Davis - Heroin . Miles was hooked on heroin for about four years , but managed to kick the habit because he was inspired by boxer Sugar Ray Robinson ' s dedication . 4 . Balzac - Caffeine . There are many people ( myself included ) who get headaches without their morning cup of java ( or five ) . But that ' s absolute child ' s play compared to Balzac . He commonly write for 48 hours nonstop , aided by cup after cup of coffee . He drank so much caffeine that it enlarged his left heart ventricle , which possibility contributed to his death . These days , that kind of addiction is called caffeinism . It can result in lots of not - fun effects , including nervousness , irritability , anxiety , 5 . Lewis Carroll - Opium . Well , at the time it was called Laudanum , and lots of people took it for minor ailments such as headaches . It ' s no surprise that lots of people got addicted to it , including Lewis Carroll ( AKA Charles Dodgson ) . He suffered terribly from migraines , and some people thought he took it because it relaxed him and helped ease his stutter . Whatever the reason , he was hooked . Carroll also liked to partake in magic mushrooms and weed , too , but you already knew that . Come on , look Alice in Wonderland 6 . Edith Piaf - everything . Poor Edith Piaf . In 1951 , she was in a car accident that left her with a broken arm and two broken ribs . She had two more car crashes afterward , and all of the resulting medication may have done more harm than good : she got hooked on morphine and various pills , in addition to alcohol . She refused to stop performing , though , and pushed herself to carry on with the show no matter what . She even spit up blood while singing at the Waldorf Astoria . 7 . Did you guys know Faulkner was a drunk ? And so was Fitzgerald ? And Hemingway ? And Dylan Thomas ? And Poe ? And Sinclair Lewis ? Yeah , of course you did . Seems like alcohol was the drug of choice for a lots of writers . Not just men , either - Dorothy Parker and Edna St . Vincent Millay were also known for their love of the drink . 8 . Maria Callas - Quaaludes . At the height of her career , Callas abruptly lost an extreme amount of weight . It ' s rumored that she got hooked on Quaaludes because they helped keep the pounds off , but she always said her weight loss was due to a sensible diet . 9 . Truman Capote - Lots of drugs . Capote had a pretty serious alcohol habit during one point in his life , but managed to kick it by taking up drugs . When he died of liver disease , he had barbiturates , Valium , anti - seizure medication , and painkillers in his system . 10 . Humphry Davy - Nitrous Oxide . Davy was an important chemist of the 1800s , which explains how he had access to the nitrous . He once inhaled five pints of the gas , promptly fell to the floor and remained blacked out for nearly three hours . He kept trying it , though - you know , for scientific purposes . Davy decided nitrous was better than alcohol because there was no hangover . It ' s evident from his papers when the addiction truly began - his writing becomes filled with poetic descriptions of the stuff , such as when he suggested that nitrous Subscribe to our Newsletter ! SIGN UP NOW	[ "Famous People", "Drug Habits", "Sigmund Freud-cocaine" ]
http://mentalfloss.com/article/21572/real-people-behind-10-fashion-houses	The Real People Behind 10 Fashion Houses BY Stacy Conradt August 2 , 2015 Getty Images With all of the hype behind fantastically expensive one - named designers , we sometimes forget that somewhere down the line , one individual person actually opened up a store and probably never dreamed their clothes would sell for thousands of dollars ( with a couple of exceptions , as you ' ll see ) . Here are the stories behind some of those one - named designers . 1 . Gucci Getty Images Guccio Gucci opened a small saddlery shop in 1906 and started selling practical leather bags to his horsemen customers sometime in the ' 20s . The quality of his work was so outstanding he quickly gained a reputation and started to expand his line . By 1938 , he had a second store in Rome ; the third store opened in Milan in 1951 . By the time the fourth store opened in Manhattan in 1953 , Guccio had died and his sons were running the business . The brand was hot for a while , thanks to famous customers like Jackie O . , Grace Kelly and Audrey Hepburn . But the ' 80s were not good to Gucci — Guccio ' s grandsons were running the company into the ground . They started to dull the appeal of the high - end brand by agreeing to strange partnerships , like the time they designed the interior of the AMC Hornet station wagon . Knockoffs were everywhere , and the grandsons started fighting — physically . One business meeting ended in blows , and reportedly one of the grandsons bashed the other one in the head with an answering machine and knocked him out cold . But when Rodolfo Gucci , one of Guccio ' s sons , died in 1983 and left his share to his son Maurizio , Maurizio pushed out his uncle Aldo and eventually sold the company , which went public . Non - Gucci - family - members were brought in as designers , presidents and CEOs , and the brand has flourished since . 2 . Prada Prada has a story similar to Gucci ' s , but the line is younger and the Italian city it started in is 155 miles north . Prada , founded by Mario Prada , dates back to Milan , Italy , 1913 . Mario sold steamer trunks and imported handbags . When Mario passed away in the ' 50s , his son was n ' t really interested in taking over the leather goods store , and a woman running the store would have been out of the question . Prior to Mario ' s death ; a female family member even working in the store was n ' t possible as Mario did n ' t believe women belonged in the workplace . So he probably rolled over in his grave when his daughter - in - law took control of the business , but she maintained the store for 20 years . It was n ' t until her daughter , Miuccia , took over in the late ' 70s that the brand really exploded . Miuccia started designing leather backpacks and totes , and she opened a second store — this one a boutique — in an upscale shopping district in Milan . Clothes were added to the line in 1989 and the name has been cemented in the high fashion market ever since . 3 . Versace Versace is the newest brand on the list — it was founded just 31 years ago . Gianni Versace grew up helping his mother , a dressmaker , embroider dresses and do tailoring . He studied architecture and moved to Milan when he was 26 to work in fashion . After working for a couple of designers , he was ready to start his own line and opened his first store in Milan in 1978 . The line was successful right away , exploding with boutiques around the world . When Gianni was killed in 1997 , his sister Donatella stepped in to run the company . The biggest share of the company belongs to Donatella ' s daughter , however : Gianni left 50 percent of the company to Allegra to inherit when she turned 18 ( which happened in 2004 ) . Donatella owns 20 percent and Santo , the oldest Versace brother , owns 30 percent . 4 . Burberry By contrast , Burberry is the second oldest house on the list . In 1856 , Thomas Burberry opened a store in Hampshire , England , focusing on practical outdoor wear . After some experimentation , Burberry invented gabardine in 1880 , a fabric made from yarn that is waterproofed before the garment is woven . Based on this and on his growing reputation , Thomas was asked by the War Office to make a better coat for its officers ; the result was the trench coat . The famous " Burberry Check " was first used as a mere part of the reason the brand is so ubiquitous today . 5 . Chanel Chanel was founded , of course , by Gabrielle Chanel , better known as Coco . She was only 12 when her mother died , and to make matters worse , her father then abandoned the family . Coco and her siblings were sent to an orphanage , which is where she learned how to sew . The moment she turned 18 , she fled the orphanage and went to work for a tailor . There she met millionaire Etienne Balsan , where she no doubt found the money to open up her own hat shop in 1910 . They were n ' t dating at that time , however . The shop quickly failed , but after starting an affair with Balsan ' s former best friend , Arthur Capel ( also , conveniently , a millionaire ) , she opened another shop . This one was successful , and soon her hats were all the She was briefly arrested after France was liberated because of her attempt to gain access to Winston Churchill — it was widely believed that she was helping the Axis side . Indeed , she did live in the same hotel that the Germans used as their headquarters while they were in France , the Hotel Ritz Paris . Churchill himself intervened on her behalf , but she was worried about the French retaliating against her and made her home in Switzerland instead . During her self - imposed exile , her business partner , Pierre Wertheimer , took over the business and things were never quite the same for Coco after that . Coco died in 1971 , and generations of Wertheimers have owned Chanel ever since . Alain Wertheimer took over in 1974 and is the one who convinced head designer Karl Lagerfeld to leave Chloe and come to Chanel . 6 . Dior Dior was founded by Christian Dior , whose parents desperately wanted him to attend school to study politics . He appeased them at the Ecole des Sciences Politiques from 1920 to 1925 , but he did n ' t give up his fashion dream : He sold his sketches for 10 cents each on the street . A couple of years after he graduated , though , his family lost their fortune and he was free to pursue whatever he wanted — which was , of course , clothing . After putting in time at a couple of fashion houses in France , Christian opened his own line in 1946 and originally named it Corolle . He died in at age 52 of a heart attack , but the cause has been disputed . Some say he choked on a fish bone , which induced the heart attack ; those close to him say it was brought 7 . Givenchy Givenchy was the brainchild of Hubert de Givenchy , who certainly did n ' t have a hardscrabble childhood like Coco Chanel did , and definitely did n ' t start small like Gucci and Prada . Hubert was born into French aristocracy — his father was Lucien Taffin de Givenchy , Marquis de Givenchy . And creative genes ran in his family : His great - grandfather and his great - great - grandfather were both designers , creating for the Elysee Palace and the Paris Opera , respectively . After seeing the 1937 World ' s Fair in Paris , Hubert ( then 10 ) decided that he wanted to go into the field of fashion . He was just 18 when he started designing for family friend Jacques Fath , and after spending some time with designer Elsa Schiaparelli , he opened up his own House of Givenchy in 1952 . He was only 25 , but because of his connections and his innovative designs , age did n ' t matter . He met Audrey Hepburn in 1953 and they hit it off so well that he designed almost all of her movie wardrobe from then on . Givenchy retired from fashion in 1995 . 8 . Yves Saint Laurent Yves Saint Laurent ( we know — more than one name ) came to fashion by way of the theater , sort of . He was severely bullied at school as a kid and would come home and try to escape his troubles by acting out plays for his parents . He loved reading the theater reviews in the French Vogue and ended up being fascinated by the clothes as well . He began formal fashion study at the Chambre Syndicale and entered a design competition that led to him designing for Christian Dior . ( Incidentally , he beat out Karl Lagerfeld to win that competition . ) Dior liked him so much that he named young Yves as his successor , and as mentioned above , Dior died at a fairly young age , leaving Yves in charge of the House of Dior at the age of 21 . Despite his new status , he ended up having to serve in the French Army during the Algerian War of Independence in 1960 ( there ' s rumor that some of the powers - that - be in fashion did n ' t want him heading up Dior and pulled some strings with the government ) , and when he came back , he found he had been fired from the company . After suing Dior for breach of contract ( and winning ) , Yves decided to start his own company in 1962 . It did very well , 9 . Armani Armani is another young fashion house compared to most on this list . From 1961 to 1970 , Giorgio Armani was an assistant designer for Nino Cerruti . By 1974 , he had decided that he wanted his own line , and with just $ 10,000 , he launched one . He quickly became a Hollywood favorite , and when word got around that Richard Gere had worn an Armani suit in 1980 ' s American Gigolo , he and his clean - lined designs immediately achieved icon status . And he ' s still outfitting movie stars today — he was responsible for Christian Bale ' s suits in The Dark Knight 10 . Herm è s We started with a saddle shop and we ' ll end with a saddle shop . In 1837 , Thierry Herm è s opened a harness workshop for fine equestrians and European noblemen , and became very popular . After his son took over the business , the shop was relocated to a more citizen - friendly area , where they began selling saddlery as well as harnesses . The business became so renowned that the name was familiar as a purveyor of luxury goods internationally . When Thierry ' s grandsons inherited the business sometime around 1910 , they obtained the rights to use the zipper and started making clothes . They did n ' t start at the bottom — their first zippered golf jacket , made out of leather , was commissioned for the Prince of Wales . Handbags were added to the blossoming line in 1922 after one of the grandsons ' wives complained she could n ' t find a purse to her liking , and by 1924 they had two shops in the U.S. The famous ( or infamous , if Devil Wears Prada fan ) Herm s scarf was introduced in 1937 and achieved instant cult status . When Grace Kelly appeared in Life magazine carrying an Haut a Courroie bag , they instantly renamed it the Kelly and it became one of the best - selling bags in fashion history . It ' s still a hot item . They ' re also the ones who make the always in - demand Birkin bag , named for actress and style icon Jane Birkin ( though she recently asked for her name to be removed from the crocodile skin version ) . celebrities fashion Lists Subscribe to our Newsletter ! SIGN UP NOW	[ "Fashion Houses", "Gucci", "Prada" ]
http://mentalfloss.com/article/22012/quick-10-10-extreme-points-united-states	arrow geography The Quick 10 : 10 Extreme Points in the United States BY Stacy Conradt June 18 , 2009 iStock We ' re working on planning our annual Halloween trip to Disney , but we ' re thinking about veering a little bit off of our usual trip this year to spend a couple of days in Key West . I was researching the city when I discovered that it ' s the southernmost point in the United States . . . or is it ? ! See # 7 for that little debate . Anyway , it made me wonder what other far - flung spots lie in the U.S. , and here is the answer : 1 . Point Barrow , Alaska - Northernmost Point in the U.S . Named for geographer Sir John Barrow , Point Barrow is often the starting point for Arctic expeditions . Sadly , it was also the ending point for entertainer Will Rogers and his pilot in 1935 . Their airplane crashed near there on their way from Fairbanks . Point Barrow was also the test point for sounding rockets between 1965 and 1972 . 2 . Ka Lae , Hawaii - Southernmost Point in the 50 states . It ' s also known , fittingly , as South Point . But it might as well be known as Hawaii ' s Windy City , because this place is blustery . Some of the trees have been blown sideways for so long that they just grow that way now . 3 . Peacock Point , Wake Island - First sunrise in all U.S. territories . It ' s actually an entire day ahead of the 50 states , so of course it has the first sunrise . 4 . Cape Wrangell , Attu Island , Alaska - Last sunset in all U.S. territories . Attu Island is special for a few reasons . There ' s the last sunset thing , obviously , but it ' s also the westernmost point on all land on earth according to the path of the International Date Line . Finally , it was the site of the only battle during WWII to take place on American soil - that ' s the peace memorial there in the picture . 5 . Mount Whitney , California - Highest elevation in the 48 contiguous states . You might think the highest elevation would be somewhere in Colorado , but you ' d be wrong . In fact , the highest elevation is just 76 miles from the lowest elevation . . . 6 . Badwater Basin , Death Valley , California - Lowest elevation in all U.S. territories . Yep , California has it all . At 282 feet below sea level , Badwater Basin is actually the lowest point in all of North America , not just the U.S. You ca n ' t actually get to the lowest point because it ' s so hazardous to get there , so the sign commemorating the spot is located at a spring - fed pool next to the road . 7 . Western Dry Rocks , Florida - Southernmost point in the 48 contiguous states . It ' s still a part of Key West , I believe , but the southernmost point in the states is n ' t that big buoy - looking thing tourists like to get their pictures by in the town that Hemingway used to haunt . It ' s really the Western Dry Rocks , but maybe it does n ' t really count since it ' s not always above land ( it depends on the tide ) . Even if we do n ' t count it , that buoy still is n ' t the southernmost point - that title belongs to a bit of land on the Truman Annex of Key West , but because that land belongs to the Navy and is n ' t accessible to the public , the photo op was created at the next - most southern point . I guess it would n ' t be quite as impressive if the buoy read , " The Southernmost Point in the Continental U.S.A. that ' s always above land and is accessible to the public . " 8 . Ipnavik River , Alaska - Most remote point in all U.S. territory . It ' s more than 120 miles away from the nearest sign of civilization and has been called " the largest tract of undisturbed public land in the United States . " And I thought my in - laws were remote when they lived an hour from the nearest Wal - Mart ! 9 . Smith County , Kansas - the center of the 48 contiguous states . It ' s near the city of Lebanon and is almost in Nebraska . And hey , if you ' re doing a road trip of extreme points , take a quick jaunt over to Osborne County , which is right next door : it ' s home to the geodetic center . I had to look that one up too : it ' s the reference point for all land survey measurements . Read more about it here 10 . Belle Fourche , South Dakota - the center of all 50 states . OK , it ' s actually about 20 miles north of Belle Fourche , but it ' s close enough that the town claims it . Subscribe to our Newsletter ! SIGN UP NOW arrow Book Corner The U.S. - Canada Border Runs Directly Through This Library BY Taylor Berman April 7 , 2019 Srinivasan Ramaswamy Wikimedia Commons CC BY - SA 4.0 Though the Haskell Free Library and Opera House might not be as well known as the Grand Canyon or the Statue of Liberty , it ' s undoubtedly one of America ' s most unique tourist attractions . Completed in 1904 , the building is stationed directly between Stanstead , Quebec , and Derby Line , Vermont , with the official U.S. - Canada borderline running right across the library ' s floor . Martha Stewart Haskell and her son , Colonel Horace Stewart Haskell , both Canadians , built the building as a tribute to Mrs . Haskell ’ s late husband , Carlos . The family hoped that citizens from both countries would use it as a “ center for learning and cultural enrichment , ” according to the official Haskell Free Library website The Haskell is divided between the two countries . While the library ’ s official entrance is on the U.S. side of the building , most of the books are on the Canadian side . The opera house is similarly split , with most of its seats in the U.S. and its stage in Canada . As Atlas Obscura reported , it is often said that the Haskell is the only library in the U.S. with no books , and the only opera house in the country with no stage . Joe Raedle , Getty Images Passports and other forms of identification are n ’ t required to cross from country to country in the library , though the Haskell ’ s website notes that the border inside the " building is real and it is enforced . ” Visitors are expected to return to their side of the border after a visit ; if they do n ’ t , they risk possible detention and fines . Even beyond the building ' s unique position , library director Nancy Rumery told CTV News that Haskell staffers — Canadian and American alike — consider the institution to be like any other library in the world . " We ' re just trying to be the best library we can , and our community is made up of people from two different countries , " she said . " We do n ' t think of it in that big symbolic way that I think a lot of people do . These are all our neighbors and we do our very best to help them on their life - long learning journey . " This article originally ran in 2016 . books geography at - the - libraries News travel bookcorner History Are You Smart Enough to Pass Thomas Edison ' s Impossible Employment Test ? BY Emily Petsko February 18 , 2019 If you thought Elon Musk ' s favorite question to ask job applicants was tough , you should see the employment test devised by Thomas Edison . When he was n ' t busy inventing the light bulb or phonograph , or feuding with Nikola Tesla , Edison was apparently devising a trivia test of nearly impossible proportions . As Smithsonian reports , the 146 - question quiz was designed to weed out the candidates who would be ill - suited to work at his plant , which was a desirable place to get a job in 1921 . College degrees did n ' t impress him much — " Men who have gone to college I find to be amazingly ignorant , " he once remarked — so he needed to find a more effective method of determining prospective employees ' knowledge . The test may have been too effective , though . Of the 718 applicants who took the test , only 57 achieved a passing score of 70 percent , and only 32 scored Edison ' s desired result of 90 percent or higher . This was certainly frustrating to applicants who considered themselves to be pretty well - educated . An unsuccessful applicant named Charles Hansen , who shared all of the questions he remembered with The New York Times in 1921 , called the test a " silly examination . " Another applicant said it was " not a Tom Edison but a Tom Foolery test " [ PDF ] . After the test questions became public knowledge , reporters went out and started polling people to see how well they ' d do on Edison ' s test . Albert Einstein reportedly failed ( he did n ' t know the speed of sound offhand ) , as did Edison ' s youngest son , who was a student at MIT at the time . If you want to challenge yourself , check out a few of the questions below , then scroll down to see the answers that appeared in The New York Times . ( Note : The answers given were the correct answers in 1921 , but some may have changed since then . Some questions and answers have been edited lightly for clarity . ) 1 . What city in the United States is noted for making laundry machines ? 2 . In what country other than Australia are kangaroos found ? 3 . What region do we get prunes from ? 4 . Name a large inland body of water that has no outlet . 5 . What state is the largest ? The next ? 6 . What is the name of a famous violin maker ? 7 . What ingredients are in the best white paint ? 8 . What causes the tides ? 9 . To what is the change of seasons due ? 10 . Who discovered the South Pole ? 11 . How fast does light travel per foot per second ? 12 . Of what kind of wood are axe handles made ? 13 . What cereal is used all over the world ? 14 . Name three powerful poisons . 15 . Why is a Fahrenheit thermometer called Fahrenheit ? Feeling stumped ? Scroll down to see the answers . 1 . Chicago 2 . New Guinea 3 . Prunes are grown in the Santa Clara Valley and elsewhere . 4 . The Great Salt Lake , for example 5 . Texas , then California ( Note : Today it ' s Alaska , then Texas ) 6 . Stradivarius 7 . Linseed oil , with a small percentage of turpentine and liquid dryer , together with a mixture of white lead and zinc oxide 8 . The gravitational pull of the moon exerted powerfully on the ocean because of its fluidity , and weakly on the Earth because of its comparative rigidity . 9 . To the inclination of the Earth to the plane of the ecliptic . In the Earth ' s revolution around the Sun , this causes the Sun ' s rays to be received at varying inclinations , with consequent variations of temperature . 10 . Roald Amundsen , and then Robert Falcon Scott 11 . Approximately 186,700 miles a second in a vacuum and slightly less through atmosphere . 12 . Ash is generally used in the East and hickory in the West . 13 . No cereal is used in all parts of the world . Wheat is used most extensively , with rice and corn next . 14 . Cyanide of potassium , strychnine , and arsenic are all acceptable answers . 15 . It is named after Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit , the German physicist who invented it . For the full list of questions and answers , check out Paleofuture ' s article about the test on Gizmodo [ h / t Smithsonian fun History News retro Work	[ "Point Barrow , Alaska", "Ka Lae , Hawaii", "Mount Whitney" ]
http://mentalfloss.com/article/23232/9-muppets-kicked-sesame-street	9 Muppets Kicked Off Sesame Street BY Joe Hennes November 10 , 2009 In over four decades , Sesame Street has featured over 1,000 characters . Although we ' ll always have mainstays like Big Bird , Elmo , Bert and Ernie , many Muppets have been forgotten or deemed unnecessary . Here are a few Sesame Street residents who were evicted . 1 . Roosevelt Franklin Perhaps the most famous of the retired Sesame Street Muppets is Roosevelt Franklin . Originally voiced by Matt Robinson , who portrayed the first Gordon on , Roosevelt was an African - American Muppet who had his own school ( named Roosevelt Franklin Elementary School ) . He often taught the class important lessons about things such as the geography of Africa and how to avoid drinking poison . Parents wrote to the Children ' s Television Workshop to complain that Roosevelt was a negative stereotype of African - American children , citing his rowdy nature and the fact that his classes closely resembled after - school detention . Roosevelt only lasted from 1970 - 1975 , but he has appeared in many books . 2 . Harvey Kneeslapper If a Muppet with a ' 70s porn mustache and googly eyes offers to keep an eye on your hat , run the other way . Chances are he ' s Harvey Kneeslapper , and he ' s about to crush your fedora with an oversized letter I . Harvey pulled practical jokes on unsuspecting victims — jokes featuring bad puns about letters and numbers . Harvey was his own biggest fan , laughing loudly at his gags . One person who did n ' t care for Harvey ' s trademark laugh was his performer , Frank Oz , 3 . Professor Hastings If there ' s one thing kids like , it ' s boring lectures . That ' s why Sesame Street introduced Professor Hastings , a Muppet whose lectures were so boring , he ' d put himself to sleep . And as entertaining as an educational narcoleptic might be , the dull Professor did n ' t last long . 4 . Don Music One of Richard Hunt ' s most beloved characters was Don Music , a pianist and lyricist who penned such hits as " Mary Had a Bicycle , " " Drive , Drive , Drive Your Car , " and " Can You Tell Me How to Get to Yellowstone Park ? " Although his lyrics were so very close to their familiar counterparts , Don demonstrated his artistic frustration by banging his head on the piano , shouting " I ' ll never get it ! Never , never ! " Unfortunately , the kids at home found that 5 . Buddy & Jim In the first season of , two bumbling humans named Buddy and Jim ( played by Brandon Maggart and James Catusi ) appeared as " a walking Polish joke " ( at least that ' s what Time called them ) . They repeatedly failed at simple tasks : they ' d hammer a backwards nail into the wall , or play checkers with backwards chairs ( I think you ' re starting to see the pattern here ) . The long - standing rumor is that the actors who played Buddy and Jim took their act on the road to make a few extra bucks , but neglected to ask for permission to use the Sesame Street scripts . By season two , they were replaced by Larry and Phyllis ( played by real - life couple Alan Arkin and Barbara Dana ) . But parents hated Larry and Phyllis , and a myriad of angry letters forced to replace them with Wally and Ralph ( played by Joe Ponazecki and Paul Rice ) . A weak copy of the Buddy and Jim team , Wally and Ralph lasted just one season , and abandoned the human comedy duo format altogether . 6 . Bruno the Trashman In the 1970s , there were only two ways for Oscar to get around . He either had to let a cast member move his can across the set , or he had to walk around with the trash can obscuring the upper half of his body ( Oscar ' s legs were performed by none other than Fantasy Island ' s Hervé Villechaize ) . Oscar ' s performer , Caroll Spinney , created Bruno the Trashman , who was inspired by a puppeteer on The Gong Show . Bruno was a full - bodied puppet with an opening in the stomach , so Spinney could perform Oscar while walking around ( or even roller skating ) . The large , yet silent Bruno stuck around for several years , and appeared in the motion picture Follow That Bird . After years in storage , the Bruno puppet began to disintegrate , and the decision was made not to rebuild him . Oscar ' s trashman eventually became trash himself . 7 . " Around the Corner " Then there was the time an entire section of was shuttered . The cul - de - sac known as " Around the Corner " was introduced in 1993 , and featured a ritzy hotel , jazz club , thrift store , dance studio , park , and subway station . The Around the Corner locations stuck around for five years , but research showed that kids were confused about having to look to the right to see more of the Street . The alleyway was abandoned , as were all the characters who worked at the aforementioned establishments . The alley now serves as a parking spot for 8 & 9 . Kermit the Frog & Herbert Birdsfoot Yes , that Kermit the Frog . Jim Henson knew Kermit was going to be his trademark character for a long time to come , so after the first season of , Henson " retired " Kermit from the show . At the time , Kermit was known for giving lectures on Sesame Street about letters , numbers and basic concepts . He was replaced by Herbert Birdsfoot , an accountant - looking Muppet whose nerdiness was usually offset by his lovable assistant , Grover . As we all know , it was n ' t so easy to keep Kermit away from the Street , and he returned to the show for the third season and has made occasional appearances over the years . Herb was phased out by season Pop Culture Subscribe to our Newsletter ! SIGN UP NOW	[ "Muppets", "Sesame Street", "Roosevelt Franklin" ]
http://mentalfloss.com/article/23781/how-much-water-does-fire-truck-hold	How much water does a fire truck hold ? BY David K . Israel January 25 , 2010 Ever wonder how many gallons of water the average fire truck holds ? I did n ' t , until I witnessed a scary blaze last week in Brooklyn . I happened to catch most of it on a little HD cam , which you can check out in the video above ( the last 30 seconds are especially worth watching ) . As NYFD put out the fire , the question started formulating in my mind . So I asked one of the firemen and this is what I learned : The typical truck holds 400 to 500 gallons of water , which is only enough to put out a " trash - bin fire " ( or a taxi cab fire ) . A real structure fire requires at least one supply line from the hydrant . The amount of water you can get out of the hydrant , as well as the speed you can pull the water , depends on the size of the " mains " and the hydrants . Some are 2 Â½ " mains , others are 36 " mains - they vary greatly . And guess what ? It ' s the exact same water that we drink from our little faucets in our kitchens . Subscribe to our Newsletter ! SIGN UP NOW	[ "fire truck", "water" ]
http://mentalfloss.com/article/24170/what-does-kiwanis-mean-stories-behind-4-civic-groups	What Does ' Kiwanis ' Mean ? The Stories Behind 4 Civic Groups BY Rob Lammle March 10 , 2010 You ' ve heard their names and seen their logos . You ' ve probably watched them march in parades , donated money to one of their charities , or played on a Little League team they sponsored . But what , exactly , do these civic organizations do ? 1 . Knights of Columbus Founded : The Knights of Columbus ( K of C ) is a Catholic men ' s organization officially chartered in 1882 by Father Michael McGivney and a handful of his parishioners . Their name was inspired by Christopher Columbus , as they felt they were carrying on his mission of spreading Catholicism across the globe . Mission : One of K of C ' s primary focuses is offering low - cost insurance to Catholic families in order to provide for them should the primary breadwinner be injured or pass away . However , on a broader spectrum , they also offer many community services such as clothing , food , shelter , and family counseling to those in need . Since 2000 , their community outreach programs include the donation of $ 1.3 billion to various charities and over 626 million hours of volunteer service . Most recently they gave $ 500,000 and purchased 1,000 wheelchairs for Members : 1.7 million members in 13,000 councils throughout the Western Hemishphere Notable Members : President John F . Kennedy ; Samuel Alito , Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court ; Vince Lombardi , Green Bay Packers head coach and Super Bowl trophy namesake ; Jerry Orbach , " Detective Briscoe " from TV ' s Law & Order Fun Fact : The group sponsors The Knights of Columbus Vatican Film Library in St . Louis , Missouri , one of the world ' s largest collections of microfilmed manuscripts copied from the Vatican Library and many other notable institutions . More than 37,000 medieval manuscripts , totaling over 12,000,000 pages , are available for academic study . 2 . The Lions Club Founded : The Lions started as a group of businessmen who got together for lunch . One member , Melvin Jones , wondered aloud what would happen if these men of intelligence and ambition were to turn their efforts towards bettering their community . Figuring there was power in numbers , they invited similar business groups to join them in their civic cause . Borrowing the name of one of these groups , Lions Club International was founded shortly after in 1917 . Mission : The Lions offer many different types of services in their communities , including food and clothing drives , health screenings , and child immunizations . But the Lions are best known for assisting the blind and sight impaired , as well as promoting good eye health for all . Aside from vision screenings , they run eyeglass recycling centers , which send out thousands of donated specs to needy people . They also maintain Lions Eye Banks that provide tissue for 30,000 eye surgeries every year . The Lions are lending a hand in Haiti , too , with over Members : 1.3 million men and women from 45,000 clubs in 205 countries Fun Fact : The Lions made eye care their mission after none other than Helen Keller asked the organization to become " knights of the blind in the crusade against darkness " during their 1925 national convention . To support this mission , the Lions have been selling brooms made by blind craftsmen for decades . Profits from the brooms go to help the Lions ' work . 3 . Kiwanis The Kiwanis were founded in Detroit , Michigan , in 1915 . They were initially a business networking organization , but eventually changed their focus to community service . The organization ' s primary mission is molding good kids into exceptional adults . They offer programs that teach leadership skills , the importance of community , and offer services like after - school tutoring programs . Annually , Kiwanis sponsors around 150,000 projects that cover a wide spectrum of services and raise over $ 100 million for their communities . Kiwanis is one of the few organizations that offers membership to almost all age groups — from elementary school students to adults . Combined , there are approximately 600,000 members in 8,000 clubs throughout 96 countries . The name Kiwanis is borrowed from a Native American phrase , " Nunc Kee - wanis , " meaning , " We trade " or " We trade our talents . " 4 . Fraternal Order of Eagles The Fraternal Order of Eagles ( FOE ) was started as a social club in 1898 by a small group of theater owners . As its popularity grew with traveling performance troupes , it became a full - fledged organization that provided health and funeral benefits to members . Their chapters are named after the treetop nests of eagles , called " aeries . " Today , the FOE primarily focuses its energies on battling health problems like cancer , diabetes , heart disease , and spinal cord injuries . They also have a fund dedicated to one of their most famous members , Jimmy Durante , to help children in need . Additionally , they are well known for placing thousands of plaques inscribed with the Ten Commandments throughout the United States . Perhaps most famous of these was a six - foot tall monolith presented to the State of Texas in 1961 . In 2006 , a lawsuit attempting to have the monument There are currently about 1.1 million male members in more than 1,700 local aeries across the U.S. and Canada . There are over 335,000 female members in more than 1,500 auxiliaries . Notable Members : The FOE ' s membership is nothing to scoff at . The list includes seven U.S. Presidents ( Teddy Roosevelt , Harding , Franklin Roosevelt , Truman , Kennedy , Carter and Reagan ) ; entertainers , like Jimmy Durante and Bob Hope ; and numerous sports personalities , like Roger Maris , Stan Musial , and Arnold Palmer . First Ladies Eleanor Roosevelt and Bess Truman were members of the Ladies Auxiliary , too . And you may not know the name , but Frank Hering , an FOE member , first suggested the idea of Mother ' s The FOE has been an outspoken and powerful force in American politics . As a personal thank you for the group ' s direct influence or support , the FOE has received four pens from government officials that were used to sign major bills into law . One is from Gov . Joseph Dixon of Montana who signed the first old age pension law in 1923 . The second is from President Franklin Roosevelt , when he signed the Social Security Act in 1935 . The third and fourth were both given by President Lyndon Johnson for supporting the 1965 * * * * * Are you a member of one of these organizations ? Or do you have any inspiring stories of how a civic organization has helped you or your community ? Let us know in the comments . See Also : The Stories Behind 4 More Civic Organizations top - story Subscribe to our Newsletter ! SIGN UP NOW	[ "Kiwanis", "Knights of Columbus", "The Lions Club" ]
