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http://microsoft-ssis.blogspot.com/2011/02/generating-new-ssis-package-guid.html
|
Microsoft SQL Server Integration Services Saturday , 5 February 2011 Generating a new SSIS Package GUID Case When you copy a SSIS package , the GUID that identifies the package , remains the same . So far no problem , but when you enable logging this value is logged as the SourceID . If you see a package error in your log and a couple of packages have the same GUID , it ' s hard to see which package caused the error . How do I change duplicate GUIDS ? Solution It ' s a bug , but there are a couple or solutions . A ) Visual Studio / BIDS When you copy a package , open the new package and goto the properties . Find the ID , click on the arrow and select < Generate New ID > . A new GUID will be generated and you can save your package to finish . Generate New ID B ) dtutil You can use dtutil Utility to change the GUID . dtutil / FILE " myFirstPackage . dtsx " / IDRegenerate Or abbreviated dtutil / FILE " myFirstPackage . dtsx " / I This action creates a new GUID for the newly - copied package to distinguish it from the original You can even use the FOR command to give a whole bunch of file - based packages a new GUID at once : for % f in ( N : \ folder \ * .dtsx ) do dtutil / IDRegenerate / FILE % f Use a single percent sign ( % ) when typing the command at the command prompt . Use a double percent sign ( % % ) if the command is used inside a batch file . C ) Script Task If you have a whole bunch of packages ( file - or server - based ) and you ' re not sure which one have duplicate GUIDS , you can use a Script Task to give them all new GUIDS . Create a new package and add a Script Task to the Control Flow . Edit the Script Task and replace you Main ( ) - method with this one . For file - based packages : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 / / File - based GUID changer using System ; using System . Data ; System . IO ; / / Added Microsoft . SqlServer . Dts . Runtime ; System . Windows . Forms ; namespace ST_fb40a32cd5d74b8da11ec9720443960a . csproj [ System . AddIn . AddIn ( " ScriptMain " , Version = " 1.0 " , Publisher = " " , Description = " " ) ] public partial class ScriptMain : Microsoft . SqlServer . Dts . Tasks . ScriptTask . VSTARTScriptObjectModelBase # region VSTA generated code enum ScriptResults Success = Microsoft . SqlServer . Dts . Runtime . DTSExecResult . Success , Failure = Microsoft . SqlServer . Dts . Runtime . DTSExecResult . Failure } ; # endregion public void Main ( ) / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / Get all package from a folder . string [] packages = Directory . GetFiles ( @ " d : \ Integration Services Project1 \ " , " * .dtsx " ) ; / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / Set application context Microsoft . SqlServer . Dts . Runtime . Application app = new Microsoft . SqlServer . Dts . Runtime . Application ( ) ; / / Loop through the packages foreach string filepath in packages ) / / Open package , Generate new GUID and save package . Package localPackage = app . LoadPackage ( filepath , null ) ; oldGuid = localPackage . ID . ToString ( ) ; localPackage . RegenerateID ( ) ; app . SaveToXml ( filepath , localPackage , null ) ; / / Log old and new GUID bool fireAgain = true Dts . Events . FireInformation ( 0 , " Change GUID " " Package : " + localPackage . Name + " , Old GUID : " + oldGuid + " , New GUID : " + localPackage . ID . ToString ( ) , .Empty , 0 , ref fireAgain ) ; Dts . TaskResult = ( int ) ScriptResults . Success ; For SQL server - based packages : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 / / SQL server - based GUID changer System ; System . Data ; Microsoft . SqlServer . Dts . Runtime ; System . Windows . Forms ; namespace ST_fb40a32cd5d74b8da11ec9720443960a . csproj [ System . AddIn . AddIn ( " ScriptMain " , Version = " 1.0 " , Publisher = , Description = ) ] partial class ScriptMain : Microsoft . SqlServer . Dts . Tasks . ScriptTask . VSTARTScriptObjectModelBase # region VSTA generated code enum ScriptResults Success = Microsoft . SqlServer . Dts . Runtime . DTSExecResult . Success , Failure = Microsoft . SqlServer . Dts . Runtime . DTSExecResult . Failure } ; # endregion void Main ( ) / / The SQL Server String SSISServer = " Name_Of_Your_Server " / / Set application context Microsoft . SqlServer . Dts . Runtime . Application app = new Microsoft . SqlServer . Dts . Runtime . Application ( ) ; / / Create a package variable to temporary store the server packages Package serverPackage ; / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / Loop through packages and folders in the root : / ( or change the path for your folder ) foreach ( PackageInfo serverPackageInfo in app . GetPackageInfos ( " / " , SSISServer , ) ) / / Get only the packages . You could make a recursive function to loop through all folders if ( serverPackageInfo . Flags . ToString ( ) .ToLower ( ) .Equals ( " package " ) ) / / Open package , Generate new GUID and save package . serverPackage = app . LoadFromSqlServer ( serverPackageInfo . Folder + serverPackageInfo . Name , SSISServer , oldGuid = serverPackage . ID . ToString ( ) ; serverPackage . RegenerateID ( ) ; app . SaveToSqlServer ( serverPackage , , SSISServer , / / Log old and new GUID bool fireAgain = true Dts . Events . FireInformation ( 0 , " Change GUID " " Package : " + serverPackage . Name + " , Old GUID : " + oldGuid + " , New GUID : " + serverPackage . ID . ToString ( ) , .Empty , 0 , ref fireAgain ) ; Dts . TaskResult = ( int ) ScriptResults . Success ; Note : the folderpath and servername are hardcoded because you probably wo n ' t run this package on a regular base . But you can use variables to remove the hardcoded strings . Note : If you want to reset the GUIDS of tasks , you should use this open source application : BIDS Helpeer Geplaatst door Joost van Rossum Email This BlogThis ! Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest Labels : C# DTUTIL GUID SCRIPT TASK SSIS 2005 SSIS 2008 SSIS 2012 Newer Post Older Post Home Subscribe to : Post Comments ( Atom )
|
[
"SSIS package",
"GUID"
] |
http://micunursing.com/electroc.htm
|
Cardiology in Critical Care The Electrocardiogram nursebob 10 / 15 / 2005 The EKG Measures the Heart ' s Electrical Activity As it beats , the heart generates small electrical currents . A recording of this electrical activity is called an " EKG " ( electrocardiograph ) . The terms EKG and ECG mean the same thing . EKG comes from the German language while ECG comes from English . A standard EKG is obtained by placing 12 small electrodes on the patient ' s body in a specific pattern . The EKG machine is then turned on , and the recording is made in just a few moments . The test is entirely painless Each of the heart ' s beats can be divided into three main parts . The first part is the small P wave which represents the atrial contraction . The second part is the tall QRS spike which represents the ventricular contraction . The third part is the large T wave which represents the relaxation of the ventricles . By analyzing the exact pattern of the EKG , doctors can learn a great deal about how the heart is working . The Heart Beat : Contracting and Relaxing The heart beat is usually divided into two main phases called " diastole " and " systole . " During the first phase ( diastole ) , the heart relaxes and fills with blood . During the second phase ( systole ) , the heart contracts and pumps out the blood . The heart typically spends about 2 / 3 of its time in diastole and 1 / 3 of its time in systole . Keeping this activity well timed is the job of the heart ' s conduction system . The signal to begin a contraction starts in a small region at the top of the right atrium called the " sinoatrial ( SA ) node . " From this point , the contraction spreads over the two atria like a wave . The atrial contraction pumps the blood down into the ventricles . Next , the signal to contract reaches a small region of the heart called the " atrioventricular ( AV ) node . " As its name implies , the AV node sits right between the atria and the ventricles . The AV node is smart , is pumped up and out , into the lungs and the body . At the end of the cycle , the ventricles relax and the whole process begins again . ECG Paper – What it means ! You must understand that two things are being measured when looking at a ECG , time and voltage . The ECG is a wave recording of the electro activity of the heart placed on graph paper . In order to adequately read EKGs you must know what is happening during each wave . All rhythm interpretation must be correlated with other signs and the condition of the patient for successful outcome of any resuscitation attempt . Always remember the admonition “ treat the patient , not the monitor . ” Is There a pulse ? You Must Know What Is Happening When ! When the P occurs , the SA node fires and atrial depolarization produces a sinus initiated rhythm . They P wave should not be longer than 0.20 seconds . A prolonged P waive may indicate a heart block . P - Wave : Not greater than 0.20 seconds . If it is longer may indicate first degree heart block . SA Node fires . Atrial Depolarization Sinus initiated rhythm . QRS Depolarization of the ventricles . Ventricular Contraction . Atrial Repoliarization ( Ca n ' t always be seen on EKG ) T - Wave : Ventricle repolarized . May be affected by changes in serum K levels . Down and Dirty Rhythm Strip Analysis 1 . Determine Heart Rate . Count small boxes between two R waves . Divide into1500 Gives BPM Normally 60 - 100 bpm in adults . When the rate is greater it is some type of a Tachycardia . 2 . Eyeball rhythm . It should be regular and even . 3 . Are P waves present ? Are they Normal P - R interval 0.12 - 0.20 sec and consistant Monitor Lead Placement Most monitors have standardized colors which allow proper monitor lead placement . 1 . The white lead is placed on the right side of the chest . This is usually called the “ right arm lead . ” 2 . The black lead is placed on the left side of the chest . This is called the “ left arm lead . ” 3 . The green lead is placed on the right lower abdomen , it is called the “ right leg lead . ” 4 . The red lead is placed on the right lower abdomen , it is called the “ left leg lead . ” 5 . The brown lead is placed slightly to the right of the midsternum , it is called the “ V lead or chest lead . ” After a heart attack . Laboratory values after heart attack . 1 . White Blood Cells - elevated after MI . 2 . BUN , Creatine maybe elevated after MI . 3 . Glucose maybe elevated after MI . ( Bodies reaction to stress ) 4 . Coagulation Studies . a . PT , PTT b . PT normal 11 - 15 seconds . c . Patient should be two times higher than control to be therapeutic . d . PTT is used to monitor heparin . MI Locations ST elevations in MI I III AVF - Inferior Right V1 V2 - Septial V2 V3 V4 - Anterior LAD V5 V6 AVL I - Lateral Circumflex Left anterior descending affects V1 V2 V3 V4 Inferior Right Coronary Artery affects II III AVF Lateral Left Circumflex Artery affects I AVL V5 V6
|
[
"Cardiology",
"electrocardiograph",
"diastole"
] |
http://midatlanticgi.com/make-an-appointment/
|
Request an Appointment New Patient Office Visit Welcome to MidAtlantic GI Consultants MAGIC We look forward to caring for you If you would like to schedule an office consultation please call or email us as described below Call 3022252380 and choose option 2 to speak with a scheduler or leave your message at Ext 4351 and your call will be returned within one business day Email schedulingmidatlanticgicom You will be contacted within one business day and you may expedite scheduling by downloading a Registration Form completing it and attaching it to your email request If you encounter any difficulty during your scheduling process please contact our office manager Cindy Carn at 3022252380 Ext 4233 or at adminmidatlanticgicom We look forward to seeing you soon New Patient EGD or Colonoscopy New Patient Virtual Colonoscopy or CT scan Existing Patient
|
[
"Appointment"
] |
http://midcurrent.com/videos/tying-a-soft-hackle-mayfly-emerger/
|
Home Videos Fly - Tying Tying a Soft Hackle Mayfly Emerger By : Marshall Cutchin Tags : fly tying soft hackle emerger Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . 00 : 00 00 : 00 Producer : Tim Flagler Author , fly - tying instructor and blogger Matt Grobert ties a sulphur version of the Soft Hackle Mayfly Emerger . “ Although here he ’ s tying a sulphur , by changing the hook size and the colors of the components , this pattern can be used to represent a large range of emerging mayflies , ” notes videographer Tim Flagler . ← Previous Video Tying a Slate Drake Nymph Next Video → Tying a Spliced Loop in the Back End of a Fly Line
|
[
"Hackle Mayfly Emerger"
] |
http://mideastfood.about.com/od/soupssalads/r/taboulehrecipe.htm
|
Middle Eastern Sides Middle Eastern Food Salads Citrus Recipes Vegetable Recipes Tabouleh : Wheat and Herb Salad By Saad Fayed Updated 12 / 30 / 18 The Spruce Total : 2 hrs 10 mins Prep : 2 hrs 10 mins Cook : 0 mins Yield : 5 - 10 servings 47 ratings Add a comment Nutritional Guidelines ( per serving ) 124 Calories 9g Fat 9g Carbs 4g Protein See Full Nutritional Guidelines ( Nutrition information is calculated using an ingredient database and should be considered an estimate . ) Tabbouleh , also spelled tabouleh or tabouli , is a traditional Levantine salad that is commonly served as part of a mezze , or appetizer spread , in the Middle East . Levantine , a historical term , refers to a large area in the eastern Mediterranean which would include all the countries along the eastern coastline of the Mediterranean from Greece to Libya . Many of them have a great shared culinary history and tradition . The region is considered the western counterpart to the Maghreb Tabbouleh is a vegetarian dish made with fresh vegetables , bulghur wheat , olive oil , and spices . Basically , a hearty grain salad and perhaps one of the most distinctive dishes of the region . The dish can be eaten inside the pocket of pita bread , scooped onto toasted pita bread , or eaten traditionally with a fork . In the Middle East , tabbouleh is commonly eaten with fresh grape leaves used as a scoop . While the traditional recipe begins with chopped parsley , mint , tomatoes , and onion , tabbouleh can be revamped and made with any variety of vegetables according to your own taste . You can add carrots , cucumbers , or red and green onions . It ' s best to taste as you go , seasoning with each ingredient addition during the preparation so that you get a well seasoned and balanced final dish . You can turn this into a heartier dish , great for lunch , by adding a bed of romaine lettuce or stirring in baby Show Full Recipe
|
[
"Tabouleh",
"Wheat",
"Herb Salad"
] |
http://midlandmagicsoftball.pointstreaksites.com/view/midlandmagicsoftball/
|
Home Page Midland Magic Day at the Avantis Dome Midland Magic 02 Gold Finishes 3rd at 16U USA Nationals in Seattle Looking for 16U and 14U pitcher Contact me at 6187814209 or justdale23gmailcom 2019 SCHEELS Midland Magic Summer Showcase July 1921 2019 SCHEELS Midland Magic Fall Showcase October 1213 Averaging 125 teams between the two events Averaging over 75 coaches between the two events Scholarships totals over 10 million dollars Girls playing college ball in 14 states 88 Colleges and Universities represented by Midland Magic girls INCLUDING 23 Division 1 Pitchers 19 Division 1 Catchers 2 007 Illinois State ASA 16U 2nd Place 2008 Illinois State ASA 16U 1st Place 2008 Illinois State ASA 16U 2nd Place 2010 Illinois State ASA 16U 2nd Place 2012 Illinois State ASA 16U 1st Place 2012 Illinois State ASA 18U 1st Place 2015 Illinois State ASA 12U 1st Place 2015 Illinois State ASA 14U 1st Place 2015 ASA Northern Nationals 12U 1st Place 2015 ASAUSA Nationals 18U 5th Place 2016 Illinois State ASA 14U 1st Place 2016 ASAUSA 14U Nationals 3rd Place 2016 ASA 12U Northen Nationals 4th Place 2017 USA 14U Illinois State 1st Place 2017 USA 16U Illinois State 1st Place 2017 USA 16U Illinois State 2nd Place 2017 USA 18U Illinois State 2nd Place 2018 USA 16U Illinois State 2nd Place 2018 USA 12U Illinois State 3rd Place 2018 USA 16U Nationals 3rd Place MIDLAND MAGIC GIRLS AND COLLEGES Chelsey Sullivan 2007 Casey Murray State Kerri OKeefe 2007 Tremont StLouis U Lauren Arceneaux 2008 Harry Jacobs Loyola Chicago Lindsey Barron 2008 StJoeOgden SIUE Rachel Faletto 2008 Morton StLouis U Danielle Finke 2008 Perry Meridian IN Lake Land Hannah Huebbe 2008 LaSallePeru Heartland StLouis U Caiti Kopp 2008 Normal West Illinois State Jessica Lovejoy 2008 Bunker Hill Lewis Clark Megan Murphy 2008 Casey Illinois SIUE Whitney Davis 2008 North Vermillion IN SIUE Jenifer Saucier 2008 Chatham Glenwood Eastern Illinois Kaitlin Wallace 2008 Newton Heartland SEMO Erin Driskell 2008 Chatham Glenwood 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Braylyn Burdick 2017 Boonville IN Lake Land Harlie Duncan 2017 Unity Anderson Baylee Tibbets 2017 Pekin Culver Stockton Larisa Smits 2017 McHenry West Kishawaukee Remi Ferguson 2017 East Peoria Quincy Abigal Worlow 2017 Pekin Rock Valley Kelsey Post 2017 Herscher St Marys Rachel Kindheart 2017 Vienna Lindenwood Belleville Maddie Holland 2017 Shelbyville Millikin Breanna Riemenschneider 2017 Chatham Glenwood Parkland Jordan Heinz 2017 Washington Quincy Alex Storako 2018 Bishop McNamara Michigan Rennee Abernathy 2018 Sacred Heart Kentucky Montana Taylor 2018 Carterville John Logan Abby King 2018 Christian Maryville Kara Turczyn 2018 LaSallePeru ICC Kylee Turczyn 2018 LaSallePeru ICC Jasmine Bowman 2018 Ottawa St Ambrose Marian Babic 2018 Belleville Althoff Illinois College Skylar Dees 2018 Willamsville Illinois College Taylor Renfro 2018 StewStras Lake Land Olivia McClintock 2018 Chatham Glenwood St Ambrose Paige Cates 2018 Belleville West UIS Bailey Benton 2018 Argenta Millikin Calli Wibbenmeyer 2018 Columbia UMKA Sophia Colclasure 2018 Olney Asbury College Audrey Herman 2018 Dominic MO Quincy Calla Roney 2019 StewStras Illinois Morgan Andrews 2019 Marion McKendree Aleigh Cory 2019 Belleville West Maryville Kimmy Wallen 2019 Park Hills MO SEMO Jessie Jacobs 2019 Normal West UIS Kayla Settles 2019 Decatur Macarthur Lincoln Land Lexi Touchetete 2019 Columbia Maryville Ally Bruner 2019 MtZion Tennessee Martin Amanda Fox 2019 Pontiac Illinois State Karsyn Davis 2019 Harrisburg SEMO Chelsey Hooker 2019 Valmeyer Quincy Jada MosleyDebusky 2019 Rantoul UIS Jaxynn Dyson 2019 Normal West Illinois State Taylor Lowery 2019 Vienna McKendree Payton Melton 2019 Charleston Heartland Macie McElravy 2019 Charleston Heartland Hanah Hart 2020 Hall Illinois State Regan Krause 2020 Pontiac Illinois Joselyn Lewis 2020 Shelbyville Lincoln Land Kelsie Burrows 2020 Freeburg UIS Emma Thomas 2020 Dunlap UIS Addison Masching 2021 Pontiac Illinois State Midland Magic Pitching Hitting Academy Midland Magic Pitching Hitting Academy has opened in Shelbyville IL It is located behind OReilly Auto Parts on Route 16 on the west side of town For more information and to schedule time for instruction contact Tony Moll at 2178273211 or tkcgmollyahoocom Dale Shelton 6187814209 or justdale23aolcom Cage time can be rented as well for travel and school teams SCHEELS Legacy Pointe Town Center 3801 South MacArthur Blvd Springfield IL 62711 2177266330 Visit us at SCHEELScom
|
[
"Midland Magic",
"16U USA Nationals",
"Seattle"
] |
http://midnight-wolf.wikia.com/wiki/Fantasy/Medieval_Character_Jobs_or_Occupations
|
in Resources FantasyMedieval Character Jobs or Occupations Comments FantasyMedieval Character Jobs or Occupations Actor Advocate Lawyer Alchemist Animal Handler Apothecary Architect Archer Archivist Aristocrat Armorer Artisan Artist Astrologer Baker Banker Barbarian Barber Bard Barkeep Barmaid Beekeeper Beer Seller Beggar Blacksmith Boatman Bookbinder Bookseller Brewer Bricklayer Brick Maker Brigand Brothel Keeper Buckle Maker Builder Butcher Caravan Leader Carpenter Cartographer Chandler Charioteer Chatelaine Chef Chieftain Chirurgeon Clergyman Clerk Clock Maker Clothworker Cobbler Commander Concubine Cook Cooper Copyist Costermonger Counselor Courtesan Courtier Cowherd Crossbowman Cutler Daimyo Dairymaid Dancer Dictator Diplomat Distiller Diver Diviner Doctor Domestic Servant EmperorEmpress Eunuch Explorer Farmer Fighter Fisherman Fishmonger Footman Furrier Galley Slave Gardener Geisha General Gladiator Glovemaker Goldsmith Grocer Groom Guardsman Guildmaster Harness maker Hatmaker Hay merchant Healer Hearthwitch Herald Herbalist Herder Hermit Highwayman Historian Housemaid Hunter Illuminator Infantryman Innkeeper Interpreter Inventor Jailer Jester Jeweler Jongleur Judge King Kitchen drudge Knight Laborer Lady Lady in Waiting Leatherworker Librarian Linguist Locksmith Longbowman Longshoreman Lord Maidservant Majordomo Man at Arms Mason Masseur Mayor Mercer Merchant Messenger Midwife Miller Miner Minister Minstrel Monk Mortician Mourner Musician Necromancer Noble Nun Nurse Oldclothes seller Page Painter Pariah Pastry cook Peasant Perfumer Philosopher Physician Pigkeeper Pilgrim Pirate Plasterer Potter Priestess Princess Privateer Professor Prostitute Pursemaker Queen Ranger Ratcatcher Reeve Ronin Roofer Ropemaker Royal Adviser Rugmaker Ruler Saddler Sailor Samurai Scabbard maker Sculptor Scavenger Scholar Scrivener Seamstress Servant Shaman Shepherd Ships captain Shoemaker Silversmith Slave Slaver Smith Soldier SorcererSorceress Spice Merchant Squire Stablehand Stevedore Stonemason Storyteller Steward Street kid Street seller Street sweeper Student Surgeon Surveyor Swordsman Sycophant Tailor Tanner Tavernkeeper Tax collector Teacher Teamster Thatcher Thief Tinker Torturer Town crier Toymaker Trapper Vendor Vermin catcher Veterinarian Village chief Vintner Viking Warlock Warrior Water carrier Weaver Wetnurse Wine seller Witch Wizard Woodcarver Woodcutter Wood seller Wrestler Writer Categories Resources
|
[
"Alchemist"
] |
http://midportplace2.blogspot.com/
|
MIDPORT PLACE II Friday April 1 2016 Posted by Midport Place II Board of Directors at 757 AM No comments Email This BlogThis Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest Posted by Midport Place II Board of Directors at 756 AM No comments Email This BlogThis Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest Posted by Midport Place II Board of Directors at 752 AM No comments Email This BlogThis Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest Posted by Midport Place II Board of Directors at 749 AM No comments Email This BlogThis Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest Posted by Midport Place II Board of Directors at 741 AM No comments Email This BlogThis Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest
|
[
"MIDPORT PLACE II"
] |
http://midsomermurders.org/
|
MIDSOMER MURDERS The complete guide to Midsomer Murders including latest news episode guides location guide and everything you want to know about the series
|
[
"Midsomer Murders",
"latest news",
"location guide"
] |
http://midwestdrain.com/
|
View Our Online Used Equipment Store Call today or just fax or email in your order today Online Shopping Thank you for visiting MIDWEST DRAIN CLEANING EQUIPMENT INC Midwest Drain Cleaning Equipment Inc has been in business since 1950 Midwest sells warrants and services Electric Eel equipment and drain cleaning supplies If you currently own another brand machine we can suggest Eel cables and cutters that will work in your machine We also stock many other manufacturer parts which simplifies repairing anything you might own We do most repair work in house which makes for an expedited and speedy repair job Store Hours 8 am to 4 pm Monday thru Friday Local Telephone 3149711500 Toll free number 1800BUYEEL1 18002893351 Emergency after hour number 3149711500 Bill Fax 3144871724 Email rowlandbillyahoocom We appreciate your business and are available anytime Please call or email with any questions Check back often as we will continue to add and publish to this site If you dont see something you are looking for please call us and if we dont have it in stock we will do our best to accommodate your needs
|
[
"MIDWEST DRAIN CLEANING EQUIPMENT",
"Electric Eel equipment"
] |
http://midwestpsychology.com/
|
Make An Appointment Treatment Evaluation 20112014 Midwest Psychology PC All Rights Reserved Contact Us 4040 W 72nd Street Fremont MI 49412 Get in touch 231 9245309
|
[
"Make An Appointment"
] |
http://midwesttile.com/locations/st-louis-mo
|
St Louis , MO Midwest Tile , Marble , and Granite is located at 2303 Chaffee Drive Maryland Heights Missouri 63146 . Our 30,000 sqft foot warehouse including a 5,000 sqft tile showroom is open to the public during the following hours : 7 : 30 AM - 5 : 00 PM Monday , Wednsday , & Thursday 7 : 30 AM - 7 : 00 PM Tuesday 7 : 30 AM - 4 : 00 PM Friday 9 AM - 12 pm Saturday At Midwest Tile , Marble , and Granite we offer the largest selection in countertop surfaces for your kitchen , bath and other hard surface needs . We also offer porcelain tiles , glass mosaics , and natural stone tile options from all over the world . Specializing in Aggranite composite sinks along with our stainless steel sinks , Fireclay and glass options . Our convenient location provides our products to Missouri & five of its surrounding states . Our 30,000 square foot facility with a 5,000 sqft showroom offers a wide array of stone in Granite , Marble , 2303 Chaffee Drive St . Louis , MO 63146 Email : MidWestTile . StLouis @ midwesttile . com Phone : 314.995.9774 Fax : 314.995.9782 View stone inventory in St Louis , MO Hi my name is Mike Blum . It is our goal at Midwest Tile to offer you the best quality , service and selection possible . Please visit us and see how we can enhance your next project .
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[
"St Louis , MO"
] |
http://mig.cogta.gov.za/
|
Please call Skhomo Technologies 010 035 3647MIS for support Office hours Monday Friday 800 AM 500 PM MIS News System performance One of the performance enhancement measures that have recently been implemented is that the work list now runs overnight As a result items submitted today will only reflect tomorrow These items can be attended to by clicking the link contained in the email notification or alternatively by clicking the Awaiting my attention link corresponding to the specific type of form Other measures that have enhanced the performance include http compression splitting the workload over two servers and optimising certain queries Version 205 to be released on 25 July 2008 The enhancements in Version 205 include a major change to how projects are classified as B P or E as well as a number of access control and user interface enhancements Please click on the title of this news item to find out how the new automatic classification will affect you Version 204 released on 30 July 2007 The enhancements released in Version 204 allow users involved in project management to maintain certain categories of project information without processing a form and to suspend or terminate a project All changes made through the new project maintenance screens are recorded in a comprehensive audit trail For more detail please click here to read the section Whats new in Version 204 in the online help Validation of project coordinates In addition to the measures introduced in Version 203 to validate project coordinates the dplg appointed a service provider to validate the coordinates of projects captured before March 2007 This assignment has now been completed and the coordinates of roughly 7500 forms have been updated Affected projects can be identified by a systemgenerated comment added to Section 3 of MIG 1 to record the old coordinates Data validation EC projects loaded into MIS Users in the Eastern Cape province are advised that 1509 legacy projects were loaded into the MIS on 5 March 2007 after undergoing extensive validation by the Eastern Cape province More Recent News Data validation NC projects loaded into MIS Validation of project coordinates Version 203 released on 23 February 2007 Data validation MP projects loaded into MIS Data validation FormID corrections in Gauteng
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[
"MIS News"
] |
http://migration.kentucky.gov/NR/rdonlyres/DE885EC9-5B88-447A-8530-AEF3707C69FE/0/ltcoDistricts.htm
|
Long Term Care Ombudsman Districts If you do not know where the facility is located please contact us at 800 3722991 for further assistance Barren River District Ruth Morgan District Ombudsman Barren River District Ombudsman 1700 Destiny Lane Bowling Green KY 42104 270 7808828 800 3557580 270 7821993 fax rmorganklaidorg Counties served Allen Barren Butler Edmonson Hart Logan Metcalfe Monroe Simpson Warren Big Sandy District Andra Sluss District Ombudsman Big Sandy ADD 110 Resource Court Prestonsburg KY 41653 606 8862374 x 335 800 7372723 x 335 606 8863382 fax andraslussbigsandyorg Counties served Floyd Johnson Magoffin Martin Pike Bluegrass District Kathy Gannoe District Ombudsman Nursing Home Ombudsman Agency 1530 Nicholasville Road Lexington KY 40503 859 2779215 877 7870077 859 2774843 fax ombuddy1aolcom Counties served Anderson Bourbon Boyle Clark Estill Fayette Franklin Garrard Harrison Jessamine Lincoln Madison Mercer Nicholas Powell Scott Woodford Buffalo Trace District Beth Love District Ombudsman Buffalo Trace ADD Post Office Box 460 Maysville KY 41056 606 5646894 800 9984347 606 5640955 fax blovebtaddcom Counties served Bracken Fleming Lewis Mason Robertson Cumberland Valley District Tammy Williams District Ombudsman Cumberland Valley ADD Post Office Box 1740 London KY 40741 606 8647391 800 7957654 606 8787361 fax tammywcvaddorg Counties served Bell Clay Harlan Jackson Knox Laurel Rockcastle Whitley FIVCO District Angela Rigsby District Ombudsman FIVCO District Ombudsman Post Office Box 1147 Ashland KY 41105 606 3291321 x 23 877 2954137 x 23 606 3250615 fax arisbylablaworg Counties served Boyd Carter Elliott Greenup Lawrence Gateway District Cheryl Barber District Ombudsman Gateway District Ombudsman Post Office Box 1040 Morehead KY 40351 606 7848921 x 24 800 2745863 x 24 606 7831342 fax cbarberlablaworg Counties served Bath Menifee Montgomery Morgan Rowan Green River District Brenda Kennedy District Ombudsman Green River ADD 3860 Highway 60 West Owensboro KY 42301 270 9264433 800 9289094 270 6840714 fax brendakennedygraddcom Counties served Daviess Hancock Henderson McLean Ohio Union Webster KIPDA District Imelda Pfister District Ombudsman Catholic Charities Agency 2911 South 4th Street Louisville KY 40208 502 6379786 800 8543233 502 6379780 fax mpfisterarchlouorg Counties served Bullitt Henry Jefferson Oldham Shelby Spencer Trimble Kentucky River District Argene Jones District Ombudsman Kentucky River ADD 917 Perry Park Road Hazard KY 41701 606 4363158 800 9285723 606 4362144 fax argenekraddorg Counties served Breathitt Knott Lee Leslie Letcher Owsley Perry Wolfe Lake Cumberland District Opal Carter District Ombudsman District LTC Ombudsman Lake Cumberland Area Post Office Box 324 Bronston KY 42518 270 8665127 877 7707778 606 6797715 fax opallccaaorg Counties served Adair Casey Clinton Cumberland Green McCreary Pulaski Russell Taylor Wayne Lincoln Trail District Carol Dupin District Ombudsman Post Office Box 157 Elizabethtown KY 42702 270 8728009 502 6143109 8002921862 502 6143709 fax carolduplinaltelnet Counties served Breckinridge Grayson Hardin Larue Marion Meade Nelson Washington Northern Kentucky District Pam Pangburn District Ombudsman Senior Services of Northern Kentucky 1032 Madison Avenue Covington KY 41011 859 2927962 800 2557265 859 4915430 fax ppangburnseniorservicesnkyorg Counties served Boone Campbell Carroll Gallatin Grant Kenton Owen Pendleton Pennyrile District Randa Ramsey District Ombudsman Pennyrile ADD 300 Hammond Drive Hopkinsville KY 42240 270 8869484 8009287233 270 8863211 fax randaramseykygov Counties served Caldwell Christian Crittenden Hopkins Livingston Lyon Muhlenberg Todd Trigg Purchase District Cathy Fraser District Ombudsman Post Office Box 588 1002 Medical Drive Mayfield KY 42066 270 2477171 877 3525183 270 2516120 fax cathyfraserpurchaseaddorg
|
[
"Ombudsman Districts"
] |
http://miholsterco.com/duty-competition/
|
DutyCompetition HolsterCo LLC 6900 SKU dutycompetition Previous Next 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Firearm Required Right HandLeft Hand Required Right Handed Draw Left Handed Draw ColorsPatternsPrints Required Weapon Mounted Light or Laser Required LightLaser Locator Key Information Required Belt Loop Size Required 15 175 20 LIMITED AVAILABILITY contact us first Competition Attachment Options Required No belt attachment Safariland Blocking No belt attachment BladeTech Blocking No belt attachment GCode Blocking No belt attachment Blackhawk Blocking Tek Lok Only Combat Loop Drop Offset And Tek Lok 12 G Code RTI hangar only No belt attachment 5 G Code Molle Attachment and Hangar 40 G Code RTI Belt Slide and Hanger 45 G Code RTI Duty Drop and Hangar 45 Aluminum Hanger and Belt Mount 40 Paddle 10 DutyCompetition Sweat Guard BodySide Only Sweat Guard holster material extends near the end of the slide on the side facing the users body only Dual Sweat Guard REQUIRED FOR LEVEL 2 HOLSTERS holster material extends near the end of the slide on both sides No Sweat Guard with Speed Cut Popular for USPSAIDPA holster material stops just the past trigger guard on both sides of the holster and has a relief cut towards the front of the ejection port to accommodate a shorter faster draw No Sweat Guard without Speed Cut holster material stops just past trigger guard on both sides of the holster Level 2 SLS Hood Add Level 2 SLS Hood 20 Lead Time I understand that this handmade custom product may take 23 weeks to be built packaged and shipped 3 Gun USPSA IDPA Steel Challenge Tell us more about your needs so we can tailor your gear to your specific leaguedivision etc Required Additional Information Please provide any and all information that may help us in creating the best gear that best suits your situation including aftermarket parts andor accessories etc Required Special Order Color Lead Time Acknowledgment Required I acknowledge that special order colors may extend lead time up to 2 additional weeks Quantity Description The HolsterCo DUTYCOMPETITION rig features adjustable retention a competition cut upon request and a dropoffset and Tek Lok GCode RTI attachment options or our NEW aluminum drop hangar Other attachment options are available upon request Please contact us directly before ordering if you have special or specific needs and gun specifications Level 2 retention is also available utilizing a Safariland SLS Hood Thicker 093 material is also available upon request The 093 material option will need to be ordered via email or by phone and will be invoiced via email If you choose to add the Level 2 SLS Hood the holster will be made with a full length dual sweat guard which is required to attach the hood kit This is NOT a package Magazine pouches are sold separately
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[
"HolsterCo LLC"
] |
http://mikekelleyforwillcountysheriff.com/
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How can I help If you would like to help out with the Mike Kelley for Will County Sheriff Campaign just visit our contact page and select how you would like to help Facebook Experience Matters for more information on Sheriff Mike Kelley check the Mike Kelley Sheriff page Mike Kelley Will County Sheriff Will County Sheriff Mike Kelley is officially announcing that he will be seeking a second term as Sheriff Sheriff Kelley is proud of his accomplishments and looks forward to serving the residents of Will County for the next four years Sheriff Kelley was able to complete these three large tasks and stated that if it wasnt for the support of his command staff and all the dedication from the members of the department these accomplishments would not have been possible Sheriff Kelley is looking forward to continuing his vision to move the Sheriffs Office in a more progressive direction The new Public Safety Complex will assist with making the department continue to run smooth and more efficient This facility will also help make the Will County Sheriffs Office better serve the residents of Will County During Sheriff Kelleys first term some administrative staff have retired which led to others being promotedThe current Sherffs Command Staff is as follows Undersheriff Robert Contro Deputy Chief of Support Services Brian Conser Deputy Chief of Enforcement Thomas Budde Deputy Chief of Investigations Dan Jungles WardenChief Deputy of the Adult Detention Facility Dale Santerelli Deputy Chief of Operations of the Adult Detention Facility Stuart Taylor Deputy Chief of Support Services of the Adult Detention Facility David Adams Sheriff Mike Kelley is confident that with their years of experience knowledge professionalism and dedication they will help him succeed in future goals for the Sheriffs Office
|
[
"Mike Kelley",
"Public Safety Complex"
] |
http://mikelorino.com/
|
Mike Lorino , Jr . From Mike ' s Desk 03.18.19 Press Release : DOTD announces traffic switch along LA 22 02.04.19 Press Release : SBA Offers Disaster Assistance to Louisiana Businesses & Residents Read Info : Disaster Loan Fact Sheet Read Info : Three Step Process to Disaster Loans 12.10.18 Alert : Possible reduction on homeowners insurance with District 2 Fire Re - zone 12.06.18 The Times Picayune : Temporary halt on new subdivisions pitched in fast - growing Madisonville area 11.02.18 The Advocate : Parish Council to consider building moratorium in Madisonville area 10.16.18 Press Release : Public Meeting Oct . 24 at 6 : 30pm to Discuss Short Term Rentals 8.30.18 Gov . Edwards Announces DOTD Receives Additional $ 80 Million in Federal Highway Funds 6.21.18 Parish President Calls for Bipartisan Support Concerning I - 12 Widening 6.19.18 Parish President ' s Letter to Sen . John Kennedy Concerning I - 12 Accident & Safety 5.29.18 Parish President ' s Letter to Governor Concerning I - 12 Accident & Safety 3.15.18 Coast Guard sets Tchefuncte River Bridge schedule 3.14.18 WDSU : The Advocate : St . Tammany Parish leaders claim social media posts by citizens group are misleading 3.13.18 The Advocate : St . Tammany business groups endorse sales tax renewals for jail and courthouse 3.6.18 The Advocate : St . Tammany President Pat Brister calls for sales tax renewals in State of the Parish address 3.6.18 The Times Picayune : Pat Brister , Randy Smith lobby for Tammany sales tax renewals 2.21.18 The Times Picayune : GOP panel supports St . Tammany jail , courthouse tax renewals Dear Neighbors of District 4 , During my campaign , I knocked on hundreds of doors in my quest to meet the residents and understand the needs of Parish Council District 4 . Gratefully , I earned your support and was installed to serve as your parish councilman in January of this year . Thank you for bestowing your confidence in me , I eagerly look forward to serving you for the next four years . In keeping with my campaign promise to listen and be sensitive to the needs of District 4 residents , I have published the first of many newsletters to keep you informed of the progress in our district . These newsletters will be published on my website , posted from my Facebook page and emailed to those who have signed up to receive it . They will also be archived on this website for easy reference . Please remember that you can reach me anytime . I am always available to answer your questions , listen to your comments and concerns or simply to get to know you better . Mike Lorino Protecting Our State ~ Insuring Our Future In my 16 years as the president of the Bar Pilots , I ' ve worked with the public , businesses and elected officials on issues international , national and local . Working together , we achieved so much for the betterment and safety of our state and metro area . I believe I can bring this spirit , knowledge and hands - on approach to serve my community . 01 / 31 / 2013 - Port Maintenance Learn more . . . 10 / 18 / 2011 - Flood Control Infrastructure & Preparedness Learn more . . .
|
[
"Mike Lorino",
"Madisonville , Louisiana"
] |
http://mikesrpgcenter.com/uncharted/walkthrough.html
|
Walkthrough Trade To achieve anything in this game you need lots of money and the best way to get this and the only way at the beginning of the game is through trade In general you will want to trade specialty goods between ports For example Lisbons specialty is sugar Sell the sugar in Bordeaux and buy its specialty grapes Trade Bordeaux grapes for Antwerps sugar and Antwerps sugar for Londons wool Sell Londons wool back in Lisbon and you will have made a nice profit all along the way The price of goods in each port is multiplied by a market rate which can be viewed from the lodge Selling goods in a port causes the rate to go down and buying goods causes it go up so the more goods you sell in a port the less youll get for them and the more goods you buy the more youll pay Specifically the rate will go down by 1 for every 1000 gold worth of goods you sell to a maximum of 10000 gold 10 Similarly the rate will go up by 1 for every 1000 gold woth Since the market rate applies to all goods sold in a port this mechanism is easily exploited Selling a large amount of a good say wool in a port will cause the price of all goods to go down which makes it cheaper to buy another good say sugar Buying a large amount of this cheaper sugar will cause the price of all goods to go back up again so youll be able to sell more wool at a similar price The following are a few of the most profitable trade routes Trading sugar and wool between Antwerp and London This is an excelent trade route to start the game with The two ports are only a day or two of sailing away from each other so you can accumulate wealth pretty quickly Youll be able to afford some new ships in no time Trading Artwork and Wool between Pisa and Naples This is probably the most profitable route in the game since Artwork is the second most valuable commodity in the game and the two ports are very close together Because there is a large difference in value between the two goods you may find the market rate at the two ports becomes skewed which lessens the profits you collect from this route Care must be taken to avoid this The greatest danger of this route is probably boredom Trading Firearms and Coral between LisbonSeville and Santo Domingo This route is more dangerous than the previous two routes so youll need good oceanworthy ships with good figureheads to make it safetly Although this route is significantly longer you will be well compensated for the Coral you bring back to Europe Trading Firearms Silver and Gold between LisbonSeville Nagasaki and Mozambique Silver is dirt cheap in Nagasaki and you wont need to sell many firearms to fill your holds with it Exchange the silver for gold in Mozambique and when you return to Europe with your holds laden with gold youll probably have enough money to last you the rest of the game As you acquire more wealth youll be able to afford bigger and better ships Before adding another ship to your fleet however youll need a mate to sail it Mates can be found in the Inns See my Mates page for a complete list If you invest enough money in a port to bring its industry up to 1000 youll be able to build the Heavy Galleon which is the largest most powerful and slowest ship in the game Fame To progress in this game you need to gain fame There are several ways to do this Discover a port You gain a certain amount of fame whenever you discover a new port this is easier to do if you have a Telescope In general you will gain more fame for discovering more distant ports 20 fame for discovering Mediterranean and Northern Europe ports 100 fame for discovering supply ports 120 fame for discovering ports in Africa 220 fame for discovering ports in the Carribean and Arabia 320 fame for discovering ports in southeast Asia and the far east Defeat an enemy fleet in combat The stronger the enemy fleet the more fame you will receive Complete a mission From time to time you may learn that someone is looking for you when you listen to gossip or tip the waitress in an Inn Sail to the indicated port and speak to the trader innkeeper or guild master to receive a mission Acquire some goods The trader at the marketplace will ask you to bring a certain amount of a particular good You can learn where to find the good he is looking for by listening to rumors and tipping the waitress in the Inn or you can look at my Goods and Ports pages Bring enough of that good back to the trader to complete the mission Early in the game the trader will ask for goods that are easily found nearby but will ask for more exotic goods later though you will gain a greater amount of fame for delivering them Defeat an enemy fleet The Innkeeper will ask you to defeat the fleet of a captain that has been harassing him Listen to gossip or tip the waitress in various ports to learn where the enemy captain currently is and where he is going You can either track him down or wait for him to arrive at his destination and then attack him Sink or capture his flagship to complete the mission Find a treasure The guildmaster will ask you to bring him a particular treasure To find it youll need to follow a trail of waitresses and mates from the inns of various ports around the world You can always learn the location of the next person you need to talk to by listening to gossip or tipping a waitress Eventually youll find a mate who will either sell you a map to the treasure or inform you that a particular captain has the treasure in his ship With the map listening to gossip at the inn will let you know what direction to Ally a port with Portugal When you invest at the marketplace or shipyard the support level of the port for Portugal will increase Once support reaches 80 the port will become allied with Portugal and you will gain some fame proportional to the economic and industrial worth of the port However if the port was an ally of Spain or Turkey their hostility level towards you will increase when their support level drops below 80 and they may send warships after you Many small investments will earn you more support than few large investments I recommend investing 1000 gold at a time to maximum investment Rank The goal of the game is to achieve the rank of Duke and marry the princess The King of Portugal will reward you with a rank every time you complete a mission for him The following are the possible missions you may receive Acquire some goods This mission is the same as the one you occasionally get from traders described in the Fame section Deliver a message The King will give you a letter for either the King of Spain or the King of Turkey Sail to Seville or Istanbul and enter the palace to deliver the message and then return to the King of Portugal Defeat an enemy fleet This mission is the same as the one you occasionally get from Innkeepers described in the Fame section Find a treasure This mission is the same as the one you occasionally get from guild masters described in the Fame section Rescue the Princess For your final mission the King will beg you to rescue his daughter who has been kidnapped by an enemy captain This quest is the same as the Defeat an enemy fleet quest Return to the King with his daughter to finish the game Note it is possible to receive this quest when you are only a Count which will allow you finish the game early The King of Portugal only gives you a mission to achieve the next rank when you have accumulated a certain level of fame Below is the amount of fame you need for each rank Page 400 Squire 1600 Knight 3600 Baronet 6400 Baron 10000 Viscount 14400 Count 19600 Marquis 25600 Duke 32400 Note The King doesnt always have a task for you immediately when you achieve the necessary amount of fame You may need to wait several days or weeks
|
[
"Trade",
"Fame",
"Rank"
] |
http://mikisscrapbook.blogspot.com/2012/06/25-things-you-can-send-to-your-pen-pals.html
|
June 20 2012 25 things you can send to your penpals Ive had penpals since I was about 10 years old Ive lost several along the way have met a good few in person and have gained a lot ever since I moved to this country I suck at calling or videochatting with my friends and family in Argentina so snail mail kind of makes it up for my suckiness in that department Whenever I write a letter I try to send it along with some little goodies for my recipients Such items are usually inexpensive and sometimes even for free Wanna see my stash Domestic shipping is obviously way cheaper than international shipping and lets me play more with size shape and weight I have to admit that the American postage system works marvelously and is very reasonable priced thats why I dont fear when I need to send items that a bit heavy 1 Candy Im kind of obsessed with conversation hearts If I want to send sweets abroad I choose lighter ones such as individually packed Twizzlers 2 Erasers I bought this 4piece set for 99c at Walmart 3 Hello Kitty playing cards You can find a wide assortment of cute novelty cards at Party City 4 Fortune cookies You can buy them at the store but Ive used some I got when we had Chinese Theyre light but since theyre fragile you can only send them in a box 5 Scrabble tiles I like to send names or words I bought a complete lot for cheap on EBay 6 Origami paper I send sheets of paper or actual origami 7 Stamps Theyre really cheap on EBay and Yardsellr 8 Seeds Im really into the idea of sending seeds I think its cool to grow something that came from far away p 9 Assorted infusions I love tea I like drinking and giving tea bags hehe 10 Words Yeah you heard me Nice phrases and good wishes 11 Printed material There are so many awesome free printables out there The one you can see here is In caffeine we trust a board that lets you keep track of how much coffee youre consuming Another website that offers awesome free resources is Scout Creative 12 Mixed CDs Of course part of the fun consists of making the caseenvelope yourself 13 Samples I always save the makeup and perfume samples that come in magazines The latter I cut into squares or strips 14 Paper clothes I send them for my recipients to use not wear unfortunately hehe and I also make garlands or glue them to my letters 15 Paint chips I particularly love the Mickey Mouse ones p I found them at Home Depot Theyre for free and you can do a lot with them you can use them as cards bookmarks and create colorful shapes with the help of a craft punch or confetti if you only have a regular punch 16 Temporary tattoos 17 Die cut pieces Made with craft punches 18 Band Aids I like to buy limited editions when I see them 19 Coasters Yep cardboard coasters from bars 20 Instant photos Taken with my Diana F Instant back 21 Tickets and movie stubs 22 Sticky notes To be used as bookmarks 23 Stationery Because who doesnt like to get it right 24 Free postcards Im a huge fan of free postcards I had a big lot of postcards and clothing tags in Argentina I brought a lot but I had to leave some at home 25 Stickers Im currently in love with Scandinavian matchbox stickers Places where you can get these supplies Craft stores naturally I always go to Michaels especially when I have discount coupons or there are special deals Always check your branchs site for coupons before going 99c stores They have a ton of stuff you can buy Party City has a great variety of candy thats individually wrapped which makes it more convenient to send favors and trinkets EBay Try the words Japan or China and youll find an unbelievable number of auctions starting at 001 Yardsellr Ive talked about this site before but in case you missed it its a mini version of Amazon which gives you the advantage of accumulating points that can be used as money You get such points when you log in and like peoples articles I collected so many points that I only spent 1 when I purchased washi tape stamps clothes and scrapbooking materials Etsy Its not as cheap as EBay but there are a lot of inexpensive and neat things out there Your local library Most libraries at least here in Southern California have a book sale area I happen to volunteer in this area so I get to see the most amazing bargains We sell books as well as magazines maps toys DVDs Cds tapes etc Prices range between 10c2 There are so many cool things you can send What do you like to send or receive May you all have a very happy day D A little reminder if you want to enter my Shabby Apple giveaway you have time till June 25th Posted by Miki at 1219 AM Labels letters mail package Reactions interesting 0 cool 0 boring 0 Older Post Subscribe to Post Comments Atom
|
[
"Kitty playing cards",
"Candy"
] |
http://milanopizzaaustin.com/
|
our offerings SPECIALS yummy savings ORDER Order online NOW HIRING Apply here Welcome to Milano Pizza Weve Been Proudly Serving Austin For Over 27 Years 1025 West Stassney Austin Texas 5124400866 SunThu 1111 FriSat 11Midnight Supreme Family run and operated since 1991 Milano Pizza prides itself on using only the best ingredients and fast friendly service We offer an extensive selection of Classic Pizza Toppings but our inhouse creations are what will keep you coming back for more From our West Coast Pizza to our Mediterranean Pizza theres new flavors to be enjoyed Plus dont forget about our nonpizza selections Wings Calzones Hot Subs and More Give us a try and youll see why Milano Pizza is the best choice in Austin TX Call today at 5124400866 HOURS SunThu 11am11pm FriSat 11Midnight CATERING We happily cater any size event Please call ahead to place your order
|
[
"Milano Pizza",
"Austin"
] |
http://milawyersweekly.com/news/2010/12/21/parental-rights-termination-child-support-2/
|
Parental Rights – Termination – Child Support By : Edward Wesoloski in Family Law Michigan Supreme Court Most Important Opinions December 21 , 2010 The trial court ’ s termination of respondent ’ s parental rights did not terminate his court - ordered obligation to provide child support . “ The Legislature specifically defined parental rights and parental obligations , and it chose to address those concepts in two discrete statutory provisions . “ Thus , the statutory structure indicates the Legislature ’ s determination that parental rights are distinct from parental obligations , and nothing in the statutory structure indicates that the loss of parental rights automatically results in the loss of parental obligations . “ Rather , a parental obligation continues ‘ unless a court of competent jurisdiction modifies or terminates the obligation … . ’ [ MCL 722.3 ( 1 ) ] “ Because the trial court declined to modify or terminate respondent ’ s obligation to pay child support , respondent ’ s obligation remains intact . ” In The Court of Appeals “ [ R ] espondent did not challenge the termination of his parental rights ; rather , respondent only challenged his continuing obligation to pay child support . “ Respondent claimed that the trial court ’ s order requiring him to pay child support after his parental rights were terminated violated his constitutional right to due process of law . In a published opinion , the Court of Appeals rejected respondent ’ s claim and affirmed the trial court ’ s order . “ The panel rejected respondent ’ s constitutional claim because , ‘ apart from simply asserting ’ a due process violation , respondent did not ‘ explain how the trial court ’ s decision resulted in a denial of due process … . ’ “ Rather , the Court of Appeals treated the issue as ‘ a straightforward question of law … . ’ The Court of Appeals reasoned that had the Legislature intended that the termination of parental rights also terminate parental obligations , it could have easily said so . “ The panel also held that child support and parental rights are not interdependent , noting that parents should not be denied parenting time simply because they are unable to pay child support . “ The Court of Appeals also stated that children possess ‘ the inherent and fundamental right to receive support ’ and that this fundamental right exists independently from whether a parent retains parental rights . “ The panel further noted several public policy considerations compelling the conclusion that the termination of parental rights does not automatically extinguish a child support obligation . “ Respondent appealed in this Court . ” We affirm but on a different basis . No Constitutional Claim “ As a constitutional matter , parental rights encompass parents ’ fundamental liberty interest in ‘ the care , custody , and control of their children . ’ Troxel v Granville , 530 US 57 , 65 ; 120 S Ct 2054 ; 147 L Ed 2d 49 ( 2000 ) . “ Respondent makes no claim that the termination of his parental rights violated his liberty interests ; rather , he claims that his ‘ right to due process ’ was violated by the trial court ’ s order requiring him to continue to pay child support after his parental rights were terminated . “ However , respondent cites no authority , and we have discovered none , holding that a parent has either a state or federal constitutional entitlement to have his child support obligation suspended when his parental rights have been terminated . “ Therefore , we find no merit in his constitutional claim . ” Rights And Obligations “ As a statutory matter , the scope of parental rights can be found in 1968 PA 293 , MCL 722.1 through 722.6 . … “ MCL 722.2 delineates the rights of parents with respect to their unemancipated children . The statute provides : ‘ Unless otherwise ordered by a court order , the parents of an unemancipated minor are equally entitled to the custody , control , services and earnings of the minor , but if 1 parent provides , to the exclusion of the other parent , for the maintenance and support of the minor , that parent has the paramount right to control the services and earnings of the minor . ’ “ Thus , MCL 722.2 defines the scope of parental rights as encompassing the ‘ custody , control , services and earnings of the minor … . ’ “ Under the plain language of the statute , parental rights do not include or contemplate parental obligations . Rather , it is the very next statutory provision that identifies the parental obligations imposed by the Legislature . “ The sole parental obligation identified in MCL 722.3 is the duty to provide a child with support … . “ The plain language of this provision imposes a ‘ duty of support ’ on both parents , jointly and severally , which exists ‘ unless a court of competent jurisdiction modifies or terminates the obligation . ’ “ The parental obligation to support minor children may be enforced where neither parent has custody of the child , and may be enforced even if the state has custody of the child . “ Lastly , MCL 722.3 provides an independent basis for the entry of a child support order , although any child support order entered must comport with the child support guidelines . “ Because the parental rights identified in MCL 722.2 are distinct and detached from the parental duty identified in MCL 722.3 , it is clear that the Legislature has determined that parental rights are independent from parental duties . ” Separate Provisions “ Nothing in either MCL 722.2 or MCL 722.3 evinces any legislative intent that either statutory provision is connected to or conditioned on the other . “ There is no indication that the duty of support is conditioned on the retention of parental rights , just as there is no indication that the exercise of parental rights is conditioned on fulfilling the parental obligation to support . The plain language of the termination statute , MCL 712A . 19b , only implicates ‘ parental rights . ’ Thus , when parental rights are terminated , what is lost are those interests identified by the Legislature as parental rights “ In other words , the terminated parent loses any entitlement to the ‘ custody , control , services and earnings of the minor … . ’ “ Because nothing in the language of MCL 712A . 19b affects the duty of support articulated in MCL 722.3 , the obligation remains intact . ” Continuing Obligation “ Thus , even after a parent ’ s rights have been terminated , the obligation to support continues ‘ unless a court of competent jurisdiction modifies or terminates the obligation … . ’ “ This provision of MCL 722.3 indicates that a court has the discretion to terminate or modify a parent ’ s obligation to provide support , but is not compelled to do so . … “ In this case , the trial court expressly declined to modify or terminate respondent ’ s child support obligation , and respondent has made no showing that the trial court ’ s decision was an abuse of discretion . “ Accordingly , respondent remains responsible for supporting his minor children . ” In re : Beck , et al . Dep ’ t of Human Services v . Beck . ( Michigan Supreme Court ) ( Lawyers Weekly No . 06 - 74869 – 11 pages ) ( Young , J . ) ( unanimous opinion ) ( Davis , J . , not participating ) Lawyers Weekly No . 06 - 74869 Full - text Court Opinions In re : Beck , et al . Dep ’ t of Human Services v . Beck . ( Michigan Supreme Court ) RELATED JUDICIAL PROFILES Young , Jr . , Robert P . Davis , Jr . , Alton T . Fort Hood , Karen M . Servitto , Deborah A . Anderson , Martha D .
|
[
"Court of Appeals",
"Child Support"
] |
http://milestoneimports.com/the-importance-of-substrate-in-paving/
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01 Jan 1970 Milestone Blog The Importance Of Substrate In Paving The importance of substrate in paving can not be overvalued . The paving layer is the veneer over the top of the substrate . No one can drive or walk over a patch of pot - holed asphalt or a sunken piece of concrete without noticing the failure . Most people blame what ’ s on the surface . The root cause lies beneath . No matter if the surface is concrete pavers , rolled asphalt , poured concrete , or stone pavers , the layers underneath are what provide stability ; this is know as the substrate . To provide a little background , we need to look back into history . The Romans were excellent engineers and wonderful road designers . The Romans were among the first to excavate road beds to improve stability . They filled the road beds with graduated sized , interlocking stones which when packed , provided a stable substrate that compacted but left voids which allowed any moisture that penetrated to drain into the soil beneath the substrate . Water trapped in substrate that does not drain , causes heaving . Soils are important because their properties determine how much of the substrate must be excavated . The properties of soils are the following : Clay – intially resists water infilltration but once absorbed , retains moisture . Can not be compacted well . Sand – granualar and as a result , drains well . Impossible to compact Loam Silt The amount of each of the above will determine how much must be excavated to achieve a stable substrate . The recommended level of compaction is 98 % for the sub soil – the level beneath the base course gravels . In general , more substrate is better . The Romans excavated as much as 36 inches and their roads only needed to support foot soldiers , chariots , and ox carts . Many of the roads were so well engineered and built that they are in place to this day . Although many of these routes have been paved over with short term paving surfaces like asphalt , the idea is that the bases were excellent and provide a stable base for even modern traffic . The stone used as a base is a critical as the depth of the base . Angular gravels of a size that can withstand the crushing weight of the layers above as well as whatever traffic will move over it are essential to the stability of the base . Using a base like rounded gravel that can not be compacted will cause instability and settling . Choosing the correct base can be determined by modern standards established By AASHTO . Link to AASHTO Many State DOTs have standards as well – most refer back to AASHTO . A properly compacted substrate with a surface designed to withstand heavy traffic can outlast our lifetimes . Flexible paving surfaces composed of stone unit pavers provide not only durables surfaces , but allow the paving to be removed ; utilities worked on ; and the recycled pavers to be reinstalled to provide another hundred or more years of service . Unit pavers can have joints filled with appropriate sized aggregates or modern joint material which provide permeability . This aids in stormwater management , allowing water to drain to a properly designed substrate ; filtered by gravels on the way to the subsurface and the aquifer . The bedrock principles of paving have not changed since Roman times . The Romans excavated subsoil ; filled the void with graduated sized stones ; compacted those stones ; spread sand as a leveling layer ; and installed hard - wearing natural stone ( including porphyry ) as the paving surface . Porphyry is an excellent unit paver . Hard , durable , textured – yet smooth . It was good enough for the Romans and has lasted thousands of years . It is still quarried today and we import it . Pavers Porphyry porphyry cobble
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[
"paving layer",
"Substrate",
"veneer"
] |
http://milford.lakesonline.com/
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Milford Lake KANSAS Advertise with us Milford Lake News Water Want Water Water Resources Outlook ( September 2017 ) NWS Southeast River Forecast Center Date : 9 / 26 / 2017 Water Resources Outlook ( September Read More Water Resources Outlook ( February 2019 ) Todd Hamill Date : 2 / 7 / 2019 Water Resources Outlook ( February Read More Want a boat dock on Lake Lanier ? Live at Bay Pointe ! Patsy Mercer Date : 1 / 8 / 2019 Before buying a lot or building a new home on Lake Lanier , first find out if the land comes with a boat dock . Because if it does n ’ t , your chances of securing a new dock permit are slim to none . Lake Lanier already is at its maximum number of boat docks at a little over 10,600 . Before that limit could be Water Resources Outlook ( November 2017 ) National Weather Service Date : 11 / 16 / 2017 Water Resources Outlook ( November Water Resources Outlook ( October 2017 ) National Weather Service Date : 10 / 24 / 2017 Water Resources Outlook ( September 2017 ) NWS Southeast River Forecast Center Date : 9 / 26 / 2017 Water Resources Outlook ( September Water Resources Outlook ( February 2019 ) Todd Hamill Date : 2 / 7 / 2019 Water Resources Outlook ( February 16 2 : 45 : 22 PM UPCOMING EVENTS 11 / 3 / 2019 Daylight Savings Time Ends 12 / 25 / 2019 Christmas 1 / 1 / 2020 New Year ' s Day 3 / 14 / 2020 Daylight Savings Time Begins What ' s New ! Favorites Dish Network Isagenix Independent Associate Lakes Online Boater Exam Kansas Milford Lake Forums Vacation Rentals Real Estate Classifieds Fishing Information Featured Business Isagenix Independent Associate 256 - 596 - 5253 701 Pinecrest Rd Sylacauga , AL 35150 brucepate . isagenix . com Add your business Milford Lake Businesses Boating / Waterfront Aqua Lantern - Lighted Buoys Boater Exam Kansas Shopping Lake Maps Wildlife paintings , prints & t - shirts Tourism / Recreation Lakes Online Professional Services Dish Network View Sponsor Details | View By Category | Add Your Business Here Nearby Lakes Tuttle Creek Lake 22 miles Kanopolis Lake 67 miles Glen Elder Reservoir 79 miles Perry Lake 80 miles Clinton Lake 85 miles El Dorado Lake 88 miles Wilson Lake 88 miles Cheney Reservoir 107 miles
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[
"Milford Lake",
"KANSAS",
"Water Resources Outlook"
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http://military-history.yoexpert.com/conflicts-and-battles-6907/why-was-the-battle-of-midway-important-3306.html
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Why was the Battle of Midway important ? Answered by : Seth An Expert in the Conflicts , Battles and Skirmishes Category The Battle of Midway was a sea - based battle between the United States and Japan which occurred between June 4th and June 7th , 1942 . Named for its location near the Midway island in the Pacific Ocean , the Battle of Midway was important because it was the first decisive victory for Allied Forces in the Pacific during World War II . The United States sunk four Japanese carriers ( the only four that Japan brought to the fight ) and one heavy cruiser , significantly damaged two destroyers and second heavy cruiser , and destroyed 248 aircraft The Battle of Midway occurred only about six months after the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor . The Japanese had won numerous battles after Pearl Harbor , and were very strong in the Pacific . However , America had a large portion of its fleet at Midway and considered it to be strategically important given its relative proximity to the Hawaiian Islands . Japan decided to attack Midway in an effort to further weaken American naval power by inflicting another catastrophic blow to its fleet . Victory at the Battle of Midway was made possible by three important factors . First , the United States broke Japan ’ s JN - 25 code shortly before the battle commenced . As a result , the United States knew at least a week in advance that the Japanese would attack Midway on June 4th or 5th . Therefore , much unlike the attack on Pearl Harbor , the United States knew where and when Japan would attack , and even knew roughly how many ships and planes it would attack with . Second , in preparation for the known strength , the commander of the Pacific fleet brought a reinforcement carrier , the Yorktown . The Yorktown had recently sustained significant damage , and despite estimates that it would be months before the ship would be ready for battle , it sailed to Midway after only three days of repairs at Pearl Harbor . Had the JN - 25 code not been broken , the Yorktown certainly would not have been rushed to Midway . Although the ship was ultimately sunk , it provided valuable assistance throughout most of the battle . Third , the United States had land - based aircraft available for the fight . The Army Air Force ( which predated the United States Air Force as a separate branch of service ) had four B - 17 squadrons on the island , and the Marine Corps had additional planes . These planes , which did not need to take off and land from a carrier , provided strategic flexibility that the Japanese lacked . Because the United States knew of the pending attack , it dispatched these planes when the Japanese fleet was still 500 miles away . With these advantages in place , the United States was able to execute the successful battle plan which resulted in many more Japanese losses than American . The battle certainly did n ’ t win the war in the Pacific , but it was a turning point . It was the beginning of a war of attrition which the United States would eventually win . Perhaps indicative of its importance , Chicago Municipal Airport was renamed to Midway Airport in 1949 in honor of the Battle of Midway and the men who fought there . Share This Like My Writing ? Hire Me to Write For You ! Related Questions What Do You Think ? Share Your Thoughts About This Article !
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[
"Battle of Midway",
"United States",
"Japan"
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http://military.findlaw.com/administrative-issues-benefits/what-is-non-judicial-punishment.html
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What is Non - Judicial Punishment ? By submitting this form , you agree to Findlaw . com ' s terms . We respect your privacy . If you ' re a Marine , you may know non - judicial punishments as " office hours . " For sailors , they use the terms " captain ' s mast " or just " mast . " Those in the Army or Air Force refer to non - judicial punishments as an " Article 15 . " No matter what branch of service you ’ re in , you likely know that a commanding officer may administratively discipline troops for minor offenses . The " Article 15 " moniker used by soldiers and airmen is the most specific , as it alludes to Article 15 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice . Article 15 , combined with the Manual for Courts - Martial , is the law that empowers commanding officers to carry out a non - judicial punishment in lieu of a court - martial . Who Can Impose a Non - Judicial Punishment ? In the Air Force and Army , a non - judicial punishment ( " NJP " ) can only be carried out by a commanding officer . This means that only an officer on actual orders designating him or her as a commander can impose a NJP . In the Marine Corps and Navy , a NJP may be imposed by an " officer in charge . " The naval term " officer in charge " means a specific officer who has been designated as such by an officer with general court - martial authority . What is a Non - Judicial Punishment ? A NJP is a procedure in which the commanding officer or officer in charge may : Make inquiry into the facts surrounding minor offenses allegedly committed by a member of his command ; Afford the accused a hearing as to such offenses ; and Dispose of such charges by dismissing them , imposing punishment under the provisions of Article 15 , or referring the case to a court - martial . Thus a NJP is not a trial or a conviction and , if punishments are not carried out , not an acquittal . What is a Minor Offense ? So what exactly constitutes a " minor offense ? " This distinction has proven to be a controversial area of military law . Ultimately , determining if an offense is " minor " is a matter of discretion for a commanding officer or officer in charge . For illustration ' s sake , the term " minor offense " typically means misconduct less serious than a summary court - martial . ( The maximum punishment for a summary court - martial is 30 days confinement . ) The nature of the offense and the circumstances surrounding its commission should be determining factors , according to Article 15 of the UCMJ and Part V of the Manual for Courts - Martial . Put another way , the term " minor offense " ordinarily does not include misconduct punishable by dishonorable discharge or confinement for more than a year . There are two basic types of misconduct dealt with in military law - - crimes and disciplinary infractions . Crimes ( handled via court - martial ) involve grave offenses such as rape , murder , aggravated assault , robbery , etc . Disciplinary infractions , meanwhile , often are more administrative in nature . Infractions ( think disobedience of military orders , disrespect to military superiors , and traffic violations ) typically are handled via a NJP . Again , this is not an exhaustive list . Remember , there is a lot of deference given to commanding officers . The military has taken the position that the final determination on whether an offense is " minor " lays within the sole discretion of the commanding officer . Examples of Non - Judicial Punishments Maximum penalties for a NJP vary widely depending on the rank of the accused and that of the officer imposing punishment . Here are two general examples : If the officer imposing punishment holds general court martial authority , an officer accused of misconduct can be subject to : Restriction to specified limits ( not more than 60 days ) Arrest in quarters ( not more than 30 days ) Forfeiture of pay ( not more than ½ of one month ' s base pay for two months ; base pay does not include allowances or special pay ) ; and Admonition or reprimand For enlisted members accused of misconduct , meanwhile , commanding officers or officers in charge can impose : Restriction to specific limits ( normally work , barracks , place of worship , mess hall , and medical facilities ) for not more than 14 days Extra duties , including fatigue or other duties , for not more than 14 days Restriction with extra duties for not more than 14 days An accused service member has the right to avoid an Article 15 by demanding a trial by court - martial in lieu of NJP . If such a demand is made , the NJP proceedings must be terminated , at which point the commander must decide whether to proceed with a court - martial . An accused service member also has the right to appeal the imposition of a NJP for being unjust or disproportionate to the offense . The appeal must be in writing and forwarded to the next superior authority via the officer who imposed punishment . Finally , the imposition of a non - judicial punishment does not rule out a subsequent court - martial for the same offense . As you can see , this is a complex area of military law . Additional Resources If you ’ re facing a NJP or a court - martial , you should speak to an attorney to protect your rights . You will normally have free access to a military defense attorney , but you should also consider retaining a civilian attorney specializing in military law . For more information on this , see FindLaw ’ s article on hiring civilian attorneys for military matters as well as FindLaw ’ s lawyer directory to find a civilian attorney near you that specializes in military law .
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[
"Non-Judicial Punishment",
"Courts-Martial",
"Marine Corps"
] |
http://military.wikia.com/wiki/Captain_(naval)
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in : Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia Military ranks of Australia Military ranks of Canada and 3 more Captain ( naval ) Captain is the name most often given in English - speaking navies to the rank corresponding to command of the largest ships . The NATO rank code is OF - 5 , equivalent to an army full colonel The equivalent rank in many navies is Ship - of - the - Line Captain . Other equivalent ranks in other navies notably include Captain of Sea and War or Captain at Sea Contents show Role Edit The command of a ship is most often given to the naval rank equivalent to a commissioned officer between commander ( OF - 4 ) and commodore or rear admiral ( OF - 6 ) . The Polish Navy is , however , a notable exception naval captain in position of Lieutenant Captain Lieutenant and OF - 5 rank being a " commander " ( komandor ) . The naval rank should not be confused with the army , air force or marine rank of captain , which has a NATO code of OF - 3 . Title Edit Any naval officer who commands a ship ( titled Commanding Officer , or CO ) is addressed as " captain " while aboard in command , by naval custom . Officers with the rank of captain travelling aboard a vessel they do not command should be addressed by their rank and name ( e.g. , " Captain Smith " ) , but they should not be referred to as " the captain " to avoid confusion with the vessel ' s captain . On large ships ( e.g. , carriers ) , the XO ( Executive Officer ) may be a captain in rank , in which case it would be proper to address the XO by rank . Often the XO prefers to be called XO to avoid confusion with the CO ( Commanding Officer ) , who is also a captain in rank and the captain of the ship . In some navies , captains by rank are addressed as Commodore to avoid confusion with the ship ' s commander . Throughout the Middle Ages the navy was an ad - hoc group of ships contracted for the duration of a given conflict and disbanded thereafter . The ship ' s master , who would command the ship during peacetime , would also remain in control of all things nautical during wartime . The captain was merely the commander of the embarked infantry contingent upon the ship who , with the help of his lieutenants , would act as the agent of the king — and hence de facto commander — while the ship was contracted with the Navy . During Tudor times , the title of captain began to refer to the commander of a ship of the Royal Navy , once that organization became established and maintained a standing fleet . Commands Captains with sea commands generally command ships of cruiser size or larger , the more senior the officer , the larger the ship , but ship commanders do not normally hold a higher rank than captain . In the Royal Navy , a captain might command a destroyer flotilla with the appointment ( not rank ) of Captain ( D ) ( or Captain ( Destroyers ) ) , while Naval Aviator and Naval Flight Officer Captains in the U.S. Navy command aircraft carriers , large - deck amphibious assault ships , carrier air wings , maritime patrol air wings and functional and specialized air wings and air groups . The more senior the officer , the larger the ship , but ship commanders do not normally hold a higher rank than captain . Rear Admirals will normally embark on large capital ships such as aircraft carriers , which will function as the flagship for their strike group or battle group , but a captain will retain command of the actual ship . Even when a senior officer who is in the ship ' s captain ' s chain of command is present , all orders are given through the captain as a courtesy . Many captains hold shore commands and staff positions afloat and ashore . Captains in national navies The following articles deal with the rank of captain as it is used in various navies . Captain ( Canada ) United Kingdom Captain ( U.S. Navy ) Kapitän ( Germany ) Kolonel Laut , literally " Navy Colonel " ( Indonesia Komandor ( Poland ) Captain insignia of Royal Navy Insignia of a U.S. Navy Captain Navy sleeve Capt ( N ) .png Captain ( N ) of the Canadian Forces Capitán de Navío ( Ship - of - the - Line Captain ) of the Armada Española Spanish Navy Ploiarchos ( Captain ) insignia of Hellenic Navy Komandor insignia of the Polish Navy Add a photo to this gallery See also Captain at Sea References ↑ William P . Mack , Harry A . Seymour , Lesa A . McComas ( 1998 ) . The naval officer ' s guide . U.S. Navy : Naval Institute Press . p . 91 . ISBN 9781557506450 http : / / books . google . com / books ? id = I9dMY47E0jwC&lpg = PA87&ots = RDoU0OCv1w&dq = Addressing % 20the % 20Officers % 20and % 20Crew&pg = PA91 ↑ J . D . Fontana , R . M . Hillyer ( 1990 ) . General Guide to NOSC Civilians Boarding Navy Ships . San Diego : Naval Oceans System Center . p . 9 http : / / www . spawar . navy . mil / sti / publications / pubs / sd / 333 / NOSCTD600b . pdf This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia view authors ) Categories Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia Military ranks of Australia Military ranks of Canada Military ranks of the United States Coast Guard Military ranks of the United States Navy Naval ranks Add category
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[
"Captain",
"NATO rank code",
"Ship-of-the-Line Captain"
] |
http://military.wikia.com/wiki/Castillo_de_San_Marcos
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in : Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia 1695 establishments American Civil War forts in Florida and 14 more Castillo de San Marcos The Castillo de San Marcos is the oldest masonry fort in the continental United States ( Castillo San Felipe del Morro in San Juan , Puerto Rico is older ) . Located on the shore of Matanzas Bay in the city of St . Augustine , Florida , construction began in 1672 , 107 years after the city ' s founding by Spanish Admiral and conquistador Pedro Menéndez de Avilés , when Florida was part of the Spanish Empire . After Britain gained control of Florida in 1763 pursuant to the Treaty of Paris , St . Augustine became the capital of British East Florida , and the fort was renamed Fort St . Mark until the Peace of Paris ( 1783 ) when Florida was transferred back to Spain . In 1819 Spain signed the Adams – Onís Treaty which ceded Florida to the United States in 1821 and the fort became a United States Army base which was renamed Fort Marion , in honor of American Revolutionary War hero Francis Marion . In 1942 the original name , Castillo de San Marcos , was restored by an Act of Congress . The fort was declared a National Monument in 1924 and after 251 years of continuous military possession , the fort was deactivated in 1933 and the 20.48 - acre ( 8.29 ha ) site was turned over to the United States National Park Service Castillo de San Marcos was twice besieged : first by English colonial forces led by Carolina Colony Governor James Moore in 1702 , and then by Georgia colonial Governor James Oglethorpe in 1740 . Possession of the fort has changed six times , all peaceful , amongst four different governments : the Spanish Empire , the Kingdom of Great Britain , the Confederate States of America and the United States of America ( Spain and the United States having possession two times each ) . Under United States control the fort was used as a military prison to incarcerate members of various Native American tribes starting with the Seminole - including the famous war chief Osceola - in the Second Seminole War - and members of various western tribes including Geronimo ' s band of Chiricahua Apache . The Native American art form known as Ledger Art had its origins at the fort during the imprisonment of members of the Plains tribes such as Howling Wolf of the Southern Cheyen . Contents show Construction Edit Construction plan of the Castillo de San Marcos from 1677 The European city of St . Augustine was founded by the admiral Pedro Menéndez de Avilés for the Spanish Crown in 1565 on the site of a former Native American village . Over the next 100 years , the Spanish built nine wooden forts for the defense of the town in various locations . The need for fortifications was recognized after it was attacked by Sir Francis Drake and his fleet of 20 ships in 1586 . Following the 1668 attack of the English pirate Robert Searle Mariana , Queen Regent of Spain , approved the construction of a masonry fortification to protect the city . The Castillo is a masonry star fort made of a stone called coquina , Spanish for " small shells " , made of ancient shells that have bonded together to form a type of stone similar to limestone . Workers were brought in from Havana , Cuba , to construct the fort in addition to Native American laborers . The coquina was quarried from the ' King ' s Quarry ' on Anastasia Island in what is today Anastasia State Park across Matanzas Bay from the Castillo , and ferried across to the construction site . Construction began on October 2 , 1672 and lasted twenty - three years , with completion in 1695 . The barrels of cannons deployed on the terreplein project outward through multiple embrasures located along the curtain wall between San Pedro and San Agustín bastions . To the left of center is the sallyport — the only entrance to the fort , reached via drawbridge from the ravelin , which is located within the moat The fort has four bastions named San Pedro , San Agustín , San Carlos and San Pablo with a ravelin protecting the sally port . On the two landward sides a large glacis was constructed which would force any attackers to advance upward toward the fort ' s cannon and allow the cannon shot to proceed downslope for greater efficiency in hitting multiple targets . Immediately surrounding the fort was a moat which could be flooded to a depth of a foot during high - tide with seawater from Matanzas Bay prior to an attack via the use of floodgates built into the seawall Multiple embrasures were built into the curtain wall along the top of the fort as well as into the bastions for the deployment of cannon of various calibers . Infantry embrasures were also built into the walls below the level of the terreplein for the deployment of muskets by the fort ' s defenders . It was through one of these embrasures that twenty Seminoles held as prisoners would escape in 1837 . First English siege Edit View of the Plaza de Armas within Castillo de San Marcos . Main article : Siege of St . Augustine ( 1702 ) In 1670 , Charles Town ( modern - day Charleston , South Carolina ) was founded by English colonists . As it was just two days ' sail from St . Augustine , the English settlement and encroachment of English traders into Spanish territory spurred the Spanish in their construction of a fort . In 1702 , English colonial forces under the command of Carolina Governor Governor James Moore embarked on an expedition to capture St . Augustine early in Queen Anne ' s War The English laid siege to St . Augustine in November 1702 . About 1,500 town residents and soldiers were crammed into the fort during the two - month siege . The small English cannon had little effect on the walls of the fort , because the coquina was very effective at absorbing the impact of the shells . The siege was broken when the Spanish fleet from Havana arrived , trapping some English vessels in the bay . The English burned their ships to prevent them from falling under Spanish control , and then marched overland back to Carolina . The town of St . Augustine was destroyed , in part by the Spanish and in part by the English , as a result of the siege . Second period of construction Beginning in 1738 , under the supervision of Spanish engineer Pedro Ruiz de Olano , the interior of the fort was redesigned and rebuilt . Interior rooms were made deeper , and vaulted ceilings replaced the original wooden ones . The vaulted ceilings allowed for better protection from bombardments and allowed for cannon to be placed along the gun deck , not just at the corner . The new ceilings required the height of the exterior wall to be increased from 26 to 33 feet ( 10 m ) . Second British Siege Main article : Siege of St . Augustine The garrita ( foreground ) and belltower at the fort . Spain and Britain were rivals in Europe . Because the two countries had initiated empires in the New World , their heated rivalry continued . In 1733 a British vessel , the Rebecca , commanded by Captain Robert Jenkins , was seized in the Caribbean by the Spanish coast guard . Suspecting that the British had been trading illegally with Spanish colonies ( which was forbidden by both Spain and Britain ) , the Spanish searched the ship . A fight broke out between the Spanish and British sailors . In the skirmish , Jenkins had his ear cut off by a Spanish officer , who picked it up and said " Take this to your king and tell him that if he were here I would serve him in the same manner ! " When Jenkins reported the War of Jenkins Ear After British Admiral Edward Vernon scored a huge victory at Portobelo , General James Oglethorpe , the founder of Georgia , was quick to imitate him in North America . In June 1740 , Oglethorpe and an English fleet of seven ships appeared off St . Augustine . As in the 1702 siege , three hundred soldiers and 1,300 residents found refuge within the Castillo ' s walls . For 27 days the British bombarded the Castillo and St . Augustine . Realizing his cannon were not affecting the Castillo ' s walls , Oglethorpe decided to starve the people of St . Augustine by blockading the inlet at the Matanzas River and all roads into St . Augustine . No supplies could reach the city . With morale and supplies low for his own forces , Oglethorpe had to retreat . To protect the fort from Fort Matanzas was built . British occupation An aerial view of the Castillo de San Marcos . In 1763 , the British managed to take control of the Castillo but not by force . As a provision of the Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) after the Seven Years War , Britain gained all of Spanish Florida in exchange for returning Havana and Manila to Spain . On July 21 , 1763 , the Spanish governor turned the Castillo over to the British , who established St . Augustine as the capital of the province of East Florida , established by the Royal Proclamation of 1763 The British made some changes to the fort , and renamed it Fort St . Mark . As Great Britain was the dominant power in North America , they were not worried about keeping the fort in top condition . This attitude prevailed until the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War . The fort was used as a military prison during the war . Among those imprisoned was Christopher Gadsden , the Lieutenant governor of South Carolina . He was also a delegate to the Continental Congress and a brigadier general in the Continental Army during the war . He was released after 11 months . Improvements were begun on the fort , in keeping with its new role as a base of operations for the British in the South . The gates and walls were repaired , and second floors were added to several rooms to increase the housing capacity of the fort . The Castillo saw action during the American Revolution mainly as a prison , although St . Augustine was targeted by several aborted expeditions from Georgia . Several revolutionary fighters who had been captured in Charleston were held there when it was taken by the British . The Spanish declared war on Bernardo de Gálvez , governor of Spanish Louisiana , attacked several British - held cities in West Florida , capturing all of them . The only major British operation that used troops from St . Augustine was the poorly - coordinated but successful capture of Savannah , Georgia ; the city was taken by troops from New York before those from St . Augustine arrived . At the end of the war , the 1783 Treaty of Paris called for the return of Florida to Spain . On July 12 , 1784 , Spanish troops returned to St . Augustine . Second Spanish period Reenactment of Spanish soldiers firing cannons . When Spain regained control over Florida they found a much changed territory . Many Spaniards had left Florida after the hand over to Britain , and many British citizens stayed after the hand over back to Spain . Many border problems arose between Spanish Florida and the new United States . Spain changed the name of the fort back to the Castillo de San Marcos , and continued to build upon the improvements that Britain had made to the fort in an effort to strengthen Spain ’ s hold on the territory . However , due to increased pressure from the United States and several other factors , in 1819 , Spain signed the Adams – Onís Treaty , ceding Florida to the , which was transferred in 1821 . First United States period Hotshot furnace used to heat cannonballs to shoot at wooden enemy ships . Upon receiving the fort from Spain , the Americans changed its name to Fort Marion . It was given that name to honor the legendary American Revolutionary War hero General Francis Marion " The Swamp Fox " . Structurally , they made few changes to the fort during this time . Many storerooms were converted to prison cells on account of their heavy doors and barred windows . Also , part of the moat was filled in and transformed into an artillery battery as part of the American coastal defense system . The original Spanish seawall was dismantled to ground level and a new seawall constructed immediately adjacent to the seaward side of the original . At this time a hotshot furnace was also built in the filled in section of the moat behind the newly built water battery . Cannonballs were heated in the furnace to fire at wooden enemy ships . In October 1837 , during the Second Seminole War , Seminole chief Osceola was taken prisoner by the Americans while attending a peace conference under a flag of truce . He was imprisoned in the fort along with his followers , including Uchee Billy King Philip and his son Coacoochee ( Wild Cat ) . Uchee Billy was captured on September 10 , 1837 , and he died at the fort on November 29 . His skull was kept as a curio by Dr . Frederick Weedon , who also decapitated Osceola after his death in Fort Moultrie and kept the head in preservative . On the night of November 19 , 1837 Coacoochee along with Talmus Hadjo , 16 other Seminole braves and two Seminole women escaped from Fort Marion by squeezing through the eight inch ( 203 mm ) opening of the embrasure located high in their cell and sliding down a makeshift rope into the moat . They made their way to their band ' s encampment where the Tomoka River meet the Atlantic . Due to their treatment they vowed to continue fighting and prolonged the war for four more years . In the past Coacoochee ' s Cell from which he escaped was part of the official lore of the fort . Confederate States period See also : St . Augustine in the American Civil War In January 1861 , Florida seceded from the in the opening months of the American Civil War . Union troops had withdrawn from the fort , leaving only one man behind as caretaker . In January 1861 , Confederate troops marched on the fort . The Union soldier manning the fort refused to surrender it unless he was given a receipt for it from the Confederacy . He was given the receipt and the fort was taken by the Confederacy without a shot . Most of the artillery in the fort was sent to other forts , leaving only five cannons in the water battery to defend the fort . The Saint Augustine Blues , a militia unit formed in St Augustine were enrolled into the Confederate Army at Ft . Marion on August 5 , 1861 . They were assigned to the recently organized Third Florida Infantry as its Company B . More than a dozen former members of the St . Augustine Blues are buried in a row at the city ' s Tolomato Cemetery The fort along with the rest of the city of St Augustine was reoccupied by Union troops after acting mayor Cristobal Bravo officially surrendered the city to Union Navy fleet commander C.R.P Rodgers on March 11 , 1862 . The Confederate forces left the city the previous evening in anticipation of the arrival of the Union fleet under the command of Commodore Dupont Second United States period National Park Service brochure showing an exploded view drawing of fort . The fort was taken back by Union forces on March 11 , 1862 , when the USS Wabash entered the bay , finding the city evacuated by Confederate troops . The city leaders were willing to surrender in order to preserve the town , and the city and the fort were retaken without firing a shot . Throughout the rest of the fort ' s operational history , it was used as a military prison . Beginning in 1875 , numerous Native American prisoners were held at the fort in the aftermath of the Indian Wars in the west . Many would die at the fort . Among the captives were Chief White Horse of the Kiowa , and Chief Grey Beard of the Southern Cheyenne . During this period , Richard Henry Pratt , a Civil War veteran , supervised the prisoners and upgraded the conditions for them . He developed ways to give the men more autonomy and attempted to organize educational and cultural programs for them . They became a center of interest to northerners vacationing in St . Augustine , who included teachers and missionaries . Pratt recruited volunteers to teach the Indian prisoners English , Christian religion , and elements of American culture . He and most US officials believed that such assimilation was needed for the Indians ' survival in the changing society . The men were also Ledger Art by Fort Marion artists is held by the Smithsonian Institution . It may be viewed online . Encouraged by the men ' s progress in education , citizens raised funds to send nearly 20 of the prisoners to college after they were released from Ft . Marion . Seventeen men went to the Hampton Institute , a historically black college . Others were sponsored and educated in New York state at private colleges . Among the latter were David Pendleton Oakerhater , as he became known , who was sponsored by US Senator Pendleton and his wife . He studied and later was ordained as an Episcopal priest . He returned to the West to work as a missionary with Indian tribes . He was later recognized by the Episcopal Church as a saint . Based on his experience at Fort Marion , Pratt recommended wider education of Indian children , a cause which Senator Pendleton embraced . He sponsored a bill supporting this goal , and the US Army offered the Carlisle Barracks in central Pennsylvania as the site of the first Indian boarding school . Its programs were developed along the industrial school model of Hampton and Tuskegee Institutes , which officials thought appropriate to prepare Native Americans for what was generally rural reservation life . Through the early 20th century , the government founded 26 other Indian boarding schools , and permitted more than 450 boarding schools run by religious organizations . From 1886 - 1887 , approximately 491 Apaches were held prisoner at Fort Marion ; many were of the Chiricahua and Warm Springs Apache bands from Arizona . There were 82 men and the rest were women and children . Among the men , 14 , including Chatto , had previously been paid scouts for the US Army . Among the Chiricahua were members of the notable chief Geronimo ' s band , including his wife . Geronimo was sent to Fort Pickens , in violation of his agreed terms of surrender . While at the fort , many of the prisoners had to camp in tents , as there was not sufficient space for them . At least 24 Apaches died as prisoners and were buried in North Beach . Apache prisoners at Ft . Marion In 1898 , over 200 deserters from the Spanish - American War were imprisoned at the fort . This marked one of the last uses of the fort as an operational base . In 1900 , the fort was taken off the active duty rolls after 205 years of service under five different flags . In 1924 , the fort was designated a National Monument . In 1933 it was transferred to the National Park Service from the War Department . In 1942 , in honor of its Spanish heritage , Congress authorized renaming the fort as . As an historic property of the National Park Service , the National Monument was listed on the National Register of Historic Places ( NRHP ) on October 15 , 1966 . The National Park Service manages the Castillo together with Fort Matanzas National Monument . In 1975 , the Castillo was designated an Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers Since being transferred to the Park Service , the Castillo has become a popular tourist attraction . It occupies 2.5 acres ( 10,100 m² ) in downtown St . Augustine , Florida . Gallery Entrance to fort , Civil War era Entrance to fort , Sally port , Civil War era Captain Pratt with Native American captives at Fort Marion Howling Wolf , Southern Cheyenne , photographed while imprisoned at Fort Marion The north wall of the Castillo Castillo De San Marcos from the west , looking east . Add a photo to this gallery References ↑ Arnade , Charles W ( 1962 ) . " The English Invasion of Spanish Florida , 1700 – 1706 " . The Florida Historical Quarterly ( Florida Historical Society ) ( Volume 41 Number 1 , July 1962 ) : p . 31 . JSTOR 30139893 ↑ Arnade , Charles ( 1959 ) . The Siege of Saint Augustine 1702 . University of Florida Monographs : Social Sciences # 3 . Gainesville , FL : University of Florida Press . OCLC 1447747 . pp . 5 , 14 . Arnade ( 1959 ) , p . 37 . Bushnell , Amy Turner ( 1994 ) . The Archaeology of Mission Santa Catalina de Guale , Volume 3 . New York : University of Georgia Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8203 - 1712 - 0 . OCLC 60107034 . p . 192 Arnade ( 1959 ) , pp . 55 - 57 . Arnade ( 1962 ) , p . 33 . Arnade ( 1959 ) , pp . 41 - 43 , 47 , 56 . Daniel J . McDonough : Christopher Gadsden and Henry Laurens : The Parallel Lives of Two American Patriots p . 241 ( 2000 ) ; Publisher : Susquehanna Univ Pr ( 2000 ) ISBN 1 - 57591 - 039 - X Florida ' s Past : People and Events That Shaped the State by Gene M Burnett ( 1997 ) Page 112 William Jewett Tenney : The military and naval history of the rebellion in the United States : With Biographical Sketches Of Deceased Officers ( 1866 ) reprint ; ( 2003 ) , Stackpole Books ISBN 978 - 0 - 8117 - 0028 - 3 " Removing Classrooms from the Battlefield : Liberty , Paternalism , and the Redemptive Promise of Educational Choice " , BYU Law Review , 2008 , p . 377 Hilton Crowe ( December , 1940 ) . " Indian Prisoner - Students at Fort Marion : The Founding of Carlisle Was Dreamed in St . Augustine " . the Regional Review ( United States National Park Service ) http : / / www . nps . gov / history / history / online_books / regional_review / vol5 - 6c . htm " Fort Marion Artists " , Smithsonian Institution , accessed 4 Dec 2008 K.B. Kueteman . " From Warrior to Saint : The life of David Pendelton Oakerhater " . Oklahoma State University http : / / digital . library . okstate . edu / Oakerhater / bio . html Brad D . Lookingbill , War Dance at Fort Marion : Plains Indian War Prisoners , p . 200 Herbert Welsh , The Apache prisoners in Fort Marion , St . Augustine , FL : 1887 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Castillo de San Marcos National Monument This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia view authors ) Categories Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia 1695 establishments American Civil War forts in Florida Colonial forts in Florida Florida in the American Civil War Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks Historic Florida architecture 1989 AIA survey listings in St . Johns County Military and war museums in Florida Museums in St . Augustine , Florida National Park Service National Monuments in Florida National Register of Historic Places in St . Johns County , Florida Parks in St . Johns County , Florida Protected areas established in 1924 Tourist attractions in St . Augustine , Florida Historic American Buildings Survey in Florida Star forts Spanish Florida Add category
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http://military.wikia.com/wiki/Counter-insurgency
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in : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2011 Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia and 4 more Counter - insurgency Police question a civilian during the Malayan Emergency . Counter - insurgency involves action from both military and police authorities . U.S. Marines and Afghan soldiers on patrol during counter - insurgency operations in Marjah , Afghanistan , February 2010 Outline of war Eras Prehistoric Ancient Medieval Gunpowder Industrial Modern Generations of warfare First Second Third Fourth Battlespace Air Information Land Sea Space Weapons Armor Artillery Biological Cavalry Conventional Chemical Cyber Electronic Infantry Nuclear Psychological Unconventional Tactics Aerial Battle Cavalry Charge Cover Counter - insurgency Foxhole Guerrilla warfare Morale Siege Tactical objective Operational Blitzkrieg Deep battle Maneuver warfare Operational manoeuvre group Strategy Attrition Deception Defensive Offensive Goal Naval Grand strategy Containment Economic warfare Military science Philosophy of war Strategic studies Total war Organization Command and control Education and training Engineers Intelligence Ranks Staff Technology and equipment Logistics Materiel Supply chain management Other Asymmetric warfare Cold war Mercenary Military operation Principles of war Proxy war Religious war Trench warfare War crimes War novel Lists Battles Commanders Operations Sieges Wars War crimes Weapons Writers v t e See also : Insurgency Low intensity conflict Divide and rule , and Fourth generation warfare A counter - insurgency or counterinsurgency COIN ) operation involves actions taken by the recognized government of a nation to contain or quell an insurgency taken up against it . In the main , the insurgents seek to destroy or erase the political authority of the defending authorities in a population they seek to control , and the counter - insurgent forces seek to protect that authority and reduce or eliminate the supplanting authority of the insurgents . Counter - insurgency operations are common during war , occupation and armed rebellions . Counter - insurgency may be armed suppression of a rebellion , coupled with tactics such as divide and rule designed to fracture the links between the insurgency and the population in which the insurgents move . Because it may be difficult or impossible to distinguish between an insurgent , a supporter of an insurgency who is a non - combatant , and entirely uninvolved members of the population , counter - insurgency operations have often rested on a confused , relativistic , or otherwise situational distinction between insurgents and non - combatants . Contents show Models Edit The guerrilla must swim in the people as the fish swims in the sea . – Aphorism based on the writing of Mao Zedong Counter - insurgency is normally conducted as a combination of conventional military operations and other means , such as propaganda , psy - ops , and assassinations . Counter - insurgency operations include many different facets : military , paramilitary , political , economic , psychological , and civic actions taken to defeat insurgency To understand counter - insurgency , one must understand to comprehend the dynamics of revolutionary warfare . Insurgents capitalize on societal problems , often called gaps ; counter - insurgency addresses closing the gaps . When the gaps are wide , they create a sea of discontent , creating the environment in which the insurgent can operate . In The Insurgent Archipelago John Mackinlay puts forward the concept of an evolution of insurgency from the Maoist paradigm of the golden age of insurgency to the global insurgency of the start of the 21st - century . He defines this distinction as ' Maoist ' and ' post - Maoist ' insurgency . Legal and ethical challenges Edit William B . Caldwell wrote : The law of armed conflict requires that , to use force , " combatants " must distinguish individuals presenting a threat from innocent civilians . This basic principle is accepted by all disciplined militaries . In the counterinsurgency , disciplined application of force is even more critical because our enemies camouflage themselves in the civilian population . Our success in Iraq depends on our ability to treat the civilian population with humanity and dignity , even as we remain ready to immediately defend ourselves or Iraqi civilians when a threat is detected . Counter - insurgency theorists Santa Cruz de Marcenado The third Marques of Santa Cruz de Marcenado ( 1684 – 1732 ) is probably the earliest author who dealt systematically in his writings with counter - insurgency . In his Reflexiones Militares , published between 1726 and 1730 , he discussed how to spot early signs of an incipient insurgency , prevent insurgencies , and counter them , if they could not be warded off . Strikingly , Santa Cruz recognized that insurgencies are usually due to real grievances : " A state rarely rises up without the fault of its governors . " Consequently , he advocated clemency towards the population and good governance , to seek the people ' s " heart and love " . B . H . Liddell Hart The majority of counter - insurgency efforts by major powers in the last century have been spectacularly unsuccessful . This may be attributed to a number of causes . First , as B . H . Liddell Hart pointed out in the Insurgency addendum to the second version of his book Strategy : The Indirect Approach , a popular insurgency has an inherent advantage over any occupying force . He showed as a prime example the French occupation of Spain during the Napoleonic wars . Whenever Spanish forces managed to constitute themselves into a regular fighting force , the superior French forces beat them every time . However , once dispersed and decentralized , the irregular nature of the rebel campaigns proved a decisive counter to French superiority on the battlefield . Napoleon ' s army had no means of effectively combatting the rebels , and in the end their strength and morale were so sapped that when Wellington was finally able to challenge French forces in the field , the French had almost no choice but to abandon the situation . Counter - insurgency efforts may be successful , especially when the insurgents are unpopular . The Philippine – American War , the Shining Path in Peru , and the Malayan Emergency in Malaya have been the sites of failed insurgencies . Hart also points to the experiences of T . E . Lawrence and the Arab Revolt during World War I as another example of the power of the rebel / insurgent . Though the Ottomans often had advantages in manpower of more than 100 to 1 , the Arabs ' ability to materialize out of the desert , strike , and disappear again often left the Turks reeling and paralyzed , creating an opportunity for regular British forces to sweep in and finish the Turkish forces off . In both the preceding cases , the insurgents and rebel fighters were working in conjunction with or in a manner complementary to regular forces . Such was also the case with the French Resistance during World War II and the National Liberation Front during the Vietnam War . The strategy in these cases is for the irregular combatant to weaken and destabilize the enemy to such a degree that victory is easy or assured for the regular forces . However , in many modern rebellions , one does not see rebel fighters working in conjunction with regular forces . Rather , they are home - grown militias or imported fighters who have no unified goals or objectives save to expel the occupier . According to Liddell Hart , there are few effective counter - measures to this strategy . So long as the insurgency maintains popular support , it will retain all of its strategic advantages of mobility , invisibility , and legitimacy in its own eyes and the eyes of the people . So long as this is the situation , an insurgency essentially can not be defeated by regular forces . Another option in combating an insurgency would be to make the presence of troops so pervasive that there is simply no place left for insurgents to hide , as demonstrated in Franco ' s conquest of Republican Spain during the Spanish Civil War or the Union occupation of Confederate States with Federal troops following the American Civil War . In each of these cases , enormous amounts of manpower were needed for an extended period to quell resistance over almost every square kilometre of territory . In an age of ever shrinking and increasingly computerized armed forces , this option too is precluded from a modern commander ' s options . Essentially , then , only one viable option remains . The key to a successful counter - insurgency is the winning - over of the occupied territory ' s population . If that can be achieved , then the rebellion will be deprived of its supplies , shelter , and , more importantly , its moral legitimacy . Unless the hearts and minds of the public can be separated from the insurgency , the occupation is doomed to fail . In a modern representative democracy , in the face of perceived incessant losses , no conflict will be tolerated by an electorate without significant show of tangible gains . Vietnam War Although the United States and its ARVN allies won several major battles with North Vietnamese forces and their allies suffering staggering losses , the cost of victory was so high in the opinion of the US public ( 58,193 U.S. deaths ) that it came to see any further possible gains as not worth the troop losses . As long as popular support is on their side , an insurgency can hold out indefinitely , consolidating its control and replenishing its ranks , until their opponents simply leave . Current situations In these cases , such as the Israeli occupation of Lebanon , which ended in 2000 , and the recent Iraqi insurgency , the goal of the insurgent is not to defeat the occupying military force ; that is almost always an impossible task given the disparity in resources . Rather , they seek through a constant campaign of sneak attacks to inflict continuous casualties upon their superior enemy forces and thereby over time demoralize the occupying forces and erode political support for the occupation in the homeland of the occupying forces . It is a simple strategy of repeated pin - pricks and bleedings that , though small in proportion to the total force strength , sap the will of the David Galula David Galula gained his practical experience in counter - insurgency as a French officer in the Algerian War . His theory of counterinsurgency is not primarily military , but a combination of military , political and social actions under the strong control of a single authority . Galula proposes four " laws " for counterinsurgency : The aim of the war is to gain the support of the population rather than control of territory . Most of the population will be neutral in the conflict ; support of the masses can be obtained with the help of an active friendly minority . Support of the population may be lost . The population must be efficiently protected to allow it to cooperate without fear of retribution by the opposite party . Order enforcement should be done progressively by removing or driving away armed opponents , then gaining support of the population , and eventually strengthening positions by building infrastructure and setting long - term relationships with the population . This must be done area by area , using a pacified territory as a basis of operation to conquer a neighbouring area . Galula contends that : A victory [ in a counterinsurgency ] is not the destruction in a given area of the insurgent ' s forces and his political organization . . . . A victory is that plus the permanent isolation of the insurgent from the population , isolation not enforced upon the population , but maintained by and with the population . . . . In conventional warfare , strength is assessed according to military or other tangible criteria , such as the number of divisions , the position they hold , the industrial resources , etc . In revolutionary warfare , strength With his four principles in mind , Galula goes on to describe a general military and political strategy to put them into operation in an area that is under full insurgent control : In a Selected Area 1 . Concentrate enough armed forces to destroy or to expel the main body of armed insurgents . 2 . Detach for the area sufficient troops to oppose an insurgent ' s comeback in strength , install these troops in the hamlets , villages , and towns where the population lives . 3 . Establish contact with the population , control its movements in order to cut off its links with the guerrillas . 4 . Destroy the local insurgent political organization . 5 . Set up , by means of elections , new provisional local authorities . 6 . Test those authorities by assigning them various concrete tasks . Replace the softs and the incompetents , give full support to the active leaders . Organize self - defense units . 7 . Group and educate the leaders in a national political movement . 8 . Win over or suppress the last insurgent remnants . According to Galula , some of these steps can be skipped in areas that are only partially under insurgent control , and most of them are unnecessary in areas already controlled by the government . Thus the essence of counterinsurgency warfare is summed up by Galula as " Build ( or rebuild ) a political machine from the population upward . " Robert Thompson Robert Grainger Ker Thompson wrote Defeating Communist Insurgency in 1966 , arguing that a successful counter - insurgency effort must be proactive in seizing the initiative from insurgents . Thompson outlines five basic principles for a successful counter - insurgency : The government must have a clear political aim : to establish and maintain a free , independent and united country which is politically and economically stable and viable ; The government must function in accordance with the law ; The government must have an overall plan ; The government must give priority to defeating political subversion , not the guerrillas ; In the guerrilla phase of an insurgency , a government must secure its base areas first . David Kilcullen Three Pillars of Counterinsurgency In " The Three Pillars of Counterinsurgency " , Dr . David Kilcullen , the Chief Strategist of the Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism of the U.S. State Department in 2006 , described a framework for interagency cooperation in counterinsurgency operations . His pillars – Security , Political and Economic – support the overarching goal of Control , but are based on Information : This is because perception is crucial in developing control and influence over population groups . Substantive security , political and economic measures are critical but to be effective they must rest upon , and integrate with a broader information strategy . Every action in counterinsurgency sends a message ; the purpose of the information campaign is to consolidate and unify this message . . . . Importantly , the information campaign has to be conducted at a global , regional and local level — because modern insurgents draw upon global networks of sympathy , support , funding and recruitment . Kilcullen considers the three pillars to be of equal importance , because unless they are developed in parallel , the campaign becomes unbalanced : too much economic assistance with inadequate security , for example , simply creates an array of soft targets for the insurgents . Similarly , too much security assistance without political consensus or governance simply creates more capable armed groups . In developing each pillar , we measure progress by gauging effectiveness ( capability and capacity ) and legitimacy ( the degree to which the population accepts that government actions are in its interest ) . The overall goal , according to this model , " is not to reduce violence to zero or to kill every insurgent , but rather to return the overall system to normality — noting that ' normality ' in one society may look different from normality in another . In each case , we seek not only to establish control , but also to consolidate that control and then transfer it to permanent , effective and legitimate institutions . " Martin van Creveld Military historian Martin van Creveld , noting that almost all attempts to deal with insurgency have ended in failure , advises : The first , and absolutely indispensable , thing to do is throw overboard 99 percent of the literature on counterinsurgency , counterguerrilla , counterterrorism , and the like . Since most of it was written by the losing side , it is of little value . In examining why so many counterinsurgencies by powerful militaries fail against weaker enemies , Van Creveld identifies a key dynamic that he illustrates by the metaphor of killing a child . Regardless of whether the child started the fight or how well armed the child is , an adult in a fight with a child will feel that he is acting unjustly if he harms the child and foolish if the child harms him ; he will therefore wonder if the fight is necessary . Van Creveld argues that " by definition , a strong counterinsurgent who uses his strength to kill the members of a small , weak organization of insurgents - let alone the civilian population by which it is surrounded , and which may lend it support - will commit crimes in an unjust cause , " while " a child who is in a serious fight with an adult is justified in using every and any means available - not because he or she is right , but because he or she has no choice . " Every act of insurgency becomes , from the perspective of the counterinsurgent , a reason to end the conflict , while also being a reason for the insurgents to continue until victory . Dang Xuan Khu , second in command to Ho Chi Minh of Vietnam , wrote in his Primer for Revolt The guiding principle of the strategy for our whole resistance must be to prolong the war . To protract the war is the key to victory . Why must the war be protracted ? . . . If we throw the whole of our forces into a few battles to try to decide the outcome , we shall certainly be defeated and the enemy will win . On the other hand , if while fighting we maintain our forces , expand them , train our army and people , learn military tactics . . . and at the same time Van Creveld thus identifies " time " as the key factor in counterinsurgency . In an attempt to find lessons from the few cases of successful counterinsurgency , of which he lists two clear cases : the British efforts during The Troubles of Northern Ireland and the 1982 Hama massacre carried out by the Syrian government to suppress the Muslim Brotherhood , he asserts that the " core of the difficulty is neither military nor political , but moral " and outlines two distinct methods . The first method relies on superb intelligence , provided by those who know the natural and artificial environment of the conflict as well as the insurgents . Once such superior intelligence is gained , the counterinsurgents must be trained to a point of high professionalism and discipline such that they will exercise discrimination and restraint . Through such discrimination and restraint , the counterinsurgents do not alienate members of the populace besides those already fighting them , while delaying the time when the counterinsurgents become disgusted by their own actions and demoralized . General Patrick Walters , British commander of troops in northern Ireland , explicitly stated that his objective was not to kill as many terrorists as possible , but to ensure that as few people on both sides were killed . In the vast majority of counterinsurgencies , the " forces of order " kill far more people than they lose . In contrast and using very rough figures , of the approximately 3000 British killed during The Troubles , 1700 were civilians and 1000 were British soldiers and members of security forces , translating into a three - to - one kill ratio in favor of the terrorists If the prerequisites for the first method - excellent intelligence , superbly trained and disciplined soldiers and police , and an iron will to avoid being provoked into lashing out - are lacking , van Creveld posits that counterinsurgents who still want to win must use the second method exemplified by the Hama massacre . In 1982 the regime of Syrian president Hafez al - Assad was on the point of being overwhelmed by the countrywide insurgency of the Muslim Brotherhood . al - Assad sent a division under his brother Rifaat to the city of Hama , known to be the center of the resistance . Following a counterattack by the Brotherhood , Rifaat used his heavy artillery to demolish the city , killing between ten and 25 thousand people , including many women and children . Asked by reporters what had happened , Hafez al - Assad exaggerated the damage and deaths , promoted the commanders who carried out the attacks , and razed Hama ' s well - known great mosque , replacing it with a parking lot . With the Muslim Brotherhood scattered , the population was so cowed that it would years before opposition groups would dare disobey the regime again and civil war Van Creveld condenses al - Assad ' s strategy into five rules , while noting that they could easily have been written by Niccolò Machiavelli There are situations in which cruelty is necessary , and refusing to apply necessary cruelty is a betrayal of the people who put you into power . When pressed to cruelty , never threaten your opponent but disguise your intention and feign weakness until you strike . Once you decide to strike , it is better to kill too many than not enough . If another strike is needed , it reduces the impact of the first strike . Repeated strikes will also endanger the morale of the counterinsurgent troops ; soldiers forced to commit repeated atrocities will likely begin to resort to alcohol or drugs to force themselves to carry out orders and will inevitably lose their military edge , eventually turning into a danger to their commanders . Act as soon as possible . More lives will be saved by decisive action early , than by prolonging the insurgency . The longer you wait , the more inured the population will be to bloodshed , and the more barbaric your action will have to be to make an impression . Strike openly . Do not apologize , make excuses about " collateral damage " , express regret , or promise investigations . Afterwards , make sure that as many people as possible know of your strike ; media is useful for this purpose , but be careful not to let them interview survivors and arouse sympathy . Do not command the strike yourself , in case it does n ' t work for some reason and you need to disown your commander and try another strategy . If it does work , present your commander to the world , explain what you have done and make certain that everyone understands that you are ready to strike again . Lorenzo Zambernardi In " Counterinsurgency ’ s Impossible Trilemma " , Dr . Lorenzo Zambernardi , an Italian academic now working in the United States , clarifies the tradeoffs involved in counterinsurgency operations . He argues that counterinsurgency involves three main goals , but in real practice a counterinsurgent needs to choose two goals out of three . Relying on economic theory , this is what Zambernardi labels the " impossible trilemma " of counterinsurgency . Specifically , the impossible trilemma suggests that it is impossible to simultaneously achieve : 1 ) force protection , 2 ) distinction between enemy combatants and noncombatants , and 3 ) the physical elimination of insurgents . According to Zambernardi , in pursuing any two of these three goals , a state must forgo some portion of the third objective . In particular , a state can protect its armed forces while destroying insurgents , but only by indiscriminately killing civilians as the Ottomans , Italians , and Nazis did in the Balkans , Libya , and Eastern Europe . It can choose to protect civilians along with its own armed forces instead , avoiding so - called collateral damage , but only by abandoning the objective of destroying the insurgents . Finally , a state can Zambernardi ’ s theory posits that to protect populations , which is necessary to defeat insurgencies , and to physically destroy an insurgency , the counterinsurgent ’ s military forces must be sacrificed , risking the loss of domestic political support . Tactics Population control A strategic hamlet in South Vietnam c . 1964 With regard to tactics , the terms " drain the water " or " drain the swamp " involves the forced relocation of the population ( " water " ) to expose the rebels or insurgents ( " fish " ) . In other words , relocation deprives the aforementioned of the support , cover , and resources of the local population . A somewhat similar strategy was used extensively by US forces in South Vietnam until 1969 , initially by forcing the rural population into fenced camps , referred to as Strategic Hamlets , and later by declaring the previous areas as free - fire zones to remove the rest from their villages and farms . Widespread use was made of Agent Orange , sprayed from airplanes , to destroy crops that might have provided resources for Viet Cong and North Vietnamese troops and their human support base . These measures proved ineffective , as the Viet Cong often relocated activists and sympathizers inside the new communities . In any event , the Vietnam War was only partly a counter - insurgency campaign , as it also involved conventional combat between US / ARVN forces , Vietcong Main Force Battalions , and the North Vietnamese Army ( NVA ) . According to a report of the Australian military Among the most effective means are such population - control measures as vehicle and personnel checkpoints and national identity cards . In Malaya , the requirement to carry an ID card with a photo and thumbprint forced the communists to abandon their original three - phase political - military strategy and caused divisive infighting among their leaders over how to respond to this effective population - control measure . Oil spot The oil spot approach is a descriptive term for the concentration of counter - insurgent forces into an expanding , secured zone . The origins of the expression is to be found in its initial use by Marshal Hubert Lyautey , the main theoretician of French colonial warfare and counter - insurgency strategy . The oil spot approach was later one of the justifications given in the Pentagon Papers for the Strategic Hamlet Program Cordon and search Cordon and search is a military tactic , one of the basic counter - insurgency operations in which an area is cordoned off and premises are searched for weapons or insurgents . Other related operations are " Cordon and knock " and " Cordon and kick " . " Cordon and search " is part of new doctrine called Stability and Support Operations or SASO . It is a technique used where there is no hard intelligence of weapons in the house and therefore is less intense than a normal house search . It is used in urban neighborhoods . The purpose of the mission is to search a house with as little inconvenience to the resident family as possible . Air operations See also : Counter - insurgency aircraft Air power can play an important role in counter - insurgency , capable of carrying out a wide range of operations : Transportation in support of combatants and civilians alike , including casualty evacuations Intelligence gathering , surveillance , and reconnaissance ; Psychological operations , through leaflet drops , loudspeakers , and radio broadcasts ; Air - to - ground attack against ' soft ' targets . 7th SFG Special Forces medic gives a young boy a coloring book during a meeting with village religious leaders to gain their support and obtain information , Afghanistan 2008 Public diplomacy In General David Petraeus Counterinsurgency Field Manual , one of the many tactics described to help win in counterinsurgency warfare involves the use of public diplomacy through military means . Counterinsurgency is effective when it is integrated " into a comprehensive strategy employing all instruments of national power , " including public diplomacy . The goal of COIN operations is to render the insurgents as ineffective and non - influential , by having strong and secure relations with the population of the host nation . An understanding of the host nation and the environment that the COIN operations will take place in is essential . Public diplomacy in COIN warfare is only effective when there is a clear understanding of the culture and population at hand . One of the largest factors needed for defeating an insurgency involves understanding the populace , how they interact with the insurgents , how they interact with non - government organizations in the area , and how they view the counterinsurgency operations themselves . Ethics is a common public diplomacy aspect that is emphasized in COIN warfare . Insurgents win their war by attacking internal will and the international opposition . In order to combat these tactics the counterinsurgency operations need to treat their prisoners and detainees humanely and according to American values and principles . By doing this , COIN operations show the host nation ’ s population that they can be trusted and that they are concerned about the well being of the population in order to be successful in warfare . Operation Moshtarak ; A U.S. Marine hands out candy to children while conducting counterinsurgency operations in Marjah , Afghanistan 2010 " Political , social , and economic programs are usually more valuable than conventional military operations in address the root causes of the conflict and undermining the insurgency . " These programs are essential in order to gain the support of the population . These programs are designed to make the local population feel secure , safe , and more aligned with the counterinsurgency efforts ; this enables the citizens of the host nation to trust the goals and purposes of the counterinsurgency efforts , as opposed to the insurgents ’ . A counterinsurgency is a battle of ideas and the implementation and integration of these programs is important for success . Social , political and economic programs should be coordinated and administered by the host nation ’ s leaders A counterinsurgency is won by utilizing strategic communications and information operations successfully . A counterinsurgency is a competition of ideas , ideologies , and socio - political movements . In order to combat insurgent ideologies one must understand the values and characteristics of the ideology or religion . Additionally , counterinsurgency efforts need to understand the culture of which the insurgency resides , in order to strategically launch information and communication operations against the insurgent ideology or religion . Counterinsurgency information operatives need to also identify key audiences , communicators , and public leaders to know who to influence and reach out to with their information . Information operations Public diplomacy in information operations can only be achieved by a complete understanding of the culture it is operating in . Counterinsurgency operations must be able to perceive the world from the locals ’ perspective . To develop a comprehensive cultural picture counterinsurgency efforts should invest in employing " media consultants , finance and business experts , psychologists , organizational network analysts , and scholars from a wide range of disciplines . " Most importantly , counterinsurgency efforts need to be able to understand why the local population is drawn into the insurgent ideology ; like what aspects are appealing and how insurgents use information to draw their followers into the ideology . Counterinsurgency communication efforts need a baseline understanding of values , attitudes , and perceptions of the people in the area of operations to conduct successful public diplomacy to defeat the enemy . Developing information and communication strategies involve providing a legitimate alternate ideology , improving security and economic opportunity , and strengthening family ties outside of the . In order to conduct public diplomacy through these means , counterinsurgency communication needs to match its deeds with its words . Information provided through public diplomacy during a counterinsurgency can not lie , the information and communication to the people always has to be truthful and trustworthy in order to be effective at countering the insurgents . Public diplomacy in counterinsurgency to influence the public thoughts and ideas is a long time engagement and should not be done through negative campaigning about the enemy . Conducting public diplomacy through relaying information and communicating with the public in a counterinsurgency is most successful when a conversation can happen between the counterinsurgency team and the local population of the area of operation . Building rapport with the public involves " listening , paying attention , and being responsive and proactive " which is sufficient for the local population to understand and trust the counterinsurgency efforts and vice versa . This relationship is stringent upon the counterinsurgents keeping their promises , providing security to the locals , and communicating their message directly and quickly in times of need . Understanding and influencing the cognitive dimension of the local population is essential to winning counterinsurgency warfare . The people ’ s perception of legitimacy about the host nation and the foreign country ’ s counterinsurgency efforts is where success is determined . " The free flow of information present in all theaters via television , telephone , and Internet , can present conflicting messages and quickly defeat the intended effects . " Coordination between the counterinsurgency operations , the host nation , and the local media in information presented to the public is essential to showing and influencing how the local population perceives the counterinsurgency efforts and the host nation . Public opinion , the media , and rumors influence how the people view counterinsurgency , the government hosting their efforts , and the host nation legitimacy . The use of public diplomacy to strategically relay the correct messages and information to the public is essential to success in a counterinsurgency operation . For example , close relationships with media members in the area is essential to ensure that the locals understand the counterinsurgency objectives and feel secure with the host nation government and the counterinsurgency efforts . If the local media is not in sync with the counterinsurgency operatives then they could " Given Al Qaeda ’ s global reach , the United States must develop a more integrated strategic communication strategy for counter - insurgency with its allies to diminish violent rhetoric , improve its image abroad , and detect , deter , and defeat this social movement at its many levels . " Information operations and communicative abilities are one of the largest and most influence aspects of public diplomacy within a counterinsurgency . Specific doctrines British Empire Malaya British forces were able to employ the relocation method with considerable success during the " " . The Briggs Plan , implemented fully in 1950 , relocated Chinese Malayans into protected " New Villages " , designated by British forces . By the end of 1951 , some 400,000 ethnic Chinese had moved into the fortifications . Of this population , the British forces were able to form a " Home Guard " , armed for resistance against the Malayan Communist Party , an implementation mirrored by the Strategic Hamlet Program later used by US forces in South Vietnam . Despite British claims of a victory in the Malayan Emergency , military historian has pointedly noted that the end result of the counterinsurgency , namely the withdrawal of British forces and establishment of an independent state , are identical to that of Aden , Kenya and Cyprus , which are not considered victories . Dutch Empire The Dutch formulated a new strategy of counter - insurgency warfare , during the Aceh War by deploying light - armed Marechaussee units and using scorched earth tactics . In 1898 Van Heutsz was proclaimed governor of Aceh , and with his lieutenant , later Dutch Prime Minister Hendrikus Colijn , would finally conquer most of Aceh . They followed Hurgronje ' s suggestions , finding cooperative uleebelang or secular chiefs that would support them in the countryside and isolating the resistance from their rural support base . France France had major counterinsurgency wars in its colonies in Indochina and Algeria . McClintock cited the basic points of French doctrine as : Quadrillage ( an administrative grid of population and territory ) Ratissage ( cordoning and " raking " ) Regroupement ( relocating and closely controlling a suspect population ) ‘ Tache d ' huile ' – The ' oil spot ' strategy Recruitment of local leaders and forces Paramilitary organization and militias Much of the thinking was informed by the work of earlier leading French theoreticians of colonial warfare and counter - insurgency , Marshals Bugeaud , Gallieni and Lyautey . While McClintock cites the 1894 Algerian governor , Jules Cambon , as saying " By destroying the administration and local government we were also suppressing our means of action . . . .The result is that we are today confronted by a sort of human dust on which we have no influence and in which movements take place which are unknown to us . " Cambon ' s philosophy , however , did not seem to survive into the Algerian War of Independence , ( 1954 – 1962 ) . The sophisticated NLF / PAVN insurgent structure was embedded in the population and difficult to root out and combat . French and US Special Forces ( Green Berets ) saw some success in organizing tribal peoples to fight . Indochina Post - WWII doctrine , as in Indochina , took a more drastic view of " Guerre Révolutionnaire " , which presented an ideological and global war , with a commitment to total war . Countermeasures , in principle , needed to be both political and military ; " No measure was too drastic to meet the new threat of revolution . " French forces taking control from the Japanese did not seem to negotiate seriously with nationalist elements in what was to become Vietnam , and reaped the consequences of overconfidence at Dien Bien Phu . It occurred to various commanders that soldiers trained to operate as guerrillas would have a strong sense of how to fight guerrillas . Before the partition of French Indochina , French Groupement de Commandos Mixtes Aéroportés ( GCMA ) , led by Roger Trinquier took on this role , drawing on French experience with the Jedburgh teams . GCMA , operating in Tonkin and Laos under French intelligence , was complemented by Commandos Nord Viêt - Nam in the North . In these missions , the SOF teams lived and fought with the locals . One Laotian , who became an officer , was Vang Pao , who was to become a general in Hmong and Laotian operations in Southeast Asia while the US forces increased their role . Algeria Further information : Algerian War The French counterinsurgency in colonial Algeria was a savage one . The 1957 Battle of Algiers resulted in 24,000 detentions , with most tortured and an estimated 3,000 killed . It may have broken the National Liberation Front infrastructure in Algiers , but it also killed off French legitimacy as far as " hearts and minds " went . Counter - insurgency requires an extremely capable intelligence infrastructure endowed with human sources and deep cultural knowledge . This contributes to the difficulty that foreign , as opposed to indigenous , powers have in counter - insurgent operations . One of France ' s most influential theorists was Roger Trinquier . The Modern Warfare counterinsurgency strategy described by Trinquier , who had led anti - communist guerrillas in , was a strong influence on French efforts in Algeria . Trinquier suggested three principles : separate the guerrilla from the population that supports him ; occupy the zones that the guerrillas previously operated from , making the area dangerous for the insurgents and turning the people against the guerrilla movement ; and coordinate actions over a wide area and for a long enough time that the guerrilla is denied access to the population centres that could support him . Trinquier ' s view was that torture had to be extremely focused and limited , but many French officers considered its use corrosive to its own side . There were strong protests among French leaders : the Army ’ s most decorated officer , General Jacques Pâris de Bollardière , confronted General Jacques Massu , the commander of French forces in the Battle of Algiers , over orders institutionalizing torture , as " an unleashing of deplorable instincts which no longer knew any limits . " He issued an open letter condemning the danger to the army of the loss of its moral values " under the fallacious pretext of immediate expediency " , and was imprisoned for sixty days . As some of the French Army protested , other parts increased the intensity of their approach , which led to an attempted military coup against the French Fourth Republic itself . Massu and General Raoul Salan led a 1958 coup in Algiers , demanding a new Republic under Charles de Gaulle . When de Gaulle ' s policies toward Algeria , such as a 1961 referendum on Algerian self - determination , did not meet the expectations of the colonial officers , Salan formed the underground Organisation de l ' armée secrète ( OAS ) , a right - wing terrorist group , whose actions included a 1962 assassination attempt against de Gaulle himself . Subsaharan Africa France has had taken Barnett ' s Leviathan role in Chad and Ivory Coast , the latter on two occasions , most significantly in 2002 - 2003 . The situation with France and Ivory Coast is not a classic FID situation , as France attacked Ivorian forces that had attacked UN peacekeepers India There have been many insurgencies in India from its creation in 1947 . The Kashmir insurgency , which started by 1989 , was brought under control by Indian government and violence has been reduced . The Army ' s elite Rashtriya Rifles ( RR ) played a major role in putting down the insurgency . The RR was well supported by Central Reserve Police Force ( CRPF ) , Border Security Force ( BSF ) , Indo - Tibetan Border Police ( ITBP ) and state government police . The Counter Insurgency and Jungle Warfare School ( CIJWS ) is located in the northeastern town of Vairengte in the Indian state Mizoram . Personnel from countries such as the United States , the United Kingdom , France , Russia , Kazakhstan , Tajikistan and Vietnam have attended this school . High quality graduate level training by a joint staff of highly trained special operators at Camp Taji Phoenix Academy and the Counterinsurgency Center For Excellence is provided in Iraq as well as many Iraqi Officers . Portugal Main article : Portuguese Colonial War Portugal ' s experience in counterinsurgency resulted from the " pacification " campaigns conducted in the Portuguese African and Asian colonies in the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century . In the 1960s and early 1970s , Portugal conducted large scale counterinsurgency operations in Angola , Portuguese Guinea and Mozambique against independentist guerrillas supported by the Eastern Bloc and China , as well by some Western countries . Although these campaigns are collectively known as the " Portuguese Colonial War " , there were in fact three different ones : the Angolan Independence War Guinea - Bissau War of Independence Mozambican War of Independence . The situation was unique in that small armed forces – those of Portugal – were able to conduct three counterinsurgency wars at the same time , in three different theatres of operations separated by thousands of kilometers . For these operations , Portugal developed its own counterinsurgency doctrine . United States Main article : Foreign internal defense The United States has conducted counterinsurgency campaigns during the Philippine – American War , the post - 2001 War in Afghanistan , and the Iraq War . The wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have resulted in increased interest in counterinsurgency within the American military , exemplified by the 2006 publication of a new counterinsurgency field manual , FM 3 - 24 . Views of the doctrine contained in FM 3 - 24 has been mixed . See also General Civilian casualty ratio Collective punishment Death squad Eizenstat and closing gaps False flag Gladio Guerrilla warfare Human rights violations Internally displaced people Irregular Warfare Kilcullen ' s Pillars Logical line of operation Low intensity conflict Counter - IED efforts Specific Anti - partisan operations in World War II Strategic Hamlet Fireforce U.S. specific SEAL Team Six Special Forces Special Activities Division Delta Force Police adaptations of model C3 policing References Notes ↑ See American and British English spelling differences # Compounds and hyphens ↑ An is a rebellion against a constituted authority ( for example an authority recognized as such by the United Nations ) when those taking part in the rebellion are not recognized as belligerents ( Oxford English Dictionary second edition 1989 " insurgent B . n . One who rises in revolt against constituted authority ; a rebel who is not recognized as a belligerent . " ) Mao Zedong On Guerrilla Warfare ( 1937 ) , Chapter 6 - " The Political Problems of Guerrilla Warfare " : Many people think it impossible for guerrillas to exist for long in the enemy ' s rear . Such a belief reveals lack of comprehension of the relationship that should exist between the people and the troops . The former may be likened to water the latter to the fish who inhabit it . How may it be said that these two can not exist together ? It is only undisciplined troops who make the people their enemies and who , like the fish out of its native element can not live . Eizenstat , Stuart E . ; John Edward Porter and Jeremy M . Weinstein ( January / February 2005 ) . " Rebuilding Weak States " ( PDF ) http : / / www . cgdev . org / doc / commentary / 15_Eizenstat . pdf John Mackinlay , The Insurgent Archipelago , ( London : Hurst , 2009 ) . Caldwell , William B . ( 8 February 2007 ) . " Not at all vague " http : / / www . washtimes . com / op - ed / 20070208 - 084406 - 5379r . htm . Retrieved 16 October 2011 Excerpts from Santa Cruz ' s writings , translated into English , in Beatrice Heuser : The Strategy Makers : Thoughts on War and Society from Machiavelli to Clausewitz ( Santa Monica , CA : Greenwood / Praeger , 2010 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 99826 - 4 , pp . 124 - 146 . Reeder , Brett . " Book Summary of Counterinsurgency Warfare : Theory and Practice by David Galula " . Crinfo . org ( The Conflict Resolution Information Source ) http : / / www . crinfo . org / booksummary / 10672 / . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 22 ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Galula , David Counterinsurgency Warfare : Theory and Practice Westport , Connecticut : Praeger Security International , 1964 . ISBN 0 - 275 - 99303 - 5 p . 54 - 56 Galula p . 95 Thompson , Robert ( 1966 ) . Defeating Communist insurgency : the lessons of Malaya and Vietnam . New York : F.A. Praeger . Hamilton , Donald W . ( 1998 ) . The art of insurgency : American military policy and the failure of strategy in Southeast Asia . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 95734 - 6 ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Kilcullen , David ( 28 September 2006 ) . " Three Pillars of Counterinsurgency " ( PDF ) http : / / www . au . af . mil / au / awc / awcgate / uscoin / 3pillars_of_counterinsurgency . pdf van Creveld , p . 268 van Creveld , p . 226 van Creveld , pp . 229 - 230 van Creveld , p . 269 18.0 18.1 van Creveld , p . 235 van Creveld , pp . 241 – 245 Zambernardi , Lorenzo , " Counterinsurgency ' s Impossible Trilemma " , The Washington Quarterly , 33 : 3 , July 2010 , pp . 21 - 34 Sepp , Kalev I . ( May – June 2005 ) . " Best Practices in Counterinsurgency , " ( PDF ) . pp . 8 – 12 http : / / www . au . af . mil / au / awc / awcgate / milreview / sepp . pdf Lyautey , Hubert . Du rôle colonial de l ' armée ( Paris : Armand Colin , 1900 ) 23.0 23.1 Porch , Douglas . " Bugeaud , Galliéni , Lyautey : The Development of French colonial warfare " , in Paret , Peter ; Craig , Gordon Alexande ; Gilbert , Felix ( eds ) . Makers of Modern Strategy : From Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1986 ) , pp . 376 - 407 . " Pentagon Papers , Gravel Edition , Volume 3 , Chapter 1 , " US Programs in South Vietnam , Nov . 1963 - Apr . 1965 , : section 1 " . Mtholyoke . edu http : / / www . mtholyoke . edu / acad / intrel / pentagon3 / pent1 . htm . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 03 " Basic Counter - Insurgency " . Military History Online http : / / www . militaryhistoryonline . com / general / articles / counterinsurgency . aspx . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 03 " Vignette 7 : Search ( Cordon and Search ) " . Globalsecurity . org http : / / www . globalsecurity . org / military / library / report / 1995 / call - 95 - 2_peace - ops - vignettes_vign7 . htm . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 04 " Tactics 101 : 026 . Cordon and Search Operations " . Armchair General http : / / www . armchairgeneral . com / tactics - 101 - 026 - cordon - and - search - operations . htm Chronology : How the Mosul raid unfolded . Retrieved 28.07.2005 . U.S. Detains 6 Iranians in Irbil Raid Accessed January 11 , 2007 - - included use of " stun bombs " in the operation . Used in " Operation Quick Strike " in Iraq on August 6 , 2005 . Retrieved 11 January 2007 . Archived December 30 , 2006 at the Wayback Machine Sagraves , Robert D ( April 2005 ) . " The Indirect Approach : the role of Aviation Foreign Internal Defense in Combating Terrorism in Weak and Failing States " ( PDF ) . Air Command and Staff College https : / / research . maxwell . af . mil / papers / ay2005 / acsc / 3569 % 20 - % 20Sagraves . pdf Petraeus , David H . Amos , James F . ( 2006 ) . FM 3 - 24 / MCWP 3 - 33.5 Counterinsurgency . pp . li - liv http : / / www . fas . org / irp / doddir / army / fm3 - 24 . pdf Petraeus , General David H . ( 2006 ) . Counterinsurgency Field Manual . pp . 2 - 1 http : / / www . fas . org / irp / doddir / army / fm3 - 24 . pdf 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 Krawchuk , Fred T . ( Winter 2006 ) . " Strategic Communication : An Integral Component of Counterinsurgency Operations " . pp . 35 – 50 http : / / www . pfpconsortium . org / file / 2489 / view . Retrieved April 2 , 2011 Joint Publication 3 - 24 ( October 2009 ) . Counterinsurgency Operations http : / / www . dtic . mil / doctrine / new_pubs / jp3_24 . pdf Nagl , John ( 2002 ) . Learning to Eat Soup with a Knife : Counterinsurgency Lessons from Malaya and Vietnam . Praeger Publishers . ISBN 0 - 275 - 97695 - 5 Thompson , Robert ( 1966 ) . Defeating Communist Insurgency : Lessons from Malaya and Vietnam . Chatto & Windus . ISBN 0 - 7011 - 1133 - X van Creveld , p . 221 39.0 39.1 39.2 McClintock , Michael ( November 2005 ) . " Great Power Counterinsurgency " . Human Rights First http : / / www . ksg . harvard . edu / cchrp / programareas / conferences / presentations / McClintock , % 20Michael . ppt Pike , Douglas . PAVN : Peoples Army of Vietnam . ( Presidio : 1996 ) pp . 37 - 169 Patti , Archimedes L.A. ( 1980 ) . Why Vietnam ? Prelude to America ' s Albatross . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 04156 - 9 Fall , Bernard B ( 2002 ) . Hell in a Very Small Place : The Siege of Dien Bien Phu . Da Capo Press . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81157 - X Trinquier , Roger ( 1961 ) . Modern Warfare : A French View of Counterinsurgency . ISBN 0 - 275 - 99267 - 5 http : / / www - cgsc . army . mil / carl / resources / csi / trinquier / trinquier . asp Porte , Rémy . " Intelligence in Indochina : Discretion and Professionalism were rewarded when put into Practice . " ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2006 http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20061125183545 / http : / / www . cdef . terre . defense . gouv . fr / publications / doctrine / doctrine09 / us / lessons_learned / art01 . pdf . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 26 Tomes , Robert R . ( 2004 ) . " Relearning Counterinsurgency Warfare " ( PDF ) . United States Army War College http : / / www . carlisle . army . mil / USAWC / PARAMETERS / 04spring / tomes . pdf Barnett , Thomas P.M . ( 2005 ) . The Pentagon ' s New Map : The Pentagon ' s New Map : War and Peace in the Twenty - first Century . Berkley Trade . ISBN 0 - 425 - 20239 - 9 . Barnett - 2005 . Corporal Z.B. . " Ivory Coast – Heart of Darkness " http : / / www . kepi . cncplusplus . com / Ivory_Coast / Ivory_Coast . htm " Army ' s jungle school a global hit " . 10 April 2004 http : / / timesofindia . indiatimes . com / articleshow / 607801 . cms IRNA - Islamic Republic News Agency . " US army officers will receive training in guerrilla warfare in Mizoram " http : / / www . globalsecurity . org / military / library / news / 2005 / 09 / mil - 050901 - irna01 . htm Cann , Jonh P . , Counterinsurgency in Africa : The Portuguese Way of War , 1961 - 1974 , Hailer Publishing , 2005 " FM 3 - 24 15DEC2006 - 3 - 24 COUNTERINSURGENCY " . Everyspec . com . 2006 - 12 - 15 http : / / www . everyspec . com / ARMY / FM - Field - Manual / FM_3 - 24_15DEC2006_13424 / . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 04 Hodge , Nathan ( 14 January 2009 ) . " New Administration ’ s Counterinsurgency Guide ? " http : / / www . wired . com / dangerroom / 2009 / 01 / a - counterinsurg / . Retrieved 24 June 2013 Melton , Stephen L . ( 9 April 2013 ) . " Aligning FM 3 - 24 Counterinsurgency with Reality " http : / / smallwarsjournal . com / jrnl / art / aligning - fm - 3 - 24 - counterinsurgency - with - reality . Retrieved 20 June 2013 Paul , Christopher ; Clarke , Colin P . . " Evidentiary Validation of FM 3 - 24 : Counterinsurgency Worldwide , 1978 - 2008 " . National Defense University http : / / www . ndu . edu / press / evidentiary - validation - of - FM - 3 - 24 . html . Retrieved 24 June 2013 Bibliography Arreguin - Toft , Ivan . How the Weak Win Wars : A Theory of Asymmetric Conflict . ( New York : Cambridge University Press , 2005 ) , ISBN 0 - 521 - 54869 - 1 Arreguin - Toft , Ivan . " Tunnel at the End of the Light : A Critique of U.S. Counter - terrorist Grand Strategy , " Cambridge Review of International Affairs , Vol . 15 , No . 3 ( 2002 ) , pp . 549 – 563 . Arreguin - Toft , Ivan . " How to Lose a War on Terror : A Comparative Analysis of a Counterinsurgency Success and Failure " , in Jan Ångström and Isabelle Duyvesteyn , Eds . , Understanding Victory and Defeat in Contemporary War . ( London : Frank Cass , 2007 ) . Burgoyne , Michael L . and Albert J . Marckwardt ( 2009 ) . The Defense of Jisr al - Doreaa With E . D . Swinton ' s " The Defence of Duffer ' s Drift " . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 08093 - 2 Callwell , C . E . Small Wars : Their Principles & Practice . ( Lincoln , Nebraska : Bison Books , 1996 ) , ISBN 0 - 8032 - 6366 - X Cassidy , Robert M . Counterinsurgency and the Global War on Terror : Military Culture and Irregular War . ( Stanford : Stanford University Press , 2008 ) . Catignani , Sergio . Israeli Counter - Insurgency and the two Intifadas : Dilemmas of a Conventional Army . ( London : Routledge , 2008 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 43388 - 4 Corum , James Bad Strategies : How Major Powers Fail in Counterinsurgency . ( Minneapolis , MN : Zenith , 2008 ) , ISBN 0 - 7603 - 3080 - 8 Corum , James . Fighting the War on Terror : A Counterinsurgency Strategy . ( Minneapolis , MN : Zenith , 2007 ) , ISBN 0 - 7603 - 2868 - 4 Galula , David Counterinsurgency Warfare : Theory and Practice . ( Wesport , Connecticut : Praeger , 1964 ) , ISBN 0 - 275 - 99269 - 1 Joes , James Anthony . Resisting Rebellion : The History and Politics of Counterinsurgency . ( Lexington , KY : University Press of Kentucky , 2004 ) , ISBN 0 - 8131 - 9170 - X Kilcullen , David The Accidental Guerrilla : Fighting Small Wars in the Midst of a Big One . ( London : Hurst , 2009 ) . Kilcullen , David . Counterinsurgency . ( London : Hurst , 2010 ) . Kitson , Frank Low Intensity Operations : Subversion , Insurgency and Peacekeeping . ( 1971 ) Larson , Luke . Senator ' s Son : An Iraq War Novel . ( Phoenix : Key Edition , 2010 ) , ISBN 0 - 615 - 35379 - 7 Mackinlay , John . The Insurgent Archipelago . ( London : Hurst , 2009 ) . Aspects of China ' s Anti - Japanese Struggle ( 1948 ) . Merom , Gil . How Democracies Lose Small Wars : State , Society , and the Failures of France in Algeria , Israel in Lebanon , and the United States in Vietnam . ( New York : Cambridge University Press , 2003 ) , ISBN 0 - 521 - 00877 - 8 Thompson , Robert Defeating Communist Insurgency : Experiences from Malaya and Vietnam . ( Chatto & Windus , 1966 ) . Van Creveld , Martin The Changing Face of War : Combat from the Marne to Iraq , 2008 , New York : Ballantine , ISBN 978 - 0 - 89141 - 902 - 0 Zambernardi , Lorenzo . " Counterinsurgency ' s Impossible Trilemma " , The Washington Quarterly , Vol . 33 , No . 3 ( 2010 ) , pp . 21 – 34 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Counter - insurgency warfare " Insurgency : The Transformation of Peasant Rebellion " by Raj Desai and Harry Eckstein Small Wars Journal : Insurgency / Counterinsurgency Research page CNAS , Abu Muquwama ' The Counterinsurgency Reading List ' The U.S. Army Stability Operations Field Manual Terrorism prevention in Russia : one year after Beslan " Military Operations in Low Intensity Conflict " U.S. Depts . of the Army and Air Force " Inside Counterinsurgency " by Stan Goff , ex - U.S. Special Forces " Instruments of Statecraft – U.S. Guerrilla Warfare , Counterinsurgency , and Counterterrorism , 1940 – 1990 " by Michael McClintock " Counter - Revolutionary Violence – Bloodbaths in Fact & Propaganda " by Noam Chomsky and Edward Herman " The Warsaw Ghetto Is No More " by SS Brigade Commander Jürgen Stroop " Insurgency and Counterinsurgency in the 21st Century " by Steven Metz and Raymond Millen Wired News article on game theory in war on terror Military forces in counterterrorism and counterinsurgency operations at JihadMonitor . org " Counter Insurgency Jungle Warfare School India " " Bibliography : Theories of Limited War and Counterinsurgency " by Edwin Moise ( Vietnam - era ) " Bibliography : Doctrine on Insurgency and Counterinsurgency " Edwin Moise ( recent ) " Military Briefing Book " news regarding counter - insurgency This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia view authors ) Categories All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2011 Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia Insurgency Military doctrines Warfare by type Add category
