Split (3)

train · 135k rows

url stringlengths 15 784	text stringlengths 6 437k	KeyPhrases list
http://mentalfloss.com/article/63006/9-spunky-facts-about-dachshunds	9 Spunky Facts About Dachshunds BY Rebecca OConnell April 14 , 2015 istock Here ’ s the lowdown on everyone ’ s favorite vertically challenged dog . 1 . Dachshunds are fierce . Wikimedia Commons The little dogs were bred 300 years ago in Germany to hunt badgers — their name literally means “ badger hound ” ( dachs means badger ; hund means dog ) . Their short legs allow them to enter badger dens , and their fierce gusto gives them the courage to take on the 15 - pound mammals . 2 . They come in a wide variety of sizes and colors . Originally all dachshunds were black and tan , but today , they sport a variety of looks . According to the American Kennel Club , dachshunds come in 12 standard colors and exhibit three different kinds of markings ; some interesting colors include blue and tan , cream , and wild boar , a mixture of brown and gold . Their coats can be smooth , long , or wire - haired . They come in two sizes : standard and miniature . With so many options , dachshunds are the canine version of snowflakes . 3 . Anti - Germany hysteria led to a temporary name change . see more Archive Photos Hirz View image \| gettyimages . com Before there were freedom fries , there was the freedom pup . Thanks to their German heritage , during World War I dachshunds were often used to portray Germany in propaganda . Although often humorous , these ads led to a widespread contempt for the breed . The American Kennel Club tried to rebrand the breed by renaming them “ badger dogs , ” while others referred to them as “ liberty pups . ” Unfortunately , this did n ’ t do much to help the breed ’ s wartime image . Kaiser Wilhelm II was known for his love of doxies and actually had his five pets buried at the Huis Doorn park . Two of his poorly behaved dachshunds , Wadl and Hexl , had previously made headlines after attacking Archduke Franz Ferdinand ’ s prized golden pheasants during a visit . 4 . The Nazis claimed they taught one to speak . If World War I was tough on dachshunds , what came next was just weird . Nazi scientists boasted that they successfully taught the dogs to speak , read , spell , and even communicate telepathically . Germans believed that dogs were nearly as intelligent as humans , so they set up a special program called Hundesprechschule Asra to tap into that asset . Some of the outlandish feats claimed by the program included a dog that could say “ Mein Fuhrer ” and another that could write poetry . Kurwenal was a dachshund that could “ speak ” with different numbers of barks for different letters — sort of like a canine telegraph . According to Jan Bondeson ' s book , Amazing Dogs : A Cabinet of Canine Curiosities , the dog even had his own biographer detailing the pup ' s daily life . He reportedly liked pink roses , illustrated zoology books , and attractive women . When asked if he ever wanted to be a father , the bachelor declared , “ No ! ” Many were impressed with the fat little dog ’ s routine , but others suspected that he was receiving cues from his owners . Right before he passed away , Kurwenal poetically barked , “ I am not afraid of dying ; dogs have souls and they are like the souls of men . " The dachshund was buried in the garden of his owner ’ s home . 5 . They ’ ve made a comeback . Despite this rocky period , the resilient breed weathered two World Wars and has been welcomed back into the hearts of Americans thanks to some serious PR work . Today , dachshunds are the 11th most popular breed in America . 6 . The first Olympic mascot was a dachshund . see more Popperfoto Popperfoto View image \| gettyimages . com Waldi the dachshund was born during the 1972 Munich games ’ Organizing Committee ’ s Christmas party in 1969 . Partygoers were given crayons and modeling clay to come up with a suitable mascot . Dachshunds are known for their athleticism and courage , so the colorful dog seemed like the perfect face for the Olympics . 7 . Artists love dachshunds . Archive Photos Jack Mitchell Famous artists have seemed to be drawn to the little dogs . Andy Warhol would often bring his doxie to interviews and let the dog “ answer ” the questions he did n ’ t like . When Picasso met David Douglas Duncan ’ s dachshund , Lump , in 1957 , it was love at first sight . Their relationship was chronicled in Duncan ’ s Picasso and Lump : A Dachshund ' s Odyssey David Hockney was another dachshund aficionado . His two dogs , Stanley and Boodgie , were featured in 45 oil paintings and a whole book . The Far Side creator Gary Larson even used the dogs for a parody book called Wiener Dog Art — a whole collection of classic art pieces with dachshunds added in for comedic effect . 8 . The hot dog was named after the dog . The history of hot dogs is murky at best , but some historians believe that they were first known as dachshund sausages , after the similarly shaped dogs , which were favorite companions of German butchers . Some suggest that the name was changed after one cartoonist had trouble spelling “ dachshund ” and shortened it . Unfortunately , no one can find the comic , so the theory has been dismissed as apocryphal . The earliest written record of the phrase " hot dog " can be traced to an 1895 issue of the Yale Record about a lunch cart serving hot dogs to hungry students . 9 . A dachshund is Britain ’ s first cloned dog . After winning a contest , dog owner Rebecca Smith from Battersea had her 12 year old dachshund , Winnie , cloned . Experts in South Korea cared for the puppy for five months before sending her home to Smith . Despite the difference in age , the resemblance is striking ; they both have a crooked tail and the same markings . The cloned dogs hit it off , and sleep in the same bed every night . Remarkably , the new puppy — dubbed Mini - Winnie — is in excellent health and is expected to live a long life . Images courtesy of iStock unless otherwise stated . Animals dogs Subscribe to our Newsletter ! SIGN UP NOW	[ "Dachshunds", "Spunky Facts" ]