http://mentalfloss.com/article/24349/how-get-yourself-postage-stamp	How To Get Yourself on a Postage Stamp BY Ethan Trex April 1 , 2010 If you ' re like me , you probably take postage stamps for granted . I ' ll slap one on an outgoing bill or letter , but I do n ' t usually give them much thought . However , there ' s a rigorous process that one has to go through to get his mug on a stamp , so we thought we might answer some questions for any aspiring postage subjects . I want to be on a postage stamp ! What do I have to do ? If it ' s a United States Postal Service stamp you ' re gunning for , we ' ve got bad news . The first thing you have to do is croak . According to USPS rules , no living person can appear on U.S. postage . Do n ' t expect to have your stamps immediately show up at your wake , either ; another rule stipulates that people ca n ' t be honored by portrayal on a stamp until five years after their death . ( This rule is relaxed slightly for recently deceased U.S. presidents , If I ' m notable enough , though , five years after my death I ' ll start showing up on letters , right ? Not necessarily . There are still a few more hurdles over which your candidacy must jump . First , the USPS usually only issues stamps on significant anniversaries of a subject ' s birth , so you might have to wait until what would have been your hundredth birthday . ( The " significant " part of this equation is a bit up for grabs , though ; the USPS sold over 124 million Elvis Presley stamps issued on what would have been the King ' s 68th birthday . ) Once you ' ve found your way onto a single stamp , it ' s a long wait before you get another chance to provide postage . USPS rules state that no person can appear on a commemorative stamp if they have appeared on another stamp in the previous 50 years . On the plus side , that means we ' re only 33 years away from our next Elvis stamp ! What else might keep me off a stamp ? Not everyone is eligible for stamphood . According to the USPS , it wo n ' t issue a stamp to commemorate " individuals whose principal achievements are associated with religious undertakings or beliefs . " Sorry , Parson . Of course , these rules may be more flexible than the USPS is letting on . When the USPS announced its slate of commemorative stamps for 2010 , one of them featured Mother Teresa . Atheist groups blasted the stamp for having religious underpinnings , but the USPS responded that the issue was more to honor Mother Teresa ' s humanitarian work than her religious beliefs . ( A similar controversy arose in 1986 when the USPS honored orphanage founder and Catholic priest Father Edward Flanagan on a 4 - cent stamp . ) Despite the controversy , the Mother As citizens do we have any say on what ends up on stamps ? Do we ever ! Since 1957 the Postmaster General has maintained the fairly obscure Citizens ' Stamp Advisory Committee . This group of 15 or so citizen advisors offers the USPS a " breadth of judgment and depth of experience in various areas that influence subject matter , character and beauty of postage stamps . " The citizens on the committee are appointed by the Postmaster General and meet four times a year to discuss stamp proposals . What citizens have served on this committee ? The committee members are leaders from all sorts of diverse fields , which means that the committee ' s roster often reads like a random assemblage of folks you ' d never invite to the same dinner party . Past members include Academy Award winner Karl Malden , author James Michener , and basketball coach Digger Phelps . Highlighter enthusiast Phelps actually served two terms on the committee from 1983 to 2006 , and he wrote extensively about the behind - the - scenes machinations of the group in his memoir . According to Phelps , the committee received a deluge of up to 50,000 proposals a year and often felt pressure from members of Congress to approve certain stamps . Phelps wrote , " The pressure does n ' t work ; if anything it turns off the committee . " What luminaries are currently on the committee ? The biggest name is probably Henry Louis Gates , the Harvard professor who ended up having a " beer summit " at the White House last year . Other members include former American Film Institute head Jean Picker Firstenberg and Joan Mondale , wife of former presidential candidate Walter Mondale . Has the committee ever let a controversial stamp slip through the gates ? Certain ill - advised issues have sparked firestorms of controversy . In fact , in 1994 a stamp nearly caused an international incident . With the 50th anniversary of the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki approaching , the CSAC and the USPS made the decision to issue a stamp depicting a mushroom cloud with the caption " Atomic bombs hasten war ' s end , August 1945 . " The USPS defended the commemorative stamp by saying it sought to depict an important historical event without offering a judgment on the event itself . As you can imagine , though , lots of people questioned the tastefulness of a stamp that depicted the deaths of thousands of civilians . Japan ' s Foreign Minister protested the issue , as did the mayor of Nagasaki , who called the stamp " heartless . " The Japanese Embassy in Washington took its case to the State Department in hopes of canceling the stamp . Eventually , the Japanese protests grew so loud that the Clinton White House had to lean on the USPS to quash the stamp . The USPS replaced the mushroom cloud stamp with one depicting Harry Truman announcing the end of the war . Have there been any controversies that were n ' t quite that heavy ? As part of a tie - in with the movie The Land Before Time , the USPS issued a set of four dinosaur stamps depicting Tyrannosaurus , Stegosaurus , Pteradon , and Brontosaurus in 1989 . Sounds harmless enough , right ? Not to scientists . First , it ' s spelled " Pterandon " with an " n , " and the species in question is a pterosaur , not a dinosaur . Moreover , the name " Brontosaurus " was no longer used in the scientific community ; Apatosaurus had taken its place . Scientists railed against the USPS ' poor fact checking , and the USPS responded that it used the name " Brontosaurus " because it was more familiar to the public . Famed paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould wrote a very funny essay about this flap that ' s featured in his collection Bully for Brontosaurus , but a New York Times editorial had the best comment on the whole imbroglio : " But give the Postal Service due credit . The flak over its blunder has given " apatosaurus ' more currency than it could ever get in a billion years of repetition in learned journals . " How long have these commemorative stamps been around ? The USPS issued the first commemorative stamps in 1893 to honor the World Columbian Exposition that was taking place in Chicago . Although the idea of commemorative stamps is a familiar and popular one now , it did n ' t thrill everyone at the time . It particularly irked Congress , which issued a joint resolution to denounce the " unnecessary " stamp issue . Postmaster General John Wanamaker " “ the same Wanamaker who started a wildly successful chain of East Coast department stores that bore his name " “ stuck to his guns and thought the special stamps could make the postal service some serious cash . He was right ; the stamps were almost immediately hot sellers , to the tune of two billion sold . Wanamaker himself spent $ 10,000 buying the $ 2 stamps in the hope that the idea of commemorative stamps would become valuable items for collectors . Wanamaker ' s idea obviously worked . In 2006 , the USPS estimated that the Elvis alone had sold over 120 million stamps that were never used for postage , which provided over $ 30 million in loot for the postal system ' s coffers . how - to top - story Subscribe to our Newsletter ! SIGN UP NOW	[ "Postage Stamp" ]
http://mentalfloss.com/article/26477/6-ways-charles-schulz-really-was-charlie-brown	6 Ways Charles Schulz Really Was Charlie Brown BY Jill Harness November 26 , 2010 While Charlie Brown and his creator , Charles Schulz , share a first name , the character was actually named after one of Schulz ’ s art school friends , not after himself . Despite this , the big - headed character shares a lot more with his creator than a name . In honor of what would have been Charles Schulz ’ s birthday , let ’ s celebrate the man and his creation by considering how similar Schulz was to good old Chuck . 1 . They Both Had Terrible Valentine ’ s Days We all know that Charlie Brown never receives Valentines even though he gives them out to everyone else , but he is n ’ t the only one that Cupid seemed to laugh at . Schulz was skipped ahead two grades as a child and was always shy and awkward around the other students in his classes . For his first grade Valentine ’ s Day , his mother helped him make up Valentines for everyone in class so no one would be left out . Unlike Charlie , who was ignored by everyone else , Schulz excluded himself . 2 . They Mutually Loved The Little Red - Haired Girl If you ’ re mostly familiar with the animated Peanuts classics instead of the comic strips , then you probably do n ’ t realize just how unobtainable the Little Red - Haired Girl actually is — she ’ s never actually shown in the entire comic strip series . Charlie Brown talks about her and on rare occasion he gathers the muster to talk to her out of the frame , but she is never once shown in the strip . The Little Red - Haired Girl and Charlie Brown ’ s obsession with her was based on a real - life obsession Charles Schulz had for a young redhead named Donna Mae Johnson . The couple met while working together at Art Instruction , an art correspondence school . Before long they had been together for three years , but when Charles asked her to marry him , she refused , only to marry another man in October of the same year . While the two remained friends , it seems Schulz never completely recovered from his broken heart . 3 . They Both Loved Their Dogs It is n ’ t too surprising to hear that Schulz had a black and white dog during his childhood that later served as the inspiration for Snoopy . Interestingly , the dog was n ’ t actually a beagle though , it was a pointer named Spike . Charles ’ first published drawing was of little Spike and it was featured in the newspaper comics feature Believe it or Not 4 . They Both Were Tormented By Bossy Women Like The Little Red - Haired Girl , Lucy Van Pelt was also based on a real person , only in this case , it was actually two people . The bossy , impatient and rude character was based on Schulz ’ s mother and his first wife , Joyce . One can imagine how bad Schulz ’ s relationship with Joyce was , based on the fact that only a year after their wedding Schulz introduced Lucy to the world . Even after the couple ’ s divorce , Schulz still featured Lucy prominently in the series , where she always seems to have the upper hand over poor old Charlie . Schulz ’ s mother was also a big inspiration for Charles , as her cold and distant manner made him constantly feel like he was n ’ t getting enough love . This is reflected in the way other characters treat Charlie Brown . While he seems largely positive despite his maltreatment , this is one way he greatly differed from Schulz , who grudgingly held on to every indignity and insult he ever received and used them later on to fuel his strip . 5 . They Were Both Above Racism While Schulz generally stayed out of politics and Charlie and the rest of the gang never really mention current events , both he and his cartoons were progressive when it came to race . When Schulz added Franklin to the cast of the strip , race relations of the late sixties were at a boiling point . While he claimed the character had no political motivations , he obviously was against segregation and politely ignored hate mail sent in by both editors and readers complaining about the decision to have Franklin attend school with the rest of the children . Similarly , when Hank Aaron was challenging Babe Ruth ’ s home run record in 1974 , Schulz read about the hate mail received by the athlete and decided to support Aaron by drawing a series of cartoons detailing Snoopy ’ s difficulty as he approached the home run record . 6 . They Died Within Two Hours of One Another Perhaps one of the saddest things Charlie Brown has in common with his creator is their deaths . Schulz knew he was becoming sick in the late nineties and announced his retirement in December of 1999 and requested that the publishers discontinue the series after his death . He continued to produce enough Sunday strips to last through mid - February , and on Saturday , February 12 , 2000 , he passed away . Only two hours later , the final Peanuts strip was printed . Lists Subscribe to our Newsletter ! SIGN UP NOW	[ "Charles Schulz", "Charlie Brown" ]
http://mentalfloss.com/article/27228/andrew-jacksons-big-block-cheese	Andrew Jacksons Big Block of Cheese On January 29th the White House is holding Big Block of Cheese Day Inspired by Andrew Jackson and Aaron Sorkin dozens of White House officials will take to social media for a day long open house to answers questions from everyday Americans in realtime Heres the story of Jacksons big cheese Theres a great scene in The West Wing s episode The Crackpots and These Women in which White House Chief of Staff Leo McGarry John Spencer tries to invigorate his exasperated team with a story about how Andrew Jackson kept a twoton block of cheese in the foyer of the White House According to Leos story Jackson left the cheese there as a populist symbol anyone who was hungry could pop in to the White House for a quick bite to eat While the notion of Jackson operating a free federal snack bar is appealing the story told by Leo isnt totally accurate However its not all that far from the truth Andrew Jackson did own a monstrous block of cheese This is its story How did Andrew Jackson end up owning a big block of cheese The people loved Jackson Jackson loved cheese What better way to celebrate Jacksonian democracy than by sending Old Hickory himself an enormous wheel of cheese Dairy farmer Colonel Thomas S Meacham of Sandy Creek NY hit on this notion in 1835 and he had the knowhow to craft a titanic cheddar The fruit of Meachams labor was a wheel that was four feet in diameter and two feet thick weighed nearly 1400 pounds and was wrapped in a giant belt that bore patriotic inscriptions like The Union it must be Preserved This cheese was actually the crown jewel of a larger collection of ten cheeses that appeared at an 1835 patriotic celebration in Oswego NY After the locals all got a good look at the cheese and felt themselves well up with national pride the wheel was loaded onto a schooner and set sail for its new home on Pennsylvania Avenue Meacham sent off two other 750pound wheels in the same shipment one to Vice President Martin Van Buren and one to New York Governor William L Marcy At some point weve all received a thoughtful touching impractical gift and wondered What the hell am I going to do with this Jackson apparently had the same reaction when the cheese finally arrived at the White House According to 19thcentury biographer James Partons Life of Andrew Jackson the old general gave giant chunks of the cheese to his friends but he was still left with an absurdly outsized block Jackson could conquer the Bank of the United States but he was helpless against such a massive wheel of cheese By 1837 Jacksons second term was winding down and he wasnt about to haul a twoyearold mountain of cheese with him when he left office So he decided to make the famed fromage a featured player at his last public reception at the White House It was an astute move theres nothing people love more than free food The receptions 10000 visitors attacked the wheel of cheese with such fervor that the entire thing was gone within two hours The reception took care of the cheesedisposal problem but the cheddar certainly wasnt forgotten There are certain downsides to sending a big honking block of cheese to a warm climate like Washington and having it sit around for a couple of years Namely the cheese starts to get a bit fragrant and a block that massive can give off some serious cheesestink Washingtonians could allegedly smell the cheese which one dubbed an evilsmelling horror for several blocks around the White House before the big party Of course if a cheese has sat in a room long enough its aroma can permeate into the fixtures Jacksons successor Van Buren apparently found this out the hard way The Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts Volume 13 from 1912 reprinted a letter written by former Senator John Davis wife Eliza in 1838 Mrs Davis wrote The White House has been put in order by its present occupant and is vastly improved Van Buren says he had a hard task to get rid of the smell of cheese and in the room where it was cut he had to air the carpet for many days to take away the curtains and to paint and whitewash before he could get the victory over it He has another cheese like that which General Jackson had cut and says he knows not what to do with it What a foolish thing for a man to have made such a While Jacksons reception cleared the White House of one smelly wheel of cheese theres some evidence to suggest that he left at least one other hulking block around as a housewarming gift for Van Buren According to Gilson Willets 1908 book The Inside History of the White House Van Buren eventually held a charity auction in 1839 to get rid of the last remnants of Jacksons old dairy holdings a 700pound wheel of cheddar that also came from Meachams New York farm Bonus Fact In that West Wing episode a young Nick Offerman Ron Swanson played a man lobbying the White House to build a 900 million wolvesonly roadway Work that into conversation at your next cheese party This post originally appeared in 2011 presidents 0 Subscribe to our Newsletter	[ "Big Block of Cheese", "White House", "Andrew Jackson" ]
http://mentalfloss.com/article/29780/why-dont-you-hear-someones-accent-song	Why Dont You Hear Someones Accent in a Song Getty Images Reader Jared wrote in with this question Why do singers I perceive as having accents ie Adele Bono etc have those accents when they talk but not when they sing I hear what Jared is saying Or rather I dont hear it While there are certainly exceptions Ive heard a thick accent on many European singers when they give interviews but they sound as American as apple pie which to American ears means no accent when belting out their songs Except maybe these guys If Id only heard Eric Clapton or Bono sing instead of speak Id believe you if you said they were from the States There are two main reasons from what I can tell for this perceived loss of accent One is technical As Billy Bragg a guy whos never had difficulty letting his accent shine through explains You cant sing something like Tracks of Your Tears in a London accent The cadences are all wrong Different accents are often defined by their rhythms intonation and vowel quality and length For many accents the tune and the rhythm of a song can constrain these qualities to the point where the accent seemingly disappears This is true even for certain qualities of the General American accent and regional American accents related to it GenAm is a rhotic accent which means speakers pronounce the letter r at the end of words like car and lover But if most Americans sang those words the same way they said them theyd sound like pirates Instead many songs force American singers to push the r more towards a vowel ah sound the same way many Brits might pronounce it See Jackie Wilsons Higher and Higher for examples of both sounds In some performances he pronounces the r fully and in others he holds back on it Of course it is possible for a variety of accents to maintain their unique characteristics within the constraints of song Theres no mistaking where The Beatles The Proclaimers or The Pogues were from So if you can sing with your accent why wouldnt you There also seems to be a social factor to the Incredible Disappearing Accent Im just speculating here but if they have a very thick regional or workingclass accent some singers may want to drop it on their way to music superstardom in favor of a more fashionable or mainstream accent the exception being American country and western music where a down home Southern drawl gets you major street cred Still others might have masked their accents particular eccentricities in an effort to imitate the sound of their musical idols This might help explain why the British Invasion bands whose appeal While were on the topic heres a question Id love to see some input on in the comments Is this apparent accent loss peculiar to foreign ears That is can Brits still detect the accent on Adele when Americans cant Do foreign ears just miss the subtleties of Bonos accent still shining through when he sings What about the differences in two regional accents In that vein even though Im not from the South I listen to a lot of country music and can tell the difference between a singer from Texas and one from Tennessee To my friends who arent country fans however they both just sound Southern Big Questions music 0 Subscribe to our Newsletter	[ "Reader Jared" ]
http://mentalfloss.com/article/29889/where-did-groundhog-day-come	Where Did Groundhog Day Come From ? BY Miss Cellania February 2 , 2012 ARCHIE CARPENTER / UPI / Landov Just who decided we should trust a Pennsylvania rodent with weather prognostication ? You gotta love a holiday centered around weather . You might think it ’ s about the animal , but no , any hibernating animal will do just as well . The real reason Groundhog Day is celebrated on February 2nd is that it is close to the midpoint of winter , halfway between the solstice and the equinox . Whether the groundhog sees his shadow or not , we still officially have six ( and a half ) more weeks of winter . This is the turning point of the season , and for pre - industrial societies ( Imbolc Ancient pagans marked the solstices and the equinoxes as a way of measuring the cycle of the year . There are also important dates that fall in the midpoint between the solstices and equinoxes , which were considered the real beginnings of the seasons . These " cross quarters " are called Beltaine , Lughnasad , Samhain , and Imbolc . The old pagan holiday of Imbolc falls on February first or second , and is referred to as the beginning of spring . The word itself is an Old Irish term for a ewe ' s pregnancy . The date has a tradition of being a good one for weather forecasting . Old verses tell of the date ' s importance in the cycle of the year . The serpent will come from the hole On the brown Day of Bride , Though there should be three feet of snow On the flat surface of the ground . And from a different song : The Day of Bride , the birthday of Spring , The serpent emerges from the knoll , ' Three - years - olds ' is applied to heifers , Garrons are taken to the fields . Photograph by Flickr user : mrMark Imbolc is also sometimes celebrated as the festival of the ancient pagan goddess Brig or Brigid , who is sometimes confused with the Catholic saint Brigit . Saint Brigit of Kildare ' s feast day is February 1 . The information on Brigit ' s life is scarce , as the first recorded reference to her was written well after her death . In fact , some sources say that there never was a nun named Brigit , but the priests allowed pagan converts to continue their traditional celebration of Brigid by bending history to concoct the story of a nun who became a saint . Imbolc is a " fire festival , " which may explain why the Christian holiday that supplanted it is named for candles . Candlemas Christians celebrate February 2nd because it is 40 days after Christmas , a feast day known as Candlemas . This would be the end of the 40 - day purification period after childbirth for Mary under Jewish law . It is also considered to be the day the infant Jesus was first presented in the Temple . In Orthodox communities that still use the Julian calendar , Candlemas is celebrated on the Gregorian calendar ' s February 14th . Soon after it was established , Candlemas also became associated with weather forecasting , as is recorded in the lyrics of songs dating back hundreds of years . If Candlemas day be dry and fair , The half o ' winter to come and mair , If Candlemas day be wet and foul , The half of winter ' s gone at Yule . But there is nothing in the religious observation of Candlemas that leads directly to weather prognostication . The date selected to celebrate the birth of Jesus Christ replaced old pagan celebrations , and Candlemas does , too . Because of where the date falls , however , the feast of Candlemas became a handy name for midwinter weather forecasting , no matter what country or in what language the tradition was known as before . The Day of the Bear Original photograph by Flickr user Beverly & Pack The obsession with weather forecasting at this time of year is completely understandable - after all , winter weather is tiresome , and for many , downright dangerous . Will the supplies you stocked in the autumn last until spring ? Finding out did n ' t make the supplies last any longer , but signs of spring could soothe a worried mind . One omen Europeans looked for was the emergence of hibernating animals . The snake mentioned in the old Imbolc verses was rarely ever seen , but hibernating mammals were . In some parts of Eastern Europe , Candlemas is also known as the Day of the Bear , and the weather forecasting tradition varies . In some communities , good weather on the day of the bear will cause the animal to stay outside , meaning spring will come soon . In other places that observe the Day of the Bear , the " contrary " rule applies - if the weather is nice , the bear will see his shadow and be frightened back into his den for more winter weather . So one should hope for a cloudy or stormy day at Candlemas . Badger Day Original photograph by Flickr user Tim Brookes In France , the marmot became the traditional animal to look for . In England , folks waited for the arrival of the hedgehog . And in Germany , Candlemas was associated with the weather forecasting omen of the emerging badger . In fact , Candlemas was also known as Badger Day in Germany . These traditions went for the " contrary " weather theory . The Badger peeps out of his hole on Candlemas Day and when he finds snow walks aboard ; but if he sees the sun shining he draws back into his hole . The Germans noted another significance of the February 2nd date : by then , the sun had made enough progress that one could eat supper before dark . That ' s worth a celebration ! Groundhogs StephenZacharias The Pennsylvania Dutch brought their customs from Germany to America . But there were no badgers in the eastern U.S. However , the large ground squirrel ( in this case , underground squirrel ) known as the whistle pig , woodchuck , or groundhog , hibernated in the winter and filled the requirements of the old tradition . The first recorded reference to Groundhog Day in the United States was in 1841 , when James Morris of Morgantown , Pennsylvania recorded in his diary : Last Tuesday , the 2nd , was Candlemas day , the day on which , according to the Germans , the Groundhog peeps out of his winter quarters and if he sees his shadow he pops back for another six weeks nap , but if the day be cloudy he remains out , as the weather is to be moderate . Punxsutawney Phil SchultzLabs The tradition spread through the U.S. but the most famous groundhog is still found in Pennsylvania . Punxsutawney Phil is the most famous citizen of Punxsutawney , Pennsylvania , and is trotted out every February 2nd for the national media - oh yes , and to check for his shadow . Other cities have their own groundhogs , and people in rural areas look for evidence of anonymous groundhog emergence . The groundhog , however , has never been a particularly accurate predictor of the weather . Punxsutawney Phil has a 39 % accuracy rate since 1887 . After all , how smart can an animal be if he is afraid of his own shadow ? Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . C . G . P . Grey explains how we celebrate Groundhog Day . See also : The mental_floss Groundhog Round Up Image manipulation via Speechable Miss Cellania Subscribe to our Newsletter ! SIGN UP NOW	[ "Groundhog Day", "pre-industrial societies", "firewood" ]
http://mentalfloss.com/article/30195/11-ways-advertisers-make-food-look-delicious	11 Ways Advertisers Make Food Look Delicious BY Colin Patrick January 13 , 2016 Getty Images Advertised foods rarely look exactly like the real food they ’ re selling . In fact , a number of sites around the web have pointed out just how false food advertising can be . The truth is , the delicious - looking culinary concoctions we see in print ads and television commercials would be anything but appetizing if they were on your plate . Many times it would n ’ t even be fair to identify them as food . They ’ re more like a terrifying Frankenstein - like type of quasi sustenance commonly made up of a partially cooked food and a carefully created combination of interesting additives . For example . . . 1 . Glue Real milk tends to make breakfast cereal soggy and rather unappetizing in pretty short order . You know what does n ’ t do that ? White glue . Yogurt or shampoo have also been known to do the trick . 2 . Sponges , Cotton Balls & Tampons It ’ s important for hot foods to look hot . The way to do that is to show steam billowing off . Instead of stopping every few shots to nuke the staged food , photographers will often soak one of these items in water , microwave it , and skillfully hide it in the shot . 3 . A Blow Torch , a Branding Iron & Some Shoe Polish Most of the time , meat products are n ’ t actually cooked because cooking can cause them to shrink and dry out . So items like steak and hamburgers are carefully seared with a blowtorch . Afterwards , grill marks are added with a branding iron and , as a finishing touch , some shoe polish or varnish may be applied to provide a nice , succulent color . Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . 4 . Cardboard & Toothpicks Even if you could get past the taste of the leather shoe polish described above , a photography - ready hamburger would be unpleasant to deal with , as they are typically loaded with sheets of cardboard for support and toothpicks or pins that have been strategically placed to keep lettuce , onion , and the rest of the package in their specifically staged place . 5 . Motor Oil & Some Fabric Protector A nice big stack of flapjacks can be a thing of beauty . The only problem is those breakfast staples are quite porous – so the syrup just seeps right in . Photographers solve that issue by coating them with a healthy layer of aerosol fabric protector . And , because maple syrup does n ’ t always look great on camera , they might turn to motor oil as a stand - in . 6 . Hairspray & Spray - On Deodorant That ripe , delicious bunch of grapes you see in that ad have that matte look to them because they ’ re coated in a healthy amount of one of these grocery store spray can staples . 7 . Glycerin If a product is cold or icy , you can bet the version in the TV commercial is covered in glycerin . The substance is used as a sort of catch - all on food shoots to provide gloss and sheen , or give the appearance of moisture on everything from a beer bottle to the leaves of a salad . 8 . Paper Towels If you ’ ve ever drizzled a bowl of ice cream with chocolate syrup , only to watch all of the delicious topping slide and fall off the ice cream , you ' ll understand this trick . Photographers cut out little amorphous pieces of paper towel , lay them over the top of the ice cream , then cover the paper towel with the syrup . Apparently it does a bang up job holding the syrup in place . 9 . The Food That Makes Other Foods Look Good The MVP of the food staging world is the mashed potato . Whipped spuds are used for all sorts of aesthetic purposes . They ’ re loaded into syringes and then injected straight into meat to plump up specific parts of a turkey or roast . They ’ re dyed different colors and used to play the role of ice cream . And they ’ re baked into pies to provide a sturdy interior that wo n ’ t fall to pieces when a slice is taken out . 10 . Antacid & Soap Bubbles Soda does n ’ t look so crisp and refreshing without an overabundance of bubbles . A little antacid tablet typically gets the stuff churning and bubbling . Dish soap can be used for creating larger surface bubbles . 11 . Tweezers How specific do the details of food photography get ? It ’ s not uncommon for a hamburger bun to be methodically covered with sesame seeds by a person with tweezers , glue , and an incredible amount of patience . Tweezers are also useful in assembling Asian and Italian noodle - based dishes - with the placement , shape , and curvature of each noodle being dissected , assessed , and set carefully in place . Just like you do it at home , right ? [ Via Food Portfolio Photopoly Consumer Reports advertising Food Subscribe to our Newsletter ! SIGN UP NOW	[ "television commercials", "interesting additives", "Sponges" ]