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http://military.wikia.com/wiki/Division_(military)
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in : Pages with script errors Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows References needed and 3 more Division ( military ) v t e Military units Permanent Fireteam ● Squad ● ● Section ● ● / ● ● ● Platoon Flight ● ● ● Company Battery Troop | Battalion Squadron | | Regiment | | | Brigade Group Brigade group Wing x Division xx Corps xxx Field army xxxx Army group xxxxx Temporary Detachment Patrol Task force Flying column Field force Combat command Battlegroup Region Theater Standard NATO symbol for an infantry division . The Xs do not replace the division ' s number ; instead , the two Xs represent a division ( one would denote a brigade ; three , a corps ) . A division is a large military unit or formation usually consisting of between 10,000 and 30,000 soldiers . In most armies , a division is composed of several regiments or brigades ; in turn , several divisions typically make up a corps . In most modern militaries , a division tends to be the smallest combined arms unit capable of independent operations ; this is due to its self - sustaining role as a unit with a range of combat troops and suitable combat support forces , which can be divided into various organic combinations . While the focus of this article is on army divisions , in naval usage division has a completely different meaning , referring either to an administrative department aboard naval and coast guard ships and shore commands , or to a sub - unit of several ships within a flotilla squadron . In the administrative usage , unit size varies widely , though typically divisions number far less than 100 persons . In the US and Commonwealth Navies a divisional officer ( DIVO ) is usually an ensign or lieutenant ( JG ) , but may be an officer of much higher rank in certain circumstances or aboard large warships , who oversees a team of enlisted sailors in their duties . Contents show History Edit Origins Edit In the West , the first general to think of organising an army into smaller combined - arms units was Maurice de Saxe ( d . 1750 ) , Marshal General of France , in his book Mes Rêveries . He died at the age of 54 , without having implemented his idea . Victor - François de Broglie put the ideas into practice . He conducted successful practical experiments of the divisional system in the Seven Years ' War Early divisions The first war in which the divisional system was used systematically was the French Revolutionary War Lazare Carnot of the Committee of Public Safety , who was in charge of military affairs , came to the same conclusion about it as the previous royal government , and the army was organised into divisions . It made the armies more flexible and easy to manoeuvre , and it also made the large army of the revolution manageable . Under Napoleon , the divisions were grouped together into corps , because of their increasing size . Napoleon ' s military success spread the divisional and corps system all over Europe ; by the end of the Napoleonic Wars all armies in Europe had adopted it . Modern divisions In modern times , the divisional structure has been standardized by most military forces . This does not mean that divisions are equal in size or structure from country to country , but divisions have , in most cases , come to be units of 10,000 to 20,000 troops with enough organic support to be capable of independent operations . Usually , the direct organization of the division consists of one to four brigades battle groups of the primary combat arm of the division along with a brigade or regiment of combat support ( usually artillery ) and a number of direct - reporting battalions for necessary specialized support tasks such as intelligence , logistics , reconnaissance , and combat engineers . In most militaries , ideal organization strength is standardized for each type of division , encapsulated in a Table of Organization and Equipment ( TO&E ) which specifies exact assignments of units , personnel , and equipment for the division . The modern division became the primary identifiable combat unit in many militaries during the second half of the 20th century , supplanting the brigade ; however , the trend has been reversing since the end of the Cold War . The peak of use of the division as the primary combat unit was during World War II , when over a thousand divisions were deployed by the belligerents . With technological advances since then , the combat power of each division has increased ; the Invasion of Iraq was completed with only a handful of divisions with significant support forces . Types Divisions are often formed to organize units of a particular type together with appropriate support units to allow independent operations . In more recent times , divisions have mainly been organized as combined arms units with subordinate units representing various combat arms . In this case , the division often retains the name of a more specialized division , and may still be tasked with a primary role suited to that specialization . Cavalry For most nations , cavalry was deployed in smaller units and was not therefore organized into divisions , but for larger militaries , such as that of the British Empire , United States , First French Empire , France , German Empire Nazi Germany , Russian Empire , Empire of Japan , Second Polish Republic and Soviet Union , a number of cavalry divisions were formed . They were most often similar to the nations ' infantry divisions in structure , although they usually had fewer and lighter support elements , with cavalry brigades or regiments replacing the infantry units , and supporting units such as artillery and supply being horse - drawn . For the most part , large cavalry units did not remain after World War II While horse cavalry had been found to be obsolete , the concept of cavalry as a fast force capable of missions traditionally fulfilled by horse cavalry made a return to military thinking during the Cold War . In general , two new types of cavalry were developed : air cavalry or airmobile , relying on helicopter mobility , and armored cavalry , based on an autonomous armored formation . The former was pioneered by the 11th Air Assault Division ( Test ) , formed on 1 February 1963 at Fort Benning , Georgia . On 29 June 1965 the division was renamed as the 1st Cavalry Division ( Airmobile ) , before its departure for the Vietnam War After the end of the Vietnam War , the 1st Cavalry Division was reorganised and re - equipped with tanks and armored scout vehicles to form armored cavalry , as were all of the United States ' independent Cavalry Regiments . After the 1990 – 91 Gulf War , the U.S. 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment ( 2nd ACR ) was re - equipped with Humvees and designated Armored Cavalry ( Light ) , while units retaining their Abrams tanks and Bradley fighting Vehicles were classified as Armored Cavalry ( Heavy ) . In 2004 , the 2nd ACR was again reequipped , this time with Stryker Armored Combat Vehicles , and renamed the 2nd Cavalry Regiment . Armored division A Priest 105mm self - propelled gun of British 3rd Infantry Division , 1944 . The development of the tank near the end of World War I prompted some nations to experiment with forming them into division - size units . Many did this the same way as they did cavalry divisions , by merely replacing cavalry with AFVs ( including tanks ) and motorizing the supporting units . This proved unwieldy in combat , as the units had many tanks but few infantry units . Instead , a more balanced approach was taken by adjusting the number of tank , infantry , artillery , and support units . A panzer division was an armoured division of the Wehrmacht and the Waffen - SS of Germany during Since the end of the war , most armored and infantry divisions have had significant numbers of both tank and infantry units within them . The difference has usually been in the mix of battalions assigned . Additionally , in some militaries , armored divisions would be equipped with the most advanced or powerful tanks – such as the M1A2 Abrams in the United States . Infantry division Infantry division refers to a division with a majority of infantry sub - units but also supported by subunits from other combat arms . In the Soviet Union and Russia , an infantry division is often referred to as a rifle division . A motorised infantry division refers to a division with a majority of infantry subunits transported on soft - skinned motor vehicles . A mechanized infantry division refers to a division with a majority of infantry subunits transported on armored personnel carriers ( APCs ) or infantry fighting vehicles ( IFVs ) or both , or even some other class of armored fighting vehicles designed for the transportation of infantry . Nomenclature Divisions are designated by combining an ordinal number and a type name . Nicknames are often assigned or adopted although these often are not considered an official part of the unit ' s nomenclature . In some cases , divisional titles lack an ordinal number , often in the case of unique units or units serving as elite or special troops . For clarity in histories and reports , the nation is identified previous to the number . This also helps in historical studies , but due to the nature of intelligence on the battlefield , division names and assignments are at times obscured . However , the National organization Australia Historically , the Australian Army has fielded a number of divisions . During World War I , a total of six infantry divisions were raised as part of the all - volunteer Australian Imperial Force 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th and 6th . The 1st Division and part of the 2nd saw service during the Gallipoli Campaign in 1915 before later taking part in the fighting on the Western Front between 1916 and 1918 along with the 3rd , 4th and 5th . The 6th Division existed only briefly in 1917 , but was disbanded without seeing combat to make up for manpower shortages in the other divisions . Another infantry division , known as the New Zealand and Australian Division , was also formed from Australian and New Zealand troops and saw service at Gallipoli . Two divisions of Australian Light Horse were also formed – the Australian Mounted Division ( which also included some British and French units ) and the ANZAC Mounted Division – both of which served in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign during the war . Members of the Australian 6th Division at Tobruk , 22 January 1941 . In the inter - war years , on paper the Australian Army was organised into seven divisions : five infantry ( 1st through to 5th ) and two cavalry , albeit on a reduced manning scale . During World War II , the size of Australia ' s force was expanded to eventually include 12 infantry divisions : 1st , 2nd , 3rd , 4th , 5th , 6th , 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th . Of these , four – the 6th , 7th , 8th and 9th – were raised as part of the all - volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force , while the others formed part of the Militia , and were maintained through a mixture of volunteers and conscripts . In addition to the infantry divisions , three armoured divisions were formed : 1st 2nd 3rd . The Australian divisions were used in various campaigns in the Middle East Greece North Africa and the South West Pacific . Since the end of World War II , the number of divisions has fallen significantly as the Australian Army has concentrated its force generation at brigade level . Three divisions – the 1st , 2nd and 3rd – have existed during this time , but the 3rd Division was disbanded in 1991 , and only two divisions currently remain active . The 1st Division is a skeleton organisation that acts as a deployable force headquarters , while the 2nd is a Reserve formation . Canada The first division sized formation raised by the Canadian military was the First Contingent of the Canadian Expeditionary Force ; raised in 1914 , it was renamed the Canadian Division in early 1915 when it took to the field , and became the 1st Canadian Division when a 2nd Canadian Division took to the field later that year . A 3rd Canadian Division 4th Canadian Division saw service in France and Flanders , and a Fifth Canadian Division was disbanded in the United Kingdom and broken up for reinforcements . The four divisions ( collectively under the command of the Canadian Corps ) were disbanded in 1919 . Canada had nominal divisions on paper between the wars , overseeing the Militia ( part - time reserve forces ) , but no active duty divisions . On 1 September 1939 , two divisions were raised as part of the Canadian Active Service Force ; a Third Division was raised in 1940 , followed by a First Canadian ( Armoured ) Division and Fourth Canadian Division . The First Armoured was renamed the Fifth Canadian ( Armoured ) Division and the Fourth Division also became an armoured formation . The 1st and 5th Divisions fought in the Mediterranean between 1943 and early 1945 ; the 2nd , 3rd and 4th Divisions served in Northwest Europe . A Sixth , Seventh and Eighth Division were raised for service in Canada , with one brigade of the Sixth Division going to Kiska in 1943 . By 1945 , the latter three divisions were disbanded as the threat to North America diminished . A Third Canadian Division ( Canadian Army Occupation Force ) was raised in 1945 for occupation duty in Germany , organized parallel to the combatant Third Division , and a Sixth Canadian Division ( Canadian Army Pacific Force ) was undergoing formation and training for the invasion of Japan when the latter country surrendered in September 1945 . All five combatant divisions , as well as the CAOF and CAPF , were disbanded by the end of 1946 . A First Canadian Division Headquarters ( later renamed simply First Division ) was authorized once again in April 1946 , but remained dormant until formally disbanded in July 1954 . Simultaneously , however , another " Headquarters , First Canadian Infantry Division " was authorized as part of the Canadian Army Active Force ( the Regular forces of the Canadian military ) , in October 1953 . This , the first peace - time division in Canadian history , consisted of a brigade in Germany , one in Edmonton and one at Valcartier . This division was disbanded in April 1958 . The First Canadian Division was reactivated in 1988 and served until the 1990s when the headquarters of the division was transformed into the Canadian Forces Joint Headquarters and placed under the control of the Canadian Expeditionary Force Command . The CFJHQ was transformed back into Headquarters , 1st Canadian Division , on 23 June 2010 , the unit once more falling under the control of the Canadian Army . The unit is based at Kingston .Canada currently has 5 divisions under its command . 1st Canadian Division has approximately 2000 troops under its command , while 2nd Canadian Division 3rd Canadian Division 4th Canadian Division , and the 5th Canadian Division have approximately 10,000 troops each . China People ' s Republic The People ' s Liberation Army ( PLA ) deploys the world ' s largest ground force , currently totaling some 1.6 million personnel , or about 70 % of the PLA ' s total manpower ( 2.3 million in 2005 ) . The ground forces are divided into seven Military Regions ( MR ) . The regular forces of the ground forces consist of 18 group armies : corps - size combined arms units each with 24,000 – 50,000 personnel . The group armies contain among them 25 infantry divisions , 28 infantry brigades , nine armoured divisions , nine armoured brigades , two artillery divisions , 19 artillery brigades , 19 antiaircraft artillery / air - defense missile brigades , and 10 army aviation ( helicopter ) regiments . There are also three airborne divisions manned by the PLA Air Force ( PLAAF ) . The PLA Navy ( PLAN National Revolutionary Army The NRA Division ( Script error ) was a military unit of the Chinese Republic . The original pattern of the infantry Division organization of the early Republic , was a square division . It was formed with two infantry brigades of two infantry regiments of three infantry battalions , an artillery regiment of fifty four guns and eighteen machineguns , a cavalry regiment of twelve squadrons , an engineer battalion of four companies , a transport battalion of four companies , and other minor support units . In the mid - 1930s , the Nationalist government with the help of German advisors attempted to modernize their army and intended to form sixty Reorganized Divisions and a number of reserve divisions . Under the strains and losses of the early campaigns of the Second Sino - Japanese War , the Chinese decided in mid - 1938 to standardize their Divisions as triangular divisions as part of their effort to simplify the command structure and placed them under Corps , which became the basic tactical units . The remaining scarce artillery and the other support formations were withdrawn from the Division and were held at Corps or Army level or even higher . During the Second Sino - Japanese War , the Chinese Republic mobilized at least 310 Infantry Divisions , 23 Cavalry Divisions , and one Mechanized Division , ( the 200th Division ) . Colombia In the Colombian Army a division is formed by two or more brigades and is usually commanded by a Major General . Today the Colombian Army has eight active divisions : 1st Division Santa Marta ) – Its jurisdiction covers the Northern Region of Colombia in which there are the departments of Cesar , La Guajira , Magdalena , Sucre , Bolívar and Atlántico . 2nd Division Bucaramanga ) – Its jurisdiction covers the north eastern Colombia in which there are the departments of Norte de Santander , Santander and Arauca . 3rd Division Popayán ) – Its jurisdiction covers the South West of Colombia in which there are the departamntos of Nariño , Valle del Cauca , Cauca , Caldas , Quindio , part of Santander and the southern part of the Chocó . 4th Division Villavicencio ) – Its jurisdiction covers the eastern region of Colombia in which there are the departments of Meta , Guaviare , and part of Vaupés . 5th Division ( Bogotá ) – Its jurisdiction covers the Central Region of Colombia in which there are the departments of Cundinamarca , Boyaca , Huila and Tolima . 6th Division Florencia ) – Its jurisdiction covers the southern region of Colombia in which there are the departments of Amazonas , Caquetá , Putumayo and southern Vaupés . 7th Division ( Medellin ) – Its jurisdiction covers the western region of Colombia in which there are the departments of Cordoba , Antioquia , and part of the Chocó . 8th Division Yopal ) – Its jurisdiction covers the northeastern region of Colombia in which there are the departments of Casanare , Arauca , Vichada , Guainía , and the municipalities of Boyaca of Cubará , Pisba , Paya , Labranzagrande and Pajarito . Germany Today the German Army has five active divisions : 1 . Panzerdivision ( 1 . PzDiv ) , Hannover Division Spezielle Operationen ( DSO ) , Veitshöchheim Division Luftbewegliche Operationen ( DLO ) , Stadtallendorf 10 . Panzerdivision ( 10 . PzDiv ) , Sigmaringen 13 . Panzergrenadierdivision ( 13 . PzGrenDiv ) , Leipzig 1 . Panzerdivision includes the main part of the rapid reaction forces . The DSO is specialized in airborne and commando operations , the DLO covers army aviation , airmobile forces and combat support troops . 10 . Panzerdivision and 13 . Panzergrenadierdivision are planned for peace keeping missions . Each division is structured in two brigades and divisional troops . India With more than 1,130,000 soldiers in active service , the Indian Army is the world ' s third largest . An Indian Army division is intermediate between a corps and a brigade . Each division is headed by General Officer Commanding ( GOC ) in the rank of major general . It usually consists of 15,000 combat troops and 8,000 support elements . Currently , the Indian Army has 37 divisions including four RAPIDs ( Reorganised Army Plains Infantry Divisions ) , 18 iInfantry divisions , 10 mountain divisions , three armoured divisions and two artillery divisions . Each division Pakistan An Army division in the Pakistan Army is an intermediate between a corps and a brigade . It is the largest striking force in the army . Each division is headed by General Officer Commanding ( GOC ) in the rank of major general . It usually consists of 15,000 combat troops and 8,000 support elements . Currently , the Pakistani Army has 29 divisions comprising 20 infantry divisions , two armoured divisions , two mechanized divisions , two air defence divisions , two strategic divisions and one artillery division . Each division consists of several brigades . United Kingdom In the British Army , a division is commanded by a major - general with a WO1 as a sergeant major and may consists of three infantry , mechanised and / or armoured brigades and supporting units . Currently , the British Army has two active divisions : 1st ( UK ) Armoured Division in Germany 3rd ( UK ) Mechanised Division , headquartered at Tidworth It used to have four other divisions . These are now disbanded and placed under on single two - star command , Support Command . 2nd Division — Scotland and Northern England , headquartered at Edinburgh 4th Division — Southern England , headquartered at Aldershot 5th Division — Wales , English Midlands and Eastern England , headquartered at Shrewsbury 6th Division — headquartered at York - disbanded In the future , it will have two core divisions , the 3rd ( UK ) Division as part of the Reaction Force while the 1st ( UK ) Division will be part of the Adaptable Force . Support Command will continue to exist . There will also be a Force Troops Command . United States See also : Divisions of the United States Army A divisional unit in the United States Army typically consists of 17,000 to 21,000 soldiers commanded by a major general . Two divisions usually compose a and each division consists of four maneuver brigades , an aviation brigade , an engineer brigade , and division artillery ( latter two excluded from divisional structure as of 2007 ) , along with a number of smaller specialized units . Soldiers from the US 1st Infantry Division in Fallujah , 2005 . The United States Army currently has ten active divisions : 1st Infantry Division at Fort Riley , Kansas and in Fort Knox , Kentucky 1st Armored Division at Fort Bliss , Texas 1st Cavalry Division Fort Hood , Texas 2nd Infantry Division Camp Red Cloud , South Korea and in Fort Lewis , Washington 3rd Infantry Division Fort Stewart , Georgia and in Fort Benning , Georgia 4th Infantry Division Fort Carson , Colorado 10th Mountain Division ( Light ) at Fort Drum , New York and in Fort Polk , Louisiana 25th Infantry Division Schofield Barracks , Hawaii Fort Richardson , Alaska and in Fort Wainwright , Alaska 82nd Airborne Division Fort Bragg , North Carolina 101st Airborne Division ( Air Assault ) Fort Campbell , Kentucky The United States Army also has eight divisions within the National Guard : Divisions : 28th Infantry Division , Fort Indiantown Gap , Pennsylvania 29th Infantry Division , Fort Belvoir , Virginia 34th Infantry Division , Rosemount , Minnesota 35th Infantry Division , Fort Leavenworth , Kansas 36th Infantry Division , Camp Mabry , Texas 38th Infantry Division , Indianapolis , Indiana 40th Infantry Division , Los Alamitos JFTB , California 42nd Infantry Division , Troy , New York The United States Marine Corps has a further three active divisions and one reserve division . They consist of three infantry regiments , one artillery regiment , a tank battalion , a Light Armored Reconnaissance battalion , an Amphibious Assault Vehicle battalion , a reconnaissance battalion , a combat engineer battalion , and a headquarters battalion . 1st Marine Division Camp Pendleton , California . 2nd Marine Division Camp Lejeune , North Carolina . 3rd Marine Division Camp Smedley D . Butler , Okinawa , Japan . 4th Marine Division with units located throughout the United States and headquartered in New Orleans , Louisiana . USSR / Russian Federation Main article : List of Soviet Army divisions 1989 – 91 This article does not contain any citations or references . Please improve this article by adding a reference . For information about how to add references , see Template : Citation Soviet Armed Forces , a division ( Russian : diviziya Script error ) may have referred to a formation in any of the Armed Services , and would have included subunits appropriate to the service such as regiments and battalions , squadrons or naval vessels . There is also a similarly sounding unit of military organization in Russian military terminology , called divizion divizion is used to refer to an artillery battalion , a specific part of a ship ' s crew ( korabel ' nyy divizion , ' ship battalion ' ) , or a group of naval vessels ( divizion korabley ) . Almost all divisions irrespective of the service had the 3 + 1 + 1 structure of major sub - units , which were usually regiments . During the Soviet era , a Motorised Rifle Division ( MRD ) usually had approximately 12,000 soldiers organized into three motorized rifle regiments , a tank regiment , an artillery regiment , an air defense regiment , surface - to - surface missile and antitank battalions , and supporting chemical , engineer , signal , reconnaissance , and rear services companies . A typical tank division had some 10,000 soldiers organized into three tank regiments and one motorized rifle regiment , all other sub - units being same as the MRD . A typical Soviet Frontal Aviation Division consisted of three air regiments , a transport squadron , and associated maintenance units . The number of aircraft within a regiment varied . Fighter and fighter - bomber regiments were usually equipped with about 40 aircraft ( 36 of the primary unit type and a few utility and spares ) , while bomber regiments typically consisted of 32 aircraft . Divisions were typically commanded by Colonels or Major Generals , or Colonels or Major Generals of Aviation in the Air Force . Soviet Naval and the Strategic Missile Forces divisions . After the collapse of the Soviet Union , Russian tank and motorized - rifle divisions were reduced to near - cadre state , many being designated Bases for Storage of Weapons and Equipment ( Russian acronym BKhVT ) . These bases , or " cadre " divisions , were equipped with all the heavy armaments of a full - strength motor - rifle or tank division , while having only skeleton personnel strength , as low as 500 personnel . The officers and men of a cadre division focus primarily on maintaining the equipment in working condition . During wartime See also Air Division List of military divisions commons : Division insignia of the United States Army Military organization Notes ↑ Note that during the Soviet era , 25 different MRD staffing and equipage tables existed to reflect different requirements of divisions stationed in different parts of the Soviet Union , the Warsaw Pact countries and Republic of Mongolia ↑ Note that during the Soviet era , 15 different TD staffing and equipage tables existed to reflect different requirements of divisions stationed in different parts of the Soviet Union , the Warsaw Pact countries and Republic of Mongolia References Van Creveld , Martin ( 2000 ) . The Art of War : War and Military Thought . London : Cassell . ISBN 0 - 304 - 35264 - 0 Grey , Jeffrey ( 2008 ) . A Military History of Australia ( 3rd ed . ) . Melbourne , Victoria : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 69791 - 0 Johnston , Mark ( 2007 ) . The Australian Army in World War II . Elite . Martin Windrow ( consultant editor ) . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 123 - 6 Jones , Archer ( 2000 ) . The Art of War in the Western World . University of Illinois Press . ISBN 0 - 252 - 06966 - 8 Keogh , Eustace ( 1965 ) . South West Pacific 1941 – 45 . Melbourne , Victoria : Grayflower Publications . OCLC 7185705 Palazzo , Albert ( 2002 ) . Defenders of Australia : The 3rd Australian Division 1916 – 1991 . Loftus , New South Wales : Australian Military Historical Publications . ISBN 1 - 876439 - 03 - 3 < / dl > This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia view authors ) Categories Pages with script errors Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows References needed Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia Military units and formations by size Divisions ( military units ) Add category
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http://military.wikia.com/wiki/Emperor_Meiji
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in : Articles with Japanese - language external links Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia and 20 more Emperor Meiji Emperor Meiji 明治天皇 Preceded by Kōmei Succeeded by Taishō Personal details Born Mutsuhito 3 November 1852 Kyoto , Japan Died 30 July 1912 ( aged 59 ) Tokyo , Japan Spouse ( s ) Empress Shōken Religion Shinto Signature 明治天皇 Meiji - tennō , 3 November 1852 – 30 July 1912 ) , or Meiji the Great 明治大帝 Meiji - taitei , was the 122nd emperor of Japan according to the traditional order of succession , reigning from 3 February 1867 until his death on 30 July 1912 . He presided over a time of rapid change in the Empire of Japan , as the nation quickly changed from a feudal state to a capitalist and imperial world power , characterized by Japan ' s industrial revolution . His personal name was Mutsuhito 睦仁 , and although outside of Japan he is sometimes called by this name , in Japan deceased emperors are referred to only by their posthumous names . At the time of his birth in 1852 , Japan was an isolated , pre - industrial , feudal country dominated by the Tokugawa Shogunate and the daimyo , who ruled over the country ' s more than 250 decentralized domains . By the time of his death in 1912 , Japan had undergone a political , social , and industrial revolution at home ( See Meiji Restoration ) and emerged as one of the great powers on the world stage . A detailed account of the state funeral in the New York Times concluded with an observation : " The contrast between that which preceded the funeral car and that which followed it was striking indeed . Before it went old Japan ; after it came new Japan . " Contents show Background Edit The Tokugawa Shogunate had established itself in the early 17th century . Under its rule , the shogun governed Japan . About 180 lords , known as daimyo , ruled autonomous realms under the shogun , who occasionally called upon the daimyo for gifts , but did not tax them . The shogun controlled the in other ways ; only the shogun could approve their marriages , and the shogun could divest a of his lands . In 1615 , the first Tokugawa shogun , Tokugawa Ieyasu , who had officially retired from his position , and his son Tokugawa Hidetada , the titular shogun , issued a code of behavior for the nobility . Under it , the emperor was required to devote his time to scholarship and the arts . The emperors under the shogunate appear to have closely adhered to this code , studying Confucian classics and devoting time to poetry and calligraphy . They were only taught the rudiments of Japanese and Chinese history and geography . The shogun did not seek the consent or advice of the emperor for his actions . Emperors almost never left their palace compound , or Gosho in Kyoto , except after an emperor retired or to take shelter in a temple if the palace caught on fire . Few emperors lived long enough to retire ; of the Emperor Meiji ' s five predecessors , only his grandfather lived into his forties , and died aged forty - six . The imperial family suffered very high rates of infant mortality ; all five of the emperor ' s brothers and sisters died as infants , and only five of fifteen of his own children would reach adulthood . Soon after taking control in the early seventeenth century , shogunate officials ( known generically as bakufu ) ended much Western trade with Japan , and barred missionaries from the islands . Only the Dutch continued trade with Japan , maintaining a post on the island of Dejima by Nagasaki . However , by the early 19th century , European and American vessels appeared in the waters around Japan with increasing frequency . Boyhood Edit Mutsuhito was born on 3 November 1852 in a small house on his maternal grandfather ' s property at the north end of the Gosho . At the time , a birth was believed to be polluting , so imperial princes were not born in the Palace , but usually in a structure , often temporary , near the pregnant woman ' s father ' s house . The boy ' s mother , Nakayama Yoshiko was a concubine ( gon no tenji ) to Emperor Kōmei and the daughter of the acting major counselor , Nakayama Tadayasu The young prince was given the name Sachinomiya , or Prince Sachi . Teenager Meiji Emperor with foreign representatives at the end of the Boshin War , 1868 – 1870 . The young prince was born at a time of change for Japan . This change was symbolized dramatically when Commodore Matthew Perry and his squadron of what the Japanese dubbed " the Black Ships " , sailed into the harbor at Edo ( known since 1868 as Tokyo ) in July 1853 . Perry sought to open Japan to trade , and warned the Japanese of military consequences if they did not agree . During the crisis brought on by Perry ' s arrival , the bakufu took the highly unusual step of consulting with the Imperial Court , and Emperor Kōmei ' s officials advised that they felt the Americans should be allowed to trade and asked that they be informed in advance of any steps to be taken upon Perry ' s return . This request was initially honored by the , and for the first time in at least 250 years , they consulted with the Imperial Court before making a decision . Feeling that it could not win a war , the Japanese government allowed trade and submitted to what it dubbed the " Unequal Treaties " , giving up tariff authority and the right to try foreigners in its own courts . The bakufu ' s willingness to consult with the Court was short - lived : in 1858 , word of a treaty arrived with a letter stating that due to shortness of time , it had not been possible to consult . Emperor Kōmei was so incensed that he threatened to abdicate — though even this action would have required the consent of the shogun . Much of the Emperor ' s boyhood is known only through later accounts , which his biographer Donald Keene points out are often contradictory . One contemporary described the young prince as healthy and strong , somewhat of a bully and exceptionally talented at sumo . Another states that the prince was delicate and often ill . Some biographers state that he fainted when he first heard gunfire , while others deny this account . On 16 August 1860 , Sachinomiya was proclaimed prince of the blood and heir to the throne , and was formally adopted by his father ' s consort . Later that year on 11 November , he was proclaimed as the crown prince and given an adult name , Mutsuhito . The prince began his education at the age of seven . He proved an indifferent student , and later in life wrote poems regretting that he had not applied himself more in writing practice . Unrest and accession Main articles : Meiji period Meiji Restoration Government of Meiji Japan , and Meiji Constitution The young Meiji emperor , 1872 . Albumen silver print by Uchida Kuichi The young Meiji emperor in military dress – photographed by Uchida Kuichi in 1873 By the early 1860s , the shogunate was under several threats . Representatives of foreign powers sought to increase their influence in Japan . Many daimyo were increasingly dissatisfied with handling foreign affairs . Large numbers of young samurai , known as shishi or " men of high purpose " began to meet and speak against the shogunate . The shishi revered the Emperor Kōmei and favored direct violent action to cure societal ills . While they initially desired the death or expulsion of all foreigners , the would later prove more pragmatic , and begin to advocate the modernization of the country . The enacted several measures to appease the various groups , and hoped to drive a wedge between the and Kyoto was a major center for the , who had influence over the Emperor Kōmei . In 1863 , they persuaded him to issue an " Order to expel barbarians " . The Order placed the shogunate in a difficult position , since it knew it lacked the power to carry it out . Several attacks were made on foreigners or their ships , and foreign forces retaliated . Bakufu forces were able to drive most of the out of Kyoto , and an attempt by them to return in 1864 was driven back . Neverless , unrest continued throughout Japan . The shogun , Tokugawa Yoshinobu , in 1867 . The prince ' s awareness of the political turmoil is uncertain . During this time , he studied waka poetry , first with his father , then with the court poets . As the prince continued his classical education in 1866 , a new shogun , Tokugawa Yoshinobu took office , a reformer who desired to transform Japan into a Western - style state . Yoshinobu , who would prove to be the final shogun , met with resistance from among the , even as unrest and military actions continued . In mid - 1866 , a army set forth to punish rebels in southern Japan . The army was defeated . The Emperor Kōmei had always enjoyed excellent health , and was only 36 years old in January 1867 . In that month , however , he fell seriously ill . Though he appeared to make some recovery , he suddenly worsened and died on 30 January . Many historians believe the Emperor Kōmei was poisoned , a view not unknown at the time : British diplomat Sir Ernest Satow wrote , " it is impossible to deny that [ the Emperor Kōmei ' s ] disappearance from the political scene , leaving as his successor a boy of fifteen or sixteen [ actually fourteen ] , was most opportune " . The crown prince formally ascended to the throne on 3 February 1867 , in a brief ceremony in Kyoto . The new Emperor continued his classical education , which did not include matters of politics . In the meantime , the shogun , Yoshinobu , struggled to maintain power . He repeatedly asked for the Emperor ' s confirmation of his actions , which he eventually received , but there is no indication that the young Emperor was himself involved in the decisions . The and other rebels continued to shape their vision of the new Japan , and while they revered the Emperor , they had no thought of having him play an active part in the political process . The political struggle reached its climax in late 1867 . In November , an agreement was reached by which Yoshinobu would maintain his title and some of his power , but the lawmaking power would be vested in a bicameral legislature based on the British model . The following month , the agreement fell apart as the rebels marched on Kyoto , taking control of the Imperial Palace . On 4 January 1868 , the Emperor ceremoniously read out a document before the court proclaiming the " restoration " of Imperial rule , and the following month , documents were sent to foreign powers : The Emperor of Japan announces to the sovereigns of all foreign countries and to their subjects that permission has been granted to the Shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu to return the governing power in accordance with his own request . We shall henceforward exercise supreme authority in all the internal and external affairs of the country . Consequently the title of Emperor must be substituted for that of Tycoon , in which the treaties have been made . Officers are being appointed by us to the conduct of foreign affairs . It is desirable that the representatives of the treaty powers recognize this announcement . Yoshinobu resisted only briefly , but it was not until late 1869 that the final holdouts were finally defeated In the ninth month of the following year , the era was changed to Meiji , or “ enlightened rule ” , which was later used for the emperor ' s posthumous name . This marked the beginning of the custom of an era coinciding with an emperor ' s reign , and posthumously naming the emperor after the era during which he ruled . Soon after his accession , the Emperor ' s officials presented Ichijō Haruko to him as a possible bride . The future Empress was the daughter of an Imperial official , and was three years older than the groom , who would have to wait to wed until after his gembuku ( manhood ceremony ) . The two married on 11 January 1869 . Known posthumously as Empress Shōken , she was the first Imperial Consort to receive the title of kōgō ( literally , the Emperor ' s wife , translated as Empress Consort ) , in several hundred years . Although she was the first Japanese Empress Consort to play a public role , she bore no children . However , the Meiji emperor had fifteen children by five official ladies - in - waiting . Only five of his children , a prince born to Lady Naruko ( 1855 – 1943 ) , the daughter of Yanagiwara Mitsunaru , and four princesses born to Lady Sachiko ( 1867 – 1947 ) , the eldest daughter of Count Sono Motosachi , lived to adulthood . They were : Error creating thumbnail : Invalid thumbnail parameters Wedding of Crown Prince Yoshihito and Princess Kujō Sadako Crown Prince Yoshihito ( Haru - no - miya Yoshihito Shinnō ) , 3rd son , ( 31 August 1879 – 25 December 1926 ) ( see Emperor Taishō ) . Princess Masako ( Tsune - no - miya Masako Naishinnō ) , 6th daughter , ( 30 September 1888 – 8 March 1940 ) ( see Princess Masako Takeda ) . Princess Fusako ( Kane - no - miya Fusako Naishinnō ) , 7th daughter , ( 28 January 1890 – 11 August 1974 ) ( see Fusako Kitashirakawa Princess Nobuko ( Fumi - no - miya Nobuko Naishinnō ) , 8th daughter , ( 7 August 1891 – 3 November 1933 ) ( see Princess Nobuko Asaka Princess Toshiko ( Yasu - no - miya Toshiko Naishinnō ) , 9th daughter , ( 11 May 1896 – 5 March 1978 ) ( see Toshiko Higashikuni Meiji era Main article : Error creating thumbnail : Invalid thumbnail parameters Meiji , Emperor of Japan and the Imperial Family ( 1900 ) . From left to right : Princess Kane the Crown Princess Princess Fumi , the Emperor , Princess Yasu the Empress the Crown Prince and Princess Tsune Consolidation of power The 16 - year old emperor , traveling from Kyoto to Tokyo at the end of 1868 Despite the ouster of the , no effective central government had been put in place by the rebels . On 23 March , foreign envoys were first permitted to visit Kyoto and pay formal calls on the Emperor On 7 April 1868 , the Emperor was presented with the Charter Oath , a five - point statement of the nature of the new government , designed to win over those who had not yet committed themselves to the new regime . This document , which the Emperor then formally promulgated , abolished feudalism and proclaimed a modern democratic government for Japan . The Charter Oath would later be cited by Emperor Hirohito in the Humanity Declaration as support for the imposed changes in Japanese government following World War II . In mid - May , he left the Imperial precincts in Kyoto for the first time since early childhood to take command of the forces pursuing the remnants of the armies . Traveling in slow stages , he took three days to travel from Kyoto to Osaka , through roads lined with crowds . There was no conflict in Osaka ; the new leaders wanted the Emperor to be more visible to his people and to foreign envoys . At the end of May , after two weeks in Osaka ( in a much less formal atmosphere than in Kyoto ) , the Emperor returned to his home . Shortly after his return , it was announced that the Emperor would begin to preside over all state business , reserving further literary study for his leisure time . Only from 1871 did the Emperor ' s studies include materials on contemporary affairs . Emperor Meiji in his younger years ( illustration , not a photograph ) On 19 September 1868 , the Emperor announced that the name of the city of Edo was being changed to Tokyo , or " eastern capital " . He was formally crowned in Kyoto on 15 October ( a ceremony which had been postponed from the previous year due to the unrest ) . Shortly before the coronation , he announced that the new era , or nengō , would be called Meiji or " enlightened rule " . Heretofore the nengō had often been changed multiple times in an emperor ' s reign ; from now on , it was announced , there would only be one per reign . Soon after his coronation , the Emperor journeyed to Tokyo by road , visiting it for the first time . He arrived in late November , and began an extended stay by distributing sake among the population . The population of Tokyo was eager for an Imperial visit ; it had been the site of the Shogun ' s court and the population feared that with the abolition of the shogunate , the city might fall into decline . It would not be until 1889 that a final decision was made to move the capital to Tokyo . While in Tokyo , the Emperor boarded a Japanese naval vessel for the first time , and the following day gave instructions for studies to see how Japan ' s navy could be strengthened . Soon after his return to Kyoto , a rescript was issued in the Emperor ' s name ( but most likely written by court officials ) . It indicated his intent to be involved in government affairs , and indeed he attended cabinet meetings and innumerable other government functions , though rarely speaking , almost until the day of his death . Political reform The successful revolutionaries organized themselves into a Council of State , and subsequently into a system where three main ministers led the government . This structure would last until the establishment of a prime minister , who would lead a cabinet in the western fashion , in 1885 . Initially , not even the retention of the emperor was certain ; revolutionary leader Gotō Shōjirō later stated that some officials " were afraid the extremists might go further and abolish the Mikado " . Japan ' s new leaders sought to reform the patchwork system of domains governed by the . In 1869 , several of the who had supported the revolution gave their lands to the Emperor and were reappointed as governors , with considerable salaries . By the following year , all other had followed suit . The Emperor in a formal session of the Diet . Ukiyo - e woodblock print by Yōshū Chikanobu , 1890 The Emperor in a formal session of the House of Peers . Woodblock print by Chikanobu , 1890 In 1871 , the Emperor announced that domains were entirely abolished , as Japan was organized into 72 prefectures . The were compensated with annual salaries equal to ten percent of their former revenues ( from which they did not now have to deduct the cost of governing ) , but were required to move to the new capital , Tokyo . Most retired from politics . The new administration gradually abolished most privileges of the samurai , including their right to a stipend from the government . However , unlike the , many samurai suffered financially from this change . Most other class - based distinctions were abolished . Legalized discrimination against the burakumin ended . However , these classes continue to suffer discrimination in Japan to the present time . Although a parliament was formed , it had no real power , and neither did the emperor . Power had passed from the Tokugawa into the hands of those Daimyo and other samurai who had led the Restoration . Japan was thus controlled by the Genro an oligarchy , which comprised the most powerful men of the military , political , and economic spheres . The emperor , if nothing else , showed greater political longevity than his recent predecessors , as he was the first Japanese monarch to remain on the throne past the age of 50 since the abdication of Emperor Ōgimachi in 1586 . The Japanese take pride in the Meiji Restoration , as it and the accompanying industrialization allowed Japan to become the preeminent power in the Pacific and a major player in the world within a generation . Yet , the Meiji emperor ' s role in the Restoration remains debatable . He certainly did not control Japan , but how much influence he wielded is unknown . It is unlikely it will ever be clear whether he supported the Sino - Japanese War ( 1894 – 1895 ) or the Russo - Japanese War ( 1904 – 1905 ) . One of the few windows we have into the Emperor ' s own feelings is his poetry , which seems to indicate a pacifist streak , or at least a man who wished war could be avoided . He composed the following pacifist poem : よもの海 みなはらからと思ふ世に など波風のたちさわぐらむ Yomo no umi mina harakara to omofu yo ni nado namikaze no tachi sawaguramu The seas of the four directions — all are born of one womb : why , then , do the wind and waves rise in discord ? Near the end of his life several anarchists , including Kotoku Shusui , were executed ( 1911 ) on charges of having conspired to murder the sovereign . This conspiracy was known as the High Treason Incident ( 1910 ) . Death Emperor Meiji , suffering from diabetes , nephritis , and gastroenteritis , died of uremia . Although the official announcement said he died at 00 : 42 on 30 July 1912 , the actual death was at 22 : 40 on 29 July . After the emperor ' s death in 1912 , the Japanese Diet passed a resolution to commemorate his role in the Meiji Restoration . An iris garden in an area of Tokyo where Emperor Meiji and Empress Shōken had been known to visit was chosen as the building ' s location for the Shinto shrine Meijijingu Timeline of events during the life and reign of the Meiji Emperor The Meiji emperor receiving the Order of the Garter from Prince Arthur of Connaught in 1906 , as a consequence of the Anglo - Japanese Alliance The Meiji era ushered in many far - reaching changes to the ancient feudal society of Japan . A timeline of major events might include : 3 November 1852 : the Meiji emperor ( then known as Sachinomiya ) is born to the imperial concubine Nakayama Yoshiko and Emperor Komei 1853 : A fleet of ships headed by Commodore Matthew Perry arrives in Japan on 8 July ; considered by German Japanologist Johannes Justus Rein and described by Francis L . Hawks and Commodore Matthew Perry in their 1856 work , Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan Performed in the Years 1852 , 1853 and 1854 under the Command of Commodore M.C. Perry , United States Navy . , as the " Opening " of Japan . Death of the Shogun . 1854 – 55 : Treaties are signed with the United States by the Bakufu late 1850s – 1860s : The " Sonnō jōi " movement is in full force . 1858 : The Bakufu sign treaties with the Netherlands , Imperial Russia , and Great Britain . March 1860 : The Tairo Ii Naosuke , is assassinated in the Sakuradamon incident 11 November : Sachinomiya is formally proclaimed Crown Prince and given the personal name Mutsuhito . 1862 : Namamugi Incident 1864 – 65 : Bombardment of Shimonoseki by British , American , French , and Dutch ships ; fighting ensues between the shogunate and Chōshū 1866 : Death of the Shogun Tokugawa Iemochi on 29 August ; appointment of as Shogun 31 January 1867 : Death of Emperor Komei from hemorrhagic smallpox , unofficial accession of Mutsuhito to the throne . 4 January 1868 : Formal restoration of imperial rule ; end of 265 years of rule by the 12 September : Formal coronation of the emperor Meiji . 23 October : The nengo is changed to the first year of Meiji . 6 November : The capital is moved from Kyoto to Edo , renamed Tokyo . 5 November 1872 : Emperor Meiji Receives The Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia late 1860s – 1881 : Period of rebellion and assassination in Japan . 11 January 1869 : Marriage of Meiji to Ichijo Haruko , thenceforth the Empress Shoken 4 September : Meiji receives The Duke of Edinburgh 1871 : The abolition of the han domains is proclaimed . 1873 : Edo castle is destroyed in a conflagration ; the emperor moves to the Akasaka Palace . Meiji ' s first children are born , but die at birth . 1877 : The Satsuma Rebellion 1878 : Assassination of Okubo Toshimichi 31 August 1879 : Prince Yoshihito , the future Taisho Tenno and Meiji ' s only surviving son , is born . 1881 : Receives the first state visit of a foreign monarch , King Kalakaua of Hawaii . 1889 : Meiji Constitution promulgated ; Ito Hirobumi becomes first Prime Minister of Japan . 1894 : Sino - Japanese War ; Japanese victory establishes Japan as a regional power . 1904 – 1905 : Russo - Japanese War ; Japanese victory earns Japan the status of a great power . 1910 : The Annexation of Korea by the Empire of Japan . 1912 : The emperor dies . Concubines and children Concubines Lady Mitsuko ( 1853 - 1873 ) . Not much is known about Lady Mitsuko , however she gave birth to the Emperor ' s first son . She died in childbirth . Lady Natsuko ( 1856 – 14 November 1873 ) . She gave birth to the Emperor ' s first daughter and also died in childbirth . Yanagiwara Naruko ( 26 June 1859 – 16 October 1943 ) . Natural mother of the Emperor Taishō Chigusa Kotoko ( 1855 - 1944 ) Sono Sachiko ( 23 December 1867 – 7 July 1947 ) Children Image Name Birth Death Mother Marriage A prince 稚瑞照彦尊 18 September 1873 18 September 1873 Lady Mitsuko 葉室光子 A princess 稚高依姫尊 13 November 1873 13 November 1873 Lady Natsuko 橋本夏子 Shigeko , Princess Ume 梅宮薫子内親王 25 January 1875 8 June 1876 Lady Naruko 柳原愛子 Yukihito , Prince Take 建宮敬仁親王 23 September 1877 26 July 1878 Lady Naruko 柳原愛子 Yoshihito , Prince Haru ( 明宮嘉仁親王 ( 大正天皇 ) 31 August 1879 25 December 1926 ( aged 47 ) Empress Teimei 九条節子 Akiko , Princess Shige 滋宮韶子内親王 3 August 1881 6 September 1883 Lady Kotoko 千種任子 Fumiko , Princess Masu 増宮章子内親王 26 January 1883 8 September 1883 Lady Kotoko 千種任子 Shizuko , Princess Hisa 久宮静子内親王 10 February 1886 4 April 1887 Lady Sachiko Michihito , Prince Aki 昭宮猷仁親王 22 August 1887 12 November 1888 Lady Sachiko Masako , Princess Tsune ( Princess Masako Takeda 常宮昌子内親王 30 September 1888 8 March 1940 ( aged 51 ) Tsunehisa , Prince Takeda 竹田宮恒久王 Fusako , Princess Kane ( Fusako Kitashirakawa 周宮房子内親王 28 January 1890 11 August 1974 ( aged 84 ) Naruhisa , Prince Kitashirakawa 北白川宮成久王 Nobuko , Princess Fumi ( Princess Nobuko Asaka 富美宮允子内親王 7 August 1891 3 November 1933 ( aged 42 ) Yasuhiko , Prince Asaka 朝香宮鳩彦王 Teruhito , Prince Mitsu 満宮輝仁親王 30 November 1893 17 August 1894 Toshiko , Princess Yasu ( Toshiko Higashikuni 泰宮聡子内親王 11 May 1896 5 March 1978 ( aged 81 ) Naruhiko , Prince Higashikuni 東久邇宮稔彦王 Takiko , Princess Sada 貞宮多喜子内親王 1897 1899 Titles and styles Styles of Reference style His Imperial Majesty Spoken style Your Imperial Majesty Alternative style Sir 3 November 1852 – 11 November 1860 His Imperial Highness The Prince Sachi 11 November 1860 – 3 February 1867 His Imperial Highness The Crown Prince of Japan 3 February 1867 – 30 July 1912 His Imperial Majesty The Emperor of Japan Posthumous title Emperor Meiji Honours National honours Grand Cordon and Collar of the Order of the Chrysanthemum Recipient of the Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers Foreign honours United Kingdom : Knight of the Garter Spain : Knight of the Golden Fleece Sweden : Knight of the Royal Order of the Seraphim Kingdom of Italy : Knight of the Order of the Most Holy Annunciation Kingdom of Hawaii : Recipient of the Royal Order of Kamehameha I Prussia : Recipient of the Order of the Black Eagle Kingdom of Italy : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus Kingdom of Italy : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy Thailand : Order of the Royal House of Chakri Issue Name Birth Marriage Issue 31 August 1879 died , 25 December 1926 25 May 1900 Lady Sadako Kujō Emperor Shōwa Prince Chichibu Prince Takamatsu Prince Mikasa Princess Tsune 30 September 1888 died , 8 March 1940 30 April 1908 Prince Tsunehisa Takeda Prince Tsuneyoshi Takeda Princess Ayako Takeda Princess Kane 28 January 1890 died , 11 August 1974 29 April 1909 Prince Naruhisa Kitashirakawa Prince Nagahisa Kitashirakawa Princess Mineko Kitashirakawa Princess Sawako Kitashirakawa Princess Taeko Kitashirakawa Princess Fumi 7 August 1891 died , 3 November 1933 6 May 1909 Prince Yasuhiko Asaka Princess Kikuko Asaka Princess Takahiko Asaka Prince Tadahito Asaka Princess Kiyoko Asaka Princess Yasu 11 May 1896 died , 5 March 1978 18 May 1915 Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni Prince Morihiro Higashikuni Prince Moromasa Higashikuni Prince Akitsune Higashikuni Prince Toshihiko Higashikuni Notes Japanese Imperial kamon – a stylized chrysanthemum blossom ↑ 1.0 1.1 http : / / query . nytimes . com / mem / archive - free / pdf ? res = 9D05E3DB1F3CE633A25750C1A9669D946396D6CF " The Funeral Ceremonies of Meiji Tenno " reprinted from the Japan Advertiser [ Article 8 — No Title ] , ] New York Times . 13 October 1912 . ↑ Jansen 1995 , p . vii . ↑ Gordon 2009 , pp . 14 – 15 . Keene 2002 , p . 3 . ↑ 5.0 5.1 Gordon 2009 , pp . 3 – 4 . 6.0 6.1 6.2 , p . 2 . , pp . 4 – 5 . , p . 19 . , p . 47 . Keene 2002 , p . 10 . , p . 14 . 12.0 12.1 , pp . 50 – 51 . , p . 18 . , pp . 39 – 41 . , p . xii . , pp . 51 – 52 . , p . 46 . , p . 48 . , pp . 53 – 55 . 20.0 20.1 , pp . 55 – 56 . , p . 73 . , p . 78 . , pp . 57 – 58 . , pp . 94 – 96 . , p . 98 . , pp . 102 – 104 . 27.0 27.1 27.2 , p . 59 . , p . 121 . , p . 117 . , pp . 105 – 107 . , p . 133 . Jansen 1995 , p . 195 . , p . 143 . , pp . 145 – 146 . , p . 147 . , p . 171 . , pp . 157 – 159 . , pp . 160 – 163 . , p . 68 . , pp . 163 – 165 . , p . 168 . , p . 64 . Jansen 1994 , p . 342 . , p . 63 . , p . 65 . 46.0 46.1 46.2 http : / / this - is - japan . com / en / blognews / item / 215 . html " Historical Events Today : 1867 - Prince Mutsuhito , 14 , becomes Emperor Meiji of Japan ( 1867 - 1912 ) . Takashi , Fujitani ( 1998 ) . Splendid monarchy : power and pageantry in modern Japan . University of California Press . p . 145 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 21371 - 5 " 広報 No . 589 明治の終幕 " . Sannohe town hall http : / / town . sannohe . aomori . jp / kouhou - sannohe / kouhou - pdf / 589 . pdf . Retrieved 18 May 2011 ( Japanese ) " The Mikado ' s Garter , " New York Times . 28 July 1906 . References Gordon , Andrew ( 2003 ) . " A Modern History of Japan : from Tokugawa Times to the Present " . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0195110609 ISBN 9780195110609 ; ISBN 019511061 / ISBN 9780195110616 OCLC 49704795 Jansen , Marius ( 1961 ) . " Sakamoto Ryoma and the Meiji Restoration " . Princeton University Press . OCLC 413111 ____________ ( 1995 ) . " The Emergence of Meiji Japan " . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0521482380 ISBN 9780521482387 ISBN 0521484057 ISBN 9780521484053 OCLC 31515308 Keene , Donald ( 2002 ) . " Emperor of Japan : Meiji and His World , 1852 – 1912 " . Columbia University Press . ISBN 023112340X ISBN 9780231123402 OCLC 46731178 Wilson , George M . ( 1992 ) . " Patriots and Redeemers : Motives in the Meiji Restoration " . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0226900916 ISBN 9780226900919 ISBN 0226900924 ISBN 9780226900926 OCLC 23869701 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Meiji Shrine Meiji Emperor The New Student ' s Reference Work / Mutsuhito , Emperor of Japan Emperor Meiji Imperial House of Japan Born : 3 November 1852 Died : 30 July 1912 Regnal titles Preceded by Emperor Kōmei Emperor of Japan 3 February 1867 – 30 July 1912 Succeeded by This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia view authors ) Categories Articles with Japanese - language external links Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia 1852 births 1912 deaths Japanese emperors Knights of the Garter Knights of the Golden Fleece Knights of the Order of the Most Holy Annunciation Recipients of the Royal Order of Kamehameha I Recipients of the Order of the Black Eagle Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy Collars of the Order of the Chrysanthemum Grand Cordons of the Order of the Chrysanthemum Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers Knights of the Order of the Royal House of Chakri 19th - century Japanese people 20th - century Japanese people People of the First Sino - Japanese War Japanese people of the Russo - Japanese War Meiji period Add category
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[
"Emperor Meiji",
"emperor of Japan",
"world power"
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http://military.wikia.com/wiki/Epaulette
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in : Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia Military life Military uniforms and 2 more Epaulette Officer of the French Republican Guard with epaulettes Epaulette ˈ ɛ p ə l ɛ t ; also spelt epaulet is a type of ornamental shoulder piece or decoration used as insignia of rank by armed forces and other organizations . In several European armies epaulettes are also worn by all ranks of elite or ceremonial units when on parade . Epaulettes are fastened to the shoulder by a shoulder strap or " passant " , a small strap parallel to the shoulder seam , and the button near the collar , or by laces on the underside of the epaulette passing through holes in the shoulder of the coat . Colloquially , any shoulder straps with marks are also called epaulettes . The placement of the epaulette , its color and the length and diameter of its bullion fringe are used to signify the wearer ' s rank . At the join of the fringe and the shoulderpiece is often a metal piece in the form of a crescent . Although originally worn in the field , epaulettes are now normally limited to dress or ceremonial uniforms . Contents show Etymology Edit Epaulette is a French word meaning " little shoulder " ( diminutive from épaule , meaning " shoulder " ) . History Edit Louis XIV wearing shoulder ribbons , an early type of epaulette of the late 17th century . Epaulettes bear some resemblance to the shoulder pteruges of ancient Roman military costumes . However their direct origin lies in the bunches of ribbons worn on the shoulders of military coats at the end of the 17th century , which were partially decorative and partially intended to prevent shoulder belts from slipping . These ribbons were tied into a knot which left the fringed end free . This established the basic design of the epaulette as it evolved through the 18th and 19th centuries . From the 18th century on , epaulettes were used in the French and other armies to indicate rank . The rank of an officer could be determined by whether an epaulette was worn on the left shoulder , the right shoulder or on both . Later a " counter - epaulette " ( with no fringe ) was worn on the opposite shoulder of those who wore only a single epaulette . Epaulettes were made in silver or gold for officers , and in cloth of various colors for the enlisted men of various arms . By the early eighteenth Certain cavalry specialties wore flexible metal epaulettes referred to as shoulder scales , rarely worn on the field . During the Napoleonic Wars and subsequently through the 19th century , grenadiers light infantry voltigeurs and other specialist categories of infantry in many European armies wore cloth epaulettes with wool fringes in various special colours to distinguish them from ordinary line infantry . " Flying artillery " wore " wings " , similar to an epaulette but with only a bit of fringe on the outside , which matched the shoulder seam . Heavy artillery wore small balls representing ammunition on their shoulders . Today , epaulettes have mostly been replaced by a five - sided flap of cloth called a shoulder strap , which is sewn into the shoulder seam and the end buttoned like an epaulette yarn . An intermediate form in some services , such as the Russian Army , is the shoulder board , which neither has a fringe nor extends beyond the shoulder seam . This originated during the nineteenth century as a simplified version for service wear of the heavy and conspicuous full dress epaulette with bullion fringes . From the shoulderboard was developed the shoulder mark , a flat cloth tube that is worn over the shoulder strap and carries embroidered or pinned - on rank insignia . The advantages of this are the ability to easily change the insignia as occasions warrant . In literature , film and political satire , dictators , particularly of unstable Third World nations , are often depicted in military dress with oversized gold epaulettes . Canada Canadian officers in mess dress or mess kit Epaulettes of Provo Wallis Maritime Command Museum CFB Halifax In Canada , epaulette or epaulet is used to describe the of a military or police shirt , jacket or tunic and is used informally as a synonym for slip - on , a flat cloth sleeve ( called in the US , a shoulder mark ) worn ( " slipped on " ) on the shoulder strap . After Unification and prior to the issue of the Distinct Environmental Uniform , musicians of the Band Branch wore epaulettes of braided gold cord on the CF uniform . Epaulettes are still worn on some Army Full Dress Patrol Dress , and Mess Dress uniforms . Epaulettes in the form of shoulder boards are worn with the officer ' s white Naval Service Dress . France Until 1914 officers of most French Army infantry regiments wore gold epaulettes in full dress , while those of mounted units wore silver . No insignia was worn on the epaulette itself , though the bullion fringe falling from the crescent differed according to rank . Other ranks of most branches of the infantry , as well as cuirassiers wore detachable epaulettes of various colours ( red for line infantry , green for Chasseurs , yellow for Colonial Infantry etc . ) with woollen fringes , of a traditional pattern that dated back to the 18th Century . Other cavalry such as hussars dragoons and chasseurs a ' cheval wore special epaulettes of a style originally intended to deflect sword blows from the shoulder . In the modern French Army , epaulettes are still worn by those units retaining historical full dress uniforms , notably the ESM Saint - Cyr and the Garde Républicaine . The French Foreign Legion continued to wear their green and red epaulettes , except for a brief relaxing break in the 1920s . In recent years the Marine Infantry and some other units have readopted their traditional fringed epaulettes in various colours for ceremonial parades . Cadets of the ESM Saint - Cyr in full uniform . The gold epaulettes shown are those of cadet officers , while those of ordinary cadets are red . Yellow epaulettes of the French Marines Red and green epaulette of the French Foreign Legion Germany German Army uniforms were formerly known for a four cord braided " figure - of - eight " decoration which acted as a shoulder board for senior and general officers . This is called a shoulder knot . Although it was once seen on US Army uniforms , it remains only in the mess uniform . This type is still used in Venezuela , Chile , Ecuador and Bolivia . Sweden Epaulettes first appeared on Swedish uniforms in the second half of the 18th century . The epaulette was officially incorporated into Swedish uniform regulations in 1792 , although foreign recruited regiments had had them earlier . Senior officers were to wear golden crowns to distinguish their rank from lower ranking officers who wore golden stars . Epaulettes were discontinued on the field uniform in the mid 19th century , switching to rank insignia on the collar of the uniform jacket . Epaulettes were discontinued when they were removed from the general issue dress uniform in the 1930s . They are however still worn by the Royal Lifeguards and by military bands when in ceremonial full dress . Royal Lifeguards Officer in ceremonial full dress at the Royal Palace in Stockholm Swedish king Oscar II wearing an admiral ' s uniform , as shown by the three stars on his epaulettes United Kingdom Shoulder mark of a contemporary British OG ( Olive Green ) pullover with RAF Sergeant insignia . The shoulder strap is attached with hook - and - loop fastener . Epaulettes first appeared on British uniforms in the second half of the 18th century . The epaulette was officially incorporated into Royal Navy uniform regulations in 1795 , although some officers wore them before this date . Under this system Flag Officers wore silver stars on their epaulettes to distinguish their ranks . A Captain with at least three years seniority had two plain epaulettes , while a Junior Captain wore one on the right shoulder , and a Commander one of the left . Before World War I the British Army stopped wearing epaulettes in the field , switching to rank insignia embroidered on the cuffs of the uniform jacket . This was found to make officers a target for snipers , so the insignia was moved to the shoulder straps , where it was less conspicuous . British cavalry on active service in the Sudan ( 1898 ) and during the Boer War ( 1899 – 1902 ) sometimes wore epaulettes made of chainmail to protect against sword blows landing on the shoulder . The blue " Number 1 dress " uniforms of some British cavalry regiments still retain this feature . The current combat uniform ( DPM ) has the insignia formerly displayed on epaulettes , on a strap at the centre of the chest . File : ScottishuniformAiguilletteEpaulette . jpg Police coloured epaulettes When policing large events , some specialist police officers ' epaulettes are colour - coded according to their role : Bronze Commander - Yellow Silver Commander - Grey PSU Commander - Red PSU Sergeants - White Medics - Green Tactical Advisors - Royal Blue Evidence Gatherers - Orange United States Maj . Gen . Charles Griffin wearing epaulettes during the American Civil War Epaulettes were authorized for the United States Navy in the first official uniform regulations , Uniform of the Navy of the United States , 1797 Captains wore an epaulette on each shoulder , lieutenants wore only one , on the right shoulder . By 1802 , lieutenants wore their epaulette on the left shoulder , with lieutenants in command of a vessel wearing them on the right shoulder ; the signification rank of master commandants , they wore their epaulettes on the right shoulder similar to lieutenants in command . By 1842 , captains wore epaulettes on each shoulder with a star on the straps , master commandant were renamed commander in 1838 and wore the same epaulettes as captains except the straps were plain , and lieutenants wore a single epaulette similar to those of the commander , on the left shoulder . After 1852 , captains , commanders , lieutenants , pursers , surgeons , passed assistant and assistant surgeons masters in the line of promotion and chief engineers wore epaulettes . Epaulettes were specified for all United States Army officers in 1832 ; infantry officers wore silver epaulettes , while those of the artillery and other branches wore gold epaulettes , following the French manner . The rank insignia was of a contrasting metal , silver on gold and vice - versa . In 1851 the epaulettes became universally gold . Both majors and second lieutenants had no specific insignia . A major would have been recognizable as he would have worn the more elaborate epaulette fringes of a senior field officer . The rank insignia was silver for senior officers and gold for the bars of captains and Shoulder straps were adopted to replace epaulettes for field duty in 1836 . Licensed officers of the U.S. Merchant Marine may wear shoulder marks and sleeve stripes appropriate to their rank and branch of service . Deck officers wear a foul anchor above the stripes on their epaulettes and engineering officers wear a three - bladed propeller . In the U.S. Merchant Marine the correct wear of epaulettes depicting the fouled anchor is with the un - fouled stock of the anchor forward on the wearer . See also Shoulder loops in the uniform of the Boy Scouts of America spaulder References ↑ http : / / www . merriam - webster . com / dictionary / epaulet ↑ John Mollo , page 49 " Military Fashion " , ISBN 0 - 214 - 65349 - 8 Wilkinson - Latham , R : The Royal Navy 1790 – 1970 , page 5 . Osprey Publishing , 1977 Andre Jouineau , Officers and Soldiers of the French Army 1914 , ISBN 978 - 2 - 35250 Epaulettes at the National Maritime Museum website R.M. Barnes page 316 " Military Uniforms of Britain and the Empire " , Sphere Books 1972 " Public order procedure " . North Yorkshire Police http : / / www . northyorkshire . police . uk / CHttpHandler . ashx ? id = 3110 Rankin , Col . Robert H . : " Uniforms of the Sea Services " , 1962 " Uniform Regulations , 1797 " http : / / www . history . navy . mil / faqs / faq59 - 3 . htm . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 22 " Uniform Regulations , 1802 " http : / / www . history . navy . mil / faqs / faq59 - 25 . htm . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 22 " Uniform Regulations , 1814 " http : / / www . history . navy . mil / faqs / faq59 - 4 . htm " Uniform Regulations , 1842 " http : / / www . history . navy . mil / faqs / faq59 - 27 . htm " Uniform Regulations , 1852 " http : / / www . history . navy . mil / faqs / faq59 - 28 . htm External links Various 18th and 19th Century Epaulets ( bottom of page ) http : / / www . militaryheritage . com / pastprojects . htm Look up epaulettes in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Epaulettes This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia view authors ) Categories Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia Military life Military uniforms Scouting uniform Fashion accessories Add category
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"Epaulette",
"ornamental shoulder piece"
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http://military.wikia.com/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway
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in : Articles with hCards Articles with hAudio microformats Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia and 44 more Ernest Hemingway " Hemingway " redirects here . For other uses , see Hemingway ( disambiguation ) Ernest Hemingway Ernest Hemingway 1939 Born Ernest Miller Hemingway July 21 , 1899 Oak Park , Illinois , U.S . Died July 2 , 1961 ( aged 61 ) Ketchum , Idaho , U.S . Cause of death Suicide by gunshot Spouse ( s ) Elizabeth Hadley Richardson ( 1921 – 1927 ) Pauline Pfeiffer ( 1927 – 1940 ) Martha Gellhorn ( 1940 – 1945 ) Mary Welsh Hemingway ( 1946 – 1961 ) Children Jack Patrick Gregory Awards Pulitzer Prize for Fiction ( 1953 ) Nobel Prize in Literature ( 1954 ) Ernest Miller Hemingway ( July 21 , 1899 – July 2 , 1961 ) was an American author and journalist . His economical and understated style had a strong influence on 20th - century fiction , while his life of adventure and his public image influenced later generations . Hemingway produced most of his work between the mid - 1920s and the mid - 1950s , and won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954 . He published seven novels , six short story collections , and two non - fiction works . Three novels , four collections of short stories , and three non - fiction works were published posthumously . Many of his works are considered classics of American literature . Hemingway was raised in Oak Park , Illinois . After high school he reported for a few months for The Kansas City Star , before leaving for the Italian front to enlist with the World War I ambulance drivers . In 1918 , he was seriously wounded and returned home . His wartime experiences formed the basis for his novel A Farewell to Arms . In 1921 , he married Hadley Richardson , the first of his four wives . The couple moved to Paris , where he worked as a foreign correspondent and fell under the influence of the modernist writers and artists of the 1920s " Lost Generation " expatriate community . The Sun Also Rises , Hemingway ' s first novel , was published in 1926 . After his 1927 divorce from Hadley Richardson , Hemingway married Pauline Pfeiffer ; they divorced after he returned from the Spanish Civil War where he had been a journalist , and after which he wrote For Whom the Bell Tolls Martha Gellhorn became his third wife in 1940 ; they separated when he met Mary Welsh in London during World War II . He was present at the Normandy Landings and the liberation of Paris Shortly after the publication of The Old Man and the Sea in 1952 , Hemingway went on safari to Africa , where he was almost killed in two successive plane crashes that left him in pain or ill health for much of the rest of his life . Hemingway had permanent residences in Key West , Florida ( 1930s ) and Cuba ( 1940s and 1950s ) , and in 1959 , he bought a house in Ketchum , Idaho , where he committed suicide in the summer of 1961 . Contents show Life Edit Early life Edit Ernest Hemingway was the second child , and first son , born to Clarence and Grace Hemingway . Ernest Miller Hemingway was born on July 21 , 1899 , in Oak Park , Illinois , a suburb of Chicago . ) His father , Clarence Edmonds Hemingway , was a physician , and his mother , Grace Hall - Hemingway , was a musician . Both were well - educated and well - respected in the conservative community of Oak Park , a community about which resident Frank Lloyd Wright said , " So many churches for so many good people to go to " . For a short period after their marriage , Clarence and Grace Hemingway lived with Grace ' s father , Ernest Hall , who eventually became their first son ' s namesake . Later Ernest Hemingway would say that he disliked his name , which he " associated with the naive , even foolish hero of Oscar Wilde ' s play The Importance of Being Earnest " . The family eventually moved into a seven - bedroom home in a respectable neighborhood with a music studio for Grace and a medical office for Clarence . Hemingway ' s mother frequently performed in concerts around the village . As an adult , Hemingway professed to hate his mother , although biographer Michael S . Reynolds points out that Hemingway mirrored her energy and enthusiasm . Her insistence that he learn to play the cello became a " source of conflict " , but he later admitted the music lessons were useful to his writing , as is evident in the " contrapuntal structure " of For Whom the Bell Tolls The family owned a summer home called Windemere on Walloon Lake , near Petoskey , Michigan , where as a four - year - old he learned from his father to hunt , fish , and camp in the woods and lakes of Northern Michigan . His early experiences in nature instilled a passion for outdoor adventure and living in remote or isolated areas . Photograph of Hemingway family in 1905 , from left : Marcelline , Sunny , Clarence , Grace , Ursula and Ernest From 1913 until 1917 , Hemingway attended Oak Park and River Forest High School where he took part in a number of sports , namely boxing , track and field , water polo , and football . He excelled in English classes and performed in the school orchestra with his sister Marcelline for two years . In his junior year , he took a journalism class , taught by Fannie Biggs , which was structured " as though the classroom were a newspaper office " . The better writers in class submitted pieces to The Trapeze , the school newspaper . Hemingway and Marcelline both had pieces submitted to The Trapeze ; Hemingway ' s first piece , published in January 1916 , was about a local performance by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra He continued to contribute to and to edit the Trapeze and the Tabula ( the school ' s newspaper and yearbook ) , for which he imitated the language of sportswriters , and used the pen name Ring Lardner , Jr . — a nod to Ring Lardner of the Chicago Tribune whose byline was " Line O ' Type " . Like Mark Twain , Stephen Crane Theodore Dreiser and Sinclair Lewis , Hemingway was a journalist before becoming a novelist ; after leaving high school he went to work for The Kansas City Star as a cub reporter . Although he stayed there for only six months he relied on the Star ' s style guide as a foundation for his writing : " Use short sentences . Use short first paragraphs . Use vigorous English . Be positive , not negative . " World War I Milan , 1918 , Hemingway in uniform . He drove ambulances for two months until he was wounded . Early in 1918 , Hemingway responded to a Red Cross recruitment effort in Kansas City and signed on to become an ambulance driver in Italy . He left New York in May and arrived in Paris as the city was under bombardment from German artillery . By June he was at the Italian Front . It was probably around this time that he first met John Dos Passos , with whom he had a rocky relationship for decades . On his first day in Milan , he was sent to the scene of a munitions factory explosion , where rescuers retrieved the shredded remains of female workers . He described the incident in his non - fiction book Death in the Afternoon : " I remember that after we searched quite thoroughly for the complete dead we collected fragments " . A few days later , he was stationed at Fossalta di Piave On July 8 , he was seriously wounded by mortar fire , having just returned from the canteen bringing chocolate and cigarettes for the men at the front line . Despite his wounds , Hemingway carried an Italian soldier to safety , for which he received the Italian Silver Medal of Bravery Still only 18 , Hemingway said of the incident : " When you go to war as a boy you have a great illusion of immortality . Other people get killed ; not you . . . Then when you are badly wounded the first time you lose that illusion and you know it can happen to you . " He sustained severe shrapnel wounds to both legs , underwent an immediate operation at a distribution center , and spent five days at a field hospital before he was transferred for recuperation to the Red Cross hospital in Milan . He spent six months at the hospital , where he met and formed a strong friendship with " Chink " Dorman - Smith that lasted for decades and shared a room with future American foreign service officer , ambassador , and author Henry Serrano Villard While recuperating , he fell in love for the first time , with Agnes von Kurowsky , a Red Cross nurse seven years his senior . By the time of his release and return to the United States in January 1919 , Agnes and Hemingway had decided to marry within a few months in America . However , in March , she wrote that she had become engaged to an Italian officer . Biographer Jeffrey Meyers claims that Hemingway was devastated by Agnes ' rejection , and he followed a pattern of abandoning a wife before she abandoned him in future relationships . Toronto and Chicago Hemingway returned home early in 1919 to a time of readjustment . Not yet 20 years old , he had gained from the war a maturity that was at odds with living at home without a job and with the need for recuperation . As Reynolds explains , " Hemingway could not really tell his parents what he thought when he saw his bloody knee . He could not say how scared he was in another country with surgeons who could not tell him in English if his leg was coming off or not . " In September , he took a fishing and camping trip with high school friends to the back - country of Michigan ' s Upper Peninsula . The trip became the inspiration for his short story " Big Two - Hearted River " , in which the semi - autobiographical character Nick Adams takes to the country to find solitude after returning from war . A family friend offered him a job in Toronto , and with nothing else to do he accepted . Late that year he began as a freelancer , staff writer , and foreign correspondent for the Toronto Star Weekly . He returned to Michigan the following June and then moved to Chicago in September 1920 to live with friends , while still filing stories for the Toronto Star In Chicago , he worked as an associate editor of the monthly journal Cooperative Commonwealth , where he met novelist Sherwood Anderson When St . Louis native Hadley Richardson came to Chicago to visit the sister of Hemingway ' s roommate , he became infatuated and later claimed , " I knew she was the girl I was going to marry " . Hadley was red - haired , with a " nurturing instinct " , and eight years older than Hemingway . Despite being older than Hemingway , Hadley , who had grown up with an overprotective mother , seemed less mature than usual for a young woman her age . Bernice Kert , author of The Hemingway Women , claims Hadley was " evocative " of Agnes , but that Hadley had a childishness that Agnes lacked . The two corresponded for a few months and then decided to marry and travel to Europe . They wanted to visit Rome , but Sherwood Anderson convinced them to visit Paris instead , writing letters of introduction for the young couple . They were married on September 3 , 1921 ; two months later , Hemingway was hired as foreign correspondent for the Toronto Star , and the couple left for Paris . Of Hemingway ' s marriage to Hadley , Meyers claims : " With Hadley , Hemingway achieved everything he had hoped for with Agnes : the love of a beautiful woman , a comfortable income , a life in Europe . " Paris Hemingway ' s 1923 passport photo . At this time he lived in Paris with his wife Hadley , and worked as a journalist . Carlos Baker , Hemingway ' s first biographer , believes that while Anderson suggested Paris because " the monetary exchange rate " made it an inexpensive place to live , more importantly it was where " the most interesting people in the world " lived . In Paris , Hemingway met writers such as Gertrude Stein James Joyce , and Ezra Pound who " could help a young writer up the rungs of a career " . The Hemingway of the early Paris years was a " tall , handsome , muscular , broad - shouldered , brown - eyed , rosy - cheeked , square - jawed , soft - voiced young man . " He and Hadley lived in a small walk - up at 74 rue du Cardinal Lemoine in the Latin Quarter , and he worked in a rented room in a nearby building . Stein , who was the bastion of modernism in Paris , became Hemingway ' s mentor ; she introduced him to the expatriate artists and writers of the Montparnasse Quarter , whom she referred to as the " Lost Generation " — a term Hemingway popularized with the publication of The Sun Also Rises A regular at Stein ' s salon , Hemingway met influential painters such as Pablo Picasso Joan Miró , and Juan Gris He eventually withdrew from Stein ' s influence and their relationship deteriorated into a literary quarrel that spanned decades . The American poet Ezra Pound met Hemingway by chance at Sylvia Beach ' s bookshop Shakespeare and Company in 1922 . The two toured Italy in 1923 and lived on the same street in 1924 . They forged a strong friendship , and in Hemingway , Pound recognized and fostered a young talent . Pound introduced Hemingway to the Irish writer James Joyce , with whom Hemingway frequently embarked on " alcoholic sprees " . During his first 20 months in Paris , Hemingway filed 88 stories for the newspaper . He covered the Greco - Turkish War , where he witnessed the burning of Smyrna and wrote travel pieces such as " Tuna Fishing in Spain " and " Trout Fishing All Across Europe : Spain Has the Best , Then Germany " . Hemingway was devastated on learning that Hadley had lost a suitcase filled with his manuscripts at the Gare de Lyon as she was traveling to Geneva to meet him in December 1922 . The following September , the couple returned to Toronto , where their son John Hadley Nicanor was born on October 10 , 1923 . During their absence Hemingway ' s first book , Three Stories and Ten Poems , was published . Two of the stories it contained were all that remained after the loss of the suitcase , and the third had been written the previous spring in Italy . Within months a second volume , in our time ( without capitals ) , was published . The small volume included six vignettes and a dozen stories Hemingway had written the previous summer during his first visit to Spain , where he discovered the thrill of the corrida . He missed Paris , considered Toronto boring , and wanted to return to the life of a writer , rather than live the life of a journalist . Ernest , Hadley , and Bumby Hemingway in Schruns , Austria , in 1926 , months before they separated Ernest Hemingway with Lady Duff Twysden , Hadley , and friends , during the July 1925 trip to Spain that inspired Hemingway , Hadley and their son ( nicknamed Bumby ) returned to Paris in January 1924 and moved into a new apartment on the rue Notre - Dame des Champs . Hemingway helped Ford Madox Ford edit the transatlantic review , which published works by Pound , John Dos Passos Baroness Elsa von Freytag - Loringhoven , and Stein , as well as some of Hemingway ' s own early stories such as " Indian Camp " . When In Our Time ( with capital letters ) was published in 1925 , the dust jacket bore comments from Ford . " Indian Camp " received considerable praise ; Ford saw it as an important early story by a young writer , and critics in the United States praised Hemingway for reinvigorating the short story genre with his crisp style and use of declarative sentences . Six months earlier , Hemingway had met F . Scott Fitzgerald , and the pair formed a friendship of " admiration and hostility " . Fitzgerald had published The Great Gatsby the same year : Hemingway read it , liked it , and decided his next work had to be a novel . With his wife Hadley , Hemingway first visited the Festival of San Fermín in Pamplona , Spain in 1923 , where he became fascinated by bullfighting The Hemingways returned to Pamplona in 1924 and a third time in June 1925 ; that year they brought with them a group of American and British expatriates : Hemingway ' s Michigan boyhood friend Bill Smith , Stewart , Lady Duff Twysden ( recently divorced ) , her lover Pat Guthrie , and Harold Loeb A few days after the fiesta ended , on his birthday ( 21 July ) , he began to write the draft of what would become , finishing eight weeks later . A few months later , in December 1925 , the Hemingways left to spend the winter in Schruns , Austria , where Hemingway began revising the manuscript extensively . joined them in January and against Hadley ' s advice urged him to sign a contract with Scribner ' s . He left Austria for a quick trip to New York to meet with the publishers , and on his return , during a stop in Paris , began an affair with Pauline , before returning to Schruns to finish the revisions in March . The manuscript arrived in New York in April , he corrected the final proof in Paris in August 1926 , and Scribner ' s published the novel in October . Ernest and Pauline Hemingway in Paris , 1927 epitomized the post - war expatriate generation , received good reviews , and is " recognized as Hemingway ' s greatest work " . Hemingway himself later wrote to his editor Max Perkins that the " point of the book " was not so much about a generation being lost , but that " the earth abideth forever " ; he believed the characters in may have been " battered " but were not lost . Hemingway ' s marriage to Hadley deteriorated as he was working on In the spring of 1926 , Hadley became aware of his affair with Pauline Pfeiffer , who came to Pamplona with them that July . On their return to Paris , Hadley asked for a separation ; in November she formally requested a divorce . They split their possessions while Hadley accepted Hemingway ' s offer of the proceeds from The couple were divorced in January 1927 , and Hemingway married Pauline Pfeiffer in May . Pfeiffer , who was from a wealthy Catholic Arkansas family , had moved to Paris to work for Vogue magazine . Before their marriage Hemingway converted to Catholicism . They honeymooned in Le Grau - du - Roi , where he contracted anthrax , and he planned his next collection of short stories , Men Without Women , published in October 1927 . By the end of the year Pauline , who was pregnant , wanted to move back to America . John Dos Passos recommended Key West , and they left Paris in March 1928 . That spring Hemingway suffered a severe injury in their Paris bathroom , when he pulled a skylight down on his head thinking he was pulling on a toilet chain . This left him with a prominent forehead scar , which he carried for the rest of his life . When Hemingway was asked about the scar he was reluctant to answer . After his departure from Paris , Hemingway " never again lived in a big city " . Key West and the Caribbean Hemingway house in Key West , Florida where he lived with Pauline . He wrote To Have and Have Not in the second story pool house not seen in the picture . In the late spring , Hemingway and Pauline traveled to Kansas City , where their son Patrick was born on June 28 , 1928 . Pauline had a difficult delivery , which Hemingway fictionalized in A Farewell to Arms . After Patrick ' s birth , Pauline and Hemingway traveled to Wyoming , Massachusetts , and New York . In the winter , he was in New York with Bumby , about to board a train to Florida , when he received a cable telling him his father had committed suicide . Hemingway was devastated , having earlier written his father telling him not to worry about financial difficulties ; the letter arrived minutes after the suicide . He realized how Hadley must have felt after her own father ' s suicide in 1903 , and he commented , " I ' ll probably go the same way . " Upon his return to Key West in December , Hemingway worked on the draft of before leaving for France in January . He had finished it in August but delayed the revision . The serialization in Scribner ' s Magazine was scheduled to begin in May , but as late as April , Hemingway was still working on the ending , which he may have rewritten as many as seventeen times . The completed novel was published on September 27 . Biographer James Mellow believes established Hemingway ' s stature as a major American writer and displayed a level of complexity not apparent in In Spain during the summer of 1929 , Hemingway researched his next work , Death in the Afternoon . He wanted to write a comprehensive treatise on bullfighting , explaining the toreros and corridas complete with glossaries and appendices , because he believed bullfighting was " of great tragic interest , being literally of life and death . " During the early 1930s , Hemingway spent his winters in Key West and summers in Wyoming , where he found " the most beautiful country he had seen in the American West " and hunted deer , elk , and grizzly bear . He was joined there by Dos Passos and in November 1930 , after bringing Dos Passos to the train station in Billings , Montana , Hemingway broke his arm in a car accident . The surgeon tended the compound spiral fracture and bound the bone with kangaroo tendon . He was hospitalized for seven weeks , with Pauline tending to him ; the nerves in his writing hand took as long as a year to heal , during which time he suffered intense pain . Ernest , Pauline , Bumby , Patrick , and Gregory Hemingway pose with marlins after a fishing trip to Bimini in 1935 His third son , Gregory Hancock Hemingway , was born a year later on November 12 , 1931 in Kansas City . Pauline ' s uncle bought the couple a house in Key West with a carriage house , the second floor of which was converted into a writing studio . Its location across the street from the lighthouse made it easy for him to find after a long night of drinking . While in Key West Hemingway frequented the local bar Sloppy Joe ' s He invited friends — including Waldo Peirce , Dos Passos , and Max Perkins — to join him on fishing trips and on an all - male expedition to the Dry Tortugas . Meanwhile , he continued to travel to Europe and to Cuba , and although he wrote of Key West in 1933 , " We have a fine house here , and kids are all well , " Mellow believes he " was plainly restless . " In 1933 , Hemingway and Pauline went on safari to East Africa . The 10 - week trip provided material for Green Hills of Africa , as well as for the short stories " The Snows of Kilimanjaro " and " The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber The couple visited Mombasa , Nairobi , and Machakos in Kenya , then moved on to Tanganyika Territory , where they hunted in the Serengeti , around Lake Manyara , and west and southeast of present - day Tarangire National Park . Their guide was the noted " white hunter " Philip Hope Percival , who had guided Theodore Roosevelt on his 1909 safari . During these travels Hemingway contracted amoebic dysentery that caused a prolapsed intestine , and he was evacuated by plane to Nairobi , an experience reflected in " The Snows of Kilimanjaro " . On Hemingway ' s return to Key West in early 1934 , he began work on Green Hills of Africa , which he published in 1935 to mixed reviews . Hemingway bought a boat in 1934 , named it the Pilar , and began sailing the Caribbean . In 1935 he first arrived at Bimini , where he spent a considerable amount of time . During this period he also worked on To Have and Have Not , published in 1937 while he was in Spain , the only novel he wrote during the 1930s . Spanish Civil War Hemingway ( center ) with Dutch filmmaker Joris Ivens and German writer Ludwig Renn ( serving as an International Brigades officer ) in Spain during Spanish Civil War , 1937 . In 1937 , Hemingway agreed to report on the for the North American Newspaper Alliance ( NANA ) , arriving in Spain in March with Dutch filmmaker Joris Ivens Ivens , who was filming The Spanish Earth , wanted Hemingway to replace John Dos Passos as screenwriter , since Dos Passos had left the project when his friend José Robles was arrested and later executed . The incident changed Dos Passos ' opinion of the leftist republicans , creating a rift between him and Hemingway , who later spread a rumor that Dos Passos left Spain out of cowardice . Journalist and writer , whom Hemingway had met in Key West the previous Christmas ( 1936 ) , joined him in Spain . Like Hadley , Martha was a St . Louis native , and like Pauline , she had worked for Vogue in Paris . Of Martha , Kert explains , " she never catered to him the way other women did . " Late in 1937 , while in Madrid with Martha , Hemingway wrote his only play , The Fifth Column , as the city was being bombarded . He returned to Key West for a few months , then back to Spain twice in 1938 , where he was present at the Battle of the Ebro , the last republican stand , and he was among the British and American journalists who were some of the last to leave the battle as they crossed the river . Hemingway with his third wife , posing with General Yu Hanmou , Chungking , China , 1941 Hemingway and sons ( left ) and Gregory , with three cats at Finca Vigía ca . mid - 1942 In the spring of 1939 , Hemingway crossed to Cuba in his boat to live in the Hotel Ambos Mundos in Havana . This was the separation phase of a slow and painful split from Pauline , which had begun when Hemingway met Martha . Martha soon joined him in Cuba , and they almost immediately rented " Finca Vigia " ( " Lookout Farm " ) , a 15 - acre ( 61,000 m 2 ) property 15 miles ( 24 km ) from Havana . Pauline and the children left Hemingway that summer , after the family was reunited during a visit to Wyoming . After Hemingway ' s divorce from Pauline was finalized , he and Martha were married November 20 , 1940 , in Cheyenne , Wyoming . As he had after his divorce from Hadley , he changed locations , moving his primary summer residence to , just outside the newly built resort of Sun Valley , and his winter residence to Cuba . Hemingway , who had been disgusted when a Parisian friend allowed his cats to eat from the table , became enamored of cats in Cuba , keeping dozens of them on the property . Gellhorn inspired him to write his most famous novel , which he started in March 1939 and finished in July 1940 . It was published in October 1940 . Consistent with his pattern of moving around while working on a manuscript , he wrote in Cuba , Wyoming , and Sun Valley . became a Book - of - the - Month Club choice , sold half a million copies within months , was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize , and as Meyers describes it , " triumphantly re - established Hemingway ' s literary reputation " . In January 1941 Martha was sent to China on assignment for Collier ' s magazine . Hemingway went with her , sending in dispatches for the newspaper PM , but in general he disliked China . A 2009 book suggests during that period he may have been recruited to work for Soviet intelligence agents under the name " Agent Argo " . They returned to Cuba before the declaration of war by the United States that December , when he convinced the Cuban government to help him refit the Pilar , which he intended to use to ambush German submarines off the coast of Cuba . World War II Hemingway with Col . Charles ' Buck ' Lanham in Germany , 1944 , during the fighting in Hürtgenwald , after which he became ill with pneumonia . From May 1944 to March 1945 , Hemingway was in London and Europe . When Hemingway first arrived in London he met TIME magazine correspondent , Mary Welsh , with whom he became infatuated . Martha , who had been forced to cross the Atlantic in a ship filled with explosives because he refused to help her get a press pass on a plane , arrived in London to find Hemingway hospitalized with a concussion from a car accident . Unsympathetic to his plight , she accused him of being a bully and told him she was " through , absolutely finished " . The last time he saw Martha was in March 1945 , as he was preparing to return to Cuba . Meanwhile , he had asked Mary Welsh to marry him on their third meeting . Hemingway , wearing a large head bandage , was present at the D - Day landing , although he was kept on a landing craft because military officials considered him " precious cargo " ; biographer Kenneth Lynn claims Hemingway fabricated accounts that he went ashore during the landings . Late in July , he attached himself to " the 22nd Infantry Regiment commanded by Col . Charles ' Buck ' Lanham , as it drove toward Paris " , and Hemingway became de facto leader to a small band of village militia in Rambouillet outside of Paris . Of Hemingway ' s exploits , World War II historian Paul Fussell remarks : " Hemingway got into considerable trouble playing infantry captain to a group of Resistance people that he gathered because a correspondent is not supposed to lead troops , even if he does it well " . This was in fact in contravention of the Geneva Convention , and Hemingway was brought up on formal charges ; he said he " beat the rap " by claiming that he only offered advice . On August 25 , he was present at the liberation of Paris , although contrary to the Hemingway legend , he was not the first into the city , nor did he liberate the Ritz In Paris he did , however , attend a reunion hosted by Sylvia Beach , where he " made peace with " Gertrude Stein . Later that year , he was present at heavy fighting in the Battle of Hürtgen Forest On December 17 , 1944 , a feverish and ill Hemingway had himself driven to Luxembourg to cover what would later be called The Battle of the Bulge . As soon as he arrived , however , Lanham handed him to the doctors , who hospitalized him with pneumonia ; by the time he recovered a week later , most of the fighting in this battle was over . In 1947 Hemingway was awarded a Bronze Star for his bravery during World War II . He was recognized for his valor , having been " under fire in combat areas in order to obtain an accurate picture of conditions " , with the commendation that " through his talent of expression , Mr . Hemingway enabled readers to obtain a vivid picture of the difficulties and triumphs of the front - line soldier and his organization in combat " . Cuba and the Nobel Prize Hemingway said he " was out of business as a writer " from 1942 to 1945 . In 1946 he married Mary , who had an ectopic pregnancy five months later . The Hemingway family suffered a series of accidents and health problems in the years following the war : in a 1945 car accident he " smashed his knee " and sustained another " deep wound on his forehead " ; Mary broke first her right ankle and then her left in successive skiing accidents . A 1947 car accident left Patrick with a head wound and severely ill . Hemingway sank into depression as his literary friends began to die : in 1939 Yeats Ford Madox Ford ; in 1940 Scott Fitzgerald ; in 1941 Sherwood Anderson and James Joyce ; in 1946 Gertrude Stein ; and the following year in 1947 , Max Perkins , Hemingway ' s long - time Scribner ' s editor and friend . During this period , he suffered from severe headaches , high blood pressure , weight problems , and eventually diabetes — much of which was the result of previous accidents and many years of heavy drinking . Nonetheless , in January 1946 he began work on The Garden of Eden , finishing 800 pages by June . During the post – war years he also began work on a trilogy tentatively titled " The Land " , " The Sea " and " The Air " , which he wanted to combine in one novel titled The Sea Book . However , both projects stalled , and Mellow says that Hemingway ' s inability to continue was " a symptom of his troubles " during these years . Hemingway and his wife Mary on safari 1953 - 4 , before his accidents . Hemingway at a fishing camp in 1954 . His hand and arms are burned from a recent bushfire ; his hair burned from the recent plane crashes . In 1948 , Hemingway and Mary traveled to Europe , staying in Venice for several months . While there , Hemingway fell in love with the then 19 - year - old Adriana Ivancich . The platonic love affair inspired the novel Across the River and Into the Trees , written in Cuba during a time of strife with Mary , and published in 1950 to negative reviews . The following year , furious at the critical reception of Across the River and Into the Trees , he wrote the draft of The Old Man and the Sea in eight weeks , saying that it was " the best I can write ever for all of my life " . became a book - of - the - month selection , made Hemingway an international celebrity , and won the Pulitzer Prize in May 1952 , a month before he left for his second trip to Africa . In 1954 , while in Africa , Hemingway was almost fatally injured in two successive plane crashes . He chartered a sightseeing flight over the Belgian Congo as a Christmas present to Mary . On their way to photograph Murchison Falls from the air , the plane struck an abandoned utility pole and " crash landed in heavy brush . " Hemingway ' s injuries included a head wound , while Mary broke two ribs . The next day , attempting to reach medical care in Entebbe , they boarded a second plane that exploded at take - off , with Hemingway suffering burns and another concussion , this one serious enough to cause leaking of cerebral fluid They eventually arrived in Entebbe to find reporters covering the story of Hemingway ' s death . He briefed the reporters and spent the next few weeks recuperating and reading his erroneous obituaries . Despite his injuries , Hemingway accompanied Patrick and his wife on a planned fishing expedition in February , but pain caused him to be irascible and difficult to get along with . When a bushfire broke out , he was again injured , sustaining second degree burns on his legs , front torso , lips , left hand and right forearm . Months later in Venice , Mary reported to friends the full extent of Hemingway ' s injuries : two cracked discs , a kidney and liver rupture , a dislocated shoulder and a broken skull . The accidents may have precipitated the physical deterioration that was to follow . After the plane crashes , Hemingway , who had been " a thinly controlled alcoholic throughout much of his life , drank more heavily than usual to combat the pain of his injuries . " Ernest Hemingway in the cabin of his boat , off the coast of Cuba In October 1954 Hemingway received the Nobel Prize in Literature . He modestly told the press that Carl Sandburg Isak Dinesen Bernard Berenson deserved the prize , but the prize money would be welcome . Mellow claims Hemingway " had coveted the Nobel Prize " , but when he won it , months after his plane accidents and the ensuing world - wide press coverage , " there must have been a lingering suspicion in Hemingway ' s mind that his obituary notices had played a part in the academy ' s decision . " Because he was suffering pain from the African accidents , he decided against traveling to Stockholm . Instead he sent a speech to be read , defining the writer ' s life : " Writing , at its best , is a lonely life . Organizations for writers palliate the writer ' s loneliness but I doubt if they improve his writing . He grows in public stature as he sheds his loneliness and often his work deteriorates . For he does his work alone and if he is a good enough writer he must face eternity , or the lack of it , each day . " 1954 Nobel Acceptance Speech noicon Opening statement of Nobel Prize acceptance speech , 1954 [ recorded privately by Hemingway after - the - fact ] . Problems playing this file ? From the end of the year in 1955 to early 1956 , Hemingway was bedridden . He was told to stop drinking to mitigate liver damage , advice he initially followed but then disregarded . In October 1956 he returned to Europe and met Basque writer Pio Baroja , who was seriously ill and died weeks later . During the trip Hemingway became sick again and was treated for " high blood pressure , liver disease , and arteriosclerosis " . In November , while in Paris , he was reminded of trunks he had stored in the Ritz Hotel in 1928 and never retrieved . The trunks were filled with notebooks and writing from his Paris years . Excited about the discovery , when he returned to Cuba in 1957 he began to shape the recovered work into his memoir A Moveable Feast By 1959 he ended a period of intense activity : he finished A Moveable Feast ( scheduled to be released the following year ) ; brought True at First Light to 200,000 words ; added chapters to The Garden of Eden ; and worked on Islands in the Stream . The last three were stored in a safe deposit box in Havana , as he focused on the finishing touches for . Reynolds claims it was during this period that Hemingway slid into depression , from which he was unable to recover . The Finca Vigia became crowded with guests and tourists , as Hemingway , beginning to become unhappy with life there , considered a permanent move to Idaho . In 1959 he bought a home overlooking the Big Wood River , outside Ketchum , and left Cuba — although he apparently remained on easy terms with the Castro government , telling The New York Times he was " delighted " with Castro ' s overthrow of Batista He was in Cuba in November 1959 , between returning from Pamplona and traveling west to Idaho , and the following year for his birthday ; however , that year he and Mary decided to leave after hearing the news that Castro wanted to nationalize property owned by Americans and other foreign nationals . In July 1960 the Hemingways left Cuba for the last time , leaving art and manuscripts in a bank vault in Havana . After the 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion , the Finca Vigia was expropriated by the Cuban government , complete with Hemingway ' s collection of " four to six thousand books " . Idaho and suicide Hemingway continued to rework the material that would be published as through the end of the 1950s . In the summer of 1959 he visited Spain to research a series of bullfighting articles commissioned by Life magazine , returning to Cuba in January 1960 to work on the manuscript . only wanted 10,000 words , but the manuscript grew out of control . For the first time in his life unable to organize his writing , he asked A . E . Hotchner to travel to Cuba to help . Hotchner helped him trim the piece to 40,000 words , and Scribner ' s agreed to a full - length book version ( The Dangerous Summer ) of almost 130,000 words . Hotchner found Hemingway to be " unusually hesitant , disorganized , and confused " , and he was suffering badly from failing eyesight . File : Hemingway SunValley . jpg On July 25 , 1960 , Hemingway and Mary left Cuba , never to return . Hemingway then traveled alone to Spain to be photographed for the front cover of the current magazine piece . A few days later he was reported in the news to be seriously ill and on the verge of dying , which panicked Mary until she received a cable from him telling her , " Reports false . Enroute Madrid . Love Papa . " However , he was seriously ill and believed himself to be on the verge of a breakdown . He was lonely and took to his bed for days , retreating into silence , despite the first installments of The Dangerous Summer being published in in September 1960 to good reviews . In October he left Spain for New York , where he refused to leave Mary ' s apartment on the pretext that he was being watched . She quickly took him out to Idaho , where George Saviers ( a Sun Valley physician ) met them at the train . At this time Hemingway was worried about money and about his safety . He worried about his taxes , and that he would never return to Cuba to retrieve the manuscripts he had left there in a bank vault . He became paranoid and thought the FBI was actively monitoring his movements in Ketchum . The FBI had opened a file on him during World War II , when he used the to patrol the waters off Cuba , and J . Edgar Hoover had the agent in Havana watch Hemingway during the 1950s . The FBI knew Hemingway was at the Mayo Clinic , as an agent documented in a letter written in January 1961 . By the end of November Mary was at wits ' end and Saviers suggested Hemingway go to the Mayo Clinic in Minnesota , where he may have believed he was to be treated for hypertension In an attempt at anonymity , he was checked in under Saviers ' name . Meyers writes that " an aura of secrecy surrounds Hemingway ' s treatment at the Mayo " , but confirms he was treated with electroconvulsive therapy as many as 15 times in December 1960 , then in January 1961 he was " released in ruins " . Reynolds accessed Hemingway ' s records at the Mayo which indicate the combination of medications may have created a depressive state , for which he was treated . Three months later in April 1961 , back in Ketchum , one morning in the kitchen Mary " found Hemingway holding a shotgun " . She called Saviers who sedated him and admitted him to the Sun Valley hospital ; from there he was returned to the Mayo Clinic for more electro shock treatments . He was released in late June and arrived home in Ketchum on June 30 . Two days later , in the early morning hours of July 2 , 1961 , Hemingway " quite deliberately " shot himself with his favorite shotgun . He unlocked the basement storeroom where his guns were kept , went upstairs to the front entrance foyer of their Ketchum home , and " pushed two shells into the twelve - gauge Boss shotgun . . .put the end of the barrel into his mouth , pulled the trigger and blew out his brains " . Mary called the Sun Valley Hospital , and a doctor quickly arrived at the house . Despite his finding that Hemingway " had died of a self - inflicted wound to the head " , the story told to the press was that the death had been " accidental " . Hemingway Memorial at Trail Creek north of Sun Valley , Idaho . During his final years , Hemingway ' s behavior was similar to his father ' s before he himself committed suicide ; his father may have had the genetic disease hemochromatosis , in which the inability to metabolize iron culminates in mental and physical deterioration . Medical records made available in 1991 confirm that Hemingway ' s hemochromatosis had been diagnosed in early 1961 . His sister Ursula and his brother Leicester also committed suicide . Added to Hemingway ' s physical ailments was the additional problem that he had been a heavy drinker for most of his life . Hemingway ' s family and friends flew to Ketchum for the funeral which was officiated by the local Catholic priest , who believed the death accidental . Of the funeral ( during which an altar boy fainted at the head of the casket ) , his brother Leicester wrote : " It seemed to me Ernest would have approved of it all . " In a press interview five years later , Mary Hemingway admitted that her husband had committed suicide . Writing style The New York Times wrote in 1926 of Hemingway ' s first novel , " No amount of analysis can convey the quality of . It is a truly gripping story , told in a lean , hard , athletic narrative prose that puts more literary English to shame . " is written in spare , tight prose that influenced countless crime and pulp fiction novels and made Hemingway famous . In 1954 , when Hemingway was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature , it was for " his mastery of the art of narrative , most recently demonstrated in , and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style . " Paul Smith writes that in his first stories published In Our Time that Hemingway was still experimenting with his writing style , he avoided complicated syntax and about 70 percent of the sentences are simple sentences — a childlike syntax without subordination If a writer of prose knows enough of what he is writing about he may omit things that he knows and the reader , if the writer is writing truly enough , will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them . The dignity of movement of an ice - berg is due to only one - eighth of it being above water . A writer who omits things because he does not know them only makes hollow places in his writing . — Ernest Hemingway in Henry Louis Gates believes Hemingway ' s style was fundamentally shaped " in reaction to [ his ] experience of world war " . After World War I , he and other modernists " lost faith in the central institutions of Western civilization , " by reacting against the elaborate style of 19th century writers and by creating a style " in which meaning is established through dialogue , through action , and silences — a fiction in which nothing crucial — or at least very little — is stated explicitly . " Developing this connection between Hemingway and other modernist writers , Irene Gammel believes his style was carefully cultivated and honed with an eye toward the avant - garde of the era . Hungry for “ vanguard experimentation ” and rebelling against Ford Madox Ford ’ s “ staid modernism , ” Hemingway published the work of Gertrude Stein and Elsa von Freytag - Loringhoven in the transatlantic review . As Gammel notes , Hemingway was “ introduced to the Baroness ’ s experimental style during a time when he was actively trimming the verbal ‘ fat ’ off his own style , as well as flexing his writer ’ s muscles in assaulting conventional taste . ” Because he began as a writer of short stories , Baker believes Hemingway learned to " get the most from the least , how to prune language , how to multiply intensities and how to tell nothing but the truth in a way that allowed for telling more than the truth . " Hemingway called his style the iceberg theory : the facts float above water ; the supporting structure and symbolism operate out of sight . The concept of the iceberg theory is sometimes referred to as the " theory of omission " . Hemingway believed the writer could describe one thing ( such as Nick Adams fishing in " The Big Two - Hearted River " ) though an entirely different thing occurs below the surface ( Nick Adams concentrating on fishing to the extent that he does not have to think about anything else ) . Jackson Benson believes Hemingway used autobiographical details as framing devices about life in general — not only about his life . For example , Benson postulates that Hemingway used his experiences and drew them out with " what if " scenarios : " what if I were wounded in such a way that I could not sleep at night ? What if I were wounded and made crazy , what would happen if I were sent back to the front ? " Writing in " The Art of the Short Story , " Hemingway explains : " A few things I have found to be true . If you leave out important things or events that you know about , the story is strengthened . If you leave or skip something because you do not know it , the story will be worthless . The test of any story is how very good the stuff that you , not your editors , omit . " I was always embarrassed by the words sacred , glorious , and sacrifice and the expression in vain . . . I had seen nothing sacred , and the things that were glorious had no glory and the sacrifices were like the stockyards at Chicago . . . . Abstract words such as glory , honor , courage or hallow were obscene beside the concrete names of villages , the numbers of roads , the names of rivers , the numbers of regiments and the dates . The simplicity of the prose is deceptive . Zoe Trodd believes Hemingway crafted skeletal sentences in response to Henry James ' s observation that World War I had " used up words . " Hemingway offers a " multi - focal " photographic reality . His iceberg theory of omission is the foundation on which he builds . The syntax , which lacks subordinating conjunctions , creates static sentences . The photographic " snapshot " style creates a collage of images . Many types of internal punctuation ( colons , semicolons , dashes , parentheses ) are omitted in favor of short declarative sentences . The sentences build on each other , as events build to create a sense of the whole . Multiple strands exist in one story ; an " embedded text " bridges to a different angle . He also uses other cinematic techniques of " cutting " quickly from one scene to the next ; or of " splicing " a scene into another . Intentional omissions allow the reader to fill the gap , In his literature , and in his personal writing , Hemingway habitually used the word " and " in place of commas . This use of polysyndeton may serve to convey immediacy . Hemingway ' s polysyndetonic sentence — or in later works his use of subordinate clauses — uses conjunctions to juxtapose startling visions and images ; Jackson Benson compares them to haikus Many of Hemingway ' s followers misinterpreted his lead and frowned upon all expression of emotion ; Saul Bellow satirized this style as " Do you have emotions ? Strangle them . " However , Hemingway ' s intent was not to eliminate emotion , but to portray it more scientifically . Hemingway thought it would be easy , and pointless , to describe emotions ; he sculpted collages of images in order to grasp " the real thing , the sequence of motion and fact which made the emotion and which would be as valid in a year or in ten years or , with luck and if you stated it purely enough , always " . This use of an image as an objective correlative is characteristic of Ezra Pound , T . S . Eliot , James Joyce , and Proust Hemingway ' s letters refer to Proust ' s Remembrance of Things Past several times over the years , and indicate he read the book at least twice . Themes The popularity of Hemingway ' s work to a great extent is based on the themes , which according to scholar Frederic Svoboda are love , war , wilderness and loss , all of which are strongly evident in the body of work . These are recurring themes of American literature , which are clearly evident in Hemingway ' s work . Critic Leslie Fiedler sees the theme he defines as " The Sacred Land " — the American West — extended in Hemingway ' s work to include mountains in Spain , Switzerland and Africa , and to the streams of Michigan . The American West is given a symbolic nod with the naming of the " Hotel Montana " in According to Stoltzfus and Fiedler , Hemingway ' s nature is a place for rebirth , for therapy , and the hunter or fisherman has a moment of transcendence when the prey is killed . Nature is where men are without women : men fish ; men hunt ; men find redemption in nature . Although Hemingway writes about sports , Carlos Baker believes the emphasis is more on the athlete than the sport , while Beegel sees the essence of Hemingway as an American naturalist , as reflected in such detailed descriptions as can be found in " Big Two - Hearted River " . Fiedler believes Hemingway inverts the American literary theme of the evil " Dark Woman " versus the good " Light Woman " . The dark woman — Brett Ashley of — is a goddess ; the light woman — Margot Macomber of " The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber " — is a murderess . Robert Scholes admits that early Hemingway stories , such as " A Very Short Story " , present " a male character favorably and a female unfavorably . " According to Rena Sanderson , early Hemingway critics lauded his male - centric world of masculine pursuits , and the fiction divided women into " castrators or love - slaves . " Feminist critics attacked Hemingway as " public enemy number one " , although more recent re - evaluations of his work " have given new visibility to Hemingway ' s female characters ( and their strengths ) and have revealed his own sensitivity to gender issues , thus casting doubts on the old assumption that his writings were one - sidedly masculine . " Nina Baym believes that Brett Ashley and Margot Macomber " are the two outstanding examples of Hemingway ' s ' bitch women . ' " The world breaks everyone and afterward many are strong in the broken places . But those that will not break it kills . It kills the very good and the very gentle and the very brave impartially . If you are none of these you can be sure it will kill you too but there will be no special hurry . — Ernest Hemingway in The theme of women and death is evident in stories as early as " Indian Camp " . The theme of death permeates Hemingway ' s work . Young believes the emphasis in " Indian Camp " was not so much on the woman who gives birth or the father who commits suicide , but on Nick Adams who witnesses these events as a child , and becomes a " badly scarred and nervous young man . " Hemingway sets the events in " Indian Camp " that shape the Adams persona . Young believes " Indian Camp " holds the " master key " to " what its author was up to for some thirty Stoltzfus considers Hemingway ' s work to be more complex with a representation of the truth inherent in existentialism : if " nothingness " is embraced , then redemption is achieved at the moment of death . Those who face death with dignity and courage live an authentic life . Francis Macomber dies happy because the last hours of his life are authentic ; the bullfighter in the corrida represents the pinnacle of a life lived with authenticity . In his paper The Uses of Authenticity : Hemingway and the Literary Field , Timo Müller writes that Hemingway ' s fiction is successful because the characters live an " authentic life " , and the " soldiers , fishers , boxers and backwoodsmen are among the archetypes of authenticity in modern literature " . The theme of emasculation is prevalent in Hemingway ' s work , most notably in . Emasculation , according to Fiedler , is a result of a generation of wounded soldiers ; and of a generation in which women such as Brett gained emancipation . This also applies to the minor character , Frances Clyne , Cohn ' s girlfriend in the beginning in the book . Her character supports the theme not only because the idea was presented early on in the novel but also the impact she had on Cohn in the start of the book while only appearing a small number of times . Baker believes Hemingway ' s work emphasizes the " natural " versus the " unnatural " . In " Alpine Idyll " the " unnaturalness " of skiing in the high country late spring snow is juxtaposed against the " unnaturalness " of the peasant who allowed his wife ' s dead body to linger too long in the shed during the winter . The skiers and peasant retreat to the valley to the " natural " spring for redemption . Some critics have characterized Hemingway ' s work as misogynistic and homophobic . Susan Beegel analyzed four decades of Hemingway criticism , published in her essay " Critical Reception " . She found , particularly in the 1980s , " critics interested in multiculturalism " simply ignored Hemingway ; although some " apologetics " have been written . Typical is this analysis of : " Hemingway never lets the reader forget that Cohn is a Jew , not an unattractive character who happens to be a Jew but a character who is unattractive because he is a Jew . " During the same decade , according to Beegel , criticism was published that investigated the " horror of homosexuality " , and racism in Hemingway ' s fiction . Influence and legacy Hemingway ' s legacy to American literature is his style : writers who came after him emulated it or avoided it . After his reputation was established with the publication of , he became the spokesperson for the post – World War I generation , having established a style to follow . His books were burned in Berlin in 1933 , " as being a monument of modern decadence " . His parents disavowed his literature as " filth " . Reynolds asserts the legacy is that " he left stories and novels so starkly moving that some have become part of our cultural heritage " . In a 2004 speech at the John F . Kennedy Library Russell Banks declared that he , like many male writers of his generation , was influenced by Hemingway ' s writing philosophy , style , and public image . Müller argues that Hemingway " has the highest recognition value of all writers worldwide " . On the other hand , in 2012 , novelist John Irving rejected most of Hemingway ' s work " except for a few short stories " , saying that the " write - what - you - know dictum has no place in imaginative literature " . Irving also objected to the " offensive tough - guy posturing — all those stiff - upper - lip , do n ' t - say - much men " and contrasted Hemingway ' s approach to that of Herman Melville , citing the latter ' s advice : " Woe to him who seeks to please rather than appall . " Statue of Hemingway by José Villa Soberón El Floridita bar in Havana . On the wall is a photo of Hemingway awarding Fidel Castro the winning prize for the largest fish caught in the " Hemingway Fishing Contest " of May 1960 . However two months later Hemingway would leave Cuba and never return . Benson believes the details of Hemingway ' s life have become a " prime vehicle for exploitation " , resulting in a Hemingway industry . Hemingway scholar Hallengren believes the " hard boiled style " and the machismo must be separated from the author himself . Benson agrees , describing him as introverted and private as J . D . Salinger , although Hemingway masked his nature with braggadocio . In fact , during World War II , Salinger met and corresponded with Hemingway , whom he acknowledged as an influence . In a letter to Hemingway , Salinger claimed their talks " had given him his only hopeful minutes of the entire war " and jokingly " named himself national chairman of the Hemingway Fan Clubs " . The International Imitation Hemingway Competition was created in 1977 to publicly acknowledge his influence and the comically misplaced efforts of lesser authors to imitate his style . Entrants are encouraged to submit one " really good page of really bad Hemingway " and winners are flown to Italy to Harry ' s Bar . minor planet 3656 Hemingway , discovered in 1978 by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh , was named after Hemingway . The influence is evident with the many restaurants named " Hemingway " ; and the proliferation of bars called " Harry ' s " ( a nod to the bar in ) . A line of Hemingway furniture , promoted by Hemingway ' s son Jack ( Bumby ) , has pieces such as the " Kilimanjaro " bedside table , and a " Catherine " slip - covered sofa . Montblanc offers a Hemingway fountain pen , and a line of Hemingway safari clothes has been created . In 1965 Mary Hemingway established the Hemingway Foundation and in the 1970s she donated her husband ' s papers to the John F . Kennedy Library . In 1980 a group of Hemingway scholars gathered to assess the donated papers , subsequently forming the Hemingway Society , " committed to supporting and fostering Hemingway scholarship " . Ray Bradbury wrote The Kilimanjaro Device , in which Hemingway is transported to the top of Mount Kilimanjaro The 1993 film Wrestling Ernest Hemingway , about the friendship of two retired men in a seaside town in Florida , is named after a story one of the characters ( played by Richard Harris ) tells about having wrestled Hemingway in the 1930s . Descendants Two of Hemingway ' s granddaughters , the sisters Mariel Margaux Hemingway ( daughters of Jack Hemingway ) , both achieved fame in the 1970s and 1980s as actresses ; Margaux was additionally a fashion model . Almost exactly 35 years after Ernest Hemingway ' s death , on July 1 , 1996 , Margaux Hemingway committed suicide in Santa Monica , California . She became " the fifth person in four generations of her family to commit suicide . " Works Main article : Ernest Hemingway bibliography The Torrents of Spring ( 1926 ) ( 1926 ) ( 1929 ) ( 1937 ) ( 1940 ) Across the River and into the Trees ( 1950 ) ( 1952 ) Islands in the Stream ( 1970 , posthumous ) ( 1986 , posthumous ) True at First Light ( 1999 , posthumous ) See also Family tree showing Ernest Hemingway ' s parents , siblings , wives , children and grandchildren Notes ↑ Hemingway had five siblings : Marcelline ( 1898 ) ; Ursula ( 1902 ) ; Madelaine ( 1904 ) ; Carol ( 1911 ) ; and Leicester ( 1915 ) . See Reynolds ( 2000 ) , 17 – 18 ↑ Clarence Hemingway used his father ' s Civil War pistol to shoot himself . See Meyers ( 1985 ) , 2 Gregory Hemingway underwent sex reassignment surgery in the mid - 1990s and thereafter was known as Gloria Hemingway . See Hemingway legacy feud ' resolved ' . BBC News . October 3 , 2003 . Accessed April 26 , 2011 . was published posthumously in 1986 . See Meyers ( 1985 ) , 436 The manuscript for The Sea Book was published posthumously as in 1970 . See Mellow ( 1992 ) , 552 The full speech is available at The Nobel Foundation References Oliver ( 1999 ) , 140 ↑ 2.0 2.1 Reynolds ( 2000 ) , 17 – 18 Meyers ( 1985 ) , 4 Oliver ( 1999 ) , 134 Meyers ( 1985 ) , 8 ↑ 6.0 6.1 Reynolds ( 2000 ) , 19 Meyers ( 1985 ) , 3 8.0 8.1 Beegel ( 2000 ) , 63 – 71 Mellow ( 1992 ) , 21 Griffin ( 1985 ) , 25 Meyers ( 1985 ) , 19 – 23 " Star style and rules for writing " . KansasCity . com . Retrieved 30 November 2011 . Mellow ( 1992 ) , 48 – 49 14.0 14.1 Meyers ( 1985 ) , 27 – 31 Pizer ( 1986 ) 16.0 16.1 Mellow ( 1992 ) , 57 – 60 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 Putnam , Thomas . " Hemingway on War and Its Aftermath " The National Archives . Retrieved November 30 , 2011 Desnoyers , 3 Meyers ( 1985 ) , 37 – 42 , 34 Meyers ( 1985 ) , 37 – 42 21.0 21.1 Meyers ( 1985 ) , 45 – 53 Reynolds ( 1998 ) , 21 Mellow ( 1992 ) , 101 24.0 24.1 Meyers ( 1985 ) , 56 – 58 25.0 25.1 25.2 Kert ( 1983 ) , 83 – 90 Oliver ( 1999 ) , 139 27.0 27.1 27.2 Baker ( 1972 ) , 7 Meyers ( 1985 ) , 60 – 62 29.0 29.1 Meyers ( 1985 ) , 70 – 74 Mellow ( 1991 ) , 8 Mellow ( 1992 ) , 308 32.0 32.1 Reynolds ( 2000 ) , 28 Meyers ( 1985 ) , 77 – 81 Meyers ( 1985 ) , 82 Reynolds ( 2000 ) , 24 Desnoyers , 5 Meyers ( 1985 ) , 69 – 70 38.0 38.1 Baker ( 1972 ) , 15 – 18 Meyers ( 1985 ) , 126 Baker ( 1972 ) , 34 Meyers ( 1985 ) , 127 Mellow ( 1992 ) , 236 Mellow ( 1992 ) , 314 Meyers ( 1985 ) , 159 – 160 Baker ( 1972 ) , 30 – 34 Meyers ( 1985 ) , 117 – 119 Nagel ( 1996 ) , 89 48.0 48.1 Meyers ( 1985 ) , 189 Reynolds ( 1989 ) , vi – vii Mellow ( 1992 ) , 328 51.0 51.1 Baker ( 1972 ) , 44 Mellow ( 1992 ) , 302 Meyers ( 1985 ) , 192 Baker ( 1972 ) , 82 Baker ( 1972 ) , 43 Mellow ( 1992 ) , 333 Mellow ( 1992 ) , 338 – 340 Meyers ( 1985 ) , 172 Meyers ( 1985 ) , 173 , 184 Mellow ( 1992 ) , 348 – 353 Meyers ( 1985 ) , 195 Robinson ( 2005 ) Meyers ( 1985 ) , 204 Meyers ( 1985 ) , 208 Mellow ( 1992 ) , 367 qtd . in Meyers ( 1985 ) , 210 Meyers ( 1985 ) , 215 Mellow ( 1992 ) , 378 Baker ( 1972 ) , 144 – 145 Meyers ( 1985 ) , 222 Reynolds ( 2000 ) , 31 72.0 72.1 Oliver ( 1999 ) , 144 Meyers ( 1985 ) , 222 – 227 Mellow ( 1992 ) , 402 Mellow ( 1992 ) , 376 – 377 Mellow ( 1992 ) , 424 77.0 77.1 Desnoyers , 9 Mellow ( 1992 ) , 337 – 340 Meyers ( 1985 ) , 280 Meyers ( 1985 ) , 292 Mellow ( 1992 ) , 488 Koch ( 2005 ) , 87 Meyers ( 1985 ) , 311 Koch ( 2005 ) , 164 Kert ( 1983 ) , 287 – 295 Koch ( 2005 ) , 134 Meyers ( 1985 ) , 321 Thomas ( 2001 ) , 833 89.0 89.1 Meyers ( 1985 ) , 326 Lynn ( 1987 ) , 479 Meyers ( 1985 ) , 342 Meyers ( 1985 ) , 353 Meyers ( 1985 ) , 334 Meyers ( 1985 ) , 334 – 338 95.0 95.1 Meyers ( 1985 ) , 356 – 361 Dugdale , John . ( July 9 , 2009 ) . " Hemingway revealed as failed KGB spy " The Guardian . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . 97.0 97.1 Kert ( 1983 ) , 393 – 398 Meyers ( 1985 ) , 416 99.0 99.1 Meyers ( 1985 ) , 398 – 405 Lynn ( 1987 ) , 510 101.0 101.1 Lynn ( 1987 ) , 518 – 519 102.0 102.1 Meyers ( 1985 ) 408 – 411 Mellow ( 1992 ) , 535 – 540 qtd . in Mellow ( 1992 ) , 552 Meyers ( 1985 ) , 420 – 421 Mellow ( 1992 ) 548 – 550 107.0 107.1 107.2 Desnoyers , 12 Meyers ( 1985 ) , 436 Mellow ( 1992 ) , 552 Meyers ( 1985 ) , 440 – 452 Desnoyers , 13 Meyers ( 1985 ) , 489 Baker ( 1972 ) , 331 – 333 Mellow ( 1992 ) , 586 Mellow ( 1992 ) , 587 116.0 116.1 Mellow ( 1992 ) , 588 Meyers ( 1985 ) , 505 – 507 Beegel ( 1996 ) , 273 Lynn ( 1987 ) , 574 Baker ( 1972 ) , 38 Mellow ( 1992 ) , 588 – 589 Meyers ( 1985 ) , 509 " Ernest Hemingway The Nobel Prize in Literature 1954 Banquet Speech " . The Nobel Foundation http : / / nobelprize . org / nobel_prizes / literature / laureates / 1954 / hemingway - speech . html . Retrieved December 10 , 2009 124.0 124.1 Meyers ( 1985 ) , 512 Reynolds ( 2000 ) , 291 – 293 126.0 126.1 Meyers ( 1985 ) , 533 Reynolds ( 1999 ) , 321 Mellow ( 1992 ) , 494 – 495 Meyers ( 1985 ) , 516 – 519 Reynolds ( 2000 ) , 332 , 344 Mellow ( 1992 ) , 599 Meyers ( 1985 ) , 520 133.0 133.1 133.2 Reynolds ( 1999 ) , 544 – 547 qtd . in Mellow ( 1992 ) , 598 – 600 135.0 135.1 Meyers ( 1985 ) , 542 – 544 qtd . in Reynolds ( 1999 ) , 546 137.0 137.1 Mellow ( 1992 ) , 598 – 601 138.0 138.1 Reynolds ( 1999 ) , 548 Meyers ( 1985 ) , 543 Mellow ( 1992 ) , 597 – 598 Meyers ( 1985 ) , 543 – 544 Meyers ( 1985 ) , 547 – 550 Reynolds ( 2000 ) , 350 Meyers ( 1985 ) , 551 Reynolds ( 2000 ) , 16 Meyers ( 1985 ) , 560 – 561 147.0 147.1 Kert ( 1983 ) , 504 Burwell ( 1996 ) , 234 Burwell ( 1996 ) , 14 Burwell ( 1996 ) , 189 Oliver ( 1999 ) , 139 – 149 Hemingway ( 1996 ) , 14 – 18 Gilroy , Harry . " Widow Believes Hemingway Committed Suicide ; She Tells of His Depression and His ' Breakdown ' Assails Hotchner Book " . ( August 23 , 1966 ) . The New York Times . Retrieved 30 November 2011 . " The Sun Also Rises " . ( October 31 , 1926 ) . . Retrieved 30 November 2011 . 155.0 155.1 Nagel ( 1996 ) , 87 " The Nobel Prize in Literature 1954 " . The Nobel Foundation http : / / nobelprize . org / nobel_prizes / literature / laureates / 1954 / index . html . Retrieved March 7 , 2010 Smith ( 1996 ) , 45 Wells ( 1975 ) , 130 – 133 qtd . in Oliver ( 1999 ) , 322 Gammel ( 2002 ) , 363 – 64 161.0 161.1 Baker ( 1972 ) , 117 Oliver ( 1999 ) , 321 – 322 Benson ( 1989 ) , 351 Hemingway ( 1975 ) , 3 Hemingway ( 1957 ed . ) , 185 Trodd ( 2007 ) , 8 McCormick , 49 Benson ( 1975 ) , 309 qtd . in Hoberek ( 2005 ) , 309 Hemingway , Ernest . . New York : Simon and Schuster McCormick , 47 Burwell ( 1996 ) , 187 Svoboda ( 2000 ) , 155 174.0 174.1 174.2 174.3 Fiedler ( 1975 ) , 345 – 365 175.0 175.1 Stoltzfus ( 2005 ) , 215 – 218 176.0 176.1 Baker ( 1972 ) , 101 – 121 Scholes ( 1990 ) , 42 Sanderson ( 1996 ) , 171 Baym ( 1990 ) , 112 Young ( 1964 ) , 6 Müller ( 2010 ) , 31 Beegel ( 1996 ) , 282 Oliver ( 1999 ) , 140 – 141 184.0 184.1 Hallengren , Anders . " A Case of Identity : Ernest Hemingway " . Nobelprize . org . Retrieved 30 November 2011 . Reynolds ( 2000 ) , 15 Banks ( 2004 ) , 54 Müller ( 2010 ) , 30 " John Irving : By the Book " , interview with the author , , June 7 , 2012 ( June 10 , 2012 Sunday Book Review ) . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 11 . Benson ( 1989 ) , 347 Benson ( 1989 ) , 349 Baker ( 1969 ) , 420 Smith , Jack . " Wanted : One Really Good Page of Really Bad Hemingway " . ( March 15 , 1993 ) . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 7 , 2010 . Schmadel , Lutz D . ( 2003 ) Dictionary of Minor Planet Names . New York : Springer Verlag . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 00238 - 3 . p . 307 . Oliver ( 1999 ) , 142 Hoffman , Jan . " A Line of Hemingway Furniture , With a Veneer of Taste " . ( June 15 , 1999 ) . . Retrieved September 3 , 2009 . Miller ( 2006 ) , 78 – 80 Oliver ( 1999 ) , 360 " Margaux Hemingway Is Dead ; Model and Actress Was 41 " . ( July 3 , 1996 ) . . Retrieved May 14 , 2010 " Coroner Says Death of Actress Was Suicide " . ( August 21 , 1996 ) . . Retrieved May 14 , 2010 . Sources Baker , Carlos . ( 1969 ) . Ernest Hemingway : A Life Story . New York : Charles Scribner ' s Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 001690 - 8 Baker , Carlos . ( 1972 ) . Hemingway : The Writer as Artist . Princeton : Princeton UP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 01305 - 3 Baker , Carlos . ( 1981 ) . " Introduction " in Ernest Hemingway Selected Letters 1917 – 1961 . New York : Scribner ' s . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 16765 - 7 Banks , Russell . ( 2004 ) . " PEN / Hemingway Prize Speech " . The Hemingway Review . Volume 24 , issue 1 . 53 – 60 Baym , Nina . ( 1990 ) . " Actually I Felt Sorry for the Lion " . in Benson , Jackson J . ( ed ) . New Critical Approaches to the Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway . Durham : Duke UP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8223 - 1067 - 9 Beegel , Susan . ( 1996 ) . " Conclusion : The Critical Reputation " . in Donaldson , Scott ( ed ) . The Cambridge Companion to Ernest Hemingway . New York : Cambridge UP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 45574 - 9 Beegel , Susan ( 2000 ) . " Eye and Heart : Hemingway ' s Education as a Naturalist " . in Wagner - Martin , Linda ( ed ) . A Historical Guide to Ernest Hemingway . New York : Oxford UP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 512152 - 0 Benson , Jackson . ( 1989 ) . " Ernest Hemingway : The Life as Fiction and the Fiction as Life " . American Literature . Volume 61 , issue 3 . 354 – 358 Benson , Jackson . ( 1975 ) . The Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway : Critical Essays . Durham : Duke UP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8223 - 0320 - 6 Burwell , Rose Marie . ( 1996 ) . Hemingway : the Postwar Years and the Posthumous Novels . New York : Cambridge UP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 48199 - 1 Desnoyers , Megan Floyd . " Ernest Hemingway : A Storyteller ' s Legacy " . John F . Kennedy Presidential Library Online Resources . John F . Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum . Retrieved November 30 , 2011 . Fiedler , Leslie . ( 1975 ) . Love and Death in the American Novel . New York : Stein and Day . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8128 - 1799 - 7 Gammel , Irene . ( 2002 ) . Baroness Elsa : Gender , Dada , and Everyday Modernity . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press , 2002 . Print . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 57215 - 6 Griffin , Peter . ( 1985 ) . Along with Youth : Hemingway , the Early Years . New York : Oxford UP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 503680 - 0 Hemingway , Ernest . ( 1957 ed . ) . New York : Scribner ' s . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 17469 - 3 Hemingway , Ernest . ( 1975 ) . " The Art of the Short Story " in Benson , Jackson ( ed ) . New Critical Approaches to the Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway ISBN 978 - 0 - 8223 - 1067 - 9 Hemingway , Leicester . ( 1996 ) . My Brother , Ernest Hemingway . New York : World Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56164 - 098 - 0 Hoberek , Andrew . ( 2005 ) . Twilight of the Middle Class : Post World War II fiction and White Collar Work ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 12145 - 1 Kert , Bernice . ( 1983 ) . The Hemingway Women . New York : Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 31835 - 7 Koch , Stephen . ( 2005 ) . The Breaking Point : Hemingway , Dos Passos , and the Murder of Jose Robles . New York : Counterpoint . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58243 - 280 - 9 Lynn , Kenneth . ( 1987 ) . Hemingway . Cambridge : Harvard UP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 38732 - 4 McCormick , John ( 1971 ) . American Literature 1919 – 1932 . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7100 - 7052 - 4 Mellow , James . ( 1992 ) . Hemingway : A Life Without Consequences . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 395 - 37777 - 2 Mellow , James . ( 1991 ) . Charmed Circle : Gertrude Stein and Company . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 395 - 47982 - 7 Meyers , Jeffrey . ( 1985 ) . Hemingway : A Biography . New York : Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 42126 - 0 Miller , Linda Patterson . ( 2006 ) . " From the African Book to Under Kilimanjaro " . The Hemingway Review , Volume 25 , issue 2 . 78 – 81 Müller , Timo . ( 2010 ) . " The Uses of Authenticity : Hemingway and the Literary Field , 1926 – 1936 " . Journal of Modern Literature . Volume 33 , issue 1 . 28 – 42 Nagel , James . ( 1996 ) . " Brett and the Other Women in " . in Donaldson , Scott ( ed ) . The Cambridge Companion to Ernest Hemingway ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 45574 - 9 Oliver , Charles . ( 1999 ) . Ernest Hemingway A to Z : The Essential Reference to the Life and Work . New York : Checkmark Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 3467 - 3 Pizer , Donald . ( 1986 ) . " The Hemingway : Dos Passos Relationship " . Journal of Modern Literature . Volume 13 , issue 1 . 111 – 128 Reynolds , Michael ( 2000 ) . " Ernest Hemingway , 1899 – 1961 : A Brief Biography " . in Wagner - Martin , Linda ( ed ) . A Historical Guide to Ernest Hemingway ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 512152 - 0 Reynolds , Michael . ( 1999 ) . Hemingway : The Final Years . New York : Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 32047 - 3 Reynolds , Michael . ( 1989 ) . Hemingway : The Paris Years ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 31879 - 1 Reynolds , Michael . ( 1998 ) . The Young Hemingway ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 31776 - 3 Reynolds , Michael . ( 2000 ) . Ernest Hemingway : A Brief Biography A Historical Guide to Ernest Hemingway in Wagner - Martin , Linda ( ed ) . Oxford : Oxford UP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 512151 - 3 Robinson , Daniel . ( 2005 ) . " My True Occupation is That of a Writer : Hemingway ' s Passport Correspondence " . . 87 – 93 Trogdon , Robert W . " Forms of Combat : Hemingway , the Critics and Green Hills of Africa " . . Volume 15 , issue 2 . 1 – 14 Sanderson , Rena . ( 1996 ) . " Hemingway and Gender History " . in Donaldson , Scott ( ed ) . Scholes , Robert . ( 1990 ) . " New Critical Approaches to the Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway " . in Benson , Jackson J . Decoding Papa : ' A Very Short Story ' as Work and Text . 33 – 47 . Durham , NC : Duke University Press . Smith , Paul ( 1996 ) . " 1924 : Hemingway ' s Luggage and the Miraculous Year " . in Donaldson , Scott ( ed ) . Stoltzfus , Ben . ( 2005 ) . " Sartre , " Nada , " and Hemingway ' s African Stories " . Comparative Literature Studies . Volume 42 , issue 3 . 205 – 228 Svoboda , Frederic . ( 2000 ) . " The Great Themes in Hemingway " . in Wagner - Martin , Linda ( ed ) . Thomas , Hugh . ( 2001 ) . The Spanish Civil War . New York : Modern Library . ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 75515 - 6 Trodd , Zoe . ( 2007 ) . " Hemingway ' s Camera Eye : The Problems of Language and an Interwar Politics of Form " . . Volume 26 , issue 2 . 7 – 21 Wells , Elizabeth J . ( 1975 ) . " A Statistical Analysis of the Prose Style of Ernest Hemingway : Big Two - Hearted River " . in Benson , Jackson ( ed ) . The Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway : Critical Essays . Durham NC : Duke UP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8223 - 0320 - 6 Young , Philip . ( 1964 ) . . St . Paul , MN : University of Minnesota . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 0191 - 2 < / dl > External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wikiquote has media related to : Works by Ernest Hemingway on Open Library at the Internet Archive Works about Ernest Hemingway in libraries ( WorldCat catalog ) Hemingway Archives : John F . Kennedy Library Ernest Hemingway ' s Collection at The University of Texas at Austin Ernest Hemingway In His Time at the University of Delaware Library . The Hemingway Society " The Art of Fiction No . 21 The Paris Review . Spring 1958 . FBI Records : The Vault , Subject : Ernest Hemingway Hemingway legal files collection , 1899 – 1971 Manuscripts and Archives , New York Public Library . 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in : Articles needing page number citations Articles needing page number citations from September 2015 All articles with unsourced statements and 6 more Great White Fleet Map of the Great White Fleet ' s voyage ( modern political boundaries shown ) The Great White Fleet was the popular nickname for the United States Navy battle fleet that completed a circumnavigation of the globe from 16 December 1907 to 22 February 1909 by order of U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt It consisted of 16 battleships divided into two squadrons , along with various escorts Roosevelt sought to demonstrate growing American military power and blue - water navy capability . Hoping to enforce treaties and protect overseas holdings , the U.S. Congress appropriated funds to build American sea power . Beginning with just 90 small ships , over one - third of them wooden , the navy quickly grew to include new modern steel fighting vessels . The hulls of these ships were painted a stark white , giving the armada the nickname " Great White Fleet " . Contents show Background and purpose Edit Flagship Connecticut : one of a set of commemorative postcards of the ships of the Great White Fleet In the twilight of United States President Theodore Roosevelt ' s administration , Roosevelt dispatched sixteen U.S. Navy battleships of the Atlantic Fleet on a worldwide voyage of circumnavigation from 16 December 1907 to 22 February 1909 . The hulls were painted white , the Navy ' s peacetime color scheme , decorated with gilded scrollwork with a red , white , and blue banner on their bows . These ships would later come to be known as the Great White Fleet . The purpose of the fleet deployment was multifaceted . Ostensibly , it served as a showpiece of American goodwill as the fleet visited numerous countries and harbors . In this , the voyage was not unprecedented . Naval courtesy calls , many times in conjunction with the birthdays of various monarchs and other foreign celebrations , had become common in the 19th century . They became increasingly important with the rise of nationalism . In 1891 , a large French fleet visited Kronstadt , Russia in conjunction with negotiations between the two nations . Although France and Russia had been hostile to each other for at least three decades prior , the significance of the call was not lost on Russia , and Tsar Nicholas II signed a treaty of alliance with France in 1894 . As navies grew larger , naval pageants grew longer , more elaborate and more frequent . The United States began participating in these events in 1902 when Roosevelt invited Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany to send a squadron for a courtesy call to New York City . Invitations for US Navy ships to participate in fleet celebrations in the United Kingdom , France and Germany followed . Additionally , the voyage of the Great White Fleet demonstrated both at home and on the world stage that the US had become a major sea power in the years after its triumph in the Spanish - American War , with possessions that included Guam , the Philippines , and Puerto Rico . It was not the first flexing of US naval muscle since that war , however ; during the Algeciras Conference in 1906 , which was convened to settle a diplomatic crisis between France and Germany over the fate of Morocco , Roosevelt had ordered eight battleships to maintain a presence in the Mediterranean Sea . The Great White Fleet showed that , without having to fire a shot , the US Navy could take control of the seas with an overwhelming display of naval might , and it demonstrated the practical import of Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan ' s theories on the use of sea power to project global power . Since Japan had arisen as a major sea power with the 1905 annihilation of the Russian fleet at Tsushima , the deployment of the Great White Fleet was therefore intended , at least in part , to send a message to Tokyo that the American fleet could be deployed anywhere , even from its Atlantic ports , and would be able to defend American interests in the Philippines and the Pacific . This gesture capitalized on a war scare that had resulted from anti - Japanese riots in San Francisco . Roosevelt saw the deployment of the fleet as one that would take the American public ' s mind off an economic depression that had begun in 1907 , encourage patriotism and give the impression that he would teach Japan " a lesson in polite behavior , " as historian Robert A . Hart phrased it . Roosevelt did so on the assurance from financial experts that Japan had been drained from the Russo - Japanese War and would not be ready for another conflict for at least a decade . After the fleet had crossed the Pacific , Japanese statesmen realized that the balance of power in the East had changed since the Root – Takahira Agreement that defined relevant spheres of interest of the United States and Japan . The voyage also provided an opportunity to improve the sea - and battle - worthiness of the fleet . While earlier capital ship classes such as the Kearsarge Illinois and Maine were designed primarily for coastal defense , later classes such as the Virginia and Connecticut incorporated lessons learned from the Spanish - American War and were conceived as ships with " the highest practicable speed and the greatest radius of action , " in the words of the appropriation bills approved by the United States Congress for their construction . They were intended as modern warships capable of long - range operations . Nevertheless , the experience gained in the recent war with Spain had been limited . Concerns and preparations Edit Roosevelt ' s stated intent was to give the navy practice in navigation , communication , coal consumption and fleet maneuvering ; navy professionals maintained , however , that such matters could be served better in home waters . In light of what had happened to the Russian Baltic Fleet , they were concerned about sending their own fleet on a long deployment , especially since part of the intent was to impress a modern , battle - tested navy that had not known defeat . The fleet was untested in making such a voyage , and Tsushima had proven The Japanese navy was close to coaling and repair facilities ; while American ships could coal in the Philippines , docking facilities were far from optimal . An extended stop on the West Coast of the United States during the voyage for overhaul and refurbishment in dry dock would be a necessity . Planning for the voyage , however , showed a dearth of adequate facilities there , as well . The main sea channel of the Mare Island Navy Yard near San Francisco was too shallow for battleships , which left only the Puget Sound Navy Yard in Bremerton , Washington for refit and repair . The Hunter ' s Point civilian yard in San Francisco could accommodate capital ships but had been closed due to lack of use and was slated for demolition . President Roosevelt ordered that Hunter ' s Point be reopened , facilities be brought up to date and the fleet to report there . There was also the question of adequate resources for coaling . This was not an issue when the Atlantic Fleet cruised the Atlantic or Caribbean , as fuel supplies were readily available . However , the United States did not enjoy a worldwide network of coaling stations like that of Great Britain , nor did it have an adequate supply of auxiliary vessels for resupply . During the Spanish - American War , this lack had forced Admiral George Dewey to buy a collier - load of British coal in Hong Kong before the Battle of Manila Bay to ensure his squadron would not be stranded at sea . The need had been even more pressing for the Russian Baltic Fleet during its long deployment during the Russo - Japanese War , not just for the distance it was to sail but also because , as a belligerent nation in wartime , most neutral ports were closed to it due to international law . While the lack of support vessels was pointed out and a vigorous program of building such ships suggested by Rear Admiral George W . Melville , who had served as chief of the Bureau of Equipment , his words were not heeded adequately until World War II Federal regulations that restricted resupply vessels for Navy ships to those flying the United States flag , complicated by the lack of an adequate American merchant marine , proved another obstacle . Roosevelt initially offered to award Navy supply contracts to American skippers whose bids exceeded those of foreign captains by more than 50 percent . Many carriers declined this offer due to the fact that they could not obtain enough cargo to cover the cost of the return trip . Two months before the fleet sailed , Roosevelt ordered the Navy Department to contract 38 ships to supply the Voyage The Kansas sails ahead of the Vermont as the fleet leaves Hampton Roads , Virginia , on 16 December 1907 . A 1908 postcard welcoming the fleet to Australia The Fleet Passing Through the Magellan Straits by naval artist Henry Reuterdahl , who traveled with the fleet on the USS Culgoa As the Panama Canal was not yet complete , the fleet had to pass through the Straits of Magellan . The scope of such an operation was unprecedented in U.S. history , as ships had to sail from all points of the compass to rendezvous points and proceed according to a carefully orchestrated , well - conceived plan . It involved almost the entire operational capability of the U.S. Navy . Unlike the badly coordinated moves of the Russian fleet on its voyage from the Baltic to the $ 3 , which eventually led to its destruction by the Japanese in 1905 , the U.S. effort benefited from a peaceful environment which aided the coordination of ship movements . The voyage itself eventually set a number of world records including sheer number of ships simultaneously circumnavigating the earth . citation needed In port after port , citizens in the thousands turned out to see and greet the fleet . In 1908 The Great White Fleet visited Monterey , California , from 1 – 4 May . The nearby Hotel Del Monte in Del Monte , California hosted a grand ball for the officers of the fleet . Years later the Del Monte was taken over by the U.S. Navy in 1942 for use as the Del Monte Pre - Flight School for pilots and after World War II the Naval Postgraduate School was relocated there . In Australia the arrival of the Great White Fleet on 20 August 1908 was used to encourage support for the forming of Australia ' s own navy When the fleet sailed into Yokohama , the Japanese went to extraordinary lengths to show that their country desired peace with the U.S. ; thousands of Japanese schoolchildren waved American flags to greet navy officials as they came ashore . citation needed In Sicily , the sailors helped in recovery operations after the 1908 Messina earthquake . In February 1909 , Roosevelt was in Hampton Roads , Virginia , to witness the triumphant return of the fleet from its long voyage , and what he saw as a fitting finish for his administration . To the officers and men of the fleet Roosevelt said , " Other nations may do what you have done , but they ' ll have to follow you . " This parting act of grand strategy by Roosevelt greatly expanded foreign respect for the United States , as well as its role in the international arena . Fleet composition President Theodore Roosevelt ( on the 12 - inch ( 30 cm ) gun turret at right ) addresses officers and crewmen on , in Hampton Roads , Virginia , upon her return from the Fleet ' s cruise around the world , 22 February 1909 . The fourteen - month long voyage was a grand pageant of American seapower . The squadrons were manned by 14,000 sailors . They covered some 43,000 nautical miles ( 80,000 km ) and made twenty port calls on six continents . The fleet was impressive , especially as a demonstration of American industrial prowess ( all eighteen ships had been constructed since the Spanish - American War ) , but already the battleships represented the suddenly outdated ' pre - dreadnought ' type of capital ship , as the first battleships of the revolutionary Dreadnought class had just entered service , and the U.S. Navy ' s first dreadnought South Carolina , was already fitting out . The two oldest ships in the fleet , Kearsarge Kentucky , were already obsolete and unfit for battle ; two others , Maine Alabama , had to be detached at San Francisco , California because of mechanical troubles and were replaced by the Nebraska and the Wisconsin . ( After repairs , Alabama completed their " own , more direct , circumnavigation of the globe " via Honolulu , Guam , Manila , Singapore , Colombo , Suez , Naples , Gibraltar , the Azores , and finally back to the United States , arriving on 20 October 1908 long before the remainder of the fleet , which had taken a more circuitous route . ) The battleships were accompanied during the first leg of their voyage by a " Torpedo Flotilla " of six early destroyers , as well as by several auxiliary ships . The destroyers and their tender did not actually steam in company with the battleships , but followed their own itinerary from Hampton Roads , Virginia to San Francisco , California . General fleet itinerary leads the way for the Great White Fleet in 1907 . The Great White Fleet arriving to a crowd at the Port of Los Angeles , 1908 Fleet Week celebrations in Auckland , New Zealand . With the as flagship under the command of Rear Admiral Robley D . Evans , the fleet sailed from Hampton Roads on 16 December 1907 for Trinidad , British West Indies , thence to Rio de Janeiro , Brazil ; Punta Arenas , Chile ; Callao , Peru ; Magdalena Bay , Mexico , and up the West Coast , arriving at San Francisco , 6 May 1908 . At San Francisco , Rear Admiral Charles S . Sperry assumed command of the fleet , owing to the poor health of Admiral Evans . Also at San Francisco , the squadrons were slightly rearranged , bringing the newest and best ships in the fleet up to the First Squadron . The Glacier was detached and later became the supply ship of the Pacific Fleet . At this time also , the Nebraska , under Captain Reginald F . Nicholson , and the Wisconsin , under Captain Frank E . Beatty , were substituted for the . In San Francisco , Minnesota was brought forward into First Squadron , First Division and Louisiana took her place as flagship , Second Squadron . Leaving that port on 7 July 1908 the U.S. Atlantic Fleet visited Honolulu ; Auckland , New Zealand ; Sydney and Melbourne , Australia ; Manila , Philippines ; Yokohama , Japan ; Colombo , Ceylon ; arriving at Suez , Egypt , on 3 January 1909 . As mentioned earlier , while the fleet was in Egypt , word was received of an earthquake in Sicily , thus affording an opportunity for the United States to show its friendship to Italy by offering aid to the sufferers . Illinois Culgoa , and Yankton were dispatched to Messina , Italy at once . The crew of recovered the bodies of the American consul and his wife , entombed in the ruins . Scorpion , the Fleet ' s station ship at Constantinople , and Celtic , a refrigerator ship fitted out in New York , were hurried to Messina , relieving , so that they could continue on the cruise . Leaving Messina on 9 January 1909 the fleet stopped at Naples , Italy , thence to Gibraltar , arriving at Hampton Roads on 22 February 1909 . There President Roosevelt reviewed the fleet as it passed into the roadstead . The first leg from Hampton Roads to San Francisco , 14,556 nautical miles ( 26,958 km ) Itinerary Port Arrival Departure Distance to next port Hampton Roads , Virginia 16 December 1907 1,803 nmi ( 3,339 km ) Port of Spain , Trinidad 23 December 1907 29 December 1907 3,399 nmi ( 6,295 km ) Rio de Janeiro , Brazil 12 January 1908 21 January 1908 2,374 nmi ( 4,397 km ) Punta Arenas , Chile 1 February 1908 7 February 1908 2,838 nmi ( 5,256 km ) Callao , Peru 20 February 1908 29 February 1908 3,010 nmi ( 5,570 km ) Magdalena Bay , Mexico 12 March 1908 11 April 1908 1,132 nmi ( 2,096 km ) San Francisco , California 6 May 1908 Ships The Fleet , First Squadron and First Division , were commanded by Rear Admiral Robley D . Evans . First Division consisted of four ships of the 1906 class , the fleet ' s flagship , Captain Hugo Osterhaus Kansas , Captain Charles E . Vreeland Vermont , Captain William P . Potter , and Louisiana , Captain Richard Wainwright . Second Division was commanded by Rear Admiral William H . Emory . Second Division consisted of four ships of the 1904 Virginia Georgia , the division flagship , Captain Henry McCrea , New Jersey , Captain William H . H . Southerland Rhode Island Joseph B . Murdock , and Seaton Schroeder Second Squadron and Third Division were commanded by Rear Admiral Charles M . Thomas . Third Division consisted of one - class ship and the three ships of the 1902 Minnesota , the squadron flagship , Captain John Hubbard Giles B . Harber Missouri , Captain Greenlief A . Merriam , and Ohio , Captain Charles W . Bartlett . Fourth Division was commanded by Rear Admiral Charles S . Sperry . Fourth Division consisted of two ships of the 1901 and the two 1900 - class ships : , the division flagship , Captain Ten Eyck De Witt Veeder , John M . Bowyer , Captain Hamilton Hutchins , and Kentucky Walter C . Cowles The fleet auxiliaries consisted of ( a storeship ) , Lieutenant Commander John B . Patton , Glacier ( a storeship ) , Commander William S . Hogg , Panther ( a repair ship ) , Commander Valentine S . Nelson , Yankton ( a tender ) , Lieutenant Walter R . Gherardi , and Relief ( a hospital ship ) . The " Torpedo Flotilla " of destroyers consisted of Hopkins , Lieutenant Alfred G . Howe , Stewart , Lieutenant Julius F . Hellweg , Hull , Lieutenant Frank McCommon , Truxton , Lieutenant Charles S . Kerrick , Lawrence , Lieutenant Ernest Friedrick , Whipple , Lieutenant Hutch I . Cone , and Arethusa ( a tender ) , Commander Albert W . Grant Second leg The fleet in San Francisco : is closest to the camera , with the other ships anchored nearby . The second leg of the voyage was from San Francisco to Puget Sound and back The Fleet , First Squadron , and First Division were commanded by Rear Admiral Charles S . Sperry . First Division consisted of , the Fleet ' s flagship , Captain Hugo Osterhaus Charles E . Vreeland , Captain John Hubbard , Captain William P . Potter Second Division was commanded by Rear Admiral Richard Wainwright . Second Division consisted of Georgia , the Division flagship , Captain Edward F . Qualtrough , , Captain Reginald F . Nicholson , replacing her sister New Jersey , Captain William H.H. Southerland , and Rhode Island , Captain Joseph B . Murdock . Second Squadron and Third Division were commanded by Rear Admiral William H . Emory . Third Division consisted of , the Squadron ' s flagship , Captain Kossuth Niles , , Captain Alexander Sharp , Missouri , Captain Robert M . Doyle , and Ohio Thomas B . Howard Fourth Division was commanded by Rear Admiral Seaton Schroeder . Fourth Division consisted of , the Division flagship , Captain Frank E . Beatty , which replaced her sister , Captain John M . Bowyer , , Captain Hamilton Hutchins , and , Captain Walter C . Cowles . The Fleet Auxiliaries were ( a storeship ) , Lieutenant Commander John B . Patton , ( a tender ) , Lieutenant Commander Charles B . McVay ( a storeship ) , Commander William S . Hogg , Relief ( a hospital ship ) , Surgeon Charles F . Stokes , and Panther ( a repair ship ) , Commander Valentine S . Nelson . Third leg from San Francisco to Manila , 16,336 nautical miles ( 30,254 km ) Itinerary Port Arrival Departure Distance to next port San Francisco , California 7 July 1908 2,126 nmi ( 3,937 km ) Honolulu , Hawaii 16 July 1908 22 July 1908 3,870 nmi ( 7,170 km ) Auckland , New Zealand 9 August 1908 15 August 1908 1,307 nmi ( 2,421 km ) Sydney , Australia 20 August 1908 28 August 1908 601 nmi ( 1,113 km ) Melbourne , Australia 29 August 1908 5 September 1908 1,368 nmi ( 2,534 km ) Albany , Australia 11 September 1908 18 September 1908 3,458 nmi ( 6,404 km ) Manila , Philippine Islands 2 October 1908 9 October 1908 1,795 nmi ( 3,324 km ) Yokohama , Japan 18 October 1908 25 October 1908 1,811 nmi ( 3,354 km ) Amoy , China ( Second Squadron ) 29 October 1908 5 November 1908 Manila , Philippine Islands ( First Squadron ) 31 October 1908 Manila , Philippine Islands ( Second Squadron ) 7 November 1908 Ships The Fleet , First Squadron , and First Division were commanded by Rear Admiral Charles S . Sperry . First Division consisted of , the Fleet ' s flagship , Captain Hugo Osterhaus , , Captain Charles E . Vreeland , , Captain John Hubbard , and , Captain William P . Potter . Second Division consisted of , the Division flagship , Captain Edward F . Qualtrough , , Captain Reginald F . Nicholson , , Captain William H.H. Southerland , and , Captain Joseph B . Murdock . The Second Squadron and Third Division were commanded by Rear Admiral William H . Emory . Third Division consisted of , the Squadron flagship , Captain Kossuth Niles , , Captain Alexander Sharp , , Captain Robert M . Doyle , and , Captain Thomas B . Howard . Fourth Division was commanded by Rear Admiral Seaton Schroeder . Fourth Division consisted of , the Division flagship , Captain Frank E . Beatty , , Captain John M . Bowyer , , Captain Walter C . Cowles . The Fleet Auxiliaries were ( a tender ) , Lieutenant Commander Charles B . McVay , ( a hospital ship ) , Surgeon Charles F . Stokes , and ( a repair ship ) , Commander Valentine S . Nelson . Final leg Political cartoon from The New York Herald , February 22 , 1909 . Uncle Sam George Washington welcome the Great White Fleet home to Hampton Roads , Virginia . The final leg ran from Manila to Hampton Roads , 12,455 nautical miles ( 23,067 km ) . Manila , Philippine Islands 1 December 1908 2,985 nmi ( 5,528 km ) Colombo , Ceylon 13 December 1908 20 December 1908 3,448 nmi ( 6,386 km ) Suez , 3 January 1909 4 – 6 January 1909 2,443 nmi ( 4,524 km ) Gibraltar 31 January – 1 February 1909 6 February 1909 3,579 nmi ( 6,628 km ) Hampton Roads , Virginia 22 February 1909 Experience gained The cruise of the Great White Fleet provided practical experience for US naval personnel in sea duty and ship handling . It also showed the viability of US warships for long - range operations as no major mechanical mishaps occurred . However , while the cruise uncovered design flaws , it did not test the abilities to engage in battle fleet action . In fact , the success of the deployment might have helped obscure design deficiencies that were not addressed until World War I . These included excessive draft , low armor belts , large turret openings and exposed ammunition hoists . Effects on US capital ship design While the capital ships of the Great White Fleet were already obsolescent in light of the " big gun " revolution ushered in by the construction of HMS Dreadnought , their behavior at sea furnished valuable information that affected future construction . For instance , in terms of seaworthiness , all the capital ships in the fleet proved wet in all but the calmest seas , which led to the flared bows of subsequent U.S. battleships , increased freeboard forward and such spray - reducing measures as the elimination of bill - boards for anchors and gun sponsons . Increased freeboard was needed ; this and related considerations demanded increases in beam and overall size . Between the Florida - class battleships , the last American capital ships completed before data from the cruise became available , and the Wyoming , the first designed after this data was received , displacement ( and , as a result , cost ) per ship increased by one third . January 12 , 1908 - Arrival at Rio de Janeiro - Fleet enters Guanabara Bay Deficiencies in seaworthiness in turn affected the battle - worthiness of the fleet adversely . Turret heights for main armament proved too low and needed to be raised . Secondary armament was useless at speed and especially in trade - wind conditions ( with the wind moving over the sea at 10 knots ( 19 km / h ) or greater ) and needed to be moved much higher in the hull . Improved placement began with the Wyoming - class battleships and was further refined in the Nevada . Casemates for the bow 3 - inch guns in the newer pre - dreadnoughts were untenable due to wetness and were removed . Another discovery was that , even when fully loaded , the bottom of the battleships ' side armor was visible — and the ships thus vulnerable to shells that might hit beneath it to reach their machinery and magazines — in smooth to moderate seas . The profile of crests and troughs in some ships contributed to this problem . Admiral Evans concluded that the standard 8 - foot ( 2.4 m ) width of belt One other necessity the cruise outlined was the need for tactical homogeneity . Before the cruise , critics such as then - Captain William Sims ( to whom President Roosevelt listened ) had argued that American warship design had remained too conservative and precluded the level of efficiency needed for the fleet to function as an effective unit . The cruise proved the charge true . This would eventually lead to the building of standard type battleships in the U.S. Navy and the construction of new battleship classes in groups of four instead of two . When President Roosevelt convened the 1908 Newport Conference of the Naval War College , he placed responsibility for U.S. battleship design on the General Board of the United States Navy . This gave line officers and planners direct input and control over warship design , a pattern which has persisted to the present day . Effects on fleet operations Experience gained by the cruise led to improvements in formation steaming , coal economy and morale . Gunnery exercises doubled the fleet ' s accuracy . However , the mission also underlined the fleet ' s dependence on foreign colliers and the need for coaling stations and auxiliary ships for coaling and resupply . See also Big Stick ideology Peace through strength List of circumnavigations Operation Sandblast , a Cold War circumnavigation by the US Navy with a submarine Operation Sea Orbit , a Cold War circumnavigation by the world ' s first all - nuclear squadron Exercise Summer Pulse , a world - wide test of the U.S. Navy ' s Fleet Response Plan ( FRP ) Cruise of the Special Service Squadron References ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 The Cruise of the Great White Fleet by JO2 [ Journalist Second Class ] Mike McKinley ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 The Great White Fleet by Department of the Navy - - Naval History and Heritage Command ↑ John Mack Faragher [ et al . ] Out of Many : a history of the American People . Prentice Hall , 2012 . p . 574 . ↑ Hart 1965 , pp . 15 - 21 . Circling the Globe : The Voyage of the Great White Fleet by Kennedy Hickman , About . com Hart 1965 , p . 21 . Albertson 2007 , pp . 18 , 26 . 8.0 8.1 The Peaceful Sea . " The Great White Fleet Visits Japan 1908 " http : / / www . thepeacefulsea . com / great - white - fleet . html . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 Global Security Org . " Great White Fleet ( 16 Dec 1907 – 22 Feb 1909 ) " http : / / www . globalsecurity . org / military / agency / navy / great - white - fleet . htm . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 10.0 10.1 , p . 24 . Crawford 2008 , p . 12 . Hart , 1965 , pp . 23 - 24 . Albertson 2007 , pp . 30 - 31 . , pp . 31 - 34 . , pp . 34 - 35 . Semenov " Great White Fleet revisits Sydney Harbour " . Afloat . Afloat Publications Pty Ltd . 2008 - 09 - 01 . pp . 40 . The US ' Great White Fleet ' arrives in Auckland ( from the ' NZ History ' website , retrieved 3 August 2007 ) USS Connecticut , Battleship BB - 18 20.0 20.1 Crawford 2008 , p . 6 . Friedman 1985 , pp . 75 - 85 . Friedman 1985 , pp . 75 - 9 . , pp . 75 , 82 . Bibliography World Cruise of the Great White Fleet Albertson , Mark ( 2007 ) . They ' ll Have to Follow You Home ! : The Triumph of the Great White Fleet . Mustang , Oklahoma : Tate Publishing & Enterprises LLC . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60462 - 145 - 7 http : / / books . google . com / books ? id = 1_ApYoXy6kQC&printsec = frontcover&dq = great + white + fleet&hl = en&sa = X&ei = 5cmXUOe5IKm1ygG3h4CADQ&ved = 0CDsQ6AEwBQ # v = onepage&q = great % 20white % 20fleet&f = false Crawford , M . J . , The World Cruise of the Great White Fleet : Honoring 100 Years of Global Partnerships and Security . ( 2008 ) Friedman , Norman ( 1985 ) . U.S. Battleships : An Illustrated Design History . Annapolis : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 0 - 87021 - 715 - 1 . OCLC 12214729 http : / / books . google . com / ? id = Y41Ha_3HsrYC Hart , R . A . , The Great White Fleet : Its Voyage Around the World , 1907 – 1909 . ( 1965 ) Nolte , Carl , " Great White Fleet Visited S.F. 100 Years Ago " , San Francisco Chronicle , 6 May 2008 pg . B3 . Reckner , J . R . , Teddy Roosevelt ' s Great White Fleet : The World Cruise of the American Battlefleet , 1907 – 1909 . ( 1988 ) Wimmel , K . , Theodore Roosevelt and the Great White Fleet : American Sea Power Comes of Age . ( 1998 ) Russo - Japanese War Corbett , Julian , Sir . Maritime Operations in the Russo - Japanese War 1904 – 1905 . ( 1994 ) . Originally classified Secret / Confidential until the 1950s ; published in two volumes . ISBN 1557501297 Pleshakov , Constantine . The Tsar ' s Last Armada : The Epic Voyage to the Battle of Tsushima . ( 2002 ) . ISBN 0 - 465 - 05792 - 6 Semenov , Vladimir , Capt . The Battle of Tsushima . ( 1912 ) . E.P. Dutton & Co . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Great White Fleet Website US Navy Historical Center Site Naval Auxiliary Air Station , Monterey Guide to the Theodore W . Richards Great White Fleet Scrapbook , 1908 – 1909 ; 1916 ; 1945 MS 219 held by Special Collection & Archives Nimitz Library at the United States Naval Academy v t e United States Navy Fleets Active Third Fleet Fourth Fleet Fifth Fleet Sixth Fleet Seventh Fleet Tenth Fleet United States Navy reserve fleets Historic First Fleet Second Fleet Eighth Fleet Twelfth Fleet North Atlantic Fleet United States Asiatic Fleet United States Atlantic Fleet United States Pacific Fleet This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia view authors )
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http://military.wikia.com/wiki/Johnny_Cash
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in : Articles with incorrect citation syntax Articles with hCards Articles needing page number citations and 49 more Johnny Cash This article is about the singer . For other uses , see Johnny Cash ( disambiguation ) < / td > < / tr > Johnny Cash Cash in 1955 Born J . R . Cash February 26 , 1932 Kingsland , Arkansas , U.S . Died September 12 , 2003 ( aged 71 ) Nashville , Tennessee , U.S . Occupation Singer - songwriter , musician , actor Years active 1954 – 2003 Spouse ( s ) Vivian Liberto ( m . 1954 ; div . 1966 ) June Carter Cash ( m . 1968 – 2003 ; her death ) Children 5 ; including Rosanne Cash ( daughter ) and John Carter Cash ( son ) Military career Allegiance United States Service / branch United States Air Force Years of service 1950 – 1954 Rank Staff sergeant Website johnnycash . com John R . Johnny Cash ( February 26 , 1932 – September 12 , 2003 ) was a singer - songwriter , actor , and author , widely considered one of the most influential American musicians of the 20th century . Although primarily remembered as a country music icon , his genre - spanning songs and sound embraced rock and roll , rockabilly , blues , folk , and gospel . This crossover appeal won Cash the rare honor of multiple induction in the Country Music , Rock and Roll , and Gospel Music Halls of Fame . Cash was known for his deep bass - baritone voice , distinctive sound of his Tennessee Three backing band , a rebelliousness coupled with an increasingly somber and humble demeanor , free prison concerts , and trademark look , which earned him the nickname " The Man in Black " . He traditionally began his concerts with the simple " Hello , I ' m Johnny Cash . " , followed by his signature " Folsom Prison Blues " . Much of Cash ' s music echoed themes of sorrow , moral tribulation and redemption , especially in the later stages of his career . His best - known songs included " I Walk the Line " , " Folsom Prison Blues " , " Ring of Fire " , " Get Rhythm " and " Man in Black " . He also recorded humorous numbers like " One Piece at a Time " and " A Boy Named Sue " ; a duet with his future wife , June Carter , called " Jackson " ; and railroad songs including " Hey , Porter " and " Rock Island Line " . During the last stage of his career , Cash covered songs by several late 20th - century rock artists , most notably " Hurt " by Nine Inch Nails Contents show Personal life Edit Early life Edit Cash was born in Kingsland , Arkansas one of seven children born to Ray Cash ( May 13 , 1897 , Kingsland , Arkansas – December 23 , 1985 , Hendersonville , Tennessee ) and Carrie Cloveree ( née Rivers ; March 13 , 1904 , Rison , Arkansas – March 11 , 1991 , Hendersonville , Tennessee ) . At birth , he was named J . R . Cash . When Cash enlisted in the Air Force , they would n ' t let him use initials as his name , so he started to use the legal name John R . Cash . In 1955 , when signing with Sun Records , he took Johnny Cash as his stage name . The Cash children were : Roy , Margaret Louise , Jack , J . R . , Reba , Joanne and Tommy . His younger brother , Tommy Cash , also became a successful country artist . In March 1935 , when Cash was three years old , the family settled in Dyess , Arkansas . He started working in cotton fields at age five , singing along with his family while working . The family farm was flooded on at least two occasions , which later inspired him to write the song " Five Feet High and Rising " . His family ' s economic and personal struggles during the Great Depression inspired many of his songs , especially those about other people facing similar difficulties . Cash was very close to his older brother , Jack . In May 1944 , Jack was pulled into a whirling head saw in the mill where he worked and was almost cut in two . He suffered for over a week before he died on May 20 , 1944 , at age 15 . Cash often spoke of the horrible guilt he felt over this incident . According to Cash : The Autobiography , his father was away that morning , but he and his mother , and Jack himself , all had premonitions or a sense of foreboding about that day , causing his mother to urge Jack to skip work and go fishing with his brother . Jack insisted on working , as the family needed the money . On his deathbed , Jack said he had visions of heaven and angels . Decades later , Cash spoke of looking forward to meeting his brother in heaven . Cash ' s early memories were dominated by gospel music and radio . Taught guitar by his mother and a childhood friend , Cash began playing and writing songs at the age of twelve . When Cash was young , he had a high tenor voice , before becoming a bass - baritone . In high school he sang on a local radio station ; decades later he released an album of traditional gospel songs , called My Mother ' s Hymn Book . He was also significantly influenced by traditional Irish music that he heard performed weekly by Dennis Day on the Jack Benny radio program . Cash enlisted in the United States Air Force on July 7 , 1950 . After basic training at Lackland Air Force Base and technical training at Brooks Air Force Base , both in San Antonio , Texas , Cash was assigned to the 12th Radio Squadron Mobile of the U.S. Air Force Security Service at Landsberg , Germany as a Morse Code Intercept Operator for Soviet Army transmissions . It was there he created his first band , named " The Landsberg Barbarians " . He was the first radio operator to pick up the news of the death of Joseph Stalin He was honorably discharged as a Staff Sergeant on July 3 , 1954 , and returned to Texas . Marriages and family On July 18 , 1951 , while in Air Force training , Cash met 17 - year - old Vivian Liberto at a roller skating rink in her native San Antonio . They dated for three weeks , until Cash was deployed to Germany for a three - year tour . During that time , the couple exchanged hundreds of pages of love letters On August 7 , 1954 , one month after his discharge , they were married at St . Ann ' s Roman Catholic Church in San Antonio . The ceremony was performed by her uncle , Father Vincent Liberto . They had four daughters : Rosanne , Kathy , Cindy and Tara . Liberto stated that Cash ' s drug and alcohol abuse as well as constant touring , affairs with other women , and his close relationship with June Carter led her to file for divorce in 1966 . Cash ' s career was handled by Saul Holiff , a London , Ontario , promoter and this relationship was the subject of Saul ' s son ' s biopic My Father and the Man in Black In 1968 , 13 years after they first met backstage at the Grand Ole Opry , Cash proposed to June Carter , of the famed Carter Family , during a live performance in London , Ontario . The couple married on March 1 , 1968 , in Franklin , Kentucky . They had one child together , John Carter Cash , born March 3 , 1970 . Cash and Carter continued to work together and tour for 35 years until June ' s death in May 2003 . Cash died four months later the same year . Heritage Cash researched his heritage and found a mix of mostly Scottish and English ancestry . He learned , upon researching his paternal heritage , that he was of Scottish royal descent , traced back to Malcolm IV of Scotland After meeting with the then - laird of Falkland , Fife , Major Michael Crichton - Stuart , Cash traced his family tree to 11th - century Fife . Cash Loch and other locations in Fife bear the name of his family . Career Early career Publicity photo for Sun Records In 1954 , Cash and Vivian moved to Memphis , Tennessee , where he sold appliances while studying to be a radio announcer . At night he played with guitarist Luther Perkins and bassist Marshall Grant . Perkins and Grant were known as the Tennessee Two . Cash worked up the courage to visit the Sun Records studio , hoping to get a recording contract . After auditioning for Sam Phillips , singing mostly gospel songs , Phillips told him that he did n ' t record gospel music any longer . It was once rumored that Phillips told Cash to " go home and sin , then come back with a song I can sell " , although in a 2002 interview Cash denied that Phillips made any such comment . Cash eventually won over the producer with new songs delivered in his early rockabilly style . In 1955 , Cash made his first recordings at Sun , " Hey Porter " and " Cry ! Cry ! Cry ! " , which were released in late June and met with success on the country hit parade On December 4 , 1956 , Elvis Presley dropped in on Phillips while Carl Perkins was in the studio cutting new tracks , with Jerry Lee Lewis backing him on piano . Cash was also in the studio and the four started an impromptu jam session . Phillips left the tapes running and the recordings , almost half of which were gospel songs , survived and have since been released under the title Million Dollar Quartet . In Cash : the Autobiography , Cash wrote that he was the one farthest from the microphone and was singing in a higher pitch to blend in with Elvis . Cash ' s next record , " Folsom Prison Blues " , made the country Top 5 , and " I Walk the Line " became No . 1 on the country charts and entered the pop charts Top 20 . " Home of the Blues " followed , recorded in July 1957 . That same year Cash became the first Sun artist to release a long - playing album . Although he was Sun ' s most consistently selling and prolific artist at that time , Cash felt constrained by his contract with the small label partly due to the fact that Phillips was n ' t keen on Johnny recording gospel , and he was only getting a 3 % royalty as opposed to the standard rate of 5 % . Presley had already left Sun , and Phillips was focusing most of his attention and promotion on Lewis . The following year Cash left the label to sign a lucrative offer with Columbia Records , where his Do n ' t Take Your Guns to Town " became one of his biggest hits . Early in his career , he was given the teasing nickname The Undertaker by fellow artists because of his habit of wearing black clothes - though he only did so because they were easier to keep looking clean on long tours . In the early 1960s , Cash toured with the Carter Family , which by this time regularly included Mother Maybelle ' s daughters , Anita June and Helen . June later recalled admiring him from afar during these tours . In the 1960s he appeared on Pete Seeger ' s short lived television series Rainbow Quest He also acted in and wrote and sang the opening theme for a 1961 film entitled Five Minutes to Live , later re - released as Door - to - door Maniac Outlaw image Cash in 1969 . As his career was taking off in the late 1950s , Cash started drinking heavily and became addicted to amphetamines and barbiturates . For a brief time , he shared an apartment in Nashville with Waylon Jennings , who was heavily addicted to amphetamines . Cash used the uppers to stay awake during tours . Friends joked about his " nervousness " and erratic behavior , many ignoring the warning signs of his worsening drug addiction . In a behind - the - scenes look at The Johnny Cash Show , Cash claims to have " tried every drug there was to try . " citation needed Although he was in many ways spiraling out of control , Cash ' s frenetic creativity was still delivering hits . His rendition of " Ring of Fire " was a crossover hit , reaching No . 1 on the country charts and entering the Top 20 on the pop charts . The song was written by and Merle Kilgore . It was originally performed by June ' s sister , but the signature mariachi - style horn arrangement was provided by Cash , citation needed who said that it had come to him in a dream . Vivian Liberto claimed a different version of the origins of " Ring of Fire " . In her book , I Walked the Line : My Life with Johnny , Liberto states that Cash gave Carter the credit for monetary reasons . In June 1965 , his truck caught fire due to an overheated wheel bearing , triggering a forest fire that burnt several hundred acres in Los Padres National Forest in California . When the judge asked Cash why he did it , Cash said , " I did n ' t do it , my truck did , and it ' s dead , so you ca n ' t question it . " The fire destroyed 508 acres ( 206 ha ) , burning the foliage off three mountains and driving off 49 of the refuge ' s 53 endangered condors Cash was unrepentant and claimed , " I do n ' t care about your damn yellow buzzards . " The federal government sued him and was awarded $ 125,172 ( $ 936741 in 2019 dollars ) . Cash eventually settled the case and paid $ 82,001 . He said he was the only person ever sued by the government for starting a forest fire . Although Cash carefully cultivated a romantic outlaw image , he never served a prison sentence . Despite landing in jail seven times for misdemeanors , each stay lasted only a single night . His most infamous run - in with the law occurred while on tour in 1965 , when he was arrested October 4 by a narcotics squad in El Paso , Texas . The officers suspected he was smuggling heroin from Mexico , but found instead 688 Dexedrine capsules and 475 Equanil tablets that the singer had hidden inside his guitar case . Because the pills were prescription drugs rather than illegal narcotics , he received a suspended sentence Johnny Cash and his second wife , Cash had also been arrested on May 11 , 1965 , in Starkville , Mississippi , for trespassing late at night onto private property to pick flowers . ( This incident gave the spark for the song " Starkville City Jail " , which he discussed on his live At San Quentin album . ) In the mid - 1960s , Cash released a number of concept albums , including Sings the Ballads of the True West ( 1965 ) , an experimental double record mixing authentic frontier songs with Cash ' s spoken narration , and Bitter Tears ( 1964 ) , with songs highlighting the plight of the Native Americans . His drug addiction was at its worst at this point , and his destructive behavior led to a divorce from his first wife and canceled performances . In 1967 , Cash ' s duet with , " Jackson " , won a Grammy Award . Cash ' s final arrest was in 1967 in Walker County , Georgia , after being involved in a car accident while carrying a bag of prescription pills . Cash attempted to bribe a local deputy , who turned the money down , and then spent the night in a LaFayette , Georgia jail . The singer was released after a long talk with Sheriff Ralph Jones , who warned him of his dangerous behavior and wasted potential . Cash credited that experience for saving his life , and he later came back to LaFayette to play a benefit concert Reflecting on his past in a 1997 interview , Cash noted : “ I was taking the pills for awhile , and then the pills started taking me . " Cash curtailed his use of drugs for several years in 1968 , after a spiritual epiphany in the Nickajack Cave , when he attempted to commit suicide while under the heavy influence of drugs . He descended deeper into the cave , trying to lose himself and " just die " , when he passed out on the floor . He reported being exhausted and feeling at the end of his rope when he felt God ' s presence in his heart and managed to struggle out of the cave ( despite the exhaustion ) by following a faint light and slight breeze . To him , it was his own rebirth . June , Maybelle , and Ezra Carter moved into Cash ' s mansion for a month to help him conquer his addiction . Cash proposed onstage to June at a concert at the London Gardens in London , Ontario , Canada , on February 22 , 1968 ; the couple married a week later ( on March 1 ) in Franklin , Kentucky . She had agreed to marry Cash after he had " cleaned up " . He rediscovered his Christian faith , taking an " altar call " in Evangel Temple , a small church in the Nashville area , pastored by Reverend Jimmie Rodgers Snow , son of country music legend Hank Snow . According to longtime friend Marshall Grant , Cash ' s 1968 rebirth experience did not result in his completely stopping use of amphetamines . However , beginning in 1970 , Cash ended all drug use for a period of seven years . Grant claims that the birth of Cash ' s son , , inspired Cash to end his dependence . Cash began using amphetamines again in 1977 . By 1983 , he was once again addicted , and entered the Betty Ford Clinic in Rancho Mirage , California for rehabilitation . Cash managed to stay off drugs for several years , but by 1989 , he was dependent again and entered Nashville ' s Cumberland Heights Alcohol and Drug Treatment Center . In 1992 , he entered the Loma Linda Behavioural Medicine Centre in Loma Linda , California for his final rehabilitation ( several months later , his son followed him into this facility for treatment ) . Cash felt great compassion for prisoners . He began performing concerts at prisons starting in the late 1950s . His first prison concert was on January 1 , 1959 at San Quentin State Prison . These performances led to a pair of highly successful live albums , Johnny Cash at Folsom Prison ( 1968 ) and Johnny Cash at San Quentin ( 1969 ) . The Folsom Prison record was introduced by a rendition of his " Folsom Prison Blues " , while the San Quentin record included the crossover hit single " A Boy Named Sue " , a Shel Silverstein - penned novelty song that reached No . 1 on the country charts and No . 2 on the U.S . Top Ten pop charts . The AM versions of the latter contained profanities which were edited out . The modern CD versions are unedited and thus also longer than the original vinyl albums , though they retain the audience reaction overdubs of the originals . Cash performed at the Österåker Prison in Sweden in 1972 . The live album På Österåker ( " At Österåker " ) was released in 1973 . " San Quentin " was recorded with Cash replacing " San Quentin " with " Österåker " . Activism for Native Americans In 1965 , Johnny and his Wife June Carter Cash appeared on Pete Seeger ’ s TV Show Rainbow Quest , where he explained his start as an activist for Native Americans : “ In ’ 57 I wrote a song called “ Old Apache Squaw ” and then forgot the so - called Indian protest for a while , but nobody else seemed to speak up with any volume of voice . ” Columbia , the label Cash was recording for then , was opposed to putting the song on his next album , considering it " too radical for the public " . Cash singing songs of Indian tragedy and settler violence went radically against the mainstream of country - music in the 1950s , which was dominated by the image of the righteous cowboy , who simply makes the native ’ s soil his own . In 1964 , coming off of the chart success that his previous album “ I Walk The Line ” had been he recorded the aforementioned album Bitter Tears : Ballads of the American Indian The songs featured tell stories of a multitude of native peoples , mostly of their violent oppression by the Settlers : The Pimas ( “ The Ballad of Ira Hayes ” ) , the Navajos ( “ Navajo ” ) , the Apaches ( “ Apache Tears ” ) , the Lakotas ( “ Big foot ” ) , the Senecas ( “ As Long as the Grass Shall Grow ” ) , and the Cherokees ( “ Talking Leaves ” ) . Cash wrote three of the songs himself , one with the help of Johnny Horton , but the majority of the protest songs were written by folk - artist Peter LaFarge son of Native Activist and Pulitzer - Price winner Oliver La Farge , who Cash met in New York in the 1960s and who he admired for his activism . The albums single “ The Ballad of Ira Hayes ” was neglected by the unpolitical radio at the time , and the record label denied it any promotion , due to its provocative , protesting and thus “ unappealing ” nature . Cash faced a lot of resistance , he was even urged by an Editor of a Country Magazine to leave the Country Music Association ; “ You and your crowd are just too intelligent to associate with plain country folks , country artists and country DJs . ” In reaction , On Aug . 22 , 1964 , the singer posted a letter as an advertisement in Billboard Magazine , calling out the record industry as cowards : “ D.J. ’ s — station managers — owners , etc . , Where are your guts ? ” , he demands - “ I had to fight back when I realized that so many stations are afraid of Ira Hayes . Just one question : WHY ? ? ? ” He concludes the letter with “ ‘ Ira Hayes ’ is strong medicine … So is Rochester , Harlem Cash kept promoting the song himself and used his influence on Radio - DJs he knew to eventually make the song climb to No . 3 on the Country Charts , while the album rose to No . 2 on the album charts . Later , on his TV - Show , The Johnny Cash Show , he continued telling stories of Native American plight , both in song and through short films , like the history of the Trail of Tears , where in the 1830s , thousands of Cherokees died of cold and starvation after being forced to leave what had been their homeland for centuries and trail to the state of New York , as part of the Indian Removal Act In 1966 , in response to his activism , the singer was adopted by Seneca Nation ’ s Turtle Clan as one of their own and performed benefits in 1968 in the Rosebud Reservation , close to the historical landmark of the battle at Wounded Knee to raise money to help build a school , he also played at the D - Q University in the 1980s . " The Man in Black " Cash advocated prison reform at his July 1972 meeting with United States President Richard Nixon From 1969 to 1971 , Cash starred in his own television show , , on the ABC network . The Statler Brothers opened up for him in every episode ; the Carter Family and rockabilly legend Carl Perkins were also part of the regular show entourage . Cash also enjoyed booking mainstream performers as guests ; including Neil Young Louis Armstrong Neil Diamond Kenny Rogers and The First Edition ( who appeared a record four times ) , James Taylor Ray Charles Roger Miller Derek and the Dominos , and Bob Dylan . During the same period , he contributed the title song and other songs to the film Little Fauss and Big Halsey , which starred Robert Redford , Michael J . Pollard , and Lauren Hutton . The title song , The Ballad of Little Fauss and Big Halsey , written by Carl Perkins , was nominated for a Golden Globe award . Cash had met with Dylan in the mid - 1960s and became closer friends when they were neighbors in the late 1960s in Woodstock , New York . Cash was enthusiastic about reintroducing the reclusive Dylan to his audience . Cash sang a duet with Dylan on Dylan ' s country album Nashville Skyline and also wrote the album ' s Grammy - winning liner notes Another artist who received a major career boost from was Kris Kristofferson , who was beginning to make a name for himself as a singer / songwriter . During a live performance of Kristofferson ' s " Sunday Mornin ' Comin ' Down " , Cash refused to change the lyrics to suit network executives , singing the song with its references to marijuana intact : On a Sunday morning sidewalk I ' m wishin ' , Lord , that I was stoned . By the early 1970s , he had crystallized his public image as " The Man in Black " . He regularly performed dressed all in black , wearing a long black knee - length coat . This outfit stood in contrast to the costumes worn by most of the major country acts in his day : rhinestone suits and cowboy boots . In 1971 , Cash wrote the song " Man in Black " , to help explain his dress code : We ' re doing mighty fine I do suppose In our streak of lightning cars and fancy clothes But just so we ' re reminded of the ones who are held back Up front there ought to be a man in black . Cash performing in Bremen , Northern Germany , in September 1972 He wore black on behalf of the poor and , on behalf of " the prisoner who has long paid for his crime " , and on behalf of those who have been betrayed by age or drugs . " And " , Cash added , " with the Vietnam War as painful in my mind as it was in most other Americans ' , I wore it ' in mournin ' for the lives that could have been . ' . . . Apart from the Vietnam War being over , I do n ' t see much reason to change my position . . . The old are still neglected , the poor are still poor , the young are still dying before their time , and we ' re not making many moves to make things right . There ' s still plenty of darkness to carry off He and his band had initially worn black shirts because that was the only matching color they had among their various outfits . He wore other colors on stage early in his career , but he claimed to like wearing black both on and off stage . He stated that , political reasons aside , he simply liked black as his on - stage color . The outdated US Navy ' s winter blue uniform used to be referred to by sailors as " Johnny Cashes " , as the uniform ' s shirt , tie , and trousers are solid black . In the mid - 1970s , Cash ' s popularity and number of hit songs began to decline . He made commercials for Amoco , an unpopular enterprise in an era in which oil companies made high profits while consumers suffered through high gasoline prices and shortages . However , his autobiography ( the first of two ) , Man in Black , was published in 1975 and sold 1.3 million copies . A second , Cash : The Autobiography , appeared in 1997 . His friendship with Billy Graham led to the production of a film about the life of Jesus , The Gospel Road , which Cash co - wrote and narrated . He continued to appear on television , hosting an annual Christmas special on CBS throughout the 1970s . Later television appearances included a starring role in an episode of Columbo , entitled " Swan Song " . He and June appeared in an episode of Little House on the Prairie , entitled " The Collection " . He gave a performance as John Brown in the 1985 American Civil War television mini - series North and South . Johnny and June also appeared in Dr . Quinn , Medicine Woman in recurring roles . He was friendly with every US President starting with Richard Nixon . He was closest to Jimmy Carter , with whom he became close friends and who was a distant cousin of his wife , June Carter Cash When invited to perform at the White House for the first time in 1970 , Richard Nixon ' s office requested that he play " Okie from Muskogee " ( a satirical Merle Haggard song about people who despised youthful drug users and war protesters ) and " Welfare Cadillac " ( a Guy Drake song which denies the integrity of welfare recipients ) . Cash declined to play either and instead selected other songs , including " The Ballad of Ira Hayes " ( about a brave Native American World War II veteran who was mistreated upon his return to Arizona ) , and his own compositions , " What Is Truth " and " Man in Black " . Cash wrote that the reasons for denying Nixon ' s song choices were not knowing them and having fairly short notice to rehearse them , rather than any political reason . However , Cash added , even if Nixon ' s office had given Cash enough time to learn and rehearse the songs , their choice of pieces that conveyed " antihippie and antiblack " sentiments might have backfired . Highwaymen File : Highwaymen . jpg In 1980 , Cash became the Country Music Hall of Fame ' s youngest living inductee at age 48 , but during the 1980s his records failed to make a major impact on the country charts , although he continued to tour successfully . In the mid - 1980s , he recorded and toured with Waylon Jennings Willie Nelson , and Kris Kristofferson as The Highwaymen , making three hit albums which were released beginning with the originally titled " Highwaymen " in 1985 , followed by " Highwaymen 2 " in 1990 , and concluding with " Highwaymen – The Road Goes on forever " in 1995 . Of the group ' s four members , Cash was the only non - Texan . During that period , Cash appeared in a number of television films . In 1981 , he starred in The Pride of Jesse Hallam , winning fine reviews for a film that called attention to adult illiteracy . In the same year , Cash appeared as a " very special guest star " in an episode of the Muppet Show . In 1983 , he appeared as a heroic sheriff in Murder in Coweta County , based on a real - life Georgia murder case , which co - starred Andy Griffith as his nemesis . Cash had tried for years to make the film , for which he won acclaim . Cash relapsed into addiction after being administered painkillers for a serious abdominal injury in 1983 caused by an unusual incident in which he was kicked and wounded by an ostrich he kept on his farm . At a hospital visit in 1988 , this time to watch over Waylon Jennings ( who was recovering from a heart attack ) , Jennings suggested that Cash have himself checked into the hospital for his own heart condition . Doctors recommended preventive heart surgery , and Cash underwent double bypass surgery in the same hospital . Both recovered , although Cash refused to use any prescription painkillers , fearing a relapse into dependency . Cash later claimed that during his operation , he had what is called a " near death experience " . Cash ' s recording career and his general relationship with the Nashville establishment were at an all - time low in the 1980s . He realized that his record label of nearly 30 years , Columbia , was growing indifferent to him and was not properly marketing him ( he was " invisible " during that time , as he said in his autobiography ) . Cash recorded an intentionally awful song to protest , a self - parody . " Chicken in Black " was about Cash ' s brain being transplanted into a chicken . Ironically , the song turned out to be a larger commercial success than any of his other recent material . Between 1981 and 1984 , he recorded several sessions with famed countrypolitan producer Billy Sherrill which were shelved ; they would be released by Columbia ' s sister label , Legacy Recordings , in 2014 as Out Among the Stars Nevertheless , he was hoping to kill the relationship with the label before they did , and it was not long after " Chicken in Black " that Columbia and Cash parted ways . In 1986 , Cash returned to Sun Studios in Memphis to team up with Roy Orbison Jerry Lee Lewis , and to create the album Class of ' 55 . Also in 1986 , Cash published his only novel , Man in White , a book about Saul and his conversion to become the Apostle Paul . In 1988 , Cash campaigned for Senator Al Gore , who was seeking the Democratic Party nomination in that year ' s presidential election . He recorded Johnny Cash Reads The Complete New Testament in 1990 . American Recordings Johnny Cash sings a duet with a Navy lieutenant c . 1987 After Columbia Records dropped Cash from his recording contract , he had a short and unsuccessful stint with Mercury Records from 1987 to 1991 ( see Johnny Cash discography ) . His career was rejuvenated in the 1990s , leading to popularity with an audience not traditionally interested in country music . In 1991 , he sang a version of " Man in Black " for the Christian punk band One Bad Pig ' s album I Scream Sunday . In 1993 , he sang " The Wanderer " on U2 ' s album Zooropa . Although no longer sought after by major labels , he was offered a contract with producer Rick Rubin ' s American Recordings label , better known for rap and hard rock Under Rubin ' s supervision , he recorded ( 1994 ) in his living room , accompanied only by his Martin Dreadnought guitar – one of many Cash played throughout his career . The album featured covers of contemporary artists selected by Rubin and had much critical and commercial success , winning a Grammy for Best Contemporary Folk Album . Cash wrote that his reception at the 1994 Glastonbury Festival was one of the highlights of his career . This was the beginning of a decade of music industry accolades and commercial success . He teamed up with Brooks & Dunn to contribute " " to the AIDS benefit album Red Hot + Country produced by the Red Hot Organization . On the same album , he performed the Bob Dylan favorite " Forever Young " . Cash and his wife appeared on a number of episodes of the television series Dr . Quinn , Medicine Woman . He also lent his voice for a cameo role in The Simpsons episode " El Viaje Misterioso de Nuestro Jomer ( The Mysterious Voyage of Homer ) " , as the " Space Coyote " that guides Homer Simpson on a spiritual quest . In 1996 , Cash enlisted the accompaniment of Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers and released Unchained , which won the Best Country Album Grammy in 1998 . Believing he did not explain enough of himself in his 1975 autobiography Man in Black , he wrote in 1997 . Last years Cash ' s original grave ( top ) and the Cash / Carter memorial In 1997 , Cash was diagnosed with the neurodegenerative disease Shy - Drager syndrome , a form of multiple system atrophy . The diagnosis was later altered to autonomic neuropathy associated with diabetes . The illness forced Cash to curtail his touring . He was hospitalized in 1998 with severe pneumonia , which damaged his lungs . The albums American III : Solitary Man ( 2000 ) and American IV : The Man Comes Around ( 2002 ) contained Cash ' s response to his illness in the form of songs of a slightly more somber tone than the first two American albums . The video that was released for " Hurt " , a cover of the song by Nine Inch Nails , fits Cash ' s view of his past and feelings of regret . The video for the song , from American IV , is now generally recognized as " his epitaph , " and received particular critical and popular acclaim . died on May 15 , 2003 , at the age of 73 . June had told Cash to keep working , so he continued to record , completing 60 more songs in the last four months of his life , and even performed a couple of surprise shows at the Carter Family Fold outside Bristol , Virginia . At the July 5 , 2003 , concert ( his last public performance ) , before singing " Ring of Fire " , Cash read a statement about his late wife that he had written shortly before taking the stage : The spirit of June Carter overshadows me tonight with the love she had for me and the love I have for her . We connect somewhere between here and heaven . She came down for a short visit , I guess , from heaven to visit with me tonight to give me courage and inspiration like she always has . Death While hospitalized at Baptist Hospital in Nashville , Cash died of complications from diabetes at approximately 2 : 00 a.m. CT on September 12 , 2003 , aged 71 — less than four months after his wife . It was suggested by writer Dulce Zamora , among others , that Johnny ' s health worsened due to a broken heart over June ' s death . He was buried next to his wife in Hendersonville Memory Gardens near his home in Hendersonville , Tennessee In June 2005 , Cash ' s lakeside home on Caudill Drive in Hendersonville was put up for sale by his estate . In January 2006 , the house was sold to Bee Gees vocalist Barry Gibb and wife Linda and titled to their Florida limited liability company for $ 2.3 million . The listing agent was Cash ' s younger brother , Tommy . On April 10 , 2007 , during a major restoration of the property by the new owner , Cash ' s home was accidentally destroyed in a spontaneous combustion - ignited fire caused by workers using linseed oil products . One of Cash ' s final collaborations with producer Rick Rubin American V : A Hundred Highways , was released posthumously on July 4 , 2006 . The album debuted in the No . 1 position on the Billboard Top 200 album chart for the week ending July 22 , 2006 . On February 23 , 2010 , three days before what would have been Cash ' s 78th birthday , the Cash Family , , and Lost Highway Records released his second posthumous record , titled American VI : Ai n ' t No Grave Religious beliefs Cash was raised by his parents in the Southern Baptist faith tradition . He was baptized in 1944 in the Tyronza River as a member of the Central Baptist Church of Dyess , Arkansas . A troubled but devout Christian , Cash has been characterized as a " lens through which to view American contradictions and challenges . " A biblical scholar he penned a Christian novel Man in White , and in the introduction Cash writes about a reporter who , interested in Cash ' s religious beliefs , questions whether the book is written from a Baptist , Catholic , or Jewish perspective . Cash denies an answer to the book ' s view and his own , and replies , " I ' m a Christian . Do n ' t put me in another box . " He made a spoken word recording of the entire New King James Version of the New Testament Cash declared he was " the biggest sinner of them all " , and viewed himself overall as a complicated and contradictory man . Accordingly , Cash is said to have " contained multitudes " , and has been deemed " the philosopher - prince of American country music " . Cash is credited with converting actor and singer John Schneider to Christianity . Legacy Cash ' s rebellious image and often anti - authoritarian stance have been credited by some with influencing punk rock . Cash ' s daughter Rosanne ( by first wife ) and his son ( by ) are notable musicians in their own right . Cash nurtured and defended artists ( such as Bob Dylan ) on the fringes of what was acceptable in country music even while serving as the country music establishment ' s most visible symbol . At an all - star concert which aired in 1999 on TNT , a diverse group of artists paid him tribute , including Dylan , Chris Isaak Wyclef Jean Norah Jones Willie Nelson Dom DeLuise U2 . Cash himself appeared at the end and performed for the first time in more than a year . Two tribute albums were released shortly before his death ; Kindred Spirits contains works from established artists , while Dressed in Black contains works from many lesser - known artists . In total , he wrote over 1,000 songs and released dozens of albums . A box set titled Unearthed was issued posthumously . It included four CDs of unreleased material recorded with Rubin as well as a Best of Cash on American retrospective CD . In recognition of his lifelong support of SOS Children ' s Villages , his family invited friends and fans to donate to the Johnny Cash Memorial Fund in his memory . He had a personal link with the SOS village in Diessen , at the Ammersee Lake in Southern Germany , near where he was stationed as a G.I , and with the SOS village in Barrett Town , by Montego Bay , near his holiday home in Jamaica In 1999 , Cash received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award . In 2004 , Rolling Stone ranked Cash No . 31 on their " 100 Greatest Artists of All Time " list . The main street in , Highway 31E , is known as " Johnny Cash Parkway " . The Johnny Cash Museum was located in one of Cash ' s properties in Hendersonville dubbed the House of Cash until 2006 when it was sold based on the will of Cash . The House subsequently burned down during the renovation by the new owner . A new Museum opened in 2013 in downtown Nashville . On November 2 – 4 , 2007 , the Johnny Cash Flower Pickin ' Festival was held in Starkville , Mississippi , where Cash had been arrested more than 40 years earlier and held overnight at the city jail on May 11 , 1965 . The incident inspired Cash to write the song " Starkville City Jail " . The festival , where he was offered a symbolic posthumous pardon , honored Cash ' s life and music , and was expected to become an annual event . JC Unit One , Johnny Cash ' s private tour bus from 1980 until 2003 , was put on exhibit at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum in Cleveland , Ohio , in 2007 . The museum offers public tours of the bus on a seasonal basis ( it is stored during the winter months and not exhibited during those times ) . A limited - edition Forever stamp honoring Cash went on sale June 5 , 2013 . The stamp features a promotional picture of Cash taken around the 1963 release of " Ring of Fire : The Best of Johnny Cash . " Portrayals Country singer Mark Collie portrayed Cash in John Lloyd Miller ' s award - winning 1999 short film , I Still Miss Someone In November 2005 , Walk the Line , a biographical film about Cash ' s life , was released in the United States to considerable commercial success and critical acclaim . The film featured Joaquin Phoenix as Johnny ( for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor ) and Reese Witherspoon as June ( for which she won the Academy Award for Best Actress ) . Phoenix and Witherspoon also won the Golden Globe for Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy and Best Actress in a Musical or Comedy , respectively . They both performed their own vocals in the film , and Phoenix learned to play guitar for the role . Phoenix received a Grammy Award for his contributions to the soundtrack . John Carter Cash , the son of Johnny and June , served as an executive producer . On March 12 , 2006 , Ring of Fire , a jukebox musical of the Cash oeuvre , debuted on Broadway at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre , but closed due to harsh reviews and disappointing sales on April 30 . Million Dollar Quartet , a musical portraying the early Sun recording sessions involving Cash , Elvis Presley , Jerry Lee Lewis , and Carl Perkins , debuted on Broadway on April 11 , 2010 . Actor Lance Guest portrayed Cash . The musical was nominated for three awards at the 2010 Tony Awards , and won one . Robert Hilburn , veteran Los Angeles Times pop music critic , the journalist who accompanied Cash in his 1968 Folsom prison tour and interviewed Cash many times throughout his life including months before his death , published a 688 page biography with 16 pages of photographs in 2013 . The meticulously reported biography is said to have filled in the 80 percent of Cash ' s life that was unknown , including details about Cash ' s battles with addiction and infidelity . The book reportedly does not hold back any details about the darker side of Johnny Cash and includes details about his affair with his pregnant wife June Carter ' s sister . Awards and honors For detailed lists of music awards , see List of awards received by Johnny Cash Cash received multiple Country Music Association Awards , , and other awards , in categories ranging from vocal and spoken performances to album notes and videos . In a career that spanned almost five decades during which he rose to recording industry icon status , Cash was the personification of country music to many people around the world . Cash was a musician who was not tied to a single genre . He recorded songs that could be considered rock and roll , blues , rockabilly , folk , and gospel , and exerted an influence on each of those genres . Moreover , he had the unique distinction among country artists of having " crossed over " late in his career to become popular with an unexpected audience , young indie alternative rock fans . His diversity was evidenced by his presence in three major music halls of fame : the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame ( 1977 ) , the Country Music Hall of Fame ( 1980 ) , and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame ( 1992 ) . Only thirteen performers are in both of the last two , and only Hank Williams Sr . Jimmie Rodgers Bob Wills Bill Monroe share the honor with Cash of being in all three . Cash was the only inductee to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in the regular manner , unlike the other country members , who were inducted as " early influences " . His contributions to the genre have been recognized by the Rockabilly Hall of Fame Cash received the Kennedy Center Honors in 1996 , and stated that his induction into the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1980 was his greatest professional achievement . In 2001 , he was awarded the National Medal of Arts " Hurt " was nominated for six VMAs at the 2003 MTV Video Music Awards . The only VMA the video won was that for Best Cinematography . With the video , Johnny Cash became the oldest artist ever nominated for an MTV Video Music Award . Justin Timberlake , who won Best Video that year for Cry Me a River ( Justin Timberlake song ) , said in his acceptance speech : " This is a travesty ! I demand a recount . My grandfather raised me on Johnny Cash , and I think he deserves this more than any of us in here tonight . " Discography See Johnny Cash albums discography Johnny Cash singles discography Johnny Cash Sun Records discography Filmography Film Year Title Role Notes 1961 Five Minutes to Live Johnny Cabot Also titled Door - To - Door Maniac 1971 A Gunfight Abe Cross 1974 The Gospel Road Narrator Voice acting role 1994 Gene Autry , Melody of the West Narrator Documentary film ; voice acting role 2003 The Hunted Voice acting role Television Year Title Role Notes 1959 Shotgun Slade Sheriff Episode : " The Stalkers " 1959 Wagon Train Frank Hoag Episode : " The C.L. Harding Story 1960 The Rebel Pratt Episode : " The Death of Gray " 1961 The Deputy Bo Braddock Episode : " The Deathly Quiet " 1969 – 1971 Himself - host and performer 58 episodes 1970 The Partridge Family Variety Show Host Episode : " What ? Get Out of Show Business " 1974 – 1988 Hee Haw Himself 4 episodes 1974 Columbo Tommy Brown Episode : " Swan Song " Johnny Cash and Friends Host 1976 Little House on the Prairie Caleb Hodgekiss Episode : " The Collection " 1978 Thaddeus Rose and Eddie Thaddeus Rose Television film 1980 The Muppet Show Himself Episode : " # 5.21 " 1981 The Pride of Jesse Hallam Jesse Hallam Television film 1982 Saturday Night Live Episode : " Johnny Cash / Elton John " 1983 Murder in Coweta County Lamarr Potts Television film ; also producer 1984 The Baron and the Kid The Baron Will 1985 North and South John Brown 6 episodes 1986 The Last Days of Frank and Jesse James Frank James 1986 Stagecoach Curly Wilcox 1988 The Magical World of Disney Elder Davy Crockett Episode : " Rainbow in the Thunder " 1992 Sesame Street Episode : " # 24.33 " 1993 – 1997 Cole 4 episodes 1996 Renegade Henry Travis Episode : " The Road Not Taken " 1997 The Simpsons Space Coyote Episode : " The Mysterious Voyage of Homer " ; voice acting role 1998 All My Friends Are Cowboys Television special Published works Man in Black : His Own Story in His Own Words Zondervan , 1975 ; ISBN 9 - 992 - 43158 - X , a novel about the Apostle Paul , HarperCollins , 1986 ; ISBN 0 - 062 - 50132 - 1 , with Patrick Carr , HarperCollins , 1997 ; ISBN 978 ‐ 0 ‐ 06 ‐ 101357 ‐ 7 Johnny Cash Reads the New Testament , Thomas Nelson , 2011 ; ISBN 9781418548834 Notes ↑ Although Cash ' s voice type endured over the years , his timbre changed noticeably : " Through a recording career that stretche [ d ] back to 1955 " , Pareles writes , Cash ' s " bass - baritone voice [ went ] from gravelly to grave " . ↑ For Cash , black stage attire was a " symbol of rebellion — against a stagnant status quo , against . . . hypocritical houses of God , against people whose minds are closed to others ' ideas " . Schultz refers to this phrase as Cash ' s " trademark greeting " , and places his utterance of this line , on Cash ' s At Folsom Prison album , " among the most electrifying [ seconds ] in the history of concert recording . " Other appraisals of Cash ' s iconic value have been even bolder . Urbanski notes that Cash ' s habit of performing in black attire began in a church . In the following paragraph , he quotes Cash as indicating that this habit was partially reflective of Cash ' s rebellion " against our hypocritical houses of God " . According to Urbanski , Cash ' s self - perception was accurate : " He never intended to be categorized or pigeonholed " , and indeed he amassed a " cluster of enigmas " which " was so impenetrably deep that even those closest to him never got to see every part of him " . References ↑ 1.0 1.1 " Johnny Cash & June Carter " . Last . fm . 2010 http : / / www . last . fm / music / Johnny % 2BCash % 2B % 2526 % 2BJune % 2BCarter . Retrieved January 20 , 2010 Holden , Stephen ( September 13 , 2003 ) . " Johnny Cash , Country Music Bedrock , Dies at 71 " http : / / www . nytimes . com / 2003 / 09 / 13 / arts / johnny - cash - country - music - bedrock - dies - at - 71 . html ? pagewanted = all&src = pm . Retrieved February 25 , 2013 ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Pareles 1994 Urbanski 2003 , p . xiv Dickie , M . ( 2002 ) . " Ring of fire : The Johnny Cash reader " . In Streissguth , M . . Da Capo . pp . 201 – 205 http : / / books . google . com / books ? id = 3pNFreWKHZgC&printsec = frontcover&source = gbs_navlinks_s # v = onepage&q = &f = false 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Streissguth , M . ( 2006 ) . " Johnny Cash : a biography " . Da Capo . p . 196 http : / / books . google . com / books ? id = BBRDZoBeI88C&printsec = frontcover&source = gbs_navlinks_s # v = onepage&q = &f = false Fox , JA ( October 17 , 2005 ) . " Hard time ' s never a ' circus ' " . Baylor University http : / / www . baylor . edu / pr / bitn / news . php ? action = story&story = 37416 . Retrieved March 22 , 2010 Streissguth 2005 Cash & Carr 2003 , p . 64 Schultz , B . ( July 1 , 2000 ) . " Classic Tracks : Johnny Cash ' s ' Folsom Prison Blues ' " http : / / mixonline . com / mag / audio_classic_tracks_johnny . Retrieved March 22 , 2010 Mulligan , J . ( February 24 , 2010 ) . Error : no | title = specified when using { { Cite web } } " . entertainment . ie http : / / entertainment . ie / album - review / Johnny - Cash - - American - VI - Ain % 27t - No - Grave / 6891 . htm For discussion of , and lyrics to , Cash ' s songs , see Cusic , D . , ed ( 2004 ) . " Johnny Cash : The songs " . Thunder ' s Mouth http : / / books . google . com / books ? id = YYejIsGmjEgC&printsec = frontcover&source = gbs_navlinks_s # v = onepage&q = &f = false Miller 2003 , p . 341 . Ellis , A . ( 2004 , 01 ) . The man in black : Johnny cash , 1932 - 2003 . Guitar Player , 38 , 31 - 32 , 34 . Johnny Cash obituary at legacy . com " Johnny and June Carter Cash Memorial " . Buddy Case http : / / www . buddycase . com / cash / johnnyfuneral . html . Retrieved January 16 , 2009 " Harpeth Family Funeral Services " . Harpeth hills http : / / obit . harpethhills . com / obitdisplay . html ? id = 293591&listing = All . Retrieved January 16 , 2009 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 Cash & Carr 1997 " Jack D . Cash " . Find - a - Grave http : / / www . findagrave . com / cgi - bin / fg . cgi ? page = gr&GRid = 19397312 Gross , Terry ( 2004 ) . A man ' s voice . All I did was ask : Conversations with writers , actors , musicians , and artists ( p . 31 ) . New York , NY : Hyperion . Gross 2006 Abbott , William . " Johnny Cash — February 26 , 1932 – September 12 , 2003 " . Southernmusic . net http : / / www . southernmusic . net / johnnycash . html . Retrieved December 31 , 2011 Johnny Cash : The Biography ( pg . 42 ) Malone , William ; McCulloh , Judith ( 1975 ) . " Stars of Country Music " . Miller 2003 , p . 40 . Berkowitz , Kenny ( June 2001 ) . " No Regrets — Johnny Cash , the man in black , is back at the top of his game " http : / / www . acousticguitar . com / issues / ag102 / featureA102 . shtml . Retrieved June 28 , 2009 Turner 2004 , pp . 43 – 44 . " My Father and The Man In Black " . Johnny - and - saul . com http : / / johnny - and - saul . com . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 25 Sweeting , Adam ( September 12 , 2003 ) . " Johnny Cash " http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / culture / 2003 / sep / 12 / johnnycash . Retrieved January 26 , 2009 Millar , Anna ( June 4 , 2006 ) . " Celtic connection as Cash walks the line in Fife " . Scotsman http : / / heritage . scotsman . com / people / Celtic - connection - as - Cash - walks . 2781119 . jp . Retrieved April 12 , 2011 Cash , Roseanne ( 2010 ) . A memoir . Viking Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 101 - 45769 - 6 Manzoor , Sarfraz ( February 7 , 2010 ) . " Scottish roots of Johnny Cash , the man in black tartan " . London , UK : The Guardian http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / music / 2010 / feb / 07 / johnny - cash - scottish - roots . Retrieved April 12 , 2011 33.0 33.1 , p . 11 . Dalton , Stephanie ( January 15 , 2006 ) . " Walking the line back in time " . Scotsman . com http : / / heritage . scotsman . com / people . cfm ? id = 66542006 . Retrieved June 28 , 2007 Cash & Carr 1997 , p . 3 . " The Man in Black ' s Musical Journey Continues " . NPR http : / / www . npr . org / templates / story / story . php ? storyId = 832786 . Retrieved February 9 , 2010 " 10 Things you did n ' t know about Johnny Cash " http : / / www . rollingstone . com / music / news / 10 - things - you - didnt - know - about - johnny - cash - 20131031 . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 " Rainbow Quest " . Richardandmimi . com . February 26 , 1966 http : / / www . richardandmimi . com / rainbowquest . html . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 Liberto , I Walked the Line : My Life with Johnny , p . 294 . " Major brush fire . " Los Angeles Times , June 28 , 1965 , p . 1 . " Control of Brush Fire Near ; 700 Acres Burned . " , June 29 , 1965 , p . 27 . Johnson , Brett ( November 18 , 2007 ) , " Cash ' s first wife tells of romance , heartbreak " Ventura County Star . Retrieved July 9 , 2013 . Williford , Stanley and Howard Hertel . " Singer Johnny Cash Pays $ 82,000 to U.S. in Fire Case " , , July 3 , 1969 , p . A3 . " 12 000 at LaFayette show " . Google News . August 14 , 1970 . p . 5A http : / / news . google . com / newspapers ? id = KtkvAAAAIBAJ&sjid = sjEDAAAAIBAJ&pg = 3615 , 6191621 Gross , Terry ( 2004 ) . A man ' s voice . All I did was ask : Conversations with writers , actors , musicians , and artists ( p . 34 ) . New York , NY : Hyperion . Zwonitzer , Mark ( 2002 ) . Will You Miss Me When I ' m Gone : The Carter Family and Their Legacy in American Music . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 85763 - 4 Grant , Marshall ( 2005 ) . I Was There When It Happened – My Life With Johnny Cash . Cumberland House . ISBN 1 - 58182 - 510 - 2 Cash , John Carter ( 2007 ) . Anchored In Love . Thomas Nelson . ISBN 0 - 8499 - 0187 - 1 " Cash In Treatment " . November 26 , 1989 . " Inmate Merle Haggard hears Johnny Cash play San Quentin State Prison " , history . com ; accessed June 24 , 2014 . Cash , Johnny . " Johnny and June Carter Cash on Pete Seeger ' s Rainbow Quest " https : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = FQq0dw7rmtc . Retrieved 16 October 2014 Cash , J . , & Carr , P . ( 1997 ) . Cash : The autobiography ( p . 408 ) . San Francisco , CA : HarperSanFrancisco . Tahmahkera , D . ( 2011 ) . Volume 63 . In American Quarterly ( p . 597 ) . Maryland : The Johns Hopkins University Press . [ ( http : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / I_Walk_the_Line_ ( 1964_album ) # Charts ) " Chart Success of " I Walk The Line " " ] . Wikimedia . ( http : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / I_Walk_the_Line_ ( 1964_album ) # Charts ) . Retrieved 16 October 2014 " Johnny Cash - Bitter Tears - Ballads Of The American Indian " http : / / www . discogs . com / Johnny - Cash - Bitter - Tears - Ballads - Of - The - American - Indian / release / 722807 ( 1965 ) . Johnny Cash and June Carter [ Television series episode ] . In Rainbow Quest . Pete Seeger . From https : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = FQq0dw7rmtc Look Again To The Wind : Johnny Cash ' s Bitter Tears Revisited . ( 2014 , July 8 ) . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 , from http : / / www . sony . com / SCA / company - news / press - releases / sony - music - masterworks / 2014 / look - again - to - the - wind - johnny - cashs - bitter - tears - r . shtml 58.0 58.1 The Bitter Tears of Johnny Cash . ( 2009 , November 8 ) . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 , from http : / / www . salon . com / 2009 / 11 / 09 / johnny_cash_2 / Tahmahkera , D . ( 2011 ) . Volume 63 . In American Quarterly ( pp . 598 - 599 ) . Maryland : The Johns Hopkins University Press . Bitter Tears : Ballads of the American Indian . ( 2014 , October 10 ) . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 , from http : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / Bitter_Tears : _Ballads_of_the_American_Indian ( 1970 ) . [ Television series episode ] . In The Johnny Cash Show . Johnny Cash . From https : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = - yz7xYzEEZo&list = LLwSdCgA8WpUDjjX6Il2AhXA&index = 3 Tahmahkera , D . ( 2011 ) . Volume 63 . In American Quarterly ( pp . 592 ) . Maryland : The Johns Hopkins University Press . 63.0 63.1 63.2 63.3 63.4 63.5 at the Internet Movie Database " The Best of the Johnny Cash TV Show 1969 – 1971 " . Reverse Angle Production . 2007 . 65.0 65.1 , pp . 85 – 86 . " The good , bad and ugly of proposed uniforms " . October 4 , 2004 http : / / www . navytimes . com / legacy / new / 0 - NAVYPAPER - 356961 . php " Nixon Welcomes ‘ The Man In Black ’ to the White House " . Nixon Foundation . April 17 , 2011 http : / / blog . nixonfoundation . org / 2011 / 04 / rn - welcomes - the - man - in - black - to - the - white - house Cash & Carr 2003 , p . 212 . " Johnny Cash : The Rebel " . Exclaim . ca . p . 3 http : / / www . exclaim . ca / index . asp ? layid = 22&csid = 1&csid1 = 439 Lewis , Randy ( December 10 , 2013 ) . " ' Lost ' Early - ' 80s Johnny Cash Album Slated for March 25 Release " . Tribune Company http : / / www . latimes . com / entertainment / music / posts / la - et - ms - johnny - cash - lost - album - out - among - the - stars - 20131210 , 0 , 2223681 . story " The Guitars of Johnny Cash " . Fretbase . com . Aug 2008 http : / / www . fretbase . com / fretbase / 2008 / 08 / the - guitars - of . html " The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll " . Rolling Stone Magazine . 2004 . " Death from a Broken Heart " . Medicine net . November 24 , 2003 http : / / www . medicinenet . com / script / main / art . asp ? articlekey = 52318 . Retrieved December 31 , 2011 " Johnny Cash Dead at Age 71 " . About . September 12 , 2003 http : / / countrymusic . about . com / library / bljohnnycashobit . htm " Fire destroys Johnny Cash house " . BBC . co . uk . April 11 , 2007 http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / entertainment / 6543503 . stm . Retrieved September 29 , 2010 Johnny Cash . " Man In Black " . Zondervan . ISBN 978 - 99924 - 3158 - 0 Clapp 2008 xvi Urbanski 2003 Clapp 2008 , p . xvi : ‘ Very few figures in recent history are seen as more representative of American identity as Cash . . . His has often been suggested as the face that should be added to the select pantheon on Mt . Rushmore , p . xviii . 227 Stoudt , C . ( June 9 , 2009 ) . " Review : ' Ring of Fire ' at La Mirada Theatre " http : / / latimesblogs . latimes . com / culturemonster / 2009 / 06 / review - ring - of - fire - at - la - mirada - theatre . html . Retrieved January 20 , 2010 " Johnny Cash : Amazing Grace " Public Radio Exchange . 2010 http : / / www . prx . org / pieces / 18385 - johnny - cash - amazing - grace Cash 2008 " Johnny Cash obituary " . BBC . September 12 , 2003 http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / entertainment / 481392 . stm Rivkin , D . , ed ( 2007 ) . " Johnny Cash reading the complete New Testament " . Thomas Nelson . Morris , E . ( January 20 , 2010 ) . " Johnny Cash ' s reading of the New Testament now on DVD " . Country Music Television http : / / www . cmt . com / news / country - music / 1601820 / johnny - cashs - reading - of - the - new - testament - now - on - dvd . jhtml , pp . xx – xxi . , p . 39 . , pp . 39 – 40 . , p . 64 . Urbanski , D . ( 2010 ) . " Johnny Cash ' s complicated faith : Unwrapping the enigma of the Man in Black " http : / / www . relevantmagazine . com / culture / music / features / 20625 - johnny - cashs - complicated - christianity Huss , J . ; Werther , D . , eds ( 2008 ) . " Johnny Cash and philosophy : The burning ring of truth " . Open Court . " Johnny Cash and Philosophy " . Open Court . 2007 http : / / www . opencourtbooks . com / books_n / johnny . htm Taking the Lead – Today ' s Christian at the Wayback Machine ( archived April 10 , 2008 ) DeRogatis , James ( September 14 , 2003 ) . " The original punk rocker " http : / / www . jimdero . com / News2003 / Sept14Cash . htm . Retrieved February 9 , 2010 Cibula , Matthew ( September 15 , 2003 ) . " Johnny Cash Made the Most Punk - Rock Album Ever . In 1969 " http : / / www . popmatters . com / music / features / 030915 - cash2 . shtml " Celebrities as partners " . SOS Children ' s Villages http : / / www . sos - childrensvillages . org / Get - involved / Celebrities - as - partners / Pages / Johnny - Cash . aspx " Supporters " . SOS Children ' s Villages http : / / www . sos - usa . org / About - SOS / what - is - sos / sos - supporters / johnny - cash / Pages Kristofferson , Kris . " Johnny Cash , No . 31 " Rolling Stone http : / / www . rollingstone . com / news / story / 5940054 / 31_johnny_cash . Retrieved December 31 , 2007 " The Immortals : The First Fifty " http : / / www . rollingstone . com / news / story / 5939214 / the_immortals_the_first_fifty . Retrieved December 31 , 2007 " Mississippi town to honor the ' Man in Black ' " . MSN . com http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 20611738 " Johnny Cash Stamp Release Celebrated By Family " . Huffington Post . June 3 , 2013 http : / / www . huffingtonpost . com / 2013 / 06 / 03 / johnny - cash - stamp_n_3377704 . html . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 Hilburn , Robert ( 2013 ) . Johnny Cash : The Life ( Deckle Edge ) . New York City : Little Brown and Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 19475 - 4 http : / / www . amazon . com / Johnny - Cash - Life - Deckle - Edge / dp / 0316194751 / ref = pd_bxgy_b_img_y Kinchen , David ( November 3 , 2013 ) . " BOOK REVIEW : ' Johnny Cash ' : Meticulous Attention to Facts Sets Robert Hilburn ' s Biography Apart " http : / / www . huntingtonnews . net / 76236 . Retrieved 12 December 2013 Hilburn , Robert ( 2013 - 10 - 29 ) . " Interview : Robert Hilburn , Author Of ' Johnny Cash : The Life ' " . NPR http : / / www . npr . org / 2013 / 10 / 29 / 240778989 / biography - doesnt - hold - back - on - the - man - in - blacks - darkest - years . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 25 " Full list of inductees " . Country Music Hall of Fame http : / / www . countrymusichalloffame . org / full - list - of - inductees / view / johnny - cash " Inductees " . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame http : / / rockhall . com / inductees / johnny - cash " Rockabilly Hall of Fame " http : / / www . rockabillyhall . com / JohnnyCash . html " RHOF Inductees with Certificates " . Rockabilly Hall of Fame http : / / www . rockabillyhall . com / Certificates . html " National Medal of Arts " http : / / arts . gov / honors / medals / johnny - cash " Johnny Cash - Memories Shared " Songstuff http : / / www . songstuff . com / article / johnny_cash_memories_shared / . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 " Quotables " August 29 , 2003 Justin Timberlake on Johnny Cash " " http : / / www . monkeyouttanowhere . com / quotes / archives / 2003 / 08 / 29_09_23 . html . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 " Johnny Cash – Cash : The Autobiography of Johnny Cash Review " http : / / www . socialbookshelves . com / johnny - cash - cash - the - autobiography - of - johnny - cash - review / . Retrieved 13 July 2014 " Johnny Cash Reads the New Testament " http : / / www . barnesandnoble . com / w / johnny - cash - reads - the - new - testament - johnny - cash / 1102087995 . Retrieved 24 November 2014 Bibliography Clapp , R ( 2008 ) . " Johnny Cash and the great American contradiction : Christianity and the battle for the soul of a nation " . Westminster John Knox http : / / books . google . com / books ? id = 0qIWgaPi9E8C&printsec = frontcover&source = gbs_navlinks_s # v = onepage&q = &f = false D ' Ambrosio , Antonino ( 2009 ) . " A Heartbeat and A Guitar : Johnny Cash and the Making of Bitter Tears " . Perseus Books / Nation Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56858 - 407 - 2 http : / / books . google . ca / books ? id = we1ttvIDcl0C&lpg = PP1&dq = A % 20Heartbeat % 20and % 20A % 20Guitar % 3A % 20Johnny % 20Cash % 20and % 20the % 20Making % 20of % 20Bitter % 20Tears&pg = PP1 # v = onepage&q&f = true Gross , Terry ( 2006 ) . " All I Did Was Ask : Conversations with Writers , Actors , Musicians , and Artists " . Hyperion . ISBN 1 - 4013 - 0010 - 3 Holmes , Cynthia S . ( January 2004 ) . " Remembering H Dale Jackson " . The CBF of Missouri . p . 2 . Millier , William . " Johnny Cash " http : / / www . johnnycash . com / awards . htm . Retrieved September 7 , 2004 Miller , Stephen ( 2003 ) . " Johnny Cash : The Life of an American Icon " . Omnibus . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 9626 - 1 http : / / books . google . ca / books ? id = NZDEbEHKMPsC&lpg = PP1&dq = Johnny % 20Cash % 3A % 20The % 20Life % 20of % 20an % 20American % 20Icon&pg = PP1 # v = onepage&q&f = true Streissguth , Michael ( 2004 ) . " Johnny Cash at Folsom Prison : The Making of a Masterpiece " . Da Capo Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 81338 - 2 http : / / books . google . ca / books ? id = 4f2vKsID0FoC&dq = Johnny % 20Cash % 20at % 20Folsom % 20Prison % 3A % 20The % 20Making % 20of % 20a % 20Masterpiece&hl = fr&source = gbs_book_other_versions Streissguth , Michael ( 2005 ) . " Johnny Cash at Folsom Prison : The Making of a Masterpiece " . Da Capo Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 81453 - 2 http : / / books . google . ca / books ? id = lWuQVTvoPn8C&lpg = PP1&dq = Johnny % 20Cash % 20at % 20Folsom % 20Prison % 3A % 20The % 20Making % 20of % 20a % 20Masterpiece&pg = PP1 # v = onepage&q&f = true Thomson , Elisabeth . " Grove Music " . Oxford Music Online http : / / www . oxfordmusiconline . com / subscriber / article / grove / music / 05087 ? q = Johnny + Cash&hbutton_search . x = 23&hbutton_search . y = 8&hbutton_search = search&source = omo_t237&source = omo_gmo&source = omo_t114&search = quick&pos = 1&_start = 1 # firsthit . Retrieved May 18 , 2010 Turner , Stephen ( 2004 ) . " The Man Called Cash : The Life , Love , and Faith of an American Legend " . W Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8499 - 1820 - 0 http : / / books . google . ca / books ? id = 6qaANnvGwGkC&lpg = PA1&dq = The % 20Man % 20Called % 20Cash % 3A % 20The % 20Life % 2C % 20Love % 2C % 20and % 20Faith % 20of % 20an % 20American % 20Legend&pg = PA1 # v = onepage&q&f = true Urbanski , David . " The Man Comes Around : The Spiritual Journey of Johnny Cash " . Relevant Books . ISBN 0 - 9729276 - 7 - 0 http : / / books . google . ca / books ? id = x_dK - 0HfHUYC&lpg = PP1&dq = The % 20Man % 20Comes % 20Around % 3A % 20The % 20Spiritual % 20Journey % 20of % 20Johnny % 20Cash&pg = PP1 # v = onepage&q&f = true < / dl > Further reading Graeme Thomson , The Resurrection of Johnny Cash : Hurt , Redemption , and American Recordings , Jawbone Press , ISBN 978 - 1 - 906002 - 36 - 7 Christopher S . Wren , Johnny Cash : Winners Got Scars , Too , Abacus Editions , ISBN 0 - 349 - 13740 - 4 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wikiquote has media related to : Official website http : / / www . johnnycashonline . com . Lost Highway http : / / www . losthighwayrecords . com / johnnycash " Candidates " . Hit Parade Hall of Fame http : / / www . hitparadehalloffame . org / xhtml_heads / Candidates / Inductee_johnny_cash . html Johnny Cash biography at allmusic . com . Find a Grave http : / / www . findagrave . com / memorial / 7863405 . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 " Johnny Cash profile at " . martinguitar . com http : / / www . martinguitar . com / players / 180 - years - of - american - music . html . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 Awards First None recognized before First Amendment Center AMA " Spirit of Americana " Free Speech Award 2002 Succeeded by Preceded by Buddy Julie Miller AMA Album of the Year ( artist ) 2003 Succeeded by Loretta Lynn Preceded by Jim Lauderdale AMA Artist of the Year 2003 Loretta Lynn This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia view authors ) Categories Articles with incorrect citation syntax Articles with hCards Articles needing page number citations Articles needing page number citations from December 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010 Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia 1932 births 2003 deaths Male actors from Arkansas American autobiographers American bass - baritones American country guitarists American country singers American country songwriters American folk guitarists American folk singers American male film actors American male television actors American male voice actors American people of English descent American people of Scottish descent American performers of Christian music American Christians Burials in Tennessee Cash – Carter family Charly Records artists Columbia Records artists Country Music Hall of Fame inductees Country musicians from Arkansas Deaths from diabetes Disease - related deaths in Tennessee Grammy Award winners Grammy Legend Award Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners Grand Ole Opry members Kennedy Center honorees Members of the Country Music Association People from Cleveland County , Arkansas Musicians from Nashville , Tennessee People from Hendersonville , Tennessee People from Sumner County , Tennessee Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees The Highwaymen ( country supergroup ) members Tennessee Democrats United States Air Force airmen United States National Medal of Arts recipients American biblical scholars American male singers Add category
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in : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia and 3 more November - class submarine < / td > < / tr > < / td > < / tr > November - class submarine Class overview Name : project 627 / 627A / 645 Builders : shipyard No . 402 in Severodvinsk Operators : Soviet Navy Preceded by : none Succeeded by : Victor class submarine ( project 671 ) Built : 1957 – 1963 In commission : 12 March 1959 – 1 July 1990 Completed : 1 ( pr . 627 ) + 12 ( pr . 627A ) + 1 ( pr . 645 ) Lost : 1 ( K - 8 – 12.04.1970 , accident in the Bay of Biscay ) Retired : 13 ( K - 27 – 06.09.1982 , deliberately scuttled in a training area in the Kara Sea ; K - 159 – 30 August 2003 , sank while being towed for scrapping in the Barents Sea ; others scrapped ; first unit held for conversion as museum sub ) General characteristics Class & type : Nuclear - powered attack submarine Displacement : surface – 3,065 / 3,118 / 3,414 t ; submerged – 4,750 / 4,069 / 4,380 t ( project 627 / 627A / 645 ) Length : 107.4 / 109.8 m ( project 627A / 645 ) Beam : 7.9 / 8.3 m ( project 627A / 645 ) Draft : 5.6 / 6.4 / 5.8 m ( project 627 / 627A / 645 ) Propulsion : two water - cooled reactors VM - A 70 MW each with steam generators , two turbogear assemblies 60 - D ( 35,000 hp total ) , two turbine - type generators GPM - 21 1,400 kW each , two diesel generators DG - 400 460 hp each , two auxiliary electric motors PG - 116 450 hp each , two shafts . Submarine of project 645 had two liquid metal - cooled reactors VT - 1 73 MW each and two more powerful turbine - type generators ATG - 610 1,600 kW each , no diesel generators . Speed : surface – 15.2 / 15.5 / 14.7 knots ; submerged – 30 / 28 / 30.2 knots ( project 627 / 627A / 645 ) Endurance : 50 – 60 days Test depth : 300 – 340 m Complement : usually 104 – 105 men ( including 30 officers ) Sensors and processing systems : MG - 200 " Arktika - M " sonar system for target detection , " Svet " detection of hydroacoustic signals and underwater sonar communication sonar system , " MG - 10 " hydrophone station ( project 627 submarines had " Mars - 16KP " ) , " Luch " sonar system for detection of underwater obstacles , " Prizma detection radar for surface targets and torpedo control , " Nakat - M " reconnaissance radar . Armament : 8 533 mm bow torpedo tubes ( 20 torpedoes SET - 65 or 53 - 65K ) . The Project 627 ( Russian – проект 627 " Кит " ( Whale ) , NATO – November class submarine was the Soviet Union ' s first class of nuclear - powered submarines . The North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) used the standard radio communication phonetic alphabet to denote submarine classes . November Class was the designation for this initial series of Soviet nuclear - powered torpedo attack submarines , which were in service from 1958 through 1991 . All disposed Submarine K - 3 , the first nuclear submarine built for the Soviet Navy , might be preserved as a memorial . Contents show History Edit More than 135 Soviet organizations ( 20 design bureaus , 35 research institutes , 80 works ) participated in the design and construction of this completely new type of submarine in 1952 – 1958 . The chief designer was V.N. Peregudov and the research supervisor was academician A.P. Alexandrov . The class was originally tasked with entering American naval bases and using the thermonuclear gas - steam powered T - 15 torpedo to destroy them once in range ( The T - 15 torpedo had the following specifications : calibre 1,550 mm , length 23.5 m , range 40 – 50 km ) . However , after expert opinions of Soviet naval specialists were considered , the role of the class changed to torpedo attacks on enemy warships and transport ships during actions along the ocean and distant sea routes . Reflecting this change of mission , the final design of Project 627 was developed with eight 533 mm torpedo tubes instead of the initial plan for one 1,550 mm and two Description Edit The November class were double - hulled submarines with streamlined stern fins and nine compartments ( I – bow torpedo , II – living and battery , III – central station , IV – diesel - generator , V – reactor , VI – turbine , VII – electromechanic , VIII – living , IX – stern ) . Three compartments equipped with bulkheads to withstand 10 atm pressure could be used as emergency shelters . The November class attack submarines were considerably noisier than diesel submarines and the early American nuclear - powered submarines , despite the streamlined torpedo - like hull , limited number of holes in the hull , special low - noise variable - pitch propellers , vibration dampening of main equipment , and antisonar coating of the hull ( used for the first time on nuclear - powered submarines ) . Soviet reactors were superior to American ones in compactness and power - to - weight ratio , but the vibrations of Soviet reactors were much more pronounced . Novembers detected citation needed The Soviet hydroacoustic equipment on the Novembers was not intended for submarine hunting , and had relatively limited capabilities . Nevertheless , not even the then - new American Thresher class low - noise attack submarines could provide continuous tracking of first generation Soviet nuclear - powered submarines . The first successful search and relatively long tracking of a " probable enemy " by Novembers was performed in the Atlantic Ocean in 1966 , when K - 181 tailed USS Saratoga ( CV - 60 ) for four days . citation needed The reliability of the first Soviet nuclear - powered submarines was relatively low because of the short service life of the steam generators in the main propulsion machinery , which caused an increase of the radioactivity level in the second loop of the reactor after several hundred hours of reactor operation . Machinery problems were the main reason why Project 627 / 627A submarines were not used during the Cuban Missile Crisis in autumn 1962 . The reliability of the steam generators became better over the course of construction development , handling technical problems and training of crews , so Novembers began to frequently perform Arctic under - ice cruises and patrol missions to trace nuclear delivery vessels in Atlantic Ocean in the 1960s . Despite the common opinion about the dangers of radiation in the first Novembers , the background radiation levels in the compartments was usually normal because of relatively effective iron - water radiation protection of the reactor compartment and radiation monitoring . The first submarine of the class ( Project 627 ) , K - 3 " Leninskiy Komsomol " was first underway under nuclear power on 4 July 1958 and became also the first Soviet submarine to reach the North Pole in July 1962 , 4 years after the USS Nautilus . Project 627 had much better performance specifications ( for example , submerged speed and depth ) than the world ' s first operational nuclear - powered submarine USS Nautilus . The first commander of K - 3 was Captain 1st Rank L.G. Osipenko ( future admiral and Hero of the Soviet Union ) . All other Novembers except K - 3 belonged to modified project – project 627A . The main visual differences of project 627A were a bow sonar dome in the keel and a hydrophone antenna over the torpedo tubes . The Project P627A design armed with nuclear cruise missile system P - 20 was developed in 1956 – 1957 but not finished , equipment and mechanisms were used for building the usual attack submarine of project 627A ( submarine K - 50 ) . A single vessel , submarine K - 27 , was built as project 645 to use a pair of liquid metal - cooled VT - 1 reactors . K - 27 was launched on 1 April 1962 and had some additional differences from Novembers : cone - shaped hull head , new antimagnetic strong steel alloys , somewhat different configuration of compartments , and a rapid loading mechanism for each torpedo tube . A liquid metal - cooled reactor had better efficiency than the water - cooled VM - A reactor , but technical maintenance of liquid metal cooled reactors in naval base was much more complicated . Service History The November class served in the Soviet Navy with the Northern Fleet ( in 3rd submarine division , later in 17th submarine division ) . Four of the class ( K - 14 , K - 42 , K - 115 , K - 133 ) were transferred to the Soviet Pacific Fleet in the 1960s : K - 14 , K - 42 and K - 115 performed Arctic under - ice voyages whereas K - 133 transferred to Far East on south route via Drake Strait ( covering 21,000 miles during 52 days of submerged running ) . The surviving vessels were decommissioned between 1986 and 1990 . Several of them have been scrapped already . All of the survivors remain laid - up hulks in Russian naval bases ( K - 14 , K - 42 , K - 115 and K - 133 of the Pacific Fleet ; K Polyarny due to economic reasons and the environmental concerns of some ecological organizations . Submarines in class The November class included 14 submarines : Project 627 ( K - 3 " Leninskiy Komsomol " ) , Project 627A ( K - 5 , K - 8 , K - 11 , K - 14 , K - 21 , K - 42 " Rostovskiy Komsomolets " , K - 50 , K - 52 , K - 115 , K - 133 , K - 159 , K - 181 ) , Project 645 ( K - 27 ) . K stands for Kreyserskaya podvodnaya lodka ( literally " Cruising submarine " ) . Project 627 There was a serious accident on board K - 3 on 8 September 1967 . The submarine was performing a patrol mission in the Mediterranean Sea and a hydraulic system fire occurred in I compartment on the 56th day of the cruise at a depth of 49 m during the return home . This occurred north - east of the Faeroes and 39 sailors died due to carbon monoxide poisoning ( boatswain Lunya was the only person in the central station who did n ' t black out . He surfaced the submarine and rescued the commander and second - Project 627A K - 3 Main article : Soviet submarine K - 3 Leninsky Komsomol Later named " Leninskiy Komsomol " . The only submarine of the class built to the original Project 627 design . Construction began at SEVMASH Shipyard , Severodvinsk , in June 1954 . The keel was laid on 24 September 1955 . Launched on 9 August 1957 . First underway on nuclear power 4 June 1958 . 17 January 1959 the unit was given to the Navy for experimental use . K - 5 Laid down 13 August 1956 . Launched 1 September 1958 . Commissioned 26 December 1959 . K - 8 Main article : Soviet submarine K - 8 Laid down 9 September 1957 . Launched 31 May 1959 . Commissioned 31 December 1959 . On 12 April 1970 , after four days on the surface , K - 8 sank returning from patrol and participation in the large scale " Okean - 70 " naval exercise . The accident occurred due to short circuits that took place in III and VII compartments simultaneously at a depth of 120 m and a subsequent fire in the air - conditioning system . This was the first loss of a Soviet nuclear - powered submarine . 52 sailors including the commander , Captain 2nd Rank Vsevolod Borisovich Bessonov , died due to CO2 poisoning and the flooding of the surfaced submarine during 80 hours of damage control in stormy conditions , 73 sailors were rescued . K - 8 sank with four nuclear torpedoes on board at a depth of 4,680 m ( Bay of Biscay ) . There were also three small incidents with K - 8 whilst on patrol before ( breakdowns of steam generators in 1960 – 1961 ) . K - 14 K - 14 was laid down on 2 September 1958 , launched on 16 August 1959 , and commissioned 30 December 1959 . K - 14 entered service with the Northern Fleet ( given to 206th separate brigade of nuclear submarines , based in Malaya Lopatka of Zapadnaya Litsa Fjord ) on 31 August 1960 . The submarine performed 9 cruises in 1960 ( passed 1,997 miles up - top and 11,430 miles submerged ) , including patrol mission in Atlantic Ocean . In view of reforming of submarine units K - 14 was given to 3rd division of nuclear submarines which was a part of 1st submarine flotilla in January 1961 . The submarine performed 4 cruises in 1961 ( passed 1,356 miles up - top and 1,967 miles submerged ) . The first experimental discharging of reactor cores directly in the naval base was made on K - 14 in 1961 . The reactor compartment was replaced in 1962 because of a breakdown of reactor protection systems . The submarine performed under - ice cruise from the Northern Fleet to the Pacific Ocean Fleet between 30 August and 17 September 1966 , K - 14 resurfaced 19 times at the North Pole for searches the Soviet research drifting station SP - 15 to apply medical aid to one of the expeditionists from the station . Captain of K - 14 captain 1st rank D.N. Golubev and commander of the 3rd division of nuclear submarines ( chief officer on board ) captain 1st rank N.K. Ignatov were awarded with the Hero of the Soviet Union for that Arctic cruise . K - 14 was given to 10th submarine division ( based in Krasheninnikov Bay ) which was a part of 15th submarine squadron of the Red Banner Pacific Fleet . The submarine performed 4 patrol missions ( 160 days ) in 1966 – 1970 and it was under medium repair between December 1970 and March 1973 . 10th submarine division became a part of 2nd submarine flotilla of the Red Banner Pacific Fleet in November 1973 . K - 14 performed 3 patrol missions ( 135 days ) in 1973 – 1975 , participated in training cruises in 1979 – The submarine was used for training cruises since 1988 and decommissioned from the Navy ' s order of battle on 19 April 1990 . She was laid up in Postovaya Bay ( Sovetskaya Gavan ) as of 2000 . K - 14 performed 14 long - range cruises and passed 185,831 miles ( 22,273 operational hours ) since placed in service . K - 52 Laid down on 15 October 1959 , launched on 28 August 1960 , and commissioned 10 December 1960 . Decommissioned in 1987 . K - 21 K - 21 was laid down on 2 April 1960 and launched on 18 June 1961 . K - 11 entered service with the ( given to 3rd division of nuclear submarines which was a part of 1st submarine flotilla , based in Malaya Lopatka of Zapadnaya Litsa Fjord ) on 28 November 1961 . The submarine performed an Arctic cruise that year ( passed 2,382 miles up - top and 3,524 miles submerged ) and launched four torpedoes to determine a size of an ice - hole after explosion and a possibility to surface there . K - 21 performed long - range cruise between 24 March and 14 May 1962 ( 51 days , passed 10,124 miles including 8,648 miles submerged ) , patrol mission to the Norwegian Sea and North Atlantic according to plan " Ograda " ( " Protective fence " ) between 23 April and 21 May 1964 , patrol mission in Barents Sea in 1965 , 3 patrol missions in 1967 – 1970 ( 170 days total ) . Three interim overhauls were made in 1965 – 1966 , 1973 – 1975 ( including refueling in 1975 ) and 1983 – Gremikha . The submarine performed 4 patrol missions in 1976 – 1980 ( 200 days total ) and combat training cruises in 1986 – 1989 . K - 21 was decommissioned from the order of battle in 1991 . She lied up in Gremikha Bay as of May 2000 waiting utilization . K - 21 passed 190,831 miles ( 22,932 operational hours ) since placed in service . K - 11 Soviet submarine K - 11 K - 11 was laid down on 31 October 1960 , launched on 1 September 1961 , and commissioned 30 December 1961 . K - 11 entered service with the ( given to 3rd division of nuclear submarines which was a part of 1st submarine flotilla , based in Malaya Lopatka of Fjord ) on 16 March 1962 . In November 1964 the sail failure of fuel pins was detected during the scheduled repair in Severodvinsk and it was decided to refuel both reactors . On 7 February 1965 the ejection of radioactive steam took place during the lift of a reactor cover . Crewmembers were evacuated from the reactor compartment , the reactor cover was lowered down and naval staff was informed about the accident . Arrived naval specialists came to the wrong conclusion that deterioration of radiation environment was only a result of emission of high - active reactor water and they allowed to continue refueling . On 12 February 1965 the ejection of radioactive steam took place again during the second lift of 2 fire extinguishers were not successful so shipyard fire fighting vehicles filled the reactor compartment with 250 tons of outside water . About 150 tons of that radioactive water spread over another submarine compartments through burnt - out sealings and deteriorated the radiation environment in a work area significantly , 7 men were exposed to radiation . The only possible decision was to remove the contaminated reactor compartment and to install a new one . The operation was n ' t done till August 1968 . K - 11 performed five patrol missions in 1968 – 1970 ( 305 days ) . The submarine was modernized between November 1971 – September 1973 and given to 17th submarine division of 11th submarine flotilla based in Gremikha in 1975 . K - 11 performed four patrol missions in 1975 – 1977 ( 173 days ) and five patrol missions in 1982 – 1985 ( 144 days ) . The submarine was decommissioned from the order of battle on 19 April 1990 . She was laid up in as of 2000 . K - 11 passed 220,179 miles ( 29,560 operational hours ) since placed in service . K - 133 K - 133 was laid down on 3 July 1961 , launched on 5 July 1962 , and commissioned 29 October 1962 . K - 133 entered service with the ( given to 3rd submarine division which was a part of 1st submarine flotilla , based in Bolshaya Lopatka of Fjord ) on 14 November 1962 . In 1963 the submarine performed a long - range cruise ( 51 days ) to Atlantic equatorial zone for the first time for Soviet Navy . She was under current repairs between October 1964 and September 1965 . K - 133 together with K - 116 ( Project 675 submarine ) for the first time in the world performed submerged voyage from the to the Pacific Ocean Fleet via Drake Strait under the general command of Rear Admiral A . Sorokin . The submarines crossed the Barents Sea , the Norwegian Sea , the whole Atlantic Ocean , entered the Pacific Ocean and finished the voyage at Kamchatka . K - 133 passed around 21,000 miles for 52 days of that voyage . K - 133 performed 2 patrol missions ( 103 days total ) in 1966 – 1968 , 2 patrol missions ( 93 days total ) in 1971 – 1976 , 1 patrol mission ( 48 days ) in 1977 and 1 patrol mission in 1983 – 1986 . The submarine was decommissioned from the order of battle on 30 May 1989 . She lied up in Postovaya Bay ( Sovetskaya Gavan ) as of August 2006 . K - 11 passed 168,889 miles ( 21,926 operational hours ) since placed in service . K - 181 Laid down 15 November 1961 , launched 7 September 1962 , and commissioned 27 December 1962 . K - 115 Laid down 4 April 1962 , launched 22 October 1962 , and commissioned 31 December 1962 . K - 159 Decommissioned submarine K - 159 ( renamed as B - 159 in 1989 ) in Gremikha Bay of Barents Sea , 28 August 2003 – ready for towing to the shipyard for scrapping On 30 August 2003 , the submarine K - 159 sank during stormy weather while being towed to the shipyard in Snezhnogorsk , Murmansk Oblast for scrapping ( K - 159 was decommissioned in 1987 ) . Nine sailors died in the accident and one was rescued . K - 159 was found and investigated by Russian deep - sea vehicles the same day in the point 69 ° 22.64 ' N , 33 ° 49.51 ' E ( Barents Sea , 2.4 miles from Kildin Island ) at a depth of 248 m . K - 159 performed 9 missions and passed 212,618 miles since June 1963 . In April 2010 , Wired $ 2agazine published an article on the survey of the sunken submarine conducted by the UK company ADUS Ltd . The article was accompanied by high resolution multibeam sonar images of the wreck . K - 42 Laid down 28 November 1962 , launched 17 August 1963 , and commissioned 30 November 1963 . Was located next to K - 431 during the nuclear fuel accident during 10 August 1985 . As a result of the accident , K - 42 was also deemed damaged beyond repair and decommissioned . K - 431 accident update K - 50 K - 50 was laid down on 14 February 1963 ( using some mechanisms and equipment from unfinished submarine of project P627A ) , launched on 16 December 1963 , and commissioned 17 July 1964 . K - 60 entered service with the Fjord ) on 6 August 1964 . The submarine was given to 17th submarine division based in in 1969 ( 17th submarine division became a part of 11th submarine flotilla in 1974 ) . The submarine performed a number of cruises including participation in naval exercise " Ograda " ( Protective fence ) during 4 March 1965 – 4 April 1965 , patrol mission in North Atlantic in July 1965 , two patrol missions ( 161 days ) in 1969 – 1973 , one patrol mission in 1978 ( 51 days ) , one patrol mission in December 1983 – January 1984 . Besides combat duties K - 50 took place in training cruises and tests of new equipment also . Refueling was made in September 1975 during a medium repair . K - 50 was renamed as K - 60 in 1982 . She was decommissioned from the operational order of battle on 19 April 1990 and stored at . Between 3 and 6 September 2006 the submarine was transported by heavy lift ship Transshelf ( belonged to Dutch Dockwise Shipping B.V. company ) to Dockyard No . 10 ( SRZ - 10 ) in Polyarny for further scrapping . K - 50 covered 171,456 miles ( 24,760 operational hours ) since placed in service . Project 645 K - 27 K - 27 was laid down on 15 June 1958 and launched on 1 April 1962 . The submarine was commissioned on 30 October 1963 after full - scale builders sea trials and official tests . Design task was assigned to OKB - 16 , one of the two predecessors ( the other being SKB - 143 ) of the famous Malachite Central Design Bureau , which would eventually become one of the three Soviet / Russian submarine design centers , along with Rubin Design Bureau and Lazurit Central Design Bureau ( " Lazurit " is the Russian word for lazurite ) . The first patrol mission of the experimental submarine to Central Atlantic was performed between 21 April – 12 June 1964 ( 52 days ) . Captain of K - 27 , captain 1st rank I.I. Gulyaev was awarded with the Hero of the Soviet Union for mission success and record of submarine continuous underwater stay . The second patrol mission to the Mediterranean Sea took place between 29 June – 30 August 1965 ( 60 days ) , K - 27 detected and performed training attack with a nuclear torpedo against US Randolph aircraft carrier during NATO naval maneuvers off Sardinia . US carrier force could only detect K - 27 when she obtained range to the training target after the " torpedo attack " but Soviet captain P.F. Leonov skillfully disengaged . K - 27 passed 12,425 miles ( including 12,278 miles undersea ) during the first cruise and 15,000 miles during the second one . K - 27 entered service with the Red Banner Northern Fleet ( given to 17th submarine division , based in ) on 7 September 1965 as the test submarine . An emergency in the port - side reactor took place on 24 May 1968 in the Barents Sea during trials of submerged K - 27 at full speed ( AR - 1 automatic control rod raised up spontaneously and the reactor power decreased from 83 % to 7 % during 60 – 90 sec ) . It should be noted that the responsible officers informed the command before trials that port - side reactor was not tested yet after small failure took place on 13 October 1967 but their warnings were not taken into consideration . The emergency was accompanied Severomorsk and a depot ship continuously piped steam to submarine to avoid cooling of heat - transfer metal in the reactor . The most heavily irradiated ten men ( holders from the reactor compartment ) were transported by aircraft to Leningrad 1st naval hospital next day but four of them ( V . Voevoda , V . Gritsenko , V . Kulikov and A . Petrov ) died within a month , electrician I . Ponomarenko died on watch in the emergency reactor compartment on 29 May . More than 30 sailors participated in accident elimination died between 1968 – 2003 K - 27 tied up in Gremikha bay since 20 June 1968 with cooling reactors and different experimental works were made aboard till 1973 when rebuilding or replacement of the port - side reactor was considered as too expensive and inappropriate procedure . The submarine was decommissioned on 1 February 1979 and her reactor compartment was filled with special solidifying mixture of furfurol and bitumen in summer 1981 ( the work was performed by shipyard No . 893 " Zvezdochka " ) . K - 27 was towed to a special training area in the Kara Sea and scuttled there on 6 September 1982 in the point 72 ° 31 ' N 55 ° 30 ' E ( north - east coast of Novaya Zemlya , Stepovoy Bay ) at a depth 33 m only ( in contravention of an IAEA requirement which asked to scuttle the submarine somewhere at a depth not less than 3,000 – 4,000 m ) . See also 1966 Soviet submarine global circumnavigation List of submarine classes List of Soviet and Russian submarine classes List of Soviet submarines References Wikimedia Commons has media related to November class submarines National Geographic : November class accessed 14 March 2004 . NATO Code Names for Submarines and Ships accessed 14 March 2004 . Article in Russian language with several photos and video of K - 3 surfaced on the North Pole Article in English from FAS http : / / www . bellona . org / articles / last_sub – K - 60 arrives for scrapping The Encyclopedia Of Warships , From World War 2 To The Present Day , General Editor Robert Jackson . Kolesnikov A . and Il ' in V . Illyustrirovanny Spravochnik . Podvodnye Lodki Rossii Illustrated Guide . Submarines of Russia ) . Astrel ' , AST . 2001 . ISBN 5 - 17 - 008106 - 5 The soviet war machine ( book ) ↑ " NATO Code Names for Submarines and Ships : Submarine Classes / Reporting Name " Art and Aerospace Page . Univ . of Michigan , UMCC / AIS http : / / www . ais . org / ~ schnars / aero / nato - shp . htm . Retrieved 29 April 2011 ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Podvodnyy Lodki Rossii , Atomnyy Pervoye Pokoleniye Tom IV , Chast ' 1 , Sankt Peterburg 1996 ↑ http : / / www . deepstorm . ru / DeepStorm . files / 45 - 92 / nts / 627a / list . htm http : / / rusnavy . com / news / navy / index . php ? ELEMENT_ID = 11811 К - 14 проект 627А К - 21 проект 627А К - 11 проект 627А К - 133 , B - 133 проект 627А http : / / www . wired . co . uk / magazine / archive / 2010 / 05 / start / grounded - submarine - photographed - with - sonar http : / / www . adus - uk . com / B159Image1 . html К - 50 , К - 60 проект 627А Посвящается экипажу АПЛ К - 27 К - 27 " Жидкий металл " К - 27 проект 645 v t e November - class submarine K - 3 Leninsky Komsomol K - 5 K - 11 K - 14 K - 21 K - 42 K - 50 K - 52 K - 115 K - 133 K - 181 List of Soviet and Russian submarines List of Soviet and Russian submarine classes v t e Soviet and Russian submarines after 1945 Ballistic missile nuclear submarines – SSBN 658 Hotel 667A Yankee 667B Delta I 667BD Delta II 667BDR Delta III 941 Typhoon 667BDRM Delta IV 955 Borei Cruise missile nuclear submarines – SSGN 659 Echo I 675 Echo II 670 Charlie I 670M Charlie II 661 Papa S 949 Oscar I 949A Oscar II Nuclear attack submarines – SSN 627A November 671 Victor I 671RT Victor II 671RTM Victor III 705 / 705K Alfa 945 Sierra I 945A Sierra II 685 Mike S 971 Akula 885 Yasen Conventional ballistic missile submarines – SSB AV611 Zulu IV 629 Golf Conventional cruise missile submarines – SSG 644 / 665 Whiskey ( missile ) 651 Juliett Conventional attack submarines – SS or SSK 611 Zulu 613 Whiskey 615 Quebec 617 Whale 633 Romeo 641 Foxtrot 641B Tango 877 Kilo 636 Improved Kilo 677 Lada Kalina - class Auxiliary submarines – SSA 690 Bravo 940 India 1710 Beluga 1840 Lima 1910 Uniform 865 Losos Sarov S Single ship of class This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia view authors ) Categories All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia Submarine classes November - class submarines Russian and Soviet navy submarine classes Add category