http://mentalfloss.com/article/63407/11-fierce-facts-about-honey-badger	11 Fierce Facts About the Honey Badger BY Caitlin Schneider April 27 , 2015 iStock You ’ ve probably heard all kinds of things about the honey badger and wondered , “ Are these claims substantiated ? ” ( First and foremost : Is it true that honey badgers do n ’ t care ? ) Here are a few things we know for sure . 1 . THEIR NAME MEANS “ HONEY EATER OF THE CAPE . ” Mellivora capensis is the species ’ formal name , but you can go ahead and judge a honey badger by its common name . These little monsters love the sweet stuff . “ The Cape ” is The Cape of Good Hope , South Africa , where many reside ( they also call the Middle East and India home ) . Another one of their names is ratel , which is an Afrikaans word that might be derived from the Dutch word for honeycomb , raat 2 . THEY ’ RE SKUNK - LIKE . Aside from their physical similarities , the honey badger also boasts a dangerous gland at the base of its tail containing a stinky liquid . Generally , it ’ s just used to mark territory , but should the animal find itself in distress , its biological kneejerk is to release a stink bomb — different , but just as rotten as its sister scent - leaver . 3 . THEY CAN DIG LIKE CRAZY . Using their long claws , honey badgers dig burrows to rest in , sometimes on a daily basis . They ’ ll do it anywhere — in the ground , in a tree trunk , or even into an old termite mound . If needed , they can dig themselves a hiding hole in a matter of minutes and use their natural excavation skills to capture prey underground . 4 . BUT THEY ’ RE LAZY ABOUT HOUSEKEEPING . If a honey badger is n ’ t in the mood to make its own bed , it ’ s not shy about making itself at home in someone else ’ s residence . The creatures have been known to get comfortable in the dens of aardvarks or in the tunnels of foxes , mongooses , or springhares . ( Really any crevice or hole will do for the honey badger . ) They ’ re really good at adapting : The animals are usually diurnal in winter , but where they need to avoid humans , they ’ re usually nocturnal . 5 . THEY ’ RE MEAN . It ’ s true that the honey badger has the Guinness Book of World Records title of " World ' s Most Fearless Creature , " but they ’ re more than just audacious : they ’ re downright mean . They ’ re invasive and eager to pick a fight — even with a porcupine . But that does n ’ t mean they ’ re invincible . Hyenas , lions , leopards and pythons are all foes ( as are humans ) , but if those are considered your only enemies , you ’ re probably incredibly tough . 6 . THEY ’ LL EAT ANYTHING . Seriously , anything and everything . They ’ re omnivores who will go after mammals , birds , reptiles , insects , larvae , plants , fruit , eggs , and roots . 7 . THEY ’ RE THICK - SKINNED . Literally . There are reports of arrows and spears glancing off their thick , rubbery epidermis , which is also loose enough that , should a honey badger get caught in the mouth of a predator , it can writhe around and break loose . ( A second option is to retaliate using its crazy powerful teeth — see number 8 . ) The honey badger may even have a resistance to snake venom and is sometimes able to sleep off a bite . ( Their thick skin comes in handy in this way , too . ) Snakes compose a quarter of their diets 8 . THEIR TEETH ARE CRAZY POWERFUL . They can chomp down with enough force to break the shell of a tortoise 9 . THEY DO N ' T ACTUALLY PARTNER UP WITH BIRDS TO FIND FOOD . You might have heard that honey badgers and honeyguide birds have a good partnership going . The honeyguide leads the badger to the hive and then eats up after the honey badger destroys it . Well , after over 200 years of study , we can pretty definitively say that honey badgers do n ’ t care . This behavior has never been reliably seen in the wild , and even playing honeyguide songs elicits no response . 10 . THEY ’ RE SOLITARY WEASELS . Honey badgers are in the same family as weasels , and just like those prickly beasts , honey badgers are pretty solitary . They keep to themselves and definitely stay out of the public eye , usually only banding together to mate . Babies are the exception : Young kits often stick with their mothers for so long that they can outgrow her . 11 . THEY ’ RE SMART . Ferocious , fearless , and pugnacious animals are n ’ t always the smartest , but honey badgers break the mold . They ’ re so intelligent that they even use tools : Video from Moholoholo Wildlife Rehabilitation Center in South Africa revealed that a team of honey badgers used sticks , a rake , mud , stones , and pure determination in their attempts to escape . You can watch this , and all of Honey Badgers : Masters of Mayhem on YouTube . If the Planet of the Apes franchise ever loses steam , it seems like we might have another animal to suggest for a spinoff . Animals Subscribe to our Newsletter ! SIGN UP NOW	[ "Fierce Facts", "Honey Badger" ]