http://mentalfloss.com/article/30479/10-largest-airports-world-seen-above	The 10 Largest Airports in the World As Seen From Above HartsfieldJackson Atlanta International Andrew Miller Flickr CC BYNCND 20 Below youll find interesting aerial photos of the 10 largest airports in the worldlargest defined by the number of people passing through each year 1 HartsfieldJackson Atlanta International Doc Searls Flickr CC BY 20 2 Beijing Capital International Airport Wikimedia Commons CC BY 30 3 London Heathrow Airport Konstantin Von Wedelstaedt Wikimedia Commons GFDL 12 4 OHare International Airport Wikimedia Commons 5 Tokyo International Airport National Land Image Information Color Aerial Photographs via Wikimedia Commons 6 Los Angeles International Airport Wikimedia Commons CC BYSA 40 7 Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport Wikimedia Commons CC BY 30 8 Dallas Fort Worth International Airport Tom Walsh Wikimedia Commons CC BYSA 30 9 Frankfurt Airport Wikimedia Commons CC BYSA 30 10 Hong Kong International Airport Wikimedia Commons CC BYSA 30 These numbers are based on 2011 stats photos 0 Subscribe to our Newsletter arrow History When Pigeon Photographers Offered a RealLife BirdsEye View of the World BY Emily Petsko December 25 2018 Julius NeubronnerJennavecia Wikimedia Commons Public domain Youve heard of carrier pigeons but what about photographer pigeons As The New Yorker reports a German apothecary and inventor named Julius Neubronner advanced the field of aerial photography in the early 20th century by attaching cameras to his homing pigeons and setting them loose Consider the birds the original drones Except that wasnt Neubronners original intent when he built the pigeon camera back in 1907 He occasionally used pigeons to deliver prescriptions to and from a sanatorium a few miles away from his home in Kronberg near Frankfurt and he wanted to track where they flew So he set out to invent a solution Agence Rol Wikimedia Commons Public Domain Mark 10 His device consisted of a leather harness and aluminum breastplate that allowed a lightweight camera to be attached to a pigeons body A builtin pneumatic timer let the pigeons snap multiple photos midflight As The New Yorker notes Whether the cameras would actually capture the desired object however depended on luck and the whims of the pigeons The patent for his invention was nearly rejected because the German patent office thought the apparatus was too heavy for pigeons to carry it wasnt He eventually received a patent in 1908 and went on to showcase his invention at expositions in Dresden Frankfurt and Paris He even made a bit of money by selling postcards showcasing the pigeons photos which were snapped and developed on the spot At the time aerial photos were only achieved through the use of balloons or kites and the range of motion was limited in those cases Neubronners clever use of the available technology was later adapted for wartime purposes and Germanys military tested out the pigeon cameras on Western Front battlefields according to The Public Domain Review However airplanes quickly surpassed the pigeons capabilities and consigned Neubronners birds to their traditional role of carrying messages the Review notes But their voyages live on in the photographs they captured Julius NeubronnerJennavecia Wikimedia Commons Public Domain Mark 10 ht The New Yorker birds inventions News photography war 0 TWITTER arrow photography Photographer Shows How Much Berlin Has Changed In the Past Century BY Michele Debczak December 20 2018 David Köster Lenstore Berlin has undergone radical changes in recent decades Once the physical symbol of Europe during the Cold War the capital of Germany is now an epicenter of different cultures representing the continent and beyond For an idea of just how much the city has evolved in the past 100plus years from the preSoviet days of the early 20th century to the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 check out the photos below For this series from Lenstore German photographer David Köster recreated images captured in Berlin from preWorld War I through the end of the Soviet Era He researched locations on Google Street View prior to shooting to ensure the angles matched perfectly As you can see below the historical blackandwhite photos taken decades ago have been blended into modern settings The untouched presentday photos show just how much things have changedor in some cases stayed the same One of the most dramatic contrasts shows the Berlin Wall in 1989 and today The old photo depicts a graffiticovered Berlin Wall cutting through scene and in the second image the previously blocked street is open to the viewer In the new image you can see the thick line that marks the spot where the wall once stood a constant reminder that runs through the city Potsdamer Platz was in ruins during World War II as the 1945 photograph shows but today its a popular city center and shopping district The photograph of the Reichstag the German parliament taken 1929 shows a much different building than what stands today After it caught fire in 1933 it sat empty for years and was finally reconstructed in the 1990s following the fall of the wall Other landmarks like the Brandenburg Gate and Gendarmenmarkt have remained pretty much unchanged over the decades After flipping through the collection you can brush up on some facts about the city depicted in the photos History News 0 TWITTER	[ "Largest Airports" ]
http://mentalfloss.com/article/32030/what-boxing-day	arrow holidays 6 Things You Should Know About Boxing Day BY Ethan Trex December 26 , 2018 Relax , Hallmark conspiracy theorists : Boxing Day is n ’ t some prank to confuse America . It ’ s a real holiday in the United Kingdom and other European countries that dates back to the days of Queen Victoria . Here are some facts to get you up to speed . 1 . It occurs on December 26th . Boxing Day is observed annually on December 26 . If it falls on a weekend , the public holiday itself will be celebrated on Monday . It became an official holiday during the reign of Queen Victoria , though some historians trace its origins back much further — to medieval times . Today , it ' s largely an extension of the Christmas holiday and a big day for sporting events and shopping . 2 . No one really knows where the name originated . Many historians think the holiday ’ s name is derived from the church practice of opening alms boxes the day after Christmas and distributing money to the poor . Historically , British employers followed the church ’ s lead by sliding workers and servants gifts or cash on December 26 . Others believe the " box " refers to the boxes of gifts employers gave to their servants on the day after Christmas . ( In wealthy households , servants were often required to work on Christmas Day but given December 26th off in order to celebrate the holiday on their own . ) 3 . It ' s a big day for shopping . Historically , Boxing Day ' s post - Christmas sales have long made it one of the U.K. ' s busiest shopping days of the year . And while it still falls within the top five biggest shopping days of the year , the popularity of online shopping has reduced the overall spending people do on December 26 . “ Fifteen years ago it was pretty much guaranteed that you would only get big sales a few times a year — Boxing Day and the big summer clearance , " Bryan Roberts , an analyst at Kantar Retail , told The Telegraph in 2015 . That is no longer the case . ” “ The Boxing Day sales are pretty much dead , ” Roberts added . “ Black Friday and Cyber Monday illustrate Christmas sales are starting earlier and earlier . There is a possibility prices will just keep on dropping in the run - up to Christmas . This makes the Boxing Day sales incredibly diluted . " 4 . There is no boxing involved . Despite the name , British observances of Boxing Day involve no fisticuffs . For patricians , however , another sport rules the day : fox hunting . Though it ' s a long - held tradition , many animal rights activists and groups would like to see the practice done away with altogether . Especially since , technically , it ' s illegal . In the days leading up to Boxing Day , the International Fund for Animal Welfare ( IFAW ) is often very vocal in reminding citizens that " The chasing or killing of foxes and other British mammals with a pack of dogs was banned because the overwhelming majority of the UK public rejected this so - called ' sport ' as cruel and abhorrent . " 5 . Some other countries do take the name more literally . In other countries , Boxing Day celebrations are more literal . Some former British colonies in Africa and the Caribbean celebrate the holiday with prizefighting events 6 . In Ireland , December 26th is sometimes known as Wren Day . Ireland sometimes refers to December 26 as Wren Day , a nod to an old tradition in which poor children would kill a wren , then sell the feathers to neighbors for good luck . In today ’ s celebrations , the wren is fake . History holidays Lists News Sports Subscribe to our Newsletter ! SIGN UP NOW arrow 15 Smart Gifts for Administrative Professionals ’ Day BY Alvin Ward April 24 , 2017 Amazon Without the tireless work of administrative professionals , offices would surely fall apart . This holiday , formerly known as Secretaries ' Day , is all about showing thanks for their great contributions . It falls on Wednesday of the last full week of April — April 24 this year — so there ' s still time to pick out a thoughtful gift for the people in your office who make life easier for everyone . 1 . NESSIE TEA INFUSER ; $ 13 Steeping loose tea is a lot more fun when you can create a cryptid sighting right in your mug . This dishwasher - safe , silicone tea infuser looks just like a baby Loch Ness monster that stores tea leaves in its belly . Find it : Amazon 2 . KNIGHT PEN HOLDER ; $ 30 With this regal display , a good pen will always be close at hand . The resin knight statuette comes with its own refillable black ink pen and works as a nice reminder that the pen is mightier than the sword . Find it : Walmart 3 . MIRA WATER BOTTLE ; $ 14 Give the gift of hydration : These 17 - ounce bottles are perfect for carrying water , coffee , or tea . The insulation will keep drinks cold for 24 hours or hot for 12 hours , and its leak - proof top makes it a mess - free travel companion . 4 . CAFFEINE SOAP ; $ 8 Morning showers can be a lot more energized with bars of soap charged with caffeine . The peppermint - scented soap is infused with caffeine , which can be absorbed through the skin ( at roughly 200 milligrams per washing ) to give a little pre - latte jolt before work . ThinkGeek 5 . HANDICORN ; $ 7 Downtime at the office can now mean a visit from a friendly unicorn . The five piece set comes with four hoofed feet and a unicorn head that fit neatly over most fingers . 6 . SOLITAIRE CARDS ; $ 16 It ' s just like the computer game , but in real life ! This deck of cards from Areaware uses the original artwork of Susan Kare from the Windows 3.0 Solitaire game . Kare even designed joker cards just for the physical set of cards . 7 . RETRO PENS ; $ 10 Note taking is about to go old school with these cute , retro - styled pens . The set of five click - top pens come in satisfying muted colors that would dazzle any ' 60s corporate employee . 8 . Poloroid 7 - Inch Digital Photo Frame ; $ 36 Polaroid , Target This digital picture frame allows the user to upload photo files from a memory card or flash drive and turn them into automated slideshow , allowing them to fit more pictures of their loved ones and pets on their desk at work without actually impeding their , you know , space for work . Target or Walmart 9 . SHEEP PUSH PIN HOLDER ; $ 14 At first glance , this is just a sheep with a lovely wool coat . In reality , this sheep is covered in white push pins that can be easily removed and replaced . The clever pin holder is great for any animal lover with a constant need for thumbtacks . 10 . CAT POST - IT HOLDER ; $ 8 Here ' s another helpful animal office product : A cat that dispenses sticky notes . The whiskered feline comes with one pack of Post - Its and can be refilled with any 3 - by - 3 - inch notepads . 11 . 30 DAY CHALLENGE ; $ 12 This charming little note dispenser spits out encouraging words and advice . Geared toward self - care , each note suggests one thing the reader can do to slow down and enjoy each day . Urban Outfitters 12 . SPACE NOTEBOOK ; $ 4 Jot down notes that are out of this world ! This astrological notebook has a nice matte cover and an elastic band to keep it shut . The notebook comes with 256 lined pages for plenty of thoughts on the cosmos , extraterrestrials , or conference call numbers . ModCloth Note : This notebook is currently out of stock , but this pocket notebook from Paper Source is a good ( and cheap ! ) replacement . 13 . CACTUS CANDLES For the coworker who just ca n ' t seem to keep a desktop plant alive , these cactus - shaped candles are almost too cute to light . Each box comes with six candles in three different styles . 14 . HEAT SENSITIVE PAC - MAN MUG ; $ 21 Pouring hot liquid into this mug is a lot like turning on an arcade game . As the mug heats up , a Pac - Man game emerges — cherries , ghost , and all . , or one of the retailers below : 15 . SCRATCH OFF BOOK POSTER ; $ 26 This helpful chart recommends 100 different classic books , dating back to 1605 . Each book is illustrated and coated with a gold foil design , which proud readers can scratch off to keep track of — or show off — how many tomes they ' ve tackled . Pop Chart Lab Mental Floss has affiliate relationships with certain retailers and may receive a small percentage of any sale . But we choose all products independently and only get commission on items you buy and do n ' t return , so we ' re only happy if you ' re happy . Thanks for helping us pay the bills ! A version of this article first ran in 2017 . It has been updated to reflect current availability . Gift Guide shopping Food 7 Secrets From a Grilled Cheese Master BY Jennifer M Wood April 12 , 2018 Daniel Krieger Of the many eventful holidays that fall in April , none is more delicious than April 12th , a.k.a. National Grilled Cheese Day . Yes , like so many culinary delights before it , the ooey - gooey sandwiches you grew up craving have their very own day of celebration . Even better , it happens to fall in the middle of Grilled Cheese Month . Which is why we ’ ve enlisted the expertise of Spencer Rubin , founder and CEO of Melt Shop , a New York City - based mini empire of grilled cheese eateries , to share his secrets on making the perfect grilled cheese sandwich . ( For the record , Rubin gives his mom full credit for his own grilled cheese - making skills . ) 1 . Golden brown and crunchy is key . “ The perfect grilled cheese is golden brown , crunchy to the touch , and has a little bit of cheese that is nearly burnt on the side because it spilled out over the edges from cooking directly on the skillet , ” Rubin says . “ The cheese pulls away from you after your first , second , and third bite . It ’ s savory , salty , and I always like a little bit of acid from a tomato to cut through the richness of the cheese . ” 2 . Butter is n ' t your only base option . But it ’ s probably your best option . “ I like salted butter , but people talk about using mayo and margarine all the time , ” Rubin says of what to put in your pan . “ Salted butter drives the best results , if you ask me . ” 3 . Do n ' t skimp on the bread . " Quality bread is key , " Rubin says . “ Too soft and it does n ’ t develop the right crust ; too hard and it ' s like eating a crouton . Ideally you want day - old sourdough . Sourdough is key because the air pockets that develop while proofing help add to the texture . You want day - old bread because it has firmed up a bit , giving it a better crunch after toasting . " Daniel Krieger 4 . All cheese is delicious cheese . “ Obviously good cheese is the key to a great grilled cheese , ” Rubin says . “ But the best thing about grilled cheese is you can never really go wrong . Whether it ’ s a 5 - year aged cheddar , cave - aged Gruyere , or Kraft singles , they ' re all delicious in their own ways . ” As for which cheeses melt best ? Rubin says that semi - soft varieties like Muenster and Havarti are the way to go . 5 . Flavor your butter for an instant upgrade . You do n ’ t have to break out the fine china to fancy up your sandwich . Let the butter and / or bread do all work . If you want to take your sandwich to a more sophisticated culinary level , Rubin recommends using “ truffle butter , herb butter , or garlic bread with garlic and Parmigiano . ” 6 . Salty and sweet is a great combination . Tomatoes and bacon are tried and true add - ons . For an unexpected combination , Rubin recommends throwing in some jams and sweets . “ I always love salty and sweet combinations , ” he says , citing his favorite sandwich on the menu , the Maple Bacon ( maple - glazed bacon , New York cheddar , and sharp brick spread on country white bread ) , as a perfect example . " The combination is insane . ” 7 . Sides are n ' t required , but they make it a meal . Though for some diners a grilled cheese sandwich is an entire meal in itself , there ’ s no reason not to indulge in a side dish . Melt Shop is well known for its menu of tater tots , but lighter sides work , too . “ I like a nice side salad with my grilled cheese , ” Rubin says . “ It ’ s nice to get a little green in your meal and a good vinaigrette always helps brighten things up . " This story was updated for 2019 . Food kitchen Lists News	[ "Boxing Day", "Queen Victoria ," ]
http://mentalfloss.com/article/32090/over-borderline-little-bit-minnesota-could-have-gone-canadian	Over the Borderline The Little Bit of Minnesota That Could Have Gone Canadian If you look at a map of North America youll notice that the CanadaUnited States border is strikingly straight from the Pacific Ocean to about a third of the way across Minnesota where it hiccups and then squiggles the rest of the way to the Atlantic Ocean The border first started to get worked out between the US and Great Britain Canada wasnt an independent country until after most of the border was laid down not long after the American Revolution and was updated and amended in a series of treaties over the next few decades Some parts were easy to work out that straight line just runs along the 49th parallel In other parts the American and British negotiators got a little fancy Around Minnesota they established the border as extending from the northwesternmost point of the Lake of the Woods due west to the head of the Mississippi River All well and good except that the source of the Mississippi River Lake Itasca was farther south than where theyd expected it to be and couldnt be intersected by a line running west from the Lake of the Woods Misplacing the Mississippi was a blunder yes but the map they were working with drawn by doctor and botanist John Mitchell in 1750 was the most comprehensive map of eastern North America from that era With a lesser map things might have been even worse and the Mitchell map was used for settling USCanadian border disputes well into the 20th century A survey team was sent to the area to correct the error and finish establishing the border by connecting the northwesternmost point of the lake directly to the 49th parallel When the team located the northwest point the direct northsouth line they drew to the 49th intersected a little chunk of land belonging to the US and a bay belonging to Canada cutting the American land off from the rest of the country and leaving it dangling in the breeze Life in the Angle Wikimedia Commons This is the Northwest Angle and Islands a small Minnesota exclave hanging off of Manitoba on the Lake of the Woods Most of Angle Townships 5963 square miles is made up of water The remaining 123 square miles of land mostly uninhabited and held in trust by the Red Lake Indian Reservation are home to 152 Minnesotans who have the honor of living at the northernmost point of the contiguous US If you want to visit the Angle now youll need to drive up through Minnesota to the Canadian border and then ignoring the little part of your brain that logically demands you stay in the United States to visit a Minnesota town cross into Manitoba and go through Canadian customs Youll pass a few border towns hang a right after Moose Lake and continue along several kilometers of unpaved road before crossing another border back into the United States Here youll need to go through customs again though its a little different from the first time At the intersection of A little ways past Jims Corner youll find the Angle Inlet School the last oneroom schoolhouse in the state Since 1985 the schools class has been taught by Linda Kastl and has fluctuated in size between five and 16 students For a few years in the 1990s the school closed because the enrollment was too low Farther down the road youll find the police station and Bob Nunn the townships lone cop At the edge of the Angle is the Lake of the Woodsand some of the best walleye fishing spots in North America Fishing is what sustains tourism the local economy and the livelihood of most everyone living in the Angle and a problem with fishing is what kicked into motion a halfserious attempt at secession during late 1990s The Walleye Problem It started like this Ontario which shares a border with Minnesota that runs through the Lake of the Woods was happy to let people staying at Angle resorts fish in Canadian waters but imposed high fees catchandrelease regulations and loads of paperwork on them Fishermen who stayed at Canadian resorts on the lake on the other hand had a much easier time getting licensed getting out on the water and keeping more of their catch Resort occupancy in the Angle dropped off restaurants were empty night after night and fishing guides sat at the dock all day Angle residents and business owners cried foul to the federal government calling Ontarios fishing regulations discriminatory Their complaints went largely ignored until 1997 when US Representative Collin Peterson of Minnesotas Seventh District proposed a constitutional amendment that would allow the residents of the Angle to vote on seceding from the United States and joining Canada For the next few days after that the little town was a media circus Finally people were paying attention It became clear from the sound bites provided by the locals on the evening news that they didnt really want to secede but they knew that throwing that word around would finally get someone to do something about their walleye problem That someone turned out to be Jim Southwick a Minneapolisbased attorney who had worked as the US Trade Representative lawyer on NAFTA issues Southwick saw the Canadian fishing regulations as a clear NAFTA violation and with the help of the Sport fishermen began to return to the Angle filling the lodges and restaurants and rental boats and keeping their whole catch no matter which side of the lake they were on The locals flush with cash from renewed business and still a little high from their moment in the spotlight had just one loose end to finally tie up Apologizing profusely to local Red Lake chief Bobby Whitefeather whose tribe owns the lions share of the Angles land but who was not consulted about whether or not he and the tribe wanted to go Canuck History politics law 0 Subscribe to our Newsletter	[ "Borderline", "Minnesota", "Canada" ]
http://mentalfloss.com/article/501112/why-does-weed-make-you-hungry	Why Does Weed Make You Hungry If youve ever smoked weed chances are youve felt pretty hungry afterwards Maybe you even said Im starving as you plowed through a Nachos BellGrande a Quesarito Combo and a Crunchwrap Supreme Well you were rightyou were starving Or at least your body thought you were And thats because of tetrahydrocannabinol also known as THC which is the main psychoactive component in marijuana A 2015 study conducted on mice by researchers at the Yale School of Medicine found that THC flipped a switch in the rodents brain circuitry making them feel hungry rather than full By observing how the appetite center of the brain responds to marijuana we were able to see what drives the hunger brought about by cannabis and how that same mechanism that normally turns off feeding becomes a driver of eating said Tamas Horvath the studys lead author Its like pressing a cars brakes and accelerating instead Horvath explained We were surprised to find that the neurons we thought were responsible for shutting down eating were suddenly being activated and promoting hunger even when you are full It fools the brains central feeding system Assuming that THC has a similar effect on humans its easy to understand how smoking weed would produce insatiable cravings for anything and everything But thats not the only science at work when it comes to getting the munchies THC also binds to cannabinoid receptors known as CB1s in the brains olfactory bulb making food aromas more intense which increases your perception of flavor So not only are you convinced that youre ravenous but things smell and taste better than they do when youre not high which is kind of a double whammy While this all may be a little annoying if youre trying to cut back on your fastfood intake the link between hunger and THC is potentially great news for people who have trouble eating due to illness or other medical reasons For instance marijuana has been shown to be an effective appetite stimulant in cancer patients If researchers know exactly what causes that appetite surge they may be able to use the munchies to benefit those who need it Food News science 0 Subscribe to our Newsletter arrow Space The Quadrantid Meteor Shower Peaks TonightHeres How to See It BY Michele Debczak January 3 2019 iStockcommdesigner125 The first major celestial event of 2019 kicks off the night of Thursday January 3 The Quadrantid meteor shower appears in the night sky each year in the beginning of January and its considered one of the most impressive annual meteor showers If youre looking to catch the spectacle before it disappears for another year heres where to look According to The Washington Post the Quadrantids are set to peak this year between 9 and 10 pm Eastern time Thursday night Sky gazers in Eastern Europe and Central Europe will have the best view potentially seeing as many as 120 meteors burn up in the atmosphere per hour In the US the meteor shower will appear very low in the sky during its peak and much of it will be lost beneath the horizon But in clear dark conditions US viewers can still expect to catch up to 40 meteors in an hour The shower will appear to originate from the northern part of the sky around 8 to 9 pm Eastern time and migrate northnortheast by 10 pm At 1 am the shooting stars will have reached their highest point in the northeastern night sky Unlike other meteor showers like Decembers Geminids the Quadrantids are contained to just a single night rather than stretched out over several days Peak activity usually lasts four hours which means there are parts of the world that miss them altogether in some years The Quadrantids are also distinct in that they come from the debris trailing an asteroid where most other meteor showers occur when the Earth passes through the tail of a comet ht The Washington Post astronomy News science 0 TWITTER arrow science Your Brain Dictates How Many Friends You Have BY Emily Petsko January 3 2019 iStockcomsantypan Think about your closest friendsthe people you call daily share your secrets with and text at 2 am when you need a favor or some emotional support How many people are you picturing One Three Eight If youre like most people you probably answered between three and five And apparently the TV show Friends got it just right As Lifehacker points out British anthropologist Dr Robin Dunbar was the first researcher to discover that people could really only maintain relationships with an average of 148 people throughout their lifetime The brain can only process so much social information and relationships with about 150 friends family members and acquaintances seems to be the cutoff point This might explain why comedian Tom Seguras joke about not having the mental energy to meet new people got so many laughs while filming his 2014 Netflix special Completely Normal in Minneapolis During his set he suggested Next time youre at a bar or youre just out walking around and somebody goes Hey man Just go Nope Im all friended up Dunbar continued to study the subject of friendship and in 2016 he and two other researchers identified layers of friends within the larger circle of 150 relationships The team analyzed a mobile phone dataset and used the frequency of calls to indicate the closeness of relationships between callers They found that as the number of friends in any given layer increases the emotional closeness of those relationships decreases In other words the smallest layer generally contains three to five of your closest pals The next layer overlaps and contains 10 additional peopleor 15 people total counting your five BFFs The third layer has an additional 35 people followed by a final layer with an additional 100 It may come as a surprise that the makeup of these layers doesnt differ significantly between introverts and extroverts even though extroverts tend to have more friends overall So if you have three to five trueblue friends youre on target ht Lifehacker brain News science 0 TWITTER	[ "Weed", "Nachos" ]
http://mentalfloss.com/article/503153/how-dangerous-concussion	How Dangerous Is a Concussion iStock Its not football season but the game is still making headlines In a new study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association neuropathologist Ann McKee and her colleagues examined the brains of 111 NFL players and found 110 of them to have the degenerative disease chronic traumatic encephalopathy CTE The condition has been linked to repeated blows to the headand every year in the US professional and novice athletes alike receive between 25 and 4 million concussions This raises the question What happens to the human brain when we get a concussion or suffer a hard blow to the head and how dangerous are these hits to our longterm health Expert Clifford Robbins explains in the TEDEd video below Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video brain Medicine News science video 0 Subscribe to our Newsletter arrow Live Smarter Swearing Off Alcohol for Dry January Might Have Benefits for Months According to Survey BY Jake Rossen January 4 2019 iStockcomBrianAJackson Traditionally alcoholrelated challenges have involved seeing how much college kids can drink before requiring medical attention For Dry January the goal is quite different This challenge which has roots in a 2014 campaign promoted by the nonprofit Alcohol Change UK invites participants to give up alcoholic drinks for the entire month While that might seem to have only shortterm consequences of increased lucidity and nonslurred speech a new survey indicates the benefits of Dry January might last for months Researchers at the University of Sussex took a closer look at people who underwent the challenge in 2017 and then followed up to see how the dry spell might have changed their drinking habits Of the 2821 people surveyed they were able to follow up with 1715 of them in February and 816 in August Collectively respondents reported drinking one less day per week than they did prior to the challengean average of 33 days down from 43 days They drank a lesser volume of alcohol overall and also stated they got drunk less often with an average of 21 days spent per month pretty much hammered down from 34 Richard de Visser the University of Sussex psychologist who headed up the survey said in a that taking the month off may have helped people reconsider the role of alcohol in their lives with a large percentage of respondents reporting better sleep and more energy during their teetotaling De Visser also stated that people who failed to complete the challengemeaning they drank alcohol before January came to a closealso reported decreased consumption overall Because the survey was selfreported its possible their impressions of their own alcohol consumption are inaccurateas with food people tend to underestimate But abstaining during Dry January still carries a demonstrable series of benefits from saving money on booze to weight loss Try it yourself and see ht Smithsonian alcohol Health News Live Smarter 0 TWITTER arrow Animals Florida Has Lots of Wild Monkeys With Herpesand That Number Could Double Soon BY Emily Petsko January 4 2019 iStockcomMichael Warren The wild monkeys in Florida may be cute but many of them carry a strain of herpes that can be deadly to humans who get scratched or bitten by one according to WFTVcom More than a quarter of the rhesus macaques that live in Silver Springs State Park are infected with the herpes B virus and the total population of monkeys is expected to double from 200 to 400 within the next three years Also known as the monkey B virus herpes B is extremely rare in humans but can turn deadly if infection occurs In humans symptoms may include small blisters fever flulike aches chills headache and pain or itching at the site of the wound Only 50 people have contracted herpes B since the virus was discovered in 1932 but 21 of those were fatal according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Macaques which are believed to be natural hosts for the virus experience only mild symptoms or no symptoms at all Still the anticipated population boom concerns wildlife experts especially as the monkeys migrate to other parts of Central Florida The animals which are native to Asia were first brought to the Florida park in the 1930s as part of an attraction that has since shut down In 2015 a monkey was spotted more than 20 miles south of the park on the roof of an elementary school University of Florida professor Steve Johnson tells WFTV the state has a couple of options in terms of how to proceed It could remove the monkeys from their environment or remove the females sterilize them and release them back into the wild However the latter option would likely be expensive and risky for those who handle the monkeys Its going to be a problem continual growth of that population is going to occur without intervention Johnson says Until the state reaches a decision park visitors are advised not to touch or feed the monkeyswhich is generally good advice when encountering any wild animal ht The Atlanta JournalConstitution Animals disease Health monkeys News 0 TWITTER	[ "football season", "American Medical Association" ]