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"class submarine",
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"oviet organizations"
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http://military.wikia.com/wiki/Tonopah_Air_Force_Base
|
in : Articles needing more detailed references Articles incorporating text from the Air Force Historical Research Agency All pages needing factual verification and 16 more Tonopah Air Force Base " Tonopah Army Airfield " redirects here . For the USAF / DOE air base sometimes called " Tonopah Air Force Auxiliary Airfield " , see Tonopah Test Range Airport . For the Cold War radar station , see Tonopah Air Force Station . For the 1958 Mud Lake Test Annex , 8 mi S of Tonopah , NV , see Edwards Air Force Base Tonopah Air Force Base Part of Fourth Air Force Nye County , near Tonopah , Nevada 1944 Tonopah AAFld after a $ 3,000,000 project was completed for runways , new aprons , new water storage tanks , additional quarters and barracks , a new post exchange , supply buildings , crash stations , warehouses , operations buildings , a hangar , a school building , and range facilities . Most construction was complete by the beginning of November 1943 . WWII newspaper Desert Bomber Type air base Coordinates Latitude : Longitude : Location code 2096585 ( GNIS ) NV99799F603300 ( FFID ) J09NV0969 ( FUDS ) Current condition municipal airport Controlled by 413th Army Air Force Base Unit Tonopah Air Force Base Tonopah Army Air Field in World War II ) is a Formerly Used Defense Site ( FUDS ) that was a Tonopah Basin military installation until shortly after it was designated an Air Force Base in 1948 . Two of the runways still in use are maintained by Nye County , Nevada ; and WWII building foundations and 3 hangars of the base remain at the municipal Tonopah Airport Main gate at Tonopah AAF , 1944 . Contents show Background Edit The Tonopah Mining District 38 ° 07 ′ 29 ″ N 117 ° 15 ′ 02 ″ W 38.12472 ° N 117.25056 ° W with Tonopah Manhattan Stage Route 38 ° 04 ′ 06 ″ N 117 ° 10 ′ 03 ″ W 38.06833 ° N 117.1675 ° W ) was an area of the 1900 - 1921 silver rush , and in September 1939 , GHQ Air Force considered improving the airdrome at Tonopah . After World War I , Nevada and other western inland states were surveyed by Capt . Lowell H . Smith and Sgt . William B . Whitefield for landing sites , and by " mid - 1925 the Air Service possessed information on nearly thirty - five hundred landing places , including more than twenty - eight hundred emergency landing areas , in the United States . " The 1929 McCarren Field north of Las Vegas was used by the Army Air Corps for 1930s training flights . After the 1939 Invasion of Poland , the " western site board " had located a southern Nevada area " near Tonopah , Nev " by April 1940 for a military range , and in October 1940 , Air Corps Major David Schlatter surveyed the southwest United States for a military airfield . " The 60 x 90 mile area at Tonopah was transferred to the War Department on 29 October 1940 " by Executive Order 8578 . The 1940 Tonopah Airport Committee was formed by the community to have an airstrip built and although use of the range was delayed until December 1941 , the Civil Aeronautics Administration sponsored 1940 construction on a new airfield financed in part by the Works Progress Administration citation needed — the 79th Air Base Gp ( adv det ) became Las Vegas Army Airfield ' s 1st base operating unit on 17 June 1941 , and its Air Corps Gunnery School began on 16 June . Range and base operations Edit The Bombing and Gunnery Range Detachment was " the first organization to arrive at what [ became ] the Tonopah Army Air Field " after activating " 1 July 1942 at Muroc Lake , California " ( the commander , Lt . Col . F.D. Gore arrived 2 July . ) Ready for occupancy in July , the airbase included runways , barracks , mess halls and a hospital when finally occupied and when opened , was a sub - base of March Field citation needed " The 2043rd and 2044th Quartermaster companies ( colored ) were activated at this field on 1 Octoher 1942 . . .and departed on 15 January 1943 . The 1799th Ordnance Company was activated at this field on 1 December 1942 and departed for Santa Maria , California on 15 January 1943 . Likewise , the 1404th Quartermaster Company was activated . . .and left for overseas the first part of May 1943 . The 402nd Service Squadron was activated on this field on 6 January 1943 and departed on 2 September for POE . " In June 1944 , Col . Patteson assumed command from Col Jacob W . McCrillis who had succeeded Gore in December 1941 ( Lt Col Albert V . Walter was the December 1944 commander when a B - 24 crashed ) . Training Through 31 November 1943 , Tonopah AAF " aided in the training of 8 bombardment squadrons and 12 fighter squadrons . " The first planes to arrive were Bell P - 39 Airacobra training fighters and by the beginning of 1943 there were 227 officers and 1,779 enlisted men at the field ( e.g. , of the 75th and 390th Bombardment Squadrons . ) The 255th , 353rd and 356th squadrons of the 354th Fighter Group arrived on January 18 , 1943 and left at the beginning of March when squadrons specify of the 357th Fighter Group arrived . Tonopah crashes included those due to P - 39 engine limitations at the airfield ' s altitude and temperatures . In June 1943 , a B - 24 group transferred to Tonopah from Mountain Home Army Airfield Modoc Wendover Winnemucca Lovelock . North Lovelock . South Pyramid . Lake Reno . AAF Carson . Sink Fallon . West / East NAAS . Fallon Churchill Minden Hawthorne . Plant # 1 # 2 # 4 # 5 & # 3 Tonopah . AAF Las . Vegas . . . . .AAF Federal Building Camp . Williston Indian . Springs # 1 # 2& # 3 # 4 # 5 Bishop Mojave " B " NOTS MCAAS . Mojave Muroc Kingman Yucca WWII Nevada military sites included Army Airfields ( red ) such as Tonopah and Army / Navy ranges ( ) . ( Orange indicates the 5 Tonopah auxiliary fields , e.g. , # 5 is the Mellan Airstrip Map of all coordinates from Google Map of up to 200 coordinates from Bing Export all coordinates as KML Export all coordinates as GeoRSS as GPX Map of all microformatted coordinates Place data as RDF In September 1943 the base was shut down to expand for Consolidated B - 24 Liberator training . By October 1943 , about half of the personnel were moved temporarily to Bishop Army Air Field , California , in order to provide housing at Tonopah for construction contractors on a $ 3,000,000 project . Most construction was complete by the beginning of November 1943 , and training facilities included a rifle range , pistol range , skeet ranges , turret trainers , bomb trainers equipped with Norden or Sperry sights flexible gunnery trainers , navigation trainers , and schools for gunners and radio operators . Personnel at Bishop returned on November 1 , 1943 , and the 458th Bombardment Group arrived for training . When the 458th departed in January 1944 , the 470th Bombardment Group arrived at Tonopah as a B - 24 replacement training unit . In a March 31 , 1944 , reorganization the 470th was disbanded and its training functions being taken over by the 442nd Army Air Force Base Unit In the summer of 1944 , a Field Test Unit of Wright Field ' s Special Weapons Branch * tested guided bombs ( e.g. , GB - 4 GB - 6 and the GB - 8 ) . The post exchange that had opened in August 1942 paid a 13 November 1943 dividend of $ 10,741.48 , and the base ' s large bakery during 1943 and 1944 sold an average of 400 dozen doughnuts a day ( a flightline doughnut shop opened in March 1945 . In October , 1944 , there were 66 B - 24 aircraft available for the training program and there were 1,264 officers and 5,273 enlisted men assigned to the base ( 437 officers , 3,707 enlisted men , and 184 civilians by March 1945 ) . Accidents associated with the base included an April 1944 crash near the field and a 19 August 1944 B - 24 training mission crash at the airfield . In 1945 , five corporals at Tonopah developed a three - story tower trainer for gunnery crews to simulated firing at four simultaneous combat movies with " electric - eye ammunition " . Post - war On August 23 , 1945 , the Fourth Air Force placed the Tonopah AAFld on inactive status , all training classes were stopped on August 26 , and combat crew flight training was stopped soon after . By September 15 just four aircraft remained at the airfield , on October 15 the 442nd AAF Base Unit was discontinued and the field was made a sub - base of Hamilton Field , California , and on October 16 the War Department requested the Nevada WWII Army Airfield be retained . On 21 March 1946 , Tonopah was a sub - base of Castle Field and transferred with Castle to Strategic Air Command — by August 1946 , there were just a few assigned personnel at the airfield . On 1 October 1946 after jurisdiction transferred to Clovis Army Air Field , the Tonopah sub - base was " satellited on the 200th Army Air Forces Base Unit ( AAFBU ) , Colorado Springs , Colorado " . In June 1947 Tonopah AAF was declared excess along with its 3 auxiliary areas ( Mizpah Butler housing terraces and Columbia Junction gasoline unloading station ) . In June 1948 the " Tonopah Bombing and Gunnery Range [ transferred ] from the Fifteenth Air Force to the Flying Division " , and Tonopah Air Force Base transferred to the " Corps of Engineers " on 21 August as surplus , and was later turned over to the town of Tonopah as the Tonopah Airport , which occasionally has USAF or Department of Energy traffic . An open house was held on August 1 and by August 16 , " large quantities " of house furnishings from Tonopah Air Force Base were arriving at Spokane Air Force Base A 1949 ordnance disposal team cleared " all lands within the Tonopah Air Force Base Gunnery Range , located approximately seven ( 7 ) miles east of Tonopah , Nevada " , and those " Tonopah Army Airfield Practice Bombing Ranges " ( NV9799F9893 / J09NV1112 , 38 ° 1 ′ 29 ″ N 117 ° 8 ′ 8 ″ W 38.02472 ° N 117.13556 ° W ) were subsequently designated FUDS . In addition to the AFB and the Tonopah Bombing Range ( FUDS ) , by 2002 the Tonopah Rifle Range ( NV99799F603400 ) and the " Tonopah AFB Beacon Site Nos . 1 - 7 " ( NV9799F6031 / J09NV096738 , 38 ° 13 ′ 45 ″ N 117 ° 7 ′ 22 ″ W 38.22917 ° N 117.12278 ° W ) were also designated FUDS . External images Current photos References * " The Special Weapons branch , now [ 22 October 1952 ] a part of the Development Operations Division , deputy for Operations , Wright Air Development Center , Air Research and Development Command , was establish on or about January 1946 " . ↑ http : / / aviation - safety . net / database / record . php ? id = 20040316 - 0 Las Vegas Review - Journal - Jul 31 , 2004 . . . heart attack before the twin - engine Beechcraft plunged into the ground as it approached Tonopah Air Force Auxiliary Airfield , killing four other Las Vegas men Associated Press Archive - Jul 31 , 2004 The plane crashed March 16 as it approached Tonopah Air Force Auxiliary Airfield in central Nevada . The plane had departed from a classified airstrip on Nellis ↑ 2.0 2.1 Mueller , Robert ( 1989 ) . Air Force Bases ( Report ) . Volume I : Active Air Force Bases Within the United States of America on 17 September 1982 . Office of Air Force History . p . 439 . ISBN 0 - 912799 - 53 - 6 http : / / www . afhso . af . mil / shared / media / document / AFD - 100921 - 026 . pdf . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 15 ↑ Ballantyne , Kurt ( May 1979 ) ( excerpt at TonopahNevada . com ) . Central Nevada ' s Glorious Past http : / / www . tonopahnevada . com / CentralNevadaMuseum / taaf . html . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 22 http : / / news . google . com / newspapers ? id = WbhRAAAAIBAJ&sjid = wWkDAAAAIBAJ&pg = 1760 , 5056203&dq = tonopah - army - air&hl = en " Tonopah Army Air Field ( 2096585 ) 2096585 " . Geographic Names Information System , U.S. Geological Survey http : / / geonames . usgs . gov / pls / gnispublic / f ? p = gnispq : 3 : : : NO : : P3_FID : 2096585 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 22 ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 The Federal Facility ID ( FFID ) for the " Tonopah AFB " FUDS is identifed in filename " App - C - 3 . pdf " : Table C - 3 Status of Installations With Response Completed at All Sites As of September 30 , 2002 ( Report ) . Defense Environmental Restoration Program . p . C - 3 – 11 . Programmatic Work Plan : Table 1.1 Master Site List ( Report ) . MMRP SI Project - SW Region . 2 / 8 / 2010 . pp . 1 – 17 . This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website http : / / www . afhra . af . mil / Maurer , Maurer . Aviation in the US Army , 1919 - 1939 ( Report ) . ISBN 0 - 912799 - 38 - 2 10.0 10.1 10.2 Futrell , Robert F . ( July 1947 ) . Development of AAF Base Facilities in the United States : 1939 - 1945 ( Report ) . ARS - 69 : US Air Force Historical Study No 69 ( Copy No . 2 ) . Air Historical Office . p . 250 ( index ) . Rininger , Tyson V . ( 2006 ) . " History of Nellis Air Force Base " http : / / books . google . com / books ? id = lAlIaNJMlgkC&pg = PA9&lpg = PA9&dq = % 22Martinus + Stenseth % 22 + % 22las + vegas % 22&source = bl&ots = 6ZQPEvpw8L&sig = MS0SManWH4xON6J8jxE43b4ntac&hl = en&sa = X&ei = wAK2UYjbGqvKywH6gIGgDQ&ved = 0CEgQ6AEwBg # v = onepage&q = % 22Martinus % 20Stenseth % 22 % 20 % 22las % 20vegas % 22&f = false . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 10 12.0 12.1 Final Inventory Project Report , Tonopah Bombing Range ( Report ) . Project Number - J09NV1114 . USACE Sacramento District . September 1999 . " Executive order 8578 was executed on October 29 , 1940 for the withdrawal of 3,560,000 acres of land fiom the public domain for use by the War Department as an aerial bombing and gunnery range ( CE0769 ) . … In June 1948 the Air Force transferred the jurisdiction of Tonopah Bombing and Gunnery Range from the Fifteenth Air Force to the Flying Division , Air Training Command ( McMullen 1947 ; Egge 1948 ) JO9NV111401 December 2002 pdf 67 14.0 14.1 14.2 McCrillis , Col . Jacob W . . Historical Report : 1 July 1942 - 1 November 1943 ( Report ) . Headquarters , Tonopah Army Air Field . " The Bombing and Gunnery Range Detachment , the first organization to arrive at what is now the Tonopah Army Air Field , was activated on 1 July 1942 , at Muroc Lake , California … 1942 … 2 July … Lt . Col . F.D. Gore , the commanding Officer , arrived in a 3T - 14 from Fourth Air Force … Up to 31 Novernber 1943 this field has aided in the training of 8 bombardment squadrons and 12 fighter squadrons . " ( published in 1999 Final Inventory Project Report , Appendix A - - References - - pdf 63 ) " Patteson Named New Base Head : Colonel Assumes Tonopah Command " ( NewspaperArchive . com transcript ) . June 6 , 1944 http : / / newspaperarchive . com / reno - evening - gazette / 1944 - 06 - 06 / page - 5 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 21 http : / / news . google . com / newspapers ? id = WvIzAAAAIBAJ&sjid = xO4HAAAAIBAJ&pg = 5186 , 1509176&dq = tonopah - army - air&hl = en Dec 1944 B - 24 crash description Maurer , Maurer ( 1983 ) . Air Force Combat Units Of World War II ( Report ) . Maxwell AFB : Office of Air Force History . ISBN 0 - 89201 - 092 - 4 http : / / www . af . mil / AboutUs / Biographies / Display / tabid / 225 / Article / 106326 / brigadier - general - george - edward - mccord . aspx Archive Search Report : Dixie Valley Bombing Target No . 21 Fallon AAS also used ranges at Black Rock , Sahwave , Lovelock Gunnery Range , Pyramid Lake ( torpedo bombing range ) and Bravo 19 ( Report ) . ( in the Blow Sand Mountains ) . Mellan Airstrip re - opened in the 1980s for Nellis AFB combat landing training for airlift forces . The type of aircraft used are described as including " C / MC / AC - 130 , C - 17 , C - 160 , C - 235 , & C - 222 " . http : / / news . google . com / newspapers ? id = NVJlAAAAIBAJ&sjid = z5MNAAAAIBAJ&pg = 515 , 1531752&dq = tonopah - army - air&hl = en Apr 1944 B - 24 crash description http : / / www . findagrave . com / cgi - bin / fg . cgi ? page = dfl&GRid = 46841717 http : / / news . google . com / newspapers ? id = M1JlAAAAIBAJ&sjid = z5MNAAAAIBAJ&pg = 2925 , 1447210&dq = tonopah - army - air&hl = en " Army Asks to Keep 85 AAF Stations " . October 16 , 1945 . " WASHINGTON , Oct . 15 - - As an interim proposal pending congressional determination of the size of the post - war Army Air Forces , the War Department recommended today retention of eighty - five domestic flying fields , depots , schools , hospitals and other major installations . . . . Avon Park Army Atr Field . Avon Park , Fla . . . . Myrtle Beach Army Air Field . . .Tonopah Army Air Field . Tonopah , Nev . Tyndall 26.0 26.1 26.2 ( partial transcript at AlternateWars . com ) History of Strategic Air Command : Chapter III Operations and Training ( Report ) . Historical Study No . 61 . Historical Division , SAC Office of Information . 21 March tbd - - declassified 11 October 1991 http : / / www . alternatewars . com / WW3 / WW3_Documents / USAF / SAC_Historic_Study_61_Partial . htm . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 27 McMullen , Maj Gen Clements ( 13 June 1947 ) . " Excess Declaration , Tonopah Army Air Field " ( letter ) . " Pursuant to the authority contained in PAF Regulation 85 - 3 , … this command has no longer a military need for Tonopah Amy Air Field and its auxiliary facilities , … Tonopah Army Air Field contains 21,912.09 acres of land , government - owed , transferred . to the War Department , from the Department of Interior , There are two ( 2 ) asphalt concrete runways 8910 ' long , 150 ' wide http : / / news . google . com / newspapers ? id = P1JlAAAAIBAJ&sjid = z5MNAAAAIBAJ&pg = 2824 , 2202665&dq = tonopah - army - air&hl = en http : / / news . google . com / newspapers ? id = J - RXAAAAIBAJ&sjid = uvUDAAAAIBAJ&pg = 7384 , 17694&dq = tonopah - air - force&hl = en Sainato , 1st Lt Joseph P ( 19 October 1949 ) . " Certificate " . Bomb and Shell Disposal Team ( Office of the Chief of Engineers : 9800 TSU Detachment No . 14 ) . ( pdf p . 78 of Final Inventory Project Report , Tonopah Bombing Range FUDS - - IM2009 - 195_att1 . xls http : / / www . enginehistory . org / narasc / OrgHx_1 . pdf Thole , Lou ( 2003 ) . Forgotten Fields of America , Volume III . Pictorial Histories Publishing Co . Inc ISBN 1 - 57510 - 102 - 5 This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia view authors ) Categories Articles needing more detailed references Articles incorporating text from the Air Force Historical Research Agency All pages needing factual verification Articles needing factual verification from October 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Lists of coordinates Articles with Geo Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia 1942 establishments in Nevada 1948 disestablishments in the United States Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces in Nevada Airports established in 1942 Buildings and structures in Nye County , Nevada Formerly Used Defense Sites in Nevada USAAF Fourth Air Force Group Training Stations USAAF Fourth Air Force Replacement Training Stations World War II airfields Works Progress Administration in Nevada Add category
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[
"Tonopah Air Force Base",
"Defense Site",
"radar station"
] |
http://military.wikia.com/wiki/USS_Diphda_(AKA-59)
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in : Articles incorporating text from the Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia Andromeda - class attack cargo ships and 5 more USS Diphda ( AKA - 59 ) < / td > < / tr > < / td > < / tr > USS Diphda ( AKA - 59 ) Career Name : USS Diphda Namesake : Diphda Builder : Federal Shipbuilding and Drydock Company , Kearny , New Jersey Launched : 11 May 1944 Commissioned : 8 July 1944 Decommissioned : 11 May 1956 Honours and awards : 1 battle star ( World War II ) 6 battle stars ( Korea ) General characteristics Class & type : Andromeda - class attack cargo ship Type : Type C2 - S - B1 Displacement : 6,737 long tons ( 6,845 t ) Length : 459 ft 2 in ( 139.95 m ) Beam : 63 ft ( 19 m ) Draft : 26 ft 4 in ( 8.03 m ) Speed : 16 knots ( 30 km / h ; 18 mph ) Complement : 429 Armament : 1 × 5 " / 38 caliber gun mount USS Diphda ( AKA - 59 ) was an Andromeda - class attack cargo ship named after a star in the constellation Cetus . She served as a commissioned ship for 11 years and 10 months . ( AKA - 59 ) was launched 11 May 1944 by the Federal Shipbuilding and Drydock Company , Kearny , New Jersey , under a Maritime Commission contract ; sponsored by Mrs . Anna Rosenberg ; transferred to the Navy on 7 July 1944 ; and commissioned the next day , Lieutenant Commander R . C . Willson , USNR , in command . Contents show Service history Edit 1944 – 1945 Edit sailed from Norfolk on 15 August 1944 , loaded cargo at Pearl Harbor from 4 to 21 September , then sailed to New Guinea for practice landings . On 4 January 1945 she departed Noemfoor Island for the invasion of Lingayen Gulf . Returning to Manus on 24 January , she loaded landing craft to replace those transferred at Lingayen Gulf , then loaded cargo at Wakde Island for San Pedro Bay , Leyte , where she arrived on 10 February . After training exercises in the Philippines until 27 March 1945 , sortied for the invasion of Okinawa , discharging her cargo in the transport area from 1 to 10 April . She returned to Pearl Harbor on 25 April for voyage repairs and alterations , then continued to the west coast , arriving at San Francisco on 18 June . She voyaged to Pearl Harbor carrying ammunition from 8 July to 5 August , then sailed from San Francisco on 13 August with cargo for Manus and Samar . She carried Army cargo to Wakanoura Wan , Honshū , in support of the occupation of Japan , then embarked homeward bound servicemen at Okinawa , returning with them to Portland , Oregon , on 29 November . 1946 – 1956 Between 11 January and 22 May 1946 and again between 28 November 1946 and 17 May 1947 , served in the Far East , carrying cargo to Guam , Okinawa , and Chinese ports . She transported cargo for the Second Arctic Expedition to Point Barrow , Alaska between 9 July and 11 October 1947 , then performed similar service between west coast ports occasionally cruising as far west as Guam , Pearl Harbor , and Saipan . In both 1949 and 1950 , her cargo duty took her to the east coast and between 26 May and 20 June 1950 , she called at Whittier and Kodiak , Alaska . With the outbreak of hostilities in Korea was assigned to Service Force , Pacific ( ServPac ) , for duty as an ammunition ship . She made an emergency delivery of ammunition at Pusan , Korea , and offloaded the remainder of her cargo at Yokosuka before returning to San Francisco on 12 September 1950 . Six days later she got underway for an extended tour in Korean waters during which she carried ammunition between depots in Japan and Korea and to combat units and ships . On 26 December she replenished heavy cruiser Saint Paul ( CA - 73 ) at sea . returned to San Francisco on 29 October 1951 for overhaul . From 5 February to 11 November 1952 served with the Military Sea Transportation Service making shuttle runs from the west coast to the western Pacific , shuttling between Oakland , California , and Japanese ports . Except for service as station fleet issue ship at Sasebo from 12 May to 27 October 1954 , continued this duty until 2 December 1955 . was placed out of commission in reserve at San Diego on 11 May 1956 . Awards received one battle star for World War II service and six battle stars for Korean War service . References This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships . The entry can be found here External links Photo gallery of at NavSource Naval History 51 Years of AKAs show v t e - class attack cargo ships v t e Type C2 - S - B1 ships This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia view authors ) Categories Articles incorporating text from the Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia Andromeda - class attack cargo ships Ships built in New Jersey 1944 ships World War II amphibious warfare vessels of the United States Cold War amphibious warfare vessels of the United States Korean War amphibious warfare vessels of the United States Add category
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[
"USS Diphda",
"cargo ship",
"Mrs . Anna Rosenberg"
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http://military.wikia.com/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Reconnaissance_Battalions
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in : Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia Special Operations Forces of the United States United States Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalions United States Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalions Main article : United States Marine Air - Ground Task Force Reconnaissance United States Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalions Country United States Branch United States Marine Corps Allegiance Department of the Navy Service history Active 1944 – present Role Support Ground Combat Element of MAGTF in ground and amphibious reconnaissance Motto Celer , Silens , Mortalis ( " Swift , Silent , Deadly " ) Battles World War II Korean War Vietnam War Gulf War Kosovo War Operation Iraqi Freedom Operation Enduring Freedom Commanders Insignia The ( or commonly called Marine Division Recon ) are the reconnaissance assets of Marine Air - Ground Task Force that provide division - level ground and amphibious reconnaissance to the Ground Combat Element within the United States Marine Corps . Division reconnaissance teams are employed to observe and report on enemy activity and other information of military significance in close operations . Their capabilities are similar to those of Force Recon , but do not normally insert by parachute , and provide limited direct action The division also has other substantial organic reconnaissance assets . The Scout Sniper Platoons may be attached to regimental reconnaissance battalions to provide long - range precision fire superiority . These sniper Marines function as recon assets as well to provide surveillance and target acquisition to the Marine Expeditionary Force ( MEF ) , known as STA snipers Contents show Mission Edit Reconnaissance forces are a valuable asset to the Marine Air - Ground Task Force when the MEF Commander is faced with uncertainty in the battlefield . Reconnaissance provides timely intelligence to command and control for battlespace shaping , allowing the MAGTF to act , and react , to changes in the battlefield . While Marine reconnaissance assets may operate in specialized missions , they are unlike the unconventional SOCOM ' s forces counterparts . Both division and force are solely reserved for supporting the infantry , which are directly involved in the commander ' s force of action in the battlefield , or battlespace shaping . Many of the types of reconnaissance missions that are conducted by Marine Recon units are characterized by its degree in depth of penetration . This greatly increases the mission time , risk , and support coordination needs . Division reconnaissance are in charge of the commander ' s Area of Influence , the close and distant battlespace ; the force reconnaissance platoons are employed farther in the deep battlespace , or the Area of Interest . These are the main missions that are outlined to some , or all of , the reconnaissance assets in the Marine Corps : Plan , coordinate , and conduct amphibious ground reconnaissance and surveillance to observe , identify , and report enemy activity , and collect other information of military significance . Conduct specialized surveying to include : underwater reconnaissance and / or demolitions , beach permeability and topography , routes , bridges , structures , urban / rural areas , helicopter landing zones ( LZ ) , parachute drop zones ( DZ ) , aircraft forward operating sites , and mechanized reconnaissance missions . When properly task organized with other forces , equipment or personnel , assist in specialized engineer , radio , mobile , and other special reconnaissance missions . Infiltrate mission areas by necessary means to include : surface , subsurface and airborne operations . Conduct counter - reconnaissance . Conduct Initial Terminal Guidance ( ITG ) for helicopters landing craft , parachutists , air - delivery , and re - supply . Designate and engage selected targets with organic weapons and force fires to support battlespace shaping . This includes designation and terminal guidance of precision - guided munitions Conduct post - strike reconnaissance to determine and report battle damage assessment on a specified target or area . Conduct limited scale raids ambushes Organization Edit Logo Name Parent Division Location 1st Reconnaissance Battalion 1st Marine Division Camp Pendleton , California 2nd Reconnaissance Battalion 2nd Marine Division Camp Lejeune , North Carolina 3rd Reconnaissance Battalion 3rd Marine Division Camp Butler , Okinawa , Japan 4th Reconnaissance Battalion 4th Marine Division Marine Forces Reserve San Antonio , Texas Deep Reconnaissance Platoons Deep Reconnaissance Platoons , or DRPs , are units within Recon Battalions that carry out the role of Force Reconnaissance . The first DRPs were formed in March 1975 after the conclusion of American involvement in the Vietnam War , when the Marine Corps was downsized ; Force Recon was reduced to a single regular company . Both 1st and 3d Battalion received a 23 - man Deep Reconnaissance Platoon . DRPs gained additional importance in 2006 , when all active - duty Force Recon companies were transferred to Marine Corps Forces Special Operations Command and became Marine Special Operations Battalions . Force Recon Marines not in an MSOB became part of the DRPs , which were placed in the Delta Companies of the 1st , 2nd and 3rd Recon Battalions . Standard Recon Platoon The standard recon platoon in a Recon Battalion consists of : Platoon Commander : First Lieutenant or Captain Platoon Sergeant : Gunnery Sergeant Field Radio Operator : Corporal or Sergeant Special Equipment NCO : Sergeant Special Amphibious Reconnaissance Corpsman ( SARC ) : First , Second , or Third Class Petty Officer Recon Teams x3 Team Leader : Staff Sergeant or Sergeant Assistant Team Leader : Sergeant or Corporal Radio Operator : Sergeant or Corporal Assistant Radio Operator : Corporal or Lance Corporal Point Man : Corporal or Lance Corporal Slackman : Corporal or Lance Corporal . Training Further information : United States Marine Corps Reconnaissance Selection and Indoctrination Table of Equipment All amphibious recon Marines [ Force and Division ] and Corpsmen [ IDC Corpsmen and SARC ] are provided general issued equipment , these are the weapons that are generally used by both MAGTF Recon assets . These weapons are generally used by most other Marines in the infantry , except with minor modifications . Although Force Recon units receive the same equipment as their division recon counterparts , they also have equipment similar to that issued to comparable USSOCOM units . Force Recon are assigned to missions remote from any available fire support and fully rely on specialized weapons that are versatile enough to be flexible in the commander ' Data Automated Communications Terminal ( DACT ) – The DACT system , built and designed by Raytheon , is similar to a hand - held Personal Digital Assistant ( PDA ) that allows the commanders a Common Operational Picture ( COP ) to their platoons / teams through battalion / regimental levels . The DACT provides immediate person - to - person communications and feedback , such as positional data , situational awareness ( SA ) and communications tools providing Command and Control ( C2 ) capabilities . The recon platoons / teams use two variants of the DACT systems , which are made available , the Mounted ( M - DACT ) , which are mounting on tactical vehicles ; and the Dismounted ( D - DACT ) for the Marines on foot or patrol . Weapons USMC Combat Utility Knife M16A4 Service Rifle * with / without M203 grenade launcher attachment M4 / M4A1 Service Rifle * with / without M203 grenade launcher attachment M9 Beretta Service Pistol M40A5 Sniper Rifle * used by the detached Scout Sniper Platoons M110 Semi - Automatic Sniper System * used by the detached Scout Sniper Platoons M107 .50 - cal Anti - materiel Weapon M249 Squad Automatic Weapon ( SAW ) Mk19 , Mod 3 40 - mm Automatic Grenade Launcher M240 7.62 - mm General Purpose Machine Gun ( GPMG ) M2HB .50 - cal Heavy Machine Gun M61 M67 Fragmentation grenade MK3A2 Concussion grenade ( offensive ) M18 Colored Smoke and AN - M8 HC White Smoke grenade ABC - M25A1 / A2 Riot Control ABC - M7A2 / 3 CS gas grenade AN - M14 TH3 Incendiary and M15 White Phosphorus grenade M69 practice hand grenade XM84 Stun grenade Combat and protective gear The combative and protective gear are used by both recon assets of MAFTF . However , again , there are ' additional ' equipment in the Force Recon ' s T / E to meet their assignments in deep operations and / or direct action missions . And to include FORECON ' s necessary equipment that are capable of being jumped out of aircraft ; and long - range communications due to their operability at greater distances than Division Recon geographically - assigned boundaries . Marines wearing the full combat gear Utility uniform — Marine Corps Combat Utility Uniform ( MCCUU ) , with MARPAT camouflage digital pixelated pattern in woodland and desert variants . Load Bearing Vest ( LBV ) — The vest could be the current standard - issue , second - generation , MOLLE Fighting Load Carrier vest ( FLC ) or the late 1980s to early 1990s IIFS non - modular load bearing vest ( LBV - 88 ) . The latter is more popular for durability . An operator may also use a third - party LBV , and chestrigs are popular . Rucksack — A large backpack for items accessed less often . Marines have publicly voiced a preference for ALICE packs , introduced in 1974 , over the newer MOLLE packs , but individual operators may buy third - party packs which surpass both products in durability . The MOLLE packs were replaced by the Arc ' teryx - designed ILBE First aid kit — A personal - sized first aid kit that is carried usually fastened onto webbing of the rucksack or personal vest carrying system . Tactical knee pads elbow pads For protection comfort as Marines move into various firing positions . Boots — Equipment - bearing hiking boots or specialized hiking shoes . Combat Helmet and tactical goggles — Lightweight Helmet or other Kevlar helmets Nomex balaclava A hood with a large opening for the eyes . NOMEX is a flame retardant fabric that was developed during post - Korean War era for use by aircraft pilots that has since been found useful for many other applications . Ballistic vest — Interceptor Body Armor . Marine Corps ' s Modular Tactical Vest ( MVT ) Special Equipment Recon Marines training with the Draeger LAR V rebreather . Most of the recon patrols or insertions are either in maritime , amphibious environments or on the ground . They have to rely on equipment that is essential to their mission . Both recon assets contain a Table of Equipment ( T / E ) that has combatant diving equipment . A Marine within a recon platoon will be assigned as the " Special Equipment NCO " , fully responsible for the procurement and maintenance of the equipment when operating in the field . Force Recon ' s Parachute Loft , or Paraloft section has in addition to their " mission - essential " equipment , the Parachutist Individual Equipment Kit ( PIEK ) and Single Action Release Personal Equipment Lowering Equipment ( SARPELS ) for their parachute capabilities . Combatant Diving The SCUBA equipment listed under the T / E set by the US Navy for the Marine Corps reconnaissance : Draeger LAR V rebreather unit The rebreather unit is a SCUBA system that scrubs exhaled carbon dioxide and recycles it into breathable nitrogen / oxygen mixed gas . Since it is closed - circuit , a trail of air bubbles does not reach the water ' s surface , which would reveal the location of the diver and compromise the mission . Deep See Squeeze Lock – diving knife with a 3 in ( 7.6 cm ) beta - titanium blade . Useful when snagged in fishing nests or other submerged entanglements alike , when swimming underwater are almost non - visible . Aqua Lung Military Snorkel Flex Tube — Standard - issue snorkel Aqua Lung Rocket Fin — Standard - issue swimfins Aqua Lung Look Mask and Mythos Mask — Standard - issue diving mask . Mythos mask contains a blow - out , one - way valve at the nasal piece to expel water that is in the goggles . Diver ' s Weight Belt , ( WB67 / WB68 ) – Weight belt is used to level buoyancy under the water . Case Soft Diving Weights , ( September - M - 2 / Sep - M - 5 ) – Additional weights that can be released individually to proper buoyant level . Scubapro Twin Jet Fins — Split fins are fairly new to the Marine Corps T / E , since 2000 . They have been tested to prove that the split fin design allows slightly better maneuverability if one had to immediately run during unexpected enemy contact once ashore . It also has excellent water propulsion to push the recon Marines and Corpsmen to shore . Aqua Lung Impulse 2 Snorkel — This snorkel contains a one - way valve that prevents water from entering the diver ' s mouth . UDT life preserver Standard - issued life preserver . History Main article : United States Marine Corps Scout ( Tank ) and Sniper Company The Marine Corps ' s division - level reconnaissance was first conceived in 1941 by Lieutenant Colonel William Whaling . He needed a group of specialized scouts and skilled marksmen to form a " Scout and Sniper Company " . Two of the newly established Marine divisions , 1st 2nd Marine Division contained their own scout company . Larger infantry regiments called for more recon , scouts and sniper assets . By 1945 , the divisions had instituted and organized their own scout - sniper light armored reconnaissance ( LAR ) , and division reconnaissance assets . As a result of MCO 5401.5 , dated 24 August 1952 , the USMC Force Restructure and Implementation Plan , the Marine Corps shrunk its forces and as a result reconnaissance battalions were eliminated and reconnaissance companies became a part of infantry regiments . Notes Creed R ealizing it is my choice and my choice alone to be a Reconnaissance Marine , I accept all challenges involved with this profession . Forever shall I strive to maintain the tremendous reputation of those who went before me . E xceeding beyond the limitations set down by others shall be my goal . Sacrificing personal comforts and dedicating myself to the completion of the reconnaissance mission shall be my life . Physical fitness , mental attitude , and high ethics — The title of Recon Marine is my honor . C onquering all obstacles , both large and small , I shall never quit . To quit , to surrender , to give up is to fail . To be a Recon Marine is to surpass failure ; To overcome , to adapt and to do whatever it takes to complete the mission . O n the battlefield , as in all areas of life , I shall stand tall above the competition . Through professional pride , integrity , and teamwork , I shall be the example for all Marines to emulate . N ever shall I forget the principles I accepted to become a Recon Marine . Honor , Perseverance , Spirit and Heart . A Recon Marine can speak without saying a word and achieve what others can only imagine . " Swift , Silent , Deadly " See also United States Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance United States Marine Corps Light Armored Reconnaissance Radio Reconnaissance Platoon Scout Sniper Surveillance and Target Acquisition References ↑ Marine Corps Doctrinal Publication 1 - 0 , Marine Corps Operations , ( Wash . , DC : HQMC , 2001 ) ↑ FM 7 – 92 , The Infantry Reconnaissance Platoon and Squad ( Airborne , Air Assault , Light Infantry ) MCRP 2 - 1C , Marine Air - Ground Task Force Intelligence Dissemination Melson , Charles D . ; Paul Hannon ; Lee Johnson ( 1994 ) . Marine Recon 1940 – 90 . Osprey Publishing . p . 19 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85532 - 391 - 9 http : / / books . google . com / ? id = 0a1uEjha4VcC " Letter from your " Executive Director " " ( PDF ) . Force Recon Association . January 2008 http : / / www . forcerecon . com / Recon2008 / FRASitRepJan2008 . pdf External links 1st Recon Battalion Association The 2D Reconnaissance Battalion Association Oliva , GySgt Mark ( 17 May 2006 ) . " Marine Recon adapts to growing mission in Iraq " Marine Corps News . United States Marine Corps . Story ID # : 20065224041 http : / / www . marines . mil / units / marforpac / imef / 1stmardiv / Pages / 2006 / Marine % 20Recon % 20adapts % 20to % 20growing % 20mission % 20in % 20Iraq . aspx . Article on changes to the Reconnaissance Battalions ' mission brought on by fourth generation warfare . 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Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School 75th Ranger Regiment 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment 4th Military Information Support Group 8th Military Information Support Group 95th Civil Affairs Brigade 528th Sustainment Brigade Types Special Forces Rangers Psychological Operations MARSOC Units Marine Special Operations Regiment Types United States Marine Corps Critical Skills Operator United States Navy NAVSPECWARCOM Naval Special Warfare Group 1 Naval Special Warfare Group 2 Naval Special Warfare Group 3 Naval Special Warfare Group 4 Naval Special Warfare Group 10 Naval Special Warfare Group 11 Naval Special Warfare Center Navy SEALs Special warfare combatant - craft crewmen United States Air Force AFSOC 1st Special Operations Wing 24th Special Operations Wing 27th Special Operations Wing 352nd Special Operations Group 353rd Special Operations Group Pararescue Combat Control Team Special Operations Weather Technician Combat Rescue Officer Special Tactics Officer Special Mission Units JSOC DoD Joint Communications Unit Army 1st SFOD - Delta ( Delta Force ) Intelligence Support Activity Navy Naval Special Warfare Development Group ( DEVGRU / SEAL Team Six ) Air Force 24th Special Tactics Squadron Theater Special Operations Commands SOCAFRICA SOCCENT SOCEUR SOCKOR SOCPAC SOCSOUTH Source : SOCOM 2013 Fact Book This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia view authors ) Categories Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia Special Operations Forces of the United States Add category
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in : Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia 1942 in Europe 1942 in Germany and 8 more Wannsee Conference The villa at 56 – 58 Am Großen Wannsee , where the Wannsee Conference was held , is now a memorial and museum . The Wannsee Conference was a meeting of senior officials of Nazi Germany , held in the Berlin suburb of Wannsee on 20 January 1942 . The purpose of the conference , called by director of the SS - Reichssicherheitshauptamt ( Reich Main Security Office ; RSHA ) SS - Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich , was to ensure the cooperation of administrative leaders of various government departments in the implementation of the final solution to the Jewish question , whereby most of the Jews of German - occupied Europe would be deported to Poland and exterminated . Conference attendees included representatives from several government ministries , including state secretaries from the Foreign Office , the justice , interior , and state ministries , and representatives from the Schutzstaffel ( SS ) . In the course of the meeting , Heydrich outlined how European Jews would be rounded up from west to east and sent to extermination camps in the General Government ( the occupied part of Poland ) , where they would be killed . Legalized discrimination against Jews began immediately after the Nazi seizure of power on 30 January 1933 . Violence and economic pressure were used by the Nazi regime to encourage Jews to voluntarily leave the country . After the invasion of Poland in September 1939 , the extermination of European Jewry began , and the killings continued and accelerated after the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941 . On 31 July 1941 Hermann Göring gave written authorization to Heydrich to prepare and submit a plan for a " total solution of the Jewish question " in territories under German control and to coordinate the participation of all involved government organisations . At the Wannsee Conference , Heydrich emphasised that once the deportation process was complete , the exterminations would become an internal matter under the purview of the SS . A secondary goal was to arrive at a definition of who was Jewish and thus determine the scope of the exterminations . One copy of the Wannsee Protocol , the circulated minutes of the meeting , survived the war to be found by Robert Kempner , lead U.S. prosecutor before the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg , in files that had been seized from the German Foreign Office . The Wannsee House , site of the conference , is now a Holocaust Memorial . Contents show Background Edit The ideology of Nazism brought together elements of antisemitism , racial hygiene , and eugenics , and combined them with pan - Germanism and territorial expansionism with the goal of obtaining more Lebensraum ( living space ) for the Germanic people . Nazi Germany attempted to obtain this new territory by attacking Poland and the Soviet Union , intending to deport or kill the Jews and Slavs living there , who were viewed as being inferior to the Aryan master race Discrimination against Jews , longstanding but extralegal throughout much of Europe at the time , was codified in Germany immediately after the Nazi seizure of power on 30 January 1933 . The Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service , passed on 7 April of that year , excluded most Jews from the legal profession and the civil service . Similar legislation soon deprived Jewish members of other professions of the right to practise . Violence and economic pressure were used by the regime to encourage Jews to voluntarily leave the country . Jewish businesses were denied access to markets , forbidden to advertise in newspapers , and deprived of access to government contracts . Citizens were harassed and subjected to violent attacks and boycotts of their businesses . In September 1935 the Nuremberg Laws were enacted . These laws prohibited marriages between Jews and people of Germanic extraction , extramarital relations between Jews and Germans , and the employment of German women under the age of 45 as domestic servants in Jewish households . The Reich Citizenship Law stated that only those of Germanic or related blood were defined as citizens . Thus Jews and other minority groups were stripped of their German citizenship . A supplementary decree issued in November defined as Jewish anyone with three Jewish grandparents , or two grandparents if the Jewish faith was followed . By the start of World War II in 1939 , around 250,000 of Germany ' s 437,000 Jews emigrated to the United States , Palestine , Great Britain , and other countries . After the invasion of Poland in September 1939 , Hitler ordered that the Polish leadership and intelligentsia should be destroyed . The Sonderfahndungsbuch Polen ( Special Prosecution Book Poland ) — lists of people to be killed — had been drawn up by the SS as early as May 1939 . The Einsatzgruppen ( special task forces ) performed these murders with the support of the Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz ( Germanic Self - Protection Group ) , a paramilitary group consisting of ethnic Germans living in Poland . Members of the SS , the Wehrmacht ( German Armed Forces ) , and the Ordnungspolizei ( Order Police ; Orpo ) also shot civilians during the Polish campaign . Approximately 65,000 civilians were killed by the end of 1939 . In addition to leaders of Polish society , they killed Jews , prostitutes , Romani people , and the mentally ill . On 31 July 1941 Hermann Göring gave written authorization to SS - Obergruppenführer ( Senior Group Leader ) Reinhard Heydrich , Chief of the Reich Main Security Office ( RSHA ) , to prepare and submit a plan for a " total solution of the Jewish question " in territories under German control and to coordinate the participation of all involved government organisations . The resulting Generalplan Ost ( General Plan for the East ) called for deporting the population of occupied Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union to Siberia , for use as slave labour or to be murdered . The minutes of the Wannsee Conference estimated the Jewish population of the Soviet Union to be five million , with another three million in Ukraine . In addition to eliminating Jews , the Nazis also planned to reduce the population of the conquered territories by 30 million people through starvation in an action called the Hunger Plan . Food supplies would be diverted to the German army and German civilians . Cities would be razed and the land allowed to return to forest or resettled by German colonists . Harvests were poor in Germany in 1940 and 1941 and food supplies were short , as large numbers of forced labourers had been brought into the country to work in the armaments industry . If these workers — as well as the German people — were to be adequately fed , there must be a sharp reduction in the number of " useless mouths " , of whom the millions of Jews under German rule were , in the light of Nazi ideology , the most obvious example . At the time of the Wannsee Conference , the killing of Jews in the Soviet Union had already been underway for some months . Right from the start of Operation Barbarossa — the invasion of the Soviet Union — Einsatzgruppen were assigned to follow the army into the conquered areas and round up and kill Jews . In a letter dated 2 July 1941 Heydrich communicated to his SS and Police Leaders that the were to execute Comintern officials , ranking members of the Communist Party , extremist and radical Communist Party members , people ' s commissars , and Jews in party and government posts . Open - ended instructions were given to execute " other radical elements ( saboteurs , propagandists , snipers , assassins , agitators , etc . ) . " He instructed that any pogroms spontaneously initiated by the occupants of the conquered territories were to be quietly encouraged . On 8 July , he announced that all Jews were to be regarded as partisans , and gave the order for all male Jews between the ages of 15 and 45 to be shot . By August the net had been widened to include women , children , and the elderly — the entire Jewish population . By the time planning was underway for the Wannsee Conference , hundreds of thousands of Polish , Serbian , and Russian Jews had already been killed . The initial plan was to implement Generalplan Ost after the conquest of the Soviet Union . European Jews would be deported to occupied parts of Russia , where they would be worked to death in road - building projects . Planning the conference Edit Letter from Heydrich to Martin Luther , Undersecretary at the Foreign Office , inviting him to the Wannsee Conference ( Wannsee Conference House Memorial , Berlin ) On 29 November , Heydrich sent invitations for a ministerial conference to be held on 9 December at the offices of Interpol at 16 Am Kleinen Wannsee . He changed the venue on 4 December to the eventual location of the meeting . He enclosed a copy of a letter from Göring dated 31 July that authorised him to plan a Final Solution to the Jewish question . The ministries to be represented were Interior , Justice , the Four Year Plan , Propaganda , and the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories Between the date the invitations to the conference went out ( 29 November ) and the date of the cancelled first meeting ( 9 December ) , the situation changed . On 5 December , the Soviet Army began a counter - offensive in front of Moscow , ending the prospect of a rapid conquest of the Soviet Union . On 7 December , the Japanese attacked the United States at Pearl Harbor , causing the U.S. to declare war on Japan the next day . To fulfil its obligations under its Tripartite Pact with Italy and Japan , the Reich government declared war on the U.S. on 11 December . Some invitees were involved in these preparations , so Heydrich postponed his meeting . Somewhere around this time , Hitler resolved that the Jews of Europe were to be exterminated immediately , rather than after the war , which now had no end in sight . On 12 December he met with top party officials and made his intentions plain . The war was still ongoing , and since transporting masses of people into a combat zone was impossible , Heydrich decided that the Jews currently living in the General Government ( the German - occupied area of Poland ) would be killed in extermination camps set up in occupied areas of Poland , as would Jews from the rest of Europe . On 8 January 1942 , Heydrich sent new invitations to a meeting to be held on 20 January . The venue for the rescheduled conference was a villa at 56 – 58 Am Großen Wannsee , overlooking the Großer Wannsee . The villa had been purchased from Friedrich Minoux in 1940 by the Sicherheitsdienst ( Security Force ; SD ) for use as a conference centre and guest house . Attendees Heydrich invited representatives from several government ministries , including state secretaries from the Foreign Office , the justice , interior , and state ministries , and representatives from the SS . The process of disseminating information about the fate of the Jews was already well underway by the time the meeting was held . List of attendees Name Photo Title Organisation Superior SS - Obergruppenführer Chief of the RSHA Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia Presiding Schutzstaffel ( SS ) Reichsführer - SS ( Reich Leader SS ) Heinrich Himmler Dr . Josef Bühler State Secretary General Government of Poland Governor - General Dr . Hans Frank SS - Obersturmbannführer ( Lieutenant Colonel ) Adolf Eichmann Head of Referat IV B4 of the Gestapo Recording secretary Gestapo , RSHA , Schutzstaffel Chief of Amt IV SS - Gruppenführer Heinrich Müller Dr . Roland Freisler State Secretary Reich Ministry of Justice Reich Minister of Justice Dr . Franz Schlegelberger SS - Gruppenführer Otto Hofmann Head of the SS Race and Settlement Main Office ( RuSHA ( SS ) Reichsführer - SS Heinrich Himmler SS - Oberführer Dr . Gerhard Klopfer Permanent Secretary Nazi Party Chancellery Chief of the Party Chancellery Martin Bormann Friedrich Wilhelm Kritzinger Permanent Secretary Reich Chancellery Reich Minister and head of the Reich Chancellery Dr . Hans Lammers SS - Sturmbannführer Dr . Rudolf Lange 60px Commander of the Sicherheitspolizei ( Security Police ; SiPo ) and the SD for the General - District Latvia Deputy of the Commander of the SiPo and the SD for the Reichskommissariat Ostland Head of Einsatzkommando 2 SiPo and SD , RSHA , SS - Brigadeführer ( Brigadier General ) and Generalmajor der Polizei ( General of Police ) Dr . Franz Walter Stahlecker Georg Leibbrandt Reichsamtleiter ( Reich Head Office ) Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories Dr . Alfred Rosenberg Martin Luther Under Secretary Reich Foreign Ministry Ernst von Weizsäcker , State Secretary to Reich Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop Alfred Meyer Gauleiter ( Regional Party Leader ) State Secretary and Deputy Reich Minister Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories Dr . Alfred Rosenberg SS - Gruppenführer Heinrich Müller 60px Chief of Amt IV ( Gestapo Reich Main Security Office ( RSHA ) , Chief of the RSHA SS - Reinhard Heydrich Erich Neumann Office of the Plenipotentiary for the Four Year Plan Plenipotentiary of the Four Year Plan Hermann Göring SS - Oberführer Dr . Karl Eberhard Schöngarth Commander of the SiPo and the SD in the General Government SiPo and SD , RSHA , Chief of the RSHA SS - Reinhard Heydrich Wilhelm Stuckart Reich Interior Ministry Reich Minister of the Interior Dr . Wilhelm Frick Proceedings Eichmann ' s list In preparation for the conference , Eichmann drafted a list of the numbers of Jews in the various European countries . Countries were listed in two groups , " A " and " B " . " A " countries were those under direct Reich control or occupation ( or partially occupied and quiescent , in the case of Vichy France ) ; " B " countries were allied or client states , neutral , or at war with Germany . The numbers reflect actions already completed by Nazi forces ; for example , Estonia is listed as Judenfrei ( free of Jews ) , since the 4,500 Jews who remained in Estonia after the German occupation had been exterminated by the end of 1941 . Heydrich opened the conference with an account of the anti - Jewish measures taken in Germany since the Nazi seizure of power in 1933 . He said that between 1933 and October 1941 , 537,000 German , Austrian , and Czech Jews had emigrated . This information was taken from a briefing paper prepared for him the previous week by Eichmann . Heydrich reported that there were approximately eleven million Jews in the whole of Europe , of whom half were in countries not under German control . He explained that since further Jewish emigration had been prohibited by Himmler , a new solution would take its place : " evacuating " Jews to the east . This would be a temporary solution , a step towards the final solution of the Jewish question . Under proper guidance , in the course of the final solution the Jews are to be allocated for appropriate labor in the East . Able - bodied Jews , separated according to sex , will be taken in large work columns to these areas for work on roads , in the course of which action doubtless a large portion will be eliminated by natural causes . The possible final remnant will , since it will undoubtedly consist of the most resistant portion , have to be treated accordingly , because it is the product of natural selection and would , German historian Peter Longerich notes that vague orders couched in terminology that had a specific meaning for members of the regime were common , especially when people were being ordered to carry out criminal activities . Leaders were given briefings about the need to be " severe " and " firm " ; all Jews were to be viewed as potential enemies that had to be dealt with ruthlessly . The wording of the Wannsee Protocol — the distributed minutes of the meeting — made it clear to participants that evacuation east was a euphemism for death . The conference room at the Wannsee Conference House , 2006 Heydrich went on to say that in the course of the " practical execution of the final solution " , Europe would be " combed through from west to east " but that Germany , Austria , and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia would have priority " due to the housing problem and additional social and political necessities " . This was a reference to increasing pressure from the Gauleiters ( regional Nazi Party leaders ) in Germany for the Jews to be removed from their areas to allow accommodation for Germans made homeless by Allied bombing , as well as to make space for laborers being imported from occupied countries . The " evacuated " Jews , he said , would first be sent to " transit ghettos " in the General Government , from which they would be transported eastward . Heydrich said that to avoid legal and political difficulties , it was important to define who was a Jew for the purposes of " evacuation " . He outlined categories of people who would not be killed . Jews over 65 years old , and Jewish World War I veterans who had been severely wounded or who had won the Iron Cross , might be sent to Theresienstadt concentration camp instead of being killed . " With this expedient solution , " he said , " in one fell swoop many interventions will be prevented . " The situation of people who were half or quarter Jews , and of Jews who were married to non - Jews , was more complex . Under the Nuremberg Laws of 1935 , their status had been left deliberately ambiguous . Heydrich announced that Mischlings ( a Nazi pejorative for mixed - race persons ) of the first degree ( persons with two Jewish grandparents ) would be treated as Jews . This would not apply if they were married to a non - Jew and had children by that marriage . It would also not apply if they had been granted written exemption by " the highest offices of the Party and State . " Such persons would be sterilised or deported if they refused sterilisation . Mischlings of the second degree " ( persons with one Jewish grandparent ) would be treated as Germans unless they were married to Jews or of the first degree , had a " racially especially undesirable appearance that marks him outwardly as a Jew " , or had a " political record that shows that he feels and behaves like a Jew " . Persons in these latter categories would be killed even if married to non - Jews . In the case of mixed marriages , Heydrich recommended that each case should be evaluated individually and the impact on any German relatives assessed . If such a marriage had produced children who were being raised as Germans , the Jewish partner would not be killed . If they were being raised as Jews , they might be killed or sent to an old - age ghetto . These exemptions applied only to German and Austrian Jews , and were not always observed even for them . In most of the occupied countries , Jews were rounded up and killed en masse , and anyone who lived in or identified with the Jewish community in any given place was regarded as a Jew . Facsimiles of the minutes of the Wannsee Conference and Eichmann ' s list , presented under glass at the Wannsee Conference House Memorial Heydrich commented , " In occupied and unoccupied France , the registration of Jews for evacuation will in all probability proceed without great difficulty " , but in the end the great majority of French - born Jews survived . More difficulty was anticipated with Germany ' s allies Romania and Hungary . " In Romania the government has [ now ] appointed a commissioner for Jewish affairs " , Heydrich said . In fact the deportation of Romanian Jews was slow and inefficient despite a high degree of popular antisemitism . " In order to settle the question in Hungary , " Heydrich said , " it will soon be necessary to force an adviser for Jewish questions onto the Hungarian government " . The Hungarian regime of Miklós Horthy continued to resist German interference in its Jewish policy until the spring of 1944 , when the Wehrmacht invaded Hungary . Very soon , 600,000 Jews of Hungary ( and parts of Czechoslovakia , Romania , and Yugoslavia occupied by Hungary ) were sent to their deaths by Eichmann , with the collaboration of Hungarian authorities . Heydrich spoke for nearly an hour . Then followed about thirty minutes of questions and comments , followed by some less formal conversation . Otto Hofmann ( head of the SS Race and Settlement Main Office ( RuSHA ) ) and Wilhelm Stuckart ( State Secretary of the Reich Interior Ministry ) pointed out the legalistic and administrative difficulties over mixed marriages , and suggested compulsory dissolution of mixed marriages or the wider use of sterilisation as a simpler alternative . Erich Neumann from the Four Year Plan argued for the exemption of Jews who were working in industries vital to the war effort and for whom no replacements were available . Heydrich assured him that this was already the policy ; such Jews would not be killed . Josef Bühler , State Secretary of the General Government , stated his support for the plan and his hope that the killings would commence as soon as possible . Towards the end of the meeting cognac was served , and that after that the conversation became less restrained . " The gentlemen were standing together , or sitting together " , Eichmann said , " and were discussing the subject quite bluntly , quite differently from the language which I had to use later in the record . During the conversation they minced no words about it at all . . . they spoke about methods of killing , about liquidation , about extermination " . Eichmann recorded that Heydrich was pleased with the course of the meeting . He had expected a lot of resistance , Eichmann recalled , but instead he had found " an atmosphere not only of agreement on the part of the participants , but more than that , one could feel an agreement which had assumed a form which had not been expected " . Wannsee Protocol View of the Großer Wannsee lake from the villa at 56 – 58 Am Grossen Wannsee , where the conference was held At the conclusion of the meeting Heydrich gave Eichmann firm instructions about what was to appear in the minutes . They were not to be verbatim : Eichmann ensured that nothing too explicit appeared in them . He said at his trial : " How shall I put it — certain over - plain talk and jargon expressions had to be rendered into office language by me " . Eichmann condensed his records into a document outlining the purpose of the meeting and the intentions of the regime moving forward . He stated at his trial that it was personally edited by Heydrich , and thus reflected the message he intended the participants to take away from the meeting . Copies of the minutes ( known from the German word for " minutes " as the " Wannsee Protocol " ) were sent by Eichmann to all the participants after the meeting . Most of these copies were destroyed at the end of the war as participants and other officials sought to cover their tracks . It was not until 1947 that Luther ' s copy ( number 16 out of 30 copies prepared ) was found by Robert Kempner , lead U.S. prosecutor before the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg , in files that had been seized from the German Foreign Office . Interpretation The Wannsee Conference lasted only about ninety minutes . The enormous importance which has been attached to the conference by postwar writers was not evident to most of its participants at the time . Heydrich did not call the meeting to make fundamental new decisions on the Jewish question . Massive killings of Jews in the conquered territories in the Soviet Union and Poland were ongoing and a new extermination camp was already under construction at Belzec at the time of the conference ; other extermination camps were in the planning stages . The decision to exterminate the Jews had already been made , and Heydrich , as Himmler ' s emissary , held the meeting to ensure the cooperation of the various departments in conducting the deportations . According to Longerich , a primary goal of the meeting was to emphasise that once the deportations had been completed , the implementation of the Final Solution became an internal matter of the SS , totally outside the purview of any other agency . A secondary goal was to determine the scope of the deportations and arrive at definitions of who was Jewish , who was Mischling , and who ( if anybody ) should be spared . " The representatives of the ministerial bureaucracy had made it plain that they had no concerns about the principle of deportation per se . This was indeed the crucial result of the meeting and the main reason why Heydrich had detailed minutes prepared and widely circulated " , said Longerich . Their presence at the meeting also ensured that all those present were accomplices and accessories to the murders that were about to be undertaken . Eichmann ' s biographer David Cesarani agrees with Longerich ' s interpretation ; he notes that Heydrich ' s main purpose was to impose his own authority on the various ministries and agencies involved in Jewish policy matters , and to avoid any repetition of the disputes that had arisen earlier in the annihilation campaign . " The simplest , most decisive way that Heydrich could ensure the smooth flow of deportations " , he writes , " was by asserting his total control over the fate of the Jews in the Reich and the east , and [ by ] cow [ ing ] other Wannsee House Holocaust Memorial In 1965 , historian Joseph Wulf proposed that the Wannsee House should be made into a Holocaust memorial and document centre . But the German government was not interested at that time . The building was in use as a school , and funding was not available . Despondent at the failure of the project and the German government ' s failure to pursue and convict Nazi war criminals , Wulf committed suicide in 1974 . On 20 January 1992 , on the fiftieth anniversary of the conference , the site was finally opened as a Holocaust memorial and museum . The museum also hosts permanent exhibits of texts and photographs that document events of the Holocaust and its planning . The Joseph Wulf Bibliothek / Mediothek on the second floor houses a large collection of books on the Nazi era , plus other materials such as microfilms and original Nazi documents . See also Reich Chancellery meeting of 12 December 1941 Conspiracy ( film ) The Wannsee Conference ( film ) Notes ↑ German historian Christian Gerlach has claimed that Hitler approved the policy of extermination in a speech to senior officials in Berlin on 12 December . Gerlach 1998 , p . 785 . This date is not universally accepted , but it seems likely that a decision was made at around this time . On December 18 , Himmler met with Hitler and noted in his appointment book " Jewish question – to be exterminated as partisans " . Browning 2004 , p . 410 . On 19 December , Wilhelm Stuckert , State Secretary at the Interior Ministry , told one of his officials : " The proceedings against the evacuated Jews are based on a decision from the highest authority . You must come to terms with it . " Browning 2004 , p . 405 . ↑ 2.0 2.1 This information was contained in the briefing paper Eichmann prepared for Heydrich before the meeting . Cesarani 2005 , p . 112 . ↑ At a meeting of 17 ministerial representatives held at the Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories on 29 January , it decided that in the eastern territories all were to be classed as Jews , while in western Europe the relatively more lenient German standard would be applied . , p . 414 . Göring and his subordinates made persistent efforts to prevent skilled Jewish workers whose labour was an important part of the war effort from being killed . But by 1943 Himmler was a much more powerful figure in the regime than Göring , and all categories of skilled Jews eventually lost their exemptions . Tooze 2006 , pp . 522 – 529 . The minutes are headed Besprechungsprotokoll ( discussion minutes ) . References Evans 2008 , p . 7 . Longerich 2010 , p . 132 . Longerich 2010 , pp . 38 – 39 . , pp . 67 – 69 . , p . 41 . Kershaw 2008 , p . 346 . Evans 2005 , p . 544 . Kershaw 2008 , p . 347 . , p . 127 . Evans 2005 , p . 555 . ↑ 11.0 11.1 , p . 144 . , pp . 144 – 145 . Longerich 2012 , p . 429 . Evans 2008 , p . 15 . Longerich 2012 , pp . 430 – 432 . , p . 315 . 17.0 17.1 Snyder 2010 , p . 416 . Roseman 2002 , p . 112 . Snyder 2010 , pp . 162 – 163 , 416 . Tooze 2006 , p . 539 . , pp . 538 – 549 . 22.0 22.1 22.2 , p . 523 . , p . 198 . , p . 207 . 25.0 25.1 25.2 , p . 309 . , p . 683 . 27.0 27.1 Roseman 2002 , p . 57 . , p . 406 . , p . 407 . Longerich 2000 , p . 2 . , pp . 407 – 408 . , pp . 309 – 310 . , p . 410 . , p . 65 . , pp . 410 – 411 . , p . 66 . 37.0 37.1 , pp . 111 – 112 . , pp . 237 , 239 . , p . 110 . Cesarani 2005 , pp . 110 – 111 . 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.3 , p . 113 . , pp . 189 – 190 . , p . 77 . 45.0 45.1 , p . 115 . 46.0 46.1 , pp . 115 – 116 . 47.0 47.1 , p . 116 . 48.0 48.1 , p . 414 . 49.0 49.1 49.2 , p . 114 . Marrus & Paxton 1981 , pp . 343 – 344 . , pp . 151 – 155 . , pp . 159 – 195 . 53.0 53.1 , p . 413 . 54.0 54.1 , p . 113 . , p . 71 . 56.0 56.1 , p . 114 . , p . 68 . , pp . 117 – 118 . , p . 1 . Breitman 1991 , pp . 229 – 233 . , p . 310 . 62.0 62.1 Longerich 2000 , p . 14 . , pp . 306 , 310 . , p . 7 . , pp . 110 – 111 . Lehrer 2000 , p . 134 – 135 . 67.0 67.1 Lehrer 2000 , p . 135 . Bibliography Breitman , Richard ( 1991 ) . The Architect of Genocide : Himmler and the Final Solution . Hanover , NH : Brandeis University Press . Browning , Christopher R . ( 2004 ) . The Origins of the Final Solution : The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy , September 1939 – March 1942 . Comprehensive History of the Holocaust . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 1327 - 1 Cesarani , David ( 2005 ) [ 2004 ] . Eichmann : His Life and Crimes . London : Vintage . ISBN 978 - 0 - 099 - 44844 - 0 Evans , Richard J . ( 2005 ) . The Third Reich in Power . New York : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 303790 - 3 Evans , Richard J . ( 2008 ) . The Third Reich at War . New York : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 311671 - 4 Gerlach , Christian ( December 1998 ) . " The Wannsee Conference , the Fate of German Jews , and Hitler ' s Decision in Principle to Exterminate All European Jews " ( PDF ) . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . pp . 759 – 812 http : / / holocaust . umd . umich . edu / news / uploads / Gerlach_Wannsee . pdf Kershaw , Ian ( 2008 ) . Hitler : A Biography . New York : W . W . Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 06757 - 6 Lehrer , Steven ( 2000 ) . Wannsee House and the Holocaust . Jefferson , NC : McFarland . p . 134 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 9144 - 5 Longerich , Peter ( 2000 ) . " The Wannsee Conference in the Development of the ' Final Solution ' " ( PDF ) . London : The Holocaust Educational Trust . ISBN 0 - 9516166 - 5 - X http : / / www . ghwk . de / ghwk / engl / texts / wannsee - conference . pdf Longerich , Peter ( 2010 ) . Holocaust : The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews . Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280436 - 5 Longerich , Peter ( 2012 ) . Heinrich Himmler : A Life . Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 959232 - 6 Marrus , Michael R . Paxton , Robert O . ( 1981 ) . Vichy France and the Jews . Stanford , CA : Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 2499 - 7 Roseman , Mark ( 2002 ) . The Villa , The Lake , The Meeting : Wannsee and the Final Solution . London ; New York : Allen Lane . ISBN 0 - 71 - 399570 - X Snyder , Timothy ( 2010 ) . Bloodlands : Europe between Hitler and Stalin . New York : Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 00239 - 9 Tooze , Adam ( 2006 ) . The Wages of Destruction : The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy . London ; New York : Allen Lane . ISBN 978 - 0 - 713 - 99566 - 4 External links Wikisource has original text related to this article : Wannsee Protocol Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wannsee Conference participants Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Wannsee Conference on the Yad Vashem website House of the Wannsee Conference : Memorial and Educational Site Adolf Eichmann testifies about the Wannsee Conference ( in German with Japanese subtitles ) Minutes from the Wannsee conference , archived by the Progressive Review show v t e The Holocaust Coordinates : 52 ° 25 ′ 59 ″ N 13 ° 09 ′ 56 ″ E 52.43306 ° N 13.16556 ° E This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia view authors ) Categories Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia 1942 in Europe 1942 in Germany Planning the Holocaust Holocaust historiography Holocaust commemoration Steglitz - Zehlendorf 1942 conferences World War II conferences 20th century in Berlin Add category
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[
"Wannsee Conference",
"extermination camps",
"Nazi Germany"
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http://militarybases.com/ali-al-salem-air-base-joint-operations-base-in-kuwait-city-kuwait/
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You are here : Home Military Bases Overseas US Military Bases in Kuwait Ali Al Salem Air Base in Kuwait City , Kuwait Ali Al Salem Air Base in Kuwait City , Kuwait The Ali Al Salem Air Base is a military base located in Kuwait . This air base is about 39 miles away from the border of Iraq , and its operation is under the supervision of the Kuwaiti Air Force with the help of the United States Air Force ( USAF ) . It is positioned on an elevated ground above the surrounding desert plains , an excellent topographical position which is why it is dubbed as the “ The Rock . ” Because of its very close distance from the Iraqi border , the Ali Al Salem Air Base History Among the military bases in Kuwait , the Ali Al Salem Air Base is the last to be overruled by the military of Iraq . On August 3 , 1990 , this base was conquered by the Iraqi military . Only few Kuwaiti regulars , base generals , and staff officers were left to fight for the freedom of this base . However , at the end of the day , they were overruled by the Iraqi military . The Kuwaiti generals are hanged by the Iraqi military on the base flagpoles while the remaining alive staffs were lined outside Housing Aside from the other US military bases in Kuwait , the Ali Al Salem Air Base is another home to US military personnel in that country , before the awarding of the Job Order Contract ( JOC ) to Kuwait Dynamics Ltd . In May 1998 , personnel and military staffs working in the air base were working and living out of tents , general purpose shelters , and expandable shelters . Because of the presence of several tents for personnel and staffs , the Ali Al Salem Kuwait Air Base is like a tent city . There are only However , with the awarding of the Job Order Contract ( JOC ) to Kuwait Dynamics Ltd In May 1998 , the air force personnel took advantage of this contract and they quickly designed plans for basic needs facilities such as telephone switch facility , dining facility and cold storage facility . Dormitories and offices were also planned . By the mid - 2000 , the Air Force began the construction for these facilities , and soon after , personnel and staff started to move out of the tents . The pararescuemen , other known as PJs , made the ordinary tents and quarters of the older pararescuemen into a mansion , according to the standards in the Ali Al Salem Air Base Kuwait . They modified the tents into wooden bungalows . Though it may still have the dusty feeling of the desert , the bungalows with plywood walls have comfortable worn sofa and carpeted floor . These make the bungalows more comfortable than the tents . Chapel or Church The 386th Air Expeditionary Group finally had a new chapel or church after several years of construction for the out - of - tent project . By the 26th day of December 2001 , office furniture , religious supplies , administrative materials and other gears were moved to the permanent building from the tent . The chapel is located at the back of the clinic , and the first mass , a dedication service was conducted on January 17 , 2002 . The chapel serves as a sanctuary to the military officers and staffs deployed in the air base . Parking Ramp The parking ramp for C - 130 Hercules was finally completed on 31st day of March 2004 . This 320,000 - square foot ramp is designed for helicopters . The plank of the ramp has a width of 2 feet , length of 12 feet , and a thickness of 2 inches , and an individual weight of 140 pounds each . The planks are also designed to interlocked or interconnect with each other in order to prevent them from being separated or moving around . Because of the capability of the parking ramp to accommodate ten C - 130 Area 51 The Area 51 is an air passenger terminal in the Ali Al Salem Air Base in Kuwait . It started its operation in December 2004 . Its main purpose is to transport hundreds or even thousands of soldiers to different destinations for the Operation Iraqi Freedom . The terminal features parking lot for buses which are dropping and picking up soldiers , and also several tents to accommodate the passengers . The Area 51 is operated by a small group of soldiers stationed or assigned at the terminal . Kuwait Air Force ( KAF ) Flight Training School The Kuwait Air Force Flight Training School is located in Ali Al Salem Air Base . This school serves as the home for 17th Attack Squad , 20th Attack Squad , 33rd Attack Squad , Search and Rescue ( SAR ) Wing Teams such as the 32nd SAR Squad and 62nd Utility Squad , and flight trainees like the 12th Training Squad , 19th Training Squad , and the 88th Training Squad . Other Facilities in the Ali Al Salem Air Base The space at the Ali Al Salem Air Base may be limited to general structures and tents but there are also other facilities in the area . These include a small base exchange , three dining facilities , an above - ground pool , a clinic and a gym . Physical activities and recreational activities like tournaments , flight runs games , and intramural sports are done regularly at the Ali Al Salem Air Base Kuwait . Photos of Ali Al Salem Air Base in Kuwait City , Kuwait Nearby Hotels to Ali Al Salem Air Base in Kuwait City , Kuwait Hotel Ratings Nearby Car Rental Agencies to Ali Al Salem Air Base in Kuwait City , Kuwait Agency Ratings Nearby Restaurants to Ali Al Salem Air Base in Kuwait City , Kuwait Restaurant Categories
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[
"Ali Al Salem Air Base",
"Kuwait",
"United States Air Force"
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http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/1900s/p/rommel.htm
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Humanities History & Culture World War II : Field Marshal Erwin Rommel Field Marshal Erwin Rommel . Photograph Courtesy of the National Archives & Records Administration by Kennedy Hickman Updated April 26 , 2017 Erwin Rommel was born at Heidenheim , Germany on November 15 , 1891 , to Professor Erwin Rommel and Helene von Luz . Educated locally , he displayed a high degree of technical aptitude at an early age . Though he considered becoming an engineer , Rommel was encouraged by his father to join 124th Württemberg Infantry Regiment as an officer cadet in 1910 . Sent to Officer Cadet School in Danzig , he graduated the following year and was commissioned as a lieutenant on January 27 , 1912 . While at school , Rommel met his future wife , World War I With the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 , Rommel moved to the Western Front with the 6th Württemberg Infantry Regiment . Wounded that September , he was awarded the Iron Cross , First Class . Returning to action , he was transferred to the Württemberg Mountain Battalion of the elite Alpenkorps in the fall of 1915 . With this unit , Rommel saw service on both fronts and won the Pour le Mérite for his actions during the Battle of Caporetto in 1917 . Promoted to captain , he finished the war in a staff assignment . After the armistice , he returned to his regiment at Weingarten . The Interwar Years Though recognized as a gifted officer , Rommel elected to remain with the troops rather than serve in a staff position . Moving through various postings in the Reichswehr , Rommel became an instructor at the Dresden Infantry School in 1929 . In this position he wrote several notable training manuals , including Infanterie greift an ( Infantry Attack ) in 1937 . Catching the eye of Adolf Hitler , the work led the German leader to assign Rommel as a liaison between the War Ministry and the Hitler Youth . In this role he provided instructors to the Hitler Youth and launched a failed attempt to make it an army auxiliary . Promoted to colonel in 1937 , the following year he was made the commandant of the War Academy at Wiener Neustadt . This posting proved brief as he was soon appointed to lead Hitler ' s personal bodyguard ( FührerBegleitbataillon ) . As the commander of this unit , Rommel gained frequent access to Hitler and soon became one of his favorite officers . The position also allowed him to befriend Joseph Goebbels , who became an admirer and later used his propaganda apparatus to chronicle Rommel ' s battlefield exploits . With the beginning of World War II , Rommel escorted Hitler at the Polish front . In France Eager for a combat command , Rommel asked Hitler for command of a panzer division despite the fact that the Chief of Army Personnel had rejected his earlier request as he lacked any armor experience . Granting Rommel ' s request , Hitler assigned him to lead the 7th Panzer Division with the rank of generalmajor . Quickly learning the art of armored , mobile warfare , he prepared for the invasion of the Low Countries and France . Part of General Hermann Hoth ' s XV Corps , the 7th Panzer Division advanced boldly on May 10 , with So rapid were the division ' s movements that it earned the name the " Ghost Division " due to the surprise it frequently achieved . Though Rommel was achieving victory , issues arose as he preferred to command from the front leading to logistical and staff problems within his headquarters . Defeating a British counterattack at Arras on May 21 , his men pushed on , reaching Lille six days later . Given the 5th Panzer Division for the assault on the town , Rommel learned that he had been awarded the Knight ' s Cross of the Iron The award annoyed other German officers who resented Hitler ' s favoritism and Rommel ' s increasing habit of diverting resources to his division . Taking Lille , he famously reached the coast on June 10 , before turning south . After the armistice , Hoth praised Rommel ' s achievements but expressed concern over his judgment and suitability for higher command . In reward for his performance in France , Rommel was given command of the newly formed Deutsches Afrikakorps which was departing for North Africa to prop up Italian forces in the wake of their defeat during Operation Compass The Desert Fox Arriving in Libya in February 1941 , Rommel was under orders to hold the line and at most conduct limited offensive operations . Technically under the command of the Italian Comando Supremo , Rommel quickly seized the initiative . Beginning a small attack on the British at El Agheila on March 24 , he advanced with one German and two Italian divisions . Driving the British back , he continued the offensive and re - captured all of Cyrenaica , reaching Gazala on April 8 . Pressing on , despite orders from Rome and Berlin ordering him to halt , In Berlin , an irate German Chief of Staff General Franz Halder commented that Rommel had " gone stark mad " in North Africa . Attacks against Tobruk repeatedly failed and Rommel ' s men suffered from severe logistical issues due to their long supply lines . After defeating two British attempts to relieve Tobruk , Rommel was elevated to lead Panzer Group Africa which comprised the bulk of Axis forces in North Africa . In November 1941 , Rommel was forced to retreat when the British launched Operation Crusader which relieved Tobruk and compelled him to fall all the way back to El Agheila . Quickly re - forming and resupplying , Rommel counterattacked in January 1942 , causing the British to prepare defenses at Gazala . Assaulting this position in classic blitzkrieg fashion on May 26 , Rommel shattered the British positions and sent them in headlong retreat back to Egypt . For this he was promoted to field marshal . Pursuing , he captured Tobruk before being halted at the First Battle of El Alamein in July . With his supply lines dangerously long and desperate to take Egypt , he attempted an offensive at Alam Halfa in late August but was halted . Forced on the defensive , Rommel ' s supply situation continued to deteriorate and his command was shattered during the Second Battle of El Alamein two months later . Retreating to Tunisia , Rommel was caught between the advancing British Eight Army and Anglo - American forces which had landed as part of Operation Torch . Though he bloodied the US II Corps at Kasserine Pass in February 1943 , the situation continued to worsen and he finally turned over command and departed Africa for health reasons on March 9 . Normandy Returning to Germany , Rommel briefly moved through commands in Greece and Italy before being posted to lead Army Group B in France . Tasked with defending the beaches from the inevitable Allied landings , he worked diligently to improve the Atlantic Wall . Though initially believing that Normandy would be the target , he came to agree with most German leaders that the assault would be at Calais . Away on leave when the invasion began on June 6 , 1944 , he raced back to Normandy and coordinated German defensive efforts around Caen . Remaining in the area , he was badly wounded on July 17 when his staff car was strafed by Allied aircraft . The July 20 Plot Early in 1944 , several of Rommel ' s friends approached him regarding a plot to depose Hitler . Agreeing to aid them in February , he wished to see Hitler brought to trial rather than assassinated . In the wake of the failed attempt to kill Hitler on July 20 , Rommel ' s name was betrayed to the Gestapo . Due to Rommel ' s popularity , Hitler wished to avoid the scandal of revealing his involvement . As a result , Rommel was given the option of committing suicide and his family receiving protection or going before Continue Reading
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[
"World War II",
"Marshal Erwin Rommel",
"Heidenheim , Germany"
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http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/battleswars1800s/p/alamo.htm
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Humanities History & Culture Texas Revolution : Battle of the Alamo Battle of the Alamo . Photograph Source : Public Domain by Kennedy Hickman Updated March 06 , 2017 Battle of the Alamo - Conflict & Dates : The siege of the Alamo took place from February 23 to March 6 , 1836 , during the Texas Revolution ( 1835 - 1836 ) . Armies & Commanders : Texans Colonel William Travis Jim Bowie Davy Crockett 180 - 250 men 21 guns Mexicans General Antonio López de Santa Anna 6,000 men 20 guns Background : In the wake of the Battle of Gonzales which opened the Texas Revolution , a Texan force under Stephen F . Austin encircled the Mexican garrison in the town of San Antonio de Béxar . On December 11 , 1835 , after an eight - week siege , Austin ' s men were able to compel General Martín Perfecto de Cos to surrender . Occupying the town , the defenders were paroled with the requirement that they forfeit the majority of their supplies and weapons as well as not fight against the Constitution of 1824 . The fall of Cos ' command eliminated the last major Mexican force in Texas . Returning to friendly territory , Cos provided his superior , General Santa Anna Prepares : Seeking to take a hard line with the rebelling Texans and angered by perceived American interference in Texas , Santa Anna ordered a resolution passed stating that any foreigners found fighting in the province would be treated as pirates . As such , they would be immediately executed . While these intentions were communicated to US President Andrew Jackson , it is unlikely that many of the American volunteers in Texas were aware of the Mexican intention to forego taking prisoners . Establishing his headquarters at San Luis Potosí , Santa Anna began assembling an army of 6,000 with the Fortifying the Alamo : To the north in San Antonio , Texan forces were occupying the Misión San Antonio de Valero , also known as the Alamo . Possessing a large enclosed courtyard , the Alamo had first been occupied by Cos ' men during siege of the town the previous fall . Under the command of Colonel James Neill , the future of the Alamo soon proved a matter of debate for the Texan leadership . Far from the majority of the province ' s settlements , San Antonio was short on both supplies and men . As such , General Sam Houston During this time Major Green B . Jameson had constructed platforms along the mission ' s walls to allow the emplacement of captured Mexican artillery and to provide firing positions for infantry . Though useful , these platforms left the upper bodies of the defenders exposed . Initially manned by about 100 volunteers , the mission ' s garrison grew as January passed . The Alamo was again reinforced on February 3 , with the arrival of 29 men under Lieutenant Colonel William Travis . A few days later , Neill , departed to deal with an illness in his The Mexicans Arrive : As preparations moved forward , the defenders , relying on faulty intelligence , came to believe that the Mexicans would not arrive until mid - March . To the surprise of the garrison , Santa Anna ' s army arrived outside of San Antonio on February 23 . Having marched through driving snow and foul weather , Santa Anna reached the town a month sooner than the Texans anticipated . Surrounding the mission , Santa Anna sent a courier requesting the Alamo ' s surrender . To this Travis responded by firing one of the mission ' s cannon . Under Siege : Travis ' s calls went largely unanswered as the Texans lacked the strength to fight Santa Anna ' s larger army . As the days passed the Mexicans slowly worked their lines closer to the Alamo , with their artillery reducing the mission ' s walls . At 1 : 00 AM , on March 1 , 32 men from Gonzales were able to ride through the Mexican lines to join the defenders . With the situation grim , legend states that Travis drew a line in the sand and asked all those willing to stay and fight to step over it . All except one did . The Final Assault : At dawn on March 6 , Santa Anna ' s men launched their final attack on the Alamo . Flying a red flag and playing the El Degüello bugle call , Santa Anna signaled that no quarter would be given to the defenders . Sending 1,400 - 1,600 men forward in four columns they overwhelmed the Alamo ' s tiny garrison . One column , led by General Cos , broke through the mission ' s north wall and poured into the Alamo . It is believed that Travis was killed resisting this breach . As the Mexicans entered the Alamo , brutal hand - to - hand fighting ensued until almost the entire garrison had been killed . Records indicate that seven may have survived the fighting Battle of the Alamo - Aftermath : The Battle of the Alamo cost the Texans the entire 180 - 250 - man garrison . Mexican casualties are disputed but were approximately 600 killed and wounded . While Travis and Bowie were killed in the fighting , Crockett ' s death is a subject of controversy . While some sources state that he was killed during the battle , others indicate that he was one of the seven survivors executed on Santa Anna ' s orders . Following his victory at the Alamo , Santa Anna moved quickly to destroy Houston ' s small Texas Army . Outnumbered , Houston began retreating towards the US border . Moving with a flying column of 1,400 men , Santa Anna encountered the Texans at San Jacinto on April 21 , 1836 . Charging the Mexican camp , and yelling " Remember the Alamo , " Houston ' s men routed Santa Anna ' s troops . The next day , Santa Anna was captured effectively securing Texan independence . Selected Sources The Alamo Battle of the Alamo Texas State Library : Battle of the Alamo Continue Reading
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[
"Alamo",
"Texas Revolution",
"Constitution"
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http://militaryhistorynow.com/2012/08/02/heavyweights-the-unused-super-tanks-of-world-war-two/
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Weapons and Technology Heavyweights — The Monster Super Tanks of World War Two by Editor 2 August , 2012 19 Comments The American T - 28 super tank was still in the planning stage when the Second World War ended . Amazingly , this 95 - ton beast , which was fitted with a 105mm main gun , was n ’ t even the smallest tank in the works . “ Small , thinly armoured and under - gunned , the first tanks of World War Two were light - weights when compared to the lumbering beasts that would lurch off production lines within a few short years . ” TO UNDERSTAND JUST how ill - prepared the armies of the Second World War were for the scope and nature of the coming conflict , one need look no further than the tanks that rolled into battle in 1939 . Small , thinly armoured and under - gunned , the first tanks of World War Two were light - weights when compared to the lumbering beasts that would lurch off production lines within a few short years . Consider the Panzer II – the backbone of Germany ’ s tank corps for the invasions of Poland and France . The 16 - foot long light tank carried a paltry 20 - mm main gun and weighed in at a measly 9 tons . Within four years , Germany would be developing tanks like the Tiger II – a comparative monster of nearly 70 tons — seven times more than the earlier Mk . II . Also known as the King Tiger , the new war machine carried an 88 - mm main gun , had a crew of five and was protected by up to 18 cm ( more than half a foot ) of armour plating in some places . A true giant , the Tiger II would actually have been dwarfed by even larger tanks had the war lasted long enough . Here are a few of the ‘ super tanks ’ that were in the works . The M6 Supertank would have been a match for the King Tiger . United States While the 30 - ton M4 Sherman may very well be the United States ’ most famous tank of the Second World War , it was smaller and largely inferior to German models like the Panther or the Tiger I and II . Fortunately for the Allies , American factories could produce far more Shermans than the Germans could Panzers . Between 1942 an 1945 , the United States manufactured a staggering 53,000 tanks ( President Roosevelt actually wanted even more built ) . Compare that with the approximate 7,500 Panthers and Tigers produced by Germany . Yet the Sherman was n ’ t the heaviest tank the United States was working on during World War Two — not by a long shot . The American M6 supertank might have rivalled the King Tiger had it been produced in large enough numbers to see service in World War Two . The 27 - foot long , 57 - ton machine carried a crew of five and featured two main guns : A 76 - mm and a 37 - mm . Only 40 were built before the U.S. Army abandoned the project . The only vehicles the M6 would ever go up against were ordinary automobiles — in the final year of the war M6s thrilled crowds by crushing old cars at War Bonds fundraising drives . Amazingly ( image source : WikiCommons ) The T - 28 ( see picture at the top ) , designated the Super - Heavy Tank in 1946 , was originally planned to plow through fixed German defences like the Siegfried Line , while also making short work of the King Tiger . The Allies also hoped the T - 28 would take part in Operation Downfall , the invasion of Japan . Also known as the T - 95 105 - mm Gun Motor Carriage , the T - 28 was 36 feet long ( 10 feet longer than the King Tiger ) and weighed nearly 100 tons . Without a rotating turret , the T - 28 was more like a self - propelled gun or a tank destroyer than a conventional tank . Due to its immense size , it had a top speed of just 8 mph and an impractical range of less than 20 miles . Only two of the tanks were The British TOG2 . Great Britain The British planned super tanks of their own , and fairly early in the war . The TOG1 and 2 were both 80 - ton tanks designed to cross the same kinds of cratered and muddy fields of northern Europe that made mobility all but impossible on the Western Front of the First World War . The TOG 2 , of which only a single prototype was ever constructed , was comprised of the turret of a British Challenger tank sitting atop a much larger chassis . Prototyped in 1941 , it was the largest tank ever produced in the U.K. A few feet shorter than the American T - 28 , the TOG 2 carried a 76 - mm , 17 - pounder main gun and could reach speeds of 8.5 mph . Far too large , heavy and expensive for front line use , the TOG 2 program was eventually discontinued . The sole model is currently on display at the Tank Museum in Bovington , England France was defeated by Germany before the FCM F1 could enter service . France France was defeated by Nazi Germany before it could put its 140 - ton FCM F1 tank into production . Had it been manufactured , the FCM F1 would have easily been one of the largest tanks ever to rumble across a battlefield . The double turret tank was crewed by nine . The main turret featured a 90 - mm gun . A smaller , lower set forward turret carried six machine guns and a 47 - mm cannon . A classic example of generals planning on fighting the previous war , the FCM F1 was designed not to battle other tanks but to roll through First World War - era fixed fortifications . At the Maginot Line and drive right into Nazi Germany . The offensive , which was planned for 1941 , was preempted by the 1940 invasion of France , a campaign that saw German army use its lighter tanks to drive around the heavily fortified Maginot Line . The only FMC F1 to be produced was a wooded mock up . Only one Panzer VIII Maus was completed before the end of the war . Germany By far The heaviest tank ever to be constructed was Germany ’ s Panzer VIII . And is designers were n ’ t without a sense of humour – they named the 180 - ton goliath Maus ( or mouse ) . Had the ’ manufacturing plant not been overrun by the Soviets in 1945 , the Germans would have built more than just the single prototype . It featured two heavy guns in its turret : a 75 - mm cannon along with an unbeatable 128 - mm anti - armour weapon capable of destroying any other tank in use on the battlefield . Too heavy for any bridge , the would have had to cross rivers submerged . Anticipating this , designers made the tank watertight and equipped it with a snorkel . The Landkreuzer L1000 would have carried a crew of 40 . Even the mighty would have been no match for Germany ’ s proposed Landkreuzers . More like navy destroyers on treads , these enormous 1,000 - ton tanks would have made the look like a child ’ s model by comparison . The L1000 , designed in 1942 by engineers at Krupp , was planned to be more than 100 feet long and nearly as tall as a four - story building . Designated as the Ratte ( or rat ) , the L1000 would have needed a crew of 40 to operate its two 280 - mm guns , as well as a 128 - mm cannon . It also would have carried its own battery of eight anti aircraft guns . Powered by up to eight marine diesel engines , Ratte was intended to travel at speeds approaching 40 km / h and might have had a range of 200 kms . An even larger L1500 was proposed that would have dwarfed even the Ratte . Dubbed the Monster , the 1700 - ton , 150 - foot long beast would have The L1500 would have stood 40 feet tall and 150 feet long . More than 100 crew would operate the tank ’ s 800 mm main gun . towered nearly 60 feet above the ground . It was designed to house a crew of more than 100 and would feature a turret - less 800 - mm Schwerer Gustav railroad gun ’ which was capable of hurling a seven - ton artillery shell nearly 30 miles . For smaller and closer targets , the Monster would also be equipped with two 150 - mm cannons along with a virtual arsenal of AA guns and heavy machine guns . Powered by nearly 50 U - boat engines , the would have rumbled along at 15 km / h crushing literally everything in its path . Hitler ’ s armaments minister , Albert Speer , recognized the impracticality of such ludicrously enormous war machines ordered the Landkreuzer projects scuttled . Did you enjoy this story ? Consider making a donation to help us create more FREE content . Thank you . [ paypal_donation_button ] Help spread the word . Share this article with your friends . Like this : Loading . . . Tags : ! ! ! L1000 Ratte L1500 Monster Landkruezer M6 supertank Panzer VIII Maus T - 28 ← Tribe vs . Tribe – Indigenous Americans in the Civil War Canada marks the 200th Anniversary of 1812 … with a TV commercial →
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http://militarymedals.com/medals/defense-meritorious-service-medal/
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Defense Meritorious Service Medal and Ribbon History - Established 1977 Established on November 3 , 1977 , the Defense Meritorious Service Medal honors outstanding service carried out in a non - combat context on joint assignment with the Department of Defense and of a lesser degree than would warrant the Defense Superior Service Medal . It is the third most prestigious award presented by the Department of Defense . Eligible service usually takes place over a period of at least one year . Details The medal is bronze and features an eagle in front of a pentagon shape and encircled by a two - ply laurel wreath . On the reverse , inscriptions read “ DEFENSE MERITORIOUS SERVICE ” and “ UNITED STATES OF AMERICA , ” and there is space to engrave the honoree ’ s name . The ribbon is white and features three thin vertical light blue stripes toward the center as well as a thicker fuschia stripe toward each edge . Subsequent awards may be indicated by oak leaf clusters . Bronze Oak Leaf Cluster Silver Oak Leaf Cluster Precedence Next Higher : Purple Heart Next Lower : Public Health Service Outstanding Service Medal Buy Defense Meritorious Service Ribbon Buy Defense Meritorious Service Medal Related Awards Philippine Campaign Medal – Army Philippine Campaign Medal – Marine Corps Second Haitian Campaign Medal – Marine Corps
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"Defense Meritorious Service",
"Medal and Ribbon",
"non-combat context"
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http://militaryreligiousfreedom.org/press-releases/PRESS_RELEASE_LtGenKwaft_Jan_2017.html
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PRESS RELEASE Saturday January 21 2017 MRFF Accuses Lt General Steven L Kwast Of Violating AFI 11 in River Region Living Magazine FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE The Military Religious Freedom Foundation MRFF sent a formal third party Inspector General Complaint dated Thursday January 19th 2017 to Maxwell Air Force Base AFB in Montgomery Alabama on behalf of its 33 clients 22 of whom are practicing Christians MRFF filed the complaint against United States Air Force Lt Gen Steven L Kwast Commander of Air University at Maxwell AFB MRFF finds Lt Gen Kwast in violation of Air Force Instruction 11 AFI 11 sections 211 and 212 Lt Gen Kwast is quoted in the publication River Region Living Magazine based in Montgomery Alabama dated January 12th 2017 as saying Im not so arrogant as to think that I can make any plans unless Gods in it God opens opportunity all over the place My goal is to be prepared for any opportunity that God puts in front of me It doesnt matter if thats being a ditch digger in California or President of the United States Its about being prepared so that someday God can say well done my good and faithful servant Lt Gen Steven L Kwast openly discussed his Christian faith by among other faithbased statements quoting New Testament scripture from Matthew 2521 as being the paramount guiding force in his decisions As stated in his quote Lt Gen Kwast is incapable of making a single decision without being influenced by his one Christian faith MRFF contends that the endorsement of Christianity as the influencer in his decision making as clearly stated in the published quote by Lt Gen Kwast is a blatant violation of AFI 11 specifically sections 211 and 212 which state 211 Free Exercise of Religion and Religious Accommodation Every Airman is free to practice the religion of their choice or subscribe to no religious belief at all You should confidently practice your own beliefs while respecting others whose viewpoints differ from your own Every Airman also has the right to individual expressions of sincerely held beliefs to include conscience moral principles or religious beliefs unless those expressions would have an adverse impact on military readiness unit cohesion good order discipline health and safety or mission accomplishment 212 Balance of Free Exercise of Religion and Establishment Clause Leaders at all levels must balance constitutional protections for their own free exercise of religion including individual expressions of religious beliefs and the constitutional prohibition against governmental establishment of religion They must ensure their words and actions can not reasonably be construed to be officially endorsing or disapproving of or extending preferential treatment for any faith belief or absence of belief MRFF demands that the Inspector General conduct a thorough investigation of Lt Gen Steven L Kwasts transgression with regard to his violation of AFI 11 sections 211 and 212 and that he be aggressively punished HATE GROUP PUSHES FOR TRUMP TO ABOLISH AFI 11 212 The Family Research Council an organization deemed a hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center based in Montgomery AL lists 20 ways the Trump administration can address values issues within the first 100 days of office ACTION 18 REMOVE SECTION 212 FROM AFI 11 Click to read on Family Research Council site SENIOR AIR FORCE OFFICER SPELLS IT OUT AFI 11 EXISTS FOR A REASON Senior Air Force Officer Explains the Significance of AFI 11 Sections 211 and 212 in an Email Received by Michael L Mikey Weinstein President and Founder of the Military Religious Freedom Foundation To Mikey Weinstein mikeymilitaryreligiousfreedomorg Sent Thursday January 19 2017 73117 PM Subject Re USAF Lt Gen Steven Kwast Violates AFI 101 Section 212 Wow isnt this just greatest example of free speech and religious freedom in the military Many at least in this part of Alabammy would think so until they do a little exercise in transposition Lets just change the word God everywhere that Steve Killer his actual USAF pilots call sign Kwast uses it with Allah Odin Vishnu or The Flying Spaghetti Monster As for his reference to King David you can just keep King David for the first transposition and maybe Chef BoyArDee for the last one Im not up on Viking or Hindu demigods well enough to suggest a Try the exercise folks Replace God with Flying Spaghetti Monster and ask yourself how ridiculous and outofplace this sounds Replace God with Allah and ask yourself if it doesnt sound a little threatening How would our Presidentelect react to that Where are my Spirits of Ipecac AFI 11 exists for a reasonto protect our airman against the pressures of proselytizing superiors who would judge them based not on their job performance but their religious motivation for accomplishing their jobs Not just Christians who do this even though theyre the most common violators but all Muslims Mormons Jehovahs Witnesses and rabid inyourface atheists who could never imagine ANYONE working for them thats a Christian Theyre all WRONG and AFI11 protects us all from them Do your job Follow orders Keep your private missionirrelevant religious political and other PRIVATE biases to yourself They are NOT part of your oath to support and defend the Constitution Killers had a great career Hes served long and we suspect honorably in most cases But a certain stain and stench will remain after hes gone because hes also turned off MANY people to service in our Air Force with this screed and I suspect many similar declarations before this one Well also never know how many great airman have left the Air Force over the past 30 years because they didnt think Killer and those in his organizations would treat them fairly if they werent overt evangelical Christians Well NEVER know that damage but as someone whos served just A Senior Air Force Officer MRFFS FORMAL THIRD PARTY INSPECTOR GENERAL COMPLAINT TO MAXWELL AFB MRFF Sends Formal Third Party Inspector General IG Complaint to Maxwell AFB on Behalf of its 33 Clients 22 of whom are practicing Christians From Mikey Subject USAF Lt Gen Steven Kwast Violates AFI 101 Section 212 Date January 19 2017 at 40138 PM MST To Maxwell Air Force Base Cc Information Weinstein MRFF desires to file an immediate formal Third Party IG Complaint against LGEN Kwast for violating AFI 11 as per the below on behalf of its clients at Maxwell AFBthank you Mikey Weinstein Founder and Pres MRFF 5052507727 Original Email From MRFF Client at Maxwell AFB Montgomery Alabama exposing Lt Gen Kwaft for Violating AFI 11 Sent Thursday January 19 2017 Subject Article in River Region Magazine Montgomery AL Mikey Please see below I saw the print version of this magazine in the Drs office this afternoon and was disturbed that this article about Lt Gen Kwast featured him in his military uniform while the entire last paragraph is preachy about his faith and how it guides his decisionmaking I know military members are not barred from speaking about their faith at all but I was under the impression that doing so in uniform especially when you are the Commander of Air University was usually frowned upon Further in the print version not the online version there is a
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"MRFF",
"River Region Living Magazine"
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http://milkeespress.com/clemente1954.html
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By Stew Thornley “ A lie can travel halfway round the world while the truth is putting on its shoes . ” Although this quote is often attributed to Mark Twain , at least one Twain researcher claims a different source . 1 Beyond the content of the quote , its disputed derivation highlights the need to resist the urge to assume something to be true just because it is repeated often enough or is viewed as “ common knowledge . ” So it is with Roberto Clemente ’ s sole season in the minor leagues , with the Montreal Royals of the International League in 1954 . This saga provides a striking example of a story retold so many times that it takes on a life of its own , eventually becoming so accepted as factual that even a careful researcher may fall into the trap of assuming the claims to be true and not feeling the need to verify them . Although Clemente spent his entire major league career with the Pittsburgh Pirates , he was originally part of the Brooklyn Dodgers organization . He signed with the Dodgers in February 1954 for a reported salary of $ 5,000 as well as a bonus of $ 10,000 . 2 Rules of the time required a team signing a player for a bonus , including salary , of more than $ 4,000 to keep him on the major league roster for two years or risk losing him in an off - season draft . Thus , the Dodgers choice to have Clemente spend 1954 in the minors meant that they might lose him to another team at the end of the season . 3 What has been written about Clemente in Montreal contains an assertion that the Dodgers and Royals tried to hide him — that is , play him very little so that other teams would n ’ t notice him . The claim was expressed by Clemente at least as early as 1962 in an article by Howard Cohn in Sport magazine . “ Clemente , on the other hand , felt — and still does — that the Royals kept him out of the regular lineup so big - league teams would think him a weak prospect and ignore him in the post - season draft for which he ’ d be available as a bonus player if he were n ’ t elevated to the Brooklyn roster , ” wrote Cohn . 4 Since then , this claim has been trumpeted in much that has been written about Clemente ’ s entry into organized baseball , including several biographies ; one of them , by Arnold Hano , was written during Clemente ’ s career , in 1968 , and revised following Clemente ’ s death in 1972 ; two biographies , by Kal Wagenheim and Phil Musick , were written shortly after Clemente ’ s death while another , by Bruce Markusen , came out a quarter - century later . In early 2006 , noted biographer David Maraniss , whose works 5 The biographers and others who maintain that Clemente was hidden — and beyond that , that the organization may have tried to frustrate Clemente to the point that he would jump the team , making him ineligible to be drafted by another team 6 — offer numerous supporting examples . The examples , with few exceptions , turn out to be false . Decision on Clemente ’ s Destination The first question , however , concerns not what happened in Montreal but why the Dodgers did not keep Clemente in Brooklyn in 1954 . Many bonus players of this period were kept at the major league level , even though it meant pining on the bench for two years rather than developing in the minors . As vice president of the Dodgers , Emil “ Buzzie ” Bavasi had the power to determine Clemente ’ s fate . In 1955 , Bavasi told Pittsburgh writer Les Biederman that the team ’ s only purpose in signing Clemente had been to keep him away from the New York Giants , even though they knew they would eventually lose him to another team . 7 Other explanations offered center around an often - cited but never documented informal quota system said to be in effect in the years following the breaking of the color barrier in organized baseball . 8 The Dodgers already had five blacks who would play at least semi - regularly on their parent roster in 1954 , presumably leaving no room for another player of color . ( The claim of an informal quota is another possible myth that has become widely accepted over time . A check of a specific claim made in Wagenheim ’ s biography — that the Dodgers would never start all five blacks at the same time — is false , and there are other reasons to question the general claim of a quota system , but it is beyond the 9 Although Bavasi had claimed at the time that they signed Clemente only to keep him from the Giants , in 2005 he offered a different reason . “ I know your sources are not idiots , ” he wrote in e - mail correspondence with the author , “ but not one of those things you mentioned are [ sic ] accurate . Let ’ s start from the beginning . ” Bavasi then wrote that while there was not a quota in effect , race was the factor in their decision to have Clemente play in Montreal rather than Brooklyn : “ [ Dodgers owner ] Walter O ’ Malley had two partners who were concerned about the number of minorities we would be bringing to the Dodgers . . . . The concern had nothing to do with quotas , but the thought was too many minorities might be a problem with the white players . Not so , I said . Winning was the important thing . I agreed with the board that we should get a player ’ s opinion and I would be guided by the player ’ s opinion . The board called in Jackie Robinson 10 Clemente in Montreal So Clemente was headed for Montreal to play for manager Max Macon . According to statements attributed to Clemente in a 1966 Sports Illustrated article by Myron Cope , and later picked up by the biographers , the treatment he faced went beyond an attempt to hide him : “ The idea was to make me look bad . If I struck out , I stayed in there ; if I played well , I was benched . ” 11 Musick , in Who Was Roberto ? , added , “ A free swinger , Clemente suffered through stretches when he was not making contact with the ball . Fighting those slumps , he was showcased to disadvantage and stayed in the lineup days at a time . ” 12 Box scores from The Sporting News reveal that Macon , known around the league for platooning his hitters , 13 had Clemente in the starting lineup against lefthanded starting pitchers and did not start him against righthanders through the first 13 games of the season . At that point , Clemente had 4 hits in 18 at - bats for a .222 batting average , and he played sparingly over the next two - and - a - half months . He may have , in part , been a victim of a crowded outfield situation in Montreal , which included Jack Cassini , Dick Whitman , and Don Thompson as well as Sandy Amoros , who was sent down from Brooklyn in mid - May and recalled by the Dodgers in mid - July , and Gino Cimoli , who was transferred to Montreal from the Dodgers ’ other Triple - A farm team , the St . Paul Saints , in early May . ( Clemente ’ s opportunities to play may not have been any greater had he When he did play , Clemente struggled with his hitting . In early July , his batting average was barely above .200 . Part of that may be attributed to his infrequent playing time ; it ’ s hard for a batter to get in a groove and hit well when he does n ’ t play regularly . On the other hand , it ’ s hard for a player to get regular playing time if he ’ s not hitting well . Macon said the reason he did n ’ t use him much at that time was that he “ swung wildly , ” especially at pitches that were outside of the strike zone . “ If you had been in Montreal that year , you would n ’ t have believed how ridiculous some pitchers made him look , ” Macon said of Clemente . 14 Macon began platooning Clemente again over the latter part of the season . In the first game of a doubleheader against Havana on July 25 , Clemente entered the game in the ninth inning , came to the plate in the bottom of the 10th , and hit a game - ending home run . He started the second game of the doubleheader , against lefthander Clarence “ Hooks ” Iott ; for the rest of the regular season and through the playoffs , the righthanded - hitting Clemente started every game in which the opposing starter was lefthanded and did not start any games against righthanded starters . After July 25 , Clemente ’ s usage was determined by the status of the opposing starting pitcher . Other claims made to support the notion of Clemente being hidden : Clemente hit a long home run in the first week of the season and was benched in the next game . 15 ( Clemente did not homer until July 25 , and he started the next game . His only other home run came on September 5 , and , like his earlier homer , was a game - ending shot . Clemente did not start the next game as a righthander , Bob Trice , was the starting pitcher for Ottawa . ) Clemente was benched after a game in which he had three triples . 16 ( Clemente did not have three triples in any game in 1954 . Researcher David Speed notes that Clemente had two triples and a single in a game on August 29 and that an opposing outfielder had an error in the game , making it possible that Clemente may have originally been credited with three triples in the game with one of the hits later reverting to a single because of a change by the official scorer . However , if there was a scoring change , it would have occurred during the game and not at a later time Montreal Gazette indicates that he had two triples ; thus , Clemente would not have left this game thinking he had been credited with three triples only to have one of them changed to a single and error by the scorer . Even if this is the game the biographers were referring to , it is true that Clemente did not start the next game , which was three days later because of two days of rain , although the obvious reason he did n ’ t start is because a righthander was starting for the opposing team ; Clemente did not Clemente was often used only in the second game of a doubleheader , after the scouts had left . 17 ( No such pattern of usage is indicated . ) The errors noted above were made by Wagenheim , Musick , and Markusen in their biographies . Maraniss , who went through Montreal newspapers for the 1954 season , avoided many of the inaccurate supporting examples made by the others . However , Maraniss parroted the claim that Clemente was being set up to fail , writing , “ It seemed that whenever he got a chance to play and played well , Macon benched him . ” 18 Maraniss also wrote , “ After the first four games , Clemente was leading the team in batting , going four for eight . Then he disappeared again . ” 19 However , Clemente ’ s disappearance after getting three hits in the team ’ s fifth ( not fourth ) game was not that abrupt ; he started two of the next three games , both against lefthanded starting pitchers , and pinch - hit in two more games over the next week . Overall , Maraniss stuck to the standard story of Clemente being hidden and did not perform any real analysis of the claim . He also did not pick up on the pattern of usage that eventually developed , in which Clemente started regularly against lefthanded pitching . As a result , Maraniss cites instances of Clemente not playing over the final seven weeks as being indicative of attempts to hide him , rather than the fact that a righthanded pitcher was starting for the opposing team . 20 One claim made by biographers that is true regards Clemente being pulled for a pinch - hitter in the top of the first inning of a game . It occurred June 7 at Havana . The Royals had two runs in and the bases loaded with two out when Havana changed pitchers — righthander Raul Sanchez coming in for lefthander Hooks Iott . Lefthanded Dick Whitman then hit for Clemente . Although the story is presented as more evidence of how poorly Clemente was treated by Max Macon , it appears clear from the circumstances that it had more to An essentially opposite situation occurred two months later as Toronto manager Luke Sewell , trying to counteract Macon ’ s platooning , employed a decoy starter . In the first game of an August 3 doubleheader , Sewell started righthander Arnie Landeck against the Royals and then relieved him with lefthander Vic Lombardi in the second inning . As a result , Dick Whitman started for Montreal and was pinch - hit for by Clemente before Whitman could bat even once . Conveniently , this counterpoint to the June 7 story is never mentioned . Also , the details of Clemente getting pulled in the first inning get botched by the biographers . Markusen says it happened against Richmond in the second week of the season . 21 Musick also says the incident occurred in a game against Richmond . 22 However , a few pages later , Musick contradicts himself and says the game was in Rochester ( wrong in either case ) , that it was the final game of the season ( not true ) , and that it was against Rochester ’ s Jackie Collum ( strike three ) . 23 The name of Jackie Collum comes up again in a unrelated story by Wagenheim , who wrote that Clemente had two doubles and a triple off Collum and then was pulled for a pinch - hitter his next time up . 24 Nothing like this happened — regardless of the pitcher . And one has to wonder about references to Collum by two different biographers . Collum did not even pitch for Rochester nor in the International League at all in 1954 . Society for American Baseball Research ( SABR ) member and Montreal Royals historian Neil Raymond cross - checked the summary compiled by the author from The Sporting News box scores with game accounts and box scores from Montreal newspapers . ( See Clemente ’ s game - by - game compilation at the end of the article . ) “ What becomes apparent going through the Montreal papers daily ( La Presse , The Gazette , The Star ) is that this team was not perceived as a player development exercise , ” maintained Raymond . “ They were expected to win . Translation : Sandy Amoros ’ s at bats were deemed a lot more valuable than learning what Clemente could do , building his confidence , or training him by exposing him to opportunities to fail by being overmatched . “ I feel safe in saying that Clemente made very little impression on those who wrote about him during the 1954 campaign . These were iconoclastic writers . Their copy was eagerly sought - after breakfast or dinner fodder . If Clemente was being ‘ hidden ’ to the detriment of the team ’ s ability to perform , they would have peeped up . Not once in my newspaper research is there an allusion to this possibility , or a subtle wink at the canniness of the ‘ braintrust . ’ As difficult as it may be to accept 25 A More Plausible Argument ? It ’ s possible that the strongest argument for a theory of hiding could revolve around the timing of the Pittsburgh Pirates ’ discovery of Clemente and when Clemente began starting regularly against lefthanded pitching . The accounts surrounding the discovery are consistent in some ways , albeit consistently inaccurate on some details : Clyde Sukeforth , then a Pirates coach , was dispatched on a scouting mission by Branch Rickey , then the Pirates ’ executive vice president - general manager , to check out Montreal pitcher Joe Black . The accounts note that Sukeforth ’ s visit occurred during a Royals series in Richmond . Musick and Markusen state that the scouting trip took place in July , Hano says it was in “ the spring , ” and Mariness and Wagenheim do not The Sporting News from the summer of 1955 has Sukeforth recalling his visit from the previous June . The Royals played in Richmond during the first week of June . The next meeting between the teams was in July , although this series was in Montreal . Sukeforth said he noticed , and was impressed by , Clemente while watching him bat and throw in pre - game practice . On the basis of Sukeforth ’ s report , Rickey sent scout Howie Haak for a follow - up visit . The accounts vary to a much greater degree as to when the Pirates informed the Dodgers and / or Royals that they had discovered Clemente and planned on drafting him . Some reports contend that Sukeforth immediately told Macon of the Pirates ’ interest in Clemente . 26 The key is when the Dodgers organization found out that the Pirates were planning to draft Clemente . If Clemente was first discovered in the Richmond series in July ( meaning that the essence of the story of Sukeforth ’ s scouting trip is correct even if the specific details are not ) , and if Sukeforth immediately informed Macon , it raises an interesting possibility . The Richmond series was immediately before the Havana series in which Clemente began starting regularly against lefthanders . If the Royals began playing Clemente more after being informed of the Pirates ’ interest , then perhaps it could be argued that the Royals had been hiding Clemente up to that point ; however , informed that their gambit had failed , they then decided to play Clemente more . Even if all these if s line up , the argument is still a stretch and nothing more than conjecture ; however , it is still the most plausible one . Interestingly , however , this is not the argument advanced by the biographers nor anyone else claiming that Clemente was being hidden . In fact , most go in the other direction , saying that the Royals used Clemente even less after being informed of Pittsburgh ’ s interest . Wagenheim and Markusen even make the outrageous and totally incorrect claim that Clemente did not play in any of the Royals ’ final 25 games . 27 Although Musick does not make the claim of Clemente not playing in the last 25 games , he writes that Macon restricted Clemente ’ s playing time even more after Sukeforth ’ s scouting trip and alleged revelation to Macon . 28 [ The “ More Plausible Argument ” theory actually disappears with the confirmation that Sukeforth ’ s scouting visit , in which he allegedly discovered Clemente , was in Richmond in early June , not July , as noted in accounts from the Montreal Star provided by researcher David Speed . 29 Sukeforth scouted Joe Black on June 2 , even though Sukeforth was quoted as saying that he never saw Black pitch . There is no indication of whether or not Sukeforth informed Max Macon of his interest in Clemente at that time ; even if he did , however , that did n ’ t keep Macon from starting Clemente in two of the final three games in Richmond . These were Clemente ’ s first starts since his early - season flurry of activity . After another start a few games later , Clemente dropped back to limited appearances Treatment of Max Macon Markusen at least provided some balance with quotes from Macon in which the manager denied being under orders to hide Clemente . 30 Musick also provided some of Macon ’ s denials as well as Macon ’ s contention that pitchers were making Clemente look ridiculous . However , Musick offered these explanations on Macon ’ s part in a patronizing manner as he wrote , “ Macon pleads innocence for his former employer twenty years after the fact , but his pleas bring bemused grins to the faces of his contemporaries . And he is part of a baseball establishment that is superprotective of its leaders . There are no skeletons in baseball ’ s closet : They are quickly ground to 31 Drafted by Pittsburgh By the end of the 1954 season , it had become clear to Bavasi and the rest of the Brooklyn brass that other teams were interested in Clemente . However , Bavasi said he still was n ’ t ready to give up . The Pirates , by having the worst record in the majors in 1954 , had the first pick in the November draft . If Bavasi could get the Pirates to draft a different player off the Montreal Royals ’ roster , Clemente would remain with the Dodgers organization . ( Each team could lose only one player , so if a different Montreal player were taken , then no other team could draft Clemente or any other Royals player . ) Bavasi said he went to Branch Rickey , Sr . , who had run the Brooklyn Dodgers before going to Pittsburgh . Bavasi had declined Rickey ’ s offer at that time to follow him to the Pirates , but , according to Bavasi , Rickey then told him that , “ Should I [ Bavasi ] need help at anytime , all I had to do was pick up the phone . ” Bavasi said he used this offer of help in 1954 to get Rickey to agree draft a different player , pitcher John Rutherford , off the Royals roster . However , Bavasi was dismayed to learn two days later that the deal was off and that the Pirates were going to draft Clemente . “ It seemed that Walter O ’ Malley and Mr . Rickey got in another argument , and it seems Walter called Mr . Rickey every name in the book , ” Bavasi explained . “ Thus , we lost Roberto . ” 32 Summary Some stories and claims may be difficult to fully verify or refute , and it ’ s possible that the contention that Clemente was being hidden and / or mistreated in Montreal is one of them . While this analysis may not provide a definitive answer one way or another , it is telling that the examples used to support the hiding claim are so consistently incorrect . In a rather supercilious manner , Phil Musick wrote , “ Whether or not the Dodgers consciously tried to hide Clemente from the prying eyes of scouts from other major league clubs is questionable — barely . The evidence insists that the Dodgers ordered him into virtual seclusion in Montreal ; Macon insists otherwise . The evidence does not support his claim . ” 33 In reality , the claims not supported by the evidence are those made by Musick and the other biographers . Note : This is a slightly revised version of an article that originally appeared in the 2006 The National Pastime , published by the Society for American Baseball Research . It has been modified based on new information provided by SABR researcher David Speed , to whom the author is grateful . John Thorn provided a copy of a scouting report Haak compiled on Clemente . “ The Montreal boys for the most part tell me he [ Clemente ] could have played regular on their club in ‘ 54 and been of more value than [ Jack ] Cassini ” . Roberto Clemente Montreal Royals — 1954 Compiled by Stew Thornley from 1954 box scores in The Sporting News . Assistance provided by Neil Raymond , who double - checked box scores from the Montreal Gazette , as well as the Montreal Star and La Presse . Additional assistance provided by David Speed . Games in which the position is in bold indicate games started by Clemente ; bold italic indicates that he played the entire game .