http://mentalfloss.com/article/63407/11-fierce-facts-about-honey-badger	11 Fierce Facts About the Honey Badger iStock Youve probably heard all kinds of things about the honey badger and wondered Are these claims substantiated First and foremost Is it true that honey badgers dont care Here are a few things we know for sure 1 THEIR NAME MEANS HONEY EATER OF THE CAPE Mellivora capensis is the species formal name but you can go ahead and judge a honey badger by its common name These little monsters love the sweet stuff The Cape is The Cape of Good Hope South Africa where many reside they also call the Middle East and India home Another one of their names is ratel which is an Afrikaans word that might be derived from the Dutch word for honeycomb raat 2 THEYRE SKUNKLIKE Aside from their physical similarities the honey badger also boasts a dangerous gland at the base of its tail containing a stinky liquid Generally its just used to mark territory but should the animal find itself in distress its biological kneejerk is to release a stink bomb different but just as rotten as its sister scentleaver 3 THEY CAN DIG LIKE CRAZY Using their long claws honey badgers dig burrows to rest in sometimes on a daily basis Theyll do it anywherein the ground in a tree trunk or even into an old termite mound If needed they can dig themselves a hiding hole in a matter of minutes and use their natural excavation skills to capture prey underground 4 BUT THEYRE LAZY ABOUT HOUSEKEEPING If a honey badger isnt in the mood to make its own bed its not shy about making itself at home in someone elses residence The creatures have been known to get comfortable in the dens of aardvarks or in the tunnels of foxes mongooses or springhares Really any crevice or hole will do for the honey badger Theyre really good at adapting The animals are usually diurnal in winter but where they need to avoid humans theyre usually nocturnal 5 THEYRE MEAN Its true that the honey badger has the Guinness Book of World Records title of Worlds Most Fearless Creature but theyre more than just audacious theyre downright mean Theyre invasive and eager to pick a fighteven with a porcupine But that doesnt mean theyre invincible Hyenas lions leopards and pythons are all foes as are humans but if those are considered your only enemies youre probably incredibly tough 6 THEYLL EAT ANYTHING Seriously anything and everything Theyre omnivores who will go after mammals birds reptiles insects larvae plants fruit eggs and roots 7 THEYRE THICKSKINNED Literally There are reports of arrows and spears glancing off their thick rubbery epidermis which is also loose enough that should a honey badger get caught in the mouth of a predator it can writhe around and break loose A second option is to retaliate using its crazy powerful teethsee number 8 The honey badger may even have a resistance to snake venom and is sometimes able to sleep off a bite Their thick skin comes in handy in this way too Snakes compose a quarter of their diets 8 THEIR TEETH ARE CRAZY POWERFUL They can chomp down with enough force to break the shell of a tortoise 9 THEY DONT ACTUALLY PARTNER UP WITH BIRDS TO FIND FOOD You might have heard that honey badgers and honeyguide birds have a good partnership going The honeyguide leads the badger to the hive and then eats up after the honey badger destroys it Well after over 200 years of study we can pretty definitively say that honey badgers dont care This behavior has never been reliably seen in the wild and even playing honeyguide songs elicits no response 10 THEYRE SOLITARY WEASELS Honey badgers are in the same family as weasels and just like those prickly beasts honey badgers are pretty solitary They keep to themselves and definitely stay out of the public eye usually only banding together to mate Babies are the exception Young kits often stick with their mothers for so long that they can outgrow her 11 THEYRE SMART Ferocious fearless and pugnacious animals arent always the smartest but honey badgers break the mold Theyre so intelligent that they even use tools Video from Moholoholo Wildlife Rehabilitation Center in South Africa revealed that a team of honey badgers used sticks a rake mud stones and pure determination in their attempts to escape You can watch this and all of Honey Badgers Masters of Mayhem on YouTube If the Planet of the Apes franchise ever loses steam it seems like we might have another animal to suggest for a spinoff Animals 0 Subscribe to our Newsletter	[ "Honey Badger", "Fierce Facts" ]
http://mentalfloss.com/article/63568/11-charming-facts-about-french-bulldogs	arrow Animals 11 Facts About French Bulldogs BY Rebecca OConnell November 18 , 2018 iStock / carolinemaryan These cute little dogs are enjoying a serious comeback . Here ’ s the scoop on the fourth most popular dog breed in America . 1 . FRENCH BULLDOGS HAVE ROOTS IN ENGLAND . iStock / malrok The French bulldog ’ s origins are murky , but most sources trace their roots to English bulldogs . Lace makers in England were drawn to the toy version of the dog and would use the smaller pups as lap warmers while they worked . When the lace industry moved to France , they took their dogs with them . There , the English bulldogs probably bred with terriers to create bouledogues français , or French bulldogs . 2 . THEY WERE BRED TO BE GREAT COMPANIONS . Frenchies are affectionate , friendly dogs that were bred to be companions . Although they ’ re somewhat slow to be housebroken , they get along well with other dogs and are n ’ t big barkers . The dogs do n ’ t need much exercise , so they are fine in small areas and enjoy the safety of a crate . 3 . THEY CA N ' T SWIM . iStock / ginastancel As a result of their squat frame and bulbous head , French bulldogs ca n ’ t swim , so pool owners should keep a watchful eye on their pups . Keep in mind that if you plan a beach vacation , your furry friend might feel a little left out . 