http://mentalfloss.com/article/503983/why-do-we-say-mom-and-dad-instead-our-parents-names	Why Do We Say Mom and Dad Instead of Our Parents Names iStock Just about every culture in the world has this one thing in common Children dont call their parents by their first names Instead they use a word such as mom or dad The practice is shockingly consistentas is the use of the m sound for our maternal figures theres more variation around the word dad As Simon Whistler explains in the video below for Today I Found Out linguists theorize that the sounds arose from infants baby talk which parents then applied to themselves ma ba and pa are among the first sounds that children around the world learn how to make regardless of the language they go on to speak For the full details including the reason ma got applied to women watch the video below Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video anthropology linguistics 0 Subscribe to our Newsletter arrow Words 20 Words Turning 100 in 2019 BY Emily Petsko January 4 2019 iStockcombortonia In the year 1919 some of the worlds preeminent thinkers were busy inventing the rotary dial telephone and popup toaster signing the Treaty of Versailles and forming the League of Nations which preceded the United Nations They were also dabbling in clever wordplay and coining some snazzy new terms MerriamWebsters Time Traveler tool shows you the words that were first recorded in any given yearfrom 1472 to 2016and some of the ones from 1919 might surprise you Here are a few of our favorite newfangled terms from 100 years ago 1 Antistress The adjective antistress came along decades before destress which was introduced to the English language in 1979 It refers to anything that prevents or alleviates stress 2 Appleknocker You may have attended an appleknocker wedding in the past The 1919 sense of the word meant rustic but Dictionarycom states it could also mean uncouth or rude A newspaper article from 1927 described an appleknocker as a peculiar type of human being who insists upon doing and saying things that while offering satisfaction to himself causes mental and physical inconvenience to others 3 Balletomane iStockcomabezikus Swan Lake lovers this ones for you A balletomane is a devotee of ballet It stems from the Russian baletoman which unites the words ballet balet and mania maniya Balletomania is the noun 4 Bats Unlike the animal which MerriamWebster defines in the singular form bat with an s is a synonym of battyas in mentally unstable or unhinged 5 Beavertail This curiously named plant is a prickly pear cactus that grows in the southwestern US and northern Mexico British pastries known as arlettes are also sometimes called beavertails but that reference came later 6 Complimentary close You might not realize theres a term for the words you use to close an email or in the case of our 1919 predecessors a letter The phrase that comes before your signature and expresses your regard for the receiversuch as sincerely yoursis considered a complimentary close 7 Danish pastry iStockcomLauri Patterson This delicious and often fruitfilled pastry isnt actually Danish at all The treats are called Viennese bread in Denmark because they were brought to the country by Austrians Nowadays we just call them Danisheseven if it is a misnomer 8 Didgeridoo This funtosay instrument invented by Australian aborigines first wormed its way into the English language in 1919 Its essentially a bamboo or wooden trumpet 9 Dunker This early sports term is straightforward enough It refers to a basketball player who makes dunk shots The sport itself was invented 28 years earlier at Springfield College in Massachusetts 10 Fanboy This term for a boy or man who is an extremely or overly enthusiastic fan of someone or something predates our internetfueled obsession with celebrities The female equivalent fangirl didnt roll around until 1934 11 Golden retriever These very good golden boys were first bred in Scotland in 1865 A breeder mated a yellow retriever with a Tweed water spaniel and their offspring became a new breed of dog that would later be called golden retrievers 12 Jigsaw puzzle iStockcomyejin kang According to the Online Etymology Dictionary the pieces of a jigsaw puzzle were cut with a vertical reciprocating saw called a jigsaw in the early 1900shence the name jigsaw puzzle Before that they were known as dissected maps or dissected pictures 13 Outgas No this doesnt refer to a farting contest but rather the removal of gases from a material or space usually by heating 14 Phooey What in tarnation This interjection used to express repudiation or disgust has probably been in use before your grandpa was born Some other fun synonyms include faugh phew yech and rats 15 Putsch We can thank the Swiss German language for this word Also known as a coup détat it refers to a secretly plotted and suddenly executed attempt to overthrow a government 16 Polyphiloprogenitive Philoprogenitive refers to a fondness for children or the tendency to make a lot of babies Phil means loving and the Latin progenitus means begot Add a poly to it and you get someone or something thats extremely prolific when it comes to creating new life TS Eliot likely coined the term in his religious poem Mr Eliots Sunday Morning Service 17 Skivvies iStockcommydoc3737 If youre looking to spice up your vocabulary swap out underpants for skivvies According to one newspaper article from 1927 this word started out as US Navy slang 18 Snooty Snobby is a slightly older term having first been documented in 1846 but snooty also gets the point across If you dont like either of those words try snotty potty or the chiefly British term toffeenosed 19 Superpimp This word is exactly what youd expect a very successful pimp How one defines success of this nature is another question entirely 20 Xanadu Long before Xanadu was an awesomely terrible movie starring Olivia NewtonJohn and Gene Kelly it meant an idyllic exotic or luxurious place Samuel Taylor Coleridges 1816 poem Kubla Khan refers to a place called Xanadu and his rich imagery fired public imagination and ultimately contributed to the transition of Xanadu from a name to a generalized term for an idyllic place MerriamWebster notes It also happened to be the name of Charles Foster Kanes fictional estate in Citizen Kane 1941 language Lists News Words 0 TWITTER arrow Words Nomophobia Is Cambridge Dictionarys Word of the Year For 2018And You Might Have It BY Emily Petsko January 2 2019 iStockcomOcusFocus Nomophobia is the Cambridge Dictionarys word of the year for 2018 and it describes a condition many of us are familiar witheven if we never knew there was a term for it According to The Independent the dictionary definition is a fear or worry at the idea of being without your mobile phone or unable to use it So basically its that feeling you get when you enter the bathroom and realize your phone is in the bedroom The word phobia of course means fear while mo stands for mobile phone In other words nomophobia can be understood as no mobile phone phobia and its certainly a timely word Recent surveys have shown that people use their smartphones more than five hours per day on average and the iPhone rolled out its Screen Time featurewhich offers realtime data about your smartphone usein 2018 Psychologists have been talking about internet addiction since the early days of the world wide web and the American Psychiatric Association recommended that internet gaming disorder be studied more closely in 2013 However medical literature doesnt specifically mention smartphone addiction which is what the term nomophobia seems to imply According to Dr Marc Potenza a professor of psychiatry and neuroscience at the Yale School of Medicine the two predominant mental disorder manuals tend to focus on specific behaviors like gaming rather than the method of delivery in this case a smartphone Still nomophobia is popping up more frequently in scientific studies Researchers from the City University of Hong Kong and Sungkyunkwan University in Seoul titled their 2017 paper on the phenomenon Understanding Nomophobia When users perceive smartphones as their extended selves they are more likely to become attached to the devices which in turn leads to nomophobia by heightening the phone proximityseeking tendency researchers wrote in the abstract of their study which was published in the journal Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking As the peoples word of 2018 nomophobia was chosen by the public in a poll It beat out the three other shortlisted words that the good people at Cambridge Dictionary felt best summarized the year for better or worse The others were ecocide destruction of the environment noplatforming refusing to let someone publicly express ideas perceived as dangerous or unacceptable and gender gap differences in the ways men and women are treated ht The Independent language News psychology tech technology Words 0 TWITTER	[ "Mom", "Dad" ]
http://mentalfloss.com/article/51566/11-fun-facts-about-beatles	11 Fun Facts About the Beatles Getty Images John Lennon Paul McCartney George Harrison and Ringo Starr are remembered for their instrumental roles in launching the British invasion and bringing the aesthetic of rock and roll to new frontiers with everything from electronic effects to sitars Their songs are beloved hated and exhaustively analyzed by a new generation every few years Even Glee is getting in on the action In tonights fifth season premiere the show is putting its own spin on 14 classic Beatles tracks Abbey Road was released 44 years ago today here are a few facts about the Fab Four 1 John grew up near a place called Strawberry Fields in Liverpool Getty Images From the time he was five years old and all but abandoned by his parents Lennon lived with his aunt and uncle Mimi and George Smith in Woolton One of his favorite spots to explore with his childhood friends was the garden of the nearby Salvation Army orphanage Strawberry Fields McCartney remembered in Barry Miles book Many Years From Now that it was a secret garden Johns memory of it wasThere was a wall you could bunk over and it was a rather wild garden it wasnt manicured at all so it was easy to hide in Lennon wrote the song in a reminiscent mood in 1966 while on set in Spain for the film How I Won the War Strawberry Fields Forever is not the only Beatles song named for a real placethe first Lennon family home in Liverpool stood near Penny Lanebut it might be the only one to have a place named after it Strawberry Fields is now a memorial section of New Yorks Central Park 2 Michelle was inspired by Pauls favorite technique for picking up girls at parties McCartney once shared in an interview that he and Harrison selfdescribed workingclass boys often felt at odds at the bohochic parties they went to as teens with Lennon who was older and attending art college To hold his own McCartney developed a habit of dressing in black sitting in a corner with his guitar and singing in madeup French to see if he could draw over any of the Juliette Grecotype women It never worked but one day Lennon suggested that McCartney make that French thing into a song Il faut souffrir pour être belle man 3 Ringos real name is Richard Starkey Richard Starkey called Ritchie by his doting mother was born in Liverpool in 1940 he began playing the drums in a hospital band at the age of 13 while recuperating from a bout of tuberculosis and by 17 he had helped to found the Eddie Clayton Skiffle Band He joined the Beatles in 1962 replacing their first drummer Pete Best StarrStarkey was always known in the groups public performances films and album covers as Ringo but in recordings of studio takes Paul can be heard calling out Ready Richard before counting the band off The drummers first nickname Rings reportedly came from his habit of wearing large amounts of jewelry particularly on his fingers later while at a holiday camp he changed it to Ringo to sound more cowboyish In a scene from A Hard Days Night where the lads are playing cards in a train compartment surrounded by giggling girls the other members laughingly accuse him of winning because of his lucky rings 4 The first lyrics to Yesterday were scrambled eggs Genius often comes out of nowhere and the melody for the famous melancholy string setting that is Vladimir Putins favorite Beatles song apparently just popped into Paul McCartneys head when he woke up one morning Until he could find words for it the McCartney walked around the house humming scrambled eggsbaby I love scrambled eggs so that he wouldnt forget the tune 5 The BBC banned I Am the Walrus Mild string player Harrison was incensed when the BBC banned I Am the Walrus for its lyrics pornographic priestesses and let your knickers down In an interview with official Beatles biographer Hunter Davies he revealed a desire to take the Beatles edginess in a new direction altogether Why cant you have people fing as well Its going on everywhere in the world all the time So why cant you mention it Its just a word made up by people It doesnt mean a thing so why cant we use it in a song We will eventually We havent started yet 6 Norwegian Wood is not the name of the house For Lennon Norwegian Wood This Bird Has Flown was an allusion to an extramarital affair for Harrison it meant the breakout song for his defining instrumentals on sitar But the ethereal headscratcher of a song title actually refers to the cheap furniture of the average 1960s bachelorette apartment Lennon and McCartneys lyrics follow a man who goes to a girls apartment for the evening only to be told to sleep in the bathtub and jilted the next morning resentful of waking up alone he sets fire to her apartment and its kitschy contents McCartney remembers a lot of people were decorating their places in wood Norwegian wood It was pine really cheap pine But its not as good a title Cheap Pine baby So it was a little parody really on those kind of girls who when youd go to their flat there would be a lot of Norwegian wood Had the song been written today it might have been called Ikea Furniture 7 The famous Abbey Road picture has a prequel Courtesy of The Beatles Bible The final album cover photograph of four Beatles walking in time was chosen from a series of eight shots taken on the crosswalk in front of Abbey Road Studios over the course of a single day in 1969 Freelance photographer Iain Macmillan took the official photos but Pauls wife Linda McCartney happened to be standing by with her camera to catch this small elderly lady talking to Ringo as Paul fixes his jacket collar We can only hope they came off as nice young men 8 Sean Connery royally dissed the Fab Four as James Bond but liked them enough himself to record a cover In the 1964 Bond thriller Goldfinger Connery purrs of drinking Dom Perignon at the wrong temperature Its simply not donelike listening to the Beatles without earmuffs Young fans reportedly booed the line in theatres but the actor himself bears no real animosity toward the Beatles Connery even collaborated with George Martin in 1988 for the Beatles producers In My Life album a retrospective of Fab Four covers by celebrities from Robin Williams to Goldie Hawn 007s spokenword version of the title track is radical but pleasant like reaching for the Dom Perignon and getting a surprise glass of wellaged scotch 9 Lovely Rita may have been a real Meter Maid named Meta Traffic wardens as they were called in London of the 1960s were less common and less reviled in Britain than across the pond and it took an American friend of McCartneys commenting on the meter maids to inspire the immortal rhyme of the Sgt Peppers track The woman herself however never got her fine Parking attendant Meta Davis claims to have written a ticket for a car outside of the Abbey Road Studios in 1967 when Paul sauntered out and pulled it off the windshield He looked at it and read my signature He said Oh is your name really Meta That would be a good name for a song Would you mind if I use it And that was that Off he went However McCartney has stated that he wrote the lyrics while walking near his brothers house in Gayton near Liverpoolsome 200 miles 10 And Lucy the Lennon muse last flew in 2009 The acronymic rendering of the title of Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds is LITSWD but the only three letters that most theorists take any notice of are LS and D The musicians and their fans alike have historically lamented the willingness of some of their critics to look for drug references in song lyrics and Lucy with its imagery of marmalade skies and kaleidoscope eyes is a frequent victim The inspiration for the strange and colorful song however came from a much more innocent place When 4yearold Julian Lennon showed his father a drawing of a girl named Lucy who sat next to him in school the songwriter was inspired by his childish scrawl of a girl who his son said was in the sky with diamonds Lucy Vodden later moved to London and remained there until she died from complications related to lupus in 2009 at the age of 46 Julian Lennon rekindled their friendship in the last years of Voddens life and frequently sent her flowers 11 There is a heated international grammatical debate over whether the the should be capitalized Wikipedia talk pages were ablaze late last year over a small but persistent question are they The Beatles or the Beatles Lowercase faction members point to handwritten letters by Lennon which feature a small t in the bands title while proponents of the capital T cite grammatical rules over trademarks and the logo atop the Beatles official website Squabbling on the online encyclopedia started in 2004 and recently resulted in several editors being banned from commenting Lowercase advocate Gabriel Fadden complained of being cyberstalked in the Wall Street Journal s coverage of the rumpus The two surviving musicians McCartney and Starr have refrained from throwing an oar or a drumstick in but if youre interested the talk page is still open and ripe for grammatical speculation History Lists music 0 Subscribe to our Newsletter	[ "Fun Facts", "Beatles" ]
http://mentalfloss.com/article/53235/how-stephen-kings-wife-saved-carrie-and-launched-his-career	arrow literature How Stephen King ' s Wife Saved Carrie and Launched His Career BY Lucas Reilly January 11 , 2017 Ebay . com / usr / creativsoul25 How the master of horror got his first big break — and how his wife inspired him . It was 1973 , and Stephen King ’ s pockets were empty . He lived in a doublewide trailer and drove a rust - bucket Buick held together with baling wire and duct tape . King ’ s wife , Tabby , worked second - shift at Dunkin ’ Donuts while he taught English at Hampden Academy , a private high school in eastern Maine . To scrape by , King worked summers at an industrial laundry and moonlighted as a janitor and gas pump attendant . With a toddler and a newborn to feed , money — and time King could n ' t even afford his own typewriter ; he had to use Tabby ’ s Olivetti from college . She set up a makeshift desk in the laundry room , fitting it snugly between the washing machine and the dryer . Each evening , while Tabby changed diapers and cooked dinner , King ignored the ungraded papers in his briefcase and locked himself in the laundry room to write . The early returns were n ’ t promising . King mailed his short stories to men ’ s magazines like Playboy , Cavalier , and Penthouse . When he was lucky , every once in a while , a small check would turn up in the mailbox . It was just enough money to keep the King family off of welfare . One day , the head of Hampden ’ s English department gave King an offer he could n ’ t refuse . The debate club needed a new faculty advisor , and the job was his for the taking . It would pay an extra $ 300 per year — not much , but enough to cover the family ’ s grocery bill for 10 weeks . The lure of extra income enticed King , and when he came home , he thought Tabby would share his enthusiasm about the news . But she was n ’ t so convinced . “ Will you have time to write ? ” she asked . “ Not much , ” King said . Tabby told him , “ Well , then you ca n ’ t take it . ” So King turned down the job . It was a good call . Within a year , he would write his way out of that trailer with a bestseller called Carrie A Pair of Writers There ’ s a running joke at the King dinner table that Stephen married Tabby only because she had a typewriter . “ That ’ s only partly true , ” King laughed in 2003 . “ I married her because I loved her and because we got on as well out of bed as in it . The typewriter was a factor , though . ” Growing up , neither of them had much . When King was two , his father went out to buy a pack of cigarettes and never came back , leaving his mother to raise two boys on her own . Meanwhile , Tabby was one of eight children from a modest Catholic family . The two met at the University of Maine in the ' 60s , fell in love while attending each other ’ s poetry readings , and married soon after graduation . King had to borrow a suit , tie , and shoes for the wedding . Both of them dreamed of making it someday as writers , but during their first year together , they amassed a collection of rejections instead . Tabby wrote the first book of their marriage , a set of poetry titled Grimier , that publishers liked but not quite enough to publish . Stephen ’ s luck was no better . He penned three novels that barely made it out of his desk drawer . ( Those manuscripts — Rage The Long Walk , and Blaze — were published years later . ) King flourished in the nudie mag market , though . Most of his stories were buried behind centerfolds in Cavalier , a magazine that had also featured Isaac Asimov , Ray Bradbury , and Roald Dahl . Science fiction and horror , for some reason , complemented two - page spreads of buxom blondes , which gained King a meager reputation as a men ’ s writer and sharp criticism from readers . “ You write all those macho things , ” one reader told him . “ But you ca n ’ t write about women . You ’ re scared of women . ” King took that as a challenge . The fire for Carrie was lit . Creating is the story of Carrie White , a homely highschooler who can control objects with her mind . One day during gym class , she starts having her first period . Long sheltered by an oppressively religious mother , Carrie does n ’ t know what ’ s happening to her — she thinks she ’ s bleeding to death . Bullies taunt and tease Carrie , but the newfound surge of hormones gives her telekinetic powers , and she uses them to exact revenge on the kids who make her life hell . The idea for the novel came to King in a daydream . He had remembered an article about telekinesis in LIFE magazine , which said that if the power existed , it was strongest in adolescent girls . King ’ s background as a high school janitor also flashed to mind , specifically the day when he had to clean rust stains in the girls ’ showers . He had never been in a girls ’ bathroom before , and seeing tampon dispensers on the wall was like visiting a distant planet . The two memories collided . King knew it could make a decent short story for Cavalier . Playboy was a possibility , too . Hef ’ s magazine paid better , and the Buick needed a new transmission . King modeled Carrie White after two of the loneliest girls he remembered from high school . One was a timid epileptic with a voice that always gurgled with phlegm . Her fundamentalist mother kept a life - size crucifix in the living room , and it was clear to King that the thought of it followed her down the halls . The second girl was a loner . She wore the same outfit every day , which drew cruel taunts . By the time King wrote , both of those girls were dead . The first died alone after a seizure . The second suffered from postpartum depression and , one day , aimed a rifle at her stomach and pulled the trigger . “ Very rarely in my career have I explored more distasteful territory , ” King wrote , reflecting on how both of them were treated . These tragedies made all the more difficult to write . When King started , he typed three single - spaced pages , crumpled them up in anger , and dumped them in the trashcan . He was disappointed in himself . His critics were right — he could n ’ t write from a woman ’ s perspective . The whole story disgusted him , too . Carrie White was an annoying , ready - made victim . Worse yet , the plot was already moving too slowly , which meant the finished product would be too long for any magazine . “ I could n ’ t see wasting two weeks , maybe even a month , creating a novella I did n ’ t like and would n ’ t be able to sell , ” King wrote in his memoir On Writing . “ So I threw it away … After all , who wanted to read a book about a poor girl with menstrual problems ? " The next day , Tabby went to empty the trash in the laundry room and found three crinkled balls of paper . She reached in , brushed off a coat of cigarette ashes , and unwrinkled the pages . When King came home from work , she still had them . “ You ’ ve got something here , ” she said . “ I really think you do . ” Over the next few weeks , Tabby guided her husband through the world of women , giving tips on how to mold the characters and the famous shower scene . Nine months later , King had polished off the final draft . Thirty publishers rejected it Published at Last It was fifth period at Hampden Academy , and just as he did during every other fifth period , King was groggily grading papers in the teacher ’ s lounge , thinking about how nice it would be to take a nap . A voice boomed over the lounge PA system . It was the office secretary . “ Stephen King , are you there ? Stephen King ? ” King reached for the intercom and said he was there . “ Please come to the office , ” she said . “ You have a phone call . It ’ s your wife . ” King raced to the office . Tabby never called him at work . Tabby never called him anywhere — they did n ’ t have a telephone . They had removed it to save money . To make a call , Tabby would have had to dress up the kids , drag them to the neighbors ’ house , and call from there . That kind of hassle meant something either terrible or amazing had happened . When King picked up the phone , both he and Tabby were out of breath . She told him that the editor at Doubleday Publishing , Bill Thompson , had sent a telegram : “ CONGRATULATIONS . CARRIE OFFICIALLY A DOUBLEDAY BOOK . IS $ 2500 ADVANCE OKAY ? THE FUTURE LIES AHEAD . LOVE , BILL . ” King had broken through . The $ 2500 advance was n ’ t huge — not enough to quit teaching and pursue writing full time — but it was the most money he had ever made from writing . King used the advance to buy a shiny Ford Pinto and moved his family out of the trailer and into a dumpy four - room apartment in Bangor , Maine . They suddenly had money for groceries . They even could afford a telephone . King hoped that fat royalty checks would keep replenishing his bank account , but only sold 13,000 copies as a hardback , tepid sales that convinced him to grudgingly sign a new teaching contract for the 1974 school year . He started a new novel called The House on Value Street , and , by Mother ’ s Day , he figured had run its course . It was the last thing on his mind . One phone call changed all that . It was Bill Thompson again . “ Are you sitting down ? ” he asked . King was home alone , standing in the doorway between his kitchen and living room . “ Do I need to ? ” he said . “ You might , " Thompson said . " The paperback rights to Carrie went to Signet Books for $ 400,000 . . . 200K of it ’ s yours . Congratulations , Stephen . ” King ’ s legs wobbled and gave out . He sat on the floor , shaking with excitement from winning the literary lottery — and there was no one home to share the news with . Tabby had taken both kids to their grandmother ’ s house . To celebrate , he felt compelled to buy Tabby a Mother ’ s Day present . He wanted to buy her something luxurious , something unforgettable . King raced to downtown Bangor . It was Sunday and every shop was closed except for a drug store . So he bought Tabby the King quit teaching and Tabby stopped peddling pastries . And three years later , King bought Tabby another present . He visited swanky Manhattan jewelry store Cartier and bought her an engagement ring . They had been married for six years . A Bonafide Hit sold over 1 million copies in its first year as a paperback despite a mixed critical response . The New York Times was impressed , considering it was a first novel , while Library Journal called it “ terribly overdone . ” Falling somewhere in the middle , the critic at the Wilson Library Journal said , “ It ’ s pure trash , but I loved it . ” Forty years later , even King is critical of his debut . “ It reminds me of a cookie baked by a first grader , ” he later said . “ Tasty enough , but kind of lumpy and burned on the bottom . ” Getty Images The book - buying public was more enthusiastic — was a hit . The novel struck a sympathetic chord with teens and adults who knew what it was like to be an outsider . In 1975 , it was adapted into a profitable feature film , which sparked a sequel a decade later and a remake in 2013 . The story has also been adapted for TV and the stage ( although the 1988 Broadway production was a forgettable flop ) . King made Carrie , and made King . Now the 19th best - selling author of all time , King won the Medal of Distinguished Contribution to American Letters in 2003 and was invited to speak at the National Book Awards . When he spoke , he did n ’ t talk about writing or success or money . He talked about the woman who rescued from the trash and insisted he keep going — Tabby . “ There is a time in the lives of most writers when they are vulnerable , when the vivid dreams and ambitions of childhood seem to pale in the harsh sunlight of what we call the real world , ” King said at the ceremony . “ In short , there ’ s a time when things can go either way . That vulnerable time for me came during 1971 to 1973 . If my wife had suggested to me even with love and kindness and gentleness . . . that the time had come to put my dreams away But the thought never crossed her mind . And if you open any edition of , you ’ ll read the same dedication : “ This is for Tabby , who got me into it — and then bailed me out of it . ” writing Subscribe to our Newsletter ! SIGN UP NOW	[ "Stephen King", "Carrie", "Tabby" ]
http://mentalfloss.com/article/53689/15-actors-brought-back-play-different-roles-same-show	15 Actors Who Played Different Roles on the Same Show BY Jennifer M Wood November 15 , 2013 Soap opera addicts are used to the idea that , even in death , their favorite actors could very well pop back up on the screen one day — maybe as a ghost , an evil twin , a doppelganger or an entirely unrelated character . But eagle - eyed viewers of primetime television know that even the grittiest cop dramas and silliest sitcoms are n ’ t immune to recycling the casting director ’ s favorite actors . 1 . JERRY ORBACH , LAW & ORDER Photo courtesy of Law & Order Wiki Sure , it ’ s difficult to imagine a Law & Order without Lennie Briscoe . But Jerry Orbach ’ s L&O debut actually came in the form of defense attorney Frank Lehrman in 1991 , during the show ’ s second season . A year later , Orbach was back in a more permanent fashion as the weary Briscoe , a role he played until his passing in 2004 . 2 . MARK LENARD , STAR TREK Photo courtesy of TrekCore Any Trekkie / Trekker worth his or her re - mastered Blu - ray collection knows that Mark Lenard is one of the few actors to portray a Romulan , Klingon , and Vulcan on Star Trek . In the original series ’ first season , he played a Romulan Commander in “ Balance of Terror . ” One year later , he returned as Spock ’ s Vulcan father Sarek , a part he reprised several times on the small and big screen through 1991 . 3 . GARRET DILLAHUNT , DEADWOOD Photo courtesy of HBO The true mark of a great character actor is his or her ability to disappear into a role . And Garret Dillahunt is one of today ’ s most talented . So much so that some fans of HBO ’ s Deadwood did n ’ t even realize that the actor who played Wild Bill Hickok assassin Jack McCall in the first season and the actor who played whore - murdering geologist Francis Wolcott in season two were , in fact , one in the same . 4 . JEFFREY TAMBOR , THREE ’ S COMPANY Sitcoms Online Jeffrey Tambor proved his ability to play more than one character in a single sitcom long before portraying twin brothers George and Oscar Bluth on Arrested Development . Over the course of two years and three episodes of Three ’ s Company , he played a rich man intent on landing Chrissy , a crazy dentist recently dumped by Terri , and a psychiatrist who works at the hospital with Terri ( and whom Jack and Janet mistake for a mental patient ) . Before any of that , he had a lead role in the Three ’ s Company spinoff , The Ropers . 5 . DENNIS FRANZ , HILL STREET BLUES Getty Images Dennis Franz has made a career out of playing cops . Which might help explain why the producers of Hill Street Blues thought they could get away with introducing the Golden Globe - winning actor as corrupt detective Sal Benedetto in 1983 , who met an untimely demise , then resurrect him as Lieutenant Norman Buntz for the show ’ s final two seasons . The character ’ s popularity with fans even led to a short - lived spinoff , Beverly Hills Buntz 6 . DIANE NEAL , LAW & ORDER : SPECIAL VICTIMS UNIT Law & Order Wiki Law & Order does this all the time . In fact , the Repeat Offenders File is a website dedicated to the show ’ s tendency toward repeat casting . For the past decade , Law & Order : Special Victims Unit watchers have known Diane Neal as tough - as - nails ADA Casey Novak . But in 2001 , she made one of her first on - screen appearances in the show ’ s third season playing a stockbroker charged with the rape of a male stripper . 7 . TED MCGINLEY , MARRIED WITH CHILDREN Photo courtesy of Name That Christmas Special A year before joining the cast of Married With Children as Jefferson D ’ Arcy , Ted McGinley played an alternate version of Al Bundy — Norman Jablonsky — in a two - part Christmas special in It ’ s a Bundyful Life , which imagines what life would be like for Peg , Bud , and Kelly had Al never been born . 8 . KEVIN JAMES , EVERYBODY LOVES RAYMOND Photo via YouTube What a difference a sitcom makes . From 1996 to 1998 , Kevin James made six guest appearances as Kevin Daniels , friend of Ray , in Everybody Loves Raymond . Though his occasional spots on the show continued even after James landed the lead in his own sitcom , The King of Queens , in future crossovers James was playing his Queens character , delivery truck driver Doug Heffernan . 9 . S . EPATHA MERKERSON , LAW & ORDER Two years before she began her seven - year stint as Lieutenant Anita Van Buren , Golden Globe - winning actress S . Epatha Merkerson starred as the mother of an 11 - month - old shooting victim in ’ s first season . 10 . HARRY MORGAN , M * A * S * H Photo courtesy of CBS Television Character actor Harry Morgan is well known for his portrayal of the straight - talking Colonel Sherman T . Potter on nearly 200 episodes of M * A * S * H , beginning in the series ’ fourth season . He landed that gig after a successful turn as a visiting general who turns out to be crazy in the third season premiere . 11 . TERRY O ’ QUINN , THE X - FILES The X - Files Wiki The man who would be John Locke owes his trio of appearances on The X - Files to his good friend , series creator Chris Carter . He pops up as a police officer in the second season , then again as The Shadow Man — a mysterious man following Scully — in season nine . O ’ Quinn also plays FBI agent Darius Michaud in The X - Files movie . 12 . MICHELLE FORBES , STAR TREK : THE NEXT GENERATION Image courtesy of Memory Alpha Five months before she began her three - year run as Ensign Ro Laren , a protégé of Captain Jean - Luc Picard ( Patrick Stewart ) , Michelle Forbes played the one - off role of Dara , the daughter of alien scientist Timicin ( David Ogden Stiers ) , in the fourth season ’ s “ Half a Life ” episode . 13 . MICHAEL O ’ KEEFE , LAW & ORDER Last example , we promise . But Michael O ’ Keefe — who nabbed a Best Supporting Actor Oscar nomination for The Great Santini in 1981 — has actually played six different roles across the franchise , including twins in a 2001 episode of . The same year he made his first of two appearances on Criminal Intent , followed by parts on SVU in 2002 and 2004 . 14 . JOHN FINNEGAN , COLUMBO Photo courtesy of Aveleyman Before there was , there was Columbo , another network cop show that liked to recycle its actors . No actor spent more time on the set without being a regular cast member than John Finnegan , who played eight different characters between 1972 and 1991 before landing a recurring role as Barney , a restaurant owner . 15 . JACK GARNER , THE ROCKFORD FILES Photo courtesy Rockford Files Filming Locations It would be tempting to call Jack Garner ’ s recurring role on The Rockford Files a case of nepotism . His brother , James , was the show ’ s star , after all . But the elder Garner worked for the part . From 1974 to 1979 he played nearly two dozen bit parts in the series , from an uncredited “ Man in Washroom ” to “ Workman # 1 , ” finally nabbing that elusive character with an actual name — Captain McEnroe — in 1979 . * * * There are plenty of other examples . Ooh ! We just remembered another . The actor who played Rose Nylund ' s lover Miles also appeared in season one as Arnie , another of Rose ' s suitors . And Denise ' s husband on The Cosby Show had earlier been a love interest of Sondra . Who else belongs in the Same Actor , Same Series , Different Character club ? Lists Pop Culture tv Subscribe to our Newsletter ! SIGN UP NOW	[ "Different Roles", "Same Show" ]