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http://millercenter.org/president/biography/lincoln-life-before-the-presidency
|
U.S. Presidents Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln : Life Before the Presidency By Michael Burlingame The man who preserved the Union and issued the Emancipation Proclamation came into the world on February 12 , 1809 . Abraham Lincoln was born in humble surroundings , a one - room log cabin with dirt floors in Hardin County , Kentucky . His father , Thomas Lincoln , could not read and could barely sign his name . He was a stern man whom young Abe never liked very much . Himself born to impoverished parents , Thomas Lincoln was a farmer and carpenter who moved the family from rural Kentucky to frontier Indiana when young Abe was Lincoln ' s mother , Nancy Hanks , died when Lincoln was only nine years old . Although Lincoln later said that he owed everything to her guidance , he seldom mentioned her in his conversation or writings . Thomas Lincoln married Sarah Bush Johnston shortly after Nancy ' s death , and young Abe immediately bonded with his stepmother . A bright woman , she encouraged Abe ' s education , and took his side in the frequent arguments the young boy had with his father . Rural life was difficult in America ' s frontier during the early 1800s . Poverty , farm chores , hard work , and reading by the light of the fireplace dominated young Abe ' s life until he was seventeen , when he found work on a ferryboat . Enjoying the river , he built a flatboat two years later and ran a load of farm produce down the Mississippi River to New Orleans . Selling the boat for its timber , he then returned home . Upon reaching home he dutifully , but resentfully , gave his full earnings When Abe was twenty - one , the family again moved , this time to Illinois just west of Decatur . The father and son built another log cabin not much bigger than the one they had lived in before . Following this move , Abe built a second flatboat and made another run down river , but this time as an independent operator . After that haul , he lived on his own , moving to the town of New Salem , Illinois in 1831 . Political Ambitions As a young man , Lincoln stood out from the crowd , tall and lanky at six - feet four - inches . He arrived in New Salem and landed a job as a clerk in a general store . Soon thereafter , Lincoln started to make a name for himself , successfully wrestling the town bully and amazing most of his neighbors with his strength and ability to split rails and fell trees — a survival skill that he developed as a child of the American frontier . In small towns during that era , the general store was Six months after his arrival in town , Abe let his ambitions get the best of him . He announced his candidacy for a seat in the Illinois state legislature , declaring himself as an independent candidate . A few weeks after throwing his hat in the ring , the Black Hawk War broke out , and Lincoln volunteered to fight Indians . His fellow volunteers elected him the temporary captain of their company , an honor that he valued more than his nomination for the presidency , and off they marched to war . It was a thirty - Back home in New Salem , Lincoln resumed his campaign for the legislature , but there was too little time left before the election for him to make himself known throughout the large district . Although he won 277 of the 300 votes in New Salem , he lost in the county , coming in eighth in a field of thirteen . Thereafter , he refocused his energies on studying law on his own , arguing cases before the local justice of the peace even before passing the state bar exam in 1836 , and getting his license in 1837 Despite his political leanings , Abe attracted attention from leaders of the time . Democratic President Andrew Jackson appointed Lincoln postmaster of New Salem , even though Lincoln had supported National Republican candidate Henry Clay in the 1832 presidential election that reelected Jackson . Democrats allowed Lincoln ' s appointment probably because no local Democrat wanted the job , and , additionally , his determination to avoid partisan posturing made him acceptable to almost everyone in New Salem . To supplement his meager pay of $ 55 per year , Abe chopped wood , split rails , worked as a Political Success and Strategies In 1834 , Lincoln ran again for the state legislature , and this time he won . Even the Democrats supported him . His strategy had worked : he issued no platform statement , made no promises , and gave few speeches . Instead , he shook hands , told jokes , and visited nearly every family in the county . He ran and won again in 1836 , 1838 , and 1840 . Once in office , his Whig leanings came early to the front as he supported internal improvements and the chartering of a state bank . As a young legislator , Lincoln generally voted along Whig Party lines . In 1837 , Lincoln took highly controversial position that foreshadowed his future political path , joining with five other legislators — out of eighty - three — to oppose a resolution condemning abolitionists . In 1838 , he responded to the death of the Illinois abolitionist and newspaper editor Elijah Parish Lovejoy , who was killed while defending his printing presses from a mob of pro - slavery citizens in Alton , Illinois . In a statesmanlike manner , Lincoln gave a cautious speech at the Springfield In 1840 , with a keen political eye , Lincoln campaigned for the populist war hero and Whig candidate William Henry Harrison . Abe denounced Democratic candidate Martin Van Buren for having once voted to give free blacks the vote in New York . In taking this position , Lincoln clearly appealed to the racism of the overwhelming majority of Illinois voters . Like many other opponents of slavery , Lincoln , at this point , did not favor citizenship rights for blacks . Taking Political Risks After four terms in the state legislature , Lincoln left office in 1841 but returned to public life in 1846 to win the Whig nomination for a seat from the Illinois seventh congressional district to the U.S. House of Representatives . Ten days after the nomination , America went to war with Mexico . During the months of the campaign , Lincoln said nothing about the Mexican - American War , which allowed him to win the district by a large majority . Once in office , however , Lincoln voiced his opinion on the conflict . Congressman Lincoln boldly Some of his friends were shocked at Lincoln ' s bold position , but his stand was common among congressional Whigs . Lincoln earlier had promised not to run for a second term in order to win the party ' s nomination over two other aspiring candidates . He also had little chance as a Whig for election as a U.S. senator or governor of Illinois . No Whig had ever obtained either position from Illinois . In 1848 , intent on keeping his name before the national audience , Lincoln campaigned in Maryland and Massachusetts for Whig presidential candidate Zachary Taylor . Then he retired to Springfield , where he practiced law from 1849 to 1854 , becoming one of the more successful lawyers in the state , representing all kinds of clients , including railroad interests . Although elected in 1854 again to the state legislature , he promptly resigned to run for the U.S. Senate , losing on the ninth ballot in the state legislature ( which in those days chose U.S. senators ) After his defeat , Lincoln abandoned the defunct Whig Party and joined the new Republican Party in 1856 . This new national party was comprised of many former Whigs who opposed slavery — referred to as " Conscience Whigs " — Free - Soilers , and antislavery Democrats . The Republicans took a firm stand against slavery . They were dedicated to the repeal of the Kansas - Nebraska Act and the prevention of the further extension of slavery westward . The new party also demanded the immediate admission of Kansas into the Union as a free state , denounced As a favorite - son candidate from Illinois , Lincoln was placed in nomination for vice president but failed to win at the convention in Philadelphia . He thereafter aggressively stumped the state in support of John C . Frémont for President . Although the Democratic candidate James Buchanan won the election and carried Illinois , Lincoln ' s Republican Party did surprisingly well , winning most of the northern counties and 30 percent of the popular vote . The Issue of Slavery : 1858 Lincoln - Douglas Debates Two years after Frémont ' s defeat , Abraham Lincoln won his party ' s nomination to the U.S. Senate . This put him head - to - head in a race with the powerful Senator Stephen A . Douglas , one of Lincoln ' s rivals from his days in the Illinois state capital , who was running for a third term as a Democrat . There followed a series of seven debates between Lincoln and Douglas in towns across Illinois over the next seventy days . Several factors helped to attract national attention to the campaign battles . Political Motives A leader of the Democratic Party , Douglas had made himself politically vulnerable when he broke with Democratic President James Buchanan and Southern Democrats over the issue of Kansas statehood . Douglas opposed the admission of Kansas as a slave state under the terms of the controversial , proslavery Lecompton constitution . That constitution , which was widely believed to have been the result of voter fraud by Missouri " border ruffians , " would have legalized slavery in the new state . Douglas , hoping to appeal to antislavery Northern Democrats and Republicans , took a popular sovereignty stance Lincoln understood that he would have to take a high moral ground to undermine the temptation of some Republicans to vote for Douglas as a means of dividing the national Democratic Party . To this end , Lincoln ' s campaign began with his famous " House Divided Speech " delivered in Springfield , Illinois , on June 16 , 1858 . Recognized as one of the most important speeches in American history , his powerful message warned that the crisis over slavery would not be resolved until the nation stood either completely slave or totally free . " A A Constitutional , Moral , or Local Issue ? Furthermore , Lincoln charged Douglas with being part of secret cabal to extend slavery to the free states . He boldly announced that slavery was simply immoral and had to be dealt with forthrightly by the U.S. Congress . For Lincoln , slavery violated the fundamental assertion of the Declaration of Independence that all men are created equal . He argued that its continued existence and support in the nation ran counter to the wishes of the founding fathers . Ultimately , only the power of the federal government could resolve the issue by extinguishing slavery from the nation . Douglas met the challenge by trying to portray Lincoln as a radical abolitionist . He disagreed with Lincoln ' s claim that the founding fathers had opposed slavery , pointing out that many of them , including George Washington and Thomas Jefferson , had owned slaves . He played down the moral issue in favor of his commitment to a Jacksonian egalitarianism for white Americans , saying that the power to decide about the existence of slavery should be left to each community and on the local level . And he argued that slavery in any case would never survive Limited Racial Equality It was on this last issue of racial equality that Lincoln had the most difficulty in answering Douglas . Lincoln could not easily declare that slavery was immoral and that African Americans were endowed with God - given rights as presented in the Declaration of Independence without leaving himself vulnerable to Douglas ' s race - baiting attacks . Either African Americans were equal to white Americans , Douglas proclaimed , or they were not . Lincoln answered by trying to contend that there were physical and social differences between the races that would " probably forever forbid their living In those days , U.S. senators were elected by their state legislatures , not by a direct popular vote . Thus , the debates were designed to appeal to voters who would elect members of the state legislature , who would in turn elect the U.S. senator from Illinois . When the votes were counted , although Republican candidates won a slight plurality of the popular vote , the malapportionment of legislative districts favored southern Illinois , where the Democrats were strongest . As a result , the Democrats retained their majority in the legislature and elected Douglas over Lincoln
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http://millerschapmire.com/
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A Loved One Kenneth R Hall Jan 6 2019 519 Locust St Owensboro Thomas E Mudd Jan 6 2019 519 Locust St Owensboro Thomas Richard Abel Jan 5 2019 519 Locust St Owensboro Cynthia Jo Reynolds Bartley Jan 2 2019 519 Locust St Owensboro John Raymond Jones Dec 31 2018 2373 Elizabethtown Rd Leitchfield David Michell Wink Dec 31 2018 519 Locust St Owensboro Arba Della Perry Dec 29 2018 114 West Walnut Street Hartford Joseph Ronnie Osborne Dec 28 2018 519 Locust St Owensboro Claude E Sparks Sr Dec 28 2018 519 Locust St Owensboro Visit Tribute Phyllis Darlene Wells Dec 27 2018 519 Locust St Owensboro Visit Tribute Jo Ann Sandlin Dec 26 2018 2373 Elizabethtown Rd Leitchfield Visit Tribute Robert Eugene Bray Jr Dec 23 2018 519 Locust St Owensboro Visit Tribute Cassie Lea Poole Dec 23 2018 519 Locust St Owensboro Visit Tribute Angela Jill Lovins Gunn Dec 21 2018 519 Locust St Owensboro Visit Tribute Roseann Stewart Vanover Dec 21 2018 2373 Elizabethtown Rd Leitchfield Visit Tribute Linda Irene Adams Kinison Dec 21 2018 519 Locust St Owensboro Visit Tribute Mary Deanna Mattingly Mills Dec 20 2018 519 Locust St Owensboro Visit Tribute Reba Louise Cole Dec 14 2018 114 West Walnut Street Hartford Visit Tribute James Buster Carroll Dec 13 2018 519 Locust St Owensboro Visit Tribute Carl Woody Woodrow Hines Dec 13 2018 114 West Walnut Street Hartford Visit Tribute Ortha Eugene Blonde Henslee Dec 12 2018 319 South Main Street Owensville Visit Tribute Mary Linda Miller Sikes Dec 12 2018 519 Locust St Owensboro Visit Tribute Jerry Lee Embry Dec 12 2018 201 East Maple Street Caneyville Visit Tribute Charles Harvey Bud Sheffield Dec 12 2018 114 West Walnut Street Hartford Visit Tribute Barbara J Hagan Dec 12 2018 519 Locust St Owensboro Visit Tribute Bonnie W Reed Dec 11 2018 114 West Walnut Street Hartford Visit Tribute Robert Kell Jr Dec 11 2018 319 South Main Street Owensville Visit Tribute Robert M Clark Dec 11 2018 519 Locust St Owensboro Visit Tribute Paul PJ J Walther Dec 9 2018 319 South Main Street Owensville Visit Tribute Danny LeRoy Allison Dec 8 2018 519 Locust St Owensboro Visit Tribute Explore Our Service Offerings Send flowers gifts to Support the Family Send Flowers Gifts Resources Grief Healing Youre never alone No matter how you feel at this moment you have our commitment Resources Virtual Tour Take a 360 tour through our unique facilities We invite you to come see what makes us different Resources 365 Daily Affirmations Enter your information To signup for our daily email message of comfort and healing Its never too early to Plan For Your Future What we Do Honoring our Heroes As part of our commitment in honoring the Public Safety Community Morris Family has created the Heroes of Public Safety Program for emergency service personnel
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[
"A Loved One"
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http://milligandermatology.com/
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HOME MEDICAL CONDITIONS COSMETIC DERMATOLOGY SKIN CANCER AND SURGERIES H O M E MEDICAL CONDITIONS COSMETIC DERMATOLOGY SKIN CANCER AND SURGERIES C O N T A C T 7603288884 We have a dedicated team of physicians who can help diagnose and alleviate discomfort and unsightly marks We use the latest technologies and treatments to reduce blemishes and restore your health and youthful appearance Well fit to you in Restore your youthful appearance today Our practice has earned a reputation for successful rejuvenation scar reduction cancer treatments and a wide variety of other services Call today and speak with a member of our staff to schedule a consultation Services provided for a new you PHONE 7603288884 HOURS MonThurs 800 am430 pm Fri 800 am300 pm We accept Visa MasterCard American EX Most major insurance plans accepted Come visit us today Call for an appointment
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[
"MEDICAL CONDITIONS",
"SKIN CANCER AND SURGERIES"
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http://millionmilesecrets.com/2013/04/06/gift-card-pin-number/
|
Breaking News : You Can Now Use Gift Cards For Cash Back , Loading Bluebird , and Buying Money Orders ! April 6 , 2013 by Million Mile Secrets Signing - up for credit cards through partner links earns us a commission . Here ’ s our full Advertising Policy Do n ’ t forget to follow me on Facebook or Twitter Update : You can no longer load a Vanilla Visa to your Bluebird A Million Mile Secrets reader ( thanks ! ) pointed me to this FlyerTalk thread which discusses the new ability to add a Personal Identification Number ( PIN ) to a prepaid Visa or MasterCard debit gift card . Even Better With a PIN ! This is good news because you can NOW use your Visa or MasterCard gift card as a debit card with your PIN to : Load your American Express Bluebird at Wal - Mart Buy Money Orders at Wal - Mart , grocery stores or other locations to pay loans etc . Get Cash Back at certain stores Buy Pre - Paid cards from stores which do n ’ t sell them with a credit card , but let you use a debit card Potentially pay a lower debit card fee when you pay your taxes This means that it becomes easier to complete the minimum spending requirement on your new credit cards or to use credit cards for purchases which otherwise could n ’ t be made with a credit card . Unfortunately , you ca n ’ t use the cards to withdraw money from an ATM . According to this article , the Federal Reserve has provided informal guidance that all Visa or MasterCard pre - paid cards or gift cards have to have PIN number from April 1 , 2013 . WARNING Not all Visa and MasterCard gift cards currently let you use a PIN , so buy a small denomination gift card first to see if it makes sense for YOU . Also , getting cash back seems to vary – in my experience – based on retailer , so my experiences may not be the same as yours . Buying a small amount of money orders to pay your babysitter , mortgage or to pay student loans could be worth it to earn miles & points . Buying lots of money orders just to deposit in your bank account for the miles and points will arouse suspicion – at the banks and at the places you buy them from . That ’ s because anyone can buy money orders and deposit them in banks and “ launder ” money . If the banks get suspicious , they may file a Suspicious Activity Report to the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network . Or they may shut down your account without allowing you to explain the transactions . In addition , most sellers of money orders will ask for identification and take down your social security number , driver ’ s license and other identifying information if you usually attempt to buy more than $ 3,000 in money orders at a time , and most will not sell you more than $ 10,000 worth of money orders a day . But you should n ’ t need such high limits if you use them for genuine transactions . My Experience Using Gift Cards With a PIN In my experience , some gift card manufacturers are scrambling to get systems in place and not all of them let me register or use a PIN with my Visa or MasterCard gift card . But they were aware of the requirement and the customer service reps indicated that I would be able to use a PIN very soon . Note that there are different issuers of the pre - paid Visa and MasterCard and they each have a different process to register a PIN . Some make you call in to register a PIN and some make you do it online . MasterCard and Visa Card Bought at Dillon ’ s / Kroger I bought a $ 100 MasterCard & Visa gifts card from Kroger since I could n ’ t find a higher denomination card and paid the $ 5.95 activation fee . These cards were issued by US Bank and looked like this . Unfortunately , the MasterCard version did n ’ t let me use a PIN , but the Visa version did ! MasterCard & Visa Gift Cards at Kroger The backs of the gift card looked liked this . Back of US Bank Gift Card I was thrilled when I got a separate receipt which asked me to call 1 - 866 - 952 - 5653 to select a PIN . It also mentioned that I could n ’ t use the card to withdraw cash from an ATM . Receipt With Information on Setting a PIN I called 1 - 866 - 952 - 5653 and pressed : option 1 for “ English , then option 2 for “ other inquiries ” then option 3 for “ Setting a PIN . ” I entered a 4 digit PIN and confirmed the number . CASH BACK I then went back to Dillon ’ s and tried to get cash back with a small purchase . But the transaction would not go through if I wanted cash back . But I could make purchases with a PIN if I did not choose the cash back option . I also was n ’ t able to get cash back at CVS or Walgreens with these gift cards issued by US Bank . Getting Cash Back ! But I WAS able to get cash back at Wal - Mart ! I ’ m not sure if this will work at all Wal - Marts or not , but it suggests that some stores will let you get cash back with a gift card while others wo n ’ t . MONEY ORDERS I was able to buy money orders at Wal - Mart and Kroger when I used the Visa but NOT the MasterCard as a debit card and entered my PIN number . But be VERY CAREFUL with buying money orders . Amounts over $ 3,000 require special documentation and banks are suspicious of folks – and have to file government reports – who deposit a lot of money orders into their bank account . But you can use money orders to pay bills which you otherwise could n ’ t pay with a credit card . LOADING BLUEBIRD I WAS able to load my American Express Bluebird at Wal - Mart using the Visa , but not the MasterCard gift cards with a PIN ! If you can find Vanilla Reload cards at CVS or other shops , you can also buy a Vanilla Reload at CVS and load your Bluebird online via the Vanilla Reload website . But if you ca n ’ t buy Vanilla Reloads at CVS , you could buy a Visa gift card with a credit card . Then go to Wal - Mart and load your Bluebird ( up to $ 1,000 a day ) . After that , you can use Bluebird to pay bills , write checks etc . You can load up to $ 1,000 a day and $ 5,000 a month to your Bluebird by using a debit card – or gift card with a PIN – at Wal - Mart without a fee . WAS THIS WORTH IT ? It depends on the amount of the gift card ( a larger denomination is better since the activation fee remains the same ) and how much you value the miles or points which you earn . I paid a $ 5.95 activation fee for a $ 100 gift card & I earned 105.95 miles / points ( assuming I used a card which earns 1 mile / point per $ 1 ) . This means that I paid 5.62 cents per mile or point ( 595 cents / 105.95 miles earned ) which is a very high price per mile / or point . But it was worth it as a test ! My cost would have been 1.18 cents per mile or point if I had bought a $ 500 denomination gift card . My cost would have been lower if I used a card which gave a category bonus for purchases at that store . Vanilla Visa Cards Bought at Dillon ’ s / Kroger & CVS I bought a $ 200 Vanilla Visa gift card from Kroger & CVS . You can load between $ 20 and $ 500 for a flat $ 4.95 fee on the Vanilla Visa gift cards . Ideally , I should have loaded $ 500 , but I wanted to make sure that I could use the card with a PIN first , so I bought a lower denomination gift card . These cards were issued by The Bankcorp Bank and looked like this . Vanilla Visa Gift Cards at CVS The back of the card looked liked this . Back of Vanilla Visa Gift Card I did NOT get a receipt indicating that I could sign - up for a PIN , nor was there any indication on the card packaging that I could sign - up for a PIN . So I went to the Vanilla Visa website and entered my card number . Enter Gift Card Number I then noticed a new tab on the left hand side which read “ Manage PIN Click “ Manage PIN ” The instructions suggested that I could go to a store and select “ Debit ” and enter in a 4 digit number which would automatically be set as my PIN for future transactions . How to Set Your PIN But I was n ’ t able to make ANY debit purchases at Kroger , Dillon ’ s , Wal - Mart , CVS & Wal - Greens using a PIN with the Vanilla Visa gift card ! I could make purchases using the Vanilla Visa gift card as a credit card ( which is how you normally used a gift card to make a purchase ) , but could n ’ t buy ANYTHING using the card as a debit card with a PIN . So I called the Vanilla Visa helpline and a few reps told me that I could n ’ t use the card as a debit card and that there was no way to get a PIN . Finally , one rep acknowledged that you ca n ’ t – currently – use the Vanilla Visa gift card as a debit card with PIN . But she mentioned that I would “ soon ” be able to use it as a debit card with a PIN and that they have n ’ t activated the PIN function as yet . I ca n ’ t wait for this to happen soon and will report back ! Other Experiments I ’ m experimenting with other gift cards and will post updates of what works and what does n ’ t . There are lots of Visa and MasterCard gift cards , so please share your experiences in the comments ! Bottom Line Having a PIN with a Visa or MasterCard gift card opens up lots of possibilities . But I ’ d use this only to complete the minimum spending requirement on cards and to make payments which I otherwise could n ’ t make using a credit card . Resist the temptation to go overboard ! And do the math to see if this works for you ! I ’ d also only buy a SMALL denomination gift card first , to see if this works for you , since there seems to be differences based on where you use the gift card and which bank issued the gift card . If you liked this post , why do n ’ t you join the 37,000 + readers who have signed - up to receive free blog posts via email ( only 1 email per day ! ) or in an RSS reader … because then you ’ ll never miss another update ! More Topics Credit Cards News Editorial Note : We ' re the Million Mile Secrets team . And we ' re proud of our content , opinions and analysis , and of our reader ' s comments . These have n ’ t been reviewed , approved or endorsed by any of the airlines , hotels , or credit card issuers which we often write about . And that ’ s just how we like it ! : ) 356 comments by Newest by Best by Newest by Oldest 1 : 39 pm September 23 , 2018 hea pheak i do n ’ t have Reply Share 3 : 37 pm August 24 , 2018 Michael joy You have brilliant and creative ideas how to play the game Reply Share 7 : 40 pm February 22 , 2018 Habib I can do it 4 : 00 pm October 23 , 2017 Mistystrong34 How i get to pin on my vanilla gift card 9 : 06 pm January 16 , 2017 AMEX Login Hey great post ! I hope it ’ s ok that I shared this on my Facebook , if not , no problem just let me know and I ’ ll remove it . Either way keep up the good work . Load more
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http://mimcol.com.mt/
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Advisory services on all aspects of policy decisionmaking restructuring and privatisation Our advice is based on our extensive technical skills and draws upon the experience of similar decisions from around the world Strategic management advice to add value to your business Stateowned enterprises benefit from professional advice and handson assistance in the effective implementation of its recommendations Human resource consultancy for state owned enterprises Our HR team offers guidance and assistance in collective bargaining processes and helps client entities management to implement pragmatic situationspecific HR solutions Providing a wide range of services in the finance area MIMCOL offers services including project feasibility studies business valuations business planning budgeting and financial forecasts assistance in sourcing of finance insolvency and winding up procedures 1 2 3 4 Our team MIMCOL combines the financial and business consulting experience of a small multidisciplinary nucleus of highly qualified professionals most of whom have a private sector background MIMCOL Malta Investment Management Company Limited MIMCOL was set up in 1988 originally with the primary aim of rationalising the portfolio of investments held by Government at the time through a comprehensive management restructuring and divestment programme Services Business Advisory Policy Setting Privatisation Strategic Business Management HR Consultancy Corporate Finance
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http://mindfulnesstherapy.org/dbt/
|
Dialectical Behavior Therapy ( DBT ) Dialectical Behavior Therapy is a research - based , cognitive - behavioral treatment originally developed by Marsha Linehan at the University of Washington , to help clients with the suicidal and self - harm behaviors often seen in Borderline Personality Disorder . DBT has since then been modified as a treatment for other complex and challenging mental disorders that involve emotional dysregulation , such as dual diagnoses , PTSD , eating disorders and severe mood disorders . Clients with these disorders often have great difficulty managing the emotional and relational crises of their lives because they lack the needed behavioral coping skills . Using both acceptance and change strategies , DBT asks both patient and therapist to find a balance between accepting reality as it is , and maintaining a strong commitment to change . Such treatment is ideally offered in an environment that is warm and validating , while attempting to offer enough challenge and guidance to effect behavioral change and reduction of harmful behaviors . The goal is to help clients create “ a life worth living . ” Research has shown that DBT treatment is most effective when it includes 1 . individual therapy , 2 . a weekly skills training group and 3 . help with skills application by phone with the individual therapist between sessions . At MTA , we offer all three components . For information about individual DBT therapy or skills application and coaching , please contact us Weekly DBT skills training groups are didactic groups that use a step - by - step format to teach four sets of skills : mindfulness , interpersonal effectiveness , emotion regulation , and distress tolerance . Mindfulness : The ability to take control of your mind instead of having your mind control you . Mindfulness helps direct your attention through the process of observing , describing and participating from a nonjudgmental perspective . This allows for more objective , effective , and meaningful experiences in the here and now . Interpersonal Effectiveness : The ability to communicate and express yourself effectively while maintaining an understanding and a commitment to your objectives , your relationship to the person ( s ) and your self - respect . Emotion Regulation : The ability to regulate your emotions by understanding the relationship between thoughts , feelings , body sensations and behaviors . As well as , being aware of vulnerability factors related to emotional states such as ; adequate sleep , balanced eating , appropriate medication usage , self - care , exercise and incorporating positive experiences in your daily life . Distress Tolerance : The ability to get through an already difficult time without making it worse . Self - destructive behaviors are often a result of ineffective ways of dealing with painful emotions . Distress tolerance teaches the use of distraction , radical acceptance and pros / cons as alternatives . These topics are covered through leader presentation , group discussion , handout materials , structured homework and homework review . For more information about DBT please see www . behavioraltech . com
|
[
"Dialectical Behavior Therapy",
"Marsha Linehan",
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http://mindshifts.com.au/
|
We help people achieve Through our coaching and mentoring programs we assist organisations , business leaders and professional executives improve their decision - making capability – resulting in successful competitive strategies that lead to improved business performance and personal success . Work with us to develop better ideas , make smarter decisions , stay focused and committed to the outcomes you seek . Our Services Work with us to develop better ideas , make smarter decisions , stay focused and committed to the outcomes you seek . Executive Coaching Life Coaching Energy Leadership Coaching Business Coaching Keynote Speaker Strategic Planning Workshops CI Workshops for your Company CI Mentoring War Games Upcoming Events Director Institute Masterclass Presentation : Brisbane – 9th May – Purchase Tickets Making Better Decisions in a VUCA World There is no doubt – we are living in a “ VUCA ” world – volatile , uncertain , complex , ambiguous – where everything around us is constantly changing . So how can we minimise the risks involved ? Understanding Energy Leadership As individuals , we view the world through filters ( based on our experiences , values and assumptions ) . Those filters will either limit what we see or expand what we see . What do you see ? Our Blogs We ’ ve Worked With Previous Next
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[
"KEYNOTE SPEAKER",
"STRATEGIC PLANNING"
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http://minecraft-forum.net/minecraft-mods-downloads/1-7-10-spawnercraft-mod-download-2-2/
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[ 1.9.4 ] SpawnerCraft Mod Download Minecraft Mods Mods 1.9.4 No Comments 1101 views July 1 , 2016 DOWNLOAD MOD OFFICIAL THREAD × SpawnerCraft mod allows you to have the power and convenience of moving and creating ( standard ) spawners in survival . By collecting the essence of the mob , you are able to infuse a mob cage with the mob to create a spawner , or to spawn mobs directly . Now , to get villagers into your farm , you just need to murder them , collect their essence , and spawn them in place ! To create a pig farm , just hook up a spawner ! ( Warning : does not edit the functionality of spawners , Features : Killing any mob with a Mob Fishing Pole drops 1 Essence of Mob . Four Essence of Mob in a square creates one Agglomeration of Mob . Four Agglomeration of Mob creates one Spirit of Mob . Spirit of Mob acts like a Spawn Mob , right click summons a mob . Mob Spawners when destroyed drop 1 Empty Spawner . Clicking on a Mob Cage with a Spirit of Mob turns it into a Mob Spawner . Works with custom mobs in theory if they have registered a spawn egg . Includes options for allowing Mob Souls of some vanilla mob variants , including Wither Skeletons , Husks , and Strays . Mob Souls Other Items Recipes : Agglomeration Spirit Mob Fishing Pole Empty Spawner Requires : Minecraft Forge DOWNLOAD MOD FOR MINECRAFT 1.9.4 OFFICIAL THREAD Download links for other versions : DOWNLOAD MOD FOR 1.12 INFO DOWNLOAD MOD FOR 1.11.2 INFO DOWNLOAD MOD FOR 1.10.2 DOWNLOAD MOD FOR 1.8.9 DOWNLOAD MOD FOR 1.7.10
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[
"SpawnerCraft Mod"
] |
http://minecraft-server-list.com/sort/Classic/
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Minecraft Creative / Classic Servers Browse Minecraft Classic Server pages 1 2 3 4 > > > Rank Server IP Address # 1 Creative Fun Version : 1.13.2 Creative RP Server IP COPY IP play . creativefun . net Players : 121 / 2000 Votes ( April ) : 2040 Votes ( all time ) : 432323 # 2 OneShotMC Version : 1.13.2 Creative Factions Video Server IP COPY IP play . oneshotmc . com Players : 19 / 1000 Votes ( April ) : 1940 Votes ( all time ) : 191046 # 3 Shadow Kingdom Network Land Claim MiniGames RP mc . shadowkingdom . org Players : 16 / 500 Votes ( April ) : 1200 Votes ( all time ) : 47178 # 4 Basic Land Survival Skyblock McMMO KitPvP MiniGames PVP Video mc . basicland . cz : 30165 Players : 14 / 15 Votes ( April ) : 1066 Votes ( all time ) : 65273 # 5 MC - Ages Land Claim play . mc - ages . com Players : 56 / 1 Votes ( April ) : 786 Votes ( all time ) : 27465 # 6 Jumpcraft Parkour Version : 1.8.8 Survival Games jumpcraft . mcalias . com Players : 15 / 1 Votes ( April ) : 527 Votes ( all time ) : 4511 # 7 EDawg878 Creative play . edawg878 . com Players : 43 / 800 Votes ( April ) : 495 Votes ( all time ) : 396607 # 8 Dracarys . pro Survival Factions CTF McMMO KitPvP PVE PVP Economy 116 . 202 . 20 . 32 : 44567 Players : / 1000 Votes ( April ) : 417 Votes ( all time ) : 1752 # 9 PlanetMine Skyblock Survival Games Prison PVE Economy play . planetmine . org Players : 6 / 400 Votes ( April ) : 381 Votes ( all time ) : 221800 # 10 New Heaven play . new - heaven . us Players : 22 / 120 Votes ( April ) : 250 Votes ( all time ) : 17968 # 11 Ardania server . ardania . de Players : 1 / 200 Votes ( April ) : 180 Votes ( all time ) : 14780 # 12 MicroPvP play . micropvp . net Players : 4 / 50 Votes ( April ) : 177 Votes ( all time ) : 180 # 13 LuluLand Adventure 5 . 1 . 74 . 108 Players : / 100 Votes ( April ) : 160 Votes ( all time ) : 3754 # 14 Samistine Plotme Version : 1.12.2 plotme . samistine . com Players : 1 / 100 Votes ( April ) : 114 Votes ( all time ) : 63551 # 15 aliquam . org Players : 3 / 80 Votes ( April ) : 103 Votes ( all time ) : 9230 # 16 Bear - Craft Prison survival . bearcraft . eu Players : 4 / 150 Votes ( April ) : 97 Votes ( all time ) : 4298 # 17 Pixel People mc . pixelpeopleonline . co . uk : 25584 Players : 1 / 150 Votes ( April ) : 59 Votes ( all time ) : 614 # 18 UberMC UberMC . net Players : 1500 / 5000 Votes ( April ) : 36 Votes ( all time ) : 464299 # 19 THE GRID Creative Minecraft Server Version : 1.10.2 the . grid - tronix . com Players : 2 / 64 Votes ( April ) : 32 Votes ( all time ) : 6754 # 20 Extreamfilmaking Version : 1.12.2 CTF extreamfunmc . redirectme . net Players : / 100 Votes ( April ) : 18 Votes ( all time ) : 647 # 21 mc . queercraft . net Players : 17 / 250 Votes ( April ) : 13 Votes ( all time ) : 739 # 22 CubeBuilders Hunger Games mc . cubebuilders . net Players : 1 / 1000 Votes ( April ) : 12 Votes ( all time ) : 5235 # 23 TheCloudNetwork Lucky Block ghast . biz Players : / 255 Votes ( April ) : 9 Votes ( all time ) : 59242 # 24 HarmoniCraft Towny SkyBlock Creative Mob Arena Version : 1.12.1 Play . HarmoniCraft . com : 25557 Players : / 50 Votes ( April ) : 9 Votes ( all time ) : 6815 # 25 ArtisticMemez Semi Vanilla 188 . 165 . 208 . 67 : 27170 Players : / 999 Votes ( all time ) : 10 # 26 friendotime 149 . 56 . 141 . 214 Players : / 50 Votes ( April ) : 7 Votes ( all time ) : 7 # 27 Celestial Creative [ 1.8 - 1.13 ] [ Cracked ] 1 . 64 . 193 . 133 Votes ( April ) : 5 Votes ( all time ) : 11 # 28 eckocraft . mcph . co : 64938 Players : 3 / 100 Votes ( April ) : 4 Votes ( all time ) : 2378 # 29 Rising Dawn Network Version : 1.14 Pre - Release 1 Whitelist 104 . 36 . 85 . 116 Players : / 200 Votes ( April ) : 3 Votes ( all time ) : 24 # 30 Gates of Aevony mc . aevony . net Players : 2 / 100 Votes ( April ) : 2 Votes ( all time ) : 141 # 31 BadWolfMC Semi Vanilla play . badwolfmc . com Players : 6 / 42 Votes ( April ) : 1 Votes ( all time ) : 87 # 32 Palace Network play . palace . network Players : 15 / 2000 Votes ( April ) : 1 Votes ( all time ) : 181 # 33 Sovereign Geeks play . sovereigngeeks . com Players : / 384 Votes ( all time ) : 111 # 34 GamerParadise gamerparadise . ca Players : 2 / 100 Votes ( all time ) : 43 # 35 GPvP Network Hardcore Adventure Hunger Games 144 . 217 . 215 . 65 : 25626 Votes ( April ) : 0 Votes ( all time ) : 0 # 36 NZnetwork minecraft . nznetwork . co . nz Players : 5 / 100 Votes ( April ) : 0 Votes ( all time ) : 1 # 37 CHEETAHPLEX Version : 1.8.8 CHEETAHPLEX . myserver . gs Players : / 5000 Votes ( all time ) : 5 # 38 Spring Craft play . springcraft . net Votes ( all time ) : 0 # 39 Equigold MC 142 . 44 . 191 . 11 : 28330 Players : / 24 # 40 impulsegaming creative . impulsegaming . org Players : 3 / 100 1 2 3 4 > > >
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[
"Minecraft",
"Classic Server pages",
"OneShotMC"
] |
http://minecraft.gamepedia.com/Brewing
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Brewing navigation search Potion brewing chart ( most efficient recipes , excludes splash potions ) . Brewing is the process of creating potions splash potions and lingering potions by adding various ingredients to water bottles in a brewing stand Contents hide 1 Brewing potions 2 Brewing equipment 3 Ingredients 3.1 Base ingredients and modifiers 3.2 Effect ingredients 3.3 Elements 4 Brewing recipes 4.1 Base potions 4.2 Effect potions 4.2.1 Positive effects 4.2.2 Negative effects 4.2.3 Mixed effects 4.3 Cures 4.4 Unbrewable potions 5 Video 6 History 6.1 Potion type history 7 Trivia 8 Gallery 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Brewing potions Brewing recipe By placing one or more bottles in the lower three slots of the brewing interface , an ingredient in the upper slot , and blaze powder in the fuel slot , you can distill the ingredient into each bottle and brew potions which may be consumed to grant an effect to the player . Every potion starts with a water bottle , made by filling a glass bottle at a water source or filled cauldron . Using blaze powder , the next step is to add a base ingredient to create a base potion , usually nether wart to create an awkward potion . By brewing an effect ingredient into the awkward potion in the same manner , the player can create a potion with a working effect . A modifier ingredient may be added to make the effect more intense or last longer or change the effect entirely . Gunpowder can be added dispenser ) to affect all players and mobs in a radius . Dragon ' s breath can be added to a splash potion to convert it to a lingering potion , which can be used to create a cloud which grants an effect as long as it remains . Each brewing step takes 20 seconds . Each piece of blaze powder used provides fuel for brewing 20 batches of potions . Fuel is consumed when a brewing operation starts ; it is not recovered if the operation is halted prematurely by removing the ingredient or potion bottles . Brewing equipment Name Icon Use Brewing Stand Used to add ingredients into water bottles . Cauldron Each one can hold a bucket of water ( after placement ) . Will fill 3 glass bottles . Each one can hold 3 bottles ' worth of a single potion ( after placement ) Bedrock Edition only Blaze Powder Needed to fuel the brewing stand . Glass Bottle Container for all kinds of potions . Water Bottle The starting base for all potions . Made by filling a glass bottle from a cauldron or water block . Ingredients Base ingredients and modifiers Base ingredients are ingredients which can be added directly to a water bottle , and are the starting point of all potions . Nether Wart is the most fundamental of the base ingredients , as it is required to make the vast majority of potions . Modifiers are ingredients used to alter the properties of a potion , or to change a potion effect into a different one . The fermented spider eye is unique in that it is the only modifier which can convert a water bottle directly into an effective potion . Name Icon Result of adding to water bottle Modifier effect Nether Wart Awkward Potion N / A Redstone Dust Mundane Potion Extends duration Glowstone Dust Thick Potion Enhances level Fermented Spider Eye Potion of Weakness Corrupts effect Gunpowder Splash Water Bottle Turns normal into splash Dragon ' s Breath Lingering Water Bottle ( from Splash Water Bottle ) Turns splash into lingering Corrupting effect : Fermented spider eyes will change a potion ' s base effect , often reversing it or producing a negative potion . A corrupted potion usually does the opposite of the original potion . Corrupting an enhanced or extended potion into an effect which supports the modifier will result in a potion with the same modifier applied . Corrupting an extended potion of Poison will simply result in a basic potion of Harming . Enhanced potions of Leaping or Swiftness can not be corrupted . A potion of Invisibility is considered a " corrupted " version of a potion of Night Vision . Splash and lingering potions : Any potion can be turned into a splash potion , and subsequently , a lingering potion . Splash potions and lingering potions can be modified in exactly the same manner as their normal counterparts . For instance , a splash water bottle can be brewed with any of the base ingredients ; the result will remain a splash potion . In Bedrock Edition , splash potions ' effects have only three - fourths of the duration of the drinkable form . In Java Edition , splash and drinkable forms have the same duration . Lingering potions have only one - fourth of the duration of the drinkable form . For instance , a drinkable potion effect of 8 : 00 will be reduced to 2 : 00 as a lingering potion . Effect ingredients Effect ingredients imbue an awkward potion with a particular effect , but do not alter potion duration or intensity . When added directly to a water bottle , most of these ingredients will produce a mundane potion . The exceptions to this are golden carrot , pufferfish , turtle shell , and phantom membrane , which can not be added directly to a water bottle . Effect Effect when corrupted Sugar Swiftness Slowness Rabbit ' s Foot Leaping Glistering Melon Slice Healing Harming Spider Eye Poison Pufferfish Water Breathing None Magma Cream Fire Resistance Golden Carrot Night Vision Invisibility Blaze Powder Strength Weakness Ghast Tear Regeneration Turtle Shell Turtle Master None Phantom Membrane Slow Falling Elements In the Education Edition , or Bedrock Edition with Education features enabled , certain elements can be used as ingredients to brew medicines which remove specific negative status effects . Element Effect cured Bismuth Nausea Calcium Blindness Cobalt Weakness Silver Poison Brewing recipes Base potions Base potions are potions without effects , brewed by adding a single base ingredient to a water bottle . Of these , only the awkward potion can be imbued with an effect ingredient to produce a potion effect . Potion Reagent , base Precursor to Awkward Potion Effect potions Mundane Potion Thick Potion Effect potions Effect potions are primarily created by adding an effect ingredient to an awkward potion . Certain effects require a potion to be corrupted by a fermented spider eye . The potion of weakness can additionally be created by simply adding a fermented spider eye to a water bottle . Positive effects Potion Reagent , base Extended Enhanced Effects Potion of Healing Potion of Healing Instant Health Restores health by 4 ( Enhanced : Instant Health II Restores health by 8 ( Potion of Fire Resistance 3 : 00 ) Potion of Fire Resistance 8 : 00 ) Fire Resistance Gives immunity to damage from fire , lava , magma blocks , and blazes ' ranged attacks . Potion of Regeneration 0 : 45 ) Potion of Regeneration 1 : 30 ) 0 : 22 ) Regeneration every 2.5 seconds . Enhanced : Regeneration II every 1.2 seconds . Potion of Strength 3 : 00 ) Potion of Strength 8 : 00 ) 1 : 30 ) Strength Increases player ' s melee attack damage by 3 ( Strength Increases player ' s melee attack damage by 6 ( Potion of Swiftness Potion of Swiftness Speed Increases movement speed , sprinting speed , and jumping length by 20 % . Speed Increases movement speed , sprinting speed , and jumping length by 40 % . Potion of Night Vision Potion of Night Vision Night Vision Makes everything appear to be at the maximum light level , including underwater areas . Potion of Invisibility Potion of Invisibility Invisibility Renders the player invisible . Equipped and wielded items are still visible . Potion of Water Breathing Potion of Water Breathing Water Breathing Prevents the oxygen bar from depleting when underwater . Potion of Leaping Potion of Leaping Jump Boost Increases jump height by 1 ⁄ 2 block . Jump Boost Increases jump height by 1 ⁄ 4 blocks . Potion of Slow Falling Potion of Slow Falling 4 : 00 ) Slow Falling Causes the player to fall at a slower rate and not take any damage when hitting the ground . Negative effects Reagent , base ( s ) Extended Enhanced Effects Potion of Poison 0 : 45 ) Potion of Poison 0 : 21 ) Poison Depletes health by 1 ( every 2.5 seconds . Depletes health by 1 ( every 1.2 seconds . Potion of Weakness Potion of Weakness 4 : 00 ) Weakness Reduces player ' s melee attack damage by 4 ( Potion of Harming Potion of Harming Instant Damage Inflicts 6 ( of damage . Instant Damage Inflicts 12 ( × 6 ) of damage . Potion of Slowness Potion of Slowness 0 : 20 ) Slowness Slows the player to 85 % speed . Slowness IV Slows the player to 40 % speed . Mixed effects Potion of the Turtle Master 0 : 20 ) Potion of the Turtle Master 0 : 40 ) 0 : 20 ) IV , Resistance III Slows the player to 40 % speed and reduces incoming damage to 40 % . VI , Resistance IV Slows the player to 10 % speed and reduces incoming damage to 20 % . Cures Cures are brewed from awkward potions using different elements Bedrock and Education editions only . These will remove the specified effect when drunk . They can not be modified into splash , lingering , extended , or enhanced versions . Effect Antidote Cures Poison Elixir Cures Weakness Eye Drops Cures Blindness Tonic Cures Nausea Unbrewable potions The potion of Luck Java and Legacy Console editions only and the potion of Decay Bedrock Edition only can not be brewed , and can only be obtained through commands or the creative inventory . In Bedrock Edition , potions of Decay can be obtained from the cauldron in a witch hut Video Note : The left video is outdated ; it does not mention the potions of Invisibility Leaping Night Vision Water Breathing , the Turtle Master , or Slow Falling , or their ingredients . Also , the brewing stand now requires blaze powder Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . Your browser does not support playback of this video . ( Error # 6000 ) 00 : 00 : 00 00 : 00 : 00 History Potions brewing in cauldrons ( 1.9 pre2 ) . Java Edition The brewing system was originally meant to be procedural , meaning that the recipes were meant to be different each time one generated a Minecraft world . 1.0.0 Beta 1.9 Prerelease 2 Initially , the cauldron was where potions were brewed , though cauldrons were not assigned a block ID , rendering potions unobtainable except through modding the cauldron so that it would be obtainable . When the cauldron was obtained , potions could be brewed by adding water to the cauldron followed by certain ingredients . Correctly combined ingredients would confer purely beneficial potion effects , and incorrect combinations added negative effects . The system was complicated , lacked a GUI , and formed many duplicate potions ( i.e. two potions that were exactly the same could be made in several different ways ) , so Notch and Jeb came up with a new brewing method using a brewing stand Beta 1.9 Prerelease 3 A brewing GUI was added and most duplicate potions were removed ( the total possible potions went down from 150 combinations to only 25 different potions in 31 combinations ) . Some status effects available in earlier 1.9 pre - releases as potions became inaccessible ( e.g. Nausea , Blindness , and Invisibility ) . Beta 1.9 Prerelease 4 Throwable splash potions introduced , brewed by placing gunpowder and any potion together in a brewing stand . Glistering melon was added to be the ingredient for the potion of Healing ; the ghast tear , which previously served this purpose , is now used for the potion of Regeneration instead . Converted certain ingredients into base - secondary ingredients ( the spider eye glistering melon blaze powder made mundane potion when brewed into a water bottle in addition to their previous functions ) , bringing the potion total to 28 different potions in 35 combinations . 1.1 12w01a The time to brew potions was decreased to 20 seconds . 1.4.2 12w34a Brewing recipes for potions of Night Vision and Invisibility added . 1.5 13w01a Hoppers added , which can move items in and out of brewing stands . 1.7.2 13w36a Potion of Water Breathing added . 1.8 14w27a Potion of Leaping added . 1.8.1 pre1 The potion of Leaping can now be extended using redstone . 1.9 15w31a Glowstone redstone can no longer be added to already extended or enhanced potions . Fermented spider eyes can no longer be added to enhanced potions of Speed or Leaping , but can still be added to extended potions of Poison . Potions of Weakness can no longer be made using a thick potion , mundane potion , awkward potion , potion of Regeneration , or potion of Strength . Potions of Slowness can no longer be made using a potion of Fire Resistance . Potions of Harming can no longer be made using a potion of Water Breathing . Removed reverted potions and " extended " mundane potion , as well as unused potion IDs . See Java Edition removed features § Potions for more information . Splash potions can now be created from all potions , including water bottles . 15w33a Added lingering potions 15w42a Blaze powder is now required as fuel for brewing . 15w43a Blaze powder as fuel reduced from 30 points to 20 . 1.13 18w07a Potion of the Turtle Master added . 18w14a Potion of Slow Falling added . Pocket Edition Alpha 0.12.1 build 1 Added potions and brewing . Pocket Edition 1.0.0 alpha 0 . 17 . 0 . 1 Added lingering potions . 1.2.0 beta 1 . 2 . 0 . 2 Blaze powder is now required as fuel for brewing . 1.4.0 beta 1 . 2 . 20 . 1 Added four new potions known as cures : antidote , elixir , eye drops , and tonic . 1.5.0 beta 1 . 5 . 0 . 4 Potion of the Turtle Master added . 1.6.0 beta 1 . 6 . 0 . 5 Potion of Slow Falling added . Legacy Console Edition TU7 CU1 1.0 Patch 1 Added potions and brewing . TU14 1.04 Potions of Night Vision and Invisibility added . TU46 CU36 1.38 Patch 15 Lingering potions added . Potion type history needs testing Based on information found in minecraft . jar / lang / en_US . lang , the current potion types are listed below : Potion of Healing Potion of Harming Due to changes in the brewing system , the following potions are currently not accessible : Potion of Haste Potion of Dullness Potion of Nausea Potion of Blindness Potion of Hunger Potion of Decay Potion of Resistance Some potions also do not have a real name in Minecraft , and are currently not accessible : Potion of potion . healthBoost . postFix Potion of potion . absorption . postFix Potion of potion . saturation . postFix Trivia Splash potion brewed using gunpowder . As long as at least one of the three bottom spaces is filled , the brewing will continue , and additional bottles of water or potion can be added . However , if the ingredient is removed , or the bottom three slots are emptied at any time during the process , the process will stop and nothing will have been brewed . The three potions do not necessarily have to be the same . Upgrading the effect of a potion that has no time parameter ( e.g. Instant Health ) with glowstone dust has no downsides . Upgrading the time of a potion that has no level II effect ( e.g. Fire Resistance ) with redstone has no downsides . Although Jeb said that in the 1.9 pre - release 3 there were 161 possible different potion combinations with 2,653 in the future , in the actual third pre - release only 22 different potions could be made without the use of external programs . Of those , 19 potions had one of 8 different effects . Undead mobs take damage from potions of Healing , gain health from potions of Harming , and are unaffected by potions of Poison and Regeneration . By modifying the item NBT using an editor or commands , it is possible to get a potion that can not be upgraded into a splash potion . Gallery Texture file for the 1.9 brewing user interface See also Crafting Enchanting Smelting References ↑ “ The Mundane Potion is a remnant of an abandoned procedural brewing system — meaning that the recipes were meant to be different each time you generated a Minecraft world . But this did n ' t turn out to be much fun for the player and the system was abandoned , leaving the Mundane Potion without a purpose . " It ' s sort of like an appendix , " says Jens ” Tom Stone , February 21 , 2017 ↑ jebtweet : 119710836469149697 External links Minecraft Forum : All About Potions And Brewing - 1.9 Reference Guide Minecraft Potions - A Visual Guide Gameplay show edit Categories Bedrock Edition specific information Education Edition specific information Java Edition specific information Legacy Console Edition specific information Testing needed Gameplay Potions
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[
"Brewing",
"potions",
"splash potions"
] |
http://minecraft.gamepedia.com/Horse
|
Horse navigation search Horse Health points 15 ( × 7.5 ) to 30 ( × 15 ) Armor points See horse armor Size Adult : Height : 1.6 Blocks Width : 1.3965 Blocks Baby : Height : 0.8 Blocks Width : 0.6982 Blocks Spawn Plains savanna and their villages First appearances See § History Common drops Leather ( 0 – 2 ) Usable items Saddle Horse Armor Experience Kill Adult : 1 – 3 Breeding : 1 – 7 Internal ID JE : 100 BE : 23 Entity ID horse This page would benefit from the addition of more images . Please remove this notice once you ' ve added suitable images to the article . The specific instructions are : Render other variant horses , with and without saddles , and with and without every horse armor . Some baby horses requiring rendering can be found in Category : Objects requiring isometric renders This article is about horses . For donkeys , see Donkey . For mules , see Mule . For skeleton horses , see Skeleton Horse . For zombie horses , see Zombie Horse The horse is a calm and confident compatriot out in the Minecraft wilds . Found in herds of two - to - six , they roam the plains and savanna biomes chomping on grass and swishing their swishy tails . But this life is an ambling , unfocused one , and the proud horse is a creature worthy of far greater adventure . Emily Richardson Horses are tameable mobs that can be ridden when tamed . The five types of mobs have similar overall mechanics , but differ in some aspects . Contents hide 1 Spawning 1.1 Villages 2 Appearance 3 Drops 4 Usage 4.1 Equipment 4.2 Riding 5 Behavior 5.1 Taming 5.2 Breeding 5.3 Food 6 Statistics 6.1 Spawned values 6.1.1 Health 6.1.2 Movement speed 6.1.3 Jump strength 6.2 Bred values 7 Data values 8 Achievements 9 Advancements 10 Video 11 History 12 Issues 13 Trivia 14 Gallery 15 See also 16 References Spawning Horses only spawn in plains and savannas in herds of 2 – 6 . For horses , all combinations of color and markings are equally likely . All members of the herd will have the same color , but markings may vary . 20 % of the individual horses will spawn as babies . Villages Horses can spawn in stables and animal pens in villages upcoming : JE 1.14 BE 1.11.0 Appearance All 35 colorations of horses . Base colors , from left to right : white , buckskin , flaxen chestnut , bay , black , dapple gray , and dark bay . Markings , from top to bottom : none , stockings and blaze , paint , snowflake appaloosa , and sooty . Each horse variant has unique features and markings , and a foal ( baby ) version . Adult horses are 1.4 blocks wide and long , and 1.6 blocks high . Foals start at half the size of adults and get progressively bigger as they age . Unlike wolves and cats , the appearances of horses do not change once they have been tamed , though tame horses may be differentiated by giving them equipment . Horses feature a stocky build . They can have 1 of 7 base colors : white , buckskin , flaxen chestnut , bay , black , dapple gray , and dark bay ; and 1 of 5 marking patterns : no markings stockings and blaze paint snowflake appaloosa sooty . In total , there are 35 possible horse coat combinations . Unlike almost all other mobs , horses with equipped saddles or armor will not render these when under the effect of Invisibility . This is a bug , but Mojang decided not to fix it . Drops Upon death , horses drop : Leather ( 0 – 2 ) 1 – 3 experience when killed by a player or tamed wolf If armored , or saddled , they will drop anything equipped . Using a weapon enchanted with Looting increases the maximum amount of drops by 1 per level of Looting , up to a maximum of 5 at Looting III . Usage Tamed and saddled horses can be used as one of the fastest means of transportation in the game , though they are unable to fit through single block - wide openings . They can also be used to climb hills and jump fences , as some horses can jump high enough to clear up to five block heights , versus the player ' s maximum of about one ( without a potion ) . They can be ridden in water up to 2 blocks deep . In deeper water they will separate from the player and swim uncontrolled . Horses can be pulled along and tied up using a lead . They can be towed , swimming behind a boat by using a lead . Equipment Horse UI Tamed horses have the following two slots available : Horse Armor Slot : For equipping horse armor . Exclusive to horses . Saddle Slot : For equipping a saddle Foals can not be equipped . Equipment can be placed on a horse by holding it and then right clicking on the horse , or by accessing its inventory . A horse ’ s inventory can be accessed by mounting the horse and opening the player inventory or by sneak ing and then right - clicking on the horse . A normal horse ’ s inventory will only have 2 slots , 1 for a saddle and 1 for horse armor . Riding See also : Transportation Once a horse is tamed and saddled , the player can control it with standard directional controls , jump , and the mouse . The player dismounts using the dismount control . When riding a horse , the hunger bar is replaced by the horse ' s health in survival or adventure mode . In Legacy Console Edition , the horse health bar will still be visible on creative . It uses a slightly different heart texture than the player ' s health bar . The experience bar is replaced by the horse jump bar . A player can use any item while riding a horse , including drinking or throwing potions ; activating doors or redstone devices ; using chests , crafting tables , and furnaces ; breaking and placing blocks ; and attacking with melee weapons or bows . A ridden horse will automatically run up any one block high slope . The horse and rider can safely fit through a space as low as 2.75 blocks high . Lower clearance risks suffocating the rider if the rider ' s head enters a non - transparent block . The horse itself can enter gaps as low as 1.625 blocks high , but may itself take suffocation damage when clearance is less than 1.75 blocks . Horses can not fit through a 1 - block - wide gap . The maximum speed of horses varies between 4.8375 blocks / second and 14.5125 blocks / second ( compared to the player ' s walking speed , which is about 4.3 blocks / second ) . About 68 % of horses are able to go faster than a minecart . A fast horse can be combined with speed potions and the Nether to make the horse easily the fastest practical way to travel in Minecraft ( around 130 m / s Overworld - equivalent in the Nether ) . The speed of a horse has no relation to its outward appearance . Horses are very slow moving backwards , and about as fast as the player when moving sideways . A ridden horse can be made to jump , and holding the control charges for a higher leap . Horses are not affected by jump boost beacons or potions . The standard dismount control dismounts from the horse , as does going in water deeper than two blocks . Like the player , horses take fall damage when falling from heights . It is impossible for a player to use a Nether portal while on a horse . It is possible however , to enter the portal on the horse and then dismount , sending the horse through the portal on its own , or use a lead to position the horse , then push it through the portal . Behavior Horses in herds spawned by the game will usually all be the same color . All horses will roam idly , occasionally stopping to rear , swish their tails , or lower their heads as though eating the grass . Unlike sheep , the eating animation does not actually cause any grass to be consumed . If a player comes near , the horses may turn to look at them . Any horse , even a wild one , will allow itself to be attached to a without protest . However , if the player attempts to saddle an untamed horse , it will rear and flail its front hooves . Horses remain passive , even when hit . Horses will make neighing and whinneying sounds . Horses , like most mobs , can ride in a minecart and boat . Unlike other passive mobs , horses will slowly regenerate health . Taming Adult horses can be tamed : an empty hand mount the horse repeatedly ; when it no longer bucks the player and shows hearts , it is tamed . It is necessary to tame a horse in order to breed it , give it equipment , or ride it for any length of time . Taming depends on the horse ' s " temper " . Horses begin with a temper of 0 out of 100 . When a player is riding the horse , a random number 0 – 99 is chosen . The horse becomes tame if this number is less than the temper , otherwise the temper is increased by 5 and the player is bucked off . Temper can also be increased by feeding the horse . While riding an untamed horse , a galloping sound can be heard , which gives a general idea of the horse ' s speed . It is unknown whether there is any indication of jump height before taming . Breeding Feeding tamed horses golden apples or golden carrots will activate love mode The offspring will be more spindly than their adult versions and will grow progressively larger with time until they reach their full size . The offspring will not automatically belong to the player who owns its parents . Rather , it will be born as an untamed horse and will need to be tamed after it grows into an adult . The foal can be fed to make it mature faster . Depending on the variations of the parent horses , the offspring can be one of several types . Bred with horse : two horses produces a horse foal . Usually the new foal has the color of one of its parents . One out of nine times it will take on a random color ( this color could still be the same as the parents ' , slightly reducing the probability of the new color being different ) . Markings work likewise . Bred with donkey : Breeding a horse and a donkey creates a mule foal . Food Feeding a horse food can alter its behavior , cause it to grow ( if it is not yet an adult ; foals normally take 20 minutes to fully mature if not fed ) , and / or restore its health . The table below lists the effects of the various foods horses will take . Zombie and skeleton horses can not be fed , even if tame . To feed a horse , hold a valid food item and right click on the horse . If the food is invalid , the player will simply mount the horse . Horses can only be fed when feeding would have an effect , similar to other animals . Food Heals Speeds growth by Increases temper Notes Sugar 1 ( 30 sec + 3 Wheat 2 ( 20 sec + 3 Apple 3 ( 1 min Golden Carrot 4 ( 1 min + 5 Activates love mode in tamed horses . Golden Apple 10 ( 4 min + 10 Activates in tamed horses . Enchanted golden apples also work . Hay Bale 20 ( × 10 ) 3 min N / A Hay bales can not be fed to untamed adult horses . Statistics See also : Tutorials / Horses All horses have three " equine stats " which vary from horse to horse : health , ( maximum ) movement speed , and jump strength . These stats are created once the horse is born or spawned , and are not affected by food . Spawned values When spawned in any way except breeding – for instance , using commands , spawning naturally , spawning as part of a skeleton trap , or using spawn eggs – horses are assigned their stats within certain ranges , specific according to their horse type . Health Horse ' s health ranges from 15 – 30 , but tends towards the average of 22 – 23 . Displayed hearts are health , divided by two , rounded down . A horse with an non - even number of health points ( 15 , 17 , 19 , etc . ) will not show the last half - heart . You may strike a horse to test this . If the horse has lost one fewer health point than the inflicted damage and did not regenerate , it has an odd number of health points , otherwise it Movement speed Horse ' s movement speed ranges from 0.1125 – 0.3375 in internal units , tending toward the average of 0.225 . The player ' s normal walking speed is 0.1 . The speed listed does not include any status effect that affects the speed of a horse or a player . A horse ' s maximum speed is 14.5125 blocks / second . The average horse speed is about 9 blocks / sec . Minimum : 4.8375 blocks / sec . Player speed ( walking ) : 4.3 blocks / sec . Player speed ( sprinting ) : 5.6 blocks / sec . See also transportation to compare the speeds of various transportation methods . Jump strength Horse ' s jump strength ranges from 0.4 – 1.0 , tending towards the average of 0.7 . A jump strength of 0.5 is enough to clear 1 9 ⁄ 16 blocks , while 1.0 is enough to clear 5 1 ⁄ 4 blocks . The following derived equation can be use to calculate a horse jump height from its jump strength attribute ( with an rss of 5.510e - 19 ) . This function was fit to the data found in the table below and is therefore most accurate around these values . JumpHeight = - 0.1817584952 * x 3 + 3.689713992 * x 2 + 2.128599134 * x - 0.343930367 Where x is JumpStrength The exact jump strengths , to 15 digits , required to clear several block heights are listed below . Jump Strength Blocks 0.966967527085333 5.000 0.847552919762898 4.000 0.715301016726230 3.000 0.564380127487889 2.000 0.432084373616155 1.250 ( player ' s jump height ) Bred values When breeding two horses , the foal ' s stats are determined by averaging both parent ' s stats with a third set , randomly determined as above ( i.e. add both parents ' stats with the random value and divide by 3 ) . Random values are used for the third set even when the value is not normally randomized for the type of horse being bred . Data values Chunk format Horses have entity data associated with them that contain various properties of the mob . Entity data Tags common to all entities show Tags common to all mobs show Additional fields for mobs that can breed Bred : 1 or 0 ( true / false ) – Unknown . Remains 0 after breeding . If true , causes it to stay near other horses with this flag set . EatingHaystack : 1 or 0 ( true / false ) – true if the horse is grazing . Tame : 1 or 0 ( true / false ) – true if the horse is tamed . Temper : Ranges from 0 to 100 ; increases with feeding . Higher values make a horse easier to tame . OwnerUUID : Contains the UUID of the player that tamed the horse . Has no effect on behavior . ArmorItem : The armor item worn by this horse . May not exist . Tags common to all items SaddleItem : The saddle item worn by this horse . May not exist . ( Non - player mobs will not be able to control a tamed horse if it has no saddle ) Tags common to all items Variant : The variant of the horse . Determines colors . Stored as baseColor | markings < < 8 . Unused values lead to invisible horses . Horse entities have variant fields that determine the markings on the horse . Below is a list of Variant values that determine the variant of horses . White Creamy Chestnut Brown Black Gray Dark Brown None 0 2 3 5 6 White 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 White Field 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 White Dots 768 769 770 771 772 773 774 Black Dots 1024 1025 1026 1027 1028 1029 1030 Variant names taken from the names of the texture file they correspond to . Summoning a horse entity without specifying the Variant value , or using a Variant value that is not a true ID ( all true IDs are displayed on the chart above ) , will result in a white horse . Achievements Main article : Icon Achievement In - game description Actual requirements ( if different ) Availability Xbox points earned Trophy type ( PS ) Xbox PS Bedrock Nintendo Saddle Up Tame a horse . Yes Yes 20G Bronze Artificial Selection Breed a mule from a horse and a donkey . No New 3DS 30G Advancements Main article : Icon Advancement In - game description Parent Actual requirements ( if different ) Internal ID The Parrots and the Bats Breed two animals together Husbandry minecraft : husbandry / breed_an_animal Best Friends Forever Tame an animal Husbandry minecraft : husbandry / tame_an_animal Two by Two Breed all the animals ! The Parrots and the Bats Breed pairs of each of these 11 mobs . Other tamable mobs , if any , are ignored for the advancement . until JE 1.14 Breed pairs of each of these 14 mobs . Other tamable mobs , if any , are ignored for the advancement . upcoming : minecraft : husbandry / bred_all_animals Video Note : Since 1.8 , bread can not be used for breeding or feeding . Since 1.9 , skeleton horses can spawn naturally . Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . History This page would benefit from the addition of more images . Please remove this notice once you ' ve added suitable images to the article . The specific instructions are : Did n ' t donkeys / mules / etc . also have model changes ? Also , note the texture change that resulted from MC - 124281 ' s fix . Additionally , it would be nice to have the texture of the creamy horse in 18w22a Java Edition 4 April 2013 Jeb hinted at adding horses when Minecraft hit 10,000,000 sales . 1.6.1 13w16a Added horses , assisted by DrZhark ( John Olarte ) , creator of the Mo ' Creatures mod , whose horses were a baseline for Minecraft ' s horse models . 13w16b Made horses slower and reduced horses from gliding so much . 13w18a Removed horse saddles . Horses are now ridden using the saddle 13w19a Enabled access to the donkey and mule inventories by sneaking and interacting . 13w21a Added new GUI for horses , to control saddle / armor / inventory . 13w22a Added new sound effects for horses . 1.7.2 13w36a Horses now spawn in savannas . 1.8 14w26c Horses can no longer be fed bread for taming , healing , or growing . Wheat ' s acceleration of baby horse growth was reduced . 1.9 15w38a Added " skeleton trap " horses . : there is a chance ( depending on regional difficulty ) that a lightning strike will spawn a " skeleton trap " skeleton horse . 15w43a 44b Drops changed several times . The end result is that undead horses now always drop 1 of their item ( bone or rotten flesh ) , not affected by Looting . 15w47b Added sounds for horses eating food given by a player . 1.11 16w32a Horses now have different IDs : horse donkey mule zombie_horse skeleton_horse Unused Variant IDs now result in a white horse rather than an invisible one . Skeleton trap horses ' chance to spawn during lightning strikes is reduced to of what it was . 1.13 17w45a Added a new model for horses . 17w46a The new model was slightly tweaked . 18w03a Updated the horse model again , also slightly altered the texture . 18w22a Changed the creamy horse texture . Pocket Edition Alpha 0.15.0 build 1 Added horses . Bedrock Edition 1.2.6 beta 1 . 2 . 6 . 2 Added the new ( Java Edition 1.13 ) model for horses . 1.2.9 Horses will no longer open their mouths when bucking the player off or taking damage . Upcoming Bedrock Edition 1.11.0 beta 1 . 11 . 0 . 1 Horse now spawn in village stable and animal pen . Legacy Console Edition TU19 CU7 1.12 Patch 1 Added horses . TU22 CU10 1.15 Added quick move to the horse inventory . TU31 CU19 1.22 Patch 3 Baby horse growth can be accelerated using wheat . TU43 CU33 1.36 Patch 13 Added sounds for horses . TU46 CU36 1.38 Patch 15 Added " skeleton trap " horses . TU60 CU51 1.64 Patch 30 Added the new horse model . New Nintendo 3DS Edition 0.1.0 Issues Issues relating to " Horse " or " Foal " are maintained on the bug tracker . Report issues there Trivia Dr . Zhark appears in the credits after the End Poem as the creator of the horses . If a player picks up leather dropped by an adult horse , they will receive the “ Cow Tipper achievement . This is due to the achievement being given when a player picks up any piece of leather instead of being given when one kills a cow If a player pulling a horse with a lead enters a boat , the horse will swim after them at the same speed as the boat . A player riding a horse will be dragged along if their horse is being pulled by a lead , and can even be lifted up in the air in the same way . On multiplayer , it is possible to easily figure out which of two horses ( owned and ridden by different players ) is faster . Each rider needs to apply a to the other horse , then play ' tug of war ' . The stronger horse will be faster . In Bedrock Edition horses can be transported in a boat by riding the horse and jumping into the boat then dismounting ( leaving the horse behind in the boat ) and activating the boat from underneath / underwater . Attempting to activate the boat in order to pilot it from above will result in the player being mounted on the horse again rather than being placed inside the boat to pilot it . Gallery A herd of various horses . Dying horse mob Image posted by Jeb on Instagram . Note the saddle usage . Horses can wear armor and can be bound to fence posts . A spotted foal . Horses in story mode . A " horse " ( retextured cow ) from 2.0 The original horses from Dr . Zhark ' s Mo ' Creatures mod Showing the result of right clicking a spawn egg on a horse while mounted . Jeb Dinnerbone riding horses , as seen on the 1.6 prerelease banner . Showing the very faint markings on a white tobiano . A bay tobiano is in the background for comparison . A herd of donkeys and horses spawned next to each other . A horse with gold armor on . The horse model in 17w45a A brown foal with white spots . See also Minecraft 2.0 References ↑ " Meet the Horse " – Minecraft . net ↑ MC - 13738 https : / / twitter . com / jeb_ / status / 319938276003827712 http : / / instagram . com / p / XszMhppMMd https : / / twitter . com / jeb_ / status / 322020745754583042 Entities edit Categories Pages needing images Upcoming Legacy Console Edition specific information Bedrock Edition specific information Entity Tamable mobs
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http://minecraft.gamepedia.com/Mods/Creating_Mods
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Mods / Creating mods < Mods navigation search The contents of this page are not supported by Mojang AB , the Minecraft Wiki , the Minecraft IRC channel or the Minecraft Forums This article needs updating . Description : DO NOT USE THIS GUIDE . ModLoader or directly modifying the base source are no longer recommended ; Forge ( or liteloader or another loader ) is preferred ) . Additionally probably a lot of information is just using outdated techniques or parts of the code that have not even existed for years ; this article needs a run - through to make sure everything is up - to - date . Consider reading through the Forge Documentation instead . This page has been tagged for and is currently pending deletion per user request Discuss Reason : read the above Minecraft modding is one of the most popular features introduced into the community . There are many different kinds of mods . This tutorial will present you information on how to make your very own Minecraft mod , whether it be with ModLoader ( not recommended ) , Minecraft Forge or hard coded in to the core source ( not recommended ) . Some knowledge of Java is necessary ; it is assumed the reader is familiar with common programming terminology . You can create mods for Minecraft on all computer operating systems ( Windows , OS X , Linux , Android Legacy Console Edition . You can use some of the tools and knowledge gained here not only just to create mods for Minecraft , but also to program using Java and maybe a few other programming languages in general . Have fun ! Contents hide 1 Other Tutorials 2 Tools 2.1 Mod loading APIs 2.2 Java tools 2.3 Decompiling 2.4 IDEs 2.5 Compiling 2.6 Debugging tools 2.7 Deobfuscation 2.8 Obfuscation 2.9 Other tools 3 Pocket Edition Tools 4 The Minecraft Forge API 5 Learning Java 6 Tutorials 6.1 Setting up the MCP workspace 6.2 Starting your first mod 6.3 Methods in Minecraft 6.4 Adding a block / item 6.5 Mob Creation 6.6 Adding recipes 6.7 Creating an armor set 6.8 Recompiling and reobfuscating 7 Tips 8 Creating mods without MCP 9 Creating GLSL mods Other Tutorials For other tutorials not listed on this page ( including some that are ) , the Minecraft Forums Modding Tutorials page will help to create your first mod . There are various tutorials for both ModLoader and Minecraft Forge . Tools You should not use what is listed below , but instead use Java DK ( Java Developer Kit ) . However , if you want to learn more , read below . There are many tools that can be used to mod Minecraft . The following is a list of any that people put on here or suggest in the discussion page . Java is the programing language Minecraft is written in , so you almost always will have to code in Java when coding mods for Minecraft . The latest stable version of Java can always be downloaded from here ( JRE ) or here ( JDK ) . The Java 8 update snapshot downloads are , and the Java 9 snapshot downloads are . At the moment , the Java 9 snapshots do not work with Minecraft , but the Java 8 snapshots do , if you want to run the latest Java 8 snapshots . The different editions of Java you can use are as follows : Java SE ( Java Standard Edition ) , which is available in these packages : the normal runtime environment version of Java , which is the JRE ( Java Runtime Environment ) and the JDK ( Java Development Kit ) . The JDK is designed for Java developers and coders and is required for coding Minecraft mods . The JDK can be downloaded along with NetBeans Java EE ( Java Enterprise Edition ) , for businesses , companies and large projects , and comes with a lot more classes than the standard edition of Java . Java ME ( Java Micro Edition ) is a small and portable version of Java . Java FX , now included in all the other Java packages ) Java Embedded , for embedded devices ( yes , you can run Minecraft on some embedded devices that have Windows , OS X or Linux operating systems ) . All general - purpose Java coding tools on any device can be used to help create mods . Mod loading APIs ( Application Programming Interface ) standardize things , allowing for compatibility between mods . The official Minecraft API is not published yet . In the meantime , the Minecraft modding community has filled that void : ModLoaders Risugami ' s ModLoader is among the oldest and was previously one of the most popular mod APIs , although since it has lost most of its popularity to Minecraft Forge . It has been discontinued since the 1.6.2 version and the 1.6.2 bugfix by Acomputerdog . It loads mod class files in each minecraft version .jar file . Prior to 1.6 it and ModLoaderMP loaded mod class files in the old minecraft . jar file in the old " bin " folder . Forge and FML used to load mod class files prior to 1.5 , but in 1.5 it started to load .jar and .zip mods in a new folder called " mods " . ModLoader and ModloaderMP have to be installed manually by adding the classes to the version .jar files . Forge and FML were installed in the same way . ModLoader is backwards compatible with Forge and ModLoaderMP . Mods for this modloader are java classes . ModLoaderMP has been around since the early versions of beta testing , but development was discontinued in 1.3.2 . It is available as both client side and server side . The creator of this ModLoader is known as ScottyDoesKnow ( SDK ) . ModLoaderMP is backwards compatible with Forge and ModLoader . Mods for this modloader are java classes . Minecraft Forge is backwards - compatible with ModLoader , ModLoaderMP , LiteLoader and M3L and also adds hundreds of additional methods , classes , and utilities to assist mod authors . It adds a mods folder and comes with a installer . It is available as both client - side and server - side . It has replaced Risugami ' s ModLoader . Forge has been around since beta 1.7.3 . The creator of Forge and FML is known as LexManos . Forge can be downloaded . Forge is open - source and the repository can be accessed from . The Minecraft Support Package Forge Documentation ForgeGradle Forge Installer ModsList Outputter and DiscourseForge are all open - source . Forge is incompatible with the broken Java 8 Version 20 , but the incompatibility problem for Java Version 20 has been fixed using LegacyJavaFixer Mod . Mods for this modloader used to be java classes , but now are .jar and .zip files . Forge is available for versions from beta 1.7.3 to official release 1.12.2 . Old Forge downloads can be found and . LuaForge is in Python and Lua and is open - source and the repository can be accessed from , however the project is no longer being maintained and is preserved for historical purposes only . FML ( Forge ModLoader ) is basically just Forge , but without the Forge API and is just the modloader . FML is also backwards - compatible with ModLoader , ModLoaderMP , LiteLoader and M3L and does the same things . FML supports small mods , but Forge supports small mods and large mods . LexManos develops both FML and Forge . FML can be downloaded . FML is open - source and the repository can be accessed from . FML has been released separately to Forge since 1.1 . Mods for this modloader used to be java classes , but now are .jar and .zip files . FML works for both client side and server side . LiteLoader is a lightweight modloader which is designed to load small , client side mods . LiteLoader is backwards compatible with Forge and FML . LiteLoader comes with a installer . LiteLoader was made by Mumfrey . LiteLoader can be downloaded and development builds can be downloaded . LiteLoader is open - source . The LiteLoader installer is open - source . LiteLoader ' s API is called the LiteAPI . Mods for this modloader are .litemod files . LiteLoader is for 1.5 - 1.10 , with snapshots through 1.12.1 . LiteLoader is not server side yet . BlazeLoader ( BL ) is the successor to Risugami ' s ModLoader and uses the LiteAPI ( but works without LiteLoader because the LiteAPI comes with BlazeLoader too ) . This modloader is for 1.6 - 1.8 , but only a 1.6.4 demo has been publicly released . It can load large mods , but only three mods have been made for BlazeLoader : TerrainEdit ( also open - source ) , RealisticStone ( also open - source ) and The WikiBook Mod . The creator of BlazeLoader is known as Acomputerdog or warriordog . BlazeLoader is open - source . The BlazeLoader Installer is open - source . The BLVersionLib is open - source . You can download the BlazeLoader 1.6.4 Demo 2 version . Mods for this modloader are .litemod , .zip and .jar files . BlazeLoader is only available for client side , but will probably be available for server side in the future . Magic Mojo Mod Loader ( M3L ) is a ModLoader designed to load mods and reduce mod conflicts , among these aims for there to be no need for core mods that conflict with each other , support for very large mods , organizing your mods and reducing conflicts . It is based on Forge , and you need to have the recommended version of the Forge API installed in order for you to be able to install M3L at the moment , but the creator of M3L , Cuchaz , will eventually implement M3L ' s own API . M3L was being developed Tall Worlds Mod works with M3L . M3L can be downloaded . M3L is open - source . Mods for this modloader are .zip and .jar files . M3L is currently just client side , but server side is planned to be available in the future . Meddle Mod Loader ( Meddle Manager ) is a TweakClass Mod Loader designed to easily modify simple tweaks to the 1.9 snapshots and it ' s mods are drag - and - drop and are loaded from the " meddle " folder in your instance folder . A Meddle mod called DynamicMappings is used to support the running of " dynamic " mods . This ModLoader is made by FyberOptic . You can find this tools website . Meddle is open - source . Some Meddle mods are open - source MeddleAPI is the Meddle Mod Loader with support for higher - level mods that are designed to add in content to the game . To install this mod - loading API you have to have Meddle and DynamicMappings installed and you have to drag the API into the " meddle " folder . MeddleAPI is open - source Minecraft External Modloader ( ME ) is a modloader which loads mods in class files externally without replacing any class files . It is a .jar program . It can work with any version of Minecraft . The creator is MaPePeR . You can download External Modloader . External Modloader is open - source Server Plug - in Software Bukkit is a popular server - side - only server plugin API . Bukkit is supported by Dinnerbone , a member of Mojang . Bukkit is the API , CraftBukkit is what you install onto your server which implements Bukkit . BukkitGUI is a Graphical User Interface for Bukkit . DevBukkit is some debug tools for developers . ChatBukkit , ScrapBukkit and HomeBukkit are add - ons to Bukkit . ChatBukkit improves the chat . HomeBukkit improves your spawn / HUB . ScrapBukkit is for server commands . DevBukkit is a plug - in repository . You can download Bukkit ( the settings ) . You can download CraftBukkit . At the moment Bukkit is not downloadable from the official website and is open - source . ChatBukkit is open - source , HomeBukkit , ScrapBukkit and DevBukkit . For more on Bukkit click Bukkit | here . SportBukkit is some bug - fixes which can be downloaded , the beta testing versions can be downloaded , and is open - source . Some more open - source Bukkit files are . A list of Bukkit java classes is Another version of CraftBukkit ( actually Bukkit alternatives using and be being based on Bukkit ' s source - code ) can be found . It is called : Wolf - in - a - bukkit . BukkitForge is a merge of Bukkit and MinecraftForge for 1.5 . It is open - source . Download BukkitForge ForgeBukkit is a similar thing . Spigot is like Bukkit and works with Bukkit . Download it . Some add - ons for Spigot are : CheetahSpigot , PaperSpigot and EMC ( Empire MineCraft ) . All the Spigot Stash projects are . All the Stash repositories are . All the Spigot java classes are . You can download PaperSpigot . Spigot ' s BungeeChord ( connects two servers together is open - source , and you can download it . The Spigot API is open - source , and the SpigotPatcher is open - source . All Spigot Jenkins projects are Sponge is made by the organization SpongePowered . Sponge is available in two flavors : SpongeForge ( a Forge Mod ) and SpongeVanilla ( standalone , based on the Vanilla server ) . Sponge is a Plugin API like Bukkit , but it ' s build with version compatibility in mind , thus Sponge plugins will work on different Minecraft versions without changes . SpongeForge is made with Mod compatibility in mind too , it ' s possible to make a Sponge plugin with Forge additions . While inter - version compatibility makes it easier for plugin developers , it puts and SpongeVanilla . If you ' re interested in the Sources , have a look at the SpongePowered Github Repo . The Sponge Documentation and the Javadocs are already available too . If you ' re interested in Sponge ' s Plugin Repo , have a look at Ore . There are example Plugins available too , have a look at the Sponge Cookbook . The Sponge plug - in , Pore , lets Sponge load Bukkit plug - ins . You can use SpongeForge on the client side too ! Magma is made by the organization ObsidianBox , and is what Obsidian is based on . It is open - source Obsidian is made by the organization ObsidianBox . ObsidianBox ' s website is down at the moment , but an archived version is available . Obsidian is open - source MCPC+ is another Bukkit alternative . Download MCPC+ . MCPC+ is open - source Cauldron is the successor to MCPC+ . Download Cauldron KCauldron is the successor to Cauldron . Download KCauldron . Download the older KCauldron Backport versions . KCauldron is open - source hMod is another Bukkit alternative . Download the old versions . The old versions are open - source on GitHub , and BitBucket . Get the newer hMod , version 2.0 , . The hMod 2.0 website is Here are some hMod 2.0 plug - ins . Other Bukkit alternatives are all listed Java tools that have been made by Oracle and Sun Microsystems like JDK will help . Also Lex Manos ' Srg2Source will help rename symbols ( classes , methods , fields , parameters , and variables ) in Java source code using .srg mappings . Also md - 5 ' s SpecialSource Generator is a automatic generator and renamer of jar obfuscation mappings . SpecialSource Jenkins builds are . SpecialSource is open source . The JBPatcher is a classloader which helps patch classes . Decompiling tools help you work with Minecraft ' s source code , which is not published by Mojang . These tools turn compiled , executable , java code into source code . The Minecraft Coder Pack utility ( MCP ) is the community - standard tool to both decompile and deobfuscate the Minecraft code , making it much easier to read and modify . Some useful tools for MCP are the MCP Mapping Viewer MCP Class Map Helper . MCP is open - source FMC ( Fyddle for MineCraft ) is a alternative to MCP . General - purpose Java decompilers , such as JD JAD FernFlower , will help you when MCP is not released or unavailable ( for example , when modding snapshots ) . The best one probably is CFR because it is probably the only Java Decomiler that supports the latest Java version and JavaDevelopmentKit ( JDK ) , Java 8 . A list of Java Decompilers is . Also FernFlower is no longer being updated , but lives on in the AndroChef java decompiler which based most of it ' s code off FernFlower . FernFlower can be downloaded . Also some open - source FernFlower patches found . FernFlower is open - source . Also I think that the second best decompiler is Procyon which is open source and also supports JDK 8 . The main developer for Procyon and the main developer for CFR challenged each other to develop the best java decompiler . IDEs An IDE Integrated Development Environment ) is useful for any nontrivial programming . MCP automatically generates project files for use in Eclipse , a popular Java IDE . The most popular IDEs at the moment are Eclipse , NetBeans IntelliJ . A list of Java IDEs is . Overall Xcode is more popular than IntelliJ , but Xcode is only available on Apple computers . JBoss Developer is a large and very good add - on for Eclipse . There are a few IDE ' s made for Minecraft which are open - source Compiling tools turn source code into java bytecode for the JVM . You can use these for your own mod ' s source code and / or the source code of other mods on GitHub BitBucket Javac is the most popular compiler at the moment . But the Power J compiler ( 2nd ) is very close and used to be more popular . These are followed by : Jikes ( 3rd ) , ECJ ( Eclipse Compiler for Java ) ( 4th ) and GCJ ( GNU Compiler for Java ) ( 5th ) . A list of Java compilers can be found ECJ is part of the Eclipse IDE and Power J is part of another IDE . Debugging tools search for issues in the mod ' s code and help fix them . There is a default java debugger called jdb ( Java DeBugger ) which comes with JDK . A list of debuggers can be found . A comparison of debuggers can be found OpenMods has made some debug tools designed for minecraft . Deobfuscation tools help deobfuscate complex obfuscated code and make it easier to understand . They can help you understand more about how the game works and how other mods work . They can be useful when you want to continue an abandoned mod . They also let you make the code of your mod easier for other developers to understand so that the development of the mod is finished more quickly . Do n ' t confuse these with decompiling tools . MCP deals with deobfuscation as well as compiling . Enigma is a deobfuscation tool made using Procycon . Immibis ' s BON ( Bearded Octo Nemesis ) is a tool that also can be used for deobfuscating Minecraft - related code . It is recommended that if you want to deobfuscate using BON and also decompile the code it is recommended that you use the JDGui decompiler if you want to and also it is recommended that you use MCP , if you want to . BON is open - source . You can download BON BON2 is being developed . You can download BON2 Java deobfuscators for general java coding like JMD ( Java Multipurpose Deobfuscator ) and JBO ( Java DeObfuscator ) are useful too . The best java deobfuscator is probably JBO because it has got into stable release , as JMD was in development , only available as open source and development on it has stopped long ago . You can still get it and use it if you turn the source code into programming code by compiling . JBO is written in the C# programming language and is used to decompile the java programming language . You can get JBO on SourceForge ( It ' s recommended to download non - development versions from here , which is in the binary folder ) and on GitHub . You can get JMD on JavaSED Obfuscation tools help make your code harder for other programmers to read . This aids in stopping others from stealing your code and using it in their own mods . General purpose java obfuscators will help make it easier to obfuscate your code so that people ca n ' t steal your code . The most popular java obfuscator seems to be ProGuard . There are two lists of java obfuscators found Other tools The class file assembler called Jasmin is used to create java class files to put in a .jar folder . This tool creates class files inside your mod ' s .jar file to put your mod ' s code in . It generates these class files from assembly code and changes them into java code class files . Class file disassemblers , such as the default JDK java class file disassembler , javap , or the opposite of Jasmin , Jaspar , are used to take apart java class files . Compiler - compilers ( also known as compiler generators , parser generators or lexer generators ) generate parsers , lexers , and / or compilers . ( Parsers and lexers are parts of a compiler ; parsers parse input into " words " , which are then processed by a lexer , which strings them into statements . A compiler then takes that and transforms it into another language . ) If you want to create your own custom compiler because none of of the compilers that exist for java suit you or maybe you want to create a compiler designed for minecraft , and a list of parser generators is available . Lexers organize assembly code and source code into high - level 3rd generation java programming language " words " and parsers organize these words into " statements " so that they can be understood as java . Currently you ca n ' t get any lexers that are separate from a compiler for java , but you can generate java lexers using java lexer generators . JavaParser ( JP ) is a program or parser that gets a certain instruction or command or bit of code then it breaks up that item into bits that can be processed by other programming tools or other bits of a compiler . It also makes sure that all the code put in is necessary , and it excludes the code that is not needed . JavaParser is the only java parser that is not part of a compiler . JDK has it ' s own parser . JavaParser was first available on GoogleCode , but since GoogleCode has become less popular and you can no longer create new projects , it has now moved to . Another Java parser called Multi Core Parser ( MCP ) and is open - source Java code generators these tools help you generate java code and java source code . Codemodel JAXB DMSToolkit JavaFrontEnd are examples of these . JVMs ( Java Virtual Machines ) are runtime environments which you you use so you can run programs , like Minecraft , that run on java from . Using different JVMs lets you test those JVMs to see which one is best at running Minecraft with your mod or / and other mods . A list is and a comparison JVM languages are programming languages built on top of java and another programming language , so that you can code in that other programming language in java files that works when you run files and have the JVM language installed . The most well known is Jython Python programming language in java class files . So if you are better at coding in Python than in Java you can code in Jython , but that means that in order to use your mod people need to install Jython . A list is . Also Python implementations might also be useful . Python scientific libraries might also be useful . MayaVi is a Python scientific library not included in the Python scientific library list . Java and Python AI networks might also be useful . AI on SourceForge Minecraft Mappings are a bunch of code modders create for their mods to support them for a certain Minecraft and MCP version . Various Minecraft Mappings can be found DynamicMappings is a Meddle mod which lets Meddle run " dynamic " mods . DynamicMappings is being developed by FyberOptic and mellamokb . DynamicMappings is open - source Checkmarx is a website that offers various tools from analyzing source code to protecting your code by blocking risks to learning how to make your software more secure . Text editors can be used to create mods , but coding using a text editor is super hard . The code they show is normally very hard for someone to understand . You might be able to understand a few bits of the code , but most of it is illegible to people who are not skilled in reading the code shown . Notepad is the default text editor for windows , but Notepad++ is a better choice for a free editor , especially for coding . Another popular text editor is Sublime Text . A list of text editors is available and a comparison File archivers , such as WinRAR 7 - Zip WinZip , are useful for compressing , extracting , copying , deleting , editing , renaming and viewing class files within .jar files , .zip files , .rar files and .litemod files . They give you access to the class files within mods . A list of file archivers is available Revision control software help you create many separate coding projects , some being open - source , undo and redo various edits , assign issues to yourself and others , share your code with other mod developers and code with mod developers all over the world to help create your mod . This kind of software helps you develop code more quickly , share code easily and fix problems . One of the most well known out of revision control software is probably Git which was created by Linus Torvalds ( the creator of the operating system Linux ) . Also the company called Atlassian ( the creators of BitBucket ) has created tons of revision control software , the main one being JIRA . A list of revision control software is and a comparison of revision control software is . A list of text editors is Continuous integration ( CI ) software help mod developers share code easily and integrate code into repositories and when you change code on a computer they can sync it with the repository on the internet . They also help test your mod and let other mod developers help you . CIs let you easily update your software several times a day . CIs also help you combine code together from other repositories . A well known CI is Jenkins which is a online software extension to JIRA and is based on the Hudson CI tool . Bamboo by Atlassian is also another well known CI . A list of CIs is available File synchronization software help sync files between two different locations on a computer or between two computers . When you edit one file the file on the other computer get automatically edited so the files are identical . A list of file synchronization software can be found . You can sync mods using this . Disk cloning software help clone files from one hard drive to another hard drive . A list of disk cloning software is available File sharing applications help share files with other people . You can share your mod with other people using these . A list is Pushbullet is a file sharing application not included in this list . File hosting services are an easy way to make your mod publicly available for download or editing on the internet . They can let you upload and edit files on the internet , share links with other people and sync files between the internet and other computers . Some of the most well known file hosting services are Google Drive Dropbox Mediafire MEGA . A list of file hosting services is 4shared Zoolz Uploaded File - Upload . net are not included in this list . There are two main file hosting websites for minecraft mods called CurseForge ( made by Curse , the company that made this wiki , also you can download ( but not create ) CurseForge projects from the Curse website ) and Planet Minecraft Crowdfunding websites are websites which you can use to put up your mod and it ' s ideas and if you raise enough money you can release your mod . Some of the most well - known crowdfunding sites are Kickstarter Patreon . A list of crowdfunding sites can be found Photo software is a bunch of software to do with photos . A list is available Photo - sharing / Image hosting websites are websites where you can upload and share your photos . A well - known photo - sharing website is Imgur . A list is available Image viewers let you view images on your computer . Some of the most well - known are Windows Photo Gallery Picasa . A list is Image organizers are applications you can use to organize images . A list is Media players can be used to play downloaded videos and audio files . Some of the most well - known are Windows Media Player VLC Media Player . A list is available Video editing software lets you edit video files . One of the most well - known of these is Windows Movie Maker . A list is and a comparison can be found Video hosting services are tools you can use to upload videos online . YouTube is one of the most well - known . A list is available , and a comparison Streaming Media Systems are websites where you can watch videos whilst they are being uploaded . A list is available . Minecraft has a button which instantly does Twitch live streaming when pressed ( one of the F [ NUMBER 1 - 12 ] buttons by default ) . Video Streaming Aggregators combine search results from several streaming media systems and make it easier to find certain video streaming media . A list is Video converters change the file format of a video . A list is Many YouTube video to MP3 / MP4 / .ogg converters exist online . Many audio and video reversers exist too . Codecs for text , videos or audio provide encoding and decoding for a text , video or audio file . A list is and a list of video codecs A file format is what is used to show which type of file a file is . You may want to distribute your mod as different file types so other people with different computers and operating systems can download your mod . A list is . There are many online and downloadable websites , software and programs that can convert one file format to a different file format . Blog hosting services let you host blogs about yourself , what you do and what kind of mods you make . One of the most used blog hosting services is Blogger . A list is available Backup software help backup , save and rescue files . They help make sure you do n ' t lose or corrupt any important files . A list is Online backup services help backup files online . A list is available Source code hosting facilities , such as BitBucket Google Code , help create open source software and mods online and edit files and share files with programmers around the world . The can let you undo and redo edits , make downloadable source code and have compiled software downloads . A list is available JavaSED is for finding java source code . There are lots of browser extensions for GitHub and BitBucket as well . Web hosting providers are useful if you want to host a website for your mod . A list is Web builders help let you create a website . The Google URL Builder will also help . A list is . You might need to do HTML , CSS and SVG coding to create your website and maybe also code in the programming languages shown Social networking sites and forums can be used to have various discussions on your mod . The Minecraft Forums are forums that are designed for discussions about Minecraft . URL shorteners create small , redirecting links , that are portable and easy to copy and remember and share on social networking sites and forums . The most well known is the Google URL Shortener , and the one that gives the shortest links ( 10 characters ) is TinyArrows . Some URL shorteners with some advertising that comes with their shortened links are adf . ly and adfoc . us . Advertising URL shorteners can be found . URL unshorteners ( also known as URL expanders ) turns shortened URL ' s into normal URLs . Some of the URL unshorteners are : http : / / www . linkexpander . com http : / / unshorten . it / http : / / urlex . org / http : / / www . urlunshortener . com / http : / / www . toolsvoid . com / unshorten - url http : / / dotnetcorner . ch / Tools / URL - Un - Shortener https : / / chrome . google . com / webstore / detail / url - unshortener / hciiopljaekhmopgaghflgfnhhbbaclm https : / / github . com / Swizec / node - unshortener https : / / addons . mozilla . org / En - us / firefox / addon / unshortenit / http : / / www . checkshorturl . You can find all the URL shorteners , unshorteners and expanders . A list of URL shorteners is Forum creation sites let you create your own forums where people can discuss your mod . These are some of these websites : https : / / www . proboards . com / create - free - forum http : / / www . createaforum . com / http : / / www . forumotion . com / http : / / boardhost . com / https : / / www . phpbb . com / support / docs / en / 3.0 / ug / quickstart / forums / http : / / www . lefora . com / http : / / www . yuku . com / https : / / www . wix . com / support / html5 / wix - app - market / adding - apps - to - your - site / kb / how - do - i - add - create - a - forum - 1 https : / / groups . google . com / forum / # ! creategroup http : / / docs . zetaboards . com / acp / forums / create https : / / disqus . com / . Here is a guide and here is a list Paste tools such as pastebin , are useful for putting up messages and links . Free software project directories give you a place to develop software in repositories . A list is available Wikia is a website which lets you create wikis about your mod and what it adds into the game and how to use your mod and there are also forums that let people suggest their own ideas to make the mod better . A list of sites like Wikia is Simplified mod generators MCreator Mod Maker Basic , exist for mod authors who do n ' t want to have to write and compile Java code . Some of them create poor quality code and are very limited . An online mod generator called : McModGen ( MineCraft Mod Generator ) lets you generate mods without installing programs . Some other ModMakers are : ModMaker Pro Alex ' s ModMaker Linkseyi ' s ModMaker MCreator is the most popular Mod Generator , has the most tools , features , and options , and is the most up to date . ID fixers are normally forge mods that help make sure mod biome , dimension , item and block IDs do n ' t conflict . ID fixers help make your mod ' s IDs compatible with the IDs of other mods . Idfix and Idfix Minus are some of the most well known ID fixers and are available for 1.6.4 . Another ID fixer is ID Resolver for 1.5.1 - 1.6.2 . ID Resolver is also open - source on and is available as a compiled version on GitHub for 1.6.2 . ID Resolver needs the mod GuiAPI in order to work . ID Status Helper helps by telling you how many id slots have been used and how many there are left . ID Status Helper also needs GuiAPI in order to work . IDFixer is a ID fixer for 1.7.10 . ExtendedMetadata for 1.8 adds more ID slots for you to use . Minecraft ID - Helper is a program which shows all the ids and id conflicts . IDScanner is a program that searches for conflicts , lets you see the empty ID slots and lets you solve the conflict . Item ID Searcher is a program that helps you search through all the item IDs . The Block ID tool also searches through IDs . Minecraft ID Finder lets you select a block or item and get the ID of that block or item . Python Minecraft ID Resolver is a program project on GitHub . The ID disabler mod called Disallowed is open source on and can be downloaded Minecraft ID Search Tool is a program that searches for block and item IDs . Block ID Conflict Resolver is a program that resolves block ID conflicts . Minecraft Searchable ID List is a program lists all the IDs and is open source . MineConf is a program that lets you easily change IDs . Minecraft ID List Application lists all the IDs . ID Checker is a non - forge and forge mod for 1.0.0 which lets you check for conflicting IDs . Minecraft Texture ID Viewer lets you view all the texture ids . Minecraft Block To ID Finder can be used to find block IDs . Minecraft Item ID Database is a program which shows all the item IDs . Minecraft Item - ID Caller helps find the ID of items . Crash report analyzers are forge mods that help analyze crash reports and try to find solutions to the problems . These can help mod developers find out what problems their mod has and fix those problems . The most well known is OpenEye , a 1.7.10 mod , which gathers more information on crashes . OpenEye needs OpenModsLib in order to work . OpenEye was made by OpenMods . Minecraft Crash Report Analyzer , a mod for 1.7.10 , helps find the solution to crashes by checking if it knows the solution to that crash , and if it does know the solution it will tell you what the solution is . Jenkins builds made by OpenMods . World editing and world generation tools can help you generate or create large and complex structures and copy structures from world to world . You could input these structures into MCreator or use the structures to test how you want structures in your mod to be in your mod . If you want to create a dimension that is created in a certain way like The Lord of the Rings Mod these tools probably will help . The three world editing and world generation tools are : MCEdit WorldPainter WorldEdit . World generation plugins can be found , and world editing plugins . Some good world generation and world editing mods are Alternative Terrain Generation Biome Tweaker Climate Control MultiWorld Painted Biomes MCEdit lets you copy , create , select , manipulate and delete structures in your world . It can also create and export MCEdit schematic files for each structure you create and you can import these to different worlds . It is also possible to create " schematic mods " by adding extra code to the schematic files , and combining the code of various items in minecraft to create new ones . A lot of " schematic mods " use armor stands and item frames for their code . These " schematic mods " are added to world saves Remote Control Helicopter and this Camp Fire Command and Redstone " Schematic Mod " . You can also use texture packs for you world saves to go with these " schematic mods " . WorldPainter lets you paint part of a world and a part of a world is generated it that particular way . This can be useful for making biomes and dimensions WorldEdit is like MCEdit , but in - game . It also lets you create schematic files . WorldEdit is a Forge mod . There is a LiteLoader version called the WorldEdit Wrappper of this mod is being updated by the creator of LiteLoader , Mumfrey . WorldEdit is also available as a Bukkit plugin WorldEditCUI is a client side LiteLoader mod made by Mumfrey lets you adjust the selection of shapes and lets you create cubes , rectangles , triangles , spheres , pentagons and other shapes . WorldEdit Wrapper WorldEditCUI are open - source on GitHub . A older version of WorldEdit is available with MinecraftEdu . There is also a CanaryMod plugin . You can also get a hMod plugin Height mods are useful when you want your mod to generate massive structures above the build limit . Add in a line of code that tests to see if a height mod is installed and your mod generates larger structures . There are many height mods , but the best ones are cubic chunks mods . Normal height mods generate massive vertical chunks the vanilla way which creates tons of lag , but cubic chunks mods split the vertical chunks with horizontal lines and load 16x16 cubic chunks . These cubic chunks reduce lag because they are smaller and the game needs Robinton ' s Cubic Chunks Mod for 1.0.1 , Barteks2x ' s Cubic Chunks Mod for 1.6.2 ( but it still works on 1.6.4 ) , and Cuchaz ' s Tall Worlds Cubic Chunks Mod for 1.8.3 . Robinton ' s Cubic Chunks Mod is a Forge mod , Barteks2x ' s Cubic Chunks Mod is a vanilla class file installation mod and Cuchaz ' s Tall Worlds Mod is a M3L mod ( only M3L mod at the moment ) ( made using the Procyon decompiler , Cuchaz ' s Minecraft Mappings and Cuchaz ' s Enigma ( and a bit of MCP ) , and based on the previous height mods ) . A list of height mods ( except Barteks2x ' s Cubic Chunks Mod and Cuchaz ' s Tall Worlds Cubic Chunks Mod ) is available Dynamic Height is downloadable from ) . Boardwalk is an app you can get on android device which lets you play the Desktop Edition of Minecraft on Android mobile devices . Currently it is in a heavy Work In Progress stage of its development . MCPatcher is a tool that helps " patch " and fix texture errors and issues . Graphics Software can be used to view and create 2D and 3D images and models . A list is available 3D modeling and texture tools , such as MCAnimator or Techne , help you create or modify a TileEntity or Entity . List of Modeling Tools . List of Texture Tools GIMP is a example of a texture tool . There are also also wikipedia lists Resource pack tools will help you do certain things with textures , sounds and text . RPW ( Resource Pack Workbench ) helps you create textures , sounds and text files based on vanilla textures , sounds and code , and also is useful , if you want to make a mod like Metallurgy 4 , which changes vanilla textures , also you could create a resource pack for your mod if you wanted to . HD Font Generator lets you get any font installed and make it into a HD resource pack which can change the font of all the text ( not text on images though ) in Minecraft to that font and the text becomes HD . RPW is open - source , and HD Font Generator . Download the latest version of RPW . Download HD Font Generator Some Minecraft Launchers like MultiMC and the Magic Launcher can be useful for installing mods easily and managing separate instances of modded Minecraft with ease . Modpack Launchers can be used to group mods together so people can install all of your mods at once if they want to . You can also use Modpacks to test whether your mods work with certain other mods . The Modpack Launchers are : Curse Voice Modpack Launcher Technic FTB ( Feed The Beast ) , ATLauncher Voidswrath VoidLauncher and the Asterion Robbit Modpack Launcher ( you can also use the Asterion forum and you can download it Raster graphics editors vector graphics editors help let you edit the image files in your mod . Raster graphics editors simply edit the textures , but vector graphics editors allow you to create textures that always remain as high definition as possible . Some of the most well known raster graphics editors are Paint Paint . NET . A list of raster graphics editors is and a list of vector graphics editors is Protocol analysis tools , many of which are documented on the # mcdevs wiki , can be useful for debugging multiplayer mods . Java Class Libraries are useful too . They are JCL GNU Classpath Apache Harmony . Java Class Libraries have lots of classes you can use to implement things like clocks that tell the real - life time . All the JCL classes can be found Java APIs are useful too . A list is Other APIs designed for Minecraft can be useful as well . Examples : GuiAPI ( GUI stands for Graphical User Interface ) , LibShapeDraw Player API more . . . Most of 1.7.10 the mods with : Core , Lib , Util or API can be found in this modlist . However , some APIs such as IC2 API Waila API MattparksCore Baubles API API Galacticraft API are not listed . Another unlisted , but very good API is MCEF ( Minecraft Chromium Embedded Framework ) , which helps you add a web browser to go on the internet , in your mods , and you can browse the World Wide Web in Minecraft ! MCEF use JCEF ( Java Chromium Embedded Framework ) to implement the Chromium Web Browser ( the open - source stage of the Google Chrome Web Browser ( before the canary , dev , beta and stable channels ) ) ( the Chromium Website is , Chromium is open - source , download Chromium ) , using CEF ( Chromium Embedded Framework ) , which can be downloaded , into the Java code of Minecraft . CEF can be downloaded here and JCEF here . MCEF is open - source . MCEF is available for Minecraft versions : 1.6.4 , 1.7.2 , 1.7.10 and 1.8 , and requires Minecraft Forge in order to work . MCEF was originally made for the Web Displays Forge Mod ( this mod allows you run javascript on web pages in Minecraft , and interacts with ComputerCraft ComputerCraftEdu computers , as well as displaying the World Wide Web in Minecraft ! ) ( you can download this mod ) . JCEF is open - source on BitBucket , and Google Code . CEF is open - source on BitBucket , and Google Code , too . Frames is a GUI API and is open - source There are many browser extensions that add additional features to GitHub and BitBucket . There is also some AdBlockers which let you make money for blocking adds , and some AdBlockers let you block the ads , but still let the advertisers earn money . You can use these to help raise money for you and others that develop mods . Pocket Edition Tools You can create mods for Minecraft Pocket Edition on Windows Phone , Android and jailbroken IOS ( you can get plugins for non - jailbroken IOS ) . Minecraft Pocket Edition is coded in C++ rather than Java which is the chosen programming language for the PC Edition , so the most supported language for modding in is C++ , though it is possible to code Pocket Edition mods in Java ( BlockLauncher is coded in this language and Java is the most supported language for Android apps ) , JavaScript ( the BlockLauncher has made programming in this language easier ) , possibly C and maybe even Lua . You will probably ME ( Micro Edition ) SDK ( Software Development Kit ) to help you code on the PC , as well as the Android SDK if you want to make mods for Android devices . An Android SDK app can be downloaded . Java tools on the PC can be used on the PC to create mods for Pocket Edition . An app with lots of developer tools for Android is available . The Android SDK Controller Sensor is available as app , and this webpage tells you how to get the source code . Java tools on mobile device can be used to create mods for PC Edition too . are available for Android , IOS and Windows Phone . BlockLauncher . Designed for Android and Windows Phone . Probably works for IOS with jailbreak installed , but this is not completely sure and under debate . The different versions of the source - code is , and some source code for the Android and Windows Phone app . Some add - on source code is . The BlockLauncher app for Android is and the BlockLauncher Pro Android app is . The Windows Phone BlockLauncher app is and the Windows Phone BlockLauncher Pro app is . This ModLoader is coded in Java and the mods it loads are coded in JavaScript . SharedRoutine ' s IOS ModLoader . Designed for IOS jailbreak ( mainly Cydia ( sharedRoutine recommends using this jailbreak ) ) . This page tells you how to get the source code . This page tells you how to get the sources . PocketMine . Works for Android , Windows Phone and IOS jailbreak . Server side ModLoader . You can download it . Plugins can be played on AmazonFire TV . All the versions of the source code are , some plugin source - code is General - purpose Java IDE ' s , these can be used to create mods for the PC too , but can only be used on the mobile operating system you can download them from . There are only Java IDE apps for Android so far . AIDE AIDE Premium Key Sand IDE Pro Anacode IDE Bright M IDE Terminal IDE IDEs designed for Pocket Edition Minecraft modding ModPE IDE ( ModPE Script Editor ) . Available for IOS , Android and Windows Phone . ModPEIDE . Available for IOS , Android and Windows Phone . ModPE Installer . Available for IOS , Android and Windows Phone . Forum thread ModPE IDE ™ . Available for Android . ModPE IDE ™ Pro . Available for Android . ModPE Script Editor ModCraft Lite ModCraft Text Editors can be downloaded from the App Store . Android Text Editors : You can find them all IOS Text Editors : You can find them all Windows Phone Text Editors : You can find them all AmazonFire TV Text Editors : You can find them all Java Text Editors are text editors designed to assist with Java Coding . One of these is Java Editor Mod Generators are available in the Android Appstore . Mod Maker - MCPE Mod Maker for MCPE ( Free ) GUI Mod Maker for MCPE ( Free ) WorldToPE converts Desktop Edition worlds to Pocket Edition worlds . Mercator is a texture pack tool for Pocket Edition which can be used to convert Desktop Edition texture packs to Pocket Edition texture packs and vice versa . The Minecraft Forge API Minecraft Forge API is a very useful tool in creating new mods . Its most important use is preventing conflicts between mods . It also contains convenience methods for creating mods more easily than without it ; for example , the addSmelting method adds smelting recipes in one line of code . Many other methods exist . Tutorials on using the Forge API can be found many places , including many YouTube videos . It can be downloaded at official forge downloads Learning Java These tutorials use Java terms that may confuse new users . Below are some links about the structure of Java and what certain terms mean . It is recommended that those who are not knowledgeable in the Java programming language read the links . What is an Object ? What is a Class ? What is Inheritance ? What is an Interface ? What is a Package ? For more links , see Helpful Links Tutorials Warning : These are outdated Risugami ' s ModLoader tutorials . This page needs more tutorials for the modloaders specified in the talk page . Setting up the MCP workspace Main article : / Setting up the MCP workspace / Setting up the MCP workspace allows you to access Minecraft and ModLoader ' s source code and begin modding . The tutorial provides step - by - step instructions for installing Sun Microsystem ' s and Oracle ' s Java SE Developer ' s Kit ( JDK ) , the Minecraft Coder Pack ( MCP ) , Eclipse IDE for Java Developers , and other programs / mods required to begin modding . The tutorial is written for Windows , Mac , and Linux operating systems . Starting your first mod Main article : / Starting your first mod / This tutorial helps you set up and program the primary file for your mod . This file serves a very important purpose . In future tutorials , they will require that you have entered the code explained in this tutorial . This tutorial requires that you have completed the Setting up the MCP Workspace tutorial first . Methods in Minecraft / Methods in Minecraft / This guide contains a table that lists how blocks , items , and entities are referenced in the code . These references are listed as methods . This is useful in many tutorials below . Adding a block / item / Creating blocks / This guide will teach you how to create your very own block . / Creating an item / This guide will teach you how to create your very own item . Mob Creation / Creating a mob / This tutorial shows you how to create a mob with Techne Adding recipes / Adding a recipe / This tutorial teaches you how to create unique and simple crafting recipes for items and / or blocks already in the game . It also guides you in creating shapeless recipes and smelting recipes in the Furnace . This tutorial requires that you have completed the Starting your First Mod tutorial . Making a recipe is not as hard as it looks . All you have to do is figure out what blocks / items you want to be used in you item . Then , you insert the items used and you ' re done ! Creating an armor set / Creating an armor set / Recompiling and reobfuscating / Recompiling and reobfuscating / This tutorial is quite small , and allows you to finalize your mod by retrieving the .class files you have created and / or edited to be copied into the minecraft . jar . By sending these .class files to other players , they can play your mod as long as they have ModLoader installed . Tips One of the simplest types of mod is adding new blocks or items . Copy a similar class , and rewrite it as necessary . If the new block or item will share most of its behavior with an existing one , it may be easier to subclass that one and override only the parts that will be different . Depending on the desired behavior and how it will interact with other objects , it may be necessary to modify other classes , which makes it more likely to conflict with other mods . Creating mods without MCP Sometimes it is useful to create mods without MCP . For example , MCP is usually not released for snapshots . To create mods without MCP you must either decompile obfuscated code or modify java bytecode . Decompiling is easy , but you can decompile only simple classes . Here is a tutorial [ 1 ] on how to make block models . Creating GLSL mods Using the Optifine mod , it is possible to create shader packs to change the rendering of Minecraft and add different effects . Minecraft shaders have the following uniforms that are used frequently : worldTime : an integer ranging from 0 to 24000 fogMode : an integer representing which type of fog to use , or 0 for none heldItemId : id of currently held item heldBlockLightValue : integer from 0 to 15 of block light intensity sunPosition , moonPosition : vec3 indicating the position of the sun and moon . near , far : float for near and far clipping planes rainStrength : float representing rain strength cameraPosition : vec3 of world position The matrices used to convert coordinates are gbufferProjection and gbufferProjectionInverse . The gbufferProjection is the matrix used to generate the gbuffer and can be used to map coordinates in eye space to the 2D buffer . To get to 3 dimensions , the position is multiplied by the gbufferProjection then divided by the homogeneous coordinate ( w ) . The second dimension is reached by dividing by the z coordinate then converting to color space . To get the world position , the gbufferProjectionInverse matrix is multiplied by a vector created by the texture coordinates converted to normal space and the depth in normal space and a fourth coordinate of 1.0 . This value is then divided by the homogeneous coordinate to normalize the position . These conversions are useful for operations such as postprocessing effects on the environment . The shader files are set up for multiple buffers to be used when rendering in the composites . These are accessed as sampler2D uniforms gaux1 - 4 and written to by specifying gl_FragData [ i ] . Another useful operation is to get the depth of the textures used . This can be done with the sampler2Ds depthtex0 and depthtex2 . depthtex0 is used to find the depth of the objects in the environment while depthtex2 is used to check if an item is part of the sky or not . The final pass of all the shaders is final and is used to combine all the effects into the final rendering buffer . Categories Needs updating Pending deletion Mods
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[
"Mods",
"Minecraft modding",
"tutorial"
] |
http://minecraft.gamepedia.com/Mods/Mutant_Creatures