4 . FLYING IS A PROBLEM FOR THEM , TOO . French Bulldogs are a brachycephalic breed , meaning they have shorter snouts than other dogs . These pushed - in faces can lead to a variety of breathing problems . This facial structure , coupled with high stress and uncomfortably warm temperatures , can lead to fatal situations for dogs with smaller snouts . Many breeds like bulldogs and pugs have perished while flying , so as a result , many airlines have banned them . Luckily there are special airlines just for pets , like Pet Jets . These companies will transport dogs with special needs on their own flights separate from their owners . There ' s a human on board to take care of any pups that get sick or panic . 5 . THEY MAKE GREAT BABYSITTERS . 您的瀏覽器目前無法識別任何可用的影片格式。按一下這裡以瀏覽關於 HTML5 影片的常見問題。 When a baby orangutan named Malone was abandoned by his mother , the Twycross Zoo in England did n ’ t know if he would make it . Luckily , a 9 - year - old French bulldog named Bugsy stepped in and took care of the little guy . The pair became fast friends and would even fall asleep together . When Malone was big enough , he joined the other orangutans at the zoo . 6 . THEY ' RE SENSITIVE TO CRITICISM . Frenchies are very sensitive , so they do not take criticism lightly . If you scold a French bulldog , it might take it very seriously and mope around the house . French bulldogs respond better to positive reinforcement and encouragement . 7 . THEY ' RE A TALKATIVE BREED . Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . French bulldogs might not bark much , but they do like to “ talk . ” Using a complex system of yawns , yips , and gargles , the dogs can convey the illusion of their own language . Sometimes they will even sing along with you in the car . 8 . THEY HAVE TWO STYLES OF EARS . iStock / IvonneW Originally , French bulldogs had rose - shaped ears , similar to their larger relative , the English bulldog . English breeders much preferred the shape , but American breeders liked the unique bat ears . When a rose - eared bulldog was featured at the Westminster Kennel Club in 1897 , American dog fanciers were very angry 9 . THIS CONTROVERSY LED TO THE FORMATION OF THE FRENCH BULL DOG CLUB OF AMERICA . The FBDCA was founded in protest of the rose - shaped ears . The organization threw its first specialty show in 1898 at New York City ’ s famed Waldorf - Astoria . The FBDCA website described the event : “ amid palms , potted plants , rich rugs and soft divans . Hundreds of engraved invitations were sent out and the cream of New York society showed up . And , of course , rose - eared dogs were not welcomed . ” The somewhat catty efforts of the club led to the breed moving away from rose - shaped ears entirely . Today , French bulldogs feature the bat - shaped ears American breeders fought to showcase . 10 . MOST FRENCH BULLDOGS ARE BORN THROUGH ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION . Due to their unusual proportions , the dogs have a little trouble copulating . Males have a hard time reaching the females , and they often get overheated and exhausted when trying to get things going . As a result , a large majority of French bulldogs are created through artificial insemination . While this measure makes each litter of pups more expensive , it also allows breeders to check for potential problems during the process . French bulldogs often also have problems giving birth , so many must undergo a C - section . The operation ensures the dog will not have to weather too much stress and prevents future health complications . 11 . CELEBRITIES LOVE FRENCHIES . Frenchies make plenty of appearances in the tabloids . Celebrities like Lady Gaga , Hugh Jackman , and The Rock have all been seen frolicking with their French bulldogs . Even Leonardo DiCaprio has one — aptly named Django . Hugh Jackman ’ s Frenchie is named Dali , after the way the dog ’ s mouth curls like the famous artist ’ s mustache . This article originally ran in 2015 . animal behavior Animals cute dogs Lists News Pets Subscribe to our Newsletter ! SIGN UP NOW arrow 12 Memorable Facts About Elephants BY Suzanne Raga August 8 , 2018 iStock . com / Gilitukha Known for their strong family bonds and intelligence , elephants have fascinated humans across time and cultures . As the largest living land mammal , a male African bush elephant typically stands more than 10 feet tall and weighs an incredible 6.6 tons . Although poachers still kill approximately 100 African elephants every day , conservation groups are working to save elephant populations from extinction . Read on for a dozen things you might not know about elephants , from their long history as a political symbol to their legit firefighting skills . 1 . Contrary to popular belief , they ' re not exactly scared of mice . iStock . com / szaphotography Cartoonists have long depicted the funny juxtaposition of a giant elephant terrified of a tiny mouse . Zoologists and elephant trainers have conducted experiments to test whether elephants are truly afraid of rodents , and it seems to be a myth . Mice themselves do n ' t frighten elephants , but the pachyderms have poor vision and can get extremely startled when anything suddenly scurries by . Elephants are probably more afraid of a mouse ' s sudden movement than the mouse itself . 2 . Wild elephants could have populated the U.S. , but Lincoln nixed the idea . iStock . com / saha_avijan In 1861 , President Lincoln received gifts , including elephant tusks and a handmade sword , from Siam ' s King Somdetch Phra Paramendr Maha Mongkut . The king of present - day Thailand also made an interesting offer : Mongkut proposed that Siam would send pairs of male and female elephants to the U.S. to breed in the forests . Americans could then tame the wild elephants and put them to work for the economic benefit of the country . William Seward , Lincoln ' s secretary of state , replied to Mongkut in 1862 , graciously declining his offer . He told the king that since the U.S. already used steam power to efficiently transport goods within the country , elephants simply would n ' t be practical . 