http://mentalfloss.com/article/55134/10-oscar-winners-whose-speeches-were-under-11-words	arrow entertainment 10 Oscar Speeches That Were 10 Words or Fewer BY Jennifer M Wood February 24 , 2019 When Greer Garson won the Academy Award for Best Actress in 1943 for Mrs . Miniver , she set a Guinness World Record for " Longest Oscars Acceptance Speech " with a rant that clocked in at five and a half minutes . That ’ s more than twice as much time as Gwyneth Paltrow spent on her notoriously longwinded speech after she nabbed the same award for Shakespeare in Love in 1999 . Oscar producers imposed a 45 - second time limit on speeches in 2010 , but not every winner would have needed it . Some people thanked the Academy ( or did n ' t ) in 10 words or fewer . 1 . Alfred Hitchcock ( 1968 ) / / Total Words : 5 It took Alfred Hitchcock 20 seconds to make his way across the stage to accept the Irving G . Thalberg Memorial Award but only six seconds to offer his simple , “ Thank you , " before pausing and adding , " Very much indeed . ” In true Hitchcock fashion , he effectively gave us all we needed without showing too much . 2 . Joe Pesci ( 1991 ) / / Total Words : 5 One gets the feeling that Joe Pesci had a lot more to say than , “ It ’ s my privilege , thank you , ” when he won Best Supporting Actor for Goodfellas but no one wants to see one of cinema ’ s greatest tough guys cry . Now go home and get your f * * * ing shinebox . 3 . Patty Duke ( 1963 ) / / Total Words : 2 Hitchcock and Pesci may have given two of the most memorably truncated Oscar speeches ever , but Patty Duke makes them both look positively longwinded . When she won the Best Supporting Actress Oscar for The Miracle Worker , her response was a to - the - point , but clearly heartfelt , “ Thank you . ” 4 . William Holden ( 1954 ) / / Total Words : 4 Getty Images When he won Best Actor for Stalag 17 , William Holden offered his thanks — twice — with a simple , “ Thank you . Thank you . ” 5 . Gloria Grahame ( 1953 ) / / Total Words : 4 Gloria Grahame was n ’ t fooling around when she breezed onto the stage to grab her Best Supporting Actress Oscar for The Bad and the Beautiful , uttering a quick , “ Thank you very much , ” without so much as stopping at the microphone to savor the moment . 6 . Louie Psihoyos ( 2010 ) / / Total Words : 2 If The Cove director Louie Psihoyos had his way , he would have said a lot more than just , “ Thank you , ” when he took home an Academy Award for Best Documentary . Fellow producer Fisher Stevens ate up the bulk of their 45 seconds , so when the mic finally came around to Psihoyos , he could only mutter two words before that ominous sound of orchestral strings hushed him . Psihoyos posted a video online of his intended speech the next day . 7 . Dimitri Tiomkin ( 1953 ) / / Total words : 6 Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . When you win two Oscars in one night like High Noon music director Dimitri Tiomkin did in 1953 , it makes sense to keep one of your speeches brief . But Tiomkin kept it short and sweet for both , offering a simple , " Thank you very much . Thank you , ” for his first win for Best Dramatic or Comedy Score and , “ I feel like a mother of the wonderful twins , ” when he was handed a second statue for Best Original Song . 8 . Alfred Newman ( 1953 ) / / Total Words : 4 The 1953 Oscars ceremony were a night full of succinctness . Right before Tiomkin accepted his second award , fellow musician Alfred Newman offered a modest , " Thank you very much , " after receiving the Oscar for Best Musical Score . 9 . Delbert Mann ( 1956 ) / / Total words : 8 When Delbert Mann won his first and only Oscar for directing Marty , he made his appreciation clear : “ Thank you . Thank you very much . Appreciate it . ” And … scene 10 . Billy Wilder ( 1961 ) / / Total words : 10 Billy Wilder won all three of the Oscars for which he was nominated for The Apartment — Best Director , Best Screenplay , and Best Picture . While he allowed himself a full 70 words on that last award , his acceptances earlier in the night were much shorter . He and co - writer I.A.L. Diamond showcased their talent for brevity when they each thanked each other . And when Gina Lollobrigida handed Wilder the Oscar for Best Director , he quipped , “ Thank you so much , you lovely discerning people . Thank you . ” celebrities entertainment Lists Movies News Pop Culture Subscribe to our Newsletter ! SIGN UP NOW	[ "Oscar Speeches", "Greer Garson", "Best Actress" ]
http://mentalfloss.com/article/55376/12-members-egot-winners-circle	arrow entertainment 15 Members of the EGOT Winners ' Circle ( and 20 Almost - EGOTS ) BY Jennifer M Wood February 11 , 2019 Alberto E . Rodriguez , Getty Images Life should have been good for Miami Vice ’ s Philip Michael Thomas in 1985 . He was the star of one of television ’ s biggest hits , had released his first album as part of a multimillion dollar deal with Atlantic Records , and was making a name for himself in the fashion world ( or at least trying to ) with his very own women ’ s clothing line . But Thomas still had loftier goals , both in mind and on the gold medallion he was so fond of wearing . That dream was an EGOT . Though Thomas swore that the engraved letters E , G , O , and T on his prized necklace stood for energy , growth , opportunity , and talent , those around the then - 36 - year - old actor unanimously gave a different translation : Emmy , Grammy , Oscar , and Tony — the four awards Thomas had intended to win over the next few years . It ’ s now more than 30 years later and Thomas has yet to even be nominated for any one of those accolades . While an EGOT may seem an unlikely reality for Thomas , it ’ s not an impossibility for all artists . On September 9 , 2018 , the club added three new members : John Legend , Andrew Lloyd Weber , and Tim Rice . Here are the 15 official members , a couple of SHEGOTS , plus several artists who are just one award away . 1 . RICHARD RODGERS Getty Images Before there was even a name for it , American composer Richard Rodgers became the first person to EGOT ( yes , the acronym can also be used as a verb ) when he won an Emmy for the television documentary Winston Churchill : The Valiant Years . His Oscar came in 1945 , when his “ It Might as Well Be Spring ” from State Fair was named Best Song . He earned Grammys in both 1960 and 1962 , for the original cast recordings of The Sound of Music and No Strings , respectively . Between 1950 and 1962 , he won six Tony Awards , three of them in that first year for South Pacific The same year , South Pacific also earned Rodgers a Pulitzer Prize for Drama , which we guess makes him a PEGOT . 2 . HELEN HAYES Getty Images In 1977 , 15 years after Rodgers inaugurated the honor , actress Helen Hayes joined him as the first female EGOT — an honor that took her 45 years to achieve , the longest of any of her EGOT peers . Her road began in 1932 , when she won the Oscar for The Sin of Madelon Claudet ( she won a second Oscar for 1970 ’ s Airport ) . Her first Tony came in 1947 , for Happy Birthday , followed by another in 1958 for Time Remembered . And she won a Best Actress Emmy in 1953 for an episode of Schlitz Playhouse of Stars . But it would take more than two decades for her to nab that elusive second letter , which she did for Best Spoken Word Recording for Great American Documents . 3 . RITA MORENO Seven months after Hayes earned her EGOT , actress Rita Moreno did the same when she won her first of two consecutive Emmys for a guest spot on The Muppet Show in 1977 ( the following year she won one for an appearance on The Rockford Files ) . But Moreno did it in about a third the time of Hayes , 16 years , which was an EGOT record until Lopez smashed it last night . Her Oscar came in 1961 as Best Supporting Actress in West Side Story , followed by a Best Recording for Children Grammy in 1972 , for The Electric Company In 1975 , Moreno nabbed a Tony playing Googie Gomez in Terrence McNally ’ s The Ritz , a role she reprised in the 1976 big - screen version . 4 . JOHN GIELGUD Unlike his three predecessors , the Oscar was n ’ t the first award John Gielgud won to earn his EGOT . Instead it was the Tony , which he first won in 1948 for The Importance of Being Earnest He won a second Tony in 1961 , as the director of Big Fish , Little Fish Next came the Grammy , in 1979 , for his dramatic recording of Ages of Man In 1981 , Gielgud took home the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for his iconic role as Dudley Moore ’ s butler / sidekick in Arthur . And when he won the Emmy in 1991 , for Outstanding Lead Actor in Summer ’ s Lease , he was 87 years old , making him the oldest EGOT - getter . 5 . AUDREY HEPBURN Unfortunately , Audrey Hepburn did n ’ t live long enough to enjoy her EGOT . Two of her awards — her 1994 Grammy for the children ’ s album Audrey Hepburn ’ s Enchanted Tales and her 1993 Emmy for the informational Gardens of the World with Audrey Hepburn — were awarded after her passing on January 20 , 1993 , which made her the first posthumous EGOT recipient . She did , however , have the chance to bask in the glow of her 1953 Oscar for Roman Holiday , and a Tony for Ondine one year later . 6 . MARVIN HAMLISCH There ’ s a distinctively heavy emphasis on the “ O ” in composer Marvin Hamlisch ’ s EGOT , as he is the most Academy Award - winning of the bunch , with a total of three . All of them were awarded in 1973 — two for The Way We Were and one for his score for The Sting It was “ The Way We Were ” that earned him his first of four Grammys , too , in 1974 . His collaboration with Barbra Streisand continued , and earned him two Emmys in 1995 , for Barbra : The Concert . Hamlisch ’ s Tony came in 1976 for A Chorus Line , the musical that also got him a Pulitzer Prize , making him the only other PEGOT on this list . 7 . JONATHAN TUNICK Composer / conductor Jonathan Tunick ’ s path to EGOT glory was a straight shot over the course of 20 years : In 1977 he won an Oscar for A Little Night Music , followed by an Emmy for Music Direction in 1982 for Night of 100 Stars , a 1988 Grammy for Best Instrumental Arrangement for Cleo Laine ’ s “ No One is Alone , ” and , finally , a 1997 Tony for Best Orchestrations for Titanic . 8 . MEL BROOKS Yes , Mel Brooks can do it all . In June of 2001 he became the world ’ s eighth EGOT winner , just a few weeks shy of his 75th birthday , when he earned three Tony Awards — for Best Musical , Best Original Score , and Best Book of a Musical — for The Producers It was The Producers that brought Brooks his Oscar as well , for Best Original Screenplay ( albeit 33 years earlier ) . Brooks ’ s first award came in 1967 , when he won the Emmy for writing The Sid Caesar , Imogene Coca , Carl Reiner , Howard Morris Special . Beginning in 1997 , he won three consecutive Emmys , this time as a guest actor on the sitcom Mad About You It was during that same period that he also won his first of three Grammys , in 1998 for Best Spoken Comedy Album for The 2000 Year Old Man in the Year 2000 . In a 2013 NPR interview , Brooks mentioned this crowning achievement , saying , “ I ' m an EGOT , so I do n ' t need any more [ awards ] . ” 9 . MIKE NICHOLS Mike Nichols earned his EGOT in the same year as Mel Brooks , though it took him a full 40 years to get there ( versus Brooks ’ s 34 ) . The late comedian - turned - director ’ s path began with a 1961 Best Comedy Performance Grammy for An Evening With Mike Nichols And Elaine May . In 1964 , he won his first of nine Tony Awards for Barefoot in the Park ( his second came a year later for The Odd Couple ) . In 1967 he was named Best Director at the Oscars for The Graduate . And in 2001 he won his first two of four Emmys — for Outstanding Directing and Outstanding Made for Television Movie — for Wit . 10 . WHOOPI GOLDBERG If Philip Michael Thomas invented the idea of the EGOT , Tracy Morgan — as Tracy Jordan — brought the phrase back into popular use on 30 Rock , when he set the same goal and even wore the necklace . And they even got real - life EGOT winner Whoopi Goldberg to play along and poke fun at the debate over whether she should truly be included as her Emmy is a Daytime one . ( “ It still counts , ” she told Tracy . “ Girl ’ s gotta eat ! ” ) Goldberg ' s first award was a 1985 Grammy for Best Comedy Recording of Whoopi Goldberg — Original Broadway Show Recording . Next came a 1990 Best Supporting Actress Oscar for Ghost In 2002 she got her E and T : an Emmy for hosting Beyond Tara : The Extraordinary Life of Hattie McDaniel and a Tony as co - producer of Thoroughly Modern Millie which won Best Musical . 11 . SCOTT RUDIN Scott Rudin is the first producer to EGOT . He earned his gold medallion in 2012 when The Book of Mormon : Original Broadway Cast Recording earned a Grammy for Best Musical Theater Album ( an award Rudin shares with fellow EGOT Robert Lopez ) . Rudin ’ s first award — an Emmy — came in 1984 , for the kid ’ s show He Makes Me Feel Like Dancin ’ He earned his first of 15 Tony Awards in 1994 for Passion , and his most recent in 2017 for Hello , Dolly ! While Rudin is probably best known as a film producer , he ’ s only got one Oscar to his credit , a 2007 Best Picture statue for the Coen brothers ’ No Country for Old Men 12 . ROBERT LOPEZ In 2014 , songwriter Robert Lopez became an EGOT when he and his wife , Kristen Anderson - Lopez , took home the Oscar for Best Original Song for Frozen ’ s “ Let It Go . ” ( The pair won a second statuette earlier this year for the song " Remember Me " from Coco . ) At the time , he was also the youngest member of the club ( he ' s 43 years old now , but had just turned 39 when he was " inducted . " ) Lopez is also the fastest artist to achieve the honor , taking just 10 years to earn all four awards , beginning with a 2004 Tony Award for Best Score for Avenue Q , followed by two Daytime Emmys in 2008 and 2010 for Outstanding Achievement in Music Direction and Composition for Wonder Pets In 2012 , Lopez and Rudin shared the Grammy for The Book of Mormon , making them the first pair of EGOTs to have a shared award get them into the circle . 13 . , 14 . , AND 15 . ANDREW LLOYD WEBER , JOHN LEGEND , AND TIM RICE Alberto E . Rodriguez , Getty Images September 9 , 2018 is a date that will go down in the history books of EGOT ' ing , as the club added a total of three new members . Amazingly , it ' s for a shared award . Jesus Christ Superstar Live in Concert ' s Emmy win for Outstanding Variety Special ( Live ) made official EGOT members of all three of its producers — John Legend , Tim Rice , and Andrew Lloyd Weber . For Legend , the honor was even more monumental as he ' s both the youngest person to ever EGOT and the first black male to join the club . ( SH ) EGOTS Though the official number of EGOT winners is 12 , it ’ s worth noting that there are a handful of other rather famous faces who have also earned all four awards . . . but because at least one of them is a special or honorary award only — not a competitive one — their inclusion in the official club is questionable . Let ’ s call them SHEGOTs ? 1 . BARBRA STREISAND Amazingly , the only Tony Award that Barbra Steisand has on her mantel is a non - competitive one ; in 1970 , she was named Star of the Decade . 2 . LIZA MINNELLI Liza Minnelli may have been handed a Grammy Legend Award in 1990 — but this legend has no competitive Grammy to speak ( or sing ) of . 3 . JAMES EARL JONES Theo Wargo , Getty Images for Tony Awards Productions Though he ' s been a Hollywood icon for decades , James Earl Jones ' s only Oscar win was an honorary one in 2012 . He did receive a Best Actor nomination in 1971 for The Great White Hope , but lost out to George C . Scott for Patton . ( It ' s worth noting that Scott had alerted the Academy ahead of time that he refused the nomination , so it was hardly surprising that he was n ' t there to accept the actual award . ) 4 . ALAN MENKEN Larry Busacca , Getty Images for Songwriters Hall Of Fame Composer / songwriter Alan Menken won the Tony for Best Original Score for the Broadway version of Newsies in 2012 , but his 1990 Emmy for his contribution to " Wonderful Ways to Say No , " an anti - drug cartoon special , was an honorary one — leaving him one official award short of an EGOT . 5 . HARRY BELAFONTE Theo Wargo , Getty Images In 2014 , Harry Belafonte was awarded the Academy ' s Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award — putting him in the elite class of a half - dozen ( SH ) EGOTs . 6 . QUINCY JONES Matt Winkelmeyer , Getty Images for Spotify Music producer Quincy Jones may be one of the world ' s most award - winning artists , but a competitive Oscar has so far eluded him . Like Belafonte , the only Academy Award he has won is the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award ( which he received in 1994 ) . Beyond that , he is a seven - time Oscar nominee . ALMOST EGOTS While there are are a number of artists who came close to EGOT ' ing during their lifetimes — including Robin Williams ( who was short a Tony ) , Jessica Tandy ( she was missing a Grammy ) , Henry Fonda ( who was minus an Emmy ) , and Leonard Bernstein ( who never won an Oscar ) — the EGOT dream is still alive for dozens of artists . 1 . JULIE ANDREWS It ' s hard to believe that Julie Andrews has yet to win a Tony Award ( though she ' s been nominated for three ) . If and when she does , she can add EGOT to her resume . 2 . LIN - MANUEL MIRANDA The Hamilton creator came so close to EGOT ' ing last year . But something tells us it wo n ' t be long before he ' s inducted into this elite group of artists . 3 . MARTIN SCORSESE He may be one of the world ' s most acclaimed filmmakers , but it took him more than a quarter - century to earn his first ( and so far only ) Oscar . Hopefully a Tony will be next . 4 . FRANCES MCDORMAND Just below the EGOT , there ' s what is known as the Triple Crown of Acting : a performer who has won an Oscar , Emmy , and a Tony ( but is missing a Grammy ) . Frances McDormand is among that group . 5 . VIOLA DAVIS Like McDormand , Viola Davis is part of the Triple Crown club . 6 . RANDY NEWMAN It took 20 years and 16 nominations , but Randy Newman finally became an Oscar winner in 2002 when he won the award for Best Original Song for " If I Did n ' t Have You " from Monsters , Inc . He still needs a Tony though . 7 . AL PACINO He ' s one of the most celebrated actors alive , but Al Pacino is no Grammy winner . 8 . JOHN WILLIAMS The iconic composer may hold the record for the most Oscar nominations for a living person , but John Williams has yet to receive a single Tony Award nomination . 9 . CHER The iconic singer is one Tony Award short of an EGOT . 10 . ELTON JOHN The " Rocket Man " singer is one Emmy Award away from an EGOT . 11 . AND 12 . RON HOWARD AND BRIAN GRAZER Longtime producing partners Ron Howard and Brian Grazer have seemingly conquered every medium , but neither one has yet won a Tony ( though Grazer has come closer ; he was nominated in 2008 ) . 13 . AND 14 . TREY PARKER AND MATT STONE The South Park creators are just an Oscar short of the EGOT goalpost . celebrities entertainment Lists Movies News Pop Culture Television tv Subscribe to our Newsletter ! SIGN UP NOW arrow 16 Encouraging Emma Watson Quotes BY Roma Panganiban April 15 , 2017 From the breakthrough role of a lifetime as Hermione Granger , " the brightest witch of her age , " in the Harry Potter film franchise to her turn as bookish Belle in the live - action adaptation of Disney ' s Beauty and the Beast , Emma Watson has built herself a career playing clever women . The real - life Brown University graduate has a sharp mind and strong voice of her own , which she employs in interviews , on social media , and at various United Nations events in her capacity as UN Women Goodwill Ambassador . Though she ' s no slacker when it comes to winning celebrity style points , she ' s more than a fashion icon : to plenty of fans , she ' s a role model with a good head on her shoulders , and the heart to match . To celebrate her birthday ( she was born on April 15 , 1990 ) , here are some of her most powerful quotes . 1 . ON EMBRACING STRENGTH " I feel like young girls are told they have to be a princess , and be delicate and fragile , and that ' s bulls * * t . I identify much more with the idea of being a warrior , being a fighter . If I was going to be a princess , I ' d be a warrior princess , definitely . I think women are scared of feeling powerful and strong and brave sometimes . I think you ’ ve got to embrace it . " — From a July 2011 press conference 2 . ON SELF - DETERMINATION “ I do n ' t want other people to decide who I am . I want to decide that for myself . ” — From a 2009 interview with Elle 3 . ON DREAMING BIG " I want to be a Renaissance woman . I want to paint , and I want to write , and I want to act , and I want to just do everything . " From a November 2010 Q&A with Time 4 . ON SCREWING UP ONCE IN A WHILE " I do n ’ t want the fear of failure to stop me from doing what I really care about . " From a June 2011 feature in Vogue 5 . ON SCREWING UP , PART TWO " You only learn from experience , so as much as someone can tell you things , you have to go out there and make your own mistakes in order to learn . " From a September 2012 interview with The Telegraph 6 . ON PATIENTLY WORKING TOWARD CHANGE @ EmmaWatson , Twitter " Do n ' t expect change to happen overnight , even if its not always visible it ' s making more impact than you think " From a January 2015 livechat on Twitter 7 . ON WHAT TO DO WITH A B.A. IN ENGLISH " I ’ ve been very fulfilled by my studies . English has helped me think in an analytical way . It ’ s helped me see the world from new perspectives . Diving into these stories and characters has given richness to my own life . And now , when I read scripts or look at stories , I have these references for a larger understanding of humanity . I ’ m sure it will make my job as an actress more interesting . " From a February 2014 interview with Wonderland magazine 8 . ON PHOTOSHOP AND IMPERFECTIONS " With airbrushing and digital manipulation , fashion can project an unobtainable image that ’ s dangerously unhealthy . I ’ m excited about the aging process . I ’ m more interested in women who are n ’ t perfect . They ’ re more compelling . " From a March 2014 interview with The Sunday Times 9 . ON PLAYING BY HER OWN RULES “ All I can do is follow my instincts , because I ' ll never please everyone . ” From a February 2012 interview with The Independent 10 . ON DEFYING SEXIST STEREOTYPES @ EmmaWatson , Twitter From a January 2015 livechat on Twitter 11 . ON RE - READING BOOKS " I like books that are n ' t just lovely but that have memories in themselves . Just like playing a song , picking up a book again that has memories can take you back to another place or another time . " From a November 2010 Q&A with Time 12 . ON BELIEVING IN , AND BEING , YOURSELF " Becoming yourself is really hard and confusing , and it ’ s a process . I was completely the eager beaver in school , I was the girl in the front of the class who was the first person to put her hand up , and it ’ s often not cool to be the person that puts themself out there , and I ’ ve often gotten teased mercilessly , but I found that ultimately if you truly pour your heart into what you believe in — even if it makes you vulnerable — amazing things can and From her 2013 MTV Movie Awards " Trailblazer " acceptance speech 13 . ON NATURAL BEAUTY Vittorio Zunino Celotto / Getty Image " I truly , truly believe that beauty is something that comes from within . You can only really look beautiful if you feel beautiful on the inside . It shows through your face , the way you move and the way you hold yourself . " From a September 2011 interview with Hello ! magazine 14 . ON LOVING AND LEARNING " When I started dating I had this kind of Romeo and Juliet , fateful romantic idea about love which was almost that you were a victim and there was a lot of pain involved and that was how it should be . Shakespeare said the course of true love never did run smooth , and I had this sense that it had to be painful . It was such a revelation [ . . . ] to realize that it should n ’ t be that way and that you get to choose who you love and who you decide to give your heart to . " It sounds like a cliché but I also learnt that you ’ re not going to fall for the right person until you really love yourself and feel good about how you are . Well , that was revelatory to me . ” From a September 2012 interview with The Telegraph 15 . ON COURAGE " There ' s nothing wrong with being afraid . It ' s not the absence of fear ; it ' s overcoming it . Sometimes you ' ve got to blast through and have faith . " — From a July 2011 press conference 16 . ON CELEBRATING LIFE ’ S LITTLE ACCOMPLISHMENTS " I never feel so accomplished as when I open a tough jar . " From a November 2012 tweet This story was first published in 2016 . celebrities Lists Movies Pop Culture Quotable travel Harry Potter Fans Can Hop Aboard the Hogwarts Express for a Tour of the Scottish Countryside BY Michele Debczak April 14 , 2019 de : Benutzer : Nicolas17 , Wikimedia Commons / / CC BY - SA 2.5 A pilgrimage to Scotland should be on every Harry Potter fan ' s bucket list . It ' s the place where J.K. Rowling wrote much of the books and where parts of the movies were filmed . Now , regardless of your magical abilities , you can tour the Scottish countryside like a witch or wizard onboard the real - life Hogwarts Express , Food & Wine reports . The Hogwarts Express featured in the films is actually a Jacobite Steam Train . From April to October of each year , West Coast Railways invites the public to ride the locomotive on a tour across Scotland . Instead of boarding at Platform 9 and ¾ like Harry does in the books and movies , passengers get on at Fort William , a town about 100 miles northwest of Glasgow . Once on the train , guests are treated to views of Scottish lochs and mountains . They ' ll even get to cross the Glenfinnan viaduct — the iconic bridge that leads the train to Hogwarts in the Potterverse . West Coast Railways is now selling return train tickets at about $ 28 for children and $ 50 for adults . For the full Hogwarts Express experience , though , you ' ll have to take the North Yorkshire Moors Railway in England to Goathland Station , which was used as a filming location for Hogsmeade [ h / t Food & Wine News trains travel bookcorner	[ "EGOT Winners", "RICHARD RODGERS", "KEANU REEVES" ]
http://mentalfloss.com/article/56318/20-things-you-might-not-know-about-giraffes	20 Things You Might Not Know About Giraffes BY Hannah Keyser April 22 , 2014 Thinkstock You know they ' re tall — the tallest mammals in the world , in fact — but here are 20 other fun facts about these leggy herbivores . 1 . Over short distances , giraffes can run at speeds up to 35 mph . 2 . Giraffes only need to drink water once every couple of days . They get most of their water from their plant - based diet — which is good considering their height makes the process of drinking difficult ( and , if a lion happens upon a drinking giraffe , even dangerous ) . 3 . Female giraffes often return to where they were born to give birth . Once there , their calves receive a rough welcome into the world , falling over five feet to the ground . 4 . Fortunately , baby giraffes can stand up and even run within a hour of being born . 5 . Giraffes ' tongues can be up to 20 inches long and are darkly colored , which is thought to help protect them during frequent sun - exposure . 6 . Giraffes usually stay upright while sleeping and if they do settle into a vulnerable position on the ground , it ' s just for a quick six - minute nap . 7 . Giraffes have hair - covered horns called ossicones — but only males use them ( for fighting each other ) . 8 . Giraffes require over 75 pounds of food a day — and with a diet of leaves , this means they spend most of their time eating . 9 . The giraffe ' s scientific name , Giraffa camelopardalis , comes from the ancient Greeks ' belief that it looked like a camel wearing a leopard ' s coat . 10 . Despite their characteristic long necks , giraffes actually have the same number of neck vertebrae as humans — just seven . Each individual vertebra is super - sized , measuring up to ten inches long . 11 . Because of their unusual shape , giraffes have a highly - specialized cardiovascular system that starts with an enormous heart . It ' s two feet long and weighs up to 25 pounds . 12 . Additionally , the jugular veins contain a series of one - way valves that prevent excess blood flow to the brain when the giraffe lowers its head to drink . 13 . Male giraffes engage in a ritualized display of dominance called " necking " that involves head - butting each other ' s bodies . 14 . Unlike horses and most other quadrupeds , giraffes walk by moving both legs on the same side of their body together . So , the left front and the left hind legs step and then the right front and the right hind legs step . 15 . Although they ' re more likely to run from an attack than fight back , giraffes are not completely defenseless . A swift kick from one of their long legs can do serious damage to — or even kill — an unlucky lion . 16 . Male giraffes will test a female ' s fertility by tasting her urine . Which is something now you ca n ' t un - know . 17 . June 21 , 2014 will be the first ever World Giraffe Day 18 . The first giraffe to make its way to Europe was brought there by Julius Caesar from Alexandria in 46 B.C. as part of a triumphant return to Rome after years of civil war . 19 . Some 1500 years later , Lorenzo de ' Medici was gifted a giraffe by the sultan of Egypt . Giraffes had not been seen in Italy since antiquity and it caused quite the sensation , wandering the streets of Florence and accepting treats offered out of second - story windows . 20 . Giants first baseman Brandon Belt is affectionately known as the " Baby Giraffe , " so naturally , when a baby giraffe was born at the San Francisco Zoo , it was named Brandon Belt . When the two met , it was predictably adorable . All images courtesy of Thinkstock . Animals Lists Subscribe to our Newsletter ! SIGN UP NOW	[ "Giraffes", "mammals" ]