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Mods / Mutant Creatures < Mods navigation search The contents of this page are not supported by Mojang AB , the Minecraft Wiki , the Minecraft IRC channel or the Minecraft Forums This article may need cleanup to improve its quality , possibly to comply with the style guide Discuss Please help us clean up this page if you can . The talk page may contain suggestions . If you ' ve ever played this mod , you can add information to this article . Feel free to help improve this article . If you have not played the mod or do n ' t feel like adding information , you can revise this article and check for grammatical errors . The sections that need worked have been marked . Line 36b : eyes change color when frightened Mutant Creatures is a mod created by thehippomaster21 that adds a number of fully animated mini - bosses that are essentially more enhanced and deadly versions of their respective Minecraft mobs . It also adds custom drops from the new mobs , weapons , armor , and a new splash potion that can turn certain mobs into Mutants . Contents hide 1 Mutant Mobs 1.1 Mutant Creeper 1.1.1 Attacks / Special Abilities 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 Direct Attack 1 . 1 . 1 . 2 Jump Attack 1 . 1 . 1 . 3 Spawning Minions 1 . 1 . 1 . 4 Charge Attack 1 . 1 . 1 . 5 Lightning Attack 1.1.2 Healing 1.1.3 Death 1.1.4 Drops 1.2 Mutant Zombie 1.2.1 Attacks / Special Abilities 1 . 2 . 1 . 1 Smash Attack 1 . 2 . 1 . 2 Roar Attack 1 . 2 . 1 . 3 Throw Attack 1.2.2 Healing 1.2.3 Death 1.2.4 Drops 1.3 Mutant Snow Golem 1.3.1 1 . 3 . 1 . 1 Ground Freeze 1 . 3 . 1 . 2 Monster Attack 1 . 3 . 1 . 3 Following 1.3.2 1.3.3 Throwing a snowball at it heals it 2 ( ) HP . 1.3.4 1.3.5 1.4 Mutant Enderman 1.4.1 1 . 4 . 1 . 1 Forced Look 1 . 4 . 1 . 2 Teleportation 1 . 4 . 1 . 3 Melee Attack 1 . 4 . 1 . 4 Throwing Blocks 1 . 4 . 1 . 5 Clone Tactic 1 . 4 . 1 . 6 Tele - smash 1 . 4 . 1 . 7 Scream 1.4.2 1.4.3 1.5 Mutant Skeleton 1.5.1 1 . 5 . 1 . 1 Ranged Attack 1 . 5 . 1 . 2 Melee Attack 1 . 5 . 1 . 3 Multi - shot Attack 1 . 5 . 1 . 4 Constrict 1.5.2 1.5.3 1.5.4 1.6 Mob Summary Chart 2 Items 2.1 Chemical X Mutant Mobs There are 5 Mutants in total , so far , each with different abilities , physical traits , and attack tactics . Mutant Creeper The Mutant Creeper is the most destructive mob in the Mutant Creatures mod . While Creepers tend to sneak up on the player , this behemoth wants to be seen and heard , though if it does sneak up on you , it likes that too . This creature even has a charged mode . Health points 120 ( × 60 ) Attack strength Head Whack : 4 ( Jump attack : Varies by proximity and difficulty . Maximum damage : Normal : 147 ( × 73.5 ) Charged : 259 ( × 129.5 ) Charged Attack : Lightning strike Spawn When a Chemical X is used on a Creeper , or in a light level of 7 or less , rarely . Internal ID Entity ID MutantCreatures . MutantCreeper The Mutant Creeper has 5 dangerous attack methods at its disposal . Direct Attack It ' s most common and weakest attack is to simply charge toward a player and slam its head into them , which deals about 4 ( HP . The knockback is severe , about the same as a sword with a Knockback II enchantment . To nullify this , the player can block with their shield . Jump Attack The mutant creeper ' s much stronger attack is the Jump attack . The mutant creeper jumps around 15 blocks into the air , and when it lands , it makes an explosion bigger and more damaging than TNT and injuring other things around it , including other mutant creepers . This will also cause any surviving mobs to retaliate . Spawning Minions Sometimes , the mutant creeper will spawn little creepers that will attack the player like normal ones . If the mutant creeper is charged , the minions it spawns will also be charged . Creeper Minion Health points 8 ( initially . Technically infinite . Spawn A mutant creeper or the creeper egg when it hatches . Internal ID Entity ID MutantCreatures . CreeperMinion Charge Attack Another of the Mutant Creeper ' s moves , this will make it turn white , and it will not move for around up to 8 seconds , flashing 6 times . Once he finishes , he will regain 15 ( × 7.5 ) health , and resume combat . If you hit it while it ' s doing this , it might break away from this process to defend itself . Be careful , as the mutant creeper ' s liable to do a Jump attack should you break its concentration . Lightning Attack Every time the mutant creeper does its charge attack , their is a 4 / 5 chance that if you walk up to it to attack it , it will strike itself with lightning . Not only will this do lightning damage to the player , but the mutant creeper will become charged . All its explosive attacks now have double the explosion radius , and any minions summoned by a charged mutant creeper will be charged as well . Any source of explosion damage done to the mutant creeper will heal it by the amount of damage the explosion did , not including other mutant creeper explosions . When he dies , he sucks all mobs and entities ( in a 16 block radius , larger if charged ) towards him and then , after 8 seconds , deals an explosion similar in radius to the withers initial explosion , dealing up to 125 ( × 62.5 ) damage to things right next him , and 75 ( × 37.5 ) to anything not right next to him in the radius . Charged ones deal 50 % extra damage and have a larger radius . This final " attack " quite often is enough to finish the player in a single blow , but you can escape if you quickly sprint out of the radius . Jumping will only seal your fate . If the death explosion kills other mutant creepers it might cause a chain reaction of explosions , most likely killing you . If you kill it , it will drop an egg at the center of the crater . The egg will hatch in 4 in - game days if kept whole and turn into a Mutant Creeper Minion that is under your control . The creeper minion will act like a tamed wolf , but still having creeper properties . It can be healed with gunpowder , and it ' s health can be increased by gunpowder if it ' s health is full . Using TNT on it will both make it a continous creeper ( wo n ' t If you destroy the egg before it gets to hatch , it will either drop 5 - 10 Gunpowder , or , more rarely , it will drop a Creeper Shard . Creeper Shards deal 2 hearts of damage when used to attack , but also can make explosions when right - clicked . The radius is based on how high the durability of the shard is . Hitting mobs with it will increase the durability , and send them flying just like the mutant creeper ' s face smack . At full durability , the explosion from the shard is similar to the mutant creeper ' s death explosion . The benefit of these explosions is that they Mutant Zombie The Mutant Zombie compared to the player The Mutant Zombie is a beefy zombie that has a resemblance to the Hulk from Marvel . This beast is considered undead . 160 ( × 80 ) Armor points 0 ( Attack strength Shockwave : 8 ( 24 ( × 12 ) Throw : 7 ( + fall damage Roar : 2 ( + zombies When chemical X is used on a Zombie . Light level of 90 or less , rarely Sounds Idle https : / / minecraft . gamepedia . com / File : Living1 . ogg Hurt https : / / minecraft . gamepedia . com / File : Snarl1 . ogg Smash Attack https : / / minecraft . gamepedia . com / File : GruntA . ogg Roar https : / / minecraft . gamepedia . com / File : Roar1 . ogg MutantCreatures . MutantZombie The mutant zombie has 4 powerful attacks . The mutant zombie can smash the ground as it ' s normal attack . It will make a grunt sound , then slam it ' s fists onto the ground , creating a shock - wave that can reach up to 5 blocks away , aimed towards whatever entity the mutant zombie is attacking . If it hits you , it will hurt you , dealing up to 24 ( × 12 ) HP . It also has a 25 % chance of inflicting hunger on you . When it ' s arms are raised , you have 0.9 seconds to attack before it smashes them down Roar Attack If the mutant zombie is really mad , it can roar . When it roars , it damages all mobs near him , then summons 1 - 6 zombie minions to attack whatever it ' s attacking . The number depends on the time of day , and their frequency of beings villagers goes up if a mutant zombie villager is spawned . Throw Attack Its possibly most devastating attack to mobs that take fall damage . When the mutant zombie throws you , it launches you into the air high enough to take 12 ( × 6 ) fall damage once you land - if you land . Because the mutant zombie will jump up at you and smash you into the ground , doing extra damage . This attack can be avoided if you fight the mutant zombie under a low ceiling . Minion summon summons minion with smash attack At night , it will regenerate 1 heart every 5 seconds , so fighting this Mutant is easier in the daytime . It wo n ' t burn in the daylight like normal zombies , but it ' s certainly weaker under the sun . When it dies , the mutant zombie will lie on the ground . Do n ' t be fooled , however , because it will get back up with 20 hearts left . There are two ways to permanently kill it . One is to keep on killing it until you make it fall down 4 times , or take it down one time and light it on fire . If the mutant zombie burns long enough while in it ' s death pose , it will disappear . When the Mutant Zombie really dies it will drop the Hulk Hammer . The Hulk Hammer can be used to do 2 hearts of damage , or right - clicked to use the mutant zombie ' s smash attack . This can be done 72 times before you need another hammer . The durability does n ' t decrease if used in combat normally . Swords will be better though . Mutant Snow Golem 80 ( × 40 ) Ice Block = 12 ( × 6 ) When a chemical X is used on a Snow Golem MutantCreatures . Mutant Snow Golem The Mutant Snow Golem compared to the Snow Golem The only way to obtain a Mutant Snow Golem in Survival Mode is to craft a bottle of Chemical X , and splash it onto a normal Snow Golem . The Mutant Snow Golem has 80 ( × 40 ) HP . The Mutant Snow Golem is a more powerful version of Snow Golem and it has a single attack like the Snow Golem . more information needed Ground Freeze Like a regular snow golem , it will leave a trail of snow when moving . It will also freeze water if it ' s on it . Monster Attack Throws ice blocks that does 2 – 6 hearts ( 4 - 12 HP ) of damage . And it will only hurt mobs but not the player . Following Right - click it , and it will follow you , showing your username on it . Throwing a snowball at it heals it 2 ( HP . It dies like a normal Minecraft mob . The Mutant Snow Golem will , upon death , drop from 32 - 48 snowballs and a Jack O ' Lantern . Mutant Enderman The neutral , two - armed version of the Mutant Enderman The Mutant Enderman is probably the most dangerous Mutant in this mod , but is thankfully neutral , like an Enderman . With a height of 5 blocks and 200 ( × 100 ) hearts of health , this four - armed fiend is not your average teleporting block - snatching monster . It strikes fear in its enemies with its piercing purple eyes , its imposing figure , and its ability to wreak havoc in your world . Mutant Endermen can frequently cause death to even the hardiest players . 200 ( × 100 ) Melee Attack : inner , 10 ( outer Teleport : Block Chuck : 6 ( direct , splash Clone Mode : Easy : Normal : 6 ( Hard : 9 ( Scream : unblockable When a Chemical X is used on an Enderman , or in a light level of 7 or less , rarely . MutantCreatures . MutantEnderman There are 7 attacks and special abilities the Mutant Enderman can use to end your life . Forced Look Like Endermen , the Mutant Enderman is a seemingly harmless , neutral mob that will usually not attack you until you look at it . Once you stare at it , it will stare right back at you , make a shorter stare sound , grow its 2 other arms , and wait for you to make a move . Once you look away from it , or if the stare sound ends , it will teleport you closer to itself , give you Blindness , and start its attack . It will also start attacking you if it sees pumpkin , when it ' s raining ( in survival ) , or rarely at random if you stand too close to it . Anything that attacks them will cause the mutant enderman to retaliate . Also contrary to a normal enderman if you wear a pumpkin on your face it will go after you no matter what ( even if you do n ' t look at it ) . Teleportation This tactic just sounds like a way for the Mutant Enderman to evade your attacks , but not all is as it seems with this monster . In one way , it is , and is often used to escape projectiles , water or fire like a normal Enderman . In another way , it ' s an effective offensive weapon . When the Mutant teleports , it emits its " ender - soul " , which will deal knockback and hearts of damage to all entities around it in a 5 block radius , and possibly give the Blindness . It ' s main attack , it will probably use against you the most out of all the attacks . With that attack , it just simply whacks you with one of its arms , picking a random one . If it hits you with one of its inner arms , the attack will deal hearts of damage ; while its outer arms will deal 10 ( hearts . The outer arms also deal greater knockback than the inner ones . Throwing Blocks You have probably witnessed a normal Enderman grab a block of dirt , teleport around for a while , and set it back down somewhere else . But with the Mutant Enderman , it takes that ability up a notch . In your battle with the Mutant , it can grab a block ( for a maximum of one in each hand ) with its telekinetic ability and fling it at you . That attack will deal hearts for a direct hit and hearts of splash damage . Tip : When the Mutant Enderman throws a block at you , he is aiming for the block you were standing on when he threw it . With that in mind , you can run from the block you were standing on to avoid getting hurt by the thrown block . Clone Tactic The clone tactic attack is by far the most annoying attack the mutant enderman can use on you . It will create 8 Enderman clones , which look like translucent versions of a regular Enderman , and send them to attack you . The minions can teleport like a regular Enderman and will deal 1 ( per hit ; the clones can be killed with one hit , however , so they are more of a pest than a threat . But to make things harder , the Mutant Enderman will transform itself to look exactly like a minion , except for being slightly taller than the rest . The disguised Mutant Enderman will deal hearts of health per hit , and heal itself by . You must hit the Mutant Enderman to destroy the minions and change the Mutant Enderman back to his original form . Tip : If you have the thorns enchantment on any of your armor , it will hurt the Mutant Enderman and its minions when they hit you . And if the Mutant Enderman hits you while you have Thorns enchanted armor , the monster will go back to his original form . This makes it an easy way for you to deal with this tactic . Tele - smash Like the mutant zombies throw attack , but far more sophisticated , Tele - smash is extremely dangerous when used . The Mutant Enderman will grab you with all 4 arms , then teleport you into the air 12 blocks into the air . That attack will deal hearts of damage plus any fall damage you might receive . Also , you will be infected with the Nausea Potion effect , which can make fighting the mutant enderman even more difficult . Tip : Feather - Falling enchanted boots will really help with the fall damage portion of this attack . Scream The Mutant Enderman can scream . It is nothing like the creepy scream a normal Enderman makes , however . It most often does this super attack when it ' s raining or occasionally when fighting you . It may not sound threatening , but his scream is a lethal scream that can possibly kill you in seconds . The scream will do hearts of armor - piercing damage , and gives you debilitating potion effects including as poison , weakness , hunger , and nausea . This attack has claimed more player lives than most others . Tip : Have a bucket of milk on hand to cure you of possible potion effects from the scream . If you manage to slay this beast , you should be proud of what you just accomplished ! But you ' re not in the clear yet . When a Mutant Enderman dies , it hovers above the ground , and lets out a final scream , and starts to de - pixelate , which looks a lot like an Ender dragon ' s death , minus the purple rays coming from its body . But , its Endersoul will also become unstable and starts to deteriorate . The Endersoul will then shoot out Endersoul Fragments that will explode within a few seconds of shooting out . Put simply , the Mutant ' s death will knock you around and deal damage to you and any other mob nearby , and is pretty much impossible to escape . But , you can prevent most of the damage and the impact of the exploding fragments by putting a pumpkin on your head . After a few The Endersoul Hand and Endersoul Fragments When the Mutant completely de - pixelates , it will drop up to 8 ender pearls and / or eyes of ender . But that is not all . While the beast is dying , you can preserve some of its Endersoul Fragments by holding the sneak button ( the left shift button by default ) , then right clicking as many Endersoul Fragments as you can before they explode . Any Fragments you right - click will fall to the ground and remain there after the enderman ' s death . Then , you can right click them again a couple times , and then they will follow you wherever you go . Once all of them are following you , hearts of damage per hit . 2 : You can grab blocks like a Mutant Enderman and throw them at mobs to do damage . 3 : And , if you hold the sneak button ( the left shift button by default ) and right click a block , it will teleport you to that block that you right - clicked . That ability has a range of 128 blocks , will give you no damage from teleporting unlike Enderpearl teleportation , and will damage nearby mobs , just like when a Mutant Enderman teleports . But , it will Mutant Skeleton The Mutant Skeleton The Mutant Skeleton is a dangerous creature that you do n ' t want to encounter . Standing at around 3 - 4 blocks tall , this Mutant is armed with a more powerful crossbow , instead of the bow a regular Skeleton uses . He also features a gigantic ribcage , a serious case of under - bite , and powerful , bone - chilling attacks . It has been known to snipe players away from a distance farther than any other Mutant can sense you . And like a Mutant Zombie , it can heal of its 160 ( × 80 ) hearts every 5 seconds at nighttime , making this monster a harder enemy to deal with at night . This mutant features four dreaded attacks . Ranged Attack One of the Mutant Skeleton ' s most common and feared attacks is its ranged attack . It will aim it ' s crossbow at you , pull back , and fire an arrow straight at you . This is no common arrow , though , because it can go through all blocks and entities to hit you . It can also inflict a random negative effect on you , such as poison , exhaustion , and slowness . But if you manage to hit the Mutant before it fires at you , you might be able to break its If you try to get close to the Mutant Skeleton to whack it with a sword , the Mutant Skeleton then you will be in for quite the surprise . The Mutant will use his melee attack , which is just simply whacking you with his crossbow . While it does n ' t give you much damage , the attack will push you quite far away from it , giving it the chance to use its ranged attack again . Multi - shot Attack This is an attack you will almost never be able to avoid . When the Mutant Skeleton does the multi - shot attack , he jumps high in the air , while simultaneously firing 6 arrows at the same time at you . Fortunately these arrows do n ' t deal random negative potion effects like on the ranged attack . . . Constrict When you look at a Mutant Skeleton , you might wonder why he has such a huge ribcage . Let ' s hope you do n ' t have to figure it out the hard way . . . The Mutant Skeleton is able to use its ribcage to constrict the life out of you , which will toss you high into the air . This is one of the Mutant ' s most damaging attacks , dealing attack and fall damage . more information needed It heals every 5 seconds ( every 100 ticks ) at nighttime . When you kill this Mutant , its bones will be flung apart , which can hurt you if one hits you . If you are still alive after that is over , congratulations ! Victory is yours ! The scattered bones of a Mutant Skeleton The player wearing Mutant Skeleton Armor The Mutant Skeleton ' s drops are its bones that are scattered on the ground after its death . You can click on these bones to have them drop as an item . Once you collect them , you can then use them to craft Mutant Skeleton armor . There will be exactly enough bones to craft the armor . The armor will greatly help archers in 4 ways . # 1 : The Mutant Skeleton skull can be worn as a helmet , and wearing it will make all critical mid - air shots deal double the damage . Mob Summary Chart Mutant Mob Attacks / Special Abilities ( + Damage ) Weaknesses Strengths Other Notes 1 . Direct Attack : 2 . Jump Attack : up to 49 ( × 24.5 ) center 3 . Spawning Minions : Creeper explosions 4 . Charge Attack : heals for 15 ( × 7.5 ) 5 . Lightning Attack : Lightning damage to nearby entities Heals from all explosions . ( Except other Mutant Creepers ' explosions ) Gathers its last amount of energy , while pulling in nearby mobs and players , then blows up . Deals 125 ( × 62.5 ) damage at center and 75 ( × 37.5 ) in radius Creeper Egg All normal damage except explosions Immune to explosion damage . Is n ' t affected by ocelots . Destructive . To hatch the Mutant Minion Creeper Egg , right click and it will fly onto your head , where it will stay for a number of days until it hatches , or you can explode TNT around it to hatch it . 1 . Melee Attack ( Up to 2 . Roar Attack ( 1 ( 3 . Throw Attack ( fall + attack damage ) It heals hp every five seconds at night . If you do n ' t incinerate its body when it dies , ( light it with a flint and steel ) it will come back to life . Dies completely the 3rd time you kill it . Hulk Hammer Weak against fire , lava , fall damage , drowning , suffocation , and your attacks , from a bow or sword . Immune to sunlight ; can also use the melee attack through buildings or walls ; they have the capability to take down an Iron Golem or Mutant Snow Golem in some cases . Its appearance is quite similar to the Incredible Hulk , a character from the Marvel comics and movies . 1 . Monster Attack ( Up to If a snowball is thrown at it , it will heal Its death is like a regular Minecraft mob . From 32 - 48 snowballs , plus a jack - o - lantern Weak against fire , lava , fall damage ( ? ) , suffocation , and your attacks , from a bow or sword . Also , if it manages to fall in water , ( without freezing it ) it will deal 16 ( × 8 ) hearts of damage to the Mutant . Also , if it is attacking in a forest , its ice chunks will break if they hit leaves from trees , making it vulnerable to monster attacks . Since it attacks by ranged attacks , it has the ability to beat an Iron Golem in a fair fight . If you use the Mutant Snow Golem as a sentinel , which is made by putting it in a 3x3 square fence structure , it is vulnerable to Skeletons , since they have longer range than the Mutant Snow Golem 1 . Whack Attack N / A 2 . Scream Attack N / A ( Impossible tell , inflicts potion effects ) 3 . Block Chuck ( Deals about 3 ( Hearts Damage Each ) ( Up to 4 Blks Maximum It Can Hold At One Time ) ( Uses Telekinesis ) It curls up into a ball and screams in a constant purple shockwave around it , flinging fragments everywhere that deals each . If these fragments are right clicked while flying , they will come to the ground and follow you around . These shards will act as refills to the uses on the M.E. ' s drop , the Ender Hand . ( Block Telekinesis Item ) Soul fragments , Ender soul glove can teleport itself and the player 1 . ranged attack : hits you from a distance , possibly giving you a negative potion effect 2 . melee attack : whacks you with its crossbow , knocking you back so it can use it ' s ranged attack on you . Items Chemical X The Chemical X Chemical X can be thrown onto a mob to transform it into its Mutant form , if it has one . There is a 50 % chance that it will turn into a Mutant and 50 % chance it will just kill the mob . If it is not thrown directly onto a mob , it will randomly pick a nearby mob to infect , with no preference if the mob has a Mutant form it can change into or not . Categories Cleanup Information needed
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[
"Mods",
"Mutant Creatures",
"thehippomaster21"
] |
http://minecraft.gamepedia.com/Nether_Quartz
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Nether Quartz ( Redirected from Nether quartz navigation search Nether Quartz Type Raw materials Renewable Yes Legacy Console Edition only No Java and Bedrock editions only Stackable Yes ( 64 ) Data value dec : 406 hex : 196 bin : 110010110 Name quartz This article is about the mineral . For the ore , see Nether Quartz Ore . For the solid block , see Block of Quartz Nether quartz , or simply quartz , is a smooth , white mineral found in the Nether Contents hide 1 Obtaining 1.1 Mining 1.2 Smelting 2 Usage 2.1 Crafting ingredient 2.2 Trading 3 Video 4 History 5 Issues 6 Trivia 7 References Obtaining Mining Nether quartz ore mined using a pickaxe will drop one unit of nether quartz . If the pickaxe is enchanted with fortune , it may drop an extra unit per level of fortune , up to a maximum of four with Fortune III . If the pickaxe is enchanted with silk touch , the ore will be dropped . Smelting Ingredients recipe Nether Quartz Ore + Any fuel Usage Crafting ingredient Name Ingredients Crafting recipe hide Description Block of Quartz Daylight Detector Glass + Any wood Slab Diorite Cobblestone 2 Granite Diorite Observer Cobblestone Redstone Dust Redstone Comparator Redstone Torch Stone Can use stone only , no variants . Java and Bedrock editions only Redstone Comparator Redstone Torch Stone Can use stone and its variants interchangeably . Legacy Console Edition only Trading 20 - 26 nether quartz can be sold to stone mason villagers for an emerald as their only fourth tier trades . Bedrock Edition until BE 1.11.0 Expert - level stone mason villagers buy 12 nether quartz for an emerald as part of their trades . upcoming : BE 1.11.0 Video Note : The video does not show a crafting recipe for granite and diorite , or observers - this was before they were added in Java Edition 1.8 and Java Edition 1.11 respectively . Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . History Java Edition 1.5 13w01a Added nether quartz . They are used to craft daylight sensors and redstone comparators January 4 , 2013 Jeb tweeted that nether quartz would be used for more decorative uses as well . January 7 , 2013 Jeb tweeted a picture of some block of quartz tests potentially being replacements for the lack of limestone / marble in the game . 13w02a Added block of quartz , which is crafted with nether quartz . 1.8 14w02a Nether quartz can now be used to craft granite diorite 1.11 16w39a Nether quartz is now used to craft observers 1.13 17w47a Prior to The Flattening , this item ' s numeric ID was 406 . Upcoming Java Edition 1.14 18w43a Changed the texture of nether quartz . Pocket Edition Alpha 0.6.0 Added nether quartz . 0.12.1 build 1 Nether quartz is now no longer available from the Nether reactor and is now available from the Nether 0.13.0 build 1 Nether quartz is now used to craft daylight sensors 0.14.0 Nether quartz can now be used to craft redstone comparators 0.15.0 observers Bedrock Edition 1.10.0 beta 1 . 10 . 0 . 3 Changed the texture of nether quartz . 20 - 26 nether quartz can now be sold to stone mason villagers . Upcoming Bedrock Edition 1.11.0 beta 1 . 11 . 0 . 4 Trading has changed , 12 nether quartz can now be sold to stone mason villagers . TU14 CU1 1.04 Patch 1 Added nether quartz . New Nintendo 3DS Edition 0.1.0 Issues Issues relating to " Nether Quartz " are maintained on the bug tracker . Report issues there Trivia All of the sensor related items that are craftable ( comparator , daylight sensor , observer ) are crafted with some nether quartz involved . References ↑ jebtweet : 287481098760499201 ↑ https : / / twitter . com / jeb_ / status / 288311932304371712 Items show edit Categories Legacy Console Edition specific information Java Edition specific information Bedrock Edition specific information Raw materials Upcoming Items
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[
"Nether Quartz",
"pickaxe"
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http://minecraft.gamepedia.com/Tutorials/Iron_golem_farming
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Tutorials / Iron golem farming < Tutorials navigation search This tutorial will teach you how to build an iron golem farm . An iron golem farm is an easy way to acquire many iron ingots ( and less useful poppies ) with minimal effort after the initial setup . Most iron golem farms are made by taking advantage of the fact that if a player creates enough " houses , " which can be made with just a door and a block , iron golems can spawn . Contents 1 Overview 2 General requirements 3 Video 4 Iron golem farm designs 4.1 Easy 2 - tier build 4.2 Survival mode build : Iron golem village 4.3 4 spawn modules 2 - level 4.4 Simpler JL2579 design 4.5 No Frills Iron Farm 4.6 The Iron Head , a 100 % Efficient Iron Farm 4.7 The Iron Alpha 4.8 The Iron Phoenix 4.9 The Iron Towers 4.10 The Iron Bakery 4.11 Spanwpanda 4.12 Stacks of Villages 4.13 Flexible design 4.14 The Iron Paradise 4.15 Tower design Overview An iron golem farm is commonly a player - made village ( or several of them , spaced far enough apart to remain separate ) in which golems are spawned and then either killed immediately , or moved to a holding cell ( outside the village boundary , so that new ones can spawn in their place ) for later killing . If you opt for the first method , you will either need to go AFK while camping out at the collection point , have a hopper collecting your items , or else check back periodically to collect your items before they despawn . This necessity can be avoided by using the holding cell method , which allows the golems to collect while you are working nearby , and then you can harvest them all at once when you are ready so that you do n ' t miss any drops . If the farm is built inside the spawn chunk and fully automatic , it will operate at any time , making it highly efficient . Iron farms also work in Minecraft Bedrock Edition . General requirements Iron golems spawn naturally in villages ( natural or player - made ) , provided there are 10 villagers and at least 21 houses ( counted as doors ) . The chance of spawning is 1 in 7000 per tick , which averages around one every six minutes . There are several ways to build an iron farm , but the decent versions seem to be the ones that use two floors in the golem - spawning zone ( 16 by 6 by 16 ) , and keep all doors and villagers outside the zone , either above and below the center or in an outer " ring " on the same level . This is in order to maximize the number of available spaces for the golems to spawn in , which in turn will reduce the number of failed attempts , and keep the spawning rate as evokers to attack the golems in a holding chamber . Odds of a missed spawn occurring : There are 512 valid spawn points in the 16 × 6 × 16 block spawn area . Making a farm with only ½ of the valid spawn points ( 256 ) does not reduce your chance of spawn by ½ . This is because the game randomly " tries " to find a valid place to put a golem 10 times each time an opportunity to spawn a golem comes up . So , your chances become 0.5 for each of the ten tries . Missing a spawn in this case is equivalent Chances of a missed spawn are calculated as follows : ( 1 - ( valid_spawn_points / ( 16 * 6 * 16 ) ) ) 10 * 100 % So with 256 valid spawn points you will miss 16.2 % of the spawns whereas 512 valid spawn points will only result in a loss of 1.7 % . Additionally , console players should note the 50 villager spawn limit , which will make difficult , though not impossible , the full population of certain farm designs . Also , due to changes 4J Studios made to door detection and addition in the December 2015 update that brought MCCE to approximate parity with PC 1.8.8 no stacked or chained village iron farms from the PC community will work on console . Console players should avoid using anything but single village designs at this point . 4J Studios has remained silent as to whether or not the change was intentional Video Iron golem farm designs Easy 2 - tier build Requires spawn chunks : no Iron per hour : 40 Scalable : yes Designed by : trunkz Description This is an older design by trunkz and one of the earliest to feature two spawning floors for greater efficiency . It uses several villager baskets and door pads and is a little outdated , but quite a good and efficient design for the time it takes to build . This farm has been tested in Spigot 1.8 . Extra care must be taken with breeding villagers as they no longer breed as easily as they did in earlier version . For testing in 1.8 the villagers were bred to a population of 20 on the ground before being transported to their cells ( the individual villagers were transported to their cell by minecart , the other 18 went to their cell on a dirt ramp ) . The method given in the video will probably work if the breeding villagers are provided an ample supply of suitable food , Survival mode build : Iron golem village Requires spawn chunks : no Iron per hour : 30 - 40 , plus occasional loot from other mobs Scalable : yes ; a second tier may be added 3 blocks above the first , and higher tiers may be added to catch other mobs Design by : Amatulic A simple iron golem farm built in a village with free - roaming villagers . Another simple iron golem village farm , using fences instead of glass to block the doors . Description This is a simple but flexible design that can be built fairly easily in survival mode , without the need to transport villagers . The villagers can multiply and roam freely , allowing you to trade with them . The farm will occasionally capture other mobs and their loot . Multiple tiers can be built to target more golems or different mobs . Preparation You will need to gather sufficient resources : enough wood to craft a bunch of doors and fencing , optionally enough sand to smelt 40 glass blocks , and some iron to craft a bucket . You may need wool to craft a bed to sleep on before you start , to move your spawn point to the village in case you die and respawn while you work — some of the work is best done at night while the villagers are indoors and not getting in your way . Find a village near a source of lava . Some villages have a blacksmith shop with a pool of lava , others have a lava source nearby . If buildings in the village are missing any doors , give them doors . This encourages villagers to multiply and gives them a place to go at night while you work . Clear a flat 16 × 16 area in the village ; some villages have an empty quadrant that is useful for clearing . You can use existing building walls as boundaries for the 16 × 16 area . Fence off the area , preferably at night after the villagers have scurried indoors , and install a gate to enter and exit the area . Villagers are curious ; Construction The design is a 16 × 16 pit 2 blocks below the base of the doors , with a 2 × 2 hole in the middle , buildings on each side of the pit , and fencing all around . It does n ' t matter how you design the buildings as long as the door arrangement is symmetric from the center of the hole . Each building shown here has at least 5 doors facing the pit . Doors on the edge of the pit should be barred from opening using glass blocks if the doors are against the If your doors are on the pit ' s edge , then avoid placing the doors during the day ! Otherwise villagers might fall into your pit . Place them and block them with glass before daylight . Once you have placed all your doors , destroy any remaining doors in other buildings that are n ' t part of the symmetry of the farm . Your buildings around the pit should have doors ( symmetrically placed ) on the side walls to allow villagers to use the buildings . This iron golem farm uses a lava blade trap , intended for when the farm gets additional tiers to catch mobs of different heights , although the single - tier farm described already killed a skeleton and a spider in its first hour of use . Unfortunately , baby zombies would still pass through . Before placing your doors , you should first complete the trap . To sweep the iron golems from the pit into the hole , it ' s best to cover the whole area with running water , otherwise the iron golems will try to stick to the dry spots . The design shown here has a 1 block undercut around the pit ' s edge , with water sources along two parallel sides , 2 water source blocks at the middle of the other two sides for the final sweep . This design uses lava blades across the top and middle of a 2 - wide by 3 - high tunnel leading from the hole . At the bottom of the hole is a river that sweeps the mobs into the blades , and sweeps the loot toward the end of the tunnel . At the end of the tunnel , build some access to the surface ( shown in the first image on the lower right ) . Villagers are free to go in and out , but make a barrier in the tunnel to keep them from reaching the lava . You do n ' t need a hopper or chest at first — just watch your farm and when an iron golem falls through the hole , go into your tunnel and collect the iron that drifts toward you . After you have five iron ingots , you can craft a hopper and put it at the end of the water stream in the tunnel , to deposit the ingots into a chest . 4 spawn modules 2 - level : 160 : yes Design by : JL2579 ( tutorial by docm77 ) This design , originally created by JL2579 , uses 4 spawning modules , with 2 modules per level , with doors surrounding the modules . This pattern could be repeated to fill a very large area with iron farms . The farm also features a lava system to damage the iron golems so that the piston suffocator works more quickly . Youtuber docm77 made this tutorial for the design . Simpler JL2579 design : 30 : yes ( you can build a second farm 80 blocks overhead to increase the spawning rates ) : Nims This design , by NimsTV , is slightly less efficient than JL2579 ' s design . However , it is much simpler and easier to build , because the water streams are easier to configure and there is only one villager basket . The golem spawning area is larger than the farm , which is why JL2579 did not build his farm in this way . You have to block spawning anywhere outside the farm , if you intend to build several duplicate farms in an array . No Frills Iron Farm : no but you will get more regular iron if you do build them there : 40 - 50 : yes ( you can build more farms 65 blocks away from the village center ) : Frilioth This is a single village iron farm designed by Frilioth in 1.13 . It has 2 19 x 19 spawning pads to maximize the spawning area and uses slabs around the edges so Golems wo n ' t get stuck . The farm uses 24 Doors and 20 Villagers and will spawn a Golem on average every 6 minutes . The Iron Head , a 100 % Efficient Iron Farm : no but you will get more regular iron if you do build them there : 41 + : yes ( you can build a second farm 65 blocks away from the village center ) . Possible to fit 36 within the spawn chunks ( though not easily ) . : GruvaGuy This is a single village iron farm designed by GruvaGuy in 1.9 using Golem spawn mechanics to achieve a 100 % efficient iron farm . Very different to most designs and can be placed flush on the ground without any digging required . Though this is as efficient as possible it is also expensive in resources . The mechanics show in the video can be applied to an Iron Titan or any other iron farm . The Iron Alpha : no but you wont have to keep resetting it if you do build it there : 2500 - 2700 : No : Frilioth This design is a 60 Village Iron Farm that can be rebuilt on demand if not built in the spawn chunks and the chunk it is in has been unloaded . The village rebuild process takes just over 150 minutes but it will produce between 2500 and 2700 ingots per hour when running at full speed . Due to the water and Villager mechanics used in this design it will only work in Java 1.13.1 and 1.13.2 versions . The Iron Phoenix : 2600 : Tango Tek This design is a 64 - village iron farm , can automatically rebuild villages anywhere on demand , and has the lowest cost out of all the designs . However , one process of setting up the village takes 90 minutes , so it is preferable to use it whilst the player is AFK . It is best built in the sky . It is capable of producing 2600 iron per hour when working at maximum efficiency , 2 - 6 times more than any other design featured on this page . Sidenote - Does not work in 1.13.2 The Iron Towers : 1300 : DanielKotes Similar to the Iron Trench , the Iron towers design layers villages one over each other to produce 32 villages . Villages will re - build if they are broken , not requiring any player intervention . At the moment it can only be built up to 32 villages in size , thus producing at most 1300 iron per hour if the full 32 village farm is built . Fortunately , the redstone in this design is much simpler than the older iron trench builds due to the village building process being done in one phase instead of two . It is worth noting that many players using the Spigot server have found this to be problematic . In the comments of the tutorial is a conversion . Fundamentally Spigot uses slightly different timings in the creation and destruction of villages ( or detecting and adding a door to a village ) . This coupled with a lower default entity - activation range means this can be difficult to get working in a survival server . ( The timings Spigot uses are one of the features of Spigot that enables it to be more effective on low resources ( CPU Sidenote - works really slow on the latest game version ( 1.13.2 ) Tutorial : The Iron Bakery : 500 each layer with 10 rows of doors : Emonadeo A great advantage to this design is the customization . You can decide how big and efficient it gets by changing the number of the rings of doors and / or layers . It uses a similar door placement to the Iron Titan by Tango Tek . It is also efficient on smaller multiplayer servers . Emonadeo has since released a video on how to fix it for 1.9 / 1.10 Spanwpanda : Panda The most important part of any farm is its spawning floor , both in regards to maximising spawning area and the speed at which it can remove spawned entities to be replaced . In the following video , Panda describes a unique spawn floor design that drastically increases both of these , to the point where small servers could just use a standard un - chained single village iron farm with this spawn floor to provide ample amounts of iron for the players . Combine this spawn floor with any of the other designs to drastically improve its output . Stacks of Villages : 1000 + : SwoodyCraft This design uses offset stacks of villages allowing players to compress a large number into a relatively small space ( 27 villages in less than 150 sq blocks ) . It is highly efficient and requires relatively low amount of resources to build . It does not require any redstone to build nor does it have to be built at spawn . The only limiting factor ( as with any iron farm ) is that it must be built at least 64 blocks from any other village . Flexible design : 30 - 40 ( depending on configuration ) : yes ( As long as the second farm is constructed 70 blocks away ) : MCinstructabuilds This design is not as efficient as some other designs . However , it is simple to build and lends itself to variation and disguise . The spawning area for the golems is 16x16 , but can be made smaller by digging 8 blocks down around the edges if desired . The doors are placed equally around the spawning area , but specific placement can be varied . It is this varied door placement that allows the farm to be easily camoflaged . MCinstructabuilds provides three example disguises , a fort , a town , and a mining camp / The Iron Paradise : 500 + ( Depending on server lag ) : yes ( 64 blocks horizontally and 100 blocks vertically ) : TheBurntPhoenix : Although this design consists of multiple regular Iron Golem spawning platforms , the way that each of these spawning platforms is arranged makes the design as efficient as possible . This design is best suited for laggy multiplayer servers or servers that have the mobstack plugin . In TheBurntPhoenix ' s video , he has built a total of 12 spawning platforms separated into 3 layers , with 4 on each layer . Each platform on a single layer is 64 blocks away from each other , and is vertically 100 blocks away from each layer in order to Tower design This design is good especially for survival . It will get you about a stack every 2 hours . It ' s pretty efficient , but for faster farms , use one of the above . Step zero - resources To build an iron golem farm , you should have a fair amount of resources , such as cobblestone and wood , as well as a way to get villagers into it . You will need : at least 1100 cobblestone ( about 18 stacks ) 64 doors ( 6 wood per 3 doors = 128 wood planks or 2 stacks ) 18 water buckets ( or 2 water buckets to make an Infinite Water Source 1 lava bucket 4 signs 2 hoppers and 2 chests ( This is for the option to use hoppers to collect items when you are away from the farm ) Step one - Building location To build the Iron Golem farm you should : Choose a good location . Do n ' t build it far from your home or main base , because you want the golems to spawn even when you are not at the farm . An ideal spot is on top of your existing home or close to it . Remember , village doors need direct access to sunlight within 5 blocks straight ahead of them . Gather the resources listed above . Follow the instructions below to begin building the base . Step two - Building instructions 1 . Start by building a 4 × 4 cobble base . 2 . Continue this until you have a tower that is 10 blocks tall . Next , break a 2 × 3 hole in the bottom so the golems will be able to go through . 3 . Build out 7 blocks from the top of this tower to form an 18 × 18 platform with a 2 × 2 hole in the middle . 4 . Build in 4 blocks from each corner , then 3 blocks diagonal in both directions to build a triangle . 5 . Next build a 1 block wide platform around this so the platform is now 20 × 20 . 6 . Now build a wall with windows in it as show below . This is how wide each of the holes in the wall should be : 7 . Seal off the backs of the windows , and build some small cups to hold the villagers . The cups should be 4 × 4 on the outside , so there is 2 × 2 × 3 of air on the inside . Make sure that there are at least 10 villagers altogether and note that adding villagers after reaching 30 will have no effect on the efficiency of the farm . 8 . Place doors against the back of the indents . This is to make the villagers think these are homes . Note : To place doors against the inside wall as shown , stand inside the indent , face the spawning area , look down and " place " the door on the block directly under your feet ( works on PC up to at least 1.12.2 ) . Do n ' t place them sideways ; this can cause them to be not counted as homes . It should look like this : Note : every single door opens onto a blank wall . The villagers should not be going in and out of the doors ; they are trapped inside their cups and ca n ' t leave . 9 . Then place down 1 water in each of the 4 villager cups , and 2 water down in between each of the raised triangles to form this pattern : 10 . Place 1 water on each of the triangles in the very back corner of the wall . Now the top part is finished , the golems will spawn once there are 3 villagers in each of the holding cups . The next step is to build the golem grinder . 11 . Build 4 blocks out from the bottom of the tower and 3 blocks up on each side , then place 2 blocks at the end of it to keep the golems from escaping . 12 . Next , place 4 signs in a cup shape to hold the lava that kills the golems . 13 . Now place the lava in the signs . 14 . Place the last 2 water in the very back of the base , so the golems will get pushed into the lava . 15 . Put down 2 hoppers going into a large chest for automatic resource collection ( this is not required , but it is a good idea so you do n ' t let any of the items despawn . ) Maintenance Since villagers will turn into witches when struck by lightning ( albeit it happens very rarely ) , it is sometimes needed to refill the villagers into the farm after a thunderstorm . But if the farm is not built inside the spawn chunk , you can just move away from the farm to let the chunk unload during a thunderstorm . Villagers bred inside the farm will also occasionally spawn outside of the containers . Tutorials Introductory Menu screen Game terms Newcomer survival The first day / beginner ' s guide The second day The third day Hunger management Things not to do Simple tips and tricks Your first ten minutes Shelters Best biomes for homes Best building materials Building and construction Navigation Shelters Shelter types General Achievement guide Advancement guide Breaking Bedrock Colonizing Combat Complete main adventure Creating a village Dual wielding End survival Exploring caverns Furniture Gathering resources on peaceful difficulty Headless pistons Hitboxes Horses How to find caves Mapping Measuring distance Mining Diamonds Fossils Nether hub Nether portals Nether survival Pillar jumping PvP PvP bases The Void Time - saving tips Village mechanics Minecraft in education Indestructible end crystals Respawning the ender dragon with fewer crystals Summoning jockeys Thunderstorm survival Units of measure Challenges Adventure survival Beating a challenge map Creating a challenge map Curing a zombie villager Defeating temples Defeating a woodland mansion Defeating an ocean monument Defeating an end city Defeating the Ender dragon Defeating the Wither Hardcore mode How to survive in a single area indefinitely Infinite desert survival Nomadic experience Skywars survival Superflat survival Survival with no enabled data packs Ultra hardcore survival Island survival Constructions Adding beauty to constructions Airlock Architectural terms Building a cruise ship Building a metropolis Building a rollercoaster Building safe homes Building water features Creating shapes Defense Desert shelter Elevators Endless circling pool Glazed terracotta patterns Making nice floors Pig parking Pixel art Ranches Roof types Curved roofs Roof construction guidelines Roof decorations Secret door Settlement guide Underwater home Walls and buttresses Water gate Water tram Storage solutions Organization Shulker box storage Storage Minecarts Farming Blocks and items Bone meal Cactus Cake Cobblestone Cocoa bean Crops ( Beetroot , Carrot , Potato , Wheat ) Chorus fruit Egg Fish Flower Ice Kelp Meat Mushroom Music disc Nether wart Obsidian Pumpkin , Melon Scute Snow Sugar cane Tree Vine Duplication Mobs Mob farming Mob grinding Battery farming Spawner traps Animals ( Cows , Pigs , Sheep ) Blaze Cave spider Charged creeper Drowned Enderman Guardian Iron golem Village chaining Magma cube Slime Squid Turtle Villager Witch Wither skeleton Zombie Zombie pigman Enchanting and smelting Enchantment mechanics Anvil mechanics Automatic smelting Choosing a fuel Blockbreaking Lossless explosion block breaking : Blast chamber Wither cage Mechanisms Basic redstone Basic logic gates Command block Flying technologies Hopper Item elevator Mechanisms Observer stabilizer Passlock door Randomizers Redstone machines Redstone music Redstone tips Rube Goldberg machine Villager trading hall Detectors Block update detector Comparator update detector Daylight sensor Day night detector Minecarts Train station Minecarts Storage Start booster Tutorials / Digital minecart storage system Traps Snow golems TNT cannons Trapdoor uses Trap design Traps Pistons
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[
"Tutorials",
"iron golem",
"iron ingots"
] |
http://minecraft.gamepedia.com/Tutorials/Sugar_Cane_farming
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Tutorials / Sugar cane farming < Tutorials navigation search Sugar cane must be planted on a grass dirt podzol or sand block that is directly adjacent to water ( not merely above or diagonal to water ) . When fully grown it will stand three blocks high of sugar cane . Mature sugar cane should be harvested by hitting the middle block to avoid replanting . Its growth rate is unaffected by the absence of light . Sugar cane , like saplings wheat , and cacti , will only grow if the chunk they are on is loaded into memory , so a player should not venture too far from the field . In Bedrock Edition their growth range is based on simulation distance Sugar cane is valuable for crafting rockets and trading paper . With the large amount obtainable from some of these farms , it can become easy to get emeralds . Sugar cane can also be used with the composter , however melon farms are probably more suited to this . Contents hide 1 Manual farm designs 2 Semi automatic farm designs 2.1 Water canal design 2.2 Piston harvester 3 Fully automatic designs 3.1 Stationary design 3.2 Flying design Manual farm designs This pattern is easier to harvest since the player does n ' t fall into water as often . This compact pattern allows planting four sugar cane per water block . The first step in building a sugar cane farm is choosing a design . When starting out , simply placing sugar cane on a river bank should be sufficient . However , this quickly becomes impractical when implemented on large scale . Sugar cane farms must balance between compactness , ease of harvest , and difficulty to build . A double rowed design , while not the most efficient of designs as it has only 2 canes per water , is relatively easy to build and harvest . It is also a good choice for some of the semi automatic designs below . With this design , it is recommended to use flowing water rather than water sources . Not only is it easier to build it flowing , but when harvesting , any items that fall into the water will flow into a central location . A more efficient grid pattern design can also be used . This design has 4 sugar canes per water source , so it is highly compact . The downsides are that is is more difficult to both build and harvest . The difficulty in harvesting can be removed by placing lily pads or something similar on top of all water blocks . This makes the ground smooth and easy for the player to walk on without falling . Light blocks can be used under or above the water to prevent mob spawning When harvesting , walk slowly and sweep side to side breaking all but the bottom block of each sugar cane . Then , pick up any missed items and continue . Tutorial for the efficient grid design ( view on YouTube show 您的瀏覽器目前無法識別任何可用的影片格式 。 按一下這裡以瀏覽關於 HTML5 影片的常見問題 。 Semi automatic farm designs In Bedrock Edition , when sugar cane ' s water source is removed , it immediately breaks . Using this principle , it is easy to create semi automatic farms which harvest the sugar cane . These designs should still work in Java Edition , however , it will take a bit more time for the sugar cane to break . Some other designs here are classified as semi automatic due to their lack of ability to pick up the sugar cane . These can often be easily converted into automatic designs as seen in the next section . Water canal design Build the double rowed design as shown in the manual farms list . Then , place dispensers containing water buckets to control the water flow . Removing the water streams with the dispensers should cause the sugar cane to break so the player can pick them up and replant . Piston harvester Top view of an extended piston harvester Side view of a piston harvester This design uses pistons to harvest the sugar cane . If the sugar cane is only two blocks tall , it can all be pushed into a water stream . However , if it grows any taller , the top blocks may fall down to the sand where the player can pick it up . This design is often used as the basis for fully automatic farms , however , it must be modified to push the top blocks as well or some of the sugar cane may be lost . Tutorial for the piston harvester ( view on YouTube show 您的瀏覽器目前無法識別任何可用的影片格式 。 按一下這裡以瀏覽關於 HTML5 影片的常見問題 。 Fully automatic designs Fully automatic designs automatically harvest and collect sugar cane , usually relying on some sort of redstone clock or growth detection . These designs are often expensive to build and more lag prone than other designs . However , the large amount of sugar cane they produce can pay off . There are two main types of automatic sugar cane farms : Stationary and flying . Stationary designs , while simpler for platforms without quasi - connectivity , are generally more resource and space intensive as compared to flying designs . Flying designs usually require slime blocks however which may be difficult to obtain for some players . Stationary design Automatic observer farm By using a daylight sensor or other clock circuit , the semi automatic piston design shown above can be made fully automatic . To make it more lossless , it is recommended to add another layer of pistons above the original one . In , these designs can be an alternative to flying machines which are difficult to create and use for this purpose . Basic piston design ( Other variations are also possible , such as this diagonal design which uses a hopper clock rather than a daylight sensor . Diamond shaped tower design ( Rather than use a clock , some designs use observers to harvest the sugar cane as soon as it grows . Designs such as these inefficiently use space compared to the clock method . Since all the pistons activate anytime a sugarcane grows , they are usually less lag efficient too . When constructing , the sugar cane goes on the dirt and rails run where the minecart is shown . Flying design The use of flying machines hopper minecarts be combined to create some of the most efficient farms . Flying machine designs generally use only a few pistons and do n ' t create lag except when harvesting . This is usually the prefered type of design when creating a large farm . The main disadvantage to farms such as these is that they can break if unloaded while running . Due to this , it can be risky to have these run without supervision . Flying machine based design ( This video has some useful information regarding flying sugar cane farming . It contains a practically lossless flying machine design similar to the one above . The lossless design works by covering the water with leaves and using the flying machine to ensure items pushed to places they can be picked up . Flying sugar cane ( hide Tutorials Introductory Menu screen Game terms Newcomer survival The first day / beginner ' s guide The second day The third day Hunger management Things not to do Simple tips and tricks Your first ten minutes Shelters Best biomes for homes Best building materials Building and construction Navigation Shelters Shelter types General Achievement guide Advancement guide Breaking Bedrock Colonizing Combat Complete main adventure Creating a village Dual wielding End survival Exploring caverns Furniture Gathering resources on peaceful difficulty Headless pistons Hitboxes Horses How to find caves Mapping Measuring distance Mining Diamonds Fossils Nether hub Nether portals Nether survival Pillar jumping PvP PvP bases The Void Time - saving tips Village mechanics Minecraft in education Indestructible end crystals Respawning the ender dragon with fewer crystals Summoning jockeys Thunderstorm survival Units of measure Challenges Adventure survival Beating a challenge map Creating a challenge map Curing a zombie villager Defeating temples Defeating a woodland mansion Defeating an ocean monument Defeating an end city Defeating the Ender dragon Defeating the Wither Hardcore mode How to survive in a single area indefinitely Infinite desert survival Nomadic experience Skywars survival Superflat survival Survival with no enabled data packs Ultra hardcore survival Island survival Constructions Adding beauty to constructions Airlock Architectural terms Building a cruise ship Building a metropolis Building a rollercoaster Building safe homes Building water features Creating shapes Defense Desert shelter Elevators Endless circling pool Glazed terracotta patterns Making nice floors Pig parking Pixel art Ranches Roof types Curved roofs Roof construction guidelines Roof decorations Secret door Settlement guide Underwater home Walls and buttresses Water gate Water tram Storage solutions Organization Shulker box storage Storage Minecarts Farming Blocks Bone meal Cactus Cake Cobblestone Cocoa bean Crops ( Beetroot , Carrot , Potato , Wheat ) Chorus fruit Egg Fish Flower Ice Kelp Meat Mushroom Music disc Nether wart Obsidian Pumpkin , Melon Scute Snow Sugar cane Tree Vine Duplication Mobs Mob farming Mob grinding Battery farming Spawner traps Animals ( Cows , Pigs , Sheep ) Blaze Cave spider Charged creeper Drowned Enderman Guardian Iron golem Village chaining Magma cube Slime Squid Turtle Villager Witch Wither skeleton Zombie Zombie pigman Enchanting smelting Enchantment mechanics Anvil mechanics Automatic smelting Manual smelting Blockbreaking Lossless explosion block breaking : Blast chamber Wither cage Mechanisms Basic redstone Basic logic gates Command block Flying technologies Hopper Item transportation Mechanisms Observer stabilizer Passlock door Randomizers Redstone machines Redstone music Redstone tips Rube Goldberg machine Villager trading hall Detectors Block update detector Comparator update detector Daylight sensor Day night detector Minecarts Train station Minecarts Storage Start booster Storage system Traps Snow golems TNT cannons Trapdoor uses Trap design Traps Pistons Piston uses Piston circuits Quasi - connectivity Zero - Ticking Pistons Instant Repeaters Redstone ( advanced ) Advanced redstone circuits Calculator Command stats Hourly clock Morse code Printer Redstone computers Redstone telegraph Servers Playing on servers Spawn jail Griefing Server setup Setting up a server Server startup script FreeBSD startup script OpenBSD startup script Ubuntu startup script Setting up a Hamachi server Setting up a Minecraft Forge server Setting up a Spigot server Ramdisk enabled server Technical Improving frame rate Minecraft help FAQ ( IRC channel ) Update Java Maps Custom maps Map downloads Command NBT tags Falling blocks Updating old oceans in 1.13 using MCEdit Resource packs Creating a resource pack Loading a resource pack Making custom game music Sound directory Data packs Creating a data pack Installing a data pack Add - ons Creating resource packs Advanced [ WIP ] Entity component reference guide Changing Minecraft entity models Creating behavior packs Creating Minecraft media Creating videos Livestreaming Game installation Installing snapshots Installing Forge mods Playing and saving on a thumb drive Playing and saving on a thumb drive with the old launcher Recover corrupted saved world data Run Minecraft through Google Drive Save game data to Dropbox ( world data only ) Saved data Dropbox guide Outdated Building micro shelters Custom texture packs Far Lands How to get a crash report Installing mods Man - made lake Managing slimes in superflat mode Minecart booster Repeater reboot system Update LWJGL Update Minecraft Water ladder Water tram Category
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[
"Sugar cane",
"water blocks",
"Semi-automatic farming"
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http://minecraft.wikia.com/wiki/Beetroot_Soup
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in : Renewable Stubs Foods and 3 more Beetroot Soup Edit Comments ( 21 ) Share Come on ! Grow up ! This article is a Minecraft Wiki stub . You can help by expanding the page . Beetroot Soup Hunger Replenished Obtained by Crafting Cookable Stackable Renewable First Appearance Minecraft : Pocket Edition ( 0.8.0 ) PC Version ( 1.9 Technical Name minecraft : beetroot_soup Data Values Hex : 1B2 ( PC ) 1CB ( PE ) Dec : 436 ( PC ) 459 ( PE ) is a type of food item added to the Pocket Edition in version 0.8.0 , and it was added in The Combat Update for PC . It can be crafted with 6 Beetroots and 1 Bowl . When eaten , four hunger points will be restored , and the bowl will be given back like with the Mushroom Stew and Rabbit Stew recipes . Crafting ( Shapeless recipe ) Beetroot Beetroot None Bowl None Trivia Before 1.9 , Beetroots and beetroot soup used to be a version exclusive to Minecraft : Pocket Edition It is one of the three types of soup , the others being Rabbit Stew and Mushroom Stew . Beetroots are one of the rarest items to come by , so it is less optimal to make . Beetroot Soup is better than eating 8 beetroots , because it ' s much faster to eat and saves you 2 beetroots ( or 1 ) . Items Raw Materials Blaze Rod Bone Clay Coal Charcoal Diamond Ender Pearl Feather Flint Ghast Tear Glowstone Dust Gold Ingot Nugget Gunpowder Iron Ingot Nugget Leather Nether Wart Nether Star Prismarine Shard Prismarine Crystal Redstone Dust Slimeball String Emerald Firework Star Bamboo Rabbit Hide Rabbit ' s Foot Shulker Shell Nautilus Shell Phantom Membrane Heart of the Sea Scute Manufactured Blaze Powder Book Brick Nether Eye of Ender Fermented Spider Eye Glass Bottle Water Bottle Glistering Melon Magma Cream Paper Popped Chorus Fruit Potions Splash Lingering Stick Sugar Food Bread Cake Carrot Golden Carrot Chorus Fruit Cookie Egg Melon Slice Milk Mushroom Stew Potato Baked Poisonous Sweet Berries 1.14 Pumpkin Pie Raw Beef Steak Raw Chicken Cooked Raw Fish Cooked Raw Porkchop Apple Golden Notch Rotten Flesh Spider Eye Raw Rabbit Raw Mutton Rabbit Stew Tropical Fish Raw Salmon Cooked Salmon Pufferfish Dried Kelp Sugar Cane Wheat Kelp Dyes Ink Sac Cocoa Beans Rose Red Pink Dye Orange Dye Dandelion Yellow Cactus Green Lime Dye Light Blue Dye Cyan Dye Lapis Lazuli Magenta Dye Purple Dye Gray Dye Light Gray Dye Bone Meal White Dye 1.14 Black Dye Brown Dye Blue Dye Tools Axe Bucket Water Lava Fishing Rod Flint and Steel Hoe Pickaxe Shears Shovel Book and Quill Lead Shield Carrot on a Stick Informative Clock Compass Map Exploration Map Weapons Bow Arrow Fire Charge Snowball Sword Trident Crossbow Armor Boots Chestplate Helmet Leggings Horse Armor Turtle Shell Vehicles Boat Minecart with Furnace with Chest with TNT With Hopper with Command Block Utility Saddle Totem of Undying Name Tag Decoration Music Discs Creative only Spawn Egg Debug Stick Unimplemented Quiver Ruby Skis Categories Stubs Foods Items 1.9
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[
"Beetroot Soup",
"Pocket Edition",
"version 0.8.0"
] |
http://minecraft.wikia.com/wiki/Evoker
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in : Mobs Hostile Mobs Overworld Mobs and 3 more Evoker Edit Comments ( 10 ) Share Evoker Health Points 24HP ( 12x Attack Strength 6HP ( 3x Drops Emerald Totem of Undying Location Woodland Mansion First Appearance 1.11 Experience Points 10 Technical Name minecraft : evocation_illager An is a hostile , humanoid mob found in the Overworld . They are one of five types of Illagers ( " ill - willing villagers " ) , the other four being the Illusioner , the Vindicator , the Pillager , and the Ravager An Evoker ' s noises are sinister , saying " Hrrrm , " " Harrurm , " and " Hun . " They also say " Wololo " sound when performing a spell . Contents show Overview Evokers are considered illagers , which means that they are hostile outcasts from villages . They look similar to villagers , except their skin is gray in color instead of brown . Evokers are found inside particular rooms of the Woodland Mansion , one at a time . They may be accompanied by 1 – 3 Vindicators Behavior Evokers are hostile towards Players Villagers , and Iron Golems within a 16 - block range . One of their attacks summons tiny hostile pixies called Vexes . Their second attack spell summons several evoke several clamp - traps from the ground in either a ring or a long line , depending on their target ' s distance . These clamp - traps , known as Evocation Fangs , are evoked in either a 20 - m line for distant targets or an inner ring of 5 fangs with an outer ring of 8 . They deal damage upon snapping shut . Evokers flee when attacked and not casting a spell . Drops Evokers always drop a single Totem of Undying when killed by a player . They sometimes also drop an Emerald . Swords with the Looting Enchantment only affect their emerald drops . History These mobs were added to Minecraft in 1.11 - The Exploration Update Trivia When not in combat , evokers change any blue sheep they find into red sheep , uttering " Wololo . " This is a reference to the video game Age of Empires where the priest unit would convert enemy units to their own side while uttering " wololo " . While summoning a vex , an evoker emits gray swirls above its head , as if under the effects of a Potion The evoker was originally going to wear a white hood similar to that of the illusioner . This can be seen in Meet the Evoker . ( This hat model was also going to be used for witches and several villager types ) . Evokers are still present in peaceful mode , but they flee from players and do n ' t attack them . Gallery Click for full Evoker gallery . References ↑ Age of Empires Mobs in Minecraft Passive Mobs Bat Cat Chicken Cow Fish ( various ) Horse Mooshroom Ocelot Parrot Pig Rabbit Sheep Snow Golem Squid Turtle Villager Wandering Trader Fox Neutral Mobs Dolphin Enderman Iron Golem Llama Polar Bear Wolf Zombie Pigman Panda Hostile Mobs Blaze Cave Spider Creeper Ender Dragon Endermite Ghast Husk Magma Cube Pillager Shulker Silverfish Skeleton Slime Spider Spider Jockey Witch Wither Wither Skeleton Wither Skeleton Jockey Zombie Drowned Stray Vex Vindicator Ravager Phantom Guardian Elder Guardian Illusioner Unused / Removed / Unimplemented Mobs Beast Boy Black Steve Giant Human Pigmen Rana Red Dragon Steve Categories Mobs Overworld Mobs 1.11 Illager Humanoids
|
[
"Evoker",
"Vindicator",
"Woodland Mansion"
] |
http://minecraft.wikia.com/wiki/Hopper
|
in : Opaque Blocks Renewable Blocks and 5 more Hopper Edit Comments ( 1 ) Share Hopper The Hopper as it appears in 13w01a to 1.5 full release . First Appearance Minecraft 1.5 Type of Block Redstone , Containers Tool Used Data Values Hex : 9A Dec : 154 Technical Name minecraft : hopper Blast Resistance 24 Stackable 64 Obey Physics Luminosity Transparency Renewable Hoppers are redstone blocks added in the Redstone Update , making its first appearance in snapshot 13w01a . Hoppers have several integral uses , such as moving items that fall on top of it into a chest or other container below or storing it inside of its own storage . Hoppers can essentially be used for automatic grinders and traps that do not need constant attending to . Hoppers can also be controlled by redstone . If one powers the hopper , it will stop funneling items . When switched again , movement of items will reactivate . The hopper can connect to other hoppers and other containers ( chests , furnaces droppers , etc . ) When a redstone comparator is placed next to the hopper it can detect how many items are inside and will output a redstone signal depending on how many items the hopper has in it ( This is same with all other containers if over 22 items in it ) . This can also be used to make a " Hopper Clock . " Crafting Minecart with Hopper Iron Ingot None Iron Ingot None Chest Minecart Gallery Blocks Natural Air Stone Granite Andesite Diorite Bedrock Clay Terracotta Cobblestone Moss Cobweb Dirt Gravel Coarse Dirt Bone Ice Monster Spawner Sand Red Sandstone Red Obsidian Snow Sponge Wet Sponge Stone Brick Cracked Moss Chiseled Prismarine Dark Brick Sea Lantern Manufactured Bookshelf Brick Wool Carpet Concrete Powder Conduit Dried Kelp Block Fence Glass Pane Stained Glass Pane Glazed Terracotta Hay Bale Iron Bars Jack - O - Lantern Ladder Painting Scaffolding Slabs Smooth Stone Smooth Sandstone Smooth Quartz Smooth Red Sandstone Slime Snow Stairs Walls Wooden Planks Ore Coal Ore Diamond Ore Emerald Ore Gold Ore Iron Ore Lapis Lazuli Ore Redstone Ore Nether Quartz Ore Mineral Blocks Block of Diamond Block of Emerald Block of Gold Block of Iron Lapis Lazuli Block Block of Quartz Block of Redstone Block of Coal Utility Bed Brewing Stand Cake Cauldron Chest Shulker Box Crafting Table Enchantment Table Furnace Jukebox TNT Anvil Mechanisms Button Dispenser Redstone Lamp Door Fence Gate Lever Note Piston Sticky Pressure Plate Rail Powered Detector Activator Redstone Wire Torch Repeater Comparator Trapdoor Trapped Chest Dropper Daylight Detector Tripwire Hook Observer Plants Cactus Dead Bush Chorus Plant Flowers Grass Grass Fern Leaves Lily Pad Melon Mushrooms Huge Mycelium Podzol Pumpkin Saplings Sugar Cane Vines Wheat Wood Corals Kelp Liquids Lava Water Non - Solid Fire Sign Torch Banner The Nether Glowstone Netherrack Nether Brick Fence Nether Quartz Nether Wart Soul Sand Magma Block The End Dragon Egg End Stone Purpur Endstone Brick End Rod Dragon Head Ender Crystal Creative only Barrier Structure Block Pocket Edition only Stonecutter ( old ) Nether Reactor Technical Piston Arm Block 36 Burning Furnace Glowing Redstone Ore Off - state Redstone Torch Active Redstone Repeater Flowing Water Flowing Lava Farmland Pumpkin Stem Melon Stem Block 97 Portal End Portal Frame End Portal Unused Locked Chest Removed Gear Dirt Slab Cyan Flower Camera PE Unimplemented Barrel 1.14 Bell 1.14 Blast Furnace Campfire Cartography Table Compost Crying Obsidian Fletching Table Grindstone Lantern Lectern Loom Smithing Table Smoker Stonecutter Sweet Berry Bush Jigsaw Categories Opaque Blocks Partial Blocks 1.5 Mechanisms Redstone Storage
|
[
"Hopper",
"minecraft",
"hopper"
] |
http://minecraft.wikia.com/wiki/Melon_Seeds
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in : Renewable Items Plants and 3 more Melon Seeds Edit Comments ( 2 ) Share Melon Seeds Type Plant ; Item Uses Farming Melons Stackable 64 Renewable First Appearance Beta 1.8 pre - release Technical Name minecraft : melon_seeds For other types of seeds , see Seeds ( disambiguation ) are items used to breed Chickens or plant melons by right clicking on Farmland with them . They can be found in Dungeon or Abandoned Mine Shaft Chests . Melon plants take a while to grow to maturity , but once they do , they will randomly produce Melons in any adjacent space on top of a solid block . Melon plants need enough light to grow , or they will pop out of the ground and drop 0 – 2 melon seeds , depending on the maturity of the plant . They will not grow any melons if there is an opaque block directly above them . Contents show Crafting ( Shapeless recipe ) None None Melon Slice Automatic Farming Automatic melon farms can be created by planting melon seeds where the melons only have one place to grow , and placing Pistons or Sticky Pistons run by a " Redstone Clock " next to where the melons would grow , and having water flowing into a Hopper on the other side . Gallery Image Seeds that grow . Video Minecraft Blocks & Items - Melon Seeds A tutorial by MCSpotlight on Melon Seeds . See also Melon ( Block ) Melon ( Slice ) Pumpkin Seeds Items Raw Materials Blaze Rod Bone Clay Coal Charcoal Diamond Ender Pearl Feather Flint Ghast Tear Glowstone Dust Gold Ingot Nugget Gunpowder Iron Ingot Nugget Leather Nether Wart Nether Star Prismarine Shard Prismarine Crystal Redstone Dust Slimeball String Emerald Firework Star Bamboo Rabbit Hide Rabbit ' s Foot Shulker Shell Nautilus Shell Phantom Membrane Heart of the Sea Scute Manufactured Blaze Powder Book Bowl Brick Nether Eye of Ender Fermented Spider Eye Glass Bottle Water Bottle Glistering Melon Magma Cream Paper Popped Chorus Fruit Potions Splash Lingering Stick Sugar Food Beetroot Beetroot Soup Bread Cake Carrot Golden Carrot Chorus Fruit Cookie Egg Melon Slice Milk Mushroom Stew Potato Baked Poisonous Sweet Berries 1.14 Pumpkin Pie Raw Beef Steak Raw Chicken Cooked Raw Fish Cooked Raw Porkchop Apple Golden Notch Rotten Flesh Spider Eye Raw Rabbit Raw Mutton Rabbit Stew Tropical Fish Raw Salmon Cooked Salmon Pufferfish Dried Kelp Sugar Cane Wheat Kelp Dyes Ink Sac Cocoa Beans Rose Red Pink Dye Orange Dye Dandelion Yellow Cactus Green Lime Dye Light Blue Dye Cyan Dye Lapis Lazuli Magenta Dye Purple Dye Gray Dye Light Gray Dye Bone Meal White Dye 1.14 Black Dye Brown Dye Blue Dye Tools Axe Bucket Water Lava Fishing Rod Flint and Steel Hoe Pickaxe Shears Shovel Book and Quill Lead Shield Carrot on a Stick Informative Clock Compass Map Exploration Map Weapons Bow Arrow Fire Charge Snowball Sword Trident Crossbow Armor Boots Chestplate Helmet Leggings Horse Armor Turtle Shell Vehicles Boat Minecart with Furnace with Chest with TNT With Hopper with Command Block Utility Saddle Totem of Undying Name Tag Decoration Music Discs Creative only Spawn Egg Debug Stick Unimplemented Quiver Ruby Skis Categories Plants Blocks Farming Dungeon Loot
|
[
"Melon Seeds"
] |
http://minecraft.wikia.com/wiki/Minecraft:_Wii_U_Edition
|
in : Games Version Minecraft : Wii U Edition Edit Comments ( 45 ) Share Minecraft : Wii U Edition Developer Mojang AB 4J Studios Platform Wii U Release Date eShop : December 17 , 2015 Retail Disk : June 17 , 2016 Price $ 29.99 ( USD ) Version Patch 42 Game Mode Single player & multiplayer ( up to 4 players local , 8 players online ) Rating ESRB : E10 + PEGI : 7 + Programming Language C++ Size 1.62 GB Website Nintendo eShop is a console version of Minecraft developed by 4J Studios Ltd . and published by Mojang AB for the Nintendo Wii U . The game was announced on December 7 , 2015 and released 10 days later on December 17 , 2015 on the Nintendo eShop , as a bundle only , for the price of $ 29.99 . The bundle contains six add - on packs , including the Festive Mash - Up pack . This bundle is almost identical to the Holiday Bundle sold on the Xbox Store for the Xbox One for the same price . The only difference is that the Holiday Bundle for Xbox One also has the Halo Skin - Pack included in its bundle , while the Wii U has the Super Mario Mash - Up Pack included in its bundle . The retail version of was released on June 17 , 2016 . The game was released at version 1.6.4 . The following day , 4J Studios released version 1.8.8 for the Xbox 360 , Xbox One , PS3 , and PS4 versions of Minecraft Version 1.8.8 was released for the on February 2nd , 2016 . Wii U Menu Application Icon Contents show Technical Features and Game Modes The runs at a native resolution of 720p at 60 fps during single player game play . The world size is the same as the Xbox 360 and PS3 versions of the game ( 864x864 ) . The game also supports up to 4 players on local multiplayer , and up to 8 players online . For local multiplayer , a High Definition television display is required . For online multiplayer , the game supports in - game voice chat . The supports the Wii U GamePad , the Wii U Pro Controller , Wii Classic Controller , Wii Classic Controller Pro , and USB Keyboards . Interestingly , there is a menu option to use Miis in - game ; however , it seems that feature is not active , since there is n ' t a clear way on how to use the Miis . As with the rest of the console versions , the game has three main game modes ( creative , survival , and adventure ) , a tutorial world , and a Mini Games Mode ( Version 1.8.8 was released on February 25 , 2016 ; bringing on par with its console counterparts . As with the other consoles , version 1.8.8 featured several new biomes such as deep ocean , mega taiga , and savanna ; ocean monuments ; new blocks such as granite , andesite , and coarse dirt ; new mobs such as rabbits and elder guardians ; new items ; marine fauna ; professions for the villagers ; and much more ! Another update released on April 6 , 2016 which added a number of fixes and features . Among the most notable features added were achievements , Wii Classic Controller support , GamePad Features Minecraft : Wii U Edition Loading Screen The game features Off - TV gameplay via the Wii U GamePad and touchscreen support , similar to that of a PC mouse interface , which allows for navigation of all in - game menus , selection of all menus screens , and changing of all the options including slider bars i.e. gamma slider bar and sounds volume . The touchscreen also allows for crafting , item selection on the " hotbar " ( HUD item bar ) , and scrolling support was added to the crafting screen so all items can be selected through the touchscreen . However , Mini Games Battle Main article : Battle Mode On June 21 , 2016 , announced the release of Battle Mini Game for all console versions of . This free update introduced the popular " Hunger Games " PC mode to consoles . In Battle , up to eight players ( with up to 4 players local ) can fight their against each other in a frantic melee to the last player standing . The basic Battle mode includes three arenas : Cavern , Cove , and Crucible . More arenas would be released as DLC in the upcoming months for the price of $ 2.99 USD per Map Pack with the option to buy all Map Packs on a Season Pass for $ 9.99 USD or On July 26 , 2016 ; Mojang released the second DLC Map Pack , which includes the maps Atlantis , Ruin and Siege . On August 30 , 2016 , the third DLC Map Pack was released , which included the maps Castle , Shipyard , and Invasion . Tumble Main article : Tumble Mode Along with the third Battle DLC , released a second Mini - Game called Tumble which is based on the popular Spleef mode of for PC . In Tumble , up to eight players online , with up to four players local , can battle in two modes : Shovel , snowball , mixed . The object of the game is to knock down players from the floating platform into the lava below by destroying blocks from the platforms by using snowballs or shovels . So far Tumble has about four different platform layouts which are selected at random . The first player to win " two out of three " rounds wins . Players can vote before each match on whether they want Minecraft : Wii U Edition In - Game Main Menu Software Bundle and Downloadable Content Minecraft Super Mario Mash - Up Pack for Wii U was released as a bundle featuring six of the most popular add - on packs . The packs included in this bundle are the Battle and Beasts skin packs 1 and 2 , the Natural texture pack , the Festive Mash - Up pack , the City texture pack , and the Fantasy texture pack . In addition , a total of 16 add - on packs were released on the eShop for purchase at various prices . These DLC packs include three Star Wars skin - packs , the Greek , Mass Effect , and Skyrim Mash - Up Packs , various texture packs , and many more . Microsoft Studios and Mojang have also stated that they are working with Nintendo to bring new content to the On May 9 , 2016 ; announced the release of the Super Mario Mash - Up Pack , which features a Mario - themed pack , 16 original tracks from Super Mario 64 , and over 40 characters to play as . The Mario Mash - Up pack was released on May 17th for free as part of a game update . Discontinuation The Nintendo Switch version effectively replaced the Wii U edition . Players are able to transfer their old Wii U worlds to their new Nintendo Switch version of the game . The Wii U version will cease to be updated after The Update Aquatic , and the Nintendo Switch version will soon receive the Bedrock Update . It is unknown whether players will still be able to transfer their Wii U worlds after the Nintendo Switch receives Bedrock . Trivia In June 2014 , Shynia Takashi , Director of Nintendo ' s Software Planning and Development department , stated in an interview by Kotaku that , " . . .in Japan , is not popular in the way it is in the U.S. and Europe , so . . . if we were able to do a partnership like that , it might . . . help make more popular in Japan . " He turned out to be correct . After only 11 days of being released , the became the 9th best selling Japanese eShop title of all - time , surpassing Super Smash Bros . for Wii U for the 9th spot . At 1,093.9 MB , the is the largest download file of all the console versions . for Xbox 360 and Xbox One are 113.21 MB and 770.08 MB respectively , while the PS3 and PS4 versions are 243 MB and 215 MB respectively . Interestingly enough , once the game is installed , game file is only 468 MB in size , but each player ' s save data file is 512 MB in size . Since the Wii U can have up to 12 user profiles per console , one could potentially end up with a 6,612 MB game file , or 6.46 GB , if all 12 players were to create save files of the game . That is not even taking into account extra DLC packs nor game updates . was released as a bundle . There is no " Basic " version of the game . This is why the game is $ 29.99 , as supposed to $ 19.99 as in the other console versions . References ↑ https : / / mojang . com / 2016 / 05 / mario - mash - up - coming - to - wii - u - edition - may - 17th / ↑ https : / / mojang . com / 2015 / 12 / minecraft - wii - u - edition - now - available - on - the - eshop / https : / / store . xbox . com / en - US / Xbox - One / Bundle / Minecraft - Xbox - One - Edition - Holiday - Pack / e983405f - eacc - 45b1 - b489 - d7a924bc29f9 ? cid = majornelson https : / / mojang . com / 2016 / 05 / mario - mash - up - coming - to - wii - u - edition - may - 17th / https : / / mojang . com / 2015 / 12 / minecraft - for - playstation - and - xbox - just - got - a - humongous - update / http : / / www . nintendo . com / games / detail / minecraft - wii - u - edition https : / / mojang . com / 2016 / 06 / battle - mini - game - out - now - free - on - consoles / https : / / mojang . com / 2016 / 07 / double - dlc - coming - to - consoles - today / https : / / mojang . com / 2016 / 08 / lets - get - ready - to - tumble - free - console - mini - game - out - now / https : / / mojang . com / 2015 / 12 / minecraft - wii - u - edition - now - available - on - the - eshop / https : / / microsoftstudios . com / 2015 / 12 / 07 / minecraft - wiiu - edition - announced / http : / / kotaku . com / what - nintendos - top - game - creators - think - of - minecraft - 1593839008 http : / / gamesided . com / 2015 / 12 / 28 / minecraft - is - already - a - top - 10 - wii - u - eshop - game - in - japan / http : / / marketplace . xbox . com / en - us / Product / minecraft / 66acd000 - 77fe - 1000 - 9115 - d802584111f7 ? DownloadType = Game # LiveZone https : / / store . xbox . com / en - US / Xbox - One / Games / Minecraft - Xbox - One - Edition / 582e7bcc - 11bc - 4702 - ab1b - b31566f8e327 https : / / store . playstation . com / # ! / en - us / games / minecraft - playstation3 - edition / cid = UP4433 - NPUB31419_00 - TRIALUPGRADE0001 https : / / store . playstation . com / # ! / en - us / games / minecraft - playstation4 - edition / cid = UP4433 - CUSA00744_00 - MINECRAFTPS40000 Categories Games
|
[
"Minecraft",
"Wii U Edition",
"4J Studios"
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http://minecraft.wikia.com/wiki/Minecraft_Updates
|
in : Articles in need of cleanup Minecraft Updates Lists Updates Edit Comments ( 2 ) Share This article or section requires a cleanup in order to meet the Minecraft Wiki ' s quality standards . Please edit this page to improve it . The original message screen for Minecraft , indicating a new update has been released . The evolution of Minecraft ( Video ) Minecraft is never finished ; it is constantly being developed further . An update is a bundle of changes to official Minecraft game clients that are released periodically by Mojang AB Generally speaking , updates must be installed on the user ' s local machine in order to remain compatible with the newest features . Contents show Overview Updates to may add , remove , or tweak features such as Blocks Items entities Game Mechanics , etc . Users will not be able to receive updates if they choose to play offline . Provided below , is an historical list of major updates to the PC version of . For the content added , tweaked , or removed in each update , see Minecraft Updates Changelog NOTE : Alpha and Beta ( that is , versions from June 30 , 2010 to September 19 , 2011 ) updates were only ported to the launcher . Unless one has third party mods or systems , the old sounds for doors , bows , etc . will not play . Classic Main article : Classic Pre - classic : this phase of Classic was never publicly released . However , four versions are currently available to play in the launcher ' s " Time Machine " function : rd - 132211 rd - 132328 rd - 160052 rd - 161348 Multiplayer Test ( Creative Mode ) Survival Test Main article : Survival Test Indev Indev Infdev Infdev Alpha Beta Official Update History 2011 1.0 ( Released November 18 , 2011 ) 1.0.1 ( Released November 24 , 2011 ) 2012 1.1 ( Released January 12 , 2012 ) 1.2.1 ( Released March 1 , 2012 ) 1.2.2 ( Released March 1 , 2012 ) 1.2.3 ( Released March 2 , 2012 ) 1.2.4 ( Released March 22 , 2012 ) 1.2.5 ( Released April 4 , 2012 ) 1.3.1 ( Released August 1 , 2012 ) 1.3.2 ( Released August 16 , 2012 ) 1.4.2 - " The Pretty Scary Update " ( Released October 25 , 2012 ) 1.4.4 1.4.5 1.4.6 1.4.7 2013 1.5 - " The Redstone Update " ( Released March 13 , 2013 ) 1.5.1 1.5.2 1.6.1 - " The Horse Update " ( Released July 1 , 2013 ) 1.6.2 1.6.4 1.7.2 - " The Update That Changed The World " ( Released October 25 , 2013 ) 1.7.4 1.7.5 1.7.6 1.7.7 1.7.8 1.7.9 1.7.10 2014 1.8 - " The Bountiful Update " ( Released September 2 , 2014 ) 1.8.1 1.8.2 1.8.3 1.8.4 1.8.5 1.8.6 1.8.7 1.8.8 1.8.9 2016 1.9 - " The Combat Update " ( Released February 29 , 2016 ) 1.9.1 1.9.2 1.9.3 1.9.4 1.10 - " The Frostburn Update " ( Released June 8 , 2016 ) 1.10.1 1.10.2 1.11 - " The Exploration Update " ( Released November 14 , 2016 ) 1.11.1 1.11.2 2017 1.12 - " World of Color Update " ( Released June 2 , 2017 ) 1.12.1 1.12.2 2018 1.13 - " The Update Aquatic " ( Released July 18 , 2018 ) 1.13.1 1.13.2 2019 1.14 - " Village And Pillage " ( Not yet released - To be released Early 2019 ) Unknown release date 1.15 References ↑ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = EplEzRvZPBA ↑ http : / / notch . tumblr . com / post / 107676487 / minecraft - order - of - the - stone Categories Articles in need of cleanup Minecraft Updates Lists Recent Wiki Activity Glowing NinjaDogDB • 2 minutes ago Exit Portal Andreaslag • 15 minutes ago Coral Block NinjaDogDB • 18 minutes ago Brick ( Item ) Banana . spread10 • 1 hour ago Help us grow Minecraft Wiki Get Started
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[
"Minecraft"
] |
http://minecraft.wikia.com/wiki/Multiplayer
|
in : Guides Gameplay Game Mechanics Multiplayer Edit Comments ( 14 ) Share This article is about Multiplayer experiences and content . Information below may not be integral to the main experience of Minecraft . Some aspects of this article may differ between separate multiplayer servers . is one of two primary game modes in Minecraft , the other being single - player . It features Creative Mode Hardcore and Survival Mode , like single - player . Contents show Hosting Hosting , or " running " , a server is a complicated process , and it should not be undertaken by individuals with little to no server hosting experience . An alternative for inexperienced individuals is Minecraft Realms where , for $ 8 – $ 10 per month , will host a server for the user . Hosting a server that will run smoothly and have a high up - time requires both dedicated hardware and bandwidth . A high quality computer , along with great internet , is sufficient for use as both a host and a computer so long as the server is lightly used . Very large servers usually pay money to a " hosting company " to host their server for them . The " hosting company " will give them a set - aside amount of " computing power " , as well as a specific bandwidth . Since everything is set aside , it means that players will experience little to no ping delays as their data runs through the server . Server Software Many servers run standard vanilla software , but some servers run highly Moded versions ( such as Bukkit , Spigot , Canary or Sponge ) while other servers use Plugins ( such as Hypixel , Mineplex , or The Hive ) . Plugins Main article : Plugins Plugins are similar to mods in that they change the way the game functions , but they do so at a smaller scale . Plugins can be run by any computer that has installed and do not require any software installation . Plugins have many capabilities and most commonly are used for changing between servers , allowing colored fonts , functional elevators , score keeping systems , and level keeping systems . Mods Modded servers require players to download all of the specific mods before playing on the server , or else a player will be incapable of joining . Some servers use a variety of mods that are installed at the owner ' s discretion , while others use mod packs , such as Bukkit or Crazy Craft , that eliminate the hassle of individually downloading every specified mod . Player Interaction There are many ways for players to interact with each other , such as speaking , teleporting , and transferring items . Speaking Players can speak to each other by clicking T ( default for PC ) , then type a message , and finally click ↵ Enter so that everyone on the server can hear . Some servers have plugin commands , such as / tell [ player ] [ message ] , so that messages can be private , or commands such as / tc , so that everything written will only be visible to people in one ' s " town " . Teleporting Teleporting can be performed in various ways on many servers , thanks to plugins . Some common teleport commands are : / spawn - Takes a player to the server spawn . / warp [ Warp Name ] - Takes a player to a specific area within the server , if a warp with the same name is available / tp [ Player1 name ] [ Player2 name ] - Teleports a player to another player . / tphere [ Player1 name ] [ Player2 name ] - Teleports another player to a player . / lobby - Takes a player out of a minigame and into the lobby . Sharing of Items Items can be simply shared by throwing them at another player through clicking Q ( default for PC ) . Some servers use plug - ins in order to allow shops where players can buy and sell items on the server . Other servers have shops where players can only buy and sell from another player . Some modded servers have direct trading mods enabled so that players can enter a trading screen and approve the transfer of items in a way similar to Runescape Common Bugs This is a list of bugs that occur in most server game play experiences . Block Lag This occurs when the " ping " of the server increases to a certain point . This can cause players to break two Blocks instead of one , blocks not breaking , blocks respawning , or gravity on certain blocks not working . Flashing Render Glitch This usually happens when TNT is ignited . It causes the blocks in its blast radius to not disappear . The blocks will usually stay in place , vibrate and flash . It will not increase light level , and the render glitch will not be touchable . This can be fixed by logging off , and then logging back in . Chunk Error Main article : Chunk Error This happens most commonly in multiplayer , but all errors are client - side only . The server is not at fault for this . Falling into a missing chunk can cause a player to die just like falling through Bedrock . The damage rate is the same as Lava . Throwing Items into a chunk error will make the items unable to be obtained on single player , but in multiplayer , one can reload the server and retrieve their items . Server Administration The Window GUI of the Server Application allows one to type in Commands to administer their server . The server admins can " OP " players to give them administrative permissions . This allows them to access the commands by adding the prefix before the command . Mini - games On the Console Editions , servers can be set to host a mini - game . Currently , the options are : Tumble Mode Glide Mini Game Battle Mode Categories Guides Gameplay Game Mechanics
|
[
"Multiplayer",
"game modes",
"Minecraft"
] |
http://minecraft.wikia.com/wiki/Note_Block
|
in : Flammable Opaque Blocks Renewable and 8 more Note Block Edit Comments ( 2 ) Share Note Block First Appearance Beta 1.2 ( PC ) / 0.13.0 ( PE ) Type of Block Solid Block Tool Used Data Values Hex : 19 Dec : 25 Technical Name minecraft : noteblock Stackable 64 Obey Physics Flammable Luminosity Transparency Renewable The is a block that can produce single music notes when hit or powered by redstone . The type of sound produced is dependent on the block immediately below the note block itself . If it ' s is on any stone - related block , it will make a bass drum - like sound . If it is any kind of glass , it will be a drumstick - like sound . If it is on top of sand or gravel , it will make a snare drum sound . If it is on any kind of wood or wooden planks , it will make a Bass Guitar sound . A Bone Block will produce a xylophone , a Block of Gold will produce a bell , Clay Block , a flute ; Packed Ice , a chime ; and Wool , a guitar . The Note Block will also gain new sounds in 1.14 . These sounds are an Iron Xylophone when it is under a Block of Iron , a Cow Bell when it is under Soul Sand , Didgeridoo when it is under a Pumpkin , Bit when it is under a Block of Emerald , a Banjo when it is under a Hay Bale , and a Pling when it is under Glowstone . Right clicking it changes the pitch by one semitone , yet activating it with redstone wo n ' t change the pitch . Note blocks can be smelted , smelting 1.5 items per note block ( but wasting 7 planks and one redstone ) . Contents show Crafting Wood Planks Wood Planks Redstone Music A note block will play a note when hit or when powered by redstone . Redstone current only causes the note to play once , even if it is a continuous current . A note block must have at least one block of air above it to play a sound . Notes can be heard up to 48 blocks away . Each time a note block plays a note , a note particle will fly out of the top , with the color depending on the pitch ( but not the instrument ) . It is possible to make an automatic note block sequence and it ' s relatively cheap to do in survival Wiring In order to wire note blocks to play a note , power must be applied to the side of the note block using redstone dust and a switch or redstone torch , or to the bottom using a redstone torch directly . Simply placing a switch or pressure plate on an adjacent block or providing power to the block beneath the note block will not work . Chords with Note Blocks If one wants to get a richer tone in the song / sound they ' re creating they can bind different notes together into a chord , just like in most instruments . This will not only get a better sound to the song , it will also be simpler to place the redstone . Gallery Images A configuration of a Redstone and Noteblock Contraption Note blocks Add a photo to this gallery Video Minecraft Noteblock Mechanics Explained Add a photo to this gallery Trivia Note blocks can only play when there is at least one block of air above them , so one can not place blocks like torches and signs directly above note blocks ( including water ) ; however , they can still be tuned . In the coding , note blocks are referenced as " music blocks . " A doorbell can be made and it is even possible to replicate a music track using note blocks . hide Blocks Natural Air Stone Granite Andesite Diorite Bedrock Clay Terracotta Cobblestone Moss Cobweb Dirt Gravel Coarse Dirt Bone Ice Monster Spawner Sand Red Sandstone Red Obsidian Snow Sponge Wet Sponge Stone Brick Cracked Moss Chiseled Prismarine Dark Brick Sea Lantern Manufactured Bookshelf Brick Wool Carpet Concrete Powder Conduit Dried Kelp Block Fence Glass Pane Stained Glass Pane Glazed Terracotta Hay Bale Iron Bars Jack - O - Lantern Ladder Painting Scaffolding Slabs Smooth Stone Smooth Sandstone Smooth Quartz Smooth Red Sandstone Slime Snow Stairs Walls Wooden Planks Ore Coal Ore Diamond Ore Emerald Ore Gold Ore Iron Ore Lapis Lazuli Ore Redstone Ore Nether Quartz Ore Mineral Blocks Block of Diamond Block of Emerald Block of Gold Block of Iron Lapis Lazuli Block Block of Quartz Block of Redstone Block of Coal Utility Bed Brewing Stand Cake Cauldron Chest Shulker Box Crafting Table Enchantment Table Furnace Jukebox TNT Anvil Mechanisms Button Dispenser Redstone Lamp Door Fence Gate Lever Note Piston Sticky Pressure Plate Rail Powered Detector Activator Redstone Wire Torch Repeater Comparator Trapdoor Trapped Chest Hopper Dropper Daylight Detector Tripwire Hook Observer Plants Cactus Dead Bush Chorus Plant Flowers Grass Grass Fern Leaves Lily Pad Melon Mushrooms Huge Mycelium Podzol Pumpkin Saplings Sugar Cane Vines Wheat Wood Corals Kelp Liquids Lava Water Non - Solid Fire Sign Torch Banner The Nether Glowstone Netherrack Nether Brick Fence Nether Quartz Nether Wart Soul Sand Magma Block The End Dragon Egg End Stone Purpur Endstone Brick End Rod Dragon Head Ender Crystal Creative only Barrier Structure Block Pocket Edition only Stonecutter ( old ) Nether Reactor Technical Piston Arm Block 36 Burning Furnace Glowing Redstone Ore Off - state Redstone Torch Active Redstone Repeater Flowing Water Flowing Lava Farmland Pumpkin Stem Melon Stem Block 97 Portal End Portal Frame End Portal Unused Locked Chest Removed Gear Dirt Slab Cyan Flower Camera PE Unimplemented Barrel 1.14 Bell 1.14 Blast Furnace Campfire Cartography Table Compost Crying Obsidian Fletching Table Grindstone Lantern Lectern Loom Smithing Table Smoker Stonecutter Sweet Berry Bush Jigsaw Categories Opaque Blocks Blocks Decorative Interactive blocks Mechanisms Smelting Animated Blocks Music
|
[
"Note Block",
"redstone"
] |
http://minecraft.wikia.com/wiki/Ore
|
in : Ore Gameplay Blocks and 4 more Ore Edit Comments ( 6 ) Share An is a type of Block naturally found in Minecraft . Ores are primarily collected for crafting purposes , to make items such as Tools Armor , and more . Redstone from Redstone Ore is used as a type of wiring which ca be used to create redstone circuits , Compasses Clocks , and other items . Coal from Coal Ore can be used to smelt other ores , such as Gold and Iron for storage purposes or building . Since layer 0 is the lowest layer and consists of only Bedrock , no ore can be found there . It can , however , be spawned very close to the bottom of the map , at layer 1 . Certain ores have the habit of spawning at any layer . An ore block looks like a usual Stone block with different colored shards or gems embedded into it . They are always the same color on each ore of a kind , but not different ores . In order to get a drop from an ore , a player must have the right type of Pickaxe or better . If they do not , the mining will take ridiculously long and a player wo n ' t get the ore drop . Contents show Overworld Ores Overworld ore is ore embedded within stone . The majority of ores in - game have real - life equivalents . All ore has realistic depths in which they can be found . However , generation per - biome is not completely as truthful to reality . Coal Ore Main article : is a very common ore that can be found underground or in rock formations such as mountains ( at y < 132 ) , in relatively large deposits . Coal is mined from coal ore and can be used as Furnace fuel , or crafted with a Stick to create Torches . Coal ore can be successfully mined using any type of pickaxe . Iron Ore Main article : Iron Ore is most commonly found underground in small veins , but can be found in rock formations such as mountains . It can be smelted into iron ingots , which can be used to craft many useful items , including armor , Weapons , tools and Minecarts , as well as their Rails . Iron ore can be found at y < 68 . Iron can only be harvested with a Stone pickaxe or better . Redstone Ore is a type of ore found at y < 16 . Added in the third Seecret Friday update , redstone ore is more common than coal if at the correct layer . Redstone ore must be mined with an iron pickaxe or better . When destroyed , several piles of Redstone Dust will appear , a property unique to redstone . Redstone dust is currently used in the construction of various traps , mechanisms , and contraptions dependent on simple circuits . After 1.9 pre - release 3 , redstone dust can be used for brewing . If there is a block or entity update adjacent to a redstone ore block , it will transform into a technical block called Glowing Redstone Ore , which emits a light level of 9 and some particle effects , similar to that of a Nether Portal , only red , and will emit a redstone signal . Gold Ore Gold Ore can be found at y < 34 in small veins . It can be smelted to make Gold Ingots which can make a variety of Tools and Weapons . Gold is a very soft material , similar to in real life , and is generally considered a bad choice for crafting due to its low durability . A gold tool only has the strength of a wooden tool . It wears out much quicker , despite mining at a rapid speed . Gold is mainly used in decorations and the crafting of Powered Rails . Nine gold Ingots can be placed in a crafting square to make a Gold Block , and the Gold Block can turn back into nine ingots , making for a practical " storage unit " . Otherwise , gold ore is somewhat overshadowed by other ores . It can only be successfully mined with an iron or better pickaxe . A gold pickaxe ca n ' t even mine its own ore . Lapis Lazuli Ore Lapis Lazuli ( Ore ) Lapis Lazuli Ore ( sometimes called Lapis or Lazuli ) is a rare ore block that can be found at y < 34 . It is common in Abandoned Mine Shafts . When harvested , it turns into four or five Lapis Lazuli dyes , which can be used to dye dog collars blue , Wool or a Sheep to turn it blue , used for enchanting things , or creating a decorative Lapis Lazuli Block . For a drop , a player must mine the ore with a stone or better pickaxe . Diamond Ore Diamond Ore is an extremely rare , valuable ore only found very deep underground and in sparse veins , which can spawn diagonally . In order to drop a Diamond , this ore can be mined by using an iron or better pickaxe . Diamonds can be used to create diamond tools , which have the strongest durability and most possible uses in the game . A diamond pickaxe is the only pickaxe that can mine Obsidian without the block breaking and dropping nothing . Emerald Ore Emerald Ore is the rarest ore to date in Minecraft , 25 times more so than diamond ore . It almost always spawns in only one - block veins . When mined with an iron pickaxe or higher , it drops an Emerald ; the only implemented uses of emeralds to date is for trading with Villagers or crafting blocks of emerald which can be used in making the beacon pyramid . An easier way to get emeralds is to create a Cow or Pig farm , collect the drops , and go to the nearest butcher . Butcher villagers only accept them raw , though . Ruby Ore Emerald Ore # History Ruby Ore was added during the 1.3 snapshots , but was shortly replaced by emerald ore . It was scrapped because Dinnerbone was colorblind at the time , and Dinnerbone could n ' t find the difference between ruby and redstone . This ore is currently non - existent . However , some mods use this old texture . Nether Ores Nether Quartz Ore Nether Quartz Ore Nether Quartz is a crystal ore found in the Nether , appearing in the 13w01a snapshot for the 1.5 update . Nether quartz is used in making the redstone comparator and blocks of quartz . Ore Vein An Ore Vein is a naturally generated structure found underground that is almost always encased in stone blocks . Ore veins look like block structures with bulbous bits randomly coming out along it . Sometimes they are just cube - shaped , but some of them look extremely odd . Trivia Smelting ores without a pickaxe with Silk Touch will always yield ingots . Gold is the only pickaxe that ca n ' t mine its own ore . Ores used to be mined with the player ' s hand . Gallery Click for full Ore gallery . External links Ores of Minecraft Wiki - A wiki about Minecraft ' s Ores ( mostly talking about modded ones ) . Categories Gameplay Blocks Natural Blocks Smelting Game Mechanics Game terms
|
[
"Ore",
"Minecraft",
"Redstone Ore"
] |
http://minecraft.wikia.com/wiki/Structure_Block
|
in : Luminous Blocks Opaque Blocks Blocks and 6 more Structure Block Edit Comments ( 6 ) Share Structure Block First Appearance 1.9 ( additional functionality added in 1.10 Type of Block Solid , Functional Tool Used None Data Values Hex : FF Dec : 255 Technical Name minecraft : structure_block Blast Resistance 18,000,000 Stackable 64 Obey Physics Luminosity Transparency A structure block is a technical block that is used to copy and replicate structures . Overview Structure blocks are only obtainable using the / setblock or / give Commands . They can not be gathered with any tool and have the same blast resistance as Bedrock .These blocks copy a previously - built structure , and paste it in the targeted location . Structure blocks use a block called a Structure Void . If a structure void block is saved into a structure , when said structure is loaded , it will not overwrite the blocks previously there , unlike all other saved blocks . For example , a 1 × 1 × 2 structure that has a structure void on top and an air block on bottom that is loaded into dirt terrain will make an air block on bottom but preserve the dirt on top . Mechanics There are four types of structure blocks : Save , Load , Corner , and Data Save saves the blocks highlighted with the corner blocks , or as specified in the GUI . Load loads the copied blocks , or " pastes " it . The structure must have dimensions of 32 blocks or less . Two corner blocks with the same name identify the opposite corners of the area to be copied . Data allows a mob , chest , etc . to placed at the time of the structure ' s generation . The structure block can be activated with it is GUI or by Redstone . Blocks Natural Air Stone Granite Andesite Diorite Bedrock Clay Terracotta Cobblestone Moss Cobweb Dirt Gravel Coarse Dirt Bone Ice Monster Spawner Sand Red Sandstone Red Obsidian Snow Sponge Wet Sponge Stone Brick Cracked Moss Chiseled Prismarine Dark Brick Sea Lantern Manufactured Bookshelf Brick Wool Carpet Concrete Powder Conduit Dried Kelp Block Fence Glass Pane Stained Glass Pane Glazed Terracotta Hay Bale Iron Bars Jack - O - Lantern Ladder Painting Scaffolding Slabs Smooth Stone Smooth Sandstone Smooth Quartz Smooth Red Sandstone Slime Snow Stairs Walls Wooden Planks Ore Coal Ore Diamond Ore Emerald Ore Gold Ore Iron Ore Lapis Lazuli Ore Redstone Ore Nether Quartz Ore Mineral Blocks Block of Diamond Block of Emerald Block of Gold Block of Iron Lapis Lazuli Block Block of Quartz Block of Redstone Block of Coal Utility Bed Brewing Stand Cake Cauldron Chest Shulker Box Crafting Table Enchantment Table Furnace Jukebox TNT Anvil Mechanisms Button Dispenser Redstone Lamp Door Fence Gate Lever Note Piston Sticky Pressure Plate Rail Powered Detector Activator Redstone Wire Torch Repeater Comparator Trapdoor Trapped Chest Hopper Dropper Daylight Detector Tripwire Hook Observer Plants Cactus Dead Bush Chorus Plant Flowers Grass Grass Fern Leaves Lily Pad Melon Mushrooms Huge Mycelium Podzol Pumpkin Saplings Sugar Cane Vines Wheat Wood Corals Kelp Liquids Lava Water Non - Solid Fire Sign Torch Banner The Nether Glowstone Netherrack Nether Brick Fence Nether Quartz Nether Wart Soul Sand Magma Block The End Dragon Egg End Stone Purpur Endstone Brick End Rod Dragon Head Ender Crystal Creative only Barrier Pocket Edition only Stonecutter ( old ) Nether Reactor Technical Piston Arm Block 36 Burning Furnace Glowing Redstone Ore Off - state Redstone Torch Active Redstone Repeater Flowing Water Flowing Lava Farmland Pumpkin Stem Melon Stem Block 97 Portal End Portal Frame End Portal Unused Locked Chest Removed Gear Dirt Slab Cyan Flower Camera PE Unimplemented Barrel 1.14 Bell 1.14 Blast Furnace Campfire Cartography Table Compost Crying Obsidian Fletching Table Grindstone Lantern Lectern Loom Smithing Table Smoker Stonecutter Sweet Berry Bush Jigsaw Categories Luminous Blocks Opaque Blocks 1.9 1.10 Redstone Indestructible Blocks Creative only Obtainable by Commands Only
|
[
"Structure Block",
"Natural",
"Mineral Blocks"
] |
http://minecraft.wikia.com/wiki/Super_Secret_Settings
|
in : Removed Features Game Mechanics Gameplay Super Secret Settings Edit Comments ( 15 ) Share This article contains content about features that are outdated , or have been removed from the game . These features may only exist in older versions of Minecraft , or were possibly never even implemented . The Upside Down Setting Super Secret Settings is a setting that was introduced and has been tested since the 1.7.2 update . In the options screen there is a button labeled " Super Secret Settings . " When clicked , it will switch between different shader effects . Some shaders can be accessed by going into Spectator Mode / gamemode 3 ) and taking the viewpoint of a mob . Shaders can be disabled by either going into third - person mode or by cycling through the Super Secret Settings button until the game returns to normal . Pixelated Setting As of 1.9 ( snapshot 15w31a ) , the button and the shaders have been removed for " an internal rewrite . " Black And White Setting This setting can crash in slower computers and / or potentially slow down the game severely . In addition , computers that do not support OpenGL 2.1 will not be able to use the Super Secret Settings button , as GLSL ( OpenGL ' s shader language ) was introduced in OpenGL 2 . Gallery Click for full Super Secret Settings gallery . Categories Removed Features Game Mechanics Gameplay
|
[
"Super Secret Settings",
"OpenGL 2.1",
"GLSL"
] |
http://minecraft360.wikia.com/wiki/Ocelot
|
in : Mobs Animals Tameable Passive Ocelot Edit Comments ( 7 ) Share An Ocelot ( also known as a cat ) is a Passive Mob in Minecraft : Xbox 360 Edition . Ocelots were added in the August 23rd TU12 update along with Iron Golems and Baby Villagers . Ocelots can be used as household pets in a similar way to dogs . Before it is tamed , the Ocelot will be yellow with small black spots . Once it has been tamed , the Ocelot will become a Tuxedo cat , a Siamese cat or a Tabby Ginger cat . The Ocelot can be told to stay or follow , the same way a dog can . To tame an Ocelot , you must crouch near it while holding a piece of Raw Fish . The Ocelot will then become attracted to the fish where you can then give it the fish in a similar way that you give a wolf a Bone . Ocelots can usually only be found in jungle biomes . Tamed Ocelots and their Baby Variants Trivia Creepers will actively try to avoid Ocelots for unknown reasons . Similar to their real life companions , Ocelots are only found in jungles . The Tuxedo cat texture was designed off of C418 ' s cat who died a few years ago . You can tell what gender the cat is by looking at eyes or tail . If a cat Sits on a chest you will not be able to open the chest . Cats are likely to sit on chests , beds , and furnaces ( maybe it is for heat ) Wild Ocelots may occasionally attack Chickens . v d e Mobs Playable The Player Passive Chicken Cow Mooshroom Pig Sheep Squid Villager Neutral Enderman Zombie Pigman Hostile Blaze Creeper Ghast Silverfish Skeleton Slime Magma Cube Spider Cave Jockey Zombie Villager Witch Wither Wither Skeleton Tameable Ocelot and Cat Wolf Horse Utility Iron Golem Snow Golem Bosses Enderdragon Upcoming { { } } * * * * Categories Animals
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[
"Ocelot"
] |
http://minecraftpc.wikia.com/wiki/Cave_Spider
|
in : Mobs Arthropods Overworld Mobs and 2 more Cave Spider Edit Comments ( 3 ) Share The bluish toned cave spider . Cave Spiders are hostile arthropods having similar behavior to the regular Spider . They spawn from Monster Spawners in Abandoned Mineshafts , but not anywhere else unless the player interferes . They are a bit smaller than Spiders ( 1x1 . 5x0 . 5 blocks ) and have a distinct bluish tinge , especially around the head . Cave Spiders , like Spiders , lunge to attack when the player is close enough . When they hit , they inflict Poison on enemies , unlike normal , unless the difficulty is set to Easy . There is no special need to kill them , as they drop the same items as the more common and much less dangerous Spider . It can be difficult to dispose of the Spawner , as it is surrounded by cobwebs which greatly slow down the player , do n ' t slow down the spiders at all . Contents show Buffs / Debuffs Can climb walls Can inflict the Poison effect Where they live naturally Abandoned Mineshafts Monster Spawners Drops Spider Eyes String Trivia Cave Spiders will be attacked by Witches in the End with no provocation . Cave Spiders are smaller than regular Spiders . If a Cave Spider is spawned by the player in daylight , it will not attack , even if the player is in Survival Mode . This is because it shares data with Spiders . If a Splash Potion of Weakness is used on a Cave Spider , it becomes unable to infict Poison on the Player . If a Sword is enchanted with Bane of Arthropods IV or higher , it can instantly kill a Cave Spider . Cave Spiders and Silverfish are the only mobs whose spawning is completely unaffected by the command / gamerule doMobSpawning false . This is because they only spawn from Spawners and special blocks , which are not affected by the command . Mobs Hostile Wither Skeleton Skeleton Silverfish Witch Spider Jockey Ghast Magma Cube Chicken Jockey Zombie Villager Endermite Blaze Slime Creeper Cave Spider Zombie Neutral Spider Jockey Chicken Jockey Enderman Spider Wolf Iron Golem Zombie Pigman Friendly Squid Ocelot Chicken Villager Bat Cow Mooshroom Horse Pig Snow Golem Pig Sheep Unimplemented Fish ( Mob ) Friendly Wither Redstone Bug Giant Human Rana Boss Wither Ender Dragon Categories Mobs Arthropods Overworld Mobs Entities Neutral Mobs
|
[
"Cave Spider",
"hostile arthropods",
"Monster Spawners"
] |
http://minecraftpocketedition.wikia.com/wiki/Note_Block
|
in : Blocks Update 0.13.0 Redstone and 4 more Note Block Edit Comments ( 12 ) Share Note Block Type Block Tool Used Pickaxe Stackable Yes ( 64 ) Luminosity None Transparency None First Appearance Update 0.13.0 Note Blocks are Redstone - related Blocks that were added in Update 0.13.0 Contents show Crafting 8 Wooden Planks + 1 Redstone = > 1 Note Block Usage Note Block notes with the corresponding key Note Blocks produce sound when tapped or when they receive a Redstone signal . They produce a low pitched sound initially , and if continuously tapped , will produce higher pitched sounds . Whenever a Note Block is tapped , they produce different colored musical note particle effects above them . Instruments The sound the Note Block produces depends on the block beneath it . It creates sounds of different instruments when tapped in different cases . Block Beneath Instrument Wood Bass Guitar Sand or Gravel Snare Drum Glass or Glowstone Clicks and Sticks Stone Bass Drum Any other block Piano or Harp Trivia Note Blocks start at the pitch F ♯ / G ♭ , which is unique since there is no known musical instrument tuned to F# . Note Blocks can not make sound if there is not a block of air above them . However , they can still be tuned . Note Blocks still make a sound in mid - air . But when it is in mid - air , it makes the sound same as if a Grass Block was beneath it . After Update 0.15.0 , the Note Blocks ' sounds were made louder . Categories Craftable Renewable Craftable Blocks Wood
|
[
"Note Block",
"Redstone signal",
"particle effects"
] |
http://miniaturegoldenretriever.net/whats_new_4.html
|
About Miniature Golden Retrievers : Miniature Golden Retriever : Our miniature golden retrievers are currently 37 - 75 % golden retriever . ( of course that is somewhat theory as the gene pool can and often does throw in its own two cents ! ) Our goal is to produce Miniature golden retrievers that will mature at 50lbs or less and at 20 inches or less . The preferred size would be about 30 - 45lbs and about 15 - 18 inches in height . However . . . . . .there will end up being some larger ones and smaller ones too as this is a work in progress . We will also be adding smaller Miniature Golden Retriever options ( Toy ) in the summer / fall of 2011 . These will likely range from 15 - 30 lbs . We have finally incorporated the miniature poodle into our breeding program which can be seen primarily in Rainy at this time but is also in Sunshine and Cricket as well as Sedona ( similar to Sammy ( he has been homed ) in breeding ) This is proving to be a great asset to our program . The shedding is only slightly lower as the coats are still straight however , as you can see with Rainy , we are adding a measure of refinement to the muzzel , shorter ears . . . .just a variance that I am very pleased with . : O ) Do n ' t get me wrong , I still love the non poodle look as well . I like both looks equally but I am very pleased with the differences we are able to offer . As we grow . . . . . We will likely be going by " size " to catergorize our offspring more then by percentages . So we will be dropping the 75 % , 62 % , 50 % , 87.5 % ect . This has been a good guideline for me to use in the past when adding more golden or some poodle ect . However . . . .it is really becoming less nessesary as all of our offspring are really begining to conform well to " type " no matter what the % of golden involved . This is likely because we have been More To Consider : Ahhhh . . . . . .I realize at this time that there are some breeders creeping up that are trying to breed the " miniature golden retriever " . I just pray that they use good tempered , quality stock that will represent the " golden retriever " in a positive way . My hearts desire is not only to have a dog " look " like a golden but to essentially " be " golden in every sense of the word . Looks , temperament , disposition , personality . . . . .only lacking in size and sweet , loyal and protective hunting dogs . I personally am not fond of any nippy dogs . I like mellow , easy going , sweet . . . .Often it takes HARD work to get this as a new puppy owner . You are the parent . . . .YOU have to make sure your baby is not spoiled and dominent of your house . THIS makes a world of difference in ANY breed . Please see a lot of Cesar Millan videos so that you can educate yourself on how dogs think before getting a puppy from anywhere . : O ) What is a " true " Miniature Golden Retriever ? Also known as petite golden retriever , small golden retriever , little golden retriever . Note : Please be sure to ask questions before buying a puppy from a breeder . # 1 ) Are the puppies registered ? If so , is the registry credible ? You will know the answer to this question by using some very common sense thoughts . Such as . . . . do they register a goldendoodle as a Miniature golden retriever ? How can that be folks ? I actually spoke via email in the fall / winter of 2008 about registering our miniature golden retrievers with this particular registry . ( I will not mention the registry name ) I was not quite ready at that time and so I put it first one to register a miniature golden retriever " Nahhhh ! I prefer a credible registry that recognizes the differences in dog breeds . : O ) # 2 ) Does the breeder trademark a certain name but try to control other breeders with threatening letters telling them not to use other terms that are not trade marked ? # 3 ) Does the breeder trademark a certain name but register the dogs under a totally different name and try to discredit other good breeders ? Just some things to ponder in your search for a " true " miniature golden retriever . . . . . . . I hope you can see through all of the confusion and the smoke screen that some are trying to create in order to control a free market . There are a lot of great breeders out there with GREAT ideas . It is when people are open minded and work together that real progress gets made . When one person tries to corner the market for fear of competition and or new and refreshing view points the C and S Ranch Home of the " Miniature Golden Retriever " " Where , Puppies , Ponies and Kids Collide " The picture below is of our sires lined up side by side ( not very good poses but . . . . . : o ) Jake is a breed standard , AKC Golden Retriever weighing between 70 - 80 lbs . Chance is right next to him weighing about 45 lbs . Sammy weighs about 25 lbs . Just so that you can see the differences in appearance more then weight .
|
[
"Miniature Golden Retriever"
] |
http://mining-simulator.wikia.com/wiki/Ancient_Gem
|
in Ores Atlantis Ores Ancient Gem Ancient Gem Ore Base Value 200000 Tool Needed Power Gun Amount 1 unit Location Atlantis Layer 8 Depth 203 Ancient Gem is an extremely rare ore found in Atlantis It can be found in Layers 8 Its ore is triangular and emits a faint pink glow Pet Leveling ShowHide Stats Pet Name Amount Level Oof Doggo 8 8 Clouticorn 6 9 Patriotic Blob 8 10 Rainbowcorn 10 10 Inferno Dragon 6 7 4 8 Quest Requirements ShowHide Quest Requirements Giver Amount Quest No Scuba Sam 15 6 13 7 19 8 Sir Minesalot removed 26 10 22 12 32 13 Gem Specialist 28 11 Categories Ores Atlantis Ores
|
[
"Ancient Gem",
"Atlantis",
"triangular and emits"
] |
http://minipomeranians.co.uk/pricelist.htm
|
PRICE LIST 2018 Mini Pomeranians Puppy Price List GIRLS and BOYS £ 3500 each for all colours except : Cream , Cream sable , which are £ 3600 - 3900 each White & Boo colour : £ 4900 - 5900 Please note the white are still very rare and sought after and it is a minimum of 6 - 12 months on the waiting list for a white or boo colour . If you are looking for a ' Boo Dog ' you will need the ' Apricot ' colour ( Also a big waiting list for this colour ! ) And Jiffy Pom is light orange Please note that clipping your pomeranian must be done by a professional dog groomer . Please fill in a reservation form here to be added to our waiting list . www . minipomeranians . co . uk
|
[
"Mini Pomeranians",
"Price List"
] |
http://ministryserver.com/dsmtext/ottext11.htm
|
PENTATEUCH LECTURE 11 EXODUS Students will be able to explain the key event , the occasion , and the purpose of the book of Exodus . identify the three major divisions of Exodus which correspond to Roman numerals I , II , and III in the outline . discuss the early life of Moses , the significance of the law and the tabernacle . Content of Lecture Key Event : The book of Exodus records the deliverance of Israel from slavery in Egypt . This second book in the Pentateuch is the sequel to Genesis in that it picks up the story where Genesis ends . The tide represents the key event of the book , the miraculous fight of Israel from bondage in Egypt . ( DQ # 1 ) Occasion : Moses probably wrote this book soon after the completion of the Tabernacle , described in Exodus 35 - 40 . Purpose : The three basic parts of the message include : ( 1 ) the judgment of the oppressor nation Egypt , ( 2 ) the deliverance of Israel from slavery in Egypt by the " mighty arm " of Yahweh , and ( 3 ) the establishment of Israel as God ' s special possession among all peoples . Outline of Exodus ( Adapted from Jensen ' s Survey of the Old Testament by Irving L . Jensen , 97 ) I . Israel in Egypt A . Slavery in Egypt ( DQ # 1 ) 1 . Causes of oppression a . Change of leadership - - a new Pharaoh was not inclined to give favorable treatment to the Jews , ( Ex . 1 : 8 ) b . Security risk - - the presence of the Jewish nation on the Egyptian frontier posed a threat if the Jewish people should prove to be disloyal to Egyptian interests ( Ex . 1 : 9 ) 2 . Nature of the oppression a . Bitter service ( 1 : 10 - 14 ) b . Killing of Hebrew sons ( 1 : 15 - 22 ) B . The deliverer , Moses ( 2 - 4 ) 1 . His birth and early career a . Birth ( 2 : 1 - 2 ) b . Adoption by Pharaoh ' s daughter ( 2 : 3 - 10 ) c . Killing of Egyptian and fight to Median ( 2 : 11 - 22 ) 2 . The call a . The burning bush ( 3 : 1 - 9 ) b . The call ( 3 : 10 ) c . Moses ' four excuses ( 3 : 11 - 4 : 17 ) 1 ) God ' s name - - I AM 2 ) The signs - - the staff into a snake C . Pharaoh ' s oppression of Israel ( 5 : 1 - 6 : 13 ) ( DQ # 2 ) D . Genealogies ( 6 : 14 - 27 ) E . The plagues and the Passover ( 6 : 28 - 12 : 36 ) 1 . Water to blood 2 . Frogs 3 . Gnats 4 . Flies 5 . Cattle plague 6 . Boils 7 . Hail 8 . Locusts 9 . Darkness 10 . Death of first - born ( DQ # 3 & 4 ) II . The journey from Egypt to Sinai A . The Exodus from Egypt ( 12 : 37 - 14 : 31 ) B . The song of Moses ( 15 : 1 - 21 ) C . The wilderness of Shur ( 15 : 22 - 27 ) - - God changed the bitter water of Marah into sweet . D . The wilderness of Sin ( 16 ) - - God provided manna and quail . E . The rock at Rephidim ( 17 ) - - God provided water from the rock . ( DQ # 5 & # 6 ) F . Jethro and Moses ( 18 ) III . Covenant and law at Sinai A . Preparations for covenant ( 19 ) ( DQ # 7 ) B . The Decalogue ( 20 : 1 - 26 ) The covenant relationship was grounded in obedience to Yahweh through ethical behavior . The first four commandments clarify specific obligations of the covenant or toward Yahweh . The last six deal with his responsibility toward his fellow man . ( DQ # 8 ) 1 . You shall have no other gods before me . 2 . You shall not make yourself a graven image . 3 . You shall not take the name of Yahweh your God in vain . 4 . Remember the Sabbath day , to keep it holy . 5 . Honor your father and your mother . 6 . You shall not kill . 7 . You shall not commit adultery . 8 . You shall not steal . 9 . You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor . 10 . You shall not covet C . The covenant code ( 20 : 18 - 23 : 33 ) D . Ratification of the covenant ( 24 ) E . The Tabernacle ( 25 - 40 ) The tabernacle was a movable " dwelling " where Yahweh met his people . 1 . Specifications ( 25 - 27 ) a . The architecture of the tabernacle centered in the ark , the essential feature of the house of Yahweh , which was placed in the Holy of Holies , the inmost part of the sanctuary . ( DQ # 9 ) b . A heavy veil separated the Holy of Holies from the Holy Place , the area of priestly ministry . c . The tabernacle , constructed of strips of linen , goat ' s hair cloth , and animal skins , covered a rectangle approximately seventy - five by one hundred feet . 2 . The priests ( 28 - 29 ) ( DQ # 10 ) 3 . The furniture ( 30 ) a . The ark of the covenant b . The table of the bread of the Presence c . The lampstand d . The altar of burnt offering e . The altar of incense f . The bronze basin 4 . The craftsmen ( 31 : 1 - 11 ) 5 . The Sabbath ( 31 : 12 - 18 ) 6 . Israel ' s breach of covenant with the golden calf ( 32 ) 7 . Yahweh and Moses ( 33 ) 8 . Covenant renewal ( 34 ) ( DQ # 11 ) 9 . Construction of the Tabernacle ( 35 - 38 ) 10 . The priestly garments ( 39 ) 11 . Completion and dedication of the Tabernacle ( 40 ) ASSIGNMENT Read Leviticus 1 - 7 and identity the following offerings : burnt , meal ( grain ) , peace ( fellowship ) , sin . Try to discover the reasons different offerings were made . If students are using the Hill and Walton survey , they should read Chapter nine on Leviticus . OUTLINE OF EXODUS Discussion Questions : # 1 What were some of the key events of Moses ' early life , and how did they prepare him for God ' s call ? What is the significance of the miraculous events in Moses ' encounter with God ? # 2 How do you reconcile the sovereignty of God with the powers of evil rulers in the world ? # 3 What is the significance of the ten plagues , and why was the Passover a turning point in Israel ' s history ? # 4 As you read Exodus 12 , look for what is taught about divine holiness , election and grace , and man ' s sin and salvation . Why did God institute blood sacrifice as an atonement ritual ? # 5 Observe the main lessons that God taught His people through the trying circumstances of the Red Sea deliverance and the wilderness wanderings . # 6 . In what ways do you think the wilderness was a favorable place to mold and unify the Israelites into an organized nation before their journey into the land of Palestine ? # 7 . What does Exodus l9 : 5 - 6 say about Israel ? What does each phrase mean ? what does this reveal about God ' s purpose for Israel ? # 8 Which of the Ten Commandments relate primarily to God and which primarily to man ? Why did God impose these laws upon his people ? # 9 According to 25 : 8 , 22 what was the primary purpose of the tabernacle for the Israelites ? # 10 Read Hebrews 8 : l - l0 : 18 . How is Christ shown there as the fulfillment of such Old Testament types as the Tabernacle and the high priest ? 11 In what ways do the words : sin , judgment , intercession , and renewal describe chapters 32 - 34 ? This is a cycle that repeated itself in Israel ' s history . What is the difference between ceremonial and moral law ? Which type , unchanged , applies today ? What view of miracles is a prerequisite for an understanding of the book of Exodus ? How do you define worship ? What important truths about worship does Exodus teach ? Teacher ' s Notes : This lecture might begin with the question , " What do you feel the Jewish people would view as the single most important event of their colorful history ? " While there are many events of great consequence , nothing surpasses the events associated with the Exodus in importance for the identity of the Jewish nation . Two possible dates for the Exodus : a . The earlier date is l445 B . C . and is derived as follows : Jacob arrives in Egypt 1875 B.C . Length of stay in Egypt ( Ex . 12 : 40 ) 430 years 1445 B.C . Solomon ' s Temple begun 965 B.C . Interval since the Exodus ( 1 Kings 6 : 1 ) 480 years 1445 B.C . b . The later date is the first half of the thirteenth century B . C . since conditions in Egypt , Transjordan , and Canaan during this period fit well in the picture of the biblical account . Exodus 1 : 11 states that the Israelites labored at Ramses and Pithon . To have done so , they had to be in Egypt in the reign of Seti I ( 1308 - 1290 ) and Ramses II ( 1290 - 1228 ) , the Pharaohs who built these cities . Resources : Jensen , Irving L Jensen ' s Survey of the Old Testament . Chicago : Moody Press , 1978 . Hill , Andrew E . and John H . Walton . A Survey of the Old Testament . Grand Rapids : Zondervan , 1991 . Credits and Copyright This online text book is provided by the Division of Student Ministry of the Baptist General Convention of Texas , 333 N . Washington Dallas , Texas 75246 - 1798 214.828.5100 Use the text to meet your academic needs . If you copy any part of this online text , please give credit to the Division of Student Ministry of the Baptist General Convention of Texas . Any donations which you give will be used in the Division of Student Ministry Summer Missions Programs . Credits and Copyright This online text book is provided by the Division of Student Ministry of the Baptist General Convention of Texas , 333 N . Washington Dallas , Texas 75246 - 1798 214.828.5100 Use the text to meet your academic needs . If you copy any part of this online text , please give credit to the Division of Student Ministry of the Baptist General Convention of Texas . Any donations which you give will be used in the Division of Student Ministry Summer Missions Programs .