3 . The elephant equivalent of thumb - sucking is trunk - sucking . iStock . com / bucky_za When baby elephants want to comfort themselves , they instinctively start sucking their trunks . Trunk - sucking is also a way that a baby elephant can learn how to use her trunk ( which contains between 40,000 and 50,000 muscles ) . Although most elephants , like human babies , grow out of sucking behavior , some adult elephants also suck their trunks when they feel anxious . 4 . They ' ve been the symbol of the Republican Party since 1874 . iStock . com / Niyazz Although elephants had been occasionally used as a symbol for Republicans during the Civil War , cartoonist Thomas Nast , who drew an elephant in an 1874 issue of Harper ' s Weekly , gets the credit for linking the animal with the political party . In later cartoons , Nast continued to draw an elephant to portray the Republican Party , and other cartoonists adopted it , establishing the animal as the GOP symbol . 5 . Barnum & Bailey trained elephants to play baseball . iStock . com / Valerie Loiseleux Baseball is America ' s pastime , so why not teach elephants how to play the game ? In 1912 , thanks to the work of Barnum & Bailey ' s elephant trainer , Harry L . Mooney , the intelligent animals played their first ballgame . Although playing baseball was just one of many tricks that circus elephants learned , Barnum & Bailey capitalized on the concept of elephant baseball by using the image on posters to sell tickets for shows . 6 . Some elephants have been convicted of murder . iStock . com / Pentium2 Although elephants are typically viewed as gentle giants , they are capable of attacking and killing humans . Male elephants undergo musth , a hormonal change that makes them temporarily produce tons of testosterone , resulting in aggression . But even female elephants can kill . In 1916 , a town in Tennessee charged an elephant named Big Mary with first - degree murder for killing her handler . Big Mary , who worked for the Sparks Circus , attacked her handler , possibly after he struck her with a bullhook as she was trying to eat a watermelon rind . Big Mary was convicted and sentenced to execution . Some 2500 residents of the town gathered to watch Big Mary ' s dramatic hanging , which featured a 100 - ton crane and a chain that broke under her weight . 7 . They grieve death . iStock . com / brittak Although we ca n ' t know exactly what elephants feel and how they process death , they seem to show signs that they experience grief when a member of their family ( or another elephant ) dies . When they see a dead elephant , they may vocalize , use their trunks to " hug " the dead animal , or stay with the carcass for hours . Some elephants have also tried to bury the dead body by covering it in leaves and soil . 8 . Trained elephants fight fires in Indonesia . Ishara S . KODIKARA , AFP / GettyImages You probably wo n ' t see an elephant riding on a fire truck anytime soon , but elephants in Indonesia are a vital part of fighting fires . In 2015 , East Sumatra was plagued with multiple fires over a period of several months , so 23 trained elephants from a conservation center went to work . Carrying water pumps and hoses , the elephants helped patrol the land and made sure that new fires were n ' t ignited . 9 . You might see them stroll through your hotel ' s lobby in Zambia . An elephant walks into the lobby of the Mfuwe Lodge in Zambia . Lars Plougmann , Flickr / / CC BY - SA 2.0 Some guests at Mfuwe Lodge in the African country of Zambia get an unusual animal sighting before they even leave the lobby . Each year between October and December , families of elephants walk through the lodge ' s reception area to eat wild mango from a tree in the courtyard . The elephants ' giant size and seeming indifference to their hotel lobby surroundings make for quite a striking sight . 10 . In 2015 , scientists recorded them yawning for the first time . iStock . com / filrom Although scientists speculated that elephants probably yawn , scientists from the University of California , Davis captured the first video of an elephant yawning . If you enjoy watching sleepy animals stretching and yawning , this is for you . Warning : extreme cuteness ahead . 11 . Elephants starred in YouTube ' s first - ever video . iStock . com / iudmylaSupynska On April 23 , 2005 , Jawed Karim made internet history when he uploaded the first video to a certain nascent video - sharing website . Karim , one of YouTube ' s founders , posted an 18 - second scene of himself standing in front of elephants at a zoo . In the video , he speaks about how cool the elephants ' long trunks are . As of August 2018 , it has more than 53 million views . 