http://mentalfloss.com/article/56559/20-things-you-might-not-know-about-cosby-show	20 Fun Facts About The Cosby Show BY Kara Kovalchik May 8 , 2014 nbc Bill Cosby was not pleased with the so - called “ family ” sitcoms he saw on TV in the early 1980s . The kids seemed to be in charge of the household and tiny 6 - year - olds were smart - mouthing their parents without suffering any repercussions . Cosby sketched out a show where the kids were certainly intelligent , but their parents were always smarter and — most importantly — in charge . The Cosby Show debuted on September 20 , 1984 , and America went on to spend eight memorable seasons with the Huxtables . 1 . Huxtable : Limousine Driver ? In Bill Cosby ’ s original pitch , he played a limousine driver , and Clair was a union plumber . Camille Cosby told her husband that she thought the TV couple should be more representative of their own family — two white - collar professional parents . When executive producer Marcy Carsey sided with Camille , Cosby capitulated and made the patriarch a doctor and Clair an attorney . 2 . “ Mira que tiene cosa la mujer esta … ” Another one of Cosby ’ s early visions of the show was for Clair to be Dominican , and to have her revert to her native Spanish whenever she was frustrated . He pictured it as a reverse I Love Lucy scenario , where the audience always knew when Ricky Ricardo had reached his limit because he ’ d burst into a Spanish - language tirade . 3 . Phylicia Rashad ' s Stare Helped Get Her the Role Of all the actresses who auditioned for the role of Clair , Phylicia Rashad caught Cosby ’ s eye because of the way she argued with Theo during the screen test . Unlike the previous candidates , she did n ’ t wag her head and she did n ’ t place her hand on her hip . Instead , she simply stopped speaking and gave Theo a look — and her eyes said enough to frighten any child into submission . Cosby knew immediately that Phylicia was Clair . 4 . Cosby Worried About The Studio Audience ' s Reaction To The Pilot ' s pilot was filmed in front of a live audience , and even though there were plenty of laughs where expected , Cosby was worried that the audience was n ’ t embracing his overall vision of the series . In the scene where Theo is defending the “ D ” on his report card , he earnestly tells his dad , “ If you were n ' t a doctor , I would n ' t love you less , because you ' re my dad . So rather than feeling disappointed because I ' m not like What concerned Cosby about this scene was the spontaneous applause from the audience after Theo ’ s speech . Luckily the audience reacted even more enthusiastically when he replied with complete conviction , “ That ’ s the dumbest thing I ’ ve ever heard in my life ! ” 5 . The Story Behind Those Sweaters NBC Cliff Huxtable ’ s iconic sweaters were the work of Dutch fashion designer Koos Van Den Akker . Van Den Akker was asked by an customer of his in the early 1980s to make a unique sweater as a present for her friend , Bill Cosby . Cosby wore that sweater on camera while filming an episode of his show . Mail poured in as viewers wanted to know where they could buy a similar garment . Cosby asked Van Den Akker to make more , and a legacy was born . The sweaters ' designer described the process of creating each pullover as a “ painting , ” throwing various colors and patterns of fabric pieces together on a jersey / wool blend canvas . According to Van Den Akker , each design tread a “ very thin line between absolutely awful and something of genius . ” 6 . There Were Originally Only Four Huxtable Children YouTube At one point in the pilot , Clair asks , " Why did we have four children ? " He responds , " Because we did n ' t want five . " Originally , Denise was the oldest of the offspring , followed by Theo , Vanessa , and Rudy . But once the series was poised to become a hit , Bill Cosby decided to add an additional older child — one who was away at college and was an example of successful parenting . Enter Princeton student Sondra , the eldest Huxtable child . 7 . In Real Life , Sondra Could n ' t Have Been Clair ' s Daughter Getty Images Sabrina LeBeauf , the actress who played Sondra , is only 10 years younger than her TV mom . Sabrina won the role over such staunch competitors as Whitney Houston and future Miss America Suzette Charles . LeBeauf impressed Cosby partly because she had recently graduated from a prestigious university ( Yale ) , just like the character he had in mind . 8 . Italians Could n ' t Pronounce " Huxtable " not only topped the ratings charts at home , it was also a hit internationally — albeit with some minor tweaks made for non - U.S. audiences . For example , in Italy , the surname “ Huxtable ” proved to be impossible to pronounce , so the family ’ s name was changed and the show was titled I Robinson ( " The Robinsons " ) in Italy . Why “ Robinson ” instead of , say , Smith or Jones ? The name was chosen in honor of Jackie Robinson , the first African - American to play in Major League Baseball . 9 . Rudy Was Almost Played By Urkel Getty Images In Bill Cosby ’ s original vision , the Huxtables had two boys and two girls ( this was before Sondra was added to the mix ) . The youngest child , Rudy , was originally supposed to be a younger brother who looked up to Theo . Eight - year - old Jaleel White ( Family Matters ’ future Urkel ) had auditioned so strongly that his agent told his parents that they should start looking for apartments in New York , where was filmed . The producers still had a few more kids to consider , and one of those last - minute interviews was with four - year - old charmer Keshia Knight - Pulliam . Director Jay Sandrich recalled trying to talk to Keshia , asking her if she could remember lines , but she kept looking away from him . He finally asked her what was wrong . The story goes that she pointed to a monitor and said , “ That ’ s me ! How can you make me on the TV ? ” Immediately enchanted , Sandrich moved Keshia 10 . Theo Was Supposed to be Taller The casting call for the role of Theo specified that he was 6 ' 2 " and 15 years old . Malcolm - Jamal Warner , however , was 13 and 5 ' 5 " . Nevertheless , he landed an interview on the last day auditions were held . According to Warner , he read the Monopoly money scene with Cosby like a traditional TV brat — hand on hip , eyes rolled , a real smart - aleck . Everyone in the room was laughing . . . except for Cosby . He asked the young actor if 11 . Vanessa ' s Early College Enrollment Was Written In So Tempestt Bledsoe Could Go To Actual College Season 7 begins with a “ back to school ” episode where Cliff and Clair happily usher their brood out the door the morning after summer vacation ended . But why was Vanessa carrying a suitcase instead of a Trapper Keeper ? It ' s revealed that Vanessa attended summer school so she could graduate a year early , and was now bound for Lincoln College in Pennsylvania . The sudden change in Vanessa ’ s story arc was due to Tempestt Bledsoe ’ s desire to get her degree , and Cosby ’ s determination to help her however After graduating from high school , Bledsoe told her boss that she ’ d enrolled at New York University but would be attending classes in the evenings and on weekends so it would n ’ t affect her work schedule . Cosby instead arranged the show ’ s shooting schedule so that Bledsoe could go to school full - time , which is why we only saw Vanessa sporadically throughout the season . Tempestt recalls that Cosby used to post her grades on his dressing room door . 12 . Dr . Huxtable ' s Inaccurate Nameplate NBC It is common for some elements of a series to differ from the pilot once it ' s picked up by a network . So it is understandable that in the Cosby pilot , the layout of the house is nothing like the 10 Stigwood Avenue we later see , and Theo is referred to as “ Teddy . ” But surely someone in the editing room should have noticed that the establishing exterior shot of Dr . Heathcliff Huxtable ’ s office that was used several times throughout Season One still bore the pilot - engraved nameplate that read “ Clifford Huxtable , M.D. ” 13 . Grandpa Huxtable Was A Very Accomplished Thespian Russell Huxtable could always be relied upon to recite Shakespeare at length when sage advice was required . These scenes were tailored specifically for Earle Hyman , who played Cliff ’ s dad . From the age of 13 , Hyman devoured classic literature and stage plays . He developed a particular fondness for the work of Henrik Ibsen , and Hyman eventually spent enough time in Norway ( Ibsen ’ s home ) to become fluent in Norwegian and was awarded the prestigious Medal of St . Olav for his stage work there . 14 . He was also the voice of Panthro There ' s your ThunderCats connection . 15 . Some of Bill ' s TV Family Were Named After Real - Life Family Members Bill Cosby incorporated many names from his own real - life family into his sitcom relatives . He married Camille Olivia Hanks in 1964 . In the show , Clair Huxtable ’ s maiden name was “ Hanks , ” and Denise ’ s precocious stepdaughter was named Olivia . His mother ’ s name was Anna , just like his TV mom . His younger brother Russell lent his name to the Huxtable granddad . 16 . Who Was the Real Gordon Gartrelle ? Even today , whenever Malcolm - Jamal Warner attends a formal event , there ’ s always one wise guy who will ask him if he ’ s wearing Gordon Gartrelle . Theo ’ s lopsided yellow satin shirt with the two - tone pockets has become indelibly entwined with garish , ill - fitting couture . The original garment recently got a nod in an episode of Suburgatory , when George and Noah were sifting through boxes of old clothes in the attic . ( “ Are you kidding me ? ! It ’ s a Gordon Gartrelle . Keep ! ” ) The real Gordon G . Gartrelle , by the way , was a writer and producer on the Cosby series . 17 . The Uncola Man Choreographed A Season Opener The Cosby Show was famous for changing its opening credits sequence every season . Season Five ’ s opening is unique because it is the only time throughout the series ’ run that the entire cast is shown dancing together . The music was performed by the Oregon Symphony Orchestra , and the choreography was courtesy of Trinidadian - born actor , dancer , director and singer Geoffrey Holder . Many Baby Boomers remember Holder as the “ Uncola Man ” spokesman for 7 - Up . 18 . Nude Photos Helped Send Denise to Hillman College Denise was the Wild Child among the Huxtables – she always wore the craziest fashions and dated boys her father could n ’ t stand . Lisa Bonet sometimes tried Cosby ’ s patience even more than her character did , and she was often late for tapings or sometimes did n ’ t bother to show up at all . The turning point for both actress and character came in 1986 , when 19 - year - old Bonet spent her hiatus co - starring in Angel Heart , a movie that had to edit many scenes in order to avoid an X rating . Topless photos of Bonet were being leaked to the media to promote the film , and Cosby had her much younger TV siblings to consider . Denise was the most popular Huxtable ( according to the fan mail ) , so Cosby solved the problem by spinning her off into A Different World , a series set at Hillman College . 19 . ( Baby ) Bumps in the Road Bill Cosby did n ' t want to add infants to the series , so when Phylicia Rashad was pregnant during Season Three , extreme measures were used to conceal her burgeoning midsection . Clair was either conveniently away at a conference in Washington D.C. or confined to bed . This bed had a specially constructed mattress that was scooped out so her tummy would n ’ t make the covers protrude , and the contraption resulted in a pinched nerve in her back . The masquerade became downright bizarre , like in “ Vanessa ’ s Rich , ” And then Lisa Bonet , who had eloped with musician Lenny Kravitz on November 16 , 1987 , announced that she was with child early in 1988 . A pregnant college freshman was not what the producers of A Different World had in mind , so Bonet was canned from that show and was rehired back on The Cosby Show for Season Five . Of course , she was outfitted in oversized jackets and loose - fitting wild - patterned shirts until Episode Five , where she conveniently was given permission by Cliff and Clair to accompany a photographer to Zaire for an extended assignment . 20 . Peter ' s Horrible Stage Fright Caused His Awkwardness As a rule , stage fright would put a kibosh on any child actor ’ s career , but Cosby decided to capitalize on it in the case of Peter Costa . Costa had trouble reciting his lines due to “ red light fever ” once the cameras started rolling . But Cosby cast him as Rudy ’ s playmate Peter who lived across the street . Peter rarely spoke to anyone , especially adults , but Rudy always “ understood ” him , much like regular kids do with the friends that confound their parents . Lists tv Subscribe to our Newsletter ! SIGN UP NOW	[ "The Cosby Show", "family sitcoms" ]
http://mentalfloss.com/article/56640/welcome-body-farm	Welcome to the Body Farm iStockcomstockcam By Rene Ebersole Beyond the border of an ordinary parking lot lies the most cuttingedge graveyard in the world and a handson lab for cops and forensic anthropologists It was Valentines Day when the gravediggers finished The crew stood there waiting their longsleeved shirts drenched from a mixture of cold rain and sweat At their feet were the holesfour of themdug deep into the heavy clay Nearby young women and men in rubber gloves and medical gowns prepared to haul the cadavers down the hill Picking their way through the barren woodland they carried 10 bodies to the burial site Into the first ditch the widest they placed six corpses In the second they arranged three more Just one body went into the third grave The last was left empty Then the gravediggers picked up their shovels and filled the holes Nicknamed the body farm the University of Tennessees Forensic Anthropology Center is the oldest and most established of only four such facilities in the country Since its inception in the early 80s its three wooded acres have been rife with corpses bodies stuffed inside cars enshrouded in plastic rotting in shallow graves Among them grad students dutifully clock hours combing corpses for insects while law enforcement agents undergo crimescene training exercises Its here using donated cadavers that scientists have pioneered some of the most innovative techniques in forensic science particularly practices that help investigators pinpoint time of deaththat linchpin of criminal cases that so often determines whether a killer is charged or set free The research we do at the facility is predominantly based on decomposition says center director Dawnie Steadman but were expanding that tremendously Now as the bodies rest in those four anonymous graves the center is primed to undertake a cuttingedge threeyear experiment that may help scientists uncover clandestine burial sites in the worlds most dangerous conflict zones PLOTTING THE FARM Back in 1969 the director of the Kansas Bureau of Investigation needed some advice He had a dead cow on his hands and was trying to determine when it had died At the time cattle rustling was a local problem Rustlers killed cows in the field butchered them on the spot hung up the meat in refrigerated trucks and sped off With thousands of acres to manage ranchers rarely discovered the carcasses before several weeks had passed Inevitably they would call the police But the cops were powerlesswithout knowing when the cows had died there was no way to build The investigator figured that if anyone could age a bovine carcass it was Bill Bass a 41yearold forensic anthropology professor at the University of Kansas at Lawrence Bass sometimes lent a hand identifying skeletal remains for the agency and local law enforcement He could look at a pile of bones and read clues in them who the person was what had happened Basss credentials were impeccable Hed trained at the University of Pennsylvania under the internationally renowned bone detective Wilton Krogman known as the medical Sherlock Holmes Krogman had worked on hundreds of criminal cases everyday homicides mob victims dug But Bass didnt have much experience studying the remains of large livestock When he first got the request he did what any scientist would do I looked in the literature says Bass now 85 There wasnt much there So I called him back and said We really dont know this But if you can find a rancher who would give us a cow I will look at it every day to see whats happening I put a PS on that letter and said We really need the rancher to give us four cows One in spring one in summer one A few years later in the spring of 1971 Bass took a new job teaching at the University of Tennessee He moved to Knoxville where the Tennessee medical examiner asked whether he would serve as the states forensic anthropologist Bass accepted and quickly realized he wasnt in Kansas anymore In the sparsely populated and relatively arid Midwest police typically brought him boxes of dry bones In Tennessee which had twice as many people and significantly more rainfall the corpses were fresher smellier and infinitely buggier When agents asked how long the bodies had been stewing Bass could hardly say there So he resolved to fill the void In 1980 I went to the dean and said I need some land to put dead bodies on he recalls Everybody says Well whatd he say Bass continues He didnt say anything He picked up the phone and called the man on the agriculture campus who handles land and I went over to see him There were a couple of wasted acres behind the University of Tennessee Medical Center where the facility used to burn its trash the ag man said Bass could use those CSI FARM On his newly staked plot Bass spearheaded the first organized effort to determine what happens when a body rots He and his students recreated crime scenes placing bodies in shallow graves and putting them in abandoned cars The initial investigations were fairly basic How long until the arms fall off When does the skull start showing through How long before all the flesh is gone They werent surprised to find that temperature figures heavily in the rate of decomposition A body decays faster in summer than in the wintertherefore more quickly in Florida than in Wisconsin Is the body in the sun or shade What was the person wearing Bodies rot faster in wool than in cotton because wool preserves heat Gradually the team developed timelines and statistical formulas that could help estimate with incredible accuracy how long a person had been dead based on atmospheric conditions There are also the bugs One of Basss graduate students tracked the insects that feed on corpses Blowflies are first on the scene and theyre crucial in helping determine time of death As soon as the flies land they begin laying eggs in a bodys damp orifices eyes mouth nose open wounds and the life cycle of the insects marks the hours since death occurred The method proved highly accurate when atmospheric conditions were taken into account and it put entomology at the forefront of forensic science As the anthropology program expanded to offer a PhD degree Bass started running field courses for cops and FBI agents He became a star member of investigative teams working on tough criminal cases from serial murders to celebrity plane crashes Although hes now retired he still consults on tough cases The smell turns a lot of people off Bass says But I never see a forensic case as a dead body I see it as a challenge to figure out who that individual is and what happened to them In the three decades since the body farm began it has schooled hundreds of graduate students law enforcement agents and scientists It is impressive says Frank McCauley who has worked for 25 years as an agent with the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation McCauley was a student under Bass and he regularly attends a recurring weeklong course for law enforcement covering the basics of forensic evidence collection It arms you with enough knowledge and enough resources to recognize and know what you may have he says I consider Dr Bass a national treasure Graham Yelton With hundreds of people signing up every year to donate their remains to the body farm the center continues to grow And recently it acquired a new piece of land that promises to take forensic research to a whole new level In 2007 a Vancouverbased forensic anthropologist named Amy Mundorff was rock climbing in Squamish British Columbia Mundorff who carries a Prada key chain emblazoned with a skull and crossbones was a veteran of the New York medical examiners office Shed been injured as a first responder at the World Trade Center on 911 and then spent years identifying the As the two scientists scaled the face of granite masiffs they chatted about their research Mundorff wanted to use her experience in New York to tackle global human rights issues but she knew about the fields frustrations While attempting to recover a victim of the 1995 genocide in Bosnia one of her colleagues had followed a tip and dug around the suspected grave site only to come up emptyhanded All the known graves in Bosnia had been excavated Mundorff told Medler yet more than 7000 people were still missing Where could they be Without better technology the mystery might never Has anyone tried lidar Medler asked Lidar is a remote sensing laser technology that analyzes light reflections to detect subtle changes in the topography of the land Medler had been introduced to it while studying the effects of forest fires Unlike satellite scans lidar penetrates the tree canopy making it possible to see where the ground has been disturbed Mundorff and Medler realized that maybe they had found a solution Excited by the possibilities they wanted to team up on a study immediately but lidar was expensive To do real experiments theyd need funding and the support of a research Finally in 2009 Mundorff took a job as a professor at the University of Tennessees anthropology department and moved to Knoxville Now she had the resources the land and the support of an internationally renowned institution She called Medler and told him that they were going to test their theory Medler was thrilled he would consult from afar As soon as Mundorff arrived in Tennessee she began doing the spadework for the lidar project while also working on a study examining the DNA in skeletal remains Six months in she got an email from a prospective graduate student named Katie Corcoran who had been using lidar on archaeological sites Corcoran wanted to apply the same technology to finding mass grave sites I was blown away because she literally pitched our idea right back at me Mundorff says Graham Yelton To begin the study Mundorff would need a fresh piece of land The center had recently acquired an adjacent property which was quickly designated for the project Ten bodies were ready gifts from donors who wanted to help advance forensic science There was just one hurdle The new property needed fencesone for privacy and a barbedwire one for security This didnt prove so easy For three years approvals sat snagged in university red tape Mundorff was frustrated At last in February 2013 the fences went up and by Valentines Day the burial site was ready to receive the bodies Mundorff and her team were primarily looking at how decomposition changes the chemical content of the soil and nearby vegetation This is the reason it had been important to secure new land away from where other cadavers had decayed If the extra nitrogen emitting from the corpses went into the soil theoretically it would fertilize plants resulting in subtle cues over the burial sitethe plants would be greener and taller than the surrounding vegetation because theyd thrive in the aerated nitrogenrich soil That fine contrastpotentially not discernible by people traveling through a jungle on footmight be detectable with lidar Mundorff and her team have another theory theyre testing using thermal imaging technology Because decomposition creates a lot of thermal energy imaging equipment can help identify areas where something warm is going on Mundorff says Last fall a partnering colleague from Oak Ridge National Laboratory set up 150000 worth of thermal equipment on the property With temperature probes in the ground a giant camera took pictures at fiveminute intervals allowing researchers to see the changes in temperature overnight On the first night Mundorff and Corcoran camped out at the center their sleeping bags spread out on desks They didnt want THE FUTURE OF FORENSIC SCIENCE Today data from the experiment is just beginning to accumulate But what Mundorff and Corcoran suspectand hope the experiment confirmsis that graves with multiple bodies emit more heat than those with fewer The empty grave is the control representing a place where there might be a hole but no bodies There are hidden graves all over the world and a good number of them are in areas that are still dangerous says Mundorff Being able to detect them remotely is a first step in recovering the bodies and returning them to the familiesand in collecting evidence if there are going Over the next three years about a dozen researchers and graduate students will continue monitoring the four graves If things go as planned the project will assist countries trying to recover from the losses of hundreds thousands sometimes millions of people Human rights investigators are searching for genocide victims in Argentina Cyprus Bolivia Guatemala Uganda Libya Sudan Syria and beyond Steadman hopes the center can play a role in helping families find their loved ones Bass for his part intends to remain part of the effort by donating his own remains to the body farm Ive always enjoyed teaching and This story originally ran in Mental Floss magazine in 2014 the magazine 0 Subscribe to our Newsletter	[ "Body Farm", "cops", "forensic anthropologists" ]
http://mentalfloss.com/article/56801/15-chewbacca-facts-honor-peter-mayhews-birthday	arrow entertainment 15 Things You Might Not Know About Chewbacca BY Sean Hutchinson May 19 , 2018 Even if you do n ' t know the name Peter Mayhew , you surely know about Chewbacca — the seven - foot tall Wookiee he has played onscreen for over three decades . In honor of Mayhew ’ s birthday , here are 15 things you might not know about Han Solo ' s BFF . 1 . HE WAS INSPIRED BY GEORGE LUCAS ' S DOG . The character of Chewbacca was inspired by George Lucas ’ s big , hairy Alaskan malamute , Indiana . According to Lucas , the dog would always sit in the passenger seat of his car like a copilot , and people would confuse the dog for an actual person . And in case you ' re wondering : yes , that same dog was also the inspiration behind the name of one of Lucas ’ s other creations , Indiana Jones 2 . HIS NAME IS OF RUSSIAN ORIGIN . The name “ Chewbacca ” was derived from the Russian word Sobaka собака ) , meaning “ dog . ” The term “ Wookiee ” came from voice actor Terry McGovern ; when he was doing voiceover tracks for Lucas ' s directorial debut , THX 1138 McGovern randomly improvised the line , “ I think I just ran over a Wookiee ” during one of the sessions . 3 . HE ' S REALLY , REALLY OLD . In Star Wars Episode IV : A New Hope , Chewbacca is 200 years old . 4 . PETER MAYHEW ' S HEIGHT HELPED HIM LAND THE ROLE . Getty Images Mayhew was chosen to play everyone ’ s favorite Wookiee primarily because of his tremendous height : He ' s 7 feet 3 inches tall . 5 . HIS SUIT IS MADE FROM A MIX OF ANIMAL HAIRS , AND EVENTUALLY INCLUDED A COOLING SYSTEM . For the original trilogy ( and the infamous holiday special ) , the Chewbacca costume was made with a combination of real yak and rabbit hair knitted into a base of mohair . A slightly altered original Chewie costume was used in 1999 ' s The Phantom Menace for the Wookiee senator character Yarua , and a new costume used during Episode III included a specially made water - cooling system so that Mayhew could wear the suit for long periods of time and not be overheated . 6 . ONE OF STANLEY KUBRICK ' S CLOSEST CREATORS DESIGNED THE COSTUME . Getty Images To create the original costume for Chewbacca , Lucas hired legendary makeup supervisor Stuart Freeborn , who was recruited because of his work on the apes in the “ Dawn of Man ” sequence in Stanley Kubrick ’ s 2001 : A Space Odyssey ( Freeborn had also previously worked with Kubrick on Dr . Strangelove to effectively disguise Peter Sellers in each of his three roles in that film . ) Freeborn would go on to supervise the creation of Yoda in The Empire Strike Back and Jabba the Hutt and the Ewoks in Return of the Jedi Lucas originally wanted Freeborn ’ s costume for Chewie to be a combination of a monkey , a dog , and a cat . According to Freeborn , the biggest problem during production with the costume was with Mayhew ’ s eyes . The actor ’ s body heat in the mask caused his face to detach from the costume ' s eyes and made them look separate from the mask . 7 . FINDING CHEWBACCA ' S VOICE WAS BEN BURTT ' S FIRST ASSIGNMENT . Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . The first sound effect that director George Lucas hired now - legendary sound designer Ben Burtt for on Star Wars was Chewbacca ’ s voice ( this was all the way back during the script stage ) . During the year of preliminary sound recording , Burtt principally used the vocalization of a black bear named Tarik from Happy Hollow Zoo in San Jose , California for Chewbacca . He would eventually synchronize those sounds with further walrus , lion , and badger vocalizations for the complete voice . The name of the language Chewbacca speaks came to be known in the Star Wars universe as “ Shyriiwook . ” 8 . ROGER EBERT WAS NOT A FAN . Roger Ebert was not a fan of the big guy . In his 1997 review of the Special Edition of The Empire Strikes Back , Ebert basically called Chewbacca the worst character in the series . “ This character was thrown into the first film as window dressing , was never thought through , and as a result has been saddled with one facial expression and one mournful yelp , " the famed critic wrote . " Much more could have been done . How can you be a space pilot and not be able to communicate in any meaningful way ? Does Han Solo really understand Chewie ' s monotonous noises ? Do they have long chats sometimes ? Never mind . ” 9 . HE WAS ORIGINALLY MUCH MORE SCANTILY CLAD . In the summary for Lucas ’ s second draft ( dated January 28 , 1975 , when the film was called “ Adventures of the Starkiller , Episode I : The Star Wars ” ) , Chewbacca is described as “ an eight - foot tall , savage - looking creature resembling a huge gray bushbaby - monkey with fierce ‘ baboon ’ - like fangs . His large yellow eyes dominate a fur - covered face … [ and ] over his matted , furry body he wears two chrome bandoliers , a flak jacket painted in a bizarre 10 . HIS DESIGN WAS BASED ON RALPH MCQUARRIE ' S CONCEPT ART . Chewbacca ’ s character design was based on concept art drawn by Ralph McQuarrie . Lucas had originally given McQuarrie a photo of a lemur for inspiration , and McQuarrie proceeded to draw the character as a female — but Chewbacca was soon changed to a male . McQuarrie based his furry design on an illustration by artist John Schoenherr , which was commissioned for Game of Thrones scribe George R.R. Martin ’ s short story “ And Seven Times Never Kill a Man . ” Sharp - eyed Chewbacca fans will recognize that Schoenherr ’ s drawing even includes what resembles the Wookiee ’ s signature weapon , the Bowcaster 11 . HE WON A LIFETIME ACHIEVEMENT AWARD . Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . Fans were angry for decades that Chewie did n ’ t receive a medal of valor like Luke and Han did at the end of A New Hope , so MTV gave him a Lifetime Achievement Award at the 1997 MTV Movie Awards . The medal was given to Mayhew — decked out in full costume — by Princess Leia herself , actress Carrie Fisher . His acceptance speech , made entirely in Wookiee grunts , lasted 16 seconds . When asked why Chewbacca did n ’ t receive a medal at the end of the first film , Lucas explained , “ Medals really do n ’ t mean much to Wookiees . They do n ’ t really put too much credence in them . They 12 . HE HAS A FAMILY BACK HOME . According to the infamous Star Wars Holiday Special , Chewbacca had a wife named Mallatobuck , a son named Lumpawaroo ( a.k.a. “ Lumpy ” ) , and a father named Attichitcuk ( a.k.a. “ Itchy ” ) . In the special , Chewie and Han visit the Wookiee home planet of Kashyyyk to celebrate “ Life Day , ” a celebration of the Wookiee home planet ’ s diverse ecosystem . The special featured appearances and musical numbers by Jefferson Starship , Diahann Carroll , Art Carney , Harvey Korman , and Bea Arthur , and marked the first appearance of Boba Fett . Lucas hated the special so much that he limited its availability following its original airdate on November 17 , 1978 . 13 . MAYHEW ' S BIG FEET ARE WHAT KICKSTARTED HIS CAREER . Mayhew ’ s path to playing Chewbacca began with a string of lucky breaks — and his big feet . A local London reporter was doing a story on people with big feet and happened to profile Mayhew . A movie producer saw the article and cast him — in an uncredited role — as Minoton the minotaur in the film Sinbad and the Eye of the Tiger . One of the makeup men on Sinbad was also working on the Wookiee costume with Stuart Freeborn for and suggested to the producers that they screen test Mayhew . The rest is Wookiee history . 14 . MAYHEW KEPT HIS DAY JOB WHILE SHOOTING STAR WARS During the shooting of , Mayhew kept working his day job as a deputy head porter in a London hospital . Though he was let go because of his sudden varying shooting schedule at Elstree Studios , he was eventually hired back after production wrapped . 15 . DARTH VADER COULD HAVE BEEN CHEWBACCA . David Prowse , the 6 ’ 5 ” actor who ended up portraying Darth Vader — in costume only — originally turned down the role of Chewbacca . When given the choice between portraying the two characters , Prowse said , “ I turned down the role of Chewbacca at once . I know that people remember villains longer than heroes . At the time I did n ’ t know I ’ d be wearing a mask , and throughout production I thought Vader ’ s voice would be mine . ” Additional Sources Star Wars DVD special features The Making of Star Wars : The definitive Story Behind the Original Film , J.W. Rinzler entertainment Lists Movies News Pop Culture star - wars Subscribe to our Newsletter ! SIGN UP NOW arrow 11 Game of Thrones Easter Eggs You Might Have Missed BY Kristin Hunt April 16 , 2019 Helen Sloan , HBO Game of Thrones is famous for dropping clues of things to come — and subtle nods to George R.R. Martin ’ s books — in casual bits of dialogue or unassuming props . As fans prepare to say goodbye to the beloved HBO series , we ' ve rounded up 11 Easter eggs you might have missed the first time around , from the debut season all the way up to " Winterfell , " the first episode in season 8 . Be sure to watch and listen carefully for future references as the final episodes unfold . 1 . Ser Davos Seaworth said Jon Snow ’ s real name in season 3 . Helen Sloan , HBO In season 7 , the popular R + L = J theory was finally confirmed . Jon Snow is not the bastard son of Ned Stark , as nearly everyone in Westeros believes , but the legitimate son of Lyanna Stark and Rhaegar Targaryen — and the heir to the Iron Throne . Ergo , his real name is Aegon Targaryen . So far , only a handful of characters on the show have figured it all out , but technically , Davos Seaworth called this a long time ago . When Princess Shireen Baratheon taught Davos to read in season 3 , the first word Davos learned was Aegon , foreshadowing Jon Snow ’ s true lineage . 2 . Sansa Starks ’ s wedding gown contained an embroidered story . On Game of Thrones , even the clothes have hidden messages . According to the show ’ s costume designer Michele Clapton , the dress Sansa Stark wore when she married Tyrion Lannister was stitched with her life story . The golden gown featured a fish embroidered around the belly to honor her mother ’ s house sigil , as well as a Stark direwolf and a Lannister lion on the back . 3 . Walder Frey ’ s death was outlined earlier in the show . Arya Stark claimed long - awaited vengeance for her family in the season 6 finale , when she finally killed Walder Frey . Before she slit his throat , however , she served him a pie stuffed with the remains of his sons — Black Walder and Lothar . It ’ s a shocking and gruesome scheme , but it ’ s also one we ’ ve heard before . In season 3 , Bran told Hodor and his companions the legend of the Rat King : According to this folklore , a cook in the Night ’ s Watch once killed the son of a visiting king . He chopped the body up and cooked it into a pie that he then served to the king , who loved it so much he asked for seconds . The gods punished the chef by turning him into a large rat who could only survive by eating his own children . As Bran explained , the gods were not offended 4 . The furniture at King ’ s Landing reveals regime changes . Squint hard at the wooden furniture in the Red Keep and you ’ ll notice a lot of dragons . The production team intentionally included these pieces — which are most prominent in Tommen Lannister ’ s bedroom and the Small Council ’ s meeting room — to remind viewers of past power struggles at King ’ s Landing . The dragon furniture implies that the Baratheons and Lannisters kept the Targaryens ' furnishings after they staged a coup , perhaps while they waited on some new bedframes with roaring lions . 5 . Olenna Tyrell referenced family history in Dorne . When Olenna Tyrell called a secret meeting with Ellaria Sand in Dorne , she admitted to being uneasy in the kingdom — and with good reason . " The last time a Tyrell came to Dorne , he was assassinated , ” Lady Olenna told Ellaria . “ A hundred red scorpions , was it ? ” This is a nod to Martin ' s novels , which detail the death of Lyonel Tyrell . The story goes that Lyonel liked to storm Dornish castles , then kick the lords out of their own bedrooms . One night , he wound up in red scorpions fell from the canopy , killing Lyonel and freeing the Dornish from his tyranny . 6 . The magic of Harry Potter is alive in Westeros . Fandoms collided in season 7 when Samwell Tarly asked Archmaester Ebrose for help accessing “ the restricted area of the library . ” The phrase was a familiar one for Harry Potter fanatics ; in the book series and subsequent movies , Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry has a restricted section of the library containing books on dark magic . Sam ’ s request felt like a wink to Harry Potter fans , especially since Archmaester Ebrose was played by Jim Broadbent , who played Horace Slughorn in the movies . But that ’ s not the only connection : Natalia Tena , who plays Nymphadora Tonks in the Harry Potter universe , also appears in as the wildling woman Osha . In her early scenes , she is seen making brooms 7 . The Meereenese love Monty Python . The warriors on are n ’ t above trash talking . According to David Peterson , the show ' s language creator , the Meereense fighter who challenged Daario Naharis in season 4 shouted some very silly insults in Low Valyrian . His words translated to the French guard ’ s speech from Monty Python and Holy Grail — the one that goes , “ Your mother was a hamster , and your father smelt of elderberries ! ” 8 . The Iron Throne includes swords from other fantasy franchises . The swords that form the Iron Throne further link Westeros to other fictional universes . If you look closely , you ’ ll spy Gandalf ’ s sword from The Lord of the Rings movies molded into the back of the throne , as well as the weapon Orlando Bloom wields in Kingdom of Heaven 9 . Ed Sheeran ’ s fate was revealed in a sex scene . Fans were furious when pop star Ed Sheeran appeared in the season 7 premiere as a Lannister soldier Arya Stark encounters in the woods . The response was so negative that Sheeran later joked , “ It was fun being in , but I definitely think they should ' ve killed me off in the episode . ” Well , he almost got his wish . In the season 8 premiere , Bronn visits a brothel and hires three women who ca n ’ t stop talking about the Lannister men who perished in battle . They specifically reference a “ ginger ” named “ Eddie ” who “ came back with his face burned off ” and no eyelids . Ouch . 10 . Euron Greyjoy ’ s fleet hides some famous faces . Speaking of cameos : season 8 has already given us two more . When Theon Greyjoy storms his uncle Euron ’ s ship to free his sister Yara , his men take out the crew with arrows to the face — and , for one especially unfortunate sailor , the eye . That unfortunate sailor was none other than Rob McElhenney , co - creator and star of It ’ s Always Sunny in Philadelphia . Also aboard the ship ? Martin Starr of Silicon Valley fame . 11 . The show ' s co - creators are in the Hall of Faces . In a move straight out of Alfred Hitchcock ’ s playbook co - creators David Benioff and David Weiss have cameoed on their own show — or at least , their faces have . The two men ’ s visages appeared in the Hall of Faces that Arya frequents with Jaqen H ’ ghar . See if you can spot them on your next rewatch . Easter eggs Lists News Pop Culture Television tv The debut episode of ' s eighth and final season elicited a lot emotion from fans ( and attracted a record - setting amount of viewers ) . Between the long - awaited reunions and Jon Snow finding out who his parents really were , season 8 ' s first episode gave audiences a lot to talk about — including the shocking moment when it was revealed that Cersei Lannister slept with Euron Greyjoy . Many viewers were confused about why Cersei wold jump into bed with Euron so soon after she told him he had to earn her . Even Lena Headey , the actress behind the Queen of the Seven Kingdoms , had to be sold on the idea . While speaking to Entertainment Weekly about her character ' s new relationship with Euron , Headey admitted , " I kept saying , ' She would n ' t , she would n ' t , that she would keep fighting . ' But [ showrunners David Benioff and Dan Weiss ] obviously know what they ' re doing and were adamant Cersei would do what she had to do . " While Headey worried that the scene might seem too out of character for Cersei , Pilou Asbæk — the actor who plays Euron — thinks that it could be interesting to show the Queen in a new light . " We had a lot of discussions , " Asbæk told Entertainment Weekly . " Would it be out of character for her to be with Greyjoy for power ? We discussed it so much that we almost ended up going , ' Maybe it ' s too much . ' Then we decided to try it out and see if it works . Sometimes you have to show different sides of a character . You have to surprise yourself as an actor but you also have to surprise yourself as a character . " Eventually , Headey saw it as a way to prove where her character stands without her brother / lover , Jaime Lannister . " There ' s something to play in all of it , " Headey said . " Cersei is such the ultimate survivor in all of this . She refuses to fall to her knees . She goes to the place where she does n ' t want to go , which makes it more powerful sad because of who she ' s not with . " Euron clearly has ulterior motives in getting close to Cersei , even telling her he wants to " put a prince in [ her ] belly . " He ' s power - hungry and will do whatever it takes to succeed , but two can definitely play that game . As far as we know , Cersei is already pregnant with Jaime ' s baby , although many fans believe she ' s lying . In the scene with Euron in the season 8 premiere , she ' s even seen drinking wine ( something she declined to do We ' ll see exactly what Cersei has up her sleeve when ' s second episode airs on Sunday night . celebrities tv	[ "Chewbacca" ]