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[
"PENTATEUCH",
"EXODUS"
] |
http://minnesota.cbslocal.com/2012/10/01/good-question-why-does-the-orchestra-get-paid-so-much/
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Good Question : Why Does The Orchestra Get Paid So Much ? MINNEAPOLIS ( WCCO ) – The Minnesota Orchestra and its musicians both have tough decision to make . The orchestra says it ’ s in a tough financial spot , after a nearly $ 3 million deficit in 2011 , and laying off 20 percent of administrators . The musicians say they have to be paid at a top notch level in order to retain the top - notch talent . Lynn Dwyer from New London emailed WCCO the following : “ I ’ m an educator with a Master ’ s degree in 1986 , 1 1 / 2 years post graduate work , and 23 years ’ experience in the school , and I earn LESS THAN HALF of their current $ 135,000 salary . ” She asked this good question : Why do the orchestras make what they do ? The Orchestra ’ s management put the average salary at $ 135,000 . “ I was shocked when I first learned how much they make , ” said one woman . “ That ’ s shocking ? One of the best orchestras I ’ ve heard in the world , ” said a fan of the Orchestra . The musicians say the average minimum salary for orchestra players is $ 109,304 . Ellen Smith , a French horn player who joined the Minnesota Orchestra in 1993 , says they earn every penny . “ They are basically the best musicians in the United States , ” Smith said . “ When I was negotiating my position I called the third horn in the New York Philharmonic . Third horn in Boston Symphony . Third horn in Cleveland Orchestra . That ’ s how I determined an industry standard for my position , ” she said . According to the group of musicians , the Minnesota Orchestra ’ s average base salary is eighth in the country . Chicago ’ s Orchestra is at the top of the list , at $ 144,040 , followed by the Los Angeles Philharmonic and San Francisco – both over $ 140,000 . The New York Philharmonic starts at $ 135,980 , while the Cleveland Orchestra starts at $ 120,120 . “ Our musicians are so good , when the news came out this morning [ that they were locked out ] , one of them got a call from the Boston Symphony , ” said Smith . The debate caused a symphony of comments on Facebook and Twitter . Mike Miller wrote : “ How many world class cellists are they ? You pay for quality . ” But M . Jones wrote , “ I should have continued playing the trumpet . Who knew ? Even $ 80,000 is a great salary . ” “ We have over 200 concerts a year . Generally speaking we ’ ll have three or four a week , sometimes we ’ ll have more than that , ” Smith said . Jason DeRusha Jason DeRusha filed his first report for WCCO - TV on April Fool ' s Day in 2003 . Since then , he ' s earned nine Emmy Awards , his food coverage was a . . . More from Jason DeRusha Comments ( 4 )
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[
"MINNEAPOLIS",
"WCCO"
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http://minnesota.cbslocal.com/station/wcco-tv/
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Menu Latest Vikes Twins Wolves Wild Lynx U Of M United FC Rally Golf MLB NBA Video Video Library Live Video News Videos Seen On WCCO - TV Weather Forecasts Sports Videos WCCO Interviews Best Of Best Of Travel More Station Info Contests & Promotions News All News MN News HealthWatch Consumer Crime Politics Business Autos Entertainment Water Cooler Only CBS Latest News ' Violators Will Be Shot , Survivors Will Be Shot Again ' : St . Paul Homeowner Arrested After Shooting Car Theft Suspect Local Business Owners Feel The Effects Of A Brutal Winter Featured Videos Live WCCO Video News Sports All Sports Latest Vikes Twins Wolves Wild Lynx U Of M United FC Rally Golf MLB NBA Featured Sports ' We ' re Very Blessed ' : Vikings ' Adam Thielen Talks New $ 64M Contract Baseball Report : Clayton Kershaw Returns For Dodgers RBC Heritage : Harbour Town Golf Links Demands Shot - Making Excellence Hernandez ' s 3 - Run Homer Lifts Blue Jays Past Twins 5 - 3 Latest Headlines The Top 5 Breweries In Minneapolis Vote For Minnesota ' s Best Roller Rink The Top 4 Latin Restaurants In Minneapolis The Top 5 Food Trucks In Minneapolis St . Paul ' s 4 Best French Restaurants The 4 Best Indian Restaurants In Minneapolis Video Featured Videos Live WCCO Video Interviews Politics Sports Weather WCCO 4 On Air Schedule : 8 : 00 PM 9 : 00 PM 10 : 00 PM 10 : 35 PM 11 : 37 PM View All Programs WCCO - TV
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[
"WCCO-TV",
"Minnesota ’s"
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http://minnesota.dalecarnegie.com/
|
Norman and Associates , Dale Carnegie Training of Minnesota Dale Carnegie ’ s world - renowned leadership training seminars have been offered in Minnesota for more than 40 years . Today , Norman and Associates offers public speaking classes , sales training classes , and more from the recently renovated Dale Carnegie Training Center just south of the Twin Cities . About Us We offer development across all key topics Presentation Create and deliver inspired presentations with confidence using Dale Carnegie ’ s methods . Browse Courses Leadership Find innovative ways to unite , engage people , and build a team that ’ s ready for any challenge . Browse Courses Sales Help your team achieve — and exceed — their goals , whatever metrics they ’ re chasing . Service Amazing customer service is crucial for any organization that depends on its customers to be successful . Org Dev Build a better , stronger workforce that strives to achieve your company ’ s goals . People Build a better , stronger workforce that strives to achieve your company ’ s goals . Our Office Norman and Associates , Dale Carnegie Training 4938 Lincoln Drive , Edina , MN 55436 952.548.5600 Where to Find Norman and Associates , Dale Carnegie Training Our office is located at 4938 Lincoln Drive in Edina , just off US - 169 and across from Van Valkenburg Park . Complimentary parking is available in the parking lot in front of the training center and adjacent to the Prime Professional Center . View All Available Courses
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[
"Dale Carnegie ’s",
"Minnesota",
"sales training classes"
] |
http://minnesota.hometownlocator.com/mn/ramsey/falcon-heights.cfm
|
Falcon Heights , MN Profile : Facts & Data Profile Map Photos Places Schools Jobs JUMP DOWN PAGE TO : Basic Facts | Demographic Data | Peer Comparsions Falcon Heights Local Links & Resources : Hotels Resources ALL Falcon Heights Content Also See : Falcon Heights , MN ZIP Codes & ZIP Code Maps | Local Area Photos Falcon Heights , Minnesota - Basic Facts Quick & Easy Tools Recent Data for Cities , Towns , and ZIP Codes Neighborhood Maps , Data , Home Values Research Public Schools Boundaries Locate Physical & Cultural Features City , Town , and ZIP Code Maps The City of Falcon Heights had a population of 5,475 as of July 1 , 2018 . Falcon Heights ranks in the upper quartile for Population Density and Diversity Index when compared to the other cities , towns and Census Designated Places ( CDPs ) in Minnesota . See peer rankings below . The primary coordinate point for Falcon Heights is located at latitude 44.9916 and longitude - 93.1663 in Ramsey County . The formal boundaries for the City of Falcon Heights encompass a land area of 2.23 sq . miles and a water area of 0.01 sq . miles . Ramsey County is in the Central time zone ( GMT - 6 ) . The elevation is 955 feet . The City of Falcon Heights ( GNIS ID : 2394738 ) has a C5 Census Class Code which indicates an active incorporated place that is independent of any county subdivision and serves as a county subdivision equivalent . It also has a Functional Status Code of " A " which identifies an active government providing primary general - purpose functions Alternate Unofficial Names for Falcon Heights : City of Falcon Heights . Jump to . . . ( On This Page ! ) Falcon Heights 2018 Demographic Data Growth Rates for Falcon Heights ( Historical & 5 - Year Forecast ) Peer Comparisons ( Rank and Percentile ) Neighborhoods Demographics ( Home Values , Household Income , etc . ) Minnesota Research Tools ( Easy Tools & Current Data ) Minnesota Data Comparison Tool - 2018 Demographics Falcon Heights , MN - Most Popular Things to Do Top 20 Most Popular Places Near Falcon Heights Popularity rankings are based on positive reviews , search queries , and other user data . Also See : Nearby Photos | Nearby Hotels | Driving Directions Research a Minnesota Address and get . . . Boundary Maps , Demographic Data , School Zones Review maps and data for the neighborhood , city , county , ZIP Code , and school zone . July 1 , 2018 , data includes home values , household income , percentage of homes owned , rented or vacant , etc . Falcon Heights , MN Data & Demographics ( As of July 1 , 2018 ) POPULATION Total Population 5,475 Population in Households 5,026 Population in Familes 3,737 Population in Group Qrtrs 449 Population Density 2 2,451 Diversity Index 3 54 INCOME Median Household Income $ 70,577 Average Household Income $ 104,302 Per Capita Income $ 43,018 HOUSING Total Housing Units 2,313 ( 100 % ) Owner Occupied HU 1,217 ( 52.6 % ) Renter Occupied HU 955 ( 41.3 % ) Vacant Housing Units 141 ( 6.1 % ) Median Home Value $ 295,994 Average Home Value $ 315,625 HOUSEHOLDS Total Households 2,172 Average Household Size 2.31 Family Households 1,269 Average Family Size 3 NOTES Demographics are point estimates for July 1st of the current year and each for the forecast years . See References for more information . Population Density = Total Population per square mile . The Diversity Index is a scale of 0 to 100 that represents the likelihood that two persons , chosen at random from the same area , belong to different race or ethnic groups . If an area ' s entire population belongs to one race AND one ethnic group , then the area has zero diversity . An area ' s diversity index increases to 100 when the population is evenly divided into two or more race / ethnic groups . GROWTH RATE / YEAR 2010 - 2018 2018 - 2023 Population 0.35 % 0.46 % Households 0.23 % 0.41 % Families 0.1 % 0.33 % Median Household Income 2.87 % Per Capita Income 2.9 % Falcon Heights , MN - Peer Comparisons by Rank and Percentile The table below compares Falcon Heights to the other 905 incorporated cities , towns and CDPs in Minnesota by rank and percentile using July 1 , 2018 data . The location Ranked # 1 has the highest value . A location that ranks higher than 75 % of its peers would be in the 75th percentile of the peer group . Variable Description Rank Percentile Total Population # 141 85th Population Density # 46 95th Diversity Index # 54 94th # 165 82nd # 57 94th Additional comparisons and rankings can be made with a VERY EASY TO USE Minnesota Census Data Comparison Tool Quick & Easy Ways to . . . Get Current Demographic Data for Cities , Towns , and ZIP Codes View Boundary Maps , for Cities , Towns , and ZIP Codes Locate Physical , Cultural , and Historical Features Research Public Schools & Attendance Zones Minnesota Census Data Comparison Tool Compare Minnesota July 1 , 2018 Data Data Population Population Density Diversity Index Average Household Income Per Capita Income Locations Cites & Towns Counties ZIP Codes Highest or Lowest Show Highest Values Show Lowest Values Results Show 20 Results Show 200 Results
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[
"Falcon Heights",
"Minnesota"
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http://minnesotasnewcountry.com/djs/
|
DJs Abbey Proudly born and raised right here in Central Minnesota Go LPGE Thunder After high school I went to Brown College for Radio Broadcasting and did radio in the Twin Cities for a year before moving back home to Central Minnesota Read More Pete Hanson Im just a regular Minnesota guy that grew up on the northside of the Cities Fridley spent some quality time at the U of M chill on the weekends at the family cabin near Duluth bleed Vikings purple and miss the North Stars Read More Dick Nelson Born and raised in Edina Minnesota I have spent over 50 years in the radio biz First job was at KTRF Radio Thief River Falls MN I have also worked in Brainerd and the Twin Cities at KANOKTWN and KRSI and worked twice in th Read More Offsite User Read More 981 Minnesotas New Country Read More Kelly Cordes Im from Princeton Minnesota Go Tigers Ive lived all over the place Wisconsin Tennessee and Kentucky pursuing my broadcasting and musical dreams I attended college at Bemidji State University where I obtained a Bachelor o Read More Offsite User Read More Offsite User Read More Sam Alex In addition to his work onair Sam Alex has been spotted on red carpets for many different awards shows and interviewed some of your favorite celebrities from Will Ferrell to Taylor Swift Originally from Chicago Sam now lives Read More Amber Atnip Born and raised in Tennessee Amber Atnip grew up in the heart of country music She has done promotion for several of Nashvilles most prominent radio stations including WSIXFM After graduating from Middle Tennessee State Univ Read More Ashli Overlund Im 26 years young and the oldest of five kids in my family I went to Apollo High School and graduated from St Cloud State University with a degree in broadcast journalism When I told my parents that I wanted to be in radio I Read More Have You Downloaded the Official 981 Mobile App Yet Meet Team 981 Pete Hanson Kelly Cordes Ashli Overlund Abbey Sam Alex Dick Nelson 981 on Facebook Our Facebook page is sponsored by The Value Connection Sign up to get exclusive access to VIP events contests coupons giveaways presales and much more Sign Up Now The Latest from 981
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[
"DJs",
"DJs",
"Pete Hanson"
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http://minoritynurse.com/yes-you-can-succeed-in-nurse-anesthesia-school/
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Yes You Can ( Succeed in Nurse Anesthesia School ) Mar 30 , 2013 | Magazine The need for diversity in the nurse anesthesia profession is a growing concern driven by the U.S. population ’ s rapidly changing demographics and the low representation of minorities in the nurse anesthesia workforce across the nation . As a result , efforts to increase racial , ethnic , cultural and gender diversity in nurse anesthesia education have taken the forefront at many universities . In recent years , academic institutions such as Florida International University , Georgetown University School of Nursing and Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center ( LSUHSC ) School of Nursing have implemented programs designed to Initiatives such as these , coupled with the identification and elimination of barriers — both real and perceived — to recruitment and retention of minority students in anesthesia programs , are pivotal to increasing minority representation in the nurse anesthesia profession . The cultural knowledge and insights minority certified registered nurse anesthetists ( CRNAs ) bring to the table can impact patient outcomes by providing presence , communication and comfort to an increasingly multicultural patient population . In addition , minority CRNAs bring new perspectives and insights to the anesthesia community and can help other practitioners increase their awareness of If you are a minority RN who is contemplating a career in the highly rewarding field of nurse anesthesia , you ’ re probably well aware that the process of becoming a CRNA is uniquely challenging . Chances are , you are thinking about your own real and perceived barriers to getting admitted into anesthesia school , succeeding in the demanding curriculum and finding a way to pay for it all . As a diverse group of minority nurses who recently graduated from the nurse anesthesia program at LSUHSC , we offer this advice — based on our personal experiences What to Expect If you are considering nurse anesthesia school you must already have some idea how drastically your life is about to change . Anesthesia school is extremely demanding , timeconsuming and stressful — but also exciting and incredibly rewarding . Most nurse anesthesia programs range in length from 24 to 33 months . Some programs begin with a didactic course load lasting approximately 12 months , with clinical requirements beginning after the didactic phase is complete . Other anesthesia schools begin with both didactic and clinical phases taken roughly at the same time . Each phase has its own set of challenges . The didactic phase may be difficult for some students and easy for others . During this phase , the SRNA is taught pathophysiology from an anesthetic perspective . You will learn how anesthetic agents are distributed throughout the body and how body systems respond to anesthetics . Additionally , you will be introduced to the anesthesia machine , airway management techniques and how to properly induce , manage and emerge a patient presenting with an array of co - morbidities . The first two to three semesters are very difficult because of the rapid pace at which information is provided . You can expect to be tested weekly or biweekly during this phase . In most anesthesia schools , the SRNA must maintain a B ( 3.0 out of 4.0 ) grade point average in order to progress and graduate from the program . If you plan to attend a program in which the didactic and clinical phases overlap , you will have to juggle examinations , care plans , classroom participation , case documentation , clinical participation and your family life all at once . You will be expected to cover day , evening and night shifts during the clinical phase , and some traveling may be required . The Admissions Process Always come to the admissions interview well dressed and well prepared . Do not chew gum during the interview or bring coffee / beverages or food into the interview room . You are likely to be asked clinical questions to assess your knowledge base . Questions regarding medication infusions , critical thinking and ventilator settings are common . To prepare yourself for the interview , make sure you shadow a CRNA and learn as much as you can about the nurse anesthesia specialty . You should spend the entire day with the CRNA and observe everything that happens , from the preoperative period through the postoperative period . Visit the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists ( AANA ) Web site at www . aana . com to review information about the CRNA profession . Visit the Web site of the CRNA program ( s ) you are planning to apply to , and contact a faculty member with Belong to a professional association and know why they are important . Find other minority RNs like yourself who are interested in attending CRNA school and make plans to apply together . ( Editor ’ s Note : An excellent way to meet and network with other future minority nurse anesthetists , as well as experienced CRNAs of color who can serve as mentors , is through the Diversity in Nurse Anesthesia Mentorship Program , www . diversitycrna . org . ) If your undergraduate GPA is not very good , do not let that deter you from applying to a CRNA program . Here are some things you can do to improve your chances of getting into a program if your GPA is low : Take a few prerequisite graduate courses and get a B or better in them . This shows that you have the ability to complete graduate - level work . Take the critical care nursing certification exam ( CCRN ) and pass . Admissions committees know how difficult this is and it will underscore your dedication to pursuing nurse anesthesia . Prior to acceptance , you will be required to discuss your intentions to become a nurse anesthetist with either the program ’ s staff or directors . These personnel are experts at sniffing out individuals who may not be ready for success . Before you contact them , be prepared to explain and justify your intentions , as well as any possible missteps you may have experienced along the way . Remember , you only have one opportunity to make a lasting first impression . Make sure you are representing yourself in a manner which reflects the core values of Success Strategies for SRNAs Completing a nurse anesthesia program is an incredibly daunting task , but you can do it . Success during all phases of anesthesia school hinges on the SRNA ’ s ability to use the following survival strategies . Identify , minimize or eliminate any stressors BEFORE you apply to anesthesia school . A nurse anesthesia program requires your full attention and focus . Taking an inventory of all aspects of your life to identify possible distractions and sources of stress will allow you to plan accordingly . Examples of possible problem areas include childcare , extended family care , transportation , finances , relationships , etc . Make sure you explore available resources for managing these issues and have plans in place to reduce stress “ flare - ups ” during your education process . Manage your time wisely . Time management is vital to success in a nurse anesthesia program . Organization is also important , especially during the early phases of the program . During the first two to three semesters of your curriculum , you will be overwhelmed at some point . Get organized as quickly as possible and create a schedule . Many first - year SRNAs carry daily planners with schedules accounting for months of coursework and clinical time . Once study sessions are scheduled , stick to them . You may not get another opportunity to study again before examination time and your stress Network ! Network ! Network ! Seek out other SRNAs , especially minority students whose experience may be similar to yours . Ask them for advice about how to succeed during the various phases of anesthesia school . Talk to them about interview techniques , test - taking skills , study aids , reference materials and clinical reference sheets . You may find a treasure trove of information and success tips if you just ask . Also , seek out practicing minority CRNAs and ask about professional organizations that you could join . While there may not be a local organization in your area , you Stockpile as much money as you possibly can . The financial burden of attending anesthesia school can be overwhelming . The average debt accrued by an SRNA is approximately $ 100,000 . And because nurse anesthesia programs are so time - intensive , most students are unable to work while attending CRNA school . Before starting your program , try to reduce or eliminate your current financial debt and save up as much money as you can . Do n ’ t let debt stand in the way of your dreams . If you have decided that nurse anesthesia is your future , it is possible to enter the program with current debt and still finish . Some SRNAs begin their program carrying student loan debt accumulated during their undergraduate studies but are still able to graduate from anesthesia school without delay . Additionally , you can take advantage of CRNA loan repayment programs currently offered by the armed forces , anesthesia groups and hospitals across the nation . Moreover , some of these employers may even pay Do n ’ t be afraid to ask for help . If an unavoidable “ flare - up ” rears its ugly head , do n ’ t try to fix things on your own . Utilize your student support group and discuss your situation with your advisors and program directors . Anesthesia programs are often willing to grant time off for students who are having temporary personal difficulties , and in severe cases it is sometimes possible to postpone taking an exam . Develop coping mechanisms . Take advantage of every opportunity you get to unwind and relieve stress . Anesthesia school will push you to the limit , especially during the first year of your program . Even if you only have one hour for stress relief , take the time to relax and rejuvenate your soul . Do You Have What It Takes ? You may be asking yourself : “ Is nurse anesthesia really for me ? Do I have what it takes to succeed in anesthesia school and in this complex advanced practice career ? ” Our experience has shown that several key qualities are conducive to success as both an SRNA and CRNA . Critical thinking is a skill that any SRNA candidate must possess . You will be placed in a position that requires you to formulate an anesthetic care plan on the spot and have a good rationale for choosing that particular plan . In some cases , this care plan will have to be formulated and implemented in a matter of minutes , if not seconds . Poor anesthetic care plans can sometimes result in negative patient outcomes , and even death . Your training , supervision and nursing experience will assist you tremendously in accomplishing this task , and you Initiative is another important quality to possess , due to the onthe - spot changes that are frequently needed during an anesthetic procedure . After a good anesthetic plan is formulated and implemented , vital sign adjustments are sure to follow . You must adjust your plan as needed and take the initiative in implementing changes . Airway management during a monitored anesthetic provides the perfect example . During this anesthetic technique , patients often lose the ability to maintain their airway , and oxygen saturation will fall quickly . The anesthesia provider must initiate an intervention immediately or risk Diligence is also important to the SRNA , because your patient has placed his or her life in your hands . You will monitor every beat of his / her heart , oxygen saturation , blood loss , temperature , level of consciousness , pulses , pressure points , positioning , urine output and a host of other patient data . You can not fail to continually assess both your patient and the effectiveness of your anesthetic plan . Even a temporary lapse in diligence may result in poor patient outcomes . Patient advocacy is vital , because at times you must speak up for the best interest of your patient . In some cases , you may be the only individual in the room with up - tothe - minute patient data that may have gone unnoticed by others on the team . Or your patient may have been placed in an awkward position that could lead to injury or worse . Organization is a must , not only in your studies but also in the operating room and beyond . While in the clinical setting , you will be performing many tasks , such as documenting data , administering medications and transferring patients from pre - op holding to the OR and then to recovery . Organize your OR workspace prior to patient arrival . Have everything you will possibly need ready to go before your patient rolls into the room . After the patient leaves the OR , set up whatever you can for the next case . Organize your Determination will be important — before , during and after your anesthesia education . If you are serious about your intentions to become a nurse anesthetist , pursue your goal with a high level of intensity . If you can find a reason why you should n ’ t apply to anesthesia school , maybe this career choice is not for you . Once you decide and commit to an anesthesia program , this key quality may be a major reason why you are successful . Many SRNAs simply decide that this career path is not for them and quit In conclusion , nurse anesthesia is an extremely exciting and fulfilling career choice for any nurse who is willing and able to accept the challenge . We invite you to investigate all that this career has to offer , and make the decision to join a community of professionals dedicated to providing the best possible anesthetic care to each and every patient . Consider the suggestions and personal testimonials offered in this article , and network with practicing minority nurse anesthetists who can offer further guidance . A life - changing career filled with challenges and rewards is well within Yes We Did : Overcoming Barriers As part of a capstone project completed during the authors ’ final year of anesthesia school at Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center ( LSUHSC ) School of Nursing in New Orleans , we examined the issue of potential barriers to minority participation in nurse anesthesia programs . Our goal was to identify the most common barriers to success , both real and perceived , and examine possible solutions for increasing enrollment , inclusion and acceptance of minority students in anesthesia programs . We began by making lists of the barriers each of us had personally faced as minority nurses pursuing a career in nurse anesthesia . By sharing some of these personal testimonials , as well as the strategies that helped us overcome or work around some of the biggest barriers , we hope to inspire other future minority nurse anesthesia candidates to develop your own blueprints for success . Kendell Andrus , GRNA , MN Biggest Barriers : Finances , Age , Isolation Kendell is a single , 27 - year - old African American who was one of only five minority SRNAs in a class of 43 anesthesia students . After a brief stint in the Army as a combat medic , Kendell decided to pursue a career as a registered nurse . He was initially apprehensive about his career choice , because of his perception that nursing was not a typical career for African American men . But realizing that nursing is a profession that offers excellent opportunities and income potential , he decided to move forward with his decision and One of Kendell ’ s perceived barriers to success in anesthesia school was the fact that he had been accepted into the LSUHSC program at a relatively young age . Because all the other minority SRNAs in his class were older and married with children , he felt a certain amount of disconnect from them . “ It would have been nice to have another younger minority student like me to relate to and connect with , ” he recalls . “ I found myself [ feeling ] almost alone [ even though I was ] surrounded by a larger Finances were at the top of Kendell ’ s list of real barriers . His nurse anesthesia education was an expensive journey , especially since he had limited financial support . Fortunately , his time in the military provided an excellent opportunity to stockpile financial resources that may not have been available to him otherwise . Benefits such as the GI Bill , coupled with student loans , allowed Kendell to pursue his dream . “ I took advantage of student loan opportunities to buffer my financial situation , ” he says . “ I was n ’ t going to let money stand in the way of my anesthesia career . ” Linda Nguyen , GRNA , MN Biggest Barriers : Finances , Self - Doubt , Limited Awareness of Nurse Anesthesia as a Career Option Linda is a single , 31 - year - old Vietnamese American . She is the first individual of Vietnamese descent to attend the LSUHSC nurse anesthesia program . She is also the first person in her family to attend college . Some of the top areas of contention for Linda were finances and self - confidence . Most importantly , financial barriers were of the utmost concern . “ In order to be considered for acceptance into most CRNA programs , a baccalaureate degree in nursing is required , ” she says . “ [ Paying for your undergraduate program is hard enough . ] Once [ you are accepted into anesthesia school ] , another 33 months of education inevitably leads to a mountain of debt . ” Another barrier on Linda ’ s list was lack of knowledge about the nurse anesthesia profession . She did not become aware of this career option until after she had finished her undergraduate coursework . “ If I had gained exposure to nurse anesthesia prior to graduation , ” she says , “ I could have adjusted my finances accordingly and possibly have been accepted into anesthesia school sooner . ” While she was easily accepted by her fellow SRNAs , Linda says she would have enjoyed the company of other Asian American students . “ Having a support system Efrem Greely , GRNA , MN Biggest Barriers : Finances , Entrance Exams , Racial and Cultural Barriers Efrem is a 39 - year - old African American who is married and has two children . After acquiring 14 years of nursing experience in the emergency room and advancing to the level of nurse manager in that department , he decided to further his education and pursue a career in nurse anesthesia . Like Kendell and Linda , Efrem listed finances as his leading barrier . He also cited other real and perceived barriers , such as limited anesthesia school slots available for minority students , the length of time required to complete the program while being unable “ Traditionally , nursing specialty areas have been difficult to break into for minorities , ” Efrem explains . “ Some specialties , such as critical care , require additional skills training , like ACLS and PALS , which require time and money to acquire . Add to that the fact that minorities traditionally score lower on many standardized entrance examinations and it ’ s not hard to see the disparities minority students face in trying to successfully complete advanced education . “ I was fortunate in that I scored what was needed on the entrance exam after very little preparation , ” he continues . “ With the many years of ER nursing experience I had acquired , I felt confident in my abilities and prospects as an SRNA . I also had a sound support system in my wife , who is an obstetrician , and extended family and friends . ” Sedric Williams , GRNA , MN Finances , Limited Awareness of Nurse Anesthesia as a Career Option , Self - Doubt , Entrance Exams Sedric is a married 43 - year - old African American and a father of three . He was one of only two African Americans accepted into the 2009 CRNA class at LSUHSC who were actually born and raised in the city of New Orleans . In some ways , Sedric was the sole representative of the 61 % majority African American community that literally surrounds the campus at LSU . While there were four other African American GRNAs in the 2009 graduating class , none of them were born and raised in New Orleans . Like Kendell , Sedric “ My wife , who is also a nurse , attempted to persuade me to [ go into nursing ] long before my military career began , ” he says . “ I never imagined that nursing could be a legitimate career choice for men until I met other men who were interested in the profession . ” He also echoes Linda ’ s comments about not being aware of the nurse anesthesia profession early enough to plan for it . “ After earning a degree in English literature , I chose only to acquire an associate ’ s degree in nursing , thinking that would be the extent of my nursing career , ” he recalls . “ Had I known about nurse anesthesia , I would have pursued a BSN degree first , [ with an eye toward continuing on into a CRNA program ] — possibly saving money as well as time . ” Not surprisingly , Sedric cited finances as the biggest perceived barrier to enrolling in anesthesia school . “ I grew up in New Orleans , where the average annual income per family is about $ 32,000 , ” he explains . “ If I had n ’ t joined the military , obtaining a BSN may have been beyond my reach . ” Some of his other perceived barriers included low representation of African American men amongst the CRNA ranks and anxiety about passing the GRE . “ The GRE was difficult for me , ” Sedric says . “ In fact , without the aid of a prep course , I may not have achieved the required score for acceptance . I really did n ’ t allow the low [ minority male ] representation to prevent me from applying , but it did fuel some self - doubt . So I focused more on my studies and my duties as a About Latest Posts
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Windows Tools , Help & Guides DVI - I , DVI - D and DVI - A , which is what ? By Thomas First there was VGA , Video ( or Component ) , S - VHS and Scart connectors . All of which use analog signals . Analog signals means that we do n ’ t need any kind of computer to process images ( and sound ) . All we need is old - fashioned electronics or even just a piece of paper and a needle . Today when “ everything ” has gone digital we have got two new standards called DVI and HDMI . Though HDMI is the new all - round standard of connecting Computers and TV ( and soon every gadget and appliance ) you will still come across DVI . Especially when connecting your computer to your flat screen monitor , TV or Projector . DVI comes in several flavours , DVI - A , DVI - D , DVI - I and M1 - DA . But which is what ? The short story is that DVI is the predecessor of HDMI , and the main difference is that the HDMI signal carries Audio as well as Video , where as the DVI signal is mute . The Letters A , D and I denotes different technologies . DVI - I is a connector that is compatible with both DVI - A and DVI - D ( which are not compatible ) . DVI - A is largely a computer format . DVI - D is commonly used on all other home electronics . DVI - A = Analog DVI - D = Digital DVI - I = Integrated ( Both A and D ) M1 - DA = Integrated ( A , D , I and USB ) Another term that comes into play is Dual Link , which is what makes DVI support high - resolution displays . This is sometimes called DVI - DL . To give you an idea of the differences , here is the short story : A Single Link DVI signal is somewhat equal to the analog video signal . The signal quality is only limited by the transmission rate in the copper ( transfer rate of maximum 165 MHz ) . Single Link Signal gives you a maximum resolution of 2098 × 1311 pixels ( 16 : 10 ) and 1915 × 1436 pixels ( 4 : 3 ) . Which for most products are more than enough . For components requiring larger bandwidth ( exceeding 165 MHz ) a second set of cables are provided to send twice the information . Much like Progressive vs Interlaced singals ( Read About that here Differences in the connectors As mentioned earlier the different DVI technologies are not directly compatible . To avoid user errors , the connectors are slightly different , making the incompatible devices impossible to connect . Some connectors can only be connected one way ( DVI - D Male to DVI - I Female , not DVI - I Male to a DVI - D Female ) . Idiot - Proof as we say over here . High - bandwidth Digital Content Protection ( HDCP ) In the old days there were analog copy protection capabilities in VHS recorders , making it ( almost ) impossible to copy a commercial VHS to a private one . Same thing today . Some Equipment have extra HDCP connectors ; that send an encrypted signal using the HDCP protocol for copy protection . Computers with DVI video connectors can use many DVI - equipped HDTV sets as a display , but only computers whose graphics systems support High - bandwidth Digital Content Protection are able to play content that requires digital rights management unless of course the DRM scheme is broken and the DRM break is implemented . Short story over I realize that there are much more to this topic than the above , and I welcome your input in the Comment section below . About Thomas Computer geek from the age of 7 , which amounts to 30 years of computer experience . From the early days ( when every computer company had their own OS ) of DOS , Windows 1.0 through Seven . . . Web | More Posts ( 274 ) Free PC tips by email
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http://miraclecoatsystems.com/
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Unlimited Possibilities means just that Our Decorative Concrete Resurfacing products can transform any surface inside or out to the vision youve been dreaming of to see If youre thinking about resurfacing with natural stone brick or pavers please to see how Miracle Coat is the smarter and more affordable choice Miracle Coat is proudly offering our exclusive products to distributors and professionals nationwide to see how you can become a part of the Miracle Coat family Miracle Coat International Unlimited Possibilities For the best décor and function concrete coatings and concrete repair products Miracle Coat International is a goto coating company that is second to none as the need for high quality coating materials tremendously increases in both residential and commercial setting We can make your exterior and interior wall decking and flooring systems draped magnificently with a touch of magic We manufacture the best coating repair products and decorative concrete coatings in Tampa Bay FL NC TX and with the goal of extending the business in the whole US Maintaining the versatility and smoothness of any surface is our job At Miracle Coat International we provide the solution to your décor and function needs with attention to detail and finish that accounts for superior coverage excellence and quality Our high engineer experience imbued with the artistry of our stoneworkers artisans manufacturers and installers can attest to the greatness and durability of the products we provide customers in NC TX and others areas in the US for the extension of the business especially in Tampa Bay FL which we served for almost 2 decades of A service To buy products from us entails an overall customer satisfaction Be that as it may we make sure that we make your home surface beautiful stong and maintenance free We take pride in providing many products acrylic cement urethane sealer epoxy othersfor use in exterior and interior flooring ICF wall systems EPS systems and more Thus in specifics our products include Decorative Concrete Systems Concrete Repair Products Epoxy Systems Urethane and other Sealer Systems and Epoxy Rock also referred to as River Rock Also our manufactured materials consist of acrylic urethane additives and other coating compositions We can execute any project for your home improvement needs And as you buy products such as acrylic cement coatings urethane sealers epoxies and other specialty sealers you will realize how your project will COST LESS and how your interior and exterior view will LOOK BETTER and LAST LONGER We deliver prompt and professional service in Tampa Bay FL and in TX and NC To be further emphasized North Carolina and Texas along with other states are to be included in our expansion plans It is noted that our products perform very well under extreme hot or cold conditions so there are no limitations on locations We promise to meet every project expectation and quality product guaranty Our acrylic cement coatings epoxies sealers and other decorative and concrete repair products are high graded materials perfect for residential and commercial constructionremodeling When it comes to durability and uniqueness budget and qualitywise were still the best Why Because Miracle Coat costs less than the materials it replicates and is better than bricks stones or pavers Now if you are interested to buy our products just give us a call We will respond to you anytime of the day Phone us now at 352 5971024 Thank you HOME A BOUT US G ALLERY COLORS PARTNERSHIP SINKHOLE REPAIR PRODUCTS AURORA DUST
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http://mirafunds.com/
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MIRA is the global leader in infrastructure management * * Assets under management , Towers Watson Global Alternatives Survey 2017 * * as at 30 September 2018 About MIRA Macquarie Infrastructure and Real Assets ( MIRA ) is the world ’ s largest infrastructure asset manager with growing portfolios in real estate , agriculture and energy . We have been investing in infrastructure for more than 20 years . Today , our focus remains on the enduring success of our portfolio companies and the communities they serve . It ’ s our long - term approach to building sustainable value throughout the investment cycle . Read about MIRA Investment and capabilities MIRA manages over $ A178 billion ( $ US129 billion ) * * of assets on behalf of pension funds , sovereign funds , insurance companies and other investors . Our regionally focused teams are made up of operational and financial experts who take a disciplined approach to creating and managing diverse real asset portfolios . Asset investments Our funds Our investment platforms give investors exposure to infrastructure and other real assets through public and private funds , and co - investment opportunities . We manage over 70 funds around the world , largely regional in focus . They invest in ~ 140 businesses , 400 properties and 4.5 million hectares of farmland . More about our funds Important information Privacy policy Careers Contact Site map
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http://miramarweather.com/
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Miramar Weather The Miramar area of South Florida has a real tropical climate ; hot and humid summers with warm and dry winters . Cold fronts are seen from November through March ; and the " wet season " is from May to October , which coincides with the hurrican season ( 1 June - 30 November ) . Miramar gets its climate from the Gulf Stream ; which keeps the Miramar weather moderate year - round . However , the area can see large , varying amounts of annual rainfall that average between 50 - 65 inches . Preparing for a Florida Vacation starts with planning ahead . Aside from knowing the weather for your Florida trip , you ' re going to need plane tickets , a Florida hotel and more . When buying your Florida plane tickets , check out your local and destination Airport Codes . Weather Forecast | Weather Maps | Weather Radar From there , you might need a Florida Rental Car Service or a Florida Tourist Center and more , but the planning will definitely be worth the Florida vacation . If your vacation , travels or perhaps just your normal day puts you in South West Florida treat yourself to the perfect massage , whether it ' s a North Port massage , Port Charlotte massage or Punta Gorda massage . Make your day or Florida vacation that much better , regardless of the weather . Below is a chart of the Miramar area ' s average weather ; as well as record high ' s and low ' s . As you can see it can hot and humid in Florida - so a properly working Miramar air conditioner is a must . You may need Miramar AC Repair to get your air conditioner up and running - or a new air conditioning system installation for your Miramar home . 954 - 753 - 9436 For all your Air Conditioning and Electrical repair needs call Kings Electrical and Air Conditioning , serving all of Broward County .
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http://misc.medscape.com/pi/android/medscapeapp/html/A216845-business.html
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Enterobacter Infections Enterobacter Infections Author : Susan L Fraser , MD Chief Editor : Michael Stuart Bronze , MD Overview Clinical Presentation Differential Diagnoses Workup Treatment & Management Medication Follow - up Overview Practice Essentials Background Pathophysiology Epidemiology Clinical Presentation History Physical Causes Workup Laboratory Studies Imaging Studies Procedures Histologic Findings Treatment & Management Medical Care Surgical Care Consultations Follow - up Inpatient & Outpatient Medications Deterrence / Prevention Prognosis Practice Essentials Enterobacter infections can include bacteremia , lower respiratory tract infections , skin and soft - tissue infections , urinary tract infections ( UTIs ) , endocarditis , intra - abdominal infections , septic arthritis , osteomyelitis , CNS infections , and ophthalmic infections . Enterobacter infections can necessitate prolonged hospitalization , multiple and varied imaging studies and laboratory tests , various surgical and nonsurgical procedures , and powerful and expensive antimicrobial agents . Signs and symptoms infections do not have a clinical presentation that is specific enough to differentiate them from other acute bacterial infections . Bacteremia Signs of bacteremia include the following : Physical examination findings consistent with systemic inflammatory response syndrome ( SIRS ) : Including heart rate that exceeds 90 bpm , a respiratory rate greater than 20 , and a temperature above 38 ° C or below 36 ° C Fever : Occurring in more than 80 % of children and adults with bacteremia Hypotension and shock : Occur in as many as one third of cases Septic shock : Manifested as disseminated intravascular coagulation , jaundice , acute respiratory distress syndrome , and other complications of organ failure Purpura fulminans and hemorrhagic bullae Ecthyma gangrenosum Cyanosis and mottling : Frequently reported in children with bacteremia Lower respiratory tract infections lower respiratory tract infections can manifest identically to those caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae or other organisms . The physical examination findings may include the following : Apprehension High fever or hypothermia Tachycardia Hypoxemia Tachypnea Cyanosis Patients with pulmonary consolidation may present with crackling sounds , dullness to percussion , tubular breath sounds , and egophony . Pleural effusion may manifest as dullness to percussion and decreased breath sounds . See Clinical Presentation for more detail . Diagnosis Laboratory studies Studies for the evaluation of infections include the following : Complete blood count Creatinine level Electrolyte evaluation Fluid analysis , such as cells and differential , proteins , glucose , and , in some cases , pH , lactate dehydrogenase , and amylase ; required for pleural , articular , pericardial , peritoneal , and cerebrospinal fluids Urine analysis : Always indicated for urinary tract infections ( UTIs ) Factors in the microbiologic diagnosis and assessment of infection include the following : The most important test to document infections is culture ; when the patient presents with signs of systemic inflammation ( eg , fever , tachycardia , tachypnea ) with or without shock ( eg , hypotension , decreased urinary output ) , blood cultures are mandatory Direct Gram staining of the specimen is also useful , because it allows rapid diagnosis of an infection caused by gram - negative bacilli and helps in the selection of antibiotics with known activity against most of these bacteria In the laboratory , growth of isolates is expected to be detectable in 24 hours or less ; species grow rapidly on selective ( ie , MacConkey ) and nonselective ( ie , sheep blood ) agars Imaging studies Studies used in the investigation and management of infections include the following : Chest infections : Serial chest radiography , chest ultrasonography , and computed tomography ( CT ) scanning Intra - abdominal infections : CT scanning and ultrasonography Endocarditis and intravascular infections : Echocardiography ( preferably transesophageal ) and nuclear indium scanning UTIs : Renal ultrasonography ; occasionally , CT scanning and pyelography Central nervous system ( CNS ) and ophthalmic infections : CT scanning and / or magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) Bone and joint infections : Plain radiography , CT scanning and / or MRI studies , nuclear medicine studies New technologies such as positron emission tomography ( PET ) scanning may be indicated in very selective cases , particularly for differentiation of neoplasia and infection . See Workup for more detail . Management Antimicrobial therapy is indicated in virtually all infections . With few exceptions , the major classes of antibiotics used to manage infections with these bacteria include the following : Beta - lactams : Carbapenems are the most reliable beta - lactam drugs for the treatment of severe infections ; fourth - generation cephalosporins are a distant second choice Aminoglycosides : Aminoglycoside resistance is relatively common and varies widely among centers Fluoroquinolones : Resistance to fluoroquinolones is relatively rare but may be high in some parts of the world Trimethoprim - sulfamethoxazole ( TMP - SMZ ) : Resistance to TMP - SMZ is more common See Treatment and Medication for more detail . References Background species , particularly Enterobacter cloacae and Enterobacter aerogenes , are important nosocomial pathogens responsible for various infections , including bacteremia , lower respiratory tract infections , skin and soft - tissue infections , urinary tract infections ( UTIs ) , endocarditis , intra - abdominal infections , septic arthritis , osteomyelitis , CNS , and ophthalmic infections . species can also cause various community - acquired infections , including UTIs , skin and soft - tissue infections , and wound infections , among others . Risk factors for nosocomial infections include hospitalization of greater than 2 weeks , invasive procedures in the past 72 hours , treatment with antibiotics in the past 30 days , and the presence of a central venous catheter . Specific risk factors for infection with nosocomial multidrug - resistant strains of species include the recent use of broad - spectrum cephalosporins or aminoglycosides and ICU care . These " ICU bugs " cause significant morbidity and mortality , and infection management is complicated by resistance to multiple antibiotics . species possess inducible beta - lactamases , which are undetectable in vitro but are responsible for resistance during treatment . Physicians treating patients with infections are advised to avoid certain antibiotics , particularly third - generation cephalosporins , because resistant mutants can quickly appear . The crucial first step is appropriate identification of the bacteria . Antibiograms must be interpreted with respect to the different resistance mechanisms and their respective frequency , as is reported for species , even if routine in vitro antibiotic susceptibility testing has not identified resistance . References Pathophysiology species rarely cause disease in healthy individuals . This opportunistic pathogen , similar to other members of the Enterobacteriaceae family , possesses an endotoxin known to play a major role in the pathophysiology of sepsis and its complications . Although community - acquired infections are occasionally reported , nosocomial infections are , by far , most common . Patients most susceptible to infections are those who stay in the hospital , especially the ICU , for prolonged periods . Other major risk factors of infection include prior use of antimicrobial agents , concomitant malignancy ( especially hemopoietic and solid - organ malignancies ) , hepatobiliary disease , ulcers of the upper gastrointestinal tract , use of foreign devices such as intravenous catheters , and serious underlying conditions such as burns , mechanical ventilation , and immunosuppression . The source of infection may be endogenous ( via colonization of the skin , gastrointestinal tract , or urinary tract ) or exogenous , resulting from the ubiquitous nature of species . Multiple reports have incriminated the hands of personnel , endoscopes , blood products , devices for monitoring intra - arterial pressure , and stethoscopes as sources of infection . Outbreaks have been traced to various common sources : total parenteral nutrition solutions , isotonic saline solutions , albumin , digital thermometers , and dialysis equipment . species contain a subpopulation of organisms that produce a beta - lactamase at low - levels . Once exposed to broad - spectrum cephalosporins , the subpopulation of beta - lactamase – producing organisms predominate . Thus , an infection that appears sensitive to cephalosporins at diagnosis may quickly develop into a resistant infection during therapy . Carbapenems and cefepime have a more stable beta - lactam ring against the lactamase produced by resistant strains of Enterobacter . Epidemiology Frequency United States National surveillance programs continually demonstrate that species remain a significant source of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients . In the Surveillance and Control of Pathogens of Epidemiological Importance [ SCOPE ] project , 24,179 nosocomial bloodstream infections from 1995 - 2002 were analyzed . species were the second - most - common gram - negative organism behind Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; however , both bacteria were reported to each represent 4.7 % of bloodstream infections in ICU settings . species represent 3.1 % of bloodstream infections in non - ICU wards . Of nearly 75,000 gram - negative organisms collected from ICU patients in the United States between 1993 and 2004 , species comprised 13.5 % of the isolates . Multidrug resistance increased over time , especially in infections caused by E cloacae [ 1 ] The National Healthcare Safety Network ( NHSN ) reported on healthcare - associated infections ( HAI ) between 2006 and 2007 . They found species to be the eighth most common cause of HAI ( 5 % of all infections ) and the fourth most common gram - negative cause of HAIs . [ 2 ] Previous reports from the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System ( NNIS ) demonstrated that species caused 11.2 % of pneumonia cases in all types of ICUs , ranking third after Staphylococcus aureus ( 18.1 % ) and P aeruginosa ( 17 % ) . The corresponding rates among patients in pediatric ICUs were 9.8 % for pneumonia , 6.8 % for bloodstream infections , and 9.5 % for UTIs . [ 3 , 4 , 5 ] species were also among the most frequent pathogens involved in surgical - site infections , as reported in the NNIS report from October 1986 to April 1997 . The isolation rate was 9.5 % ( with enterococci , coagulase - negative staphylococci , S aureus , and P aeruginosa rates being 15.3 % , 12.6 % , 11.2 % , and 10.3 % , respectively ) . Data on antibiotic resistance are available from the Intensive Care Antimicrobial Resistance Epidemiology ( ICARE ) surveillance report . The rates of resistance to third - generation cephalosporins were 25.3 % in ICUs , 22.3 % among non - ICU inpatients , 10.1 % among ambulatory patients , and as high as 36.2 % in pediatric ICUs . [ 6 ] International species have a global presence in both adult and neonatal ICUs . Surveillance data and outbreak case reports from North and South America , Europe , and Asia indicate that these bacteria represent an important opportunistic pathogen among neonates and debilitated patients in ICUs . The prevalence of resistance to beta - lactam antibiotics , aminoglycosides , trimethoprim - sulfamethoxazole ( TMP - SMZ ) , and quinolones seems to be higher in certain European countries and Israel than in the United States and Canada . Higher rates of resistance to fluoroquinolones and to beta - lactam and cephalosporin antibiotics due to the production of extended - spectrum beta - lactamases have been reported in South America and the Asian and Pacific regions . [ 7 , 8 ] Mortality / Morbidity infections cause considerable mortality and morbidity rates . species can cause disease in virtually any body compartment . They are responsible for frequent and severe nosocomial infections that require prolonged hospitalization , multiple and varied imaging studies and laboratory tests , various surgical and nonsurgical procedures , and powerful and expensive antimicrobial agents . Most importantly , infections that do not directly causing death cause considerable suffering in many patients , most of whom are already afflicted with chronic diseases . In patients with bacteremia , the most important factor in determining the risk of mortality is the severity of the underlying disease . Higher 30 - day mortality rates were noted in patients presenting with septic shock and increasing Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scores . Other factors implicated , independently or by association , in the outcome of bacteremia include thrombocytopenia , hemorrhage , a concurrent pulmonary focus of infection , renal insufficiency , admission in an ICU , prolonged hospitalization , prior surgery , intravascular and / or urinary catheters , immunosuppressive therapy , neutropenia , antibiotic resistance , and inappropriate antimicrobial therapy . Recent studies have demonstrated that empirical aminoglycoside use and appropriate initial antibiotic therapy were associated with lower mortality rates , whereas vasopressor use , ICU care , and acute renal failure were associated with higher mortality rates . Independent risk factors for mortality included cephalosporin resistance , trimethoprim - sulfamethoxazole resistance , mechanical ventilation , and nosocomial infection . [ 9 , 10 ] Crude mortality rates associated with infections range from 15 - 87 % , but most reported rates range from 20 - 46 % . Attributable mortality rates are reported to range from 6 - 40 % . E cloacae infection is associated with the highest mortality rate of all infections . Bacteremia with cephalosporin - resistant species is associated with a 30 - day mortality rate that significantly exceeds that of infections with susceptible strains ( 33.7 % vs 18.6 % ) . Mortality rates associated with pneumonia are higher than those of pneumonia due to many other gram - negative bacilli . These rates range from 14 - 71 % . As with bacteremia , the severity of the underlying disease is the major factor that predicts outcome . Other factors that indicate an unfavorable outcome include the extent of the disease as seen on chest radiographs , corticosteroid therapy , isolation of multiple pathogens from lower respiratory tract secretions , and , possibly , treatment with a single antibiotic . A review of 17 cases of endocarditis reported an overall mortality rate of 44.4 % . Race infections have no reported or presumed racial predilection . Sex The male - to - female ratio of bacteremia is 1.3 - 2.5 : 1 . This male predominance is also reported in the pediatric population . Age infections are most common in neonates and in elderly individuals , reflecting the increased prevalence of severe underlying diseases at these age extremes . In the pediatric ICU setting , an age younger than 2.5 years is a risk factor for colonization . Enterobacter sakazakii , now known as Cronobacter sakazakii , has been reported as a cause of sepsis and meningitis , complicated by ventriculitis , brain abscess , cerebral infarction , and cyst formation . [ 11 ] This clinical pattern appears to be specific to C sakazakii in neonates and infants infected with this bacterium . C sakazakii has also been associated with many outbreaks due to contaminated powdered formula for infants . [ 12 , 13 ] A taxonomic reclassification of the neonatal pathogen E sakazakii within a new genus " Cronobacter " within the Enterobacteriaceae was proposed in 2007 . [ 14 ] History infections do not produce a unique enough clinical presentation to differentiate them clinically from other acute bacterial infections . Consequently , details on the patient history and physical examination findings for each infected body compartment are not provided in this article , with the exception of lower respiratory tract infections and bacteremia . Details regarding similar disease presentations are available throughout Medscape Reference via the links provided in the Differentials section . Bacteremia Most cases of bacteremia are nosocomial , frequently acquired in the ICU . E cloacae , followed by E aerogenes , are by far the species implicated most frequently in bacteremia cases . Mixed bacteremia is common ( 14 - 53 % ) . The portal of entry into the bloodstream is frequently unknown , but any infected organ , central line , or arterial catheters may be the primary source of bacteremia . Symptoms of bacteremia are similar to those of bacteremia due to other gram - negative bacilli . Lower respiratory tract infections The clinical presentations caused by lower respiratory tract infections include asymptomatic colonization , tracheobronchitis , pneumonia , lung abscess , and empyema . As with other respiratory pathogens , chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , diabetes mellitus , alcohol abuse , malignancy , and neurologic diseases are risk factors for the acquisition of lower respiratory tract infections . Prior antimicrobial therapy may predispose to pneumonia . species are a significant cause of ventilator - associated pneumonia . species are major pathogens in early post – lung transplant pneumonia . In most cases , the bacteria are transmitted from the donor . Symptoms of pneumonia are not specific to these bacteria . Fever , cough , production of purulent sputum , tachypnea , and tachycardia are usually present . As with infections caused by organisms such as Streptococcus pneumoniae , many infections in elderly debilitated patients do not cause a systemic inflammatory reaction . However , this clinical presentation is by no means benign , and the associated mortality rate is particularly high in this population . Skin and soft - tissue infections In most cases , skin and soft - tissue infections are hospital - acquired and include cellulitis , fasciitis , myositis , abscesses , and wound infections . species can infect surgical wounds in any body site , and these infections are clinically indistinguishable from infections caused by other bacteria . In 1985 , Palmer et al reviewed an outbreak of postsurgical mediastinitis . [ 15 ] Cases varied in severity from fulminant bacteremic infections to less - severe wound infections . The source was unknown , and a case - control analysis suggested that surgical complications and prophylaxis with cephalosporins were associated with the infection . The level of skin and wound colonization was high among patients who underwent cardiac surgery during this outbreak . The outbreak was controlled with barrier isolation , restriction of contacts , and a reduction in the duration of cephalosporin prophylaxis . Other wound infections have been reported in the literature . Infected body sites have included a posterior spinal wound , burn wounds ( many reports ) , and different types of injuries involving trauma to multiple sites . Some of the infections were polymicrobial . Some authors have noted a trend of traditional wound bacteria ( eg , S aureus ) being replaced by species and other nosocomial pathogens . Some trauma - related wound infections are acquired before hospital admission . This was the case with agricultural mutilating wounds caused by corn - harvesting machines . Gram - negative rods were predominant ( 81 % ) , the most common being species and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia species occasionally cause community - acquired soft - tissue infections in healthy individuals , including those who sustain war - related or trauma - related injuries . Endocarditis A case report described a patient with endocarditis on a porcine mitral heterograft . An accompanying literature review disclosed 17 additional cases . Two thirds of the patients had underlying cardiac disease ; most had mitral valve infection , and 4 patients had concomitant aortic valve involvement . [ 16 ] A few more case reports subsequent to this case series have been published in both English and non - English literature . Urinary tract infections UTI is indistinguishable from a UTI caused by other gram - negative bacilli . Pyelonephritis with or without bacteremia , prostatitis , cystitis , and asymptomatic bacteriuria can be caused by species , as with Escherichia coli and other gram - negative bacilli . Most UTIs are nosocomial and are associated with indwelling urinary catheters and / or prior antibiotic therapy . Intra - abdominal infections species may be isolated together with colonic flora in intra - abdominal abscesses or peritonitis following intestinal perforation or surgery . A frequent cause of involvement is prior digestive - tract colonization by species during hospitalization . Case reports have described hepatobiliary sepsis , including emphysematous cholecystitis , suppurative cholangitis , and hepatic gas gangrene in a child after liver transplantation . Hemorrhagic necrotizing pancreatitis developed in a 72 - year - old woman with obstructive jaundice . Central nervous system infections Neonatal meningitis resulting from C sakazakii infection is described in Age . In 1993 , Durand et al published a review of 493 episodes of acute bacterial meningitis . [ 17 ] This study involved patients aged 16 years or older admitted to Massachusetts General Hospital from January 1962 through December 1988 . Gram - negative bacilli were the etiologic agents in 4 % and 38 % of community - acquired and nosocomial meningitis , respectively . In community - acquired infections , was isolated in one of the 9 cases of meningitis caused by gram - negative bacilli ( E coli 4 times , Klebsiella species 3 times , and Proteus once ) and in 5 of the 57 episodes of nosocomial meningitis ( E coli 17 times , Klebsiella species 13 times , Pseudomonas species 6 times , and Acinetobacter species 6 times ) . Other series were reported from various countries ( United States , Iceland , United Kingdom , Senegal , Brazil ) . Gram - negative bacilli were not among the 5 most common causes of meningitis in any of these countries . Ophthalmic infections species account for a small fraction of postsurgical endophthalmitis and posttraumatic cases . [ 18 ] Most ophthalmic infections are caused by gram - positive organisms , but species and Pseudomonas species are among the most aggressive pathogens . Bone and joint infections species are occasionally implicated in septic arthritis , on both native and prosthetic joints , and can result in osteomyelitis and discitis in adults and children . bone and joint infections are usually more difficult to cure than those caused by S aureus . The authors have observed relapses that required additional treatment following the initial 6 weeks of intravenous therapy . Physical Physical examination findings consistent with systemic inflammatory response syndrome ( SIRS ) include heart rate that exceeds 90 bpm , a respiratory rate of greater than 20 , and temperature of greater than 38 ° C or less than 36 ° C . More than 80 % of children and adults with bacteremia develop fever . Hypotension and shock occur in as many as one third of cases . Disseminated intravascular coagulation , jaundice , acute respiratory distress syndrome , and other organ failures reflect the severity of septic shock . Purpura fulminans and hemorrhagic bullae usually observed with meningococci or viruses causing hemorrhagic fever may be part of the clinical presentation of bacteremia . Ecthyma gangrenosum , usually associated with or Aeromonas bacteremia , may also be observed . Cyanosis and mottling is frequently reported in children with bacteremia . The physical manifestations caused by are not specific for infection with these bacteria . lower respiratory tract infections can manifest identically to those caused by S pneumoniae or other organisms . The physical examination findings may include apprehension , high fever or hypothermia , tachycardia , hypoxemia , tachypnea , and cyanosis . Patients with pulmonary consolidation may present with crackling sounds , dullness to percussion , tubular breath sounds , and egophony . Pleural effusion may manifest as dullness to percussion and decreased breath sounds . Causes is a gram - negative bacillus that belongs to the Enterobacteriaceae family . Other members of this family include Klebsiella , Escherichia , Citrobacter , Cronobacter Serratia Salmonella , and Shigella species , among many others . Enterobacteriaceae are the most common bacterial isolates recovered from clinical specimens . These bacteria have an outer membrane that contains , among other things , lipopolysaccharides from which lipid - A plays a major role in sepsis . Lipid - A , also known as endotoxin , is the major stimulus for the release of cytokines , which are the mediators of systemic inflammation and its complications . In the microbiology laboratory , colonies of Enterobacteriaceae appear large , dull - gray , and dry or mucoid on sheep blood agar . All Enterobacteriaceae ferment glucose and , consequently , are able to grow in aerobic and anaerobic atmospheres . MacConkey agar is a lactose - containing medium that is selective for nonfastidious gram - negative bacilli such as Enterobacteriaceae . Using the enzymes beta - galactosidase and beta - galactoside permeases , the most frequently encountered species of strains activate the pH indicator ( neutral red ) included in MacConkey agar , giving a red stain to the growing colonies . species may appear similar as mucoid colonies but can be differentiated with a few specific tests . In contrast to species , organisms are motile , usually ornithine decarboxylase - positive , and urease - negative . Many different species comprise the genus . Some have never been associated with human infections . The most commonly isolated species include E aerogenes , followed by E sakazakii ( now reclassified into the genus ) , which produces a characteristic yellow pigment . Other species rarely encountered in the clinic include Enterobacter asburiae , Enterobacter gergoviae , Enterobacter taylorae , Enterobacter hormaechei , Enterobacter cancerogenus Enterobacter agglomerans has been removed from the genus and renamed Pantoea agglomerans Differential Diagnoses Abdominal Abscess Acute Bacterial Prostatitis and Prostatic Abscess Acute Pancreatitis Acute Pyelonephritis Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Acute Sinusitis Adrenal Crisis Ascites Aspiration Pneumonitis and Pneumonia Bacterial Pneumonia Bacterial Sepsis Biliary Disease Bronchitis Cellulitis Cholangitis Cholecystitis Chronic Pyelonephritis Urinary Tract Infection ( UTI ) and Cystitis ( Bladder Infection ) in Females Emphysema Emphysematous Cholecystitis Escherichia coli ( E coli ) Infections Gallbladder Empyema Imaging in Emphysematous Pyelonephritis Infective Endocarditis Klebsiella Infections Liver Abscess Lung Abscess Mediastinitis Meningitis Meningococcal Infections Meningococcemia Morganella Infections Neutropenia Nongonococcal Infectious Arthritis Parapneumonic Pleural Effusions and Empyema Thoracis Pneumococcal Infections ( Streptococcus pneumoniae ) Prostatitis , Bacterial Septic Arthritis Septic Shock Splenic Abscess Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome Urinary Tract Infection ( UTI ) in Males Urinary Tract Infections in Pregnancy Urinary Tract Obstruction Laboratory Studies Microbiological studies The most important test to document infections is culture . Direct Gram staining of the specimen is also very useful because it allows rapid diagnosis of an infection caused by gram - negative bacilli and helps in the selection of antibiotics with known activity against most of these bacteria . The specimen submitted to the microbiology laboratory should represent the infectious process in evolution . When the patient presents with signs of systemic inflammation ( eg , fever , tachycardia , tachypnea ) with or without shock ( eg , hypotension , decreased urinary output ) , blood cultures are mandatory . Older and debilitated patients or patients receiving nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs , steroids , or immunosuppressive therapy may be bacteremic in the absence of any sign of inflammation . In addition , hypothermia is a characteristic of particularly severe sepsis . In the laboratory , growth of isolates is expected to be detectable in 24 hours or less . species grow rapidly on selective ( ie , MacConkey ) and nonselective ( ie , sheep blood ) agars . Blood culture details Two sets ( with one aerobic and one anaerobic bottle in each set ) should be obtained 20 - 30 minutes apart , from 2 different sites ( if possible ) . If the patient has a central venous catheter , one set should be drawn through it . In the adult patient , 8 - 10 mL of blood should be collected in each bottle . Enterobacteriaceae ferment glucose and should thus grow in both bottles . Growth in the presence and absence of oxygen is very important early information permitting a presumptive diagnosis of Enterobacteriaceae bacteremia because nonfermentative gram - negative bacilli ( eg , Pseudomonas , Acinetobacter , Stenotrophomonas ) can not usually grow in the absence of oxygen . Lower respiratory tract specimens Routine Gram staining of sputum is mandatory for every specimen to evaluate the degree of contamination . A good specimen should show few epithelial cells and many white cells unless the patient is severely neutropenic . In the case of pneumonia , the pathogen ( ie , in this article , gram - negative bacilli ) should be easily visualized with a high - power lens under oil immersion . A poor - quality specimen should not be cultured because the identification of organisms that colonize the oropharynx is not helpful for the management of the infection and can cause confusion regarding the cause of the pneumonia . With a lower respiratory tract infection , a significant number of organisms ( gram - negative bacilli ) should be visible after direct staining . The threshold of optical detection of these bacteria is approximately 10 5 bacteria / mL . A positive culture result with a negative Gram stain result likely represents colonization rather than infection , at least in untreated patients . Endotracheal secretions obtained from intubated patients or via bronchoscopy , fluid from bronchoalveolar lavage , or specimens from transtracheal biopsy are also contaminated with upper respiratory secretions , and the same caution should be applied in the interpretation of culture results as in the interpretation of sputum specimens . However , bronchoscopy specimens obtained through a protective shield are not contaminated or are only slightly contaminated . Specimens obtained by bypassing the oropharynx ( eg , transthoracic biopsy , open lung biopsy ) are sterile , and any bacterial growth should be considered significant . All other specimens Pus and joint , pleural , pericardial , peritoneal , and cerebrospinal fluids ; bile ; urine ; and biopsy specimens of the skin and subcutaneous tissues , muscles , bone , and any other specimen should be promptly transported to the laboratory for rapid Gram staining and culture ( or kept refrigerated for the shortest possible period ) . Ophthalmologic specimens , such as those obtained from patients with endophthalmitis , are so small that the frequent recommendation is that they be injected into a blood culture bottle . This practice is also favored for potentially infected ascites fluid , as some evidence in the literature suggests that this method is more sensitive than direct plating on agar . Intravenous and intra - arterial catheters should also be cultured if catheter sepsis is suggested . The catheter tip is rolled over the agar . Any growth of more than 15 colonies likely represents , according to studies by Maki et al , catheter infection rather than contamination . [ 19 ] Drugs to include for antimicrobial susceptibility testing For nonfastidious gram - negative bacilli , potential antimicrobial activity should be tested in vitro . The choice of specific antibiotics to be tested should reflect the availability of each drug in the pharmacy of each institution . Penicillins should include ampicillin and at least one of the extended - spectrum penicillins ( eg , carboxy , ureido , or acylaminopenicillin ) such as ticarcillin , mezlocillin , or piperacillin . The addition of ticarcillin - clavulanic acid or piperacillin - tazobactam is optional . Cephalosporins include a first - generation drug of this class of antibiotics , such as cefazolin , and a third - generation drug with and without activity , such as ceftriaxone or ceftazidime . Include at least one carbapenem , usually imipenem , or in accordance with available pharmaceutical agents in the institution . Include the aminoglycosides , usually gentamicin and tobramycin . Amikacin may be tested primarily or when bacteria show resistance to these 2 drugs . Include a quinolone , such as ciprofloxacin . Include TMP - SMZ . Some laboratories routinely add aztreonam . A cephamycin , such as cefoxitin , is a useful addition to screen for some specific beta - lactamases , such as those of class C ( see Medical Care ) . Other antibiotics that may be considered for testing include tigecycline , polymyxin B , and colistin , the latter two when particularly resistant organisms are identified . Methods and results of antimicrobial susceptibility testing Different methods of testing are available . One of the most popular is the Kirby - Bauer disk method , which is simple , reliable , and inexpensive but does not quantify the results in terms of minimal inhibitory concentration ( MIC ) . MIC methods include antimicrobial agar dilution , usually regarded as the criterion standard , or broth ( micro ) dilution . Manual methods are more time - consuming than disk methods for measuring MIC . Automation for broth microdilution methods is available from different manufacturers . The results of sensitivity testing are expressed in millimeters of growth inhibition with disk testing or in mcg / mL in MIC testing . These results are compared to breakpoints issued by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute ( CLSI ) , formerly the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards ( NCCLS ) , in order to determine if an organism is susceptible , intermediately susceptible , or resistant to the tested antimicrobial agent . The CLSI may not have breakpoints for some species or for some antibiotics . Unfortunately , these elegant methods are not flawless , and reports of falsely susceptible ( less frequently , falsely resistant ) bacteria are by no means rare in daily clinical practice . Many resistance mechanisms are not detectable with these routine tests , and this is particularly true for the production of some beta - lactamases ( see Medical Care ) . A good knowledge of the major resistance mechanisms is important for the interpretation of the crude sensitivity results . Consultation with a senior microbiologist and / or an infectious disease specialist should be considered when the organism is resistant to several antibiotics . Other laboratory studies Complete blood cell count , creatinine level , and electrolyte evaluation are part of the minimal investigation required for the management of infections . Fluid analysis ( eg , cells and differential , proteins , glucose , and in some cases pH , lactate dehydrogenase , and amylase ) is required for pleural , articular , pericardial , peritoneal , and cerebrospinal fluids . Urine analysis is always indicated for UTIs . Tests for liver enzymes , creatine kinase , sedimentation rate , C - reactive protein , bone marrow examination , and microscopic examination of stained biopsy specimens are indicated according to the type of infection involved . Imaging Studies Imaging studies are an important part of the investigation and management of infections . Specific studies are chosen based on the organ or systems involved in the infectious process . For chest infections , serial chest radiography , chest ultrasonography , and CT scanning are useful when pulmonary abscesses , pleural or pericardial effusions , empyema , and / or mediastinitis is a concern . Intra - abdominal infections may require CT scanning and ultrasonography . Endocarditis and intravascular infections may require echocardiography , preferably transesophageal . In some situations , nuclear indium scanning may be helpful . UTIs may require renal ultrasonography . Occasionally , CT scanning and pyelography ( ie , intravenous or retrograde ) are useful . Central nervous system and ophthalmic infections may require CT scanning and / or MRI . Bone and joint infections may require plain radiography . CT scanning and / or MRI studies are helpful in selected cases of soft - tissue infections , osteomyelitis , and septic arthritis . Nuclear medicine studies , bone and gallium scans in particular , are frequently a useful complement to plain radiography . Findings from indium scans or other types of marked white blood cell scans are somewhat more specific for the diagnosis of deep infections than gallium scan , although they may be less sensitive . See the image below . View Image Radiograph of an open right tibial fracture in a 21 - year - old male marine who was wounded when an improvised explosive device detonated while he was on . . . . New technologies such as positron emission tomography ( PET ) scans may be indicated in very selective cases , particularly for differentiation of neoplasia and infection . Procedures Procedures indicated for various infections may include the following : Removal of central venous catheters within 72 hours of gram - negative bacilli infections ( This has been shown to lower the risk of relapse . ) Surgical or percutaneous drainage of infected collections Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography or magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography ( MRCP ) for biliary obstruction Lumbar puncture for evaluation of CNS infections Soft - tissue or bone needle biopsy Histologic Findings Along with signs of infection ( leukocytic infiltration ) , histology should reveal the presence of bacterial rods . Medical Care Antimicrobial therapy is indicated in virtually all With few exceptions , the major classes of antibiotics used to manage infections with these bacteria include the beta - lactams , carbapenems , the fluoroquinolones , the aminoglycosides , and TMP - SMZ . Because most species are either very resistant to many agents or can develop resistance during antimicrobial therapy , the choice of appropriate antimicrobial agents is complicated . Consultation with experts in infectious diseases and microbiology is usually indicated . In 2006 , Paterson published a good review of resistance among various Enterobacteriaceae . [ 20 ] Ritchie et al ( 2009 ) published a good discussion regarding antibiotic choices for infection encountered in the ICU . [ 21 ] Newer options include tigecycline . Although not indicated specifically for pneumonia or bloodstream infections , tigecycline has excellent in vitro activity against these gram - negative bacilli . [ 22 , 23 , 24 ] In one laboratory study of multidrug - resistant gram - negative bacilli , tigecycline maintained a low MIC against all of the organisms . [ 25 ] Older options might include intravenous administration of polymyxin B or colistin , drugs that are rarely used , even in large medical centers , and for which standard susceptibility criteria are not available . A study of 89 carbapenem nonsusceptible Enterobacteriaceae isolates from China showed that polymyxin B was much more active than tigecycline . [ 26 ] Beta - lactams With rare exceptions , E cloacae , E aerogenes , and most other species are resistant to the narrow - spectrum penicillins that traditionally have good activity against other Enterobacteriaceae such as ( eg , ampicillin , amoxicillin ) and to first - generation and second - generation cephalosporins ( eg , cefazolin , cefuroxime ) . They also are usually resistant to cephamycins such as cefoxitin . Initial resistance to third - generation cephalosporins ( eg , ceftriaxone , cefotaxime , ceftazidime ) and extended - spectrum penicillins ( eg , ticarcillin , azlocillin , piperacillin ) varies but can develop during treatment . The activity of the fourth - generation cephalosporins ( eg , cefepime ) is fair , and the activity of the carbapenems ( eg , imipenem , The bacteria designated by the acronym SERMOR - PROVENF ( SER = Serratia , MOR = Morganella , PROV = Providencia , EN = Enterobacter , F = freundii for Citrobacter freundii ) have similar , although not identical , chromosomal beta - lactamase genes that are inducible . With Enterobacter , the expression of the gene AmpC is repressed , but derepression can be induced by beta - lactams . Of these inducible bacteria , mutants with constitutive hyperproduction of beta - lactamases can emerge at a rate between 10 5 and 10 8 . These mutants are highly resistant to most beta - lactam antibiotics and are considered stably derepressed . AmpC beta - lactamases are cephalosporinases from the functional group 1 and molecular class C in the Bush - Jacoby - Medeiros classification of beta - lactamases . They are not inhibited by beta - lactamase inhibitors ( eg , clavulanic acid , tazobactam , sulbactam ) . Ampicillin and amoxicillin , first - and second - generation cephalosporins , and cephamycins are strong beta - lactamase inducers . They are also rapidly inactivated by these beta - lactamases ; thus , resistance is readily documented in vitro but may emerge rapidly in vivo . Jacoby ( 2009 ) recently published a good discussion about the emerging importance of beta - lactamases . [ 27 ] Third - generation cephalosporins and extended - spectrum penicillins , although labile to AmpC beta - lactamases , are weak inducers . Resistance is expressed in vitro only with bacteria that are in a state of stable derepression ( mutant hyperproducers of beta - lactamases ) . However , the physician must understand that organisms considered susceptible with in vitro testing can become resistant during treatment by the following sequence of events : ( 1 ) induction of AmpC beta - lactamases , ( 2 ) mutation among induced strains , ( 3 ) hyperproduction of AmpC beta - lactamases For unknown reasons , extended - spectrum penicillins are less selective than third - generation cephalosporins . The in - therapy resistance phenomenon is less common with carboxy , ureido ( eg , piperacillin ) , or acylaminopenicillins . This phenomenon has been well documented as a cause of treatment failure with pneumonia and bacteremia ; however , the phenomenon is rare with UTIs . The fourth - generation cephalosporins are relatively stable to the action of AmpC beta - lactamases ; consequently , they retain moderate activity against the mutant strains of hyperproducing AmpC beta - lactamases . Carbapenems are strong beta - lactamase inducers , but they remain very stable to the action of these beta - lactamases . As a consequence , no resistance to carbapenems , either in vitro or in vivo , can be attributed to beta - lactamases . However , species can develop resistance to carbapenems via other mechanisms . The New Delhi metallo - beta - lactamase ( NDM - 1 ) has affected species around the world . [ 28 , 29 , 30 ] The production of extended - spectrum beta - lactamases ( ESBLs ) has been documented in . Usually , these ESBLs are TEM1 - derived or SHV1 - derived enzymes , and they have been reported since 1983 in Klebsiella pneumoniae , Klebsiella oxytoca , . Bush et al classify these ESBLs in group 2be and in molecular class A in their beta - lactamase classification . [ 31 ] The location of these enzymes on plasmids favors their transfer between bacteria of the same and of different genera . Many other gram - negative bacilli may also possess such resistant plasmids . Among species , reports indicate that E aerogenes has been the most common carrier of ESBL . Unlike the AmpC beta - lactamases , these enzymes are encoded by plasmid DNA and do not possess a molecular mechanism of induction or stable derepression . They are inactivated by the beta - lactamase inhibitors and remain susceptible to cefoxitin ( testing cefoxitin is then a useful tool to help differentiate AmpC beta - lactamases from ESBLs ) . Bacteria - producing ESBLs should be considered resistant to all generations of cephalosporins , all penicillins , and to the monobactams such as aztreonam , even if the in vitro susceptibilities are in the sensitive range according to the CLSI breakpoints . In the past , the CLSI has cautioned physicians regarding the absence of a good correlation with susceptibility when its breakpoints are applied to ESBL - producing bacteria . In 1999 , the CLSI published guidelines for presumptive identification and for confirmation of ESBL production by E coli , guidelines that are often applied to other Enterobacteriaceae . From the above , one can conclude that , when a bacterium of the genus produces ESBL ( s ) ( more than 1 ESBL can be produced by the same bacteria ) , it does so in addition to the AmpC beta - lactamases that are always present , either in states of inducibility or in states of stable derepression . With stable derepressed mutants , ESBL is almost impossible to detect unless molecular methods such as polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) or isoelectric focusing ( IEF ) electrophoresis are used . For inducible strains , no recommendations have been issued by the CLSI for the detection of ESBL ( ie , if Carbapenems are the most reliable beta - lactam drugs for the treatment of severe infections , and fourth - generation cephalosporins are a distant second choice . The association of an extended - spectrum penicillin with a beta - lactamase inhibitor remains a controversial issue for therapy of ESBL - producing organisms . Resistance to carbapenems is rare but has been reported and is considered an emerging clinical threat posed by species , as well as by other Enterobacteriaceae . [ 28 , 29 ] The beta - lactamases first implicated in imipenem resistance were NMC - A and IMI - 1 , both molecular class A and functional group 2f carbapenemases , which are inhibited by clavulanic acid and then able to hydrolyze all the beta - lactams not associated with a beta - lactamase inhibitor . In August 2017 , meropenem / vaborbactam was FDA approved for complicated urinary tract infections ( cUTI ) caused by carbapenem - resistant Enterobacteriaceae ( CRE ) . The novel carbapenem / beta - lactamase inhibitor meropenem / vaborbactam ( Vabomere ) specifically addresses carbapenem - resistant Enterobacteriaceae ( CRE ) ( eg , E coli , K pneumoniae ) by inhibiting the production of enzymes that block carbapenem antibiotics , one of the more powerful classes of drugs in the antibiotic arsenal . Bacteria that produce the K pneumoniae carbapenemase ( KPC ) enzyme are responsible for a large majority of CRE infections in the United States . The approval was based on data from a phase 3 multicenter , randomized , double - blind , double - dummy study , TANGO - I ( n = 550 ) in adults with cUTI , including those with pyelonephritis . The primary endpoint was overall cure or improvement and microbiologic outcome of eradication ( defined as baseline bacterial pathogen reduced to < 104 CFU / mL ) . Data showed about 98.4 % of patients treated with intravenous meropenem / vaborbactam exhibited cure / improvement in symptoms and a negative urine culture result , compared with 94.3 % of [ 32 ] Hyperproduction ( stable derepression ) of AmpC beta - lactamases associated with some decrease in permeability to the carbapenems may also cause resistance to these agents . In vitro low - level ertapenem resistance was not associated with resistance to imipenem or meropenem , but high - level ertapenem resistance predicted resistance to the other carbapenems . [ 33 ] Metallo - beta - lactamases cause resistance across the carbapenem class , are transmissible , and have been associated with clinical outbreaks in hospitals worldwide . In one reported outbreak of 17 cases of infection ( 2 due to species ) , molecular studies demonstrated presence of a gene belonging to bla ( VIM - 1 ) cluster . [ 34 ] KPC - type carbapenemases have emerged in New York City . [ 20 ] The new NDM - 1 carbapenemase has already rapidly spread to many countries . [ 8 ] Aminoglycosides Aminoglycoside resistance is relatively common and varies widely among centers . As with other members of Enterobacteriaceae , this resistance results from the production of different aminoglycoside - inactivating enzymes . Quinolones and TMP - SMZ Resistance to fluoroquinolones is relatively rare but may be high in some parts of the world . Resistance to TMP - SMZ is more common . Colistin and polymyxin B These drugs are being used more frequently to treat serious infection caused by multidrug - resistant organisms , sometimes as monotherapy or in combination with other antibiotics . Clinical experience , including documentation of success rates and attributable mortality is broadening . [ 35 , 36 ] Heteroresistance to colistin was demonstrated in a few isolates collected from ICU patients and was best identified using broth microdilution , agar dilution , or E - test methods . [ 37 ] Polymyxin B was not as active against species as it was against other Enterobacteriaceae but did demonstrate an MIC50 of less than or equal to 1 , with 83 % of isolates considered susceptible . [ 38 ] One recent in vitro study documented a colistin MIC90 of 2 mcg / mL or less in more than 90 % of isolates from Canada . [ 39 ] Surgical Care Surgical care is indicated as for other sources of infection : drainage or debridement of abscesses , infected collections , or osteomyelitic foci . In some instances , the clinician must consider this option instead of percutaneous drainage with CT guidance . The severity of the infection and the size of the collection to be drained are among the parameters to consider when choosing the best option for the patient . For endocarditis , valvular replacement is also indicated , particularly in patients with emboli or intractable heart failure . Consultations species cause severe and frequently life - threatening infections that can originate in virtually any body compartment . infection warrants consultation with many different subspecialists . Consultation with an infectious diseases specialist helps in the selection of antimicrobial agents , taking into account the multiple mechanisms of resistance to different classes of antimicrobial agents and the lack of correlation between crude in vitro susceptibility results and true clinical efficacy for most of the beta - lactams . Intensive care specialists , when appropriate , can help in the management of severe sepsis or septic shock . General internal medicine and / or medical subspecialists ( eg , cardiologists , gastroenterologists , nephrologists , rheumatologists , pulmonologists ) may be helpful . Surgeons may help with the drainage of infected collections , if indicated , as well as with debridement of necrotic tissues . Consult neonatologists for neonatal sepsis and , possibly , general pediatricians or pediatric subspecialists ( including pediatric surgeons ) . Radiologists and nuclear medicine physicians may help select the best imaging study according to patient ' s specific problems and ( radiologists ) may be needed to perform percutaneous drainage of infected collections . A microbiologist can provide valuable assistance by educating clinicians regarding the correct interpretation of susceptibility testing with this organism . Medication Medication Summary Antibiotics Medication Summary The goals of pharmacotherapy are to eradicate the infection , to reduce morbidity , and to prevent complications . Polymyxin B Dosing , Interactions , etc . Clinical Context : Binds to phospholipids , alters permeability , and damages bacterial cytoplasmic membrane . Levofloxacin ( Levaquin ) Dosing , Interactions , etc . Clinical Context : In addition to ciprofloxacin , levofloxacin is an alternative choice . It has the advantage of once daily dosing , whether administered IV or PO . Used for pseudomonal infections and infections due to multidrug - resistant gram - negative organisms . Doripenem ( Doribax ) Carbapenem antibiotic . Doripenem is a new alternative choice . Has spectrum of activity similar to that of imipenem and meropenem ( Fritsche , 2005 ; Mushtaq , 2004 ) . Elicits activity against a wide range of gram - positive and gram - negative bacteria . Indicated as a single agent for complicated intra - abdominal infections caused by susceptible strains of E coli , K pneumoniae , P aeruginosa , Bacteroides caccae , Bacteroides fragilis , Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron , Bacteroides uniformis , Bacteroides vulgatus , Streptococcus intermedius , Streptococcus constellatus , Peptostreptococcus micros Imipenem / cilastatin ( Primaxin ) For treatment of multiple - organism infections in which other agents do not have wide - spectrum coverage or are contraindicated because of potential toxicity . DOC for severe infections , except for meningitis and other CNS infections because of some reports indicating higher seizure potential . Hydrolyzed by the renal dehydropeptidase - 1 . To overcome this urinary inactivation , cilastatin , an inhibitor of this renal enzyme , is administered in equal amounts . Meropenem ( Merrem IV ) Alternative to imipenem for severe infections . Carbapenem of choice for meningitis and for patients at risk for seizures . Bactericidal broad - spectrum carbapenem antibiotic that inhibits cell wall synthesis . Effective against most gram - positive and gram - negative bacteria . Not degraded by renal dehydropeptidase - 1 . Has slightly increased activity against gram - negative organisms and slightly decreased activity against staphylococci and streptococci compared to imipenem . Cefepime ( Maxipime ) Fourth - generation cephalosporin with good gram - negative coverage . Similar to third - generation cephalosporins but has better gram - positive coverage . Meropenem / vaborbactam ( Vabomere ) Indicated for complicated urinary tract infections ( cUTI ) caused by carbapenem - resistant Enterobacteriaceae ( CRE ) . Vaborbactam is a nonsuicidal beta - lactamase inhibitor that protects meropenem from degradation by certain serine beta - lactamases such as K pneumoniae carbapenemase ( KPC ) . Vaborbactam does not have any antibacterial activity and does not decrease the activity of meropenem against meropenem - susceptible organisms . Ciprofloxacin ( Cipro ) Fluoroquinolone with good activity against pseudomonads and most gram - negative organisms , but no activity against anaerobes . Inhibits bacterial DNA synthesis and , consequently , growth . Among fluoroquinolones , ciprofloxacin has the best activity against the gram - negative bacilli ( including ) . IV and PO formulations available . Oral bioavailability is approximately 80 % . Trimethoprim - sulfamethoxazole ( Septra , Bactrim ) Inhibits bacterial growth by inhibiting synthesis of dihydrofolic acid . Antibacterial activity of TMP - SMZ includes common urinary tract pathogens , except . Susceptibility of generally good but varies among centers . Ertapenem ( Invanz ) Bactericidal activity results from inhibition of cell wall synthesis and is mediated through ertapenem binding to penicillin - binding proteins . Stable against hydrolysis by various beta - lactamases , including penicillinases , cephalosporinases , and extended - spectrum beta - lactamases . Hydrolyzed by metallo - beta - lactamases . Tigecycline ( Tygacil ) This drug is FDA approved for complicated intra - abdominal or skin and soft - tissue infections . A glycylcycline antibiotic that is structurally similar to tetracycline antibiotics . Inhibits bacterial protein translation by binding to 30S ribosomal subunit and blocks entry of amino - acyl tRNA molecules in ribosome A site . Complicated intra - abdominal infections caused by C freundii , E cloacae , E coli , K oxytoca , K pneumoniae , E faecalis ( vancomycin - susceptible isolates only ) , ( methicillin - susceptible isolates only ) , S anginosus group ( includes S anginosus , S intermedius , S constellatus ) , B fragilis , B thetaiotaomicron , B uniformis , B vulgatus , C perfringens , P micros . Class Summary The antimicrobials most commonly indicated in infections include carbapenems , fourth - generation cephalosporins , aminoglycosides , fluoroquinolones , and TMP - SMZ . Carbapenems continue to have the best activity against E cloacae , E aerogenes , and other species . [ 40 ] They are not affected by ESBLs . Imipenem - cilastatin and meropenem are used most often . Ertapenem , approved more recently , is gaining clinical experience [ 41 ] but emerging resistance is a growing concern . [ 42 ] Doripenem , approved in the United States in 2007 , appears to be as effective as the other carbapenems . In August 2017 , meropenem / vaborbactam ( Vabomere ) was approved for complicated urinary tract infections ( cUTIs ) , including pyelonephritis , caused by susceptible Enterobacteriaceae : E coli , K pneumoniae , and E cloacae species complex . [ 32 ] First - generation and second - generation cephalosporins are inactive against infections . Third - generation cephalosporins frequently show good in vitro activity against these organisms , but , as explained above , a significant risk of developing full resistance during therapy exists . Resistance develops much less frequently with fourth - generation cephalosporins because they are relatively stable to AmpC beta - lactamase but not ( so far ) to the less frequently encountered ESBLs ( see Medical Care ) . Third - generation cephalosporins are not indicated for the treatment of severe infections , perhaps with the notable exception of uncomplicated infections . Fluoroquinolones have good bactericidal activity against gram - negative bacilli ; their bioavailability ranges from very good to excellent ( with the exception of norfloxacin ) . Newer quinolones have increased their spectrum toward gram - positive organisms and , in some cases , toward anaerobes . Ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin have the best activity against gram - negative bacilli and should generally be selected over the newer fluoroquinolones if clinically indicated . Inpatient & Outpatient Medications infections that are improving may warrant switch to an oral medication such as a quinolone or TMP - SMZ in accordance with sensitivity testing , when feasible . Ciprofloxacin ( 500 - 750 mg PO q12h ) is an acceptable alternative in patients who are able to tolerate oral medication as long as they are not coadministered products that contain divalent cations ( calcium or dairy products , iron , magnesium , zinc ) . No documentation exists for managing endocarditis with oral medications . Some patients with infections may require longer therapy with intravenous antibiotics . In those who meet criteria for home antibiotic therapy , the selected intravenous medication should not usually require more than 3 - times - daily infusion . Ertapenem and tigecycline may be considered for such patients in conjunction with infectious disease specialists and home infusion therapy experts . Deterrence / Prevention When hospital ( ICU ) outbreaks of infections occur , isolation and barrier protection should be implemented . Isolation precautions should also be implemented when a multidrug - resistant organism is isolated . Hand washing or use of alcohol or other disinfecting hand gels by health care workers between contacts with patients prevents transmission of these and other nosocomial bacteria . This is particularly true in ICUs . Prior antibiotic administration is a major factor for colonization and secondary infections with these multiple - antibiotic – resistant organisms . Clinicians are advised to avoid unnecessary administration of antimicrobial agents or to avoid unnecessary prolonged administration . For surgical prophylaxis , administration of antibiotics for longer than 24 hours is rarely justifiable . Education programs for physicians and hospital personnel regarding risk reduction for transmission of species and other nosocomial pathogens should be implemented in every hospital . This is usually the responsibility of the Infection Prevention and Control team . Comprehensive guidelines regarding isolation for and prevention of nosocomial infections and management of infections by multidrug - resistant organisms ( eg , ESBL - producing species ) in health care settings are available at the Centers for Disease Control Web site ( Guideline for Isolation Precautions : Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Healthcare Settings 2007 ; Management of Multidrug - Resistant Organisms In Healthcare Settings , 2006 ) . The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) has expanded its guidelines for preventing the spread of carbapenem - resistant Enterobacteriaceae ( CRE ) . Noting that most cases of CRE found in the United States have been isolated from patients who received overnight treatment in medical facilities outside the country , the new recommendations are as follows [ 43 , 44 ] When a CRE is found in a patient who within the previous 6 months had stayed overnight in a non - US health - care facility , the isolate should undergo confirmatory susceptibility testing and the carbapenem resistance mechanism should be determined Rectal screening cultures should be ordered for any patient admitted to a health - care facility in the United States after being hospitalized within the previous 6 months in another country ; such patients should be placed on contact precautions until the results of the screenings are available . Prognosis See Mortality / Morbidity . What are Enterobacter infections ? How are Enterobacter infections clinically differentiated from other bacterial infections ? What are the signs of Enterobacter bacteremia ? What are the physical findings characteristic of Enterobacter infections of the lower respiratory tract ? What is the presentation of pulmonary consolidation in Enterobacter infections ? Which lab studies are performed in the evaluation of Enterobacter infections ? What is included in the microbiologic diagnosis and assessment of Enterobacter infections ? What is the role of imaging studies in the evaluation of Enterobacter infections ? What is the role of positron emission tomography ( PET ) Author Susan L Fraser , MD , Infectious Diseases Physician , Infections Limited , Northwest Medical Specialties ; Associate Professor of Medicine , University of Washington School of Medicine ; Infectious Diseases Staff , VA Puget Sound Disclosure : Nothing to disclose . Coauthor ( s ) Christian P Sinave , MD , Associate Professor , Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases , University of Sherbrooke Faculty of Medicine , Canada Disclosure : Nothing to disclose . Specialty Editors Francisco Talavera , PharmD , PhD , Adjunct Assistant Professor , University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy ; Editor - in - Chief , Medscape Drug Reference Disclosure : Received salary from Medscape for employment . for : Medscape . Joseph F John , Jr , MD , FACP , FIDSA , FSHEA , Clinical Professor of Medicine , Molecular Genetics and Microbiology , Medical University of South Carolina College of Medicine ; Associate Chief of Staff for Education , Ralph H Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center Chief Editor Michael Stuart Bronze , MD , David Ross Boyd Professor and Chairman , Department of Medicine , Stewart G Wolf Endowed Chair in Internal Medicine , Department of Medicine , University of Oklahoma Health Science Center ; Master of the American College of Physicians ; Fellow , Infectious Diseases Society of America Additional Contributors Maria D Mileno , MD , Associate Professor of Medicine , Division of Infectious Diseases , The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University Acknowledgements Michael Arnett , MD Resident Physician , Department of Medicine , Tripler Army Medical Center Disclosure : Nothing to disclose . Lockhart SR , Abramson MA , Beekmann SE , et al . 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Radiograph of an open right tibial fracture in a 21 - year - old male marine who was wounded when an improvised explosive device detonated while he was on patrol in Iraq . Radiograph of an open right tibial fracture in a 21 - year - old male marine who was wounded when an improvised explosive device detonated while he was on patrol in Iraq .
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Yersinia Enterocolitica Yersinia Enterocolitica Author : Zartash Zafar Khan , MD , FACP Chief Editor : Mark R Wallace , MD , FACP , FIDSA Overview Clinical Presentation Differential Diagnoses Workup Treatment & Management Medication Overview Practice Essentials Background Pathophysiology Etiology Epidemiology Prognosis Clinical Presentation History and Physical Examination Workup Approach Considerations Stool Culture Serodiagnosis DNA Microarray Colonoscopy Histologic Findings Treatment & Management Approach Considerations Antibiotic Therapy Inpatient Care Deterrence and Prevention Practice Essentials Yersinia enterocolitica ( see the image below ) is a bacterial species in the family Enterobacteriaceae that most often causes enterocolitis , acute diarrhea , terminal ileitis , mesenteric lymphadenitis , and pseudoappendicitis but , if it spreads systemically , can also result in fatal sepsis . [ 1 ] View Image Gram stain of Yersinia enterocolitica . Signs and symptoms Symptoms of Y enterocolitica infection typically include the following : Diarrhea - The most common clinical manifestation of this infection ; diarrhea may be bloody in severe cases Low - grade fever Abdominal pain - May localize to the right lower quadrant Vomiting - Present in approximately 15 - 40 % of cases The patient may also develop erythema nodosum , which manifests as painful , raised red or purple lesions , mainly on the patient ’ s legs and trunk . Lesions appear 2 - 20 days after the onset of fever and abdominal pain and resolve spontaneously in most cases in about a month . See Clinical Presentation for more detail . Diagnosis The following tests can be used in the diagnosis of Y enterocolitica infection : Stool culture - This is the best way to confirm a diagnosis of [ 2 , 3 ] ; the culture result is usually positive within 2 weeks of onset of disease Tube agglutination Enzyme - linked immunosorbent assays Radioimmunoassays Imaging studies - Ultrasonography or computed tomography ( CT ) scanning may be useful in delineating true appendicitis from pseudoappendicitis Colonoscopy - Findings may vary and are relatively nonspecific Joint aspiration in cases of Yersinia - associated reactive arthropathy See Workup for more detail . Management Care in patients with infection is primarily supportive , with good nutrition and hydration being mainstays of treatment . [ 4 ] First - line drugs used against the bacterium include the following agents : Third - generation cephalosporins Trimethoprim - sulfamethoxazole ( TMP - SMZ ) Tetracyclines Fluoroquinolones - not approved for use in children under 18 years Aminoglycosides See Treatment and Medication for more detail . References Background Yersinia enterocolitica is a pleomorphic , gram - negative bacillus that belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae . As a human pathogen , is most frequently associated with enterocolitis , acute diarrhea , terminal ileitis , mesenteric lymphadenitis , and pseudoappendicitis , [ 1 ] with the spectrum of disease ranging from asymptomatic to life - threatening sepsis , especially in infants . The bacterium was first reported by Mclver and Picke , in 1934 . [ 5 ] Schleifstein and Coleman provided the first recognized description of 5 human isolates of , in 1939 . ( See Prognosis and Clinical Presentation . ) [ 6 ] In several countries , has eclipsed Shigella species and approaches Salmonella and Campylobacter species as the predominant cause of acute bacterial gastroenteritis . most commonly affects young individuals ( approximately 75 % of patients with infection are aged 5 - 15 years ) , but whether this represents an increased susceptibility or a greater likelihood of developing symptomatic illness is unclear . Most cases of infection are sporadic , but reports have documented large outbreaks centered on a single contaminated source . ( See Epidemiology . ) Human yersiniosis is attributed to contaminated pork , milk , water , and tofu consumption , as well as to blood transfusion . Infected individuals may shed in stools for 90 days after the symptom resolution , suggesting that early detection of from diarrheal stool samples is critical in preventing its transmission and an eventual outbreak . ( See Pathophysiology , Etiology , Clinical Presentation , and Workup . ) [ 7 , 8 ] Classification is classified according to various distinct biochemical and serologic reactions . Based on biochemical characteristics , 6 biotypes of the bacterium have been described . Biotypes 2 , 3 , and 4 are most common in humans . The serotyping is based on O and H antigens . More than 60 serotypes of have been described . The serotypes most clearly pathogenic to humans include O : 3 , O : 5 , 27 , O : 8 , O : 9 , and O : 13 . H - antigen typing can be a valuable supplement to O - antigen typing and biochemical characterization in epidemiologic investigations . Accurate identification of pathogenic strains requires consideration of both the biotype and the serotype because some strains can contain multiple cross - reacting O antigens . Metabolism is non – lactose - fermenting , glucose - fermenting , and oxidase - negative facultative anaerobe that is motile at 25 ° C and nonmotile at 37 ° C . Most , but not all , isolates reduce nitrates . The presence of bile salts in the medium prevents the organism from fermenting lactose . Colonies of do not produce hydrogen sulfide in triple sugar iron medium , but the organism is urease positive . Patient education Educate patients and individuals at risk for infection about appropriate hygiene methods and signs or symptoms of infection . Encourage public awareness of outbreaks , modes of transmission , and ways to prevent transmission . References Pathophysiology As with other members of the genus Yersinia , Y enterocolitica is an invasive organism that appears to cause disease by tissue destruction . Researchers have elucidated several potential pathogenic properties , including chromosomally mediated effects ( eg , attachment to tissue culture , production of enterotoxin ) and plasmid - mediated mechanisms ( eg , production of Vw antigens , calcium dependency for growth , autoagglutination ) . Invasion and colonization Invasion of human epithelial cells and penetration of the mucosa occurs in the ileum , followed by multiplication in Peyer patches . A 103 - kd protein , known as invasin and determined by the INV gene , mediates bacterial invasion . The best - defined pathway is through the action of invasin . [ 9 ] As a foodborne pathogen , can efficiently colonize and induce disease in the small intestine . Following ingestion , the bacteria colonize the lumen and invade the epithelial lining of the small intestine , resulting in the colonization of the underlying lymphoid tissues known as Peyer patches . A direct lymphatic link between the Peyer patches and mesenteric lymph nodes may result in bacterial dissemination to these sites , resulting in mesenteric lymphadenitis or systemic infection . Dissemination to extraintestinal sites , such as the spleen , is hypothesized to occur via 2 main mechanisms : ( 1 ) colonization of the Peyer patches , which can then be used as a staging ground for spread into the blood and / or lymph , ultimately resulting in the appearance of bacteria in other tissues , and ( 2 ) bypass of the Peyer patches , with going straight to systemic colonization . The possibilities of additional avenues for dissemination have yet to be excluded . colonization of the intestinal lymphoid tissues requires transmigration of the bacteria from the intestinal lumen across an epithelial tissue barrier . Antigen - sampling intestinal epithelial cells known as M cells are thought to be critical for this transmigratory process . The epithelium overlying the Peyer patches has a high concentration of M cells ( although these cells have also been identified throughout the non – Peyer patch areas of the small intestine ) . and the related pathogen Y pseudotuberculosis produce at least 3 invasion proteins , Ail , YadA , and the aforementioned invasin , which could potentially promote adherence to and invasion of M cells . Invasin , the principle invasion factor of and Y pseudotuberculosis , binds to ß 1 - chain integrin receptors with high affinity , promoting internalization . These receptors are found at high levels on the luminal side of M cells but not on the luminal side of enterocytes . [ 10 ] Enterotoxicity The enterotoxin produced by is similar to that produced by the heat - stable Escherichia coli ; however , it likely plays a minor role in causing disease , as diarrheal syndromes have been observed in the absence of enterotoxin production . In addition , the toxin does not appear to be produced at temperatures higher than 30 ° C . The plasmid - mediated outer membrane antigens are associated with bacterial resistance to opsonization and neutrophil phagocytosis . Iron and pathogenicity One unique property of is its inability to chelate iron , which is an essential growth factor for most bacteria and is obtained through the production of chelators known as siderophores . does not produce siderophores but can utilize siderophores produced by other bacteria ( eg , desferrioxamine E produced by Streptomyces pilosus ) . Iron overload substantially increases the pathogenicity of , perhaps through attenuation of the bactericidal activity of the serum . Researchers observe differences in the iron requirements of different serotypes of the organism ; such differences may explain , in part , the varying degrees of virulence among serotypes . Complications After an incubation period of 4 - 7 days , infection may result in mucosal ulceration ( usually in the terminal ileum and rarely in the ascending colon ) , necrotic lesions in Peyer patches , and mesenteric lymph node enlargement . See the image below . View Image Yersinia enterocolitis in a 45 - year - old white woman who presented with chronic diarrhea . In severe cases , bowel necrosis may occur , as a result of mesenteric vessel thrombosis . [ 11 ] Focal abscesses may occur . In persons with human leukocyte antigen ( HLA ) – B27 , reactive arthritis is not uncommon , possibly because of the molecular similarity between HLA - B27 antigen and Yersinia antigens . The pathogenesis of Yersinia - associated erythema nodosum is unknown . [ 12 , 13 ] Etiology Human clinical infections ensue after ingestion of the microorganisms in contaminated food or water or by direct inoculation through blood transfusion . is potentially transmitted by contaminated unpasteurized milk and milk products , raw pork , tofu , meats , oysters , and fish . [ 14 , 15 ] Outbreaks have been associated with raw vegetables ; the surface of vegetables can become contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms through contact with soil , irrigation water , fertilizers , equipment , humans , and animals . Pasteurized milk and dairy products can also cause outbreaks because can proliferate at refrigerated temperatures . [ 16 , 17 ] Animal reservoirs of include swine ( principle reservoir ) , dogs , cats , cows , sheep , goats , rodents , foxes , porcupines , and birds . Reports of person - to - person spread are conflicting and are generally not observed in large outbreaks . Transmission via blood products has occurred , however , and infection can be transmitted from mother to newborn infant . Fecal - oral transmission among humans has not been proven . [ 18 , 19 ] Epidemiology Occurrence in the United States Yersiniosis is rare in the absence of a breakdown in food - processing techniques . The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) estimates that 1 culture - confirmed infection per 100,000 persons is found annually . [ 20 ] The bacterium has been isolated in 1.4 - 2.8 % of stools of children with diarrhea . For 2010 , the CDC ’ s Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network ( FoodNet ) , using surveillance data from 10 US sites , preliminarily identified a total of 19,089 laboratory - confirmed cases of infection caused by bacterial pathogens that are commonly transmitted through food . The number of cases and incidence per 100,000 population were reported as follows [ 21 ] Salmonella ( 8256 ; 17.6 ) Campylobacter ( 6365 ; 13.6 ) Shigella ( 1780 ; 3.8 ) Shiga toxin - producing E coli ( STEC ) non - O157 ( 451 ; 1.0 ) STEC O157 ( 442 ; 0.9 ) Vibrio ( 193 ; 0.4 ) ( 159 ; 0.3 ) Listeria ( 125 ; 0.3 ) In the United States , accounts for approximately 5 % of bacterial enteric infections among children younger than 5 years , according to a 2012 study by Scallan et al . The investigators found this to be a greater incidence than that for the enterohemorrhagic E coli strain O157 ( 3 % ) , but a lower incidence than those for nontyphoidal Salmonella ( 42 % ) , ( 28 % ) , and ( 21 % ) . [ 22 ] Scallan et al estimated that the 5 pathogens together cause more than 290,000 illnesses annually in children under 5 years . infection is more common in cooler climates , and its prevalence peaks from November to January . [ 23 ] International statistics has been isolated in patients in many countries worldwide , but the infection appears to occur predominantly in cooler climates , being much more common in northern Europe , Scandinavia , and Japan . Most isolates reported from Canada and Europe are O : 3 and O : 9 serotypes . [ 24 ] The O : 3 serotype is also common in Japan . Isolation of in developing countries is uncommon . [ 25 ] Race - and age - related demographics Higher incidence of infection has been observed among black infants in the United States . [ 26 ] Reports document symptomatic infection most commonly in younger age groups . A sample collection from 1988 - 1991 showed that 77.6 % of infections occurred in children aged 12 months and younger , making the second most common cause of bacterial gastrointestinal infection in children . [ 22 , 27 , 28 ] Clinical manifestations of infection exhibit some age - dependent predilections , with reactive arthritis and erythema nodosum being more common in older patients . Older patients with more debility are more likely to develop bacteremia than are younger , healthier patients . Prognosis Yersiniosis is usually either self - limited or is responsive to therapy ; however , reinfection is possible . Most patients with infection are symptomatic ; however , asymptomatic carriage may occur . Death is uncommon , but patients with significant comorbidities are at risk for bacteremia , which carries a case fatality rate of 34 - 50 % . A national , registry - based study of 52,121 patients in Denmark reported estimates for the risk of developing severe , hospitalization - requiring complications and long - term sequelae up to 1 year after infection with 5 common bacterial gastrointestinal pathogens . Of the 3922 cases of infection reported , 368 required hospitalization . [ 29 ] A report from the CDC stated that in 2010 ( preliminary data ) , of 159 infections in the United States , 52 required hospitalization and 1 resulted in death . [ 21 ] Various manifestations of infection have been reported , including the following [ 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 ] Enterocolitis Pseudoappendicitis Mesenteric adenitis Reactive arthritis - Can last 1 - 4 months Erythema nodosum Septicemia Pharyngitis Dermatitis Myocarditis Glomerulonephritis Iron is an essential growth factor for the organism , and iron overload ( eg , chronic hemolysis , hereditary hemochromatosis ) is associated with an increased risk of systemic disease . Deferoxamine therapy also increases susceptibility to disease . History and Physical Examination The usual presentation of infection includes diarrhea ( the most common clinical manifestation of this infection ) , low - grade fever , and abdominal pain lasting 1 - 3 weeks . Diarrhea may be bloody in severe cases . Vomiting is present in approximately 15 - 40 % of cases . The existence of extraintestinal symptoms after a gastrointestinal illness may also indicate the possibility of yersiniosis . Enterocolitis Enterocolitis , the most common presentation of , occurs primarily in young children , with a mean age of 24 months . The incubation period is 4 - 6 days , typically with a range of 1 - 14 days . Prodromal symptoms of listlessness , anorexia , and headache may be present . Such symptoms are followed by watery , mucoid diarrhea ( 78 - 96 % ) ; fever ( 43 - 47 % ) ; colicky abdominal pain ( 22 - 84 % ) ; bloody stools ( < 10 % ) ; and white blood cells ( WBCs ) in the stool ( 25 % ) . The diarrhea generally has a duration of 1 day to 3 weeks . Most cases are self - limited . However , concomitant bacteremia may occur in 20 - 30 % of infants younger than 3 months . Complications of enterocolitis include appendicitis , [ 41 ] diffuse ulceration and inflammation of the small intestine and colon , peritonitis , [ 43 , 44 ] meningitis , intussusception , [ 45 ] and cholangitis . Mesenteric adenitis , mesenteric ileitis , and acute pseudoappendicitis These manifestations are characterized by the following symptoms ( although nausea , vomiting , diarrhea , and aphthous ulcers of the mouth can also occur ) : Fever Abdominal pain Tenderness of the right lower quadrant Leukocytosis Pseudoappendicitis syndrome is more common in older children and young adults . [ 46 ] Patients with infection often undergo appendectomy ; several Scandinavian studies suggested a prevalence rate of 3.8 - 5.6 % for infection with in patients with suspected appendicitis . Analysis of several common - source outbreaks in the United States found that 10 % of 444 patients with symptomatic , undiagnosed infection underwent laparotomy for suspected appendicitis . Reactive arthritis This is associated with HLA - B27 ( found in approximately 80 % of affected patients ) . Most commonly reported in Scandinavia , polyarticular arthritis can occur after infection Joint symptoms , which occur in approximately 2 % of patients , typically arise 1 - 2 weeks after gastrointestinal illness . [ 13 ] The large joints of the lower extremities are involved most commonly , and symptoms usually persist for 1 - 4 months , although reports document prolonged syndromes . Myocarditis and glomerulonephritis These are other postinfection sequelae associated with the HLA - B27 . [ 47 ] Erythema nodosum This manifests as painful , raised red or purple lesions , mainly on the patient ’ s legs and trunk . Lesions appear 2 - 20 days after the onset of fever and abdominal pain and resolve spontaneously in most cases in about a month . The female - to - male ratio of erythema nodosum is 2 : 1 , and it is more common in adults than in children . Septicemia In this , a bacteremic spread to extraintestinal sites occurs , resulting in critical illness . septicemia is reported most commonly in patients who have predisposing conditions , including alcoholism , diabetes mellitus , or an underlying immune defect . Patients with iron overload conditions and those who are undergoing treatment with deferoxamine are also at an increased risk for septicemia , secondary to the effect of iron on the virulence of the bacteria . [ 14 ] In addition , septicemia is usually reported in patients with a hematologic disease , such as thalassemia , sickle cell disease , or hemochromatosis . [ 14 , 48 , 49 , 50 ] Elderly patients and those who are malnourished are also at increased risk of developing septicemia . Metastatic infections following septicemia include focal abscesses in the liver , kidneys , spleen , and lungs . Cutaneous manifestations include cellulitis , pyomyositis , pustules , and bullous lesions . Pneumonia , meningitis , panophthalmitis , endocarditis , infected mycotic aneurysm , and osteomyelitis may also occur . [ 47 ] Differential Diagnoses Amebiasis Appendicitis Campylobacter Infections Clostridium Difficile Colitis Crohn Disease Diverticulitis Inflammatory Bowel Disease Pseudomembranous Colitis Pseudotuberculosis ( Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Infection ) Salmonella Infection ( Salmonellosis ) The following tests can be used in the diagnosis of infection ( see the image below ) : Stool culture - This is the best way to confirm a diagnosis of [ 2 , 3 ] ; the culture result is usually positive within 2 weeks of onset of disease Tube agglutination Enzyme - linked immunosorbent assays Radioimmunoassays Imaging studies - Ultrasonography or computed tomography ( CT ) scanning may be useful in delineating true appendicitis from pseudoappendicitis Colonoscopy - Findings may vary and are relatively nonspecific Joint aspiration - Synovial fluid contains 500 - 60,000 WBCs / µL , with a predominance of polymorphonuclear cell ; cultures are sterile ; testing synovial fluid for bacterial antigens may be of some use in difficult cases Gram stain of Yersinia enterocolitica . Stool Culture Stool samples tested for leukocytes usually produce positive results , but is difficult to distinguish from other invasive pathogens . Stool samples from infected patients should be handled carefully to avoid infecting others . When infection is suspected , instruct the microbiology laboratory to use cefsulodin - Irgasan - novobiocin ( CIN ) agar , which is a differential selective medium with increased yield for Y enterocolitica . It requires 18 - 20 hours of incubation at 25 ° C to create unique colony morphology , representing 0.5 - to 1 - mm colonies with a red " bull ' s - eye " and a clear border . Use of this media allows differentiation between Y enterocolitica – like isolates . When using conventional enteric media , MacConkey agar incubated at 25 ° C for 48 hours produces the best results . [ 51 ] Recovery of organisms from otherwise sterile samples , such as blood , cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF ) , and lymph node tissue , is usually faster than recovery from stool samples . Isolation of from stool is hampered by slow growth and overgrowth of normal flora . Serodiagnosis Serodiagnosis is possible with various methods , including tube agglutination , enzyme - linked immunosorbent assays , and radioimmunoassays . However , carefully interpret the serotest results for infection if a positive stool culture result is absent . Cross - reactions with other organisms can occur — including with Brucella Morganella , — and a background seroprevalence rate among different populations may confound the diagnosis by acting as a false - positive result . Agglutinin titers typically increase 1 - 2 weeks after infection and peak at 1 : 200 . However , elevated levels can be found for years after infection , which also limits the usefulness of serodiagnosis . DNA Microarray Advanced experimental techniques for diagnosis of infection include polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) assay , immunohistochemical staining , and DNA microarray . Diagnostic DNA microarray for pathogenetic organisms is a comparatively new technique that is used to identify multiple genes from different kinds of pathogens , allowing it to be used to detect different species , biotypes , and / or toxins of pathogenic organisms in the same specimens . This is the major advantage over the conventional PCR assay technique , which is used to identify only 1 gene from a hybridization . DNA microarray is also more sensitive and accurate than the multiplex [ 52 ] Colonoscopy Typically , in patients with infection , the cecum contains aphthoid lesions and the terminal ileum has small , round elevations and ulcers ( as seen in the image below ) . An exudate may be present . The left side of the colon is typically unaffected , but case reports have described left - sided colitis with serotype O : 8 . Yersinia enterocolitis in a 45 - year - old white woman who presented with chronic diarrhea . Histologic Findings Histologic findings in infection are consistent with acute and chronic inflammation . Yersiniosis does not produce unique histologic findings . Epithelial cell granulomas with suppuration of the centers of the granulomas ( central microabscesses ) have been reported . These granulomas were composed of numerous histiocytes with or without epithelioid cell features , along with scattered small T - lymphocytes and plasmacytoid monocytes . [ 53 ] Care in patients with infection is primarily supportive , with good nutrition and hydration being mainstays of treatment . [ 4 ] First - line drugs used against the bacterium include aminoglycosides and trimethoprim - sulfamethoxazole ( TMP - SMZ ) . Other effective drugs include third - generation cephalosporins , tetracyclines ( not recommended in children < 8 y ) , and fluoroquinolones ( not approved for use in children < 18 y ) . In the event of an acute outbreak of , attempt to isolate persons who have been in contact with the index patient . Surgical therapy Abscesses may require surgical drainage . Surgical exploration may be warranted if appendicitis can not be safely ruled out . Laparotomy findings in infection usually include mesenteric lymphadenitis and terminal ileitis , with a healthy appendix . Consultations The diagnosis and management of yersiniosis do not require specific consultations . However , consultation with an infectious diseases specialist or gastroenterologist may be useful . Consultation with a rheumatologist may be helpful in cases of erythema nodosum or reactive arthritis . Antibiotic Therapy The value of antibiotic therapy in uncomplicated acute diarrhea has not been established . Diarrhea should be managed with fluid and electrolyte replacement . Avoid antimotility medications , which could lead to bacteremia . In cases of severe enterocolitis , antibiotics have shown some benefit in terms of shortening the duration of illness . Patient populations who should be considered for empiric antibiotic therapy include the following : Elderly patients Patients with diabetes Patients with cirrhosis Immunocompromised patients Patients with cancer who are receiving chemotherapy Healthcare and childcare workers who are at an increased risk of person - to - person spread Antibiotic treatment should be used in patients with bacteremia with extraintestinal manifestations . They should be used in cases of primary extraintestinal disorders , such as the following : Cellulitis Ophthalmitis Endocarditis Meningitis Osteomyelitis Pneumonia Focal abscesses Inpatient Care Admit patients with infection who have evidence of severe dehydration , malnourishment , or septicemia . Patients with conditions that place them at risk for septicemia , including the following , should be monitored closely and admitted for supportive measures and antibiotic therapy at the first sign of disseminated disease : Elderly patients Patients who are immunocompromised Patients who are chronically ill Patients with iron overload Patients with chronic hemolysis Patients with alcoholism Patients with diabetes mellitus Patients on deferoxamine therapy Deterrence and Prevention The following steps can be taken to prevent the spread of infection : Instruct patients and at - risk individuals about appropriate hygiene methods and signs and symptoms of infection Encourage public awareness of outbreaks and modes of transmission Hand washing and control of environmental cross - contamination are principal measures in reducing the spread of enteric pathogens in daycare centers , healthcare settings , and pet - care facilities , as well as within households In blood banks , donors should be asked about any recent symptoms of gastroenteritis Unwashed raw vegetables , uncooked meats ( especially pork ) , and unpasteurized milk should be avoided [ 14 , 15 ] Reservoirs should be eliminated The contamination of food products should be minimized Enteric precautions should be instituted in the care of patients who have been hospitalized with infection Medication Medication Summary Antibiotics , Other Carbapenems Medication Summary Treatment of infection is usually supportive and directed at maintaining euvolemia . Antibiotics may be used in some cases . Septicemia carries a high mortality rate and should therefore be treated with antibiotics . Uncomplicated cases diarrhea usually resolve on their own without antibiotic treatment . However , in more severe or complicated infections , antibiotics may be useful . is usually susceptible in vitro to aminoglycosides , chloramphenicol , tetracycline , trimethoprim - sulfamethoxazole ( TMP - SMZ ) , piperacillin , ciprofloxacin , and third - generation cephalosporins . Isolates are often resistant to penicillin , ampicillin , and first - generation cephalosporins , as the organism often produces beta - lactamase . Clinical failure with cefotaxime has been reported . [ 54 ] Resistance to macrolides and fluoroquinolones is also sporadically reported . [ 55 ] Clinically , infection responds well to aminoglycosides , TMP - SMZ , ciprofloxacin , and doxycycline . Antimotility agents are contraindicated in the treatment of infection because of the increased risk of invasion . Antibiotics , Other Class Summary Ciprofloxacin ( Cipro ) Trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole ( Bactrim , Bactrim DS , Septra DS ) Ceftriaxone ( Rocephin ) Gentamicin Cefotaxime ( Claforan ) Tetracycline Chloramphenicol Piperacillin and tazobactam sodium ( Zosyn ) Ciprofloxacin ( Cipro ) Dosing , Interactions , etc . Clinical Context : The bactericidal agent ciprofloxacin is a second - generation quinolone . It acts by interfering with DNA gyrase , by inhibiting the relaxation of supercoiled DNA , and by promoting the breakage of double - stranded DNA . Ciprofloxacin is highly active against gram - negative and gram - positive organisms . Trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole ( Bactrim , Bactrim DS , Septra DS ) Dosing , Interactions , etc . Clinical Context : Trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole ( Bactrim , Bactrim DS , Septra DS ) The combination antibiotic TMP - SMZ inhibits bacterial growth by inhibiting the synthesis of dihydrofolic acid . It is not helpful in cases of uncomplicated gastroenteritis . Ceftriaxone ( Rocephin ) Ceftriaxone is a third - generation cephalosporin with gram - negative activity . Gentamicin Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside that is bactericidal for susceptible gram - negative organisms . This agent is not helpful for uncomplicated gastroenteritis . Cefotaxime ( Claforan ) Cefotaxime is a third - generation cephalosporin with a gram - negative spectrum . It has lower efficacy against gram - positive organisms . This agent is not helpful for uncomplicated gastroenteritis . Tetracycline Tetracycline treats gram - positive and gram - negative organisms , as well as mycoplasmal , chlamydial , and rickettsial infections . It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding with the 30S and possibly 50S ribosomal subunit ( s ) . Chloramphenicol Chloramphenicol binds to 50S bacterial - ribosomal subunits and inhibits bacterial growth by inhibiting protein synthesis . It is effective against gram - negative and gram - positive bacteria . Piperacillin and tazobactam sodium ( Zosyn ) This drug combination consists of an antipseudomonal penicillin plus a beta - lactamase inhibitor . It inhibits the biosynthesis of cell wall mucopeptide and is effective during the active multiplication stage . Class Summary The value of antibiotic therapy in uncomplicated acute colitis and mesenteric adenitis is not established . Antibiotic treatment may be required in patients with septicemia , with focal extraintestinal manifestations , and in immunocompromised patients with enterocolitis . Carbapenems Imipenem / cilastatin ( Primaxin ) Imipenem / cilastatin ( Primaxin ) In vitro susceptibility to imipenem has been reported . Author Zartash Zafar Khan , MD , FACP , Infectious Disease Consultant Disclosure : Nothing to disclose . Coauthor ( s ) Daniel R Bronfin , MD , Clinical Professor of Pediatrics , Tulane University School of Medicine ; Vice Chairman of Pediatrics , Ochsner Children ' s Health Center Disclosure : Nothing to disclose . Michelle R Salvaggio , MD , FACP , Assistant Professor , Department of Internal Medicine , Section of Infectious Diseases , University of Oklahoma College of Medicine ; Medical Director of Infectious Diseases Institute , Director , Clinical Trials Unit , Director , Ryan White Programs , Department of Medicine , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center ; Attending Physician , Infectious Diseases Consultation Service , Infectious Diseases Institute , OU Medical Center Disclosure : Received honoraria from Merck for speaking and teaching . Chief Editor Mark R Wallace , MD , FACP , FIDSA , Clinical Professor of Medicine , Florida State University College of Medicine ; Clinical Professor of Medicine , University of Central Florida College of Medicine Acknowledgements Daniel R Bronfin , MD Head , General Academic Pediatrics , Ochsner Children ' s Health Center Daniel R Bronfin , MD is a member of the following medical societies : American Academy of Pediatrics and American Cleft Palate / Craniofacial Association Disclosure : Nothing to disclose . Richard B Brown , MD , FACP Chief , Division of Infectious Diseases , Baystate Medical Center ; Professor , Department of Internal Medicine , Tufts University School of Medicine Richard B Brown , MD , FACP is a member of the following medical societies : Alpha Omega Alpha , American College of Chest Physicians , American College of Physicians , American Medical Association , American Society for Microbiology , Infectious Diseases Society of America , and Massachusetts Medical Society Disclosure : Nothing to disclose . Brooks D Cash , MD , FACP Director of Clinical Research , Assistant Professor of Medicine , Gastroenterology , National Naval Medical Center Joseph Domachowske , MD Professor of Pediatrics , Microbiology and Immunology , Department of Pediatrics , Division of Infectious Diseases , State University of New York Upstate Medical University Joseph Domachowske , MD is a member of the following medical societies : Alpha Omega Alpha , American Academy of Pediatrics , American Society for Microbiology , Infectious Diseases Society of America , Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society , and Phi Beta Kappa Thomas E Herchline , MD Professor of Medicine , Wright State University , Boonshoft School of Medicine ; Medical Director , Public Health , Dayton and Montgomery County , Ohio Thomas E Herchline , MD is a member of the following medical societies : Alpha Omega Alpha , Infectious Diseases Society of America , and Infectious Diseases Society of Ohio Mark H Johnston , MD Associate Professor of Medicine , Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences ; Consulting Staff , Lancaster Gastroenterology , Inc Mark H Johnston , MD is a member of the following medical societies : American College of Gastroenterology , American College of Physicians , American Gastroenterological Association , and Christian Medical & Dental Society Leonard R Krilov , MD Chief of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and International Adoption , Vice Chair , Department of Pediatrics , Professor of Pediatrics , Winthrop University Hospital Leonard R Krilov , MD is a member of the following medical societies : American Academy of Pediatrics , American Pediatric Society , Infectious Diseases Society of America , Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society , and Society for Pediatric Research Disclosure : Medimmune Grant / research funds Cliinical trials ; Medimmune Honoraria Speaking and teaching ; Medimmune Consulting fee Consulting Gregory J Martin , MD Director , Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Program ( IDCRP ) Associate Professor of Medicine , Uniformed Services University , Bethesda , MD Gregory J Martin , MD is a member of the following medical societies : Alpha Omega Alpha , American College of Physicians , American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene , and Infectious Diseases Society of America Swetha G Pinninti , MD Fellow in Pediatric Infectious Diseases , Department of Pediatrics , University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine Swetha G Pinninti , MD is a member of the following medical societies : American Academy of Pediatrics , Infectious Diseases Society of America , and Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society Russell W Steele , MD Head , Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases , Ochsner Children ' s Health Center ; Clinical Professor , Department of Pediatrics , Tulane University School of Medicine Russell W Steele , MD is a member of the following medical societies : American Academy of Pediatrics , American Association of Immunologists , American Pediatric Society , American Society for Microbiology , Infectious Diseases Society of America , Louisiana State Medical Society , Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society , Society for Pediatric Research , and Southern Medical Association Francisco Talavera , PharmD , PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor , University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy ; Editor - in - Chief , Medscape Drug Reference Disclosure : Medscape Salary Employment Mary L Windle , PharmD Adjunct Associate Professor , University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy ; Editor - in - Chief , Medscape Drug Reference Bercovier H , Brenner DJ , Ursing J , Steigerwalt AG , Fanning GR , Alonso JM , et al . 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Available at http : / / www . cdc . gov / ncidod / dbmd / diseaseinfo / yersinia_g . htm . Accessed : Feb 22 2013 . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Vital signs : incidence and trends of infection with pathogens transmitted commonly through food - - foodborne diseases active surveillance network , 10 U.S. sites , 1996 - 2010 . . 2011 Jun 10 . 60 ( 22 ) : 749 - 55 . Scallan E , Mahon BE , Hoekstra RM , Griffin PM . Estimates of Illnesses , Hospitalizations , and Deaths Caused By Major Bacterial Enteric Pathogens in Young Children in the United States . Pediatr Infect Dis J . 2012 Dec 17 . Abdel - Haq NM , Asmar BI , Abuhammour WM , Brown WJ . Yersinia enterocolitica infection in children . Pediatr Infect Dis J . 2000 Oct . 19 ( 10 ) : 954 - 8 . Rosner BM , Stark K , Werber D . Epidemiology of reported Yersinia enterocolitica infections in Germany , 2001 - 2008 . BMC Public Health . 2010 Jun 14 . 10 : 337 . Saebo A , Vik E , Lange OJ , Matuszkiewicz L . Inflammatory bowel disease associated with Yersinia enterocolitica O : 3 infection . Eur J Intern Med . 2005 Jun . 16 ( 3 ) : 176 - 182 . Ray SM , Ahuja SD , Blake PA , Farley MM , Samuel M , Fiorentino T , et al . Population - based surveillance for Yersinia enterocolitica infections in FoodNet sites , 1996 - 1999 : higher risk of disease in infants and minority populations . Clin Infect Dis . 2004 Apr 15 . 38 Suppl 3 : S181 - 9 . Metchock B , Lonsway DR , Carter GP , Lee LA , McGowan JE Jr . Yersinia enterocolitica : a frequent seasonal stool isolate from children at an urban hospital in the southeast United States . J Clin Microbiol . 1991 Dec . 29 ( 12 ) : 2868 - 9 . Koehler KM , Lasky T , Fein SB , Delong SM , Hawkins MA , Rabatsky - Ehr T , et al . Population - based incidence of infection with selected bacterial enteric pathogens in children younger than five years of age , 1996 - 1998 . . 2006 Feb . 25 ( 2 ) : 129 - 34 . Helms M , Simonsen J , Mølbak K . Foodborne bacterial infection and hospitalization : a registry - based study . Clin Infect Dis . 2006 Feb 15 . 42 ( 4 ) : 498 - 506 . Girszyn N , Kerleau JM , Robaday S , Lefebvre S , Marie I , Levesque H . [ Pneumonia with bacteremia due to Yersinia enterocolitica in a diabetic patient carrying HLA - B27 ] . Rev Med Interne . 2007 Dec . 28 ( 12 ) : 882 - 4 . Hoelen DW , Tjan DH , Schouten MA , Dujardin BC , van Zanten AR . Severe Yersinia enterocolitica sepsis after blood transfusion . Neth J Med . 2007 Sep . 65 ( 8 ) : 301 - 3 . Pulvirenti D , Aikaterini T , Neri S . Septicemia , hepatic abscess , and encephalitis due to Yersinia enterocolitica . J Clin Gastroenterol . 2007 Mar . 41 ( 3 ) : 333 - 4 . Jess T , Jess P . Acute terminal ileitis , yersiniosis , and Crohn ' s disease : a long - term follow - up study of the relationships . Eur J Intern Med . 2001 Apr . 12 ( 2 ) : 98 - 100 . Navarro - Llavat M , Domènech E , Masnou H , Ojanguren I , Mañosa M , Lorenzo - Zúñiga V , et al . Collagenous duodeno - ileo - colitis with transient IgG deficiency preceded by Yersinia enterocolitica intestinal infection : case report and review of literature . Gastroenterol Hepatol . 2007 Apr . 30 ( 4 ) : 219 - 21 . Berner R , Kist M , Sauer M . Encephalopathy associated with Yersinia enterocolitica O : 3 . Lancet . 1998 Feb 7 . 351 ( 9100 ) : 418 . von Eckardstein K , Spuler A , Brauer C , Mehl M , Kiwit J . Spontaneous cervical osteomyelitis due to Yersinia enterocolitica in a non - immunocompromised host . Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis . 2004 Jan . 23 ( 1 ) : 66 - 8 . Krajinovic V , Tambic Andrasevic A , Barsic B . Tricuspidal valve endocarditis due to Yersinia enterocolitica . Infection . 2007 Jun . 35 ( 3 ) : 203 - 5 . Kelesidis T , Balba G , Worthington M . Axillary abscess in a patient with Yersinia enterocolitica infection as a result of exposure to pork . Am J Med . 2008 Mar . 121 ( 3 ) : e1 . Mills DM , Meyer DR . Posttraumatic cellulitis and ulcerative conjunctivitis caused by Yersinia enterocolitica O : 8 . Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg . 2008 Sep - Oct . 24 ( 5 ) : 425 - 6 . Tennant SM , Hartland EL , Phumoonna T , Lyras D , Rood JI , Robins - Browne RM , et al . Influence of gastric acid on susceptibility to infection with ingested bacterial pathogens . Infect Immun . 2008 Feb . 76 ( 2 ) : 639 - 45 . Lamps LW , Madhusudhan KT , Greenson JK , Pierce RH , Massoll NA , Chiles MC , et al . The role of Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in granulomatous appendicitis : a histologic and molecular study . Am J Surg Pathol . 2001 Apr . 25 ( 4 ) : 508 - 15 . Taccetti G , Trapani S , Ermini M , Falcini F . Reactive arthritis triggered by Yersinia enterocolitica : a review of 18 pediatric cases . Clin Exp Rheumatol . 1994 Nov - Dec . 12 ( 6 ) : 681 - 4 . De Berardis B , Torresini G , Brucchi M , Marinelli S , Mattucci S , Schietroma M , et al . Yersinia enterocolitica intestinal infection with ileum perforation : report of a clinical observation . Acta Biomed . 2004 Apr . 75 ( 1 ) : 77 - 81 . Reed RP , Robins - Browne RM , Williams ML . Yersinia enterocolitica peritonitis . . 1997 Dec . 25 ( 6 ) : 1468 - 9 . Hervás JA , Albertí P , Bregante JI , Boya E , Reina J , Gil J . Chronic intussusception associated with Yersinia enterocolitica mesenteric adenitis . J Pediatr Surg . 1992 Dec . 27 ( 12 ) : 1591 - 2 . Chandler ND , Parisi MT . Radiological case of the month . Yersinia enterocolitica masquerading as appendicitis . Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med . 1994 May . 148 ( 5 ) : 527 - 8 . Bottone EJ . Yersinia enterocolitica : the charisma continues . Clin Microbiol Rev . 1997 Apr . 10 ( 2 ) : 257 - 76 . Vento S , Cainelli F , Cesario F . Infections and thalassaemia . Lancet Infect Dis . 2006 Apr . 6 ( 4 ) : 226 - 33 . Bergmann TK , Vinding K , Hey H . Multiple hepatic abscesses due to Yersinia enterocolitica infection secondary to primary haemochromatosis . Scand J Gastroenterol . 2001 Aug . 36 ( 8 ) : 891 - 5 . Antonopoulos P , Constantinidis F , Charalampopoulos G , Dalamarinis K , Karanicas I , Kokkini G . An emergency diagnostic dilemma : a case of Yersinia enterocolitica colitis mimicking acute appendicitis in a beta - thalassemia major patient : the role of CT and literature review . Emerg Radiol . 2008 Mar . 15 ( 2 ) : 123 - 6 . Renaud N , Lecci L , Courcol RJ , Simonet M , Gaillot O . CHROMagar Yersinia : a new chromogenic agar for the screening of potentially pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica in stools . J Clin Microbiol . 2013 Jan 30 . You Y , Fu C , Zeng X , Fang D , Yan X , Sun B , et al . A novel DNA microarray for rapid diagnosis of enteropathogenic bacteria in stool specimens of patients with diarrhea . J Microbiol Methods . 2008 Dec . 75 ( 3 ) : 566 - 71 . Kojima M , Morita Y , Shimizu K , Yoshida T , Yamada I , Togo T , et al . Immunohistological findings of suppurative granulomas of Yersinia enterocolitica appendicitis : a report of two cases . Pathol Res Pract . 2007 . 203 ( 2 ) : 115 - 9 . Noble RC . Failure of cefotaxime in the treatment of Yersinia enterocolitica sepsis despite in vitro susceptibility . Current Therapeutic Research , Clinical and Experimental . 1989 . 46 ( 4 ) : 692 - 4 . Lal M , Kaur H , Gupta LK . Y . enterocolitica gastroenteritis - A prospective study . Indian J Med Microbiol . 2003 Jul - Sep . 21 ( 3 ) : 186 - 8 . Chan J , Gandhi RT . A Case of Septic Arthritis of the Shoulder Due to Yersinia enterocolitica with Review of the Literature . Open Forum Infect Dis . 2014 Sep . 1 ( 2 ) : ofu054 .