12 . They snack on old Christmas trees . Zookeepers at Tierpark Berlin , a zoo in Germany , feed unsold Christmas trees to their elephants in early January . The trees are certified pesticide - free , and the elephants seem to enjoy their special snack . Berlin is n ' t the only place where elephants eat Christmas trees , though . Zoos in Prague also treat their elephants to the tasty conifers . This story originally ran in 2017 . News The 20 Most Pet - Friendly Cities in America BY Michele Debczak April 15 , 2019 Pet parents have to look at more than just commute times and real estate prices when finding a new place to live . Factors like walkability , the number of parks , and the availability of pet sitters all dictate how comfortable a new city will be for dogs and their owners . If you ' re looking to make a move with your pooch , pet - sitting site Rover recently teamed up with real estate website Redfin to determine the best cities for dog lovers . Together , the companies looked at a number of different metrics , like how easy it is to walk in each city , the concentration of dog walkers and sitters there , and the number of homes for sale with the word dog in the listing . And to measure the quality of a city ' s pet services , Rover broke down the total hours , minutes , and distance per walk given by the dog walkers in its system . The report found there are dog - friendly cities across the country . Seattle ranked at the very top , followed by Chicago , Denver , and Manhattan . Cities throughout the South , including Austin , Houston , and Atlanta , also made the list , as did a handful of places in California ( including Los Angeles , San Francisco , and San Diego ) . You can check out the full round - up of dog - friendly cities below . And when you ' re ready to make your move , here are some tips for finding a pet - friendly apartment Seattle , Washington Chicago , Illinois Denver , Colorado Manhattan , New York Washington , D.C . Portland , Oregon Los Angeles , California Brooklyn , New York San Francisco , California San Diego , California Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Houston , Texas Austin , Texas Arlington , Virginia Minneapolis , Minnesota Alexandria , Virginia Dallas , Texas Atlanta , Georgia San Jose , California Nashville , Tennessee cities Lists Pets	[ "French Bulldog", "unique bat ears", "FBDCA" ]
http://mentalfloss.com/article/65651/why-did-yankee-doodle-call-feather-macaroni	arrow Big Questions Why Did Yankee Doodle Call a Feather ‘ Macaroni ’ ? BY Arika Okrent July 2 , 2015 Yankee Doodle by A.M. Willard / / Public Domain Yankee Doodle went to town . . .Mm - hm , yeah . Riding on a pony . . .Ok . Stuck a feather in his cap and called it macaroni . . .Wait . What ? What ’ s going on here ? Why would Yankee Doodle do something like that ? What ’ s macaroni got to do with anything ? The first bit of context you need in order to understand the sense of this line is that the song “ Yankee Doodle ” was not always the proud , patriotic ditty we know today . It was originally sung by British soldiers in mockery of the rough , unsophisticated , American colonials they had to fight alongside during the French and Indian War . The thrust of it was “ look at these ridiculous yokels ! ” The second bit of context has to do with what was going on back in England at the time . It had become a rite of passage in the 18th century for young British men of means to spend some time on the European continent doing the Grand Tour , absorbing art , history , and language and becoming all - around cultured and sophisticated . When they returned , they brought back outlandish high - fashion clothes and mannerisms , and a taste for exotic Italian dishes like macaroni . As a group they were numerous and noticeable enough to get their own nickname . They were " macaroni . " Yankee Doodle , bumbling bumpkin that he was , tried his best to imitate the latest style , but only embarrassed himself in the attempt . Thinking himself a fashionable dandy , he stuck a feather in his cap and somehow thought that was macaroni . That was so something a doodle ( meaning fool or simpleton ) dandy would do . It turned out the rustic , ragtag Americans were n ’ t much insulted by this and started singing the song themselves . It had a catchy tune , and they were never out to win any best - dressed awards anyway . Not only did " Yankee Doodle " end up a staple of the American patriotic songbook , it gave us one of our most useful words , dude , which originally meant dandy and was formed off of doodle . So like , yeah , feather , macaroni , call it what you want , dude . Yankee Doodle ' s cool with it . Big Questions Subscribe to our Newsletter ! SIGN UP NOW arrow Why Does the Queen Have Two Birthdays ? BY Hannah Keyser April 13 , 2019 On April 21 , Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II will turn 93 years old . To mark the occasion , there are usually a series of gun salutes around London : a 41 gun salute in Hyde Park , a 21 gun salute in Windsor Great Park , and a 62 gun salute at the Tower of London . For the most part , the monarch celebrates her big day privately . But on June 8 , 2019 , Her Majesty will parade through London as part of an opulent birthday celebration known as Trooping the Colour Queen Elizabeth , like many British monarchs before her , has two birthdays : the actual anniversary of the day she was born , and a separate day that is labeled her " official " birthday ( usually the second Saturday in June ) . Why ? Because April 21 is usually too cold for a proper parade . The tradition started in 1748 , with King George II , who had the misfortune of being born in chilly November . Rather than have his subjects risk catching colds , he combined his birthday celebration with the Trooping the Colour . The parade itself had been part of British culture for almost a century by that time . At first it was strictly a military event , at which regiments displayed their flags — or colours — so that soldiers could familiarize themselves . But George was known as a formidable general after having led troops at the Battle of Dettingen in 1743 , so the military celebration seemed a fitting occasion onto which to graft his warm - weather birthday . Edward VII , who also had a November birthday , was the