http://mentalfloss.com/article/58321/50-awesome-facts-about-everything	50 Awesome Facts About Everything iStock Weve been learning a lot from reading National Geographic Kidss book 5000 Awesome Facts About Everything 2 If you need a great conversation starter here are 50 of our favorite awesome facts from the book 1 IN 1889 THE QUEEN OF ITALY MARGHERITA SAVOY ORDERED THE FIRST PIZZA DELIVERY 2 YOU CAN BUY EEL FLAVORED ICE CREAM IN JAPAN 3 ITS CONSIDERED RUDE TO WRITE IN RED INK IN PORTUGAL 4 ALTHOUGH THE BOBCAT IS RARELY SEEN IT IS THE MOST COMMON WILDCAT IN NORTH AMERICA 5 A CATS TAIL CONTAINS NEARLY 10 PERCENT OF ALL THE BONES IN ITS BODY 6 GECKO FEET HAVE MILLIONS OF TINY HAIRS THAT STICK TO SURFACES WITH A SPECIAL CHEMICAL BOND AND LET THEM CLIMB WALLS AND HANG ON BY JUST ONE TOE 7 THE TERM ASTRONAUT COMES FROM GREEK WORDS THAT MEAN STAR AND SAILOR 8 THE CALCIUM IN OUR BONES AND THE IRON IN OUR BLOOD COME FROM ANCIENT EXPLOSIONS OF GIANT STARS 9 THE NILE CROCODILE CAN HOLD ITS BREATH UNDERWATER FOR UP TO TWO HOURS WHILE WAITING FOR PREY 10 JELLYFISH OR JELLIES AS SCIENTISTS CALL THEM ARE NOT FISH THEY HAVE NO BRAIN NO HEART AND NO BONES 11 THE CHINESE GIANT SALAMANDER CAN GROW TO BE 6 FEET 18 M LONG MAKING IT THE LARGEST SALAMANDER IN THE WORLD 12 PEOPLE REPORTEDLY PREFER BLUE TOOTHBRUSHES OVER RED ONES 13 SOME PEOPLE USED TO BELIEVE THAT KISSING A DONKEY COULD RELIEVE A TOOTHACHE 14 SCIENTISTS SAY THAT THE BEST TIME TO TAKE A NAP IS BETWEEN 1 PM AND 230 PM BECAUSE THATS WHEN A DIP IN BODY TEMPERATURE MAKES US FEEL SLEEPY 15 BECAUSE THE SPEED OF EARTHS ROTATION CHANGES OVER TIME A DAY IN THE AGE OF DINOSAURS WAS JUST 23 HOURS LONG 16 HUMMINGBIRDS WINGS CAN BEAT UP TO 200 TIMES A SECOND 17 THERE ARE MORE THAN 1200 WATER PARKS IN NORTH AMERICA 18 A SEAHORSE CAN MOVE ITS EYES IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONSALL THE BETTER TO SCAN THE WATER FOR FOOD AND PREDATORS 19 TO COOK AN EGG A SIDEWALK NEEDS TO BE 158F 20 A GROUP OF JELLYFISH IS NOT A HERD OR A SCHOOL OR A FLOCK ITS CALLED A SMACK 21 IT WOULD TAKE 100 EARTHS LINED UP ENDTOEND TO STRETCH ACROSS THE FACE OF THE SUN 22 LESS THAN 1 PERCENT OF ANTARCTICA IS ICEFREE 23 THE HIGHEST WAVE EVER SURFED WAS AS TALL AS A 10STORY BUILDING 24 THE BEAGLE BRIGADE USED IN 21 INTERNATIONAL AIRPORTS IN THE US KEEPS A YEARLY AVERAGE OF 75000 ILLEGAL ITEMS OUT OF THE COUNTRY 25 SOME APPLES CAN WEIGH ABOUT AS MUCH AS A HALF GALLON OF MILK 26 CORN IS GROWN ON EVERY CONTINENT EXCEPT ANTARCTICA 27 UNLIKE MOST FISH SEAHORSES ARE COVERED IN BONY PLATES INSTEAD OF SCALES 28 YOU LOSE ABOUT 50 TO 100 HAIRS A DAY 29 ARMADILLO IS A SPANISH WORD MEANING LITTLE ARMORED ONE 30 THE WORLDS SMALLEST FRUITA UTRICLEIS THE SIZE OF A SMALL ANT 31 NEW JERSEY HAS THE HIGHEST CONCENTRATION OF SHOPPING MALLS 32 KOMODO DRAGONS CAN DEVOUR 5 POUNDS OF MEAT IN LESS THAN A MINUTE ANY EXTRA FAT THEY EAT IS STORED IN THEIR TAILS 33 NOT ALL MOONS ARE DRY AND DUSTY LIKE OURS JUPITERS EUROPA HAS A LIQUID OCEAN UNDER AN ICY CRUST 34 SOME VIKING CHIEFS WERE BURIED INSIDE THEIR SHIPS 35 AT ANY MOMENT CLOUDS COVER ABOUT 60 PERCENT OF EARTH 36 ALL APES LAUGH WHEN THEY ARE TICKLED 37 SPOTTED HYENAS CAN DIGEST SKIN AND BONES 38 THE QUILLS ON AFRICAN PORCUPINES ARE AS LONG AS THREE PENCILS 39 SCIENTISTS BELIEVE THAT PEOPLE WHO DREAM ABOUT AN ACTIVITY WILL ACTUALLY GET BETTER AT IT IN REAL LIFE 40 YOUR HAIR CONTAINS TRACES OF GOLD 41 IN JAPAN INSTEAD OF A MAN IN THE MOON PEOPLE SEE A RABBIT IN THE MOON 42 DEPENDING ON THE SPEED OF THE WIND SOME CLOUDS TRAVEL UP TO 100 MILES PER HOUR ACROSS THE SKY 43 NAKED MOLE RATS ARE SOMETIMES CALLED SAND PUPPIES 44 OPAL HAS BEEN DISCOVERED ON MARS 45 GEORGE WASHINGTON LOVED EXPLORING CAVES 46 IT TAKES A GALLON AND A HALF OF MILK TO MAKE A GALLON OF ICE CREAM 47 THE TV REMOTE IS THE DIRTIEST ITEM IN A TYPICAL HOUSEHOLD HOSPITAL OR HOTEL ROOM 48 THE HERCULES BEETLE CAN GROW BIG ENOUGH TO COVER AN ADULT HUMAN HAND 49 THE FINEST QUALITY EMERALDS ARE MORE VALUABLE THAN DIAMONDS 50 HEARING IS THE FASTEST HUMAN SENSE A PERSON CAN RECOGNIZE A SOUND IN AS LITTLE AS 005 SECONDS For more incredible facts like these pick up 5000 Awesome Facts About Everything 2 in bookstores now or available online at Amazon All images courtesy of iStock fun Lists News 0 Subscribe to our Newsletter arrow Lists 10 Things You Might Not Know About Calvin Coolidge BY Jake Rossen January 4 2019 National ArchivesNewsmakers Getty Images The 30th president of the United States Calvin Coolidge 18721933 left office just as America was about to shift from an era of great joviality the Roaring Twenties to one of unprecedented economic despair thanks to the Great Depression A stern figure Coolidge was all business practicing minimalism in both his social activity and in his political career Heres what you should know about one of our nations more intriguing CommandersinChief 1 Calvin Coolidge is the only president born on the Fourth of July John Calvin Coolidge was born in Plymouth Notch Vermont on July 4 1872giving him the distinction of being the only president born on the fourth of July Three of the first five US presidents died on the Fourth of July however Thomas Jefferson and John Adams in 1826 and James Monroe in 1831 2 Coolidge was elected to political office the same year he opened his own law firm Coolidge was an engaged student He graduated with honors from Amherst College in 1895 then earned his law degree After passing the bar he opened a firm in Northampton Massachusetts in 1898 and was elected to the towns city council That modest office led to an escalating interest in politics that led to his election as governor of the state in 1918 3 A police strike made Coolidge a household name In 1919 Coolidge faced his biggest challenge yet as a politician when a police strike led to panic and violence in the streets of Boston After sending in the state guard to quell the tension Coolidge admonished the officers for leaving their posts That hardline stance impressed the public at large and by 1920 he was an easy pick for a vicepresidential nomination on the Republican ticket next to presidential nominee Warren G Harding When Harding died just two years into his term Coolidge found himself in the Oval Office 4 Coolidges own father swore him in In a moment that had never transpired before and has never been repeated since Coolidge was sworn into the presidential office by his own father also named John Calvin Coolidge The pair found themselves together while the younger Coolidge was visiting his father in Vermont News arrived of Hardings sudden death which prompted Coolidge Senior a notary public to swear in his son in the middle of the night 5 Coolidge was popular for doing nothing In contrast to presidents who lent a heavy hand in American affairs Coolidge captured the publics favor by essentially doing nothing He allowed businesses to prosper by minimizing government interference and satisfied voters who believed bureaucracy had become too overwhelming But his conservative approach may have been a little too reserved Hes quoted as saying that he spent much of his presidency avoiding the big problems Critics later argued his reluctance to stem the stock market speculation boom in the 1920s may have contributed to the market crash in 1929 6 Coolidge wasnt very talkative Complementing his understated political style was Coolidges economy of words Though he was communicative with the public holding about eight press conferences a month and making regular radio addresses direct dialogues were more succinct He often answered yes or no to questions posed by the press or associates and prided himself on remaining largely quiet in social settings According to legend a dinner companion offered to bet she could extract at least three words from him during the evening Coolidge turned to her and said You lose 7 His wife Grace Coolidge brought attention to the hearingimpaired Grace whom Coolidge had married in 1905 was a onetime instructor for the hearingimpaired a disability that had not received much in the way of national attention But Grace was interested in raising awareness educating the public at large and inviting Helen Keller to the White House Grace was able to raise 2 million for the Clarke School for the Deaf assisted by her husband who often told friends to contribute to the school 8 Coolidge rode a mechanical horse for exercise After his horseback riding activities were reportedly curtailed by concerned Secret Service agents Coolidge installed a mechanical horse saddle in the White House The machine ran on electricity and was able to mimic the bouncy agitation of trotting or galloping and Coolidge rode the contraption up to three times a day believing it was beneficial to his health Referred to as Thunderbolt by the press the device was widely mocked by observers who felt riding a replica horse was not conduct befitting a president Coolidge eventually tired of it opting for other illadvised exercise contraptions like a bellyreducing vibrating machine 9 Coolidge was the first sitting president to visit Cuba Coolidge was the first and until Barack Obama went there in 2016 the onlypresident to to travel to Cuba while still in office When he arrived in Havana for a conference Coolidge seemed pleased at the warm reception expressed by citizens thereso much so that he temporarily broke free of his laconic stature and took a bow Maybe it was the grandiose entrance Coolidge pulled up to Havana in the USS Texas a World War I battleship 10 Coolidge pardoned a raccoon Coolidge was very fond of animals collecting everything from cats to birds to lion cubs that he wryly named Tax Reduction and Budget Bureau For Thanksgiving in 1926 an admirer sent him a live raccoon with the suggestion he cook it and consume it as part of the family dinner Wary of sampling raccoon meat Coolidge pardoned the animal and it soon became a close friend of his wifes and given the name Rebecca Raccoon But the pets undomesticated status became a source of contention among the Secret Service She was prone to ripping up furniture and speeding through the White House Rebecca was eventually donated to a zoo in 1928 Coolidges final full year in office Lists politics presidents 0 TWITTER EMAIL arrow Words 20 Words Turning 100 in 2019 BY Emily Petsko January 4 2019 iStockcombortonia In the year 1919 some of the worlds preeminent thinkers were busy inventing the rotary dial telephone and popup toaster signing the Treaty of Versailles and forming the League of Nations which preceded the United Nations They were also dabbling in clever wordplay and coining some snazzy new terms MerriamWebsters Time Traveler tool shows you the words that were first recorded in any given yearfrom 1472 to 2016and some of the ones from 1919 might surprise you Here are a few of our favorite newfangled terms from 100 years ago 1 Antistress The adjective antistress came along decades before destress which was introduced to the English language in 1979 It refers to anything that prevents or alleviates stress 2 Appleknocker You may have attended an appleknocker wedding in the past The 1919 sense of the word meant rustic but Dictionarycom states it could also mean uncouth or rude A newspaper article from 1927 described an appleknocker as a peculiar type of human being who insists upon doing and saying things that while offering satisfaction to himself causes mental and physical inconvenience to others 3 Balletomane iStockcomabezikus Swan Lake lovers this ones for you A balletomane is a devotee of ballet It stems from the Russian baletoman which unites the words ballet balet and mania maniya Balletomania is the noun 4 Bats Unlike the animal which MerriamWebster defines in the singular form bat with an s is a synonym of battyas in mentally unstable or unhinged 5 Beavertail This curiously named plant is a prickly pear cactus that grows in the southwestern US and northern Mexico British pastries known as arlettes are also sometimes called beavertails but that reference came later 6 Complimentary close You might not realize theres a term for the words you use to close an email or in the case of our 1919 predecessors a letter The phrase that comes before your signature and expresses your regard for the receiversuch as sincerely yoursis considered a complimentary close 7 Danish pastry iStockcomLauri Patterson This delicious and often fruitfilled pastry isnt actually Danish at all The treats are called Viennese bread in Denmark because they were brought to the country by Austrians Nowadays we just call them Danisheseven if it is a misnomer 8 Didgeridoo This funtosay instrument invented by Australian aborigines first wormed its way into the English language in 1919 Its essentially a bamboo or wooden trumpet 9 Dunker This early sports term is straightforward enough It refers to a basketball player who makes dunk shots The sport itself was invented 28 years earlier at Springfield College in Massachusetts 10 Fanboy This term for a boy or man who is an extremely or overly enthusiastic fan of someone or something predates our internetfueled obsession with celebrities The female equivalent fangirl didnt roll around until 1934 11 Golden retriever These very good golden boys were first bred in Scotland in 1865 A breeder mated a yellow retriever with a Tweed water spaniel and their offspring became a new breed of dog that would later be called golden retrievers 12 Jigsaw puzzle iStockcomyejin kang According to the Online Etymology Dictionary the pieces of a jigsaw puzzle were cut with a vertical reciprocating saw called a jigsaw in the early 1900shence the name jigsaw puzzle Before that they were known as dissected maps or dissected pictures 13 Outgas No this doesnt refer to a farting contest but rather the removal of gases from a material or space usually by heating 14 Phooey What in tarnation This interjection used to express repudiation or disgust has probably been in use before your grandpa was born Some other fun synonyms include faugh phew yech and rats 15 Putsch We can thank the Swiss German language for this word Also known as a coup détat it refers to a secretly plotted and suddenly executed attempt to overthrow a government 16 Polyphiloprogenitive Philoprogenitive refers to a fondness for children or the tendency to make a lot of babies Phil means loving and the Latin progenitus means begot Add a poly to it and you get someone or something thats extremely prolific when it comes to creating new life TS Eliot likely coined the term in his religious poem Mr Eliots Sunday Morning Service 17 Skivvies iStockcommydoc3737 If youre looking to spice up your vocabulary swap out underpants for skivvies According to one newspaper article from 1927 this word started out as US Navy slang 18 Snooty Snobby is a slightly older term having first been documented in 1846 but snooty also gets the point across If you dont like either of those words try snotty potty or the chiefly British term toffeenosed 19 Superpimp This word is exactly what youd expect a very successful pimp How one defines success of this nature is another question entirely 20 Xanadu Long before Xanadu was an awesomely terrible movie starring Olivia NewtonJohn and Gene Kelly it meant an idyllic exotic or luxurious place Samuel Taylor Coleridges 1816 poem Kubla Khan refers to a place called Xanadu and his rich imagery fired public imagination and ultimately contributed to the transition of Xanadu from a name to a generalized term for an idyllic place MerriamWebster notes It also happened to be the name of Charles Foster Kanes fictional estate in Citizen Kane 1941 language Lists News Words 0 TWITTER EMAIL	[ "50 Awesome Facts" ]
http://mentalfloss.com/article/59016/15-things-you-might-not-know-about-tennessee	arrow Lists 15 Things You Might Not Know About Tennessee BY M . Arbeiter October 6 , 2014 istock 1 . Tennessee ’ s Great Smoky Mountains beats both the Grand Canyon and Yosemite as America ’ s most visited national park . 2 . On top of that , Tennessee boasts the third - most visited house in the country ( after the White House and Biltmore Estate ) : Graceland Mansion , the former home of Elvis Presley . 3 . The city of Gatlinburg is home to the Salt & Pepper Shaker Museum & Smoky Mountain Spices , which displays over 20,000 different variations of salt and pepper shakers ( bearing the likenesses of frogs , musical notes , The Beatles , and others ) . 4 . Ever the diplomat , Greeneville , Tennessee prides itself on displaying the only monument in the United States that pays tribute to both the Union and Confederate Armies . 5 . This ideological ambivalence dates back to the war itself . Tennessee provided a wealth of troops to both the Union and the Confederacy during battle ; in fact , Tennessee was responsible for providing the Union with more soldiers than all other Southern states combined . 6 . It ’ s understandable why Tennessee might be so devoted to preserving Civil War history : A whopping 38 battles in the war were fought on Tennessee soil , more than any other state but Virginia . 7 . Tennessee was n ’ t just the birthplace of Elvis Presley ' s career , but of country music on the whole . While the 1920s saw the nation ’ s musical hopefuls rush to New York to land record deals , producer and talent scout Ralph Peer set up camp in Bristol , angling to catch wind of the more genuine sound enjoyed by the locals . Peer is credited with launching the musical genre by signing acts such as Jimmie Rodgers , Mamie Smith , and the Carter Family , and bringing unprecedented attention to the country and 8 . This brand of music is celebrated by Nashville ’ s own radio mainstay , the Grand Ole Opry stage concert and radio show . Broadcasting consistently since 1925 , the Grand Ole Opry is the longest running radio program in American history . 9 . In 1905 , Nashville , Tennessee , welcomed McKissack & McKissack , the first architectural firm founded by black men . The institution is still in operation today , although its headquarters have relocated to New York City . 10 . Resting beneath the grounds of Tennessee is a beautiful secret : the Lost Sea , an underground lake that finds its home among the gargantuan Craighead Caverns system in Sweetwater . The Lost Sea is the largest sub - glacial underground lake in America , and the second largest in the world ( after Namibia ’ s Dragon Breath Cave ) . 11 . Though not invented in Tennessee , mini - golf was patented there by one Garnet Carter . It was originally known as Tom Thumb Golf . 12 . Although three United States Presidents have been marked by a political and residential affiliation to Tennessee ( Andrew Jackson lived in Nashville , James Polk served as the Governor of Tennessee from 1839 - 1841 , and Andrew Johnson settled in Greeneville and was elected to the Tennessee House of Representatives , Tennessee Senate , and served as Tennessee ' s governor from 1853 - 1857 ) , no Commander - in - Chief to date was ever born in Tennessee . 13 . Coca Cola was invented by a Georgian and first bottled by a Missourian company , but it was two Tennessean businessmen ( Benjamin F . Thomas and Joseph B . Whitehead ) who purchased control over the production of the soft drink . How much did it cost Thomas and Whitehead to convince company founder Asa Candler to sign over bottling rights to their Chattanooga company ? Exactly one dollar . 14 . Among the bounty of delicacies invented in Tennessee : Mountain Dew , cotton candy , and moon pies . 15 . A good deal of work on the Manhattan Project was actually done in Tennessee . The facility K - 25 was founded and built in Oak Ridge for secret work on the atomic bomb , and was , at the time , the largest factory in existence . The 12,000 workers needed for the K - 25 construction and their families lived nearby in a temporary communited called Happy Valley . State Facts Subscribe to our Newsletter ! SIGN UP NOW arrow History 11 Fascinating Facts About the War of the Roses BY Mark Mancini April 16 , 2019 The Battle of Towton ( 1461 ) during the War of the Roses . It ' s no secret that George R . R . Martin looked to history for inspiration for A Song of Ice and Fire , his epic , still - in - process series of fantasy novels that serves as the basis for HBO ' s Game of Thrones , which will end its eight - season run in May . ( The Black Dinner of 1440 and the Massacre of Glencoe , for example , served as inspiration for the series ' infamous Red Wedding . ) One of Martin ' s main influences was the War of the Roses — three decades of bloodshed and animosity between the House of Lancaster and the House of York , two rival branches of the English royal family . So before the fight for the Iron Throne subsides — at least on TV — let ' s take a look at its real - life historical counterpart . 1 . The War of the Roses started in 1455 and lasted until approximately 1485 . The War of the Roses was n ' t one long , continuous conflict ; it was a series of minor wars and civil skirmishes interrupted by long periods that were mostly peaceful , if politically tense ( which is why it ' s frequently referred to as the Wars of the Roses , rather than the singular War ) . After the opening battle — the First Battle of St . Albans — broke out on May 22 , 1455 , there was n ' t another major showdown until the Battle of Blore Heath erupted four years later . And the years between 1471 and 1483 were a time of relative peace in England . Things did heat back up in 1483 , as the Yorkist ruler Richard III began clashing with Henry Tudor , an exiled Lancaster nobleman . Tudor prevailed over his foe at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485 and then took the crown as King Henry VII . Two years later , in 1487 , the Battle of Stoke Field essentially ended the Yorkist cause , which some consider to be the true end of the War of the Roses . 2 . The War of the Roses was initially known as " The Cousins ' War . " The conflicts did n ' t come to be called the " Wars of the Roses " until long after the actual fighting stopped . Throughout the 15th century , the House of York used white roses as an emblem , and by 1485 , the House of Lancaster had become associated with red roses . In the 1560s , a British diplomat discussed " the striving of the two roses . " William Shakespeare baked the convenient symbolism into his play , Henry VI , Part I , ( which was most likely written in the 1590s ) . Later , a 1646 pamphlet called the medieval York / Lancaster struggle " The Quarrel of the Warring Roses . " Then David Hume ' s 1762 History of England popularized the term " Wars Between the Two Roses . " From labels like these , the now - ubiquitous " War of the Roses " phrase evolved . 3 . The War of the Roses was caused by a struggle between a deposed King Henry VI and his cousin Richard , the Duke of York . King Henry VI of England . After England lost virtually all of its French holdings in 1453 , King Henry VI suffered a mental breakdown . The Lancastrian monarch seemingly lost his ability to speak , walk unassisted , or even hold up his own head . ( What happened is unclear ; some suggest that he was stricken by a depressive stupor or catatonic schizophrenia . ) Henry VI clearly was n ' t fit to rule , so his cousin Richard , the Duke of York , was appointed Lord Protector and Defender of England in his stead . York ' s political muscle unraveled when Henry VI recovered on Christmas Day 1454 ; his desire to regain power set the stage for the First Battle of St . Albans a few months later . 4 . After being killed during one battle in the War of the Roses , the Duke of York had a fake crown placed upon his severed head . During the May 1455 battle at St . Albans , York met and defeated Henry VI ' s Royal Army with a superior force of 3000 men . In the aftermath , the king was forced to restore York as England ' s Lord Protector — but York did n ' t hold the job for long . After some violent clashes against the supporters of Henry VI ' s biological son ( with whom the Duke was a rival for the throne ) , York died at the Battle of Wakefield in 1460 . As a final insult , his disembodied head was mounted on Micklegate Bar in the city of York — and decorated with a phony crown made of paper ( or possibly reeds ) . 5 . Pope Pius II tried — and failed — to ease political tensions during the War of the Roses . The Pope wanted to enlist King Henry VI as an ally in a potential crusade against the Ottomans . Unfortunately for His Holiness , the War of the Roses was keeping Henry plenty busy at the time . So in 1459 , Pius II sent clergyman Francesco Coppini to England with instructions to ask for the king ' s support — and if possible , negotiate peace between Houses York and Lancaster . Instead , Coppini became a Yorkist sympathizer who vocally denounced the Lancastrian cause . 6 . Early guns were used in some battles of the War of the Roses . Swords and arrows were n ' t the only weapons deployed during the War of the Roses . At archaeological sites dating back to the 1461 Battle of Towton ( a Yorkist victory ) , broken pieces of early handheld guns have been recovered . It ' s suspected that the devices would have blown themselves apart when fired , making them dangerous to wield . Regardless , primitive guns also saw use at the 1485 Battle of Bosworth 7 . After defeating Henry VI , King Edward IV was betrayed by a former ally — and his own sibling . King Edward IV . Edward , one of the sons of the slain Duke of York , deposed Henry VI in 1461 to become King Edward IV . One of the men who helped him do so was Richard Neville , the Earl of Warwick . But the earl soon had a falling out with the new king and , in 1470 , Warwick helped put Henry VI back on the throne after teaming up with Queen Margaret of Anjou and George , the Duke of Clarence ( who was also Edward IV ' s brother ) . The Yorkist king went into exile , but he returned with a vengeance in 1471 . Despite their rocky past , the two brothers reconciled and worked together to overcome the Warwick - led Lancastrian forces at the Battle of Barnet . This victory , and a later triumph over Queen Margaret ' s men , enabled King Edward IV to regain the crown . ( Sadly , in the end things did n ' t work out for the Duke of Clarence — he was executed for treason in 1478 . ) 8 . Edward IV ' s wife , Elizabeth Woodville , took sanctuary in Westminster Abbey twice to escape enemies during the War of the Roses . One reason why Warwick soured on King Edward IV was because he did n ' t approve of the young ruler ' s chosen spouse . In 1464 , Edward IV married Elizabeth Woodville , a widowed mother of two who was five years his senior ( and whose first marriage had been to a Lancastrian knight ) . From October 1 , 1470 to April 11 , 1471 , during Edward ' s exile , Elizabeth and her daughters holed themselves up in Westminster Abbey , where they declared sanctuary . During her stay , she gave birth to a son , Edward V . Elizabeth would return to the Abbey for another prolonged stay that began in 1483 . Edward IV had died earlier that year , and by taking sanctuary in 9 . Two young princes disappeared during the War of the Roses . In the wake of King Edward IV ' s death , the Duke of Gloucester — who ' d been a high - ranking Yorkist commander at the Battle of Tewkesbury — was named Protector of England . Then on July 6 , 1483 , he was crowned as King Richard III . His claim to the throne was not uncontested : Edward IV had two sons , aged 12 and 9 , who were staying in the Tower of London at the time . No one knows what happened to the boys ; they were last seen alive in the summer of 1483 . King Richard III is frequently accused of having the boys murdered , though some suspect that they were killed by another ambitious royal , Henry Tudor . It ' s also possible that the boys fled . 10 . Henry Tudor ended the War of the Roses through marriage . iStock . com / Rixipix After his forces defeated Richard III ' s at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485 , Henry Tudor was crowned Henry VII — some say at the exact spot where Richard III was killed . After he was officially crowned , Henry VII wed Elizabeth of York , King Edward IV ' s daughter , in 1486 . This marriage is part of the reason Houses Lancaster and York are synonymous with roses today , though both used many non - floral emblems ( loyalists of Queen Margaret of Anjou , wife of King Henry VI , identified themselves by wearing swan badges , for example , and Yorkist Richard III made a white boar his personal logo ) . After his marriage to Elizabeth of York , Henry VII was able to portray himself as the grand unifier of two enemy houses . To symbolize this , he introduced a new emblem : A white flower with red trim called the “ Tudor Rose . ” 11 . Richard III ' s body was found under a parking lot in 2012 . King Richard III . Richard III was not destined to rest in peace . In the centuries following the Battle of Bosworth , the dead king ' s body went missing . In 2012 , an archaeological team rediscovered the former king ' s remains beneath a parking lot in Leicester , England . DNA testing helped confirm their identity . Richard III ' s well - documented scoliosis was clearly visible in the spinal column , and it was concluded that he had died of a blow to the skull . The much - maligned ruler was given a ceremonious reburial at Leicester Cathedral in 2015 . Game of Thrones History Lists News war entertainment 11 Easter Eggs You Might Have Missed BY Kristin Hunt April 16 , 2019 Helen Sloan , HBO Game of Thrones is famous for dropping clues of things to come — and subtle nods to George R.R. Martin ’ s books — in casual bits of dialogue or unassuming props . As fans prepare to say goodbye to the beloved HBO series , we ' ve rounded up 11 Easter eggs you might have missed the first time around , from the debut season all the way up to " Winterfell , " the first episode in season 8 . Be sure to watch and listen carefully for future references as the final episodes unfold . 1 . Ser Davos Seaworth said Jon Snow ’ s real name in season 3 . Helen Sloan , HBO In season 7 , the popular R + L = J theory was finally confirmed . Jon Snow is not the bastard son of Ned Stark , as nearly everyone in Westeros believes , but the legitimate son of Lyanna Stark and Rhaegar Targaryen — and the heir to the Iron Throne . Ergo , his real name is Aegon Targaryen . So far , only a handful of characters on the show have figured it all out , but technically , Davos Seaworth called this a long time ago . When Princess Shireen Baratheon taught Davos to read in season 3 , the first word Davos learned was Aegon , foreshadowing Jon Snow ’ s true lineage . 2 . Sansa Starks ’ s wedding gown contained an embroidered story . On , even the clothes have hidden messages . According to the show ’ s costume designer Michele Clapton , the dress Sansa Stark wore when she married Tyrion Lannister was stitched with her life story . The golden gown featured a fish embroidered around the belly to honor her mother ’ s house sigil , as well as a Stark direwolf and a Lannister lion on the back . 3 . Walder Frey ’ s death was outlined earlier in the show . Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . Arya Stark claimed long - awaited vengeance for her family in the season 6 finale , when she finally killed Walder Frey . Before she slit his throat , however , she served him a pie stuffed with the remains of his sons — Black Walder and Lothar . It ’ s a shocking and gruesome scheme , but it ’ s also one we ’ ve heard before . In season 3 , Bran told Hodor and his companions the legend of the Rat King : According to this folklore , a cook in the Night ’ s Watch once killed the son of a visiting king . He chopped the body up and cooked it into a pie that he then served to the king , who loved it so much he asked for seconds . The gods punished the chef by turning him into a large rat who could only survive by eating his own children . As Bran explained , the gods were not offended 4 . The furniture at King ’ s Landing reveals regime changes . Squint hard at the wooden furniture in the Red Keep and you ’ ll notice a lot of dragons . The production team intentionally included these pieces — which are most prominent in Tommen Lannister ’ s bedroom and the Small Council ’ s meeting room — to remind viewers of past power struggles at King ’ s Landing . The dragon furniture implies that the Baratheons and Lannisters kept the Targaryens ' furnishings after they staged a coup , perhaps while they waited on some new bedframes with roaring lions . 5 . Olenna Tyrell referenced family history in Dorne . Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . When Olenna Tyrell called a secret meeting with Ellaria Sand in Dorne , she admitted to being uneasy in the kingdom — and with good reason . " The last time a Tyrell came to Dorne , he was assassinated , ” Lady Olenna told Ellaria . “ A hundred red scorpions , was it ? ” This is a nod to Martin ' s novels , which detail the death of Lyonel Tyrell . The story goes that Lyonel liked to storm Dornish castles , then kick the lords out of their own bedrooms . One night , he wound up in red scorpions fell from the canopy , killing Lyonel and freeing the Dornish from his tyranny . 6 . The magic of Harry Potter is alive in Westeros . Fandoms collided in season 7 when Samwell Tarly asked Archmaester Ebrose for help accessing “ the restricted area of the library . ” The phrase was a familiar one for Harry Potter fanatics ; in the book series and subsequent movies , Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry has a restricted section of the library containing books on dark magic . Sam ’ s request felt like a wink to Harry Potter fans , especially since Archmaester Ebrose was played by Jim Broadbent , who played Horace Slughorn in the movies . But that ’ s not the only connection : Natalia Tena , who plays Nymphadora Tonks in the Harry Potter universe , also appears in as the wildling woman Osha . In her early scenes , she is seen making brooms 7 . The Meereenese love Monty Python . The warriors on are n ’ t above trash talking . According to David Peterson , the show ' s language creator , the Meereense fighter who challenged Daario Naharis in season 4 shouted some very silly insults in Low Valyrian . His words translated to the French guard ’ s speech from Monty Python and Holy Grail — the one that goes , “ Your mother was a hamster , and your father smelt of elderberries ! ” 8 . The Iron Throne includes swords from other fantasy franchises . The swords that form the Iron Throne further link Westeros to other fictional universes . If you look closely , you ’ ll spy Gandalf ’ s sword from The Lord of the Rings movies molded into the back of the throne , as well as the weapon Orlando Bloom wields in Kingdom of Heaven 9 . Ed Sheeran ’ s fate was revealed in a sex scene . Fans were furious when pop star Ed Sheeran appeared in the season 7 premiere as a Lannister soldier Arya Stark encounters in the woods . The response was so negative that Sheeran later joked , “ It was fun being in , but I definitely think they should ' ve killed me off in the episode . ” Well , he almost got his wish . In the season 8 premiere , Bronn visits a brothel and hires three women who ca n ’ t stop talking about the Lannister men who perished in battle . They specifically reference a “ ginger ” named “ Eddie ” who “ came back with his face burned off ” and no eyelids . Ouch . 10 . Euron Greyjoy ’ s fleet hides some famous faces . Speaking of cameos : season 8 has already given us two more . When Theon Greyjoy storms his uncle Euron ’ s ship to free his sister Yara , his men take out the crew with arrows to the face — and , for one especially unfortunate sailor , the eye . That unfortunate sailor was none other than Rob McElhenney , co - creator and star of It ’ s Always Sunny in Philadelphia . Also aboard the ship ? Martin Starr of Silicon Valley fame . 11 . The show ' s co - creators are in the Hall of Faces . In a move straight out of Alfred Hitchcock ’ s playbook co - creators David Benioff and David Weiss have cameoed on their own show — or at least , their faces have . The two men ’ s visages appeared in the Hall of Faces that Arya frequents with Jaqen H ’ ghar . See if you can spot them on your next rewatch . Easter eggs entertainment News Pop Culture Television tv	[ "Tennessee", "Smoky Mountains", "Grand Canyon" ]