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Hyperammonemia Hyperammonemia Author : Jasvinder Chawla , MD , MBA Chief Editor : Tarakad S Ramachandran , MBBS , MBA , MPH , FAAN , FACP , FAHA , FRCP , FRCPC , FRS , LRCP , MRCP , MRCS Overview Clinical Presentation Differential Diagnoses Workup Treatment & Management Medication Follow - up Overview Practice Essentials Background Pathophysiology Epidemiology Clinical Presentation History Physical Causes Workup Laboratory Studies Imaging Studies Histologic Findings Treatment & Management Medical Care Surgical Care Consultations Diet Activity Follow - up Further Outpatient Care Further Inpatient Care Inpatient & Outpatient Medications Transfer Deterrence / Prevention Complications Prognosis Practice Essentials Hyperammonemia is a metabolic condition characterized by elevated levels of ammonia in the blood . Increased entry of ammonia to the brain is a primary cause of neurologic disorders , such as congenital deficiencies of urea cycle enzymes , hepatic encephalopathies , Reye syndrome , several other metabolic disorders , and some toxic encephalopathies . [ 69 ] Signs and symptoms Signs and symptoms of early - onset hyperammonemia ( neonates ) may include the following : Lethargy Irritability Poor feeding Vomiting Hyperventilation , grunting respiration Seizures Signs and symptoms of late - onset hyperammonemia ( later in life ) may include the following : Intermittent ataxia Intellectual impairment Failure to thrive Gait abnormality Behavior disturbances Epilepsy Recurrent Reye syndrome Protein avoidance Rarely , episodic headaches and cyclic vomiting See Clinical Presentation for more detail . Diagnosis No specific physical findings are associated with hyperammonemia . Affected infants usually present with the following : Dehydration Lethargy Tachypnea Hypotonia Bulging fontanelle Examination occasionally reveals a peculiar finding , such as odor of " sweaty feet " in isovaleric acidemia or abnormally fragile hair in argininosuccinic aciduria . Infants with argininosuccinic lyase deficiency may present with hepatomegaly . Lab tests Perform the following tests in patients with suspected hyperammonemia : Arterial blood gas analysis Serum amino acid levels Urinary orotic acid levels Urinary ketone tests Plasma and urinary organic acid levels Enzyme assays DNA mutation analysis : Method of choice to confirm the diagnosis of urea cycle disorders [ 1 ] Heterozygote identification in ornithine transcarbamoylase deficient pedigrees Imaging studies The following imaging studies may be used in evaluating patients with hyperammonemia : Neuroimaging : CT or MRI of the brain MR spectroscopy See Workup for more detail . Management The therapeutic aims in patients with hyperammonemia are to correct the biochemical abnormalities and ensure adequate nutritional intake . Treatment involves compounds that increase the removal of nitrogen waste . Pharmacotherapy Medications used in the treatment of hyperammonemia include the following : Urea cycle disorder treatment agents ( eg , sodium phenylbutyrate , carglumic acid , sodium phenylacetate , and sodium benzoate ) Antiemetic agents ( eg , ondansetron , granisetron , palonosetron , dolasetron ) Other treatments Other management approaches for hyperammonemia include the following : Cessation of protein and / or nitrogen intake Hemodialysis Supportive care with parenteral intake of calories Surgery Surgical intervention for patients with hyperammonemia include liver transplantation for correction of the metabolic error and / or liver cell transplantation as an alternative or bridge to liver transplantation . [ 2 , 3 ] See Treatment and Medication for more detail . References Background Ammonia is a normal constituent of all body fluids . At physiologic pH , it exists mainly as ammonium ion . Reference serum levels are less than 35 µmol / L . Excess ammonia is excreted as urea , which is synthesized in the liver through the urea cycle . Sources of ammonia include bacterial hydrolysis of urea and other nitrogenous compounds in the intestine , the purine - nucleotide cycle and amino acid transamination in skeletal muscle , and other metabolic processes in the kidneys and liver . Increased entry of ammonia to the brain is a primary cause of neurological disorders associated with hyperammonemia , such as congenital deficiencies of urea cycle enzymes , hepatic encephalopathies , Reye syndrome , several other metabolic disorders , and some toxic encephalopathies . References Pathophysiology Ammonia is a product of the metabolism of proteins and other compounds , and it is required for the synthesis of essential cellular compounds . However , a 5 - to 10 - fold increase in ammonia in the blood induces toxic effects in most animal species , with alterations in the function of the central nervous system . Both acute and chronic hyperammonemia result in alterations of the neurotransmitter system . Based on animal study findings , the mechanism of ammonia neurotoxicity at the molecular level has been proposed . Acute ammonia intoxication in an animal model leads to increased extracellular concentration of glutamate in the brain and results in activation of the N - methyl D - aspartate ( NMDA ) receptor . Activation of this receptor mediates ATP depletion and ammonia toxicity ; sustained blocking of the NMDA receptor by continuous administration of antagonists dizocilpine ( MK - 801 ) or memantine prevents both phenomena , leading to significantly increased survival time in rats . [ 4 ] The ATP depletion is due to activation of Na + / K + - ATPase , which , in turn , is a consequence of decreased phosphorylation by protein kinase C . Activation of the NMDA receptor is probably the cause of seizures in acute hyperammonemia . Neuropathologic evaluation demonstrates alteration in the astrocyte morphology . Studies demonstrated a significant downregulation of the gap – junction channel connexin 43 , the water channel aquaporin 4 genes , and the astrocytic inward - rectifying potassium channel genes , colocalized to astrocytic end - feet at the brain vasculature , where they regulate potassium and water transport . A downregulation of these channels in hyperammonemic mice suggests an alteration in astrocyte - mediated water and potassium homeostasis in the brain as a potential key factor in the development of brain edema . [ 5 ] Also , studies on cultured astrocytes examined the potential role of p53 , a tumor suppressor protein and a transcriptional factor , in ammonia - induced neurotoxicity . Activation of p53 contributes to astrocyte swelling and glutamate uptake inhibition , leading to brain edema . Both processes are blocked by p53 inhibition . [ 6 ] High levels of ammonia induce other metabolic changes that are not mediated by activation of the NMDA receptor and thus are not involved directly in ammonia - induced ATP depletion or neurotoxicity . These include increases in brain levels of lactate , pyruvate , glutamine , and free glucose , and decreases in brain levels of glycogen , ketone bodies , and glutamate . Chronic hyperammonemia is associated with an increase in inhibitory neurotransmission as a consequence of 2 factors . The first is downregulation of glutamate receptors secondary to excessive extrasynaptic accumulation of glutamate . In addition , changes in the glutamate - nitric oxide - cGMP pathway result in impairment of signal transduction associated with NMDA receptors , leading to alteration in cognition and learning . [ 7 ] The second is an increased GABAergic tone resulting from benzodiazepine receptor overstimulation by endogenous benzodiazepines and neurosteroids . These changes probably contribute to deterioration of intellectual function , decreased consciousness , and coma . Treatment of chronic hyperammonemic rats with inhibitors of phosphodiesterase 5 restores the function of glutamate - nitric oxide - cGMP pathway and cGMP levels in rats ’ brain , with restored ability to learn a conditional task . [ 8 ] RNA oxidation offers an explanation for multiple disturbances of neurotransmitter system , gene expression , and secondary cognitive deficiencies noticed in hepatic encephalopathy . In chronic hepatic encephalopathies , a small - grade astrocyte swelling was observed without overt brain edema . Astrocyte edema produces reactive oxygen and nitrogen oxide species , resulting in RNA oxidation and increased of free intracellular zinc . RNA oxidation may impair synthesis of postsynaptic proteins involved in learning and memory consolidation . [ 9 ] Ammonia also increases the transport of aromatic amino acids ( eg , tryptophan ) across the blood - brain barrier . This leads to an increase in the level of serotonin , which is the basis for anorexia in hyperammonemia . Epidemiology Frequency United States Collecting accurate data on the frequency of metabolic disorders is difficult , because the information collected is representative of the particular area or the population group ; the incidence of urea cycle disorders in the United States is estimated at 1 in 25,000 live births . [ 10 ] International The prevalence of urea cycle disorders is currently estimated at 1 : 8,000 - 1 : 44,000 births internationally . The prevalence may be underestimated due to underdiagnosis of fatal cases and unreliable newborn screening . [ 1 ] Mortality / Morbidity Coma and cerebral edema are the major causes of death ; the survivors of coma have a high incidence of intellectual impairment . Race These disorders have been observed in all races . Sex All the urea cycle disorders are inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern , except ornithine transcarbamoylase ( OTC ) deficiency , which is inherited as an X - linked trait ; however , female carriers of the OTC gene can become symptomatic . Age Early - onset hyperammonemia presents in the neonatal period . Urea cycle disorders can present later in life ( see History ) . History Family history may reveal unexplained neonatal deaths or undiagnosed chronic illness . A history of males being affected is suggestive of OTC deficiency , which is inherited as an X - linked trait . Consanguinity results in an increased risk of inheriting a metabolic disorder . Early - onset hyperammonemia presents in the neonatal period . The baby is usually well for the first day or two . As the ammonia level rises , the baby becomes symptomatic . The family gives a history of lethargy , irritability , poor feeding , and vomiting . These symptoms correlate with an ammonia level of 100 - 150 µmol / L , which is 2 - 3 times the reference range . This may be followed by hyperventilation and grunting respiration ; seizures also may develop . Late - onset hyperammonemia typically is due to urea cycle disorders , which can present later in life . The frequently altered clinical presentation of urea cycle disorders later in life develops from intrinsic differences in physiology based on age , as well as molecular aspects of the underlying biochemistry . Older children have greater energy reserves than neonates , allowing them to compensate for periods of stress . They also have a greater capacity and more opportunity to regulate their own environment . Adults with partial enzyme deficiency can become symptomatic when hyperammonemia is triggered by a stressful medical Intermittent ataxia : Patients have an unstable gait and dysmetria . The intermittent nature of the symptoms is due to a periodic exacerbation of ammonia level . Intellectual impairment : Episodic minor hyperammonemia may produce subtle intellectual deficits even in clinically asymptomatic individuals . Failure to thrive : Children with an underlying metabolic disorder have suboptimal growth secondary to poor feeding and frequent vomiting . Gait abnormality : In arginase deficiency , patients present with spastic diplegia , which manifests as toe walking . Behavior disturbances : These include sleep disturbances , irritability , hyperactivity , manic episodes , and psychosis . Epilepsy : Intractable seizures in a few patients have been secondary to an underlying urea cycle defect . Recurrent Reye syndrome : A recurrent Reye syndromelike picture strongly suggests the possibility of a metabolic disorder . Episodic headaches and cyclic vomiting may , rarely , be found to be caused by urea cycle defects . Protein avoidance : Females with OTC deficiency may give a history of protein avoidance . Physical No specific physical findings are associated with hyperammonemia . Affected infants usually present with the following : Dehydration secondary to vomiting Tachypnea due to stimulation of the medullary center of respiration by the ammonium ion Hypotonia as a nonspecific response to acute stress Bulging fontanelle as a sign of raised intracranial pressure Sometimes examination reveals a peculiar finding , such as odor of " sweaty feet " in isovaleric acidemia or abnormally fragile hair in argininosuccinic aciduria . Infants with argininosuccinic lyase deficiency may present with hepatomegaly . Causes Enzyme defects in urea cycle See the list below : N - acetylglutamate synthetase ( NAGS ) deficiency : Deficiency of this enzyme results in a lack of - acetylglutamate , which is an activator of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase . Mode of inheritance is autosomal recessive . - acetylglutamate also could become deficient if acetyl - CoA is not available . Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I ( CPS I ) deficiency : This defect is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern . In the presence of - acetylglutamate , ammonium ions combine with bicarbonate to form carbamoyl phosphate . The reaction takes place in hepatic mitochondria . Hyperammonemia develops as early as the first day of life . A majority of affected infants die in the neonatal period . This enzyme has been mapped to the short arm of chromosome 2 . Ornithine transcarbamoylase ( OTC ) deficiency : OTC also is found inside the mitochondria . In its presence , ornithine combines with carbamoyl phosphate to form citrulline , which is then transported out of the mitochondria . In the absence of the enzyme , accumulated carbamoyl phosphate enters the cytosol and participates in pyrimidine synthesis in the presence of CPS II . This is the most common urea cycle defect , with an estimated incidence of 1 case in 14,000 persons . It is transmitted as an X - linked trait . Neonatal onset is seen in males who have Argininosuccinic acid synthetase ( AS ) deficiency : Citrulline combines with aspartate to form argininosuccinic acid . The AS deficiency results in citrullinemia . Onset is usually between hours 24 and 72 of life , but late - onset forms have been described in the literature . The mode of inheritance is autosomal recessive . The gene for this defect has been localized to chromosome 9 . Argininosuccinic lyase ( AL ) deficiency : This enzyme cleaves argininosuccinic acid to yield fumarate and arginine . The lack of this enzyme leads to argininosuccinic aciduria . It is the second most common urea cycle disorder . Symptoms may appear in the neonatal period or later in life . It also is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern . Abnormally fragile hair ( trichorrhexis nodosa ) has been observed in these infants as early as age 2 weeks . The gene has been localized to chromosome 7 . Arginase deficiency : This enzyme is involved in the final step of the urea cycle when arginine is cleaved to form urea and ornithine . Its deficiency results in argininemia , which is the least frequent of the urea cycle disorders . Hyperammonemia is not severe and the probable cause of neurotoxicity is arginine . The gene for this defect has been localized to chromosome band 6q23 . Neonatal course is usually uneventful . These patients present with progressive spastic diplegia or quadriplegia , intellectual impairment , recurrent vomiting , delayed growth , and seizures . Organic acidemias Usually these disorders are associated with ketosis and acidosis in addition to hyperammonemia ; however , sometimes hyperammonemia dominates the picture , raising the possibility of a urea cycle disorder . The proposed mechanism for hyperammonemia is the accumulation of CoA derivatives of organic acids , which inhibit the formation of - acetylglutamate , the activator of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase in liver . Disorders in this group include the following : Isovaleric acidemia Propionic acidemia Methylmalonic acidemia Glutaric acidemia type II Multiple carboxylase deficiency beta - ketothiolase deficiency Congenital lactic acidosis These disorders are characterized by increased lactate ( 10 - 20 mmol / L ) , increased lactate / pyruvate ratio , metabolic acidosis , and ketosis . Hyperammonemia and citrullinemia have been observed in some cases . This group includes the following : Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency Pyruvate carboxylase deficiency Mitochondrial disorders Fatty acid oxidation defects See the list below : Acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency : Deficiency of medium - or long - chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase leads to defective beta - oxidation of fats . Patients present with severe hypoglycemia . Some patients have modest hyperammonemia secondary to hepatic dysfunction . Systemic carnitine deficiency : Carnitine is required for transport of long - chain fatty acids into mitochondria . Its deficiency causes nonketotic hypoglycemia , increase in liver transaminases , and modest elevation of ammonium level . Patients may have muscle weakness , cardiomyopathy , hepatomegaly , and / or growth retardation . Dibasic amino acid transport defects Lysinuric protein intolerance ( LPI ) : This disorder is characterized by a defect in membrane transport of cationic amino acids lysine , arginine , and ornithine . The mechanism for hyperammonemia is the deficiency of ornithine and arginine . Citrulline , when given orally , abolishes the hyperammonemia as it is transported by a different mechanism in the intestine . Affected individuals have normal neurologic development when adequately treated . Hyperammonemia - hyperornithinemia - homocitrullinuria ( HHH ) : These infants present in the first few weeks of life with seizures , feeding difficulty , and altered level of consciousness . A defect in transport of ornithine from cytosol into mitochondria causes hyperornithinemia , and disruption of the urea cycle causes hyperammonemia . In the absence of ornithine , mitochondrial carbamoyl phosphate reacts with lysine to form homocitrulline . Transient hyperammonemia of the newborn This disorder is seen in premature infants . Onset of symptoms is on the first or second day of life before introduction of any protein . These infants have seizures , decreased consciousness , fixed pupils , and loss of oculocephalic reflex . Because of these clinical findings , conditions like severe hypoxic - ischemic encephalopathy and intracranial hemorrhage are considered first . Hyperammonemia is marked and is treated with hemodialysis . Twenty to thirty percent of these infants die , and about 35 - 45 % have abnormal neurologic development . Possible mechanism is slow maturation of the urea cycle function . Asphyxia Hyperammonemia has been observed in newborns with severe perinatal asphyxia . High levels of ammonia are found within the first 24 hours of life . Increased ammonia is usually accompanied by elevated serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase ( SGOT ) . Reye syndrome Reye syndrome is an acquired disorder usually occurring after a viral infection ( particularly influenza A or B or varicella ) . Statistically , it has some association with aspirin ingestion . In one case , Reye - like syndrome was reported due to food poisoning caused by Bacillus cereus . [ 11 ] Patients present with symptoms and signs of cerebral and hepatic dysfunction — vomiting , altered level of consciousness , seizures , cerebral edema , and hepatomegaly without jaundice . Laboratory studies reveal marked increases in liver transaminases , hyperammonemia , and lactic acidosis . Drugs Therapy with valproate is associated with hyperammonemia , usually less than 2 - 3 times the upper limit of the reference range . It is frequent in patients on combination therapy for epilepsy . The mechanism is decreased production of mitochondrial acetyl CoA , which causes decrease in - acetylglutamate , an activator of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase . Thus , patients with partial enzyme deficiencies may be at increased risk of developing symptomatic hyperammonemia during treatment with valproate . Valproate can also cause a carnitine deficiency , which leads to B - oxidation impairment followed by urea cycle inhibition . Administration of carnitine has been shown to speed the decrease of ammonia in patients with valproic acid – induced encephalopathy , but further studies are needed to clarify the therapeutic and prophylactic role of carnitine and optimal regimen of administration . [ 12 ] Asymptomatic hyperammonemia has been reported as a frequent , but transient finding following intravenous loading dose of valproic acid . [ 13 ] A topiramate / valproate - induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy was reported in patients on dual therapy , which is reversible with cessation of either medication . The hypothesized mechanism of the encephalopathy is a synergy between valproate and topiramate . [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ] Carbamazepine - induced hyperammonemia is rarely encountered . [ 18 ] Chemotherapy : Acute hyperammonemia has been reported after high - dose chemotherapy such as 5 - fluorouracil , resulting in a high mortality rate . Salicylate : Intoxication with aspirin can present findings similar to Reye syndrome with an initial respiratory alkalosis and hyperammonemia . In a large study of 2944 pediatric patients with epilepsy , investigators identified young age and concomitant use of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors — with or without valproic acid — as a risk factor for hyperammonemia . [ 19 ] In addition , of children who received valproic acid , concomitant administration of phenytoin and / or phenobarbital also increased the risk for hyperammonemia . [ 19 ] Other significant risk factors included female sex , symptomatic generalized epilepsy , and concomitant use of acetazolamide , topiramate , or zonisamide . Liver disease This is a common cause of hyperammonemia in adults . It may be due to an acute process , for example , viral hepatitis , ischemia , or hepatotoxins . Chronic liver diseases that can cause hyperammonemia include the following : Biliary atresia Alpha1 - antitrypsin deficiency Wilson disease Cystic fibrosis Galactosemia Tyrosinemia Renal Urinary tract infection with a urease - producing organism , such as Proteus mirabilis , Corynebacterium species , or Staphylococcus species , can produce a hyperammonemic state . This usually happens in association with high urinary residuals and an alkaline pH . Other causes Herpes infection : Hyperammonemia , in association with neonatal herpes simplex pneumonitis , has been reported . The increase in ammonia level resulted from protein catabolism caused by prolonged hypoxia . Parenteral hyperalimentation : Increased nitrogen load in patients receiving parenteral alimentation can cause hyperammonemia . Hyperammonemia has been reported in patients with thyroid disease and Hashimoto encephalopathy . [ 20 , 21 ] Hyperammonemia is a rare but severe complication of multiple myeloma and is associated with high mortality . [ 22 ] Other diagnostic considerations The clinical presentation of hyperammonemia in the neonatal period is nonspecific and merely indicates that the infant is in distress ; therefore , disorders such as sepsis , intracranial hemorrhage , cardiac disease , and gastrointestinal obstruction should be ruled out with appropriate laboratory and imaging studies . Plasma ammonium level should be determined in all such scenarios . Once it is found to be elevated ( ie , > 200 µmol / L ) , then a specific diagnosis can be made with the help of the following laboratory studies : Plasma and urinary amino acids Urinary organic acids Serum glucose Arterial blood gases Bicarbonate Lactate Citrulline Urinary ketones Urinary orotate Hyperammonemia , along with acidosis , ketosis , and a low bicarbonate level , is suggestive of an organic acidemia . In addition , hyperglycinemia and hypoglycemia also are seen in some organic acidemias . Hyperammonemia , in addition to acidosis , ketosis , and increased lactate and citrulline , indicates pyruvate carboxylase deficiency . Hyperammonemia with respiratory alkalosis is caused by a urea cycle defect or transient hyperammonemia of the newborn . Plasma citrulline level can help to localize the defect within the urea cycle . In AS deficiency ( ie , citrullinemia ) , plasma citrulline level is very high ( > 1000 µmol / L ) . In AL deficiency ( ie , argininosuccinic aciduria ) , citrulline level is increased moderately ( 100 - 300 µmol / L ) . Trace levels of citrulline or complete absence suggests deficiency of CPS or OTC . Determination of urinary orotate , which is The presence of hyperammonemia within the first 24 hours in a premature infant with normal to mildly elevated citrulline levels represents transient hyperammonemia of the newborn . Differential diagnosis of late - onset hyperammonemia In a child presenting with hyperammonemia , the differential diagnosis includes all the disorders already mentioned , as well as some other conditions . The additional laboratory studies for these disorders include liver function tests , plasma carnitine , and arginine . Hyperammonemia with metabolic acidosis , ketosis , markedly elevated hepatic transaminases , and hyperbilirubinemia suggests liver disease and hepatotoxicity . A similar laboratory profile without hyperbilirubinemia is seen in Reye syndrome or systemic carnitine deficiency . In the absence of acidosis or ketosis , the possibilities are a urea cycle defect or an amino acid transport defect . Determination of citrulline and urinary orotate would help to diagnose the specific enzyme deficiency , except for argininemia , in which citrulline level is within the reference range but plasma arginine level is raised markedly ( > 500 µmol / L ) . If serum levels of citrulline and arginine are within reference ranges , amino acid transport defects should be considered . Increased urinary excretion of lysine is seen in LPI , whereas in HHH syndrome , plasma ornithine level is elevated along with increased urinary homocitrulline . Differential Diagnoses Ataxia with Identified Genetic and Biochemical Defects Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism Eclampsia EEG in Dementia and Encephalopathy Inherited Metabolic Disorders Metabolic Disease & ; Stroke : Homocystinuria / Homocysteinemia Methylmalonic Acidemia Syncope Laboratory Studies The following tests should be performed after a patient is found to be hyperammonemic : Arterial blood gas analysis : This study determines acid - base status ; respiratory alkalosis strongly suggests a urea cycle defect ; it is the result of hyperventilation due to stimulation of the central respiratory drive . Serum amino acid tests Glutamine and alanine levels are increased in all urea cycle defects except for arginase deficiency . Citrulline level is decreased mildly in CPS / NAGS and OTC deficiencies but increased markedly in AS deficiency and moderately in AL deficiency . Arginine level is increased markedly in arginase deficiency but decreased mildly in all the other enzyme deficiencies of the urea cycle . Argininosuccinic acid level is increased markedly in AL deficiency . Urinary orotic acid tests : The level is increased markedly in OTC deficiency and mildly in other enzyme deficiencies except for CPS / NAGS deficiency , in which it is decreased mildly . Urinary ketone tests : Presence of ketosis indicates an organic acidemia . Plasma and urinary organic acid tests : These levels screen for the presence of an organic acidemia that may be causing the hyperammonemia . Enzyme assays : Assays performed on tissue specimens obtained by percutaneous liver biopsy can determine diagnosis in cases of CPS , NAGS , and OTC deficiency . Enzyme assays are also performed on red blood cells ( for arginase deficiency ) , fibroblast from skin biopsy ( ASS , ASL , and HHH ) , and intestinal mucosa ( CPS , OTC ) . Enzyme analysis has largely been replaced by genetic analysis . It is still indicated in selected cases with negative genetic testing or if genetic testing is not available . DNA mutation analysis is the method of choice in confirming the diagnosis of UCD as it is clinically available for all genes of the urea cycle . Heterozygote identification in OTC - deficient pedigrees Allopurinol loading test : This test establishes the carrier status of women at risk for OTC deficiency . After a loading dose of allopurinol , urinary orotidine excretion is measured ; it is increased greatly in carriers . DNA analysis : Several techniques are available to determine the presence of a mutation at the OTC locus . Antenatal diagnosis : All urea cycle defects can be diagnosed antenatally by different techniques including , DNA analysis on chorionic villus or amniotic fluid cells , measurements of amniotic fluid metabolites or enzyme activities in the amniotic cells , chorionic villi , fetal liver , and fetal erythrocytes . Imaging Studies Neuroimaging : CT or MRI of the brain may show cerebral edema in acute hyperammonemia . The classic MR finding in patients with chronic liver disorders is hyperintense signal in the globus pallidum on T1 weighted images due to increased tissue concentration of manganese . MR spectroscopy : This shows an elevated glutamine / glutamate peak coupled with decreased myoinositol and choline signals . [ 23 , 24 ] Multiple strokelike lesions have been recently reported as MRI finding in a patient with hyperornithinemia - hyperammonemia - homocitrullinuria . [ 25 ] Newer imaging technique involving diffusion tensor imaging reveals damage to corticospinal tracts in patients with arginase deficiency . [ 26 ] Histologic Findings The most consistent neuropathologic change in encephalopathies with hyperammonemia is prominent Alzheimer type II astrogliosis . Medical Care The aims are to correct biochemical abnormalities and ensure adequate nutritional intake . Treatment involves compounds that increase the removal of nitrogen waste . These compounds convert nitrogen into products other than urea , which are then excreted ; hence , the load on the urea cycle is reduced . The first compounds to be used were sodium benzoate and arginine . Later , phenylacetate was used , which has now been replaced by phenylbutyrate . Treatment of neonatal hyperammonemic coma Protein intake should be stopped . Calories should be supplied by giving hypertonic 10 % glucose . Hemodialysis should be started promptly in all comatose neonates with plasma ammonium levels greater than 10 times reference range . Plasma ammonium levels are reduced quickly and the total dialysis time is shorter with hemodialysis than with peritoneal dialysis . Continuous arteriovenous or venovenous hemofiltration may be used as an alternative method . [ 27 ] Intravenous sodium benzoate and phenylacetate should be started once the plasma ammonium level falls to 3 - 4 times the upper limit of the reference range . Intravenous arginine should be provided . Corticosteroids are not indicated for the management of increased intracranial pressure in hyperammonemia because they induce negative nitrogen balance . Mannitol is not effective in treating cerebral edema induced by hyperammonemia . Valproic acid should not be used to treat seizures as it decreases urea cycle function and increases serum ammonia levels . Treatment of intercurrent hyperammonemia Patients with urea cycle defects may present with episodes of hyperammonemia secondary to increased protein intake , increased catabolism , or noncompliance with therapy . This should be recognized early and treated as an emergency . Treatment should be started if the plasma ammonium level is 3 times the reference level . All nitrogen intake should be stopped . High parenteral intake of calories from 10 - 15 % glucose and intralipids should be provided . Intravenous infusion of sodium benzoate and phenylacetate should be started . Plasma ammonium levels should be checked at the end of the infusion and every 8 hours . Once the ammonia level is near normal , oral medication should be started . If the level does not decrease in 8 hours , hemodialysis should be started . Osmotic demyelination syndrome has been reported as a potential serious complication of standard therapy for hyperammonemia in patients with ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency . [ 28 ] Surgical Care Liver transplantation : The main goal of liver transplantation is to correct the metabolic error . In one recent study of liver transplantation in patients with defects causing hyperammonemia , metabolic errors were corrected in all patients , and requirements for medication and dietary restriction were eliminated . Neurologic outcomes correlated closely with status prior to transplantation . Thus , liver transplantation is a good option for patients with urea cycle defects who have not suffered major brain injury . Liver cell transplantation , administered as multiple intraportal infusions of cryopreserved hepatocytes , has been reported as a potentially less invasive alternative or bridging to liver transplantation . [ 2 , 3 ] Consultations Nephrologist for hemodialysis Dietitian to help with the dietary management and education of the family Geneticist for possible testing of family members and to provide genetic counseling Diet Dietary management consists of the following : Low protein intake : Current recommendation is 0.7 g / kg / day of protein and 0.7 g / kg / day of essential amino acid mixture . During the first 6 months , an infant may tolerate 1.5 - 2 g / kg / day of protein . Arginine supplementation : Arginine is an essential amino acid in patients with urea cycle defects . In neonates and in OTC and CPSI deficiencies , citrulline can be given as a source of arginine as it gives one less nitrogen atom ; in late - onset cases , however , arginine is acceptable because of increased nitrogen tolerance . Citrulline levels are elevated in ASS and ASL deficiencies and citrulline should not be administered in patients with unknown enzyme deficiency . Providing enough calories to meet energy requirements A tube feeding may be needed to provide a stable feeding route . A gastrostomy tube is the most reliable way to administer medications and fluids during illness and helps provide adequate nutritional support to prevent catabolism . Activity Restricting physical activity of these children is not necessary ; however , caloric intake should be sufficient to avoid protein breakdown . Medication Medication Summary Urea Cycle Disorder Treatment Agents Antiemetic Medication Summary The medical management of urea cycle disorders used to be limited to dietary modifications , which were not sufficient in many patients . Introduction of compounds that promote alternate pathways for nitrogen excretion was a big breakthrough . As nitrogen is converted to compounds other than urea , the load on the urea cycle is reduced . Sodium phenylbutyrate ( Buphenyl ) Dosing , Interactions , etc . Clinical Context : Phenylacetate was introduced after benzoate but now has been replaced by phenylbutyrate because former has bad odor . Adverse effects include menstrual disturbances ( 23 % of patients ) , anorexia , pH disturbance , hypoalbuminemia , disturbance in phosphate metabolism , Fanconi syndrome , bad taste , and offensive body odor . Available in powder and tablet forms . Carglumic acid ( Carbaglu ) Dosing , Interactions , etc . Clinical Context : Also called - carbamoyl - L - glutamate , carbamylglutamic acid , or carglutamic acid . Structural analogue of - acetylglutamate , which enters cells and enables activation of CPS I ( first enzyme of urea cycle ) in vivo . Decreases hyperammonemia by converting ammonia into urea . More resistant to enzymatic degradation by hydrolysis compared with - acetylglutamate . Carglumic acid was recently approved by the FDA as adjunctive therapy for acute hyperammonemia and maintenance therapy for chronic hyperammonemia due to the deficiency of the hepatic enzyme N - acetylglutamate synthase ( NAGS ) , a rare genetic disorder resulting in hyperammonemia . [ 27 ] Available as a 200 - mg dispersible tab . Tab is scored and can be split to provide accurate dose . Sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate ( Ammonul ) Benzoate combines with glycine to form hippurate , which is excreted in urine . One mole of benzoate removes 1 mole of nitrogen . Phenylacetate conjugates ( via acetylation ) glutamine in the liver and kidneys to form phenylacetylglutamine , which is excreted by the kidneys . The nitrogen content of phenylacetylglutamine per mole is identical to that of urea ( 2 moles of nitrogen ) . Ammonul must be administered with arginine for carbamyl phosphate synthetase ( CPS ) , ornithine transcarbamylase ( OTC ) , argininosuccinate synthetase ( ASS ) , or argininosuccinate lyase ( ASL ) deficiencies Glycerol phenylbutyrate ( Ravicti ) Glycerol phenylbutyrate is a nitrogen - binding agent for chronic management of adult and pediatric patients aged 2 years or older with urea cycle disorders who can not be managed by dietary protein restriction and / or amino acid supplementation alone . It is a pre - prodrug that is metabolized by ester hydrolysis and pancreatic lipases to phenylbutyrate and then by beta oxidation to phenylacetate . Glutamine is conjugated with phenylacetate to form phenylacetylglutamine , a nitrogen waste product that is excreted in the urine . It is not indicated for treatment of hyperammonemia . Class Summary This group consists of sodium benzoate , sodium phenylacetate , and sodium phenylbutyrate . These drugs lower blood ammonia concentrations by conjugation reactions involving acylation of amino acids . Sodium phenylbutyrate is a prodrug and is metabolized to phenylacetate . Phenylacetate then conjugates with glutamine to form phenylacetylglutamine , which is then excreted by the kidneys . On a molar basis , 1 mole of phenylacetate removes 2 moles of nitrogen . Antiemetic Class Summary Ondansetron hydrochloride ( Zofran ) Granisetron ( Granisol , Sancuso ) Palonosetron ( Aloxi ) Dolasetron ( Anzemet ) Ondansetron hydrochloride ( Zofran ) Selective 5 - HT3 - receptor antagonist that blocks serotonin both peripherally and centrally . Prevents nausea and vomiting associated with sodium benzoate and phenylacetate and carglumic acid . Granisetron ( Granisol , Sancuso ) Used for prevention of chemotherapy - induced nausea and vomiting . At chemoreceptor trigger zone , blocks serotonin peripherally on vagal nerve terminals and centrally . Prevents nausea and vomiting associated with sodium benzoate and phenylacetate and carglumic acid . Palonosetron ( Aloxi ) Selective 5 - HT3 receptor antagonist with long half - life ( 40 h ) . Blocks 5 - HT3 receptors peripherally and centrally in chemoreceptor trigger zone . Prevents nausea and vomiting associated with sodium benzoate and phenylacetate and carglumic acid . Dolasetron ( Anzemet ) Prevents nausea and vomiting by binding to 5 - HT3 - receptors located on chemoreceptor trigger zone and vagal neurons in GI tract . Prevents nausea and vomiting associated with sodium benzoate and phenylacetate and carglumic acid . These agents control nausea and vomiting associated with IV administration of sodium benzoate and phenylacetate . Further Outpatient Care Outpatient care involves monitoring growth and development of the child that would indicate the adequacy of treatment . Additionally , periodic fasting levels of the following should be determined : Plasma ammonium Plasma glutamine ( should be maintained at < 1000 µmol / L ) Arginine Total protein Further Inpatient Care Patients usually can go back to their dietary regimen and oral medications in 3 - 4 days . They should be admitted to an intensive care unit initially , and their neurologic status should be monitored carefully . Inpatient & Outpatient Medications Sodium phenylbutyrate : Patients with CPS , OTC , or AS deficiency should receive sodium phenylbutyrate at a dose of 450 - 600 mg / kg / day . Citrulline : Patients with CPS or OTC deficiency should receive citrulline ( 150 - 200 mg / kg / day for < 20 kg and 3 - 4 g / m 2 / day if > 20 kg ) as a source of arginine ; because citrulline is elevated in ASS and ASL deficiencies , it should not be given to patients with an unknown diagnosis . After stabilization , citrulline 170 mg / kg / day is given to patients with OTC and CPS deficiency . Arginine : It is administered IV together with sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate solution as part of the initial hyperammonemia treatment . In patients ≤ 20 kg , CPS and OTC deficiency or if a specific defect in the urea cycle has not been identified , administer arginine hydrochloride bolus 200 mg / kg in patients who weigh less than 20 kg and 4 g / m 2 for patients over 20 kg , infused over 90 min ; this is followed by a maintenance dose of 200 mg / kg / day in patients under 20 kg and 4 g / m / day for patients over 20 kg . In ASS and ASL deficiency , the maintenance dose recommended is 600 mg / kg / day if less than 20 kg and 12 g / m / day if over 20 kg . After stabilization , an arginine base ( 500 mg / kg / day PO ) is recommended for AS and AL deficiency . Transfer Patients should be transferred to a facility having a neonatal or pediatric intensive care unit . Deterrence / Prevention Parents should be educated to take the symptoms of hyperammonemia ( ie , lethargy , vomiting , changes in behavior ) very seriously . They should contact their physician immediately at the onset of these symptoms . Following dietary recommendations and compliance with medications decreases the frequency of hyperammonemic episodes . Antenatal diagnosis of urea cycle disorders can be made using several laboratory techniques . Families should be informed about the availability of these tests if they have had an affected infant or if the mother is a carrier of OTC mutation . Complications Cerebral edema Cortical blindness Prognosis In a previous study of patients with urea cycle defects in Japan , the 5 - year survival rate was 22 % for the neonatal - onset group and 41 % for the late - onset group . Among the survivors of the neonatal - onset group , 90 % had moderately severe to severe neurologic deficits , whereas 28 % of the survivors of the late - onset group had similar problems . In another study including 260 patients in the United States , the 11 - year survival rate was 35 % for the neonatal - onset group compared with 87 % for the group with onset in late infancy . [ 10 ] In previous study , a group of 21 patients with neonatal hyperammonemia was monitored over the long term . Duration of coma was the only reliable sign influencing the short - term outcome . Among the 13 survivors , only 3 had a normal / borderline outcome as far as neurocognitive development was concerned . Suggested guidelines indicate that the most important factor for the neurodevelopmental prognosis is the total duration of coma and peak ammonia levels . Patient Education See Deterrence / Prevention . Author Jasvinder Chawla , MD , MBA , Chief of Neurology , Hines Veterans Affairs Hospital ; Professor of Neurology , Loyola University Medical Center Disclosure : Nothing to disclose . Specialty Editors Francisco Talavera , PharmD , PhD , Adjunct Assistant Professor , University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy ; Editor - in - Chief , Medscape Drug Reference Disclosure : Received salary from Medscape for employment . for : Medscape . Nicholas Lorenzo , MD , MHA , CPE , Founding Editor - in - Chief , eMedicine Neurology ; Founder and CEO / CMO , PHLT Consultants ; Chief Medical Officer , MeMD Inc Disclosure : Nothing to disclose . Chief Editor Tarakad S Ramachandran , MBBS , MBA , MPH , FAAN , FACP , FAHA , FRCP , FRCPC , FRS , LRCP , MRCP , MRCS , Professor Emeritus of Neurology and Psychiatry , Clinical Professor of Medicine , Clinical Professor of Family Medicine , Clinical Professor of Neurosurgery , State University of New York Upstate Medical University ; Neuroscience Director , Department of Neurology , Crouse Irving Memorial Hospital Additional Contributors Elena Crisan , MD , Neurology Staff , Department of Neurology , Edwards Hines Veterans Affairs Hospital ; Assistant Professor of Neurology , Loyola University Medical Center J Stephen Huff , MD , FACEP , Professor of Emergency Medicine and Neurology , Department of Emergency Medicine , University of Virginia School of Medicine Acknowledgements The authors and editors of Medscape Reference gratefully acknowledge the contributions of previous author Kazi Imran Majeed , MD to the development and writing of this article . 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Hauser ER , Finkelstein JE , Valle D , Brusilow SW . Allopurinol - induced orotidinuria . A test for mutations at the ornithine carbamoyltransferase locus in women . N Engl J Med . 1990 Jun 7 . 322 ( 23 ) : 1641 - 5 . Jalan R , Lee WM . Treatment of Hyperammonemia in Liver Failure : A Tale of Two Enzymes . Gastroenterology . 2009 Apr 28 . Kuntze JR , Weinberg AC , Ahlering TE . Hyperammonemic coma due to Proteus infection . J Urol . 1985 Nov . 134 ( 5 ) : 972 - 3 . Logan W . Neonatal hyperammonemic encephalopathy . Topics in Neonatal Neurology , Orlando : Grune & Stratton . 1984 . 137 - 157 . Maestri NE , McGowan KD , Brusilow SW . Plasma glutamine concentration : a guide in the management of urea cycle disorders . J Pediatr . 1992 Aug . 121 ( 2 ) : 259 - 61 . McCall M , Bourgeois JA . Valproic acid - induced hyperammonemia : a case report . J Clin Psychopharmacol . 2004 Oct . 24 ( 5 ) : 521 - 6 . McGuire PJ , Lee HS , Summar ML . Infectious Precipitants of Acute Hyperammonemia Are Associated with Indicators of Increased Morbidity in Patients with Urea Cycle Disorders . . 2013 Sep 28 . Msall M , Batshaw ML , Suss R , et al . Neurologic outcome in children with inborn errors of urea synthesis . Outcome of urea - cycle enzymopathies . N Engl J Med . 1984 Jun 7 . 310 ( 23 ) : 1500 - 5 . Prasad AN , Breen JC , Ampola MG , Rosman NP . Argininemia : a treatable genetic cause of progressive spastic diplegia simulating cerebral palsy : case reports and literature review . . 1997 Aug . 12 ( 5 ) : 301 - 9 . Rajpoot DK , Gargus JJ . Acute hemodialysis for hyperammonemia in small neonates . Pediatr Nephrol . 2004 Apr . 19 ( 4 ) : 390 - 5 . Ratnaike RN , Schapel GJ , Purdie G , et al . Hyperammonaemia and hepatotoxicity during chronic valproate therapy : enhancement by combination with other antiepileptic drugs . Br J Clin Pharmacol . 1986 Jul . 22 ( 1 ) : 100 - 3 . Schaefer F , Straube E , Oh J , et al . Dialysis in neonates with inborn errors of metabolism . Nephrol Dial Transplant . 1999 Apr . 14 ( 4 ) : 910 - 8 . Schutze GE , Edwards MS , Adham BI , Belmont JW . Hyperammonemia and neonatal herpes simplex pneumonitis . Pediatr Infect Dis J . 1990 Oct . 9 ( 10 ) : 749 - 50 . Smith W , Diaz GA , Lichter - Konecki U , Berry SA , Harding CO , McCandless SE , et al . Ammonia Control in Children Ages 2 Months through 5 Years with Urea Cycle Disorders : Comparison of Sodium Phenylbutyrate and Glycerol Phenylbutyrate . . 2013 Jan 13 . Smith W , Kishnani PS , Lee B , et al . Urea cycle disorders : clinical presentation outside the newborn period . Crit Care Clin . 2005 Oct . 21 ( 4 Suppl ) : S9 - 17 . Summar ML , Barr F , Dawling S , et al . Unmasked adult - onset urea cycle disorders in the critical care setting . Crit Care Clin . 2005 Oct . 21 ( 4 Suppl ) : S1 - 8 . Uchino T , Endo F , Matsuda I . Neurodevelopmental outcome of long - term therapy of urea cycle disorders in Japan . 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Amphetamine - Related Psychiatric Disorders Overview Background Pathophysiology Epidemiology Clinical Presentation History Physical Causes Workup Laboratory Studies Imaging Studies Other Tests Histologic Findings Treatment & Management Medical Care Consultations Activity Follow - up Further Outpatient Care Further Inpatient Care Inpatient & Outpatient Medications Transfer Deterrence / Prevention Complications Prognosis Background The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Fifth Edition DSM - 5 ) describes the following 11 amphetamine - related psychiatric disorders : [ 1 ] Amphetamine - induced anxiety disorder Amphetamine - induced bipolar disorder Amphetamine - induced depressive disorder Amphetamine - induced psychotic disorder Amphetamine - induced sexual dysfunction Amphetamine - induced sleep disorder Amphetamine intoxication Amphetamine intoxication delirium Amphetamine withdrawal Amphetamine - induced obsessive - compulsive and related disorder Unspecified stimulant - related disorder Either prescription or illegally manufactured amphetamines can induce these disorders . Prescription amphetamines are used frequently in children and adolescents to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) , and they are the most commonly prescribed medications in children . The dose of Adderall ( XR ) ( dextroamphetamine sulfate , dextroamphetamine saccharate , amphetamine aspartate monohydrate , amphetamine sulfate ) needed to produce toxicity and psychiatric symptoms in a child is as low as 2 mg . A typical dose is 2.5 - 40 mg / d . In adults , narcolepsy , ADHD of the adult type The substance 3 , 4 - methylenedioxymethamphetamine ( MDMA ) is a popular recreational stimulant commonly referred to as ecstasy , which was manufactured legally in the 1980s . [ 2 ] MDMA has the desired effects of euphoria , high energy , and social disinhibition lasting 3 - 6 hours . The drug is often consumed in dance clubs , where users dance vigorously for long periods . The drug sometimes causes toxicity and dehydration , as well as severe hyperthermia . Several other amphetamine derivatives are para - methoxyamphetamine ( PMA ) , 2 , 5 - dimethoxy - 4 - bromo - amphetamine ( DOB ) , methamphetamine ( crystal methamphetamine , crystal meth , or " Tina " ) , and 3 , 4 - methylenedioxyamphetamine ( MDA ) . Crystal meth is the pure form of methamphetamine , and , because of its low melting point , it can be injected . In a web - based survey of 1,006 individuals who admitted mephedrone use , which is the largest survey to - date , results showed that users consider mephedro ’ e ' s effects to compare best with those of MDMA ; the appeal of mephedrone for these individuals is in its availability , low price , and reliable purity . [ 3 ] Khat ( Catha edulis Forsk ) is the only known organically derived amphetamine . It is produced from the leaves of the Qat tree located throughout East Africa and the Arabian Peninsula . The leaves of the tree are chewed , extracting the active ingredient , cathinone , and producing the desired effects of euphoria and , unlike other amphetamines , anesthesia . In the midwestern United States , methcathinone , the synthetic form of cathinone , has been produced illegally since 1989 , after a student at the University of Michigan stole research documents and began to illegally manufacture the drug . Methcathinone is relatively easy to produce and contains the same chemicals found in over - the - counter ( OTC ) asthma and cold medicines , paint solvents and thinners , and drain openers ( eg , Drano ) . Its addiction potential is similar to that of crack cocaine . Amphetamine - related psychiatric disorders are conditions resulting from intoxication or long - term use of amphetamines or amphetamine derivatives . Such disorders can also be experienced during the withdrawal period from amphetamines . The disorders are often self - limiting after cessation , though , in some patients , psychiatric symptoms may last several weeks after discontinuation . Some individuals experience paranoia during withdrawal as well as during sustained use . Amphetamine use may elicit or be associated with the recurrence of other psychiatric disorders . People addicted to amphetamines sometimes decrease their use after experiencing paranoia and auditory The symptoms of amphetamine - induced psychiatric disorders can be differentiated from those of related primary psychiatric disorders by time . If symptoms do not resolve within 2 weeks after the amphetamines are discontinued , a primary psychiatric disorder should be suspected . Depending on the severity of symptoms , symptomatic treatment can be delayed to clarify the etiology . Amphetamine - induced psychosis ( delusions and hallucinations ) can be differentiated from psychotic disorders when symptoms resolve after amphetamines are discontinued . Absence of first - rank Schneiderian symptoms , including anhedonia , avolition , amotivation , and flat affect , further suggests amphetamine - induced psychosis . Symptoms of amphetamine use may be indistinguishable from those associated with the cocaine use . Amphetamines , unlike cocaine , do not cause local anesthesia and have a longer psychoactive duration . Amphetamine - induced delirium follows a reversible course similar to other causes of delirium , and it is identified by its relationship to amphetamine intoxication . After the delirium subsides , little to no impairment is observed . Delirium is not a condition observed during amphetamine withdrawal . Mood disorders similar to hypomania and mania can be elicited during intoxication with amphetamines . Depression can occur during withdrawal , and repeated use of amphetamines can produce antidepressant - resistant amphetamine - induced depression . Of interest , low - dose amphetamines can be used as an adjunct in the treatment of depression , especially in patients with medical compromise , lethargy , hypersomnia , low energy , or decreased attention . Sleep disturbances appear in a fashion similar to mood disorders . During intoxication , sleep can be decreased markedly . In withdrawal , sleep often increases . A disrupted circadian rhythm can result from late or high doses of prescription amphetamines or from chronic or intermittent abuse of amphetamines . Individuals who use prescription amphetamines can easily correct their sleep disturbance by lowering the dose or taking their medication earlier in the day than they have been . Insomnia is the most common adverse effect of prescription amphetamines . Unspecified stimulant - related disorder is a diagnosis assigned to those who have several psychiatric symptoms associated with amphetamine use but who do not meet the criteria for a specific amphetamine - related psychiatric disorder . Case study A 36 - year - old white male who works as a real estate agent arrives at your office , depressed , disheveled , and slightly agitated . He is very guarded and reluctant to talk about his work history or relationships . After a period of time he describes how his coworkers are manipulating his clock to read 9 : 11 , and the police drive by with their sirens on every day at 4 : 20 . He refuses to open his mail , because he read secondary messages by rearranging letters . He admits to spending most References Pathophysiology The pathophysiology of amphetamine - related psychiatric disorders is difficult to establish , because amphetamines influence multiple neural systems . In general , chronic amphetamine abuse may cause psychiatric symptoms due to inhibition of the dopamine transporter in the striatum and nucleus accumbens . The longer the duration of use , the greater the magnitude of dopamine reduction . Methamphetamine has been suggested to induce psychosis through inhibiting the dopamine transporter , with a resultant increase in dopamine in the synaptic cleft . [ 4 ] Amphetamine - induced psychosis often results after increased or large use of amphetamines , as observed in binge use or after protracted use . Prescription amphetamines induce the release of dopamine in a dose - dependent manner ; low doses of amphetamines deplete large storage vesicles , and high doses deplete small storage vesicles . This increase in dopaminergic activity may be causally related to psychotic symptoms because the use of D2 - blocking agents ( eg , haloperidol ) often ameliorates these symptoms . Amphetamine - induced psychosis has been used as a model to support the dopamine hypothesis MDMA causes the acute release of serotonin and dopamine and inhibits the reuptake of serotonin into the neuron . MDMA has neurotoxic properties in animals and , potentially , in humans . Reports suggest that MDMA use is associated with cognitive , neurologic , and behavioral abnormalities , as well as hyperthermia , but these reports are confounded by the association with other factors ( eg , heat , exertion , poor diet , other drug use ) . Serotonergic damage has been suggested to lead to cognitive impairment . Delirium caused by amphetamines may be related to the anticholinergic activity , as observed in different classes of drugs , such as tricyclic antidepressants , benzodiazepines , sedatives , and dopamine - activating drugs . Rapid eye movement during the first phase is decreased during intoxication , and a rebound elevation of rapid eye movement occurs during withdrawal ; this effect eventually alters the circadian rhythm and results in sleep disturbances . References Epidemiology Frequency United States Psychosis , delirium , mood symptoms , anxiety , insomnia , and sexual dysfunction are considered rare adverse effects of therapeutic doses of prescription amphetamines . Dextroamphetamine has a slightly increased rate of these adverse effects because of its increased CNS stimulation . Data about the frequency of amphetamine - related psychiatric disorders are unreliable because of comorbid primary psychiatric illnesses . Intravenous ( IV ) use occurs more frequently in people of low socioeconomic status than in those of high socioeconomic status . The rates for past month use of methamphetamine did not change from 2011 to 2013 , remaining at approximately 0.2 % . However , this does represent a nearly two - fold increase from the percentage of the population surveyed who had used in the last month in 2010 ( 0.1 % ) . In 2013 , an estimated 144,000 people became new users of methamphetamine , which is consistent with the new user initation rates of the preceding five years . [ 5 ] Post - marketing studies of amphetamines prescribed to children and adolescents revealed a total of 865 unique case reports describing signs and / or symptoms of psychosis or mania , with nearly half reported in children 10 years or younger . [ 6 ] International The first amphetamine epidemic occurred after World War II in Japan , when leftover supplies intended to counteract fatigue in pilots were made available to the general public . This even resulted in many cases of amphetamine psychosis . Of interest , both German and American troops used these preparations during World War II , as did Japanese kamikaze pilots . Khat , which is primarily used in Ethiopia for cultural and religious purposes , has been well studied . A house - to - house survey of 10,468 adults showed a lifetime prevalence of khat use of 55.7 % . Daily use occurred among 17.4 % , and 80 % indicated they used khat to increase concentration during prayer . [ 7 ] Khat dependency has been associated with people of Muslim religion and with people of low socioeconomic status . Khat is also used to cope with the trauma of war in Somalia . One study showed that 36.4 % of Somali combatants used khat 1 week prior to being interviewed . Mortality / Morbidity The Drug Abuse Warning Network ( DAWN ) Annual Medical Examiner Data for 2005 showed 10 % of all drug - related hospital emergency department visits were stimulant - related . DAWN data indicated that 26 % of all drug - related deaths in Oklahoma City were due to methamphetamine , making it the city ' s most frequent drug - related cause of death in 1998 . In high doses , prescription amphetamines can produce cardiovascular collapse , myocardial infarction , stroke , seizures , renal failure , ischemic colitis , and hepatotoxicity . Death related to MDMA can occur from malignant hyperthermia , which leads to kidney failure and cardiovascular collapse . Heart attacks , seizures , subarachnoid and intracranial hemorrhage , and strokes may also result in death . The rate of suicide and accidents can increase during periods of toxicity and withdrawal . In high doses , prescription amphetamines and amphetamine derivatives increase sexual arousal and disinhibition , increasing the risk of exposure to sexually transmitted diseases . Memory impairment can result after long - term use of high doses of amphetamines because of damage to serotonin - releasing neurons . In the emergency department patients with amphetamine - related disorders are one third more likely than patients with cocaine - related disorders to be transferred to an inpatient psychiatric ward . This difference may partly be because amphetamine withdrawal lasts longer then cocaine withdrawal , and amphetamines are more psychogenic than cocaine . Amphetamine withdrawal is consistent with a major depressive episode , though lasting less then 2 weeks and involving decreased energy , increased appetite , craving for sleep , and suicidal ideation . Race - , sex - , and age - related demographics Amphetamine - related psychiatric disorders most commonly occur in white individuals . With IV use , amphetamine - related psychiatric disorders most commonly occur in men , with a male - to - female ratio of 3 - 4 : 1 . With non - IV use , amphetamine - related psychiatric disorders occur equally in men and women . Amphetamine - related psychiatric disorders most frequently occur in people aged 20 - 39 years who are inclined to abuse amphetamine derivatives at rave parties and dance clubs . Adolescents have developed a method for abusing prescription amphetamines in which prescription tablets are crushed into a powder and inhaled nasally . History Amphetamine - related psychiatric disorders can be confused with psychiatric disorders caused by organic , medical , neurologic , and / or psychological etiologies . The causes of amphetamine - related psychiatric disorders usually can be determined by assessing the patient ' s history and the family ' s genealogy . The DSM - 5 provides criteria helpful for determining if the patient is in a state of intoxication or withdrawal . The criteria helps clinicians distinguish disorders occurring during intoxication ( eg , psychosis , delirium , mania , anxiety , insomnia ) from those occurring during withdrawal ( eg , depression , hypersomnia ) . Developmental history The developmental history provides information about the patient ' s in utero exposure to medications , illicit drugs , alcohol , pathogens , and trauma . As children , patients may have had prodromal symptoms of psychiatric disorders , such as social isolation , deteriorating school performance , mood liability , amotivation , avolition , anhedonia , sleep disturbances , sexual paraphilias , poor interest , psychomotor retardation , demoralization , social isolation , and suicidal thoughts and behaviors . Delinquency , truancy , educational failure , early use of drugs and alcohol , oppositional behavior associated with conduct disorder , and participation in the rave party scene are developmental behaviors that suggest an amphetamine - related psychiatric disorder . Psychiatric history Two issues are emphasized : Determine whether a psychiatric disorder or symptoms ever occurred when the patient was not exposed to amphetamines . Determine whether the patient ever had a psychiatric disorder or symptoms similar to the present symptoms in relation to any other drug or medication . Recent history The patient ' s history of amphetamine abuse is the most important factor and is determined by asking the following questions : When did the patient ' s amphetamine use start ? How often does the patient use amphetamines ? How much does he or she use ? Is the patient currently intoxicated or in withdrawal from amphetamines ? Does the patient frequently attend rave parties ? Has the patient recently increased his or her amphetamine use or started to binge ? Substance abuse history Potentially abused substances include the following : Alcohol Marijuana Cocaine Lysergic acid diethylamide ( LSD ) OTC sympathomimetics Steroids Family history A family history of a psychiatric disorder may suggest a primary psychiatric disorder . A diagnosis of amphetamine - related psychiatric disorder might still be possible if the patient has no family history of psychiatric disorder . DSM criteria for intoxication and withdrawal DSM - 5 criteria for stimulant intoxication are as follows : A . Recent ues of an amphetamine - type substance , cocaine or other stimulant . B . Clinically significant problematic behavioral or psychological changes ( e.g. , euphoria or affective blunting ; changes in sociability ; hypervigilance ; interpersonal sensitivity ; anxiety , tension , or anger ; stereotyped behaviors ; impaired judgment ) that develop during , or shortly after , use of a stimulant . C . Two ( or more ) of the following signs or symptoms , developing during , or shortly after , stimulant use : Tachycardia or bradycardia Pupillary dilatation Elevated or lowered blood pressure Perspiration or chills Nausea or vomiting Evidence of weight loss Psychomotor agitation or retardation Muscular weakness , respiratory depression , chest pain , or cardiac arrhythmias Confusion , seizures , dyskinesias , dystonias , or coma The signs or symptoms are not attributable to another medical condition , and are not better explained by another mental disorder , including intoxication with another substance . DSM - 5 criteria for stimulant withdrawal are as follows : A . Cessation of ( or reduction in ) prolonged amphetamine - type substance , cocaine , or other stimulant use . B . Dysphoric mood and two ( or more ) of the following physiologic changes developing within a few hours to several days after Criterion A : Fatigue Vivid , unpleasant dreams Insomnia or hypersomnia Increased appetite Psychomotor retardation or agitation The signs or symptoms in Criterion B cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social , occupational , or other important areas of functioning . The signs or symptoms are not attributable to another general medical condition , and are not better explained by another mental disorder , including intoxication or withdrawal from another substance . Physical Full physical and neurologic examination should be performed . Initially assess patients for medical stability and then for level of danger . During physical examination , assess the patient for medical complications of amphetamine abuse , including hyperthermia , dehydration , renal failure , and cardiac complications . During neurologic examination , assess the patient for neurologic complications of amphetamine abuse , including subarachnoid and intracranial hemorrhage , delirium , and seizures . Mental status examination should emphasize delusions , hallucinations , suicide , homicide , orientation , insight and judgment , and affect . The mental status examination can be very different for intoxication and psychosis . A mental status expected for a patient with amphetamine intoxication is as follows : Appearance and behavior : Unusually friendly , scattered eye contact , buccal oral gyrations , excoriations on extremities and face from picking at skin , overly talkative and verbally intrusive [ 8 ] Speech : Increased rate Thought process : Tangential , circumstantial over inclusive and disinhibited Thought content : Paranoid ; no suicidal or homicidal thoughts Mood : Anxious , hypomanic Affect : Anxious and tense Insight and judgment : Poor Orientation : Alert to person , place , and purpose ; perspective of time is disorganized A mental status expected for a patient with amphetamine psychosis is as follows : [ 9 , 10 ] Appearance and behavior : Disheveled , suspicious , paranoid , difficult to engage , and poor eye contact Speech : Decreased and rapid Thought process : Guarded and internally preoccupied Thought content : Paranoid ; possible auditory hallucinations ; no suicidal or homicidal thoughts Mood : Anxious Affect : Paranoid and fearful Insight and judgment : Poor Orientation : Has no concept of purpose , though understands place and person ; perspective of time is disorganized . A mental status for a patient withdrawing form amphetamines is as follows : Appearance and behavior : Disheveled , psychomotor slowing , poor eye contact , pale appearance to skin Speech : Decreased tone and volume Thought processes : Decreased content , guarded Thought content : No auditory , visual hallucinations ; suicidal thoughts present , but no homicidal thoughts Mood : depressed Affect : Flat and withdrawn Orientation : Oriented to person , place , and purpose Causes Causes may include the following : Amphetamine intoxication , binge pattern use , and long - term exposure Comorbid psychiatric disorders , such as depression , psychotic disorders , and anxiety disorders Abuse of other substances such as alcohol , OTC sympathomimetics , and illicit drugs Dehydration , which can result in electrolyte imbalances and renal failure Potential for serotonin syndrome in those prescribed serotonin reuptake inhibitors or serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors Laboratory Studies The purpose of the workup is to exclude complications of amphetamine abuse and other causes of psychosis and altered mental status . Laboratory evaluation should include the following tests : Finger - stick blood glucose test CBC determination Determination of electrolyte levels , including magnesium , amylase , albumin , total protein , uric acid , BUN , alkaline phosphatase , and bilirubin levels Urinalysis Stat urine or serum toxicology screening to exclude acetaminophen , tricyclic antidepressants , aspirin , and other potential toxins : Individuals who abuse drugs may ingest a substance called Urine Luck , or pyridinium chlorochromate ( PCC ) , to produce invalid results on urine drug screens . PCC alters the results for cannabis and opiates but elevates levels of amphetamines . Blood test for an alcohol level if the patient appears intoxicated HIV and rapid plasma reagin ( RPR ) tests Imaging Studies In the presence of neurologic impairments , CT or MRI helps in evaluating for subarachnoid and intracranial hemorrhage . Other Tests Perform ECG to evaluate for cardiac involvement . Perform EEG if a seizure disorder is considered possible . Use of the brief psychotic rating scale ( BPRS ) , Beck Depression Scale , violence and suicide assessment , and other measures may be helpful . If persistent psychiatric conditions are noted , neuropsychological testing can be beneficial to assess levels of psychosocial and neurologic function to guide treatment and to assess the need for placement . Results of projective testing , such as the Rorschach test and the Thematic Apperception Test , can help in clarifying thought disorders . During amphetamine intoxication , the Mini - Mental State Examination ( MMSE ) can be helpful in measuring cognitive change . Histologic Findings Repeated exposure to amphetamines is theorized to alter the morphology of dendrites in the prefrontal cortex and in the nucleus accumbens . Amphetamines may increase the length of dendrites for longer than 1 month . These alterations may help explain the behavioral cravings and psychosis that long - term abuse of amphetamines produces . Medical Care Initial treatment should include medically stabilizing the patient ' s condition by assessing his or her respiratory , circulatory , and neurologic systems . The offending substance may be eliminated by means of gastric lavage and acidification of the urine . Psychotropic medication can be used to stabilize an agitated patient with psychosis . Because most cases of amphetamine - related psychiatric disorders are self - limiting , removal of the amphetamines should suffice . Induced emesis , lavage , or charcoal may be helpful in the event of overdose . The excretion of amphetamines can be accelerated by the use of ammonium chloride , given either IV or orally ( PO ) . Amphetamine intoxication can be treated with ammonium chloride , often found in OTC expectorants , such as ammonium chloride ( Quelidrine ) , baby cough syrup , Romilar , and P - V - Tussin . The recommended dose to acidify the urine is ammonium chloride 500 mg every 2 - 3 hours . The ingredients in OTC cough syrups vary , and the clinician should become familiar with 1 or 2 stock items for use in the emergency department . Ammonium chloride ( Quelidrine ) , an OTC expectorant , can be used in the absence of liver or kidney failure . Administer IV fluids to provide adequate hydration . If the patient is psychotic or if he or she is in danger of harming him or herself or others , a high - potency antipsychotic , such as haloperidol ( Haldol ) , can be used . Exercise caution because of the potential for extrapyramidal symptoms , such as acute dystonic reactions , and neuroleptic malignant syndrome . Agitation also can be treated cautiously with benzodiazepines PO , IV , or intramuscularly ( IM ) . Lorazepam ( Ativan ) and chlordiazepoxide ( Librium ) are commonly used . Administer naloxone ( Narcan ) in the event of concurrent opiate toxicity . Use caution to avoid precipitation of acute opioid withdrawal in a patient who has used high doses of opioid on a long - term basis . Beta - blockers , such as propranolol ( Inderal ) , can be used in the event of elevated blood pressure and pulse . They also may be helpful with anxiety or panic . Psychiatric hospitalization may be necessary when psychosis , aggression , and suicidality can not be controlled in a less restrictive environment . If serotonin syndrome is suspected , stop all SSRI and SNRI medications . Consultations Consultations with a neurologist , internal medicine specialist , psychiatrist , or social services may prove helpful . Consult a psychiatrist for inpatient substance abuse treatment or further psychiatric stabilization . Social services coordinate outpatient services , such as Alcoholics Anonymous and Narcotics Anonymous meetings and sober houses , and provide appointments . Some large metropolitan areas have groups that specifically focus on crystal methamphetamine abuse in the gay population . Activity Patients intoxicated with amphetamines are dangerous , and their activity should be limited ( eg , no driving ) until their symptoms have resolved . Medication Medication Summary Antipsychotics Benzodiazepines Opiate antagonists Beta - blockers Expectorants Adsorbents Medication Summary Several psychiatric conditions can be associated with amphetamine intoxication and withdrawal , all of which may require different management strategies . However , amphetamine - related psychiatric disorders are typically self - limited and usually remit on their own . Amphetamine - related psychiatric disorders occur most often during intoxication ; therefore , treatment should focus on controlling medical and psychiatric symptoms while eliminating the offending substance . Medical therapy involves stabilizing agitation and minimizing psychosis . Gastric lavage directly removes the amphetamines before they have an opportunity to be absorbed . Medication and charcoal eliminate amphetamines from the gastrointestinal and circulatory systems . If the induced disorders persist and interfere with the patient ' s social and occupational functioning , treatment should be related to the remaining psychiatric symptoms . Antidepressants , such as sertraline ( Zoloft ) , fluoxetine ( Prozac ) , paroxetine ( Paxil ) , and citalopram ( Celexa ) , can be used to treat depression . Antimanic agents , such as valproic acid ( Depakote ) , carbamazepine ( Tegretol ) , and lithium carbonate , can be used to treat mania . Anxiety can be treated with nonbenzodiazepine drugs , such as beta - blockers and Data from recent studies suggest typical antipsychotics ( haloperidol thioridazine , Thorazine , etc ) may increase amphetamine and cocaine cravings in patients with dual diagnoses of amphetamine and cocaine abuse . Typical antipsychotics should be used for acute stabilization with the intention of switching to an atypical antipsychotic drug ( eg , risperidone , quetiapine , olanzapine , aripiprazole , and ziprasidone ) for long - term use . Some evidence suggests that naltrexone might be helpful in treating those addicted to amphetamines . [ 11 ] For the purposes of this discussion , specific treatment of amphetamine toxicity is reviewed . For further information , please refer to the articles on Depression , Substance - Induced Mood Disorder , Depressed Type , Bipolar Affective Disorder , Schizophrenia , Anxiety Disorders , and Sleeping Disorders . Antipsychotics Class Summary Haloperidol ( Haldol ) Thiothixene ( Navane ) Haloperidol ( Haldol ) Dosing , Interactions , etc . Clinical Context : Provides rapid sedation of agitated anxious patient ; available PO and IM , allowing for flexible , emergency administration . Thiothixene ( Navane ) Dosing , Interactions , etc . Clinical Context : Blocks postsynaptic blockade of CNS dopamine receptors , inhibiting dopamine - mediated effects . PO and IM forms allow for rapid tranquilization . Class Summary Clinicians should select a high - potency antipsychotic that is available in tablet , liquid , and IM forms for administration in emergency situations . Antipsychotics help control psychotic symptoms and provide rapid tranquilization of the agitated and psychotic patient . Lorazepam ( Ativan ) Provides rapid onset and efficacy in sedating aggressive patient ; flexible administration in emergency situation . Chlordiazepoxide ( Librium , Libritabs , Mitran ) Depresses all levels of CNS , including limbic and reticular formation , possibly by increasing activity of gamma - aminobutyric acid ( GABA ) activity , major inhibitory neurotransmitter . These drugs are primarily used to sedate agitated patients . Availability in PO , IV , and IM forms allowing the drug to be used in emergency situations . Caution must be used in the violent , aggressive patient because benzodiazepines may cause disinhibition . Opiate antagonists Naloxone ( Narcan ) Naloxone ( Narcan ) Used to treat concurrent opiate toxicity . Consider in patients with altered mental status due to opiate overdose . Poorly absorbed PO route and should be administered IM or IV . Available in IV , IM , and SC forms . Use caution to avoid precipitating acute opioid withdrawal in patient using opioids long term . These drugs inhibit the action of opiates . Beta - blockers Propranolol ( Inderal ) Propranolol ( Inderal ) Antihypertensive agent useful in psychiatry to treat anxiety and impulse control . Often well tolerated with minimal effect on hemodynamics of blood pressure and pulse . Propranolol ( Inderal ) is useful in patients who are agitated , anxious , and hyperarousable because of amphetamines . They are temporarily used until the amphetamine is eliminated from the patient ' s system . For some patients , anxiety can be prolonged , and nonaddictive beta - blockers may be helpful . Expectorants Ammonium chloride ( Quelidrine ) Ammonium chloride ( Quelidrine ) Commonly used as OTC expectorant ; acidifies urine at high doses . Safe and easy to use . Expectorants are used to acidify the urine and increase amphetamine excretion when intoxication from amphetamines has resulted in psychiatric and medical complications . These agents are available in PO form , and the patient must be able to swallow or receive a nasogastric tube . Activated charcoal suspension ( Actidose - aqua , Inst - Aqua , Liquid - Char ) Bottles and tubes . Use long after amphetamine ingestion can reduce systemic levels by adsorbing amphetamines recirculating through gastric mucosa . These agents , given through a nasogastric tube into the stomach , absorb intentionally and accidentally ingested substances to prevent their further absorption into the systemic circulation . Further Outpatient Care The patient should be monitored closely for recurring psychosis , depression , mania , anxiety , sleep disturbances , and relapse of amphetamine abuse . Psychiatric follow - up care should occur within , at most , 2 weeks of the initial evaluation to ensure compliance . Depending on the complications of amphetamine abuse in the specific patient , consider a follow - up examination with a neurologist and an internal medicine specialist . Further Inpatient Care Admit the patient for observation in the event of mania , severe depression , psychosis , delirium , or if he or she is suicidal or homicidal . A patient who is in a state of delirium should be placed in a quiet , cool ( not cold ) , dimly lit ( not dark ) room and , if uncontrollable , placed in restraints . Inpatient & Outpatient Medications If psychosis persists after the offending substance is eliminated , use of an atypical antipsychotic ( risperidone , quetiapine , olanzapine , aripiprazole , ziprasidone ) may be considered . No single atypical antipsychotic has been proven to be more beneficial than the others in managing prolonged amphetamine - induced psychosis . Antimanic agents may be continued if mania persists longer than 2 weeks . Antidepressants can be useful if depression persists for 2 weeks after withdrawal . Antidepressants alone may not be as effective as other options in amphetamine - induced depression due to neuronal damage . Medication regimens for treatment - resistant organic mood disorders are the applicable approach . If anxiety persists longer than 2 weeks , consider the use of nonbenzodiazepine drugs . Medications such as beta - blockers , valproic acid , carbamazepine , or gabapentin have shown promise in patients with substance abuse who also have anxiety . Sleep medication may help patients adjust their circadian rhythm and can be used for approximately 1 - 2 weeks . If sleep medication is required for long periods , a referral to a sleep clinic is recommended . Transfer If psychiatric conditions persist , causing social and occupational impairment , inpatient treatment may be required . Medical or neurologic complications require treatment in an inpatient medical or neurologic unit . Deterrence / Prevention Abstinence prevents disorders and is the primary treatment . Relapse prevention occurs though patient education , individual psychotherapy , appropriate medical treatment of continuing psychiatric illness ( eg , major depression , panic disorder ) , and attendance at substance abuse meetings . Mandatory weekly urine drug screens help prevent relapse or expose relapse early so that aggressive treatment intervention can be pursued . If psychiatric conditions arise during prescription amphetamine use for ADHD , lower doses may be tried and / or nonamphetamine treatments can be pursued , such as bupropion ( Wellbutrin ) , desipramine , venlafaxine ( Effexor ) , or clonidine . Please refer to the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder article for a full discussion of treatment options . Early medication treatments have been tried with desipramine and lithium [ 12 ] ; aripiprazole vs . methylphenidate vs . placebo [ 13 ] ; bupropion [ 14 ] ; and naltrexone . [ 15 ] The most recent published study at the time of this review assessed the efficacy of extended - release methylphenidate . The intention - to - treat analysis failed to demonstrate statistical difference between extended - release methylphenidate ( n = 40 ) compared with placebo ( n = 39 ) . The authors noted that the study was limited by significantly higher dropout rates in the placebo arm . [ 16 ] Currently , there are no medications that are routinely prescribed as standard - of - care or approved by the FDA for the treatment of amphetamine use disorder . Complications Complications include an increased risk of the following : Psychosis Depression Anxiety disorder Sleep disturbance Memory impairment Medical complications Neurologic complications Abuse of another or several substances Psychosocial impairment Affect dysregulation and aggression [ 17 ] If amphetamine abuse and amphetamine - related psychiatric disorders occur in the context of 1 or more personality disorders , the amphetamine - related disorder is more difficult to successfully treat than it is in other contexts . Prognosis The patient ' s prognosis depends on the severity of psychiatric impairment and on the medical complications . Overall , the prognosis is good if the patient abstains from drug use after the initial psychiatric impairment occurs . The prognosis worsens if personality disorders are present . Patient Education Instruct the patient to abstain from alcohol and illicit drugs , especially because dual diagnosis is a real issue . The only effective treatment is abstinence . Patients should be in a support group . The family must be educated about the patient ' s addiction and its dangers . Refer the patient for psychosocial counseling . Hospitalize the patient if he or she is suicidal or homicidal . Refer the patient for substance abuse counseling . Helpful Web sites include the following Crystal Meth Anonymous National Institute on Drug Abuse , Methamphetamine Abuse and Addiction NIDA InfoFacts : Stimulant ADHD Medications - Methylphenidate and Amphetamines For excellent patient and family education resources , see eMedicineHealth ' s patient education articles Drug Dependence and Abuse and Substance Abuse . Author Amy Barnhorst , MD , Assistant Clinical Professor , Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , University of California , Davis , Medical Center ; Medical Director of Crisis Services , County of Sacramento Disclosure : Nothing to disclose . Specialty Editors Francisco Talavera , PharmD , PhD , Adjunct Assistant Professor , University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy ; Editor - in - Chief , Medscape Drug Reference Disclosure : Received salary from Medscape for employment . for : Medscape . Chief Editor Glen L Xiong , MD , Associate Clinical Professor , Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , Department of Internal Medicine , University of California , Davis , School of Medicine ; Medical Director , Sacramento County Mental Health Treatment Center Disclosure : Serve ( d ) as a director , officer , partner , employee , advisor , consultant or trustee for : Doctor On Demand < br / > Received income in an amount equal to or greater than $ 250 from : Blue Cross Blue Shield Federal Employee Program < br / > Received royalty from Lippincott Williams & Wilkins for book editor ; Received grant / research funds from National Alliance for Research in Schizophrenia and Depression for independent contractor ; Received consulting fee from Blue Cross Blue Shield Association for consulting . for : Received book Additional Contributors Michael F Larson , DO , Clinical Instructor , Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , Harvard Medical School ; Psychiatrist , Harvard Vanguard Medical Associates and Private Practice Disclosure : Nothing to disclose . Acknowledgements Michael F Larson , DO Clinical Instructor , Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , Harvard Medical School ; Psychiatrist , Harvard Vanguard Medical Associates and Private Practice Michael F Larson , DO is a member of the following medical societies : American Academy of Addiction Psychiatry , American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , and American Society of Addiction Medicine Disclosure : Nothing to disclose . American Psychiatric Association . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Fifth Edition . Washington , DC : American Psychiatric Association ; 2013 . Pardo - Lozano R , Farré M , Yubero - Lahoz S , O ' Mathúna B , Torrens M , Mustata C , et al . Clinical pharmacology of 3 , 4 - methylenedioxymethamphetamine ( MDMA , " ecstasy " ) : the influence of gender and genetics ( CYP2D6 , COMT , 5 - HTT ) . PLoS One . 2012 . 7 ( 10 ) : e47599 . [ View Abstract ] Carhart - Harris RL , King LA , Nutt DJ . A web - based survey on mephedrone . Drug Alcohol Depend . 2011 Oct 1 . 118 ( 1 ) : 19 - 22 . [ View Abstract ] Thirthalli J , Benegal V . Psychosis among substance users . Curr Opin Psychiatry . 2006 May . 19 ( 3 ) : 239 - 45 . Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration . Results from the 2013 National Survey on Drug Use and Health : Summary of National Findings . 2014 . Available at http : / / www . samhsa . gov / data / sites / default / files / NSDUHresultsPDFWHTML2013 / Web / NSDUHresults2013 . pdf Mosholder AD , Gelperin K , Hammad TA , Phelan K , Johann - Liang R . Hallucinations and other psychotic symptoms associated with the use of attention - deficit / hyperactivity disorder drugs in children . Pediatrics . 2009 Feb . 123 ( 2 ) : 611 - 6 . Alem A , Kebede D , Kullgren G . The prevalence and socio - demographic correlates of khat chewing in Butajira , Ethiopia . Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl . 1999 . 397 : 84 - 91 . Shen W , Liu Y , Li L , Zhang Y , Zhou W . Negative moods correlate with craving in female methamphetamine users enrolled in compulsory detoxification . Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy . 2012 Oct 30 . 7 : 44 . Bramness JG , Gundersen ØH , Guterstam J , Rognli EB , Konstenius M , Løberg EM , et al . Amphetamine - induced psychosis - - a separate diagnostic entity or primary psychosis triggered in the vulnerable ? . BMC Psychiatry . 2012 Dec 5 . 12 : 221 . McKetin R , Lubman DI , Baker AL , Dawe S , Ali RL . Dose - related psychotic symptoms in chronic methamphetamine users : evidence from a prospective longitudinal study . JAMA Psychiatry . 2013 Mar . 70 ( 3 ) : 319 - 24 . Jayaram - Lindström N , Hammarberg A , Beck O , Franck J . Naltrexone for the treatment of amphetamine dependence : a randomized , placebo - controlled trial . Am J Psychiatry . 2008 Nov . 165 ( 11 ) : 1442 - 8 . Gawin FH , Kleber HD . Cocaine abuse treatment . Open pilot trial with desipramine and lithium carbonate . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1984 Sep . 41 ( 9 ) : 903 - 9 . Tiihonen J , Kuoppasalmi K , Föhr J , Tuomola P , Kuikanmäki O , Vorma H , et al . A comparison of aripiprazole , methylphenidate , and placebo for amphetamine dependence . Am J Psychiatry . 2007 Jan . 164 ( 1 ) : 160 - 2 . Elkashef AM , Rawson RA , Anderson AL , Li SH , Holmes T , Smith EV , et al . Bupropion for the treatment of methamphetamine dependence . Neuropsychopharmacology . 2008 Apr . 33 ( 5 ) : 1162 - 70 . Jayaram - Lindström N , Hammarberg A , Beck O , Franck J . Naltrexone for the treatment of amphetamine dependence : a randomized , placebo - controlled trial . . 2008 Nov . 165 ( 11 ) : 1442 - 8 . Miles SW , Sheridan J , Russell B , Kydd R , Wheeler A , Walters C , et al . Extended - release methylphenidate for treatment of amphetamine / methamphetamine dependence : a randomized , double - blind , placebo - controlled trial . Addiction . 2013 Jul . 108 ( 7 ) : 1279 - 86 . Payer DE , Lieberman MD , London ED . Neural correlates of affect processing and aggression in methamphetamine dependence . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 2011 Mar . 68 ( 3 ) : 271 - 82 . Anderson BB , Chen G , Gutman DA , Ewing AG . Dopamine levels of two classes of vesicles are differentially depleted by amphetamine . Brain Res . 1998 Mar 30 . 788 ( 1 - 2 ) : 294 - 301 . Brown ES , Nejtek VA , Perantie DC , et al . Cocaine and amphetamine use in patients with psychiatric illness : a randomized trial of typical antipsychotic continuation or discontinuation . J Clin Psychopharmacol . 2003 Aug . 23 ( 4 ) : 384 - 8 . Cooper N . Inappropriate prescription of methylphenidate . N Z Med J . 2003 Oct 10 . 116 ( 1183 ) : U636 . Drug Enforcement Agency . Drug Enforcement Agency : Khat . [ Drug Enforcement Administration Web site ] . Farber NB , Hanslick J , Kirby C , et al . Serotonergic agents that activate 5HT2A receptors prevent NMDA antagonist neurotoxicity . Neuropsychopharmacology . 1998 Jan . 18 ( 1 ) : 57 - 62 . Galanter M , Kleber DH , eds . American Psychiatric Press Textbook of Substance Abuse Treatment . 2nd ed . Arlington , VA : American Psychiatric Press ; 1999 . Guze BH , Ferng HK , Szuba MP , Richeimer SH . The Psychiatric Drug Handbook . St Louis , Mo : Mosby - Year ; 1995 . 184 - 260 . Kaplan HI , Sadock BJ . Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry . Baltimore , Md : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ; 1995 . 792 - 798 . Kaplan HI , Sadock BJ . Pocket Handbook of Emergency Psychiatric Medicine . Baltimore , Md : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ; 1993 . 108 - 110 . Leamon MH , Gibson DR , Canning RD , Benjamin L . Hospitalization of patients with cocaine and amphetamine use disorders from a psychiatric emergency service . Psychiatr Serv . 2002 Nov . 53 ( 11 ) : 1461 - 6 . Methamphetamine abuse and addiction . National Institute of Health , National Institue on Drug Abuse . January , 2002 . Available at http : / / www . nida . nih . gov / ResearchReports / Methamph / Methamph . html Sekine Y , Minabe Y , Ouchi Y , et al . Association of dopamine transporter loss in the orbitofrontal and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices with methamphetamine - related psychiatric symptoms . . 2003 Sep . 160 ( 9 ) : 1699 - 701 . Sills TL , Greenshaw AJ , Baker GB , Fletcher PJ . Acute fluoxetine treatment potentiates amphetamine hyperactivity and amphetamine - induced nucleus accumbens dopamine release : possible pharmacokinetic interaction . Psychopharmacology ( Berl ) . 1999 Feb . 141 ( 4 ) : 421 - 7 . Srisurapanont M , Jarusuraisin N , Jittiwutikan J . Amphetamine withdrawal : II . A placebo - controlled , randomised , double - blind study of amineptine treatment . Aust N Z J Psychiatry . 1999 Feb . 33 ( 1 ) : 94 - 8 . Thirthalli J , Benegal V . Psychosis among substance users . Curr Opin Psychiatry . 2006 May . 19 ( 3 ) : 239 - 45 .
|
[
"amphetamine",
"Psychiatric Disorders"
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http://missiontour.org/wp/sanantonio/mission-san-antonio-history.html
|
Mission San Antonio History 9 May 2015 ( last updated ) In Brief Founded : 14 July 1771 by Saint Junípero Serra Named for : Saint Anthony Number in Series : 3 rd Indian Name : Teshhaya or Sextapay Brand : Detail 1769 : After an arduous journey from Mexico to San Diego and after helping to start the mission in San Diego , Don Gaspár de Portolá , the appointed Governor of California , led an overland expedition to explore the route up to Monterey . Along the way a beautiful location called the “ Valley of the Oaks ” in the Santa Lucia Mountains caught Portolá ’ s eye . It was here that the future Mission San Antonio de Padua would be established . 14 July 1771 : Saint Serra , along with Padre Buenaventura Sitjar and Padre Pieras , came to the Valley of the Oaks to establish the third mission . Saint Serra had just moved the Monterey mission to Carmel and was anxious to continue the chain ; so anxious that on arriving he immediately hung the Mission bell from an oak tree and rang it to bring “ Oh ye gentiles ! ” to the church . The original location chosen was near the stream Saint Serra named Rio de San Antonio ( see 1773 as the Mission was then moved to a new location ) . Side note : San Buenaventura was scheduled to be the third mission but its founding was postponed due to conditions in the area . Days later a cross had been set up and Mass celebrated . By then local Salinan Indians had discovered the missionaries and trading began . Saint Serra stayed about two weeks then left Padres Buenaventura Sitjar and Miguel Pieras to build the Mission . Padre Sitjar stayed 37 years and guided the mission development . He also developed a grammar and dictionary of the Telame Language ( spoken by the local Salinan people ) . This book was published in 1861 in New York . 1772 : Not yet completely established , the Mission was near starvation . A hunting party was sent to the Valley of the Bears ( near current San Luis Obispo ) . They brought back to Mission San Antonio and also the Carmel mission a reported 9,000 pounds of salted and jerked bear meat plus seeds from the friendly Indians encountered in the valley . 1773 : The Mission was moved from the original location to its current location , a site further north in the Los Robles Valley ( the original site would periodically flood ) . A dam was built on the San Antonio River and three miles of aqueducts and a reservoir system constructed to bring a reliable water supply to the new location . Much of the waterworks still exist . Workshops , a small church , and houses were constructed to house the approximately 163 soldiers and Indian converts who were part of the Mission ( by 1773 158 persons had been baptized ) . A gristmill ( still seen today ) driven by the water system was added later . 1774 : Captain De Anza visited the Mission , having established a land route up from Sonora . 1775 : The Mission , in the only attack of its kind there , was attacked by a band of hostile Indians . The attack was repulsed . March 1776 : Now LtCol De Anza again visited the Mission . He was taking a group of settlers to the San Francisco area . During that visit Padre Pedro Font , the expedition diarist , wrote on 6 March : “ The site is very good , with fine linds , and plentiful water from the river which runs through this valley … In the range there is a general abundance of oaks , live oaks , and pines , and consequently , plenty of pinenuts and acorns , for which reason the mission raises large number of hogs . ” 1779 : The first positions of authority to be held by Indians were established . 1780 : The second Church at the Mission was completed and dedicated . 1790 : At 1,076 , the Indian population of the Mission was the largest such community in California . Weaving was a major industry as well as wine - making . The Mission had large herds of livestock and grew crops of wheat , barley , beans and corn . 1794 : Padre Pieras left the Mission due to ill health . He returned to Mexico and died there a year later . 1795 & 1797 : Indians elected Alcaldes and Regidores . At other sites these positions would often go to the Spanish . 15 March 1801 : Padre Francisco Pujol died at the Mission . He had an aliment he brought with him from Mission San Miguel . He is buried in the Church sanctuary ( grave B ) . 1802 : Adobe buildings with tile roofs were constructed for the guards . 1804 : Padre Pedro Cabot and Padre Juan Bautista Sancho arrived at the Mission . Padre Pedro Cabot was known as “ el caballero ” – the gentleman . He was the brother of Padre Juan Cabot who was assigned to San Miguel on 1 October of 1807 . 1804 : Also in 1804 , the Indian Cemetery was laid out . 1805 : In this year the Mission reached its highest population : 1296 . Ranchos outside the Mission property had also been established by this year . 1806 : A water - powered mill was completed . 1808 : Padre Sitjar passed away at the Mission and is buried in the Church Sanctuary ( grave A ) . This same year the tannery was finished . 1809 : A village of adobe , tiled - roofed buildings was started for the Indian population . 1810 : Construction started on the third and final ( Great ) Church . It took three years to finish and the ceiling timbers were cut in the mountains and floated to the area via the San Antonio River . That building was the base for the current Church after reconstruction . All this was taking place while a revolution in Mexico was taking place and the Missions were being taxed by local and remote authorities to support troops . 1816 : An adobe is built at San Bartoloméo del Pleyto . 1820 : An adobe is built at Rancho San Benito . 1821 : Mexico received independence from Spain and the Indians at the Mission were allowed to vote in a California election . 1822 : Due to the large influx of people , disease started to spread in the Indian population with many dying off due to disease . 1823 : An adobe is built at Rancho Los Ojitos . 1827 : Governor José Maria de Eschendiá demanded to know the extent of Mission lands . 11 February 1830 : Padre Sancho died after serving 26 years at the Mission and is buried in the Church Sanctuary ( grave C ) . 4 November 1834 : Mexico ’ s Secularization Laws were ratified in 1834 . The final proclamation that turned the Mission properties over to the civil authorities was signed by Governor Figueroa . Padre Cabot retired and was moved to San Fernando during 1834 . 1835 : Padre Vicente de Sarria died of want and hunger at Mission Soledad and was brought to Mission San Antonio for burial in the Church Sanctuary ( grave D ) . By this time the Mission Indians were wandering as fugitives or vagabonds ; all in great want . 1843 : The Mission fell into ruin quite rapidly after secularization . By this time it was very much in ruins . There was no resident priest between 1844 and 1852 . In 1845 nobody bid on the Mission properties when they were put up for auction . The asking price was $ 8,269 . Drawing from 1843 1851 : Father Doretéo Ambrís , an Indian priest from Mexico , was assigned to the Mission and spent 30 years there ; but could not bring it back from ruin . There were 35 families at the Mission when Father Ambris arrived . 31 May 1863 : President Abraham Lincoln signs a decree that returns the Mission Lands ( about 33 acres ) back to the Church . This was in response to a recommendation by the U.S. Lands Commission . Picture from the 1870s 1882 : Father Ambris died at the Mission and is buried in the Church Sanctuary ( grave E ) . Because of its remote location the Mission could not be kept up and was abandoned in 1883 ( two Indians were left at the Mission when Father Ambris died ) . After this , the Mission was plundered . Tiles from the roof made their way to a railroad station via an antique dealer . With the roof gone , the adobe walls were exposed to the weather and quickly crumbled . A bit of the brick façade and some of the Picture from 1885 1903 - 1908 : A group wishing to restore all of the deteriorating missions came together under the name California Historic Landmarks League . The Honorable Joseph R . Knowland led the group which toured the state petitioning for funds . Because it was “ the largest and most picturesque of the remaining missions of Northern California ” the League selected Mission San Antonio to begin their work . Fund raisers were held at the Mission every 13 June , St . Anthony ’ s Day to spark interest . The Indian family Encinales assisted in the work . They underestimated the task and the power of nature however and restoration took significantly longer than planned . A drenching rain year ( 1904 - 05 at 22 inches ) washed away the work of the prior summer . The 1906 earthquake ( 18 April ) that damaged many of the other missions toppled repairs here . Deliveries could not be made due to muddy roads . And so on . But , even so , church restoration was complete in 1907 and the League left San Antonio in 1908 . Picture from 1910 1928 : Mission San Antonio was returned to Franciscan control by John B . MacGinley , Bishop of Monterey - Fresno . The Mission was managed from Mission San Miguel . 1930s : A caretaker ’ s casita was built in front of the Mission and a caretaker took up residence on Mission property . Picture from 1936 1948 : A second round of reconstruction starts . As the Mission stood on grounds owned by William Randolph Hearst and used as a hunting game reserve , Hearst had been protecting the Mission . At this time the Hearst Foundation financed a new restoration . All buildings except the church were taken to the ground and rebuilt with old materials and methods ( except for modern strengthening inside the walls ) . The goal was to make the Mission as close to its 1813 design as possible . Work was supervised by Harry Downie , known for his restoration work at Carmel Mission ( and others ) . The Franciscans also worked on the restoration with the goal of making the Mission a training school for brothers of the order . That work continued through the 1950s . As part of the hunting game reserve , Hearst architect Julia Morgan also built a lodge ( the Hacienda ) near the Mission . The Hearst Foundation eventually traded the land and Mission to the U.S. Government for its use as a military reservation . The Department of Defense provided a team of archeologists to help preserve all historical artifacts in the valley . 4 June 1950 : A re - dedication ceremony took place at the Mission . The bell rung at this ceremony was recast from two American - made bells . These had been hanging at the San Gabriel Mission and were made by Paul Revere in Boston . These were the only two American - made bells in the mission system . This year the Franciscans acquired additional lands from the Army and the Mission lands grew to 85.66 acres . 14 July 1971 : A Bicentennial ( 200 year ) celebration of the Mission ’ s founding was held at the Mission . References California Missions by Sunset Editors . ( September 1979 ) Sunset Pub Co Weber , Msgr . Francis J . Encyclopedia of California ’ s Catholic Heritage . St . Francis Historical Society and The Arthur H . Clark Company . 2000 . Mission Info Page at http : / / www . pelicannetwork . net / mission . san . antonio . htm Mission Info Page previously at http : / / www . californiamissions . com / cahistory / sanantonio . html Mission Info Page previously at http : / / www . bgmm . com / missions / sananton . htm Mission Guide Brochure Pictures from the Library of Congress Historic American Buildings collection at http : / / memory . loc . gov / ammem / collections / habs_haer / index . html Mission Web site at http : / / missionsanantonio . net / Various displays at the Mission Filed Under : Mission San Antonio de Padua To Do San Antonio de Padua Pages Mission Home Mission History Mission Exterior Mission Museum Pg 1 Mission Museum Pg 2 Mission Garden Mission Church Mission Grounds
|
[
"Mission San Antonio",
"Mission History",
"Saint Junípero Serra"
] |
http://mississippi.casinocity.com/biloxi/treasure-bay-casino-and-hotel/owner/
|
Treasure Bay Casino and Hotel Ownership / Management Casino Coupons ? The American Casino Guide has over $ 1,000 in money - saving coupons from all over the country ! Treasure Bay Casino and Hotel is one of 5 properties owned by Treasure Bay Gaming and Resorts , Inc . . The following ownership information is a subset of that available in the Gaming Business Directory published by Casino City Press . For more information about Gaming Business Directory products visit www . CasinoCityPress . com Treasure Bay Gaming and Resorts , Inc . ( Owner ) 1983 Beach Boulevard Biloxi , Mississippi 39531 - 5203 United States Contact Info General Information - ( 800 ) 367 - 3484 www . treasurebay . com Other Properties Owned Alhambra Casino ( 100 % Owned ) Divi Carina Bay Casino - St . Croix USVI ( 100 % Owned ) Divi Flamingo Beach Resort & Casino Treasure Bay Casino - Saint Lucia
|
[
"Treasure Bay Gaming and Resorts , Inc",
"Gaming Business Directory",
"Casino City Press"
] |
http://mississippi.hometownlocator.com/ms/claiborne/pattison.cfm
|
Pattison ( in Claiborne County , MS ) Populated Place Profile Pattison : Basic Facts & Information Pattison GNIS FID : 675501 ) is a populated place located within the Supervisor District 5 , a minor civil division ( MCD ) of Claiborne County The elevation of Pattison is 203 feet . Pattison appears on the Port Gibson U.S. Geological Survey Map . Claiborne County is in the Central Time Zone ( UTC - 6 hours ) . Claiborne County Subdivisions ( MCDs ) | Cities & Towns | ZIP Codes Features airports , churches , hospitals , etc . Research a Mississippi Address and get . . . Boundary Maps , Demographic Data , School Zones Review maps and data for the neighborhood , city , county , ZIP Code , and school zone . July 1 , 2018 , data includes home values , household income , percentage of homes owned , rented or vacant , etc . Mapped Location of Pattison + − Leaflet | Map data © OpenStreetMap contributors BIG Map Driving Directions | Data Source - USGS GNIS FID : 675501 BOUNDARY MAPS : Supervisor District 5 Quick & Easy Ways to . . . Get Current Demographic Data for Cities , Towns , and ZIP Codes View Boundary Maps , for Cities , Towns , and ZIP Codes Locate Physical , Cultural , and Historical Features Research Public Schools & Attendance Zones Nearby Cities , Towns & Census Designated Places Port Gibson , MS ( 7.6 miles NW ) Alcorn State University CDP , MS ( 14.9 miles W ) Nearby Neighborhoods , Subdivisions & Other Small Populated Places Tillman , MS ( 2.7 miles SW ) Barland , MS ( 4.5 miles E ) Mississippi Census Data Comparison Tool Compare Mississippi July 1 , 2018 Data Data Population Population Density Diversity Index Average Household Income Per Capita Income Locations Cites & Towns Counties ZIP Codes Highest or Lowest Show Highest Values Show Lowest Values Results Show 20 Results Show 200 Results
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[
"Pattison",
"Claiborne County , MS",
"Central Time Zone"
] |
http://missoulian.com/news/local/coldest-temperatures-in-years-headed-for-western-montana/article_22b5d8a6-5c5d-11e3-8bb5-0019bb2963f4.html
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Chill Coldest temperatures in 40 years headed for western Montana Rob Chaney Dec 3 , 2013 $ 3 for first 13 weeks Ice forms on the Clark Fork River in downtown Missoula recently . Subzero wind chills are expected across western Montana this week . JUSTIN GRIGG / Missoulian An arctic air mass moving into western Montana on Thursday and Friday should send temperatures to the single digits and push wind chills well below zero . “ Most people around here , if they have n ’ t lived up here in the last 30 years , may not have seen this before , ” National Weather Service meteorologist Jeff Kitsmiller said in a conference call Tuesday . “ This could be a period where we have some of the coldest average temperatures we ’ ve had in 40 years . ” One cold front was already getting established over the Rocky Mountains on Tuesday , which dropped the mercury from 41 on Monday to 22 on Tuesday afternoon in Missoula . The next front should be considerably harsher , Kitsmiller said . “ We could have places on Friday that do n ’ t reach zero degrees , ” Kitsmiller said . “ There ’ s some moisture coming , but only ice crystals or very light snow . ” Starting Wednesday , daytime high temperatures will struggle to exceed 10 , while nighttime lows will be well below zero . In addition , wind gusts as strong as 30 mph will make the cold even worse . Wind chill effects will make the air feel around minus 25 to minus 30 in some places along the Continental Divide and between 10 and 20 below zero in the rest of the northern Rocky Mountains . That raises threats to schoolchildren waiting for buses , livestock looking for shelter and pets in outdoor kennels . While the arctic cold is n ’ t expected to make roads slippery , any motorist getting stranded with engine trouble could risk frostbite if not properly prepared for an exposed wait . Bonner Elementary School Superintendent Doug Ardiana said teachers check the temperature and wind chill levels before any recess or lunch break , and keep children inside if the wind chill is worse than 10 below zero . “ It ’ s very , very rare that Bonner ever closes school or delays buses , ” Ardiana said . “ We feel people are prepared to act appropriately with the weather . ” However , he added that nine of 10 Bonner students ride the bus to and from school every day . Parents may want to drive their children to school or wait with them at bus stops Friday if conditions get serious . There ’ s a possibility that snow could be added to the mix by Monday , but forecast models have n ’ t settled on that yet . The weekend cold front has most of the attention . “ By Saturday morning , we really could drop the bottom out , ” Kitsmiller said . “ It ’ s bringing some of the coldest air I ’ ve seen in a long time . The preparedness people have done in the past may not be enough . ” Subscribe to Daily Headlines * I understand and agree that registration on or use of this site constitutes agreement to its user agreement and privacy policy . Reporter Rob Chaney can be reached at 523 - 5382 or at rchaney @ missoulian . com Tags National Weather Service Missoula Snow Wind Chill Weather Jeff Kitsmiller Rob Chaney Natural Resources & Environment Reporter Natural Resources Reporter for The Missoulian . Follow Rob Chaney
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[
"western Montana"
] |
http://missoulian.com/news/state-and-regional/former-jurors-still-haunted-by-joseph-duncan-murder-trial/article_0a53d3b4-73d1-11e2-becc-001a4bcf887a.html
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Breaking Tiger Woods seals fifth Masters title , first major championship win since 2008 Former jurors still haunted by Joseph Duncan murder trial By MEGHANN M . CUNIFF Idaho Statesman Feb 10 , 2013 $ 3 for first 13 weeks BOISE , Idaho – Trauma brought them together . Stories of murder , kidnapping and child rape invaded their lives for three weeks in 2008 , and the terror still lives on in their minds . It could be a little boy at a grocery store who triggers it . Or a girl and her father holding hands . Is that really her dad ? Before these Treasure Valley residents heard the story of Joseph Edward Duncan III , such a question never would have crossed their minds . But more than four years after a federal jury of 12 sentenced Duncan to death , four of the people who served told the Idaho Statesman that they ’ re still haunted by the case and horrified that other citizens might be subjected to what they had to sit through if Duncan gets a new trial . They share a bond that leads them to meet regularly for dinner or other activities . “ We liken it to somebody who ’ s gone to war , ” said Susan , a bookkeeper in her 50s . “ You do n ’ t have to talk about it . You just know where you ’ ve been . ” The jurors , who all live in Ada or Canyon counties , invited a Statesman reporter to their regular dinner at a Mexican restaurant in Nampa last month . They asked not to be identified by their full names because they fear being scrutinized by anti - death penalty advocates , and because some of their own friends and co - workers do n ’ t know about their involvement in the case . * * * * * ‘ CA N ’ T GET OVER IT ’ The four jurors consider themselves close friends . Others sometimes join them , but a couple of jurors have n ’ t been heard from since the verdict . “ It really affected some of us a lot , ” said Tommy , a cable company employee in his 40s . Chris , who works as a waitress in Boise , was one of three alternate jurors who sat through the case but did n ’ t participate in deliberations . Instead , she and the other alternates sat in a room while jurors deliberated . They were prohibited from talking about the case . “ Some of my friends that I had before ca n ’ t understand why I ca n ’ t get over it , ” said Chris , who is in her 40s . But Susan and Shannon , a nurse in her 30s , know exactly what she ’ s been through . Chris considers them two of her closest friends . “ These girls are so good to me , ” she said . “ It ’ s like we just pick up right where we left off . ” It started with a barbecue a few weeks after the trial . Soon , they were meeting regularly for dinner , drinks or just to chat . None had ever experienced such a bond before . They had stopped talking about the case long ago , but news of Duncan ’ s new hearing rekindled the conversation . Susan said she has a message for Duncan ’ s attorneys . “ Shame on you , ” she said . “ You ’ re valuing his life over the people who sat on that jury . ” * * * * * BURDEN FOR LAWYERS , TOO Former Attorney General David Leroy said a lawyer who accepts a case like Duncan ’ s “ literally lives that defendant ’ s life in segments for days or weeks or months . ” “ It invokes a heavy personal toll to represent people with dreadful problems , ” Leroy said . “ Far from being condemned , lawyers who do that should be commended , because it ’ s important and painful work . ” The jurors have never heard about Duncan ’ s life , including the abuse he suffered as a boy . Hearing his sister recount childhood beatings prompted Duncan to do something he ’ s never before done in court : Cry . His face reddened when Cheri Cox took the stand , and he wept as she choked back sobs recounting abuse she said she ’ d long tried to forget . Duncan appeared interested but more stoic as mitigation experts recalled him telling them about being sexually abused as a child and being shown sadistic photos of children being sexually tortured , according to testimony . He told a psychiatrist that he thought of those photos when he raped a boy at gunpoint when he was 16 . The assault earned Duncan 20 years in prison , and he was placed in sex offender treatment with adults , something experts say would n ’ t happen now . Subscribe to Breaking News * I understand and agree that registration on or use of this site constitutes agreement to its user agreement and privacy policy . Duncan was repeatedly abused in prison and told investigators that he began plotting revenge on society by studying kidnapping and murder . He also suffered two head injuries – one when he was hit with a shovel as a boy and another at age 15 when he was in a car crash . Mark Larranaga , Duncan ’ s former lawyer , testified last week that even if a new jury hears all the details of Duncan ’ s childhood , it ’ s unlikely they would spare his life . “ It would have been difficult , not impossible , ” Larranaga said . But the jurors who spent three weeks listening to testimony about Duncan ’ s horrific crimes say nothing could sway them from imposing death . “ Lots of people are abused as kids ” but do n ’ t abuse others , said Tommy . NEVER THE SAME Susan served on a jury for a civil case years ago , but the experience was unremarkable . “ I could n ’ t even tell you the names of other jurors , ” she said . But a case like Duncan ’ s ? “ I just know none of us will ever be the same after seeing something like that , ” Shannon said . “ You can never go back . ” Learning the details of Duncan ’ s crimes and his meticulous planning altered their everyday activities . Even activities such as camping bring reminders of Duncan ’ s crimes and the weeks he held children captive in the Lolo National Forest outside St . Regis . “ I ca n ’ t even go camping without locking up my trailer , ” Shannon said . Susan spends more time at home and constantly questions her safety in public . “ I do n ’ t go out at night unless I ’ m with my husband , ” she said . The trial lasted three weeks but the process took much longer . Potential jurors first reported to the federal courthouse in April 2008 and were told not to take vacations until a jury was selected , which did n ’ t occur until August because the court accommodated Duncan ’ s request to represent himself . All jurors were promised counseling but the six to eight sessions went quickly . And the counselors were hit or miss , the jurors said . Once they found a counselor who seemed like a good match , their sessions were almost up . They sought more through the federal court system but got nowhere . “ They should be paying for my counseling until I die , ” Susan said . “ It just sickens me that another group of people might have to go through this . ” More video from this section Video : Laurel builds dike to combat flooding Tags Joseph Duncan Law_crime Joseph Edward Duncan Iii Treasure Valley Boise Idaho Idaho Statesman Lolo National Forest St . Regis Murder
|
[
"Former jurors",
"‘ CA N’T GET OVER IT ’"
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http://missouri.hometownlocator.com/mo/jackson/kansas-city.cfm
|
Kansas City , MO Profile : Facts & Data Profile Maps Photos Places Schools Jobs JUMP DOWN PAGE TO : Basic Facts | Demographic Data | Peer Comparsions Kansas City Local Links & Resources : Hotels Resources ALL Kansas City Content Also See : Kansas City , MO ZIP Codes & ZIP Code Maps | Local Area Photos Kansas City , Missouri - Basic Facts Quick & Easy Tools Recent Data for Cities , Towns , and ZIP Codes Neighborhood Maps , Data , Home Values Research Public Schools Boundaries Locate Physical & Cultural Features City , Town , and ZIP Code Maps The City of Kansas City is the largest city in Missouri with a population of 497,311 as of July 1 , 2018 . Kansas City ranks in the upper quartile for Population Density and Diversity Index when compared to the other cities , towns and Census Designated Places ( CDPs ) in Missouri . See peer rankings below . The primary coordinate point for Kansas City is located at latitude 39.0997 and longitude - 94.5786 in Jackson County . The formal boundaries for the City of Kansas City encompass a land area of 314.95 sq . miles and a water area of 4.08 sq . miles . Jackson County is in the Central time zone ( GMT - 6 ) . The elevation is 899 feet . While the primary coordinates for City of Kansas City are located in Jackson County , it should be noted that the formal boundaries for this community also extend into Clay County Platte County , and Cass County The City of Kansas City ( GNIS ID : 2395492 ) has a C1 Census Class Code which indicates an active incorporated place that does not serve as a county subdivision equivalent . It also has a Functional Status Code of " A " which identifies an active government providing primary general - purpose functions The City of Kansas City is located within Township of Kaw , a minor civil division ( MCD ) of Jackson County Alternate Unofficial Names for Kansas City : City of Kansas , Greenwood , Maple Gardens , Milton , Moscow , Town of Kansas , Westport , Winnetonka , Winnwood . Jump to . . . ( On This Page ! ) Kansas City 2018 Demographic Data Growth Rates for Kansas City ( Historical & 5 - Year Forecast ) Peer Comparisons ( Rank and Percentile ) Neighborhoods Demographics ( Home Values , Household Income , etc . ) Missouri Research Tools ( Easy Tools & Current Data ) Missouri Data Comparison Tool - 2018 Demographics Kansas City , MO - Most Popular Things to Do Top 20 Most Popular Places Near Kansas City Popularity rankings are based on positive reviews , search queries , and other user data . Also See : Nearby Photos | Nearby Hotels | Driving Directions Research a Missouri Address and get . . . Boundary Maps , Demographic Data , School Zones Review maps and data for the neighborhood , city , county , ZIP Code , and school zone . July 1 , 2018 , data includes home values , household income , percentage of homes owned , rented or vacant , etc . Kansas City , MO Data & Demographics ( As of July 1 , 2018 ) POPULATION Total Population 497,311 Population in Households 488,764 Population in Familes 356,802 Population in Group Qrtrs 8,547 Population Density 2 1,579 Diversity Index 3 66 INCOME Median Household Income $ 51,652 Average Household Income $ 72,603 Per Capita Income $ 30,705 HOUSING Total Housing Units 238,555 ( 100 % ) Owner Occupied HU 107,704 ( 45.1 % ) Renter Occupied HU 100,524 ( 42.1 % ) Vacant Housing Units 30,327 ( 12.7 % ) Median Home Value $ 153,215 Average Home Value $ 193,493 HOUSEHOLDS Total Households 208,228 Average Household Size 2.35 Family Households 116,337 Average Family Size 3 NOTES Demographics are point estimates for July 1st of the current year and each for the forecast years . See References for more information . Population Density = Total Population per square mile . The Diversity Index is a scale of 0 to 100 that represents the likelihood that two persons , chosen at random from the same area , belong to different race or ethnic groups . If an area ' s entire population belongs to one race AND one ethnic group , then the area has zero diversity . An area ' s diversity index increases to 100 when the population is evenly divided into two or more race / ethnic groups . GROWTH RATE / YEAR 2010 - 2018 2018 - 2023 Population 0.96 % 1.04 % Households 0.96 % 1.06 % Families 0.78 % 0.92 % Median Household Income 2.79 % Per Capita Income 3.16 % Kansas City , MO - Peer Comparisons by Rank and Percentile The table below compares Kansas City to the other 1,032 incorporated cities , towns and CDPs in Missouri by rank and percentile using July 1 , 2018 data . The location Ranked # 1 has the highest value . A location that ranks higher than 75 % of its peers would be in the 75th percentile of the peer group . Variable Description Rank Percentile Total Population # 1 100th Population Density # 149 86th Diversity Index # 13 99th # 350 66th # 150 86th Additional comparisons and rankings can be made with a VERY EASY TO USE Missouri Census Data Comparison Tool Quick & Easy Ways to . . . Get Current Demographic Data for Cities , Towns , and ZIP Codes View Boundary Maps , for Cities , Towns , and ZIP Codes Locate Physical , Cultural , and Historical Features Research Public Schools & Attendance Zones Missouri Census Data Comparison Tool Compare Missouri July 1 , 2018 Data Data Population Population Density Diversity Index Average Household Income Per Capita Income Locations Cites & Towns Counties ZIP Codes Highest or Lowest Show Highest Values Show Lowest Values Results Show 20 Results Show 200 Results
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[
"Kansas City",
"Missouri",
"Census Designated Places ( CDPs )"
] |
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