first to standardize the June Trooping the Colour and launched a tradition of a monarchical review of the troops that drew crowds of onlookers . Even now , the date of the " official " birthday varies year to year . For the first seven years of her reign , Elizabeth II held her official birthday on a Thursday but has since switched over to Saturdays . And while the date is tied to the Trooping the Colour in the UK , Commonwealth nations around the world have their own criteria , which generally involve recognizing it as a public holiday . Australia started recognizing an official birthday back in 1788 , and all the provinces ( save one ) observe the Queen ' s Birthday on the second Monday in June , with Western Australia holding its celebrations on the last Monday of September or the first Monday of October . In Canada , the official birthday has been set to align with the actual birth date of Queen Victoria — May 24 , 1819 — since 1845 , and as such they celebrate so - called Victoria Day on May 24 or the Monday before . In New Zealand , it ' s the first Monday in June , and in the Falkland Islands the actual day of the Queen ' s birth is celebrated publicly . All in all , just another reason it ' s great to be Queen . Have you got a Big Question you ' d like us to answer ? If so , let us know by emailing us at bigquestions @ mentalfloss . com This story has been updated for 2019 . birthdays History News royal family Why Did We Evolve To Like Music ? BY Quora .com April 12 , 2019 Suzanne Sadedin Existing theories seem incomplete , so here ' s another one . I think music is a side effect of the evolution of self - awareness and love . Music does have a lot of features we associate with sexual competition . It ' s ( historically speaking ) an honest display of abilities , it exploits supernormal stimuli , and it ' s sexy . But if those things were sufficient for its evolution , it would be widespread in other species . Instead , music seems to be nearly unique to humans . In most species , displays are simply flamboyant exhibitions of individual prowess . Every peacock aims to have the biggest , flashiest tail ; there is none of the complexity or diversity we associate with music . Guppies appreciate novel colors in their mates , but they do not evolve increasing complexity . Closer to human music are the songs of certain birds . While nobody would deny that most bird song is some sort of sexual competitive signal , song complexity is n ' t consistently linked to sexual selection at all . And relatively complex and varying birdsongs , such as those of the song sparrow , can be generated using simple algorithms . Nothing in the animal world even remotely approaches the complexity and diversity of human music . It ' s also often suggested that music contributes to group bonding , which could be advantageous for a species like ours , where inter - tribal competition may have influenced evolution . And since humans are unusual in that sense , it also helps explain the uniqueness of music . There ' s plenty of evidence that music does play this role . However , group selection is typically a weak force , while music is a costly feature ; it ' s hard to see how the former could be sufficient to account for the latter . Perhaps music evolved as a sexually selected feature which was co - opted under group selection . But perhaps there ' s a bigger hole in our thinking . What neither idea seems to explain at all is why music is , well , musical . Why should group or pair bonding involve the sort of fractal complexity , continual novelty , and specificity of taste that sets music apart from common birdsong ? Here ' s why — maybe . Hofstadter in Gödel , Escher , Bach : An Eternal Golden Braid argues that consciousness is a recursive computational process . Self - awareness in addition implies that the conscious mind contains a model or representation of the self . What is this model ? Why represent yourself , when you can simply be yourself ? The answer , presumably , is that most of the mind is not conscious , nor even accessible to consciousness . So to have insight into your own behavior , you mentally model yourself in much the same way you model other people . You see the problem . Modeling other conscious , self - aware minds requires an internal conscious , self - aware mind for every mind you model . Each of these models must in turn have its own models of other conscious , self - aware minds … and so on to infinity . Our brains do not have infinite capacity . So what do we do when we encounter an infinitely recursive process ? Curl up in despair ? No ! We approximate . We gaze as deeply as we can into the fractal , stretching the limits of our cognitive capacity . And then we acknowledge and accept those limits . We marvel at the tininess of the self in the wondrous grandiosity of the universe . We are overcome with spiritual joy . In other words , we congratulate ourselves on our willingness to face the limits of our comprehension . Why does this make us feel good ? It ' s adaptive . We are a highly social species . Many researchers believe that human cognition was , for much of our evolutionary history , stuck in a positive feedback cycle of social selection . That is , those of our ancestors who could better understand and predict others had greater evolutionary fitness , which made each succeeding generation harder to understand and predict than its parents . So : it ' s advantageous to enjoy peering into the depths of interesting fractals , because that stretching of cognitive ability is precisely what ' s required to model minds better than our peers . And music is mostly interesting fractals . I want to