http://mentalfloss.com/article/59978/how-cellophane-fortune-teller-fish-work	How Cellophane Fortune Teller Fish Work YouTube CuriosityShow Remember those flat cellophane fish that curl up in your hand supposedly indicating something about your destiny Ive always wondered how they workedwhat caused them to curl one way or the other In this short video from The Curiosity Show we learn a simple lesson about cellophane Spoiler alert the fish cant read your mind If you like me wondered where a person would get a bit of cellophane to try this you can buy cellophane online lots of it science tricks video 0 Subscribe to our Newsletter	[ "Cellophane", "Fortune Teller Fish" ]
http://mentalfloss.com/article/60109/15-real-movie-locations-you-can-actually-visit	15 Real Movie Locations You Can Actually Visit getty images While many major films shoot on a closed sound stage sometimes productions venture out into the real world to create movie magic Here are 15 locations from famous films that you can actually visit 1 The Firehouse from Ghostbusters The Ghostbusters New York City headquarters sits at 14 North Moore Street on the corner of Varick Street in TriBeCa Its actually the home of Hook Ladder Company 8 a fully working and operational New York Fire Department firehouse Though the exterior of Ghostbusters HQ was in New York City its interiors were filmed at another firehouse in Los Angeles which is located at 225 E 5th Street Fire Station 23 was decommissioned in 1960 and the Los Angeles Cultural Heritage Commission declared it a Historic Cultural Monument 2 Nakatomi Plaza from Die Hard Wikimedia Commons Die Hard s Nakatomi Plaza is located at 2121 Avenue of the Stars which is actually Fox Plaza the corporate headquarters for Twentieth Century Fox in Los Angeles California A majority of Die Hard was filmed there despite the building being under construction at the time of shooting Fox Plaza is also featured in Speed Airheads and Fight Club All four movies were released by Twentieth Century Fox 3 The House from A Christmas Story Wikimedia Commons While A Christmas Story is based in Indiana the exterior house shots were filmed on location in Cleveland Ohio The Parkers home is located at 3159 W 11th Street in the Tremont neighborhood After purchasing the house Brian Jones set about renovating the houseincluding the interior which the production shot on a soundstage in Torontointo an exact replica of the Parkers house in the film Its open to the public and serves as a museum that is full of props and movie memorabilia Theres even an official Chinese food restaurant located a few blocks away from A Christmas Story House and Museum but its not the same location featured in the holiday film 4 OCP Headquarters from Robocop manabouttinseltownblogspotcom Although the original RoboCop took place in Detroit Michigan future downtown Detroit was an amalgam of Pittsburgh and Dallas In fact OCP corporate headquarters was actually Dallas City Hall the production used matte paintings to make the building appear taller 5 The Hotel from The Grand Budapest Hotel The department store Görlitzer Warenhaus de was used for the atrium lobby of the titular Grand Budapest Hotel The store was scheduled for demolition but the production saved it The columns the staircases that really magnificent window and that huge chandelier that was already there thats all original production designer Adam Stockhausen told The Hollywood Reporter We built everything else Currently the department store is under renovation and will reopen in early 2016 6 Yavin IV from Star Wars Wikimedia Commons The Massassi Outpost rebel base on the fourth moon of Yavin in the original Star Wars film was shot on location at the Mayan temple ruins in The Tikal National Park in Guatemala Director George Lucas picked the location after he saw a poster at a travel agency while shooting in London England 7 The Tribute Training Center from The Hunger Games Catching Fire Marriott The Marriott Marquis Hotel at 265 Peachtree Center Avenue NE in Atlanta Georgia is where youll find the posh Tributes Quarters and Training Center from The Hunger Games Catching Fire The hotel was chosen for its gigantic atriumat one time the largest in the worldand beautiful glass elevators The Tributes living quarters were filmed on the 10th floor and a set was built on the hotels roof 8 Subterranean Pool from 127 Hours Homestead Resort At the beginning of 127 Hours Aron Ralston James Franco meets two hikers Kate Mara and Amber Tamblyn the trio dives into a subterranean pool with a 55foot drop The pool is actually a natural hot spring located at the Homestead Resort in Midway Utah But you cant recreate the scene The resort wont let you dive into the hot spring like the actors did in the movie for safety reasons 9 The Overlook Hotel from The Shining Wikimedia Commons While the Overlook Hotel in Stanley Kubricks The Shining was an elaborate set on a sound stage at EMI Elstree Studios in England the largest set ever built at the studio the fictional hotel is based on two real hotels in the United States The Ahwahnee Hotel in Yosemite National Park California was the inspiration for the interior of the Overlook while Timberline Lodge on Mount Hood in Oregon was used for its exterior and establishing shots The Stanley Hotel in Estes Park Colorado was the original inspiration for the Overlook Hotel in the novel The Shining Author Stephen King was disappointed that Kubrick didnt shoot at The Stanley but the madeforTV version of The Shining was filmed at the Colorado hotel in 1997 instead The Stanley also appeared in Dumb and Dumber in 1994 10 Camp Towanda from Wet Hot American Summer Camp Channel Wet Hot American Summer was shot at Camp Towanda a sleepaway summer camp in Honesdale Pennsylvania Though the movie takes place during the summer it was actually filmed during the spring before new campers arrived for the season Unlike what the title suggests it was actually very cold and rainy throughout the 28day shoot The producers told the owners that Wet Hot American Summer was a family comedy so they could get clearance from Camp Towanda to shoot there After the camp owners watched it they were appalled by the movie 11 Xaviers School for Gifted Youngsters from XMen Wikimedia Commons Hatley Castle located in British Columbia Canada was used as the exterior for Xaviers School for Gifted Youngsters in the XMen movies It first appeared in Generation X a madeforTV movie in 1996 but later it found its way into XMen X2 XMen United and XMen The Last Stand throughout the 2000s Twentieth Century Fox also used Casa Loma in Toronto and Parkwood Estate in Oshawa Ontario for exteriors while movie sets on a soundstage in Los Angeles were used to shoot interiors 12 The Baseball Diamond from Field of Dreams Wikimedia Commons Universal Studios built the field of Field of Dreams in Dubuque County Iowa near the city of Dyersville straddling the land of two farmers After filming completed in 1988 the field was left behind for the landowners the Lansing family who owned the house the infield and right field and the Ameskamp family who maintained left and center At first there were two driveways two gift shops and two parking lots and equipment purchased from left field couldnt be used on the right But in 2007 the Ameskamps sold their part of the baseball diamond to the Lansings Currently Go the Distance Baseball LLC owns the 193 acres where the film was shot there are plans to develop a new 74 million complex called Baseball Heaven 13 The Cherry Street Inn from Groundhog Day Imgur While Groundhog Day takes place Punxsutawney Pennsylvania it was almost entirely filmed in Woodstock Illinois a suburb of Chicago The cozy bed and breakfast where Bill Murrays Phil Connors stays is Royal Victorian Manor located at 344 Fremont Street Woodstock also hosts an annual Groundhog Day where fans can experience the movie with special events around the townincluding a twonight stay at the Royal Victorian Manor 14 Top Notch from Dazed Confused thetravellingtotblogspotcom Top Notch located at 7525 Burnet Road in Austin Texas served as one of the teen hangouts in Dazed Confused Its where David Wooderson played by Matthew McConaughey first got the word out about the party at the Moontower no longer a functioning site at the films climax You can still grab a burger at the Top Notch today 15 Hogwarts from Harry Potter Wikimedia Commons Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry in the Harry Potter film series is actually a few locations around England Christ Church College and Cathedral in Oxford was used for its 16thcentury stone staircase and the design of its dining hall inspired Hogwarts Great Hall Gloucester Cathedral was used for the schools hallways in the first two films Lacock Abbey near Chippenham in Wiltshire was used for a number of Hogwarts classrooms and Bodleian Library of Oxford University Fourth Form Room of Harrow Old Schools in Greater London and Alnwick Castle in Northumberland were all locations used to bring Hogwarts alive on the big screen A majority of Christ Church College and Durham Cathedrals architecture inspired the design of the numerous Hogwarts movie sets at Leavesden Studios in Hertfordshire England Movies 0 Subscribe to our Newsletter	[ "Movie Locations", "The Firehouse from Ghostbusters" ]
http://mentalfloss.com/article/60239/6-scientific-reasons-mondays-are-worst	6 Scientific Reasons Mondays Are the Worst BY Kathy Benjamin December 21 , 2015 20th Century Fox Have a case of the Mondays ? Here ' s why . 1 . Sleep Patterns Our minds are absolute slaves to our body clocks . As we remember every year when the clocks “ spring forward , ” even an hour ’ s change can completely mess you up . But in a way , we do this to ourselves every single week . Since most people do n ’ t get enough sleep during the week , they often try to make up for it on weekends . But sleeping in even an hour or two for just two days can confuse your body clock . According to scientists , that extra sleep just makes you more tired at the start of the week , because it can throw your body clock off by up to 45 minutes . This makes it even harder to get up on a Monday morning , even though you would think you would be well rested since you “ caught up ” on sleep over the weekend . 2 . Socializing One strange reason we might feel down Monday mornings is thanks to something that dates back to our cavemen days . Humans are social animals , and to feel happy we need to feel comfortable of our place in a “ tribe , ” so to speak . Even after just two days away , according to scientists , we need to make sure our place in our work environment is secure . Gossiping with your co - workers is an important part of gearing up for the work week , and if you do n ’ t do this , you might feel out of sorts . 3 . Sudden Change Scientists have found that when you ask people to record their emotions at regular intervals , it turns out that Mondays are no more stressful or depressing than Tuesday , Wednesday , or Thursday . Fridays only come out ahead because people are anticipating the weekend . Other than that , all work days are equally terrible . But if you ask people to remember which day was worst , they will always say Monday . This comes down to the fact that there is a larger emotional shift from Sunday ( a happy weekend day ) to Monday ( a work day ) than there is between two work days . So no matter what , Monday will always seem like it was the worst day of your week . 4 . You Feel Worse About Yourself Your average weekend might involve eating , drinking , or smoking more than normal . And all of these things take a toll on you physically , which may be why one study found that American women of all ages and locations feel least attractive on Mondays . People also see Mondays as the best day to change something about themselves . You are more likely to consider ( or actually start ) a diet on the first day of the week , as well as quit smoking . While these are positive changes , they are n ’ t fun to actually do , and they come from a place of feeling bad about yourself and your health , which contributes to that blah Monday feeling . 5 . You Are Less Healthy But you do n ’ t just feel less healthy on a Monday , you actually are less healthy . Scientists have found that even people who generally maintain their weight weigh the most at the beginning of the week . Mondays are also the most common day for people to suffer heart attacks and strokes . Even if you do n ’ t end up in the hospital , your blood pressure is higher on Monday , as is your chance of getting sick in general . 6 . You Do n ’ t Like Your Job According to a massive Gallup poll , 70 percent of people hate or , at best , are “ completely disengaged ” from their job . This contributes to what psychiatrists and career coaches call the “ Monday Blues . ” Feelings of depression and anxiety can start on Sunday night , leading to an unproductive Monday . That might be why 37 percent of job applications are submitted on Tuesdays , more than any other day ; you have another terrible Monday at a job you hate , and you ' re ready to get out of there . Lists science Subscribe to our Newsletter ! SIGN UP NOW	[ "Scientific Reasons", "Sleep Patterns", "Socializing" ]
http://mentalfloss.com/article/60539/why-are-truffles-so-expensive	arrow Food Why Are Truffles So Expensive ? BY Hannah Keyser April 18 , 2016 Getty Images Over the weekend , a 4.16 pound white truffle — the so - called " World ' s Largest " — sold at a Sotheby ' s auction for $ 61,250 to a phone bidder in China . It was actually a bargain price for the over - sized fungus . This year ' s large crop , a result of abundant rain in Italy , has seen wholesale prices drop by 50 percent from two years ago . To figure out a little bit about why truffles are so expensive , we talked to Vittorio Giordano , the Vice President and Truffle Guru at Urbani Truffles USA . First started in Italy in 1852 , Urbani now sells to 68 different countries . Urbani ' s white truffles , which are rarer and more expensive than the black truffle , still come from Italy . ( They can also be found in Croatia , but lately the Italian crop has been sufficient . ) " Truffle is a wild product , it is a natural product . It is not something you can cultivate or control , " Giordano explains . This unpredictability contributes to the extreme prices truffles can fetch . People have tried for generations , to no avail , to farm truffles . And while recent attempts in the U.S. and Australia to recreate truffle - conducive habitats by planting chestnut , oak , and hazelnut trees have shown modest success , the crop has been insubstantial and rarely are full truffles salvageable . Instead , Urbani works with a network of 18,000 people to hunt for truffles around Italy . " A single truffle hunter with a dog can find a small amount — two ounces , three ounces , quarter of a pound — so we need a lot of people to make sure we are able to collect quantity we need , " he says . All those employees only drive the price up further . It used to be the case that pigs took the place of the dog in that picture . Female — and only female — pigs were the original truffle seekers ; the truffles smell like testosterone to the lady swine , making them easy and eagerly sought out . There is a problem with swine , however . " Pigs eat truffles . They do n ’ t want to give the product back , " Giordano says . So , dogs were trained to put their noses to use for the cause and all they ask in return is a treat from their handler . ( In fact , use of the pig to hunt truffles has been prohibited since 1985 because they damage the truffle beds in their zeal to get to the scent . ) Once the truffle is unearthed — and a portion of the precious find is put back into the ground to act as a spore and repopulate — there ' s the matter of getting the truffle to a plate . Truffles immediately begin losing water to evaporation as soon as they ' re dug up . To combat that , no expense is spared to get the truffle where it ' s going . " The truffle we deliver to the restaurants and distributors , less than 36 hours before were underground in Italy , " Giordano says . And the cost to make that happen adds up . Black truffles , the more common variety , currently cost about $ 95 per ounce while white truffles top the charts at $ 168 per ounce . But the much more reasonably priced truffle butter is pretty delicious , too . Food Subscribe to our Newsletter ! SIGN UP NOW arrow Pop Culture The Joy of Breakfast : Bob Ross Cereal Is Here to Make Mornings a Little Happier BY Michele Debczak April 13 , 2019 FYE Bob Ross ' s sunny disposition is the perfect match for breakfast . The painter and television personality already has his own toaster , and now Food & Wine reports that he ' s also inspired a breakfast cereal . Bob Ross : The Joy of Cereal channels the many landscape paintings Bob Ross produced on his television series , The Joy of Painting . It ' s loaded with toasted oat bites and colorful marshmallows shapes . There are seven distinct marshmallow pieces — happy little trees , happy little accidents , almighty mountains , guiding stars , rainbow hearts , charming little cabins , and lovely little bushes — but like a good artist , you may need to get creative to figure out which shape matches which description . While starting your day with a bowl of Bob Ross cereal , you can further awaken your artistic side by looking at the back of the box . The package features a cutout “ positivity paint palate ” with inspirational quotes from the painter . Reading them first thing in the morning is the next best thing to watching reruns of the The Joy of Painting on YouTube Bob Ross : The Joy of Cereal is now available from FYE for $ 10 a box . For Bob Ross merchandise with an even longer shelf life , check out these products [ h / t Food & Wine News 7 Secrets From a Grilled Cheese Master BY Jennifer M Wood April 12 , 2018 Daniel Krieger Of the many eventful holidays that fall in April , none is more delicious than April 12th , a.k.a. National Grilled Cheese Day . Yes , like so many culinary delights before it , the ooey - gooey sandwiches you grew up craving have their very own day of celebration . Even better , it happens to fall in the middle of Grilled Cheese Month . Which is why we ’ ve enlisted the expertise of Spencer Rubin , founder and CEO of Melt Shop , a New York City - based mini empire of grilled cheese eateries , to share his secrets on making the perfect grilled cheese sandwich . ( For the record , Rubin gives his mom full credit for his own grilled cheese - making skills . ) 1 . Golden brown and crunchy is key . “ The perfect grilled cheese is golden brown , crunchy to the touch , and has a little bit of cheese that is nearly burnt on the side because it spilled out over the edges from cooking directly on the skillet , ” Rubin says . “ The cheese pulls away from you after your first , second , and third bite . It ’ s savory , salty , and I always like a little bit of acid from a tomato to cut through the richness of the cheese . ” 2 . Butter is n ' t your only base option . But it ’ s probably your best option . “ I like salted butter , but people talk about using mayo and margarine all the time , ” Rubin says of what to put in your pan . “ Salted butter drives the best results , if you ask me . ” 3 . Do n ' t skimp on the bread . " Quality bread is key , " Rubin says . “ Too soft and it does n ’ t develop the right crust ; too hard and it ' s like eating a crouton . Ideally you want day - old sourdough . Sourdough is key because the air pockets that develop while proofing help add to the texture . You want day - old bread because it has firmed up a bit , giving it a better crunch after toasting . " Daniel Krieger 4 . All cheese is delicious cheese . “ Obviously good cheese is the key to a great grilled cheese , ” Rubin says . “ But the best thing about grilled cheese is you can never really go wrong . Whether it ’ s a 5 - year aged cheddar , cave - aged Gruyere , or Kraft singles , they ' re all delicious in their own ways . ” As for which cheeses melt best ? Rubin says that semi - soft varieties like Muenster and Havarti are the way to go . 5 . Flavor your butter for an instant upgrade . You do n ’ t have to break out the fine china to fancy up your sandwich . Let the butter and / or bread do all work . If you want to take your sandwich to a more sophisticated culinary level , Rubin recommends using “ truffle butter , herb butter , or garlic bread with garlic and Parmigiano . ” 6 . Salty and sweet is a great combination . Tomatoes and bacon are tried and true add - ons . For an unexpected combination , Rubin recommends throwing in some jams and sweets . “ I always love salty and sweet combinations , ” he says , citing his favorite sandwich on the menu , the Maple Bacon ( maple - glazed bacon , New York cheddar , and sharp brick spread on country white bread ) , as a perfect example . " The combination is insane . ” 7 . Sides are n ' t required , but they make it a meal . Though for some diners a grilled cheese sandwich is an entire meal in itself , there ’ s no reason not to indulge in a side dish . Melt Shop is well known for its menu of tater tots , but lighter sides work , too . “ I like a nice side salad with my grilled cheese , ” Rubin says . “ It ’ s nice to get a little green in your meal and a good vinaigrette always helps brighten things up . " This story was updated for 2019 . holidays kitchen Lists News	[ "Truffles", "Expensive", "Sotheby 's auction" ]
http://mentalfloss.com/article/62113/9-facts-tell-true-story-johnny-appleseed	arrow Food 9 Facts That Tell the True Story of Johnny Appleseed BY Kristy Puchko September 26 , 2017 Wikimedia commo A hero of American folklore , Johnny Appleseed was said to be a barefoot wanderer with a tin pot hat , and a sack of apples , so he might leave the start of trees everywhere he went . But unlike his tall tale colleagues Paul Bunyan and Babe the Blue Ox , Appleseed ' s story was based on a real man . His name was John Chapman , and his real life was far richer and more interesting than his legend . Here are nine things you might not have known about the man behind the myth , in honor of Johnny Appleseed 1 . HE WAS A CHILD OF WAR . Born in Leominster , Massachusetts , on September 26 , 1774 , John Chapman grew up in the midst of the American Revolutionary War , in which his father served as a minuteman at the Battle of Bunker ( Breeds ) Hill and helped construct the defenses of New York against British invasion with George Washington . While his father would survive the war , Chapman ' s mother did not , dying in childbirth in July 1776 . In 1780 , Chapman ' s father returned home , and began to teach his son the farming trade . 2 . HE WAS NO MEANDERING PLANTER Chapman developed as an orchardist and nurseryman , and by the early 1800s was working on his own . While his legend imagines him as a messy nomad , in reality , Chapman was much more pragmatic . Frontier law allowed people to lay claim to land through development of a permanent homestead . Such a claim could be made by planting 50 apple trees . So in his travels through Pennsylvania , Ohio , and Illinois , Chapman would plant swaths of seeds to begin an orchard , then sell them to settlers once the land had grown bountiful . This made him quite the land baron as he traversed 100,000 square miles of Midwestern wilderness and prairie . When he died on March 11 , 1845 at the age of 70 , he owned more than 1200 acres of land . 3 . HIS APPLES WERE N ' T FOR EATING The apples that Chapman favored for planting were small and tart " spitters " — named for what you ' d likely do if you took a bite of one . But this made them ideal for making hard cider and applejack . This was a far more valuable crop than edible apples . In The Botany of Desire Michael Pollan wrote Up until Prohibition , an apple grown in America was far less likely to be eaten than to wind up in a barrel of cider . In rural areas cider took the place of not only wine and beer but of coffee and tea , juice , and even water . Where water could house dangerous bacteria , cider was safe . ( And delicious . ) 4 . HIS SIG NATURE LOOK I S PRETTY T RUE TO LIFE Chapman was often noted for his threadbare clothes and preference for bare feet . But these eccentricities may have been offerings to his faith , the Church of Swedenborg ( also known as The New Church ) , a Christian denomination established in 1787 . The second part of his signature look — that sack of apple seeds — was most definitely accurate . Because the Church forbade its members harming God ' s creation , Chapman became a vocal animal rights activist and vegetarian . He also refused to use grafting to create his orchards , believing that this growing technique physically hurt the source plants . So , he carried a large sack of seeds everywhere he traveled . However , his oft - depicted tin pot hat has not been authenticated . 5 . HE PLANTED NO METAPHORICAL SEED Another strongly held belief of Chapman ' s was that marriage was not for him . As the Church of Swedenborg promoted abstinence for those unmarried , Chapman remained chaste his entire life , leaving no children to inherit his lands or curtail the tall tales that sprouted like his trees did . 6 . IN DEATH , HE GREW LE GENDARY Though some say Chapman had picked up his nickname by 1806 , it was n ' t until after his death in 1845 that the legend of Johnny Appleseed really took off . Considering his distinctive look , uncommon views , and contribution to the settling of the frontier , it ' s little wonder his legend proved so powerful . Of course , over the years he was made to seem less entrepreneurial and the use of his apples was played down as they made their way into children ' s books and this Disney cartoon : Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . 7 . PROHIBITION KILLED MUCH OF HIS LEGACY . By the time the U.S. government outlawed alcohol in 1920 , Chapman had become an American folk hero . But this did n ' t stop the axes of FBI agents who mercilessly tore down orchards to prevent the making of homemade hooch . Aside from slaughtering Chapman ' s trees , this also nearly killed America ' s connection to hard cider . The beverage rooted deep in our history has only recently seen a resurgence in popularity . 8 . YOU CAN STILL VISIT ONE OF HIS TREES Nova , Ohio , is home to a 176 - year - old tree , the last known to be planted by Johnny Appleseed himself . It grows tart green apples , which are now used for applesauce and baking in addition to cider making . While Chapman might be glad to see his seeds still bearing fruit , he ' d likely be sad to hear this tree is a noted bud source for grafting new apple trees . 9 . HE FOREVER CHANGED THE APPLES OF AMERICA Pollan credits Chapman ' s preference for seeds over grafting for creating not only varieties like the delicious and golden delicious , but also the " hardy American apple . " Since apples that are grafted are the same as the parent tree , they do n ’ t change . But by forgoing grafting , Johnny created the conditions for apple trees to adapt and thrive in their new world home . " It was the seeds , and the cider , that give the apple the opportunity to discover by trial and error the precise combination of traits required to prosper in the New World , " Pollan wrote . " From Chapman ' s vast planting of nameless cider apple seeds came some of the great American cultivars of the 19th century . " Subscribe to our Newsletter ! SIGN UP NOW arrow Pop Culture The Joy of Breakfast : Bob Ross Cereal Is Here to Make Mornings a Little Happier BY Michele Debczak April 13 , 2019 FYE Bob Ross ' s sunny disposition is the perfect match for breakfast . The painter and television personality already has his own toaster , and now Food & Wine reports that he ' s also inspired a breakfast cereal . Bob Ross : The Joy of Cereal channels the many landscape paintings Bob Ross produced on his television series , The Joy of Painting . It ' s loaded with toasted oat bites and colorful marshmallows shapes . There are seven distinct marshmallow pieces — happy little trees , happy little accidents , almighty mountains , guiding stars , rainbow hearts , charming little cabins , and lovely little bushes — but like a good artist , you may need to get creative to figure out which shape matches which description . While starting your day with a bowl of Bob Ross cereal , you can further awaken your artistic side by looking at the back of the box . The package features a cutout “ positivity paint palate ” with inspirational quotes from the painter . Reading them first thing in the morning is the next best thing to watching reruns of the The Joy of Painting on YouTube Bob Ross : The Joy of Cereal is now available from FYE for $ 10 a box . For Bob Ross merchandise with an even longer shelf life , check out these products [ h / t Food & Wine Food News 7 Secrets From a Grilled Cheese Master BY Jennifer M Wood April 12 , 2018 Daniel Krieger Of the many eventful holidays that fall in April , none is more delicious than April 12th , a.k.a. National Grilled Cheese Day . Yes , like so many culinary delights before it , the ooey - gooey sandwiches you grew up craving have their very own day of celebration . Even better , it happens to fall in the middle of Grilled Cheese Month . Which is why we ’ ve enlisted the expertise of Spencer Rubin , founder and CEO of Melt Shop , a New York City - based mini empire of grilled cheese eateries , to share his secrets on making the perfect grilled cheese sandwich . ( For the record , Rubin gives his mom full credit for his own grilled cheese - making skills . ) 1 . Golden brown and crunchy is key . “ The perfect grilled cheese is golden brown , crunchy to the touch , and has a little bit of cheese that is nearly burnt on the side because it spilled out over the edges from cooking directly on the skillet , ” Rubin says . “ The cheese pulls away from you after your first , second , and third bite . It ’ s savory , salty , and I always like a little bit of acid from a tomato to cut through the richness of the cheese . ” 2 . Butter is n ' t your only base option . But it ’ s probably your best option . “ I like salted butter , but people talk about using mayo and margarine all the time , ” Rubin says of what to put in your pan . “ Salted butter drives the best results , if you ask me . ” 3 . Do n ' t skimp on the bread . " Quality bread is key , " Rubin says . “ Too soft and it does n ’ t develop the right crust ; too hard and it ' s like eating a crouton . Ideally you want day - old sourdough . Sourdough is key because the air pockets that develop while proofing help add to the texture . You want day - old bread because it has firmed up a bit , giving it a better crunch after toasting . " Daniel Krieger 4 . All cheese is delicious cheese . “ Obviously good cheese is the key to a great grilled cheese , ” Rubin says . “ But the best thing about grilled cheese is you can never really go wrong . Whether it ’ s a 5 - year aged cheddar , cave - aged Gruyere , or Kraft singles , they ' re all delicious in their own ways . ” As for which cheeses melt best ? Rubin says that semi - soft varieties like Muenster and Havarti are the way to go . 5 . Flavor your butter for an instant upgrade . You do n ’ t have to break out the fine china to fancy up your sandwich . Let the butter and / or bread do all work . If you want to take your sandwich to a more sophisticated culinary level , Rubin recommends using “ truffle butter , herb butter , or garlic bread with garlic and Parmigiano . ” 6 . Salty and sweet is a great combination . Tomatoes and bacon are tried and true add - ons . For an unexpected combination , Rubin recommends throwing in some jams and sweets . “ I always love salty and sweet combinations , ” he says , citing his favorite sandwich on the menu , the Maple Bacon ( maple - glazed bacon , New York cheddar , and sharp brick spread on country white bread ) , as a perfect example . " The combination is insane . ” 7 . Sides are n ' t required , but they make it a meal . Though for some diners a grilled cheese sandwich is an entire meal in itself , there ’ s no reason not to indulge in a side dish . Melt Shop is well known for its menu of tater tots , but lighter sides work , too . “ I like a nice side salad with my grilled cheese , ” Rubin says . “ It ’ s nice to get a little green in your meal and a good vinaigrette always helps brighten things up . " This story was updated for 2019 . holidays kitchen Lists News	[ "Johnny Appleseed", "American folklore", "True Story" ]

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