take things a little further . Let ' s talk about love . We ' re not just social . Lots of animals are social , and most of them are utter jerks . Humans , along with many birds and a few mammals , have unusually strong , lasting cooperative relationships among unrelated adults . We have love and trust But how do you evolve trust ? I ' ve puzzled over this for years . We understand perfectly well how cooperative relationships can be adaptive ; for example , if your partner is likely to punish your defection severely , and hiding defections is too hard . But that does n ' t explain trust . I trust you means , precisely , that I ' m not policing your defections . I ' m not monitoring the evidence to check if you ' ve betrayed me . I ' m setting in place punishments for all the awful things you might do . I ' m not even worrying about them . And I think we all want trusting relationships . I do n ' t know anybody who would be OK with believing that their partner ' s honesty was only a consequence of the fear of punishment — let alone their own . Obviously , trusting saves a lot of effort and conflict in a relationship , which makes it adaptive . But it ' s also vulnerable to exploitation , hence the evolutionary problem . According to standard theory , the moment you know I trust you , your motivation should change to exploit me . But I should know this , and therefore not trust you in the first place . A solution to this quandary is emotional commitment . Love in the form of emotional commitment is a self - modification that alters our cognitive payoffs to favor the interests of the other . If I love you , then I literally can not hurt you without hurting myself . If I love you , then making you happy literally makes me happy . If love is mutual , then our interests become aligned . And that enables trust . How do we create love ? By a process of massive cognitive remodeling . Our brains must learn to respond to the stimuli of the other with extreme , unique pleasure , and they must learn how to likewise uniquely stimulate the other . To do that effectively , we create the most profound representation we can of the other , and imbue that representation with almost as much significance as we attach to our self - representation . And in a two - way relationship , that representation must contain a self - representation , containing an other - That , I think , is a big part of what courtship and friendship do in species with long - term relationships . It ' s an intimate mutual rewiring in which our brains gradually learn to play and be played ; we allow the other unique insight into our self - model , so they can learn to uniquely reward us ; and vice versa . Love makes us vulnerable and powerful at the same time . In keeping with this idea , pair - bonding , rather than simply social group size , is the most widespread predictor of brain size evolution in other species . Among primates , brain size and sexual competition are negatively correlated . Our ancestors won their success in part because they were able to create and maintain trust . So they evolved to love , and loving required them to find unparalleled pleasure in the effort to contain an infinite depth that they could never really grasp . So the sense of immersion in fractal depth feels like love , because that ' s what the experience of loving is . And when we encounter an audible fractal process that happens to stimulate our brains with a culturally attuned interleaving of familiar and foreign , self and other , we willingly immerse ourselves in it . We do n ' t just like music . We love it . So … music , love , and fractal representations of the other … what all that amounts to is an unprecedented excuse to link this Arcade Fire song : Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . This post originally appeared on Quora . Click here to view . music News	[ "Yankee Doodle", "Macaroni" ]
http://mentalfloss.com/article/65710/9-nervy-facts-about-vagus-nerve	arrow The Body 9 Fascinating Facts About the Vagus Nerve BY Jordan Rosenfeld November 13 , 2018 Nephron , Wikimedia Commons / / CC BY - SA 3.0 The vagus nerve is so named because it “ wanders ” like a vagabond , sending out sensory fibers from your brainstem to your visceral organs . The vagus nerve , the longest of the cranial nerves , controls your inner nerve center — the parasympathetic nervous system . And it oversees a vast range of crucial functions , communicating motor and sensory impulses to every organ in your body . New research has revealed that it may also be the missing link to treating chronic inflammation , and the beginning of an exciting new field of treatment for serious , incurable diseases . Here are nine facts about this powerful nerve bundle . 1 . THE VAGUS NERVE PREVENTS INFLAMMATION . A certain amount of inflammation after injury or illness is normal . But an overabundance is linked to many diseases and conditions , from sepsis to the autoimmune condition rheumatoid arthritis . The vagus nerve operates a vast network of fibers stationed like spies around all your organs . When it gets a signal for incipient inflammation — the presence of cytokines or a substance called tumor necrosis factor ( TNF ) — it alerts the brain and draws out anti - inflammatory neurotransmitters that regulate the body ’ s immune response . 2 . IT HELPS YOU MAKE MEMORIES . A University of Virginia study in rats showed that stimulating their vagus nerves strengthened their memory . The action released the neurotransmitter norepinephrine into the amygdala , which consolidated memories . Related studies were done in humans , suggesting promising treatments for conditions like Alzheimer ’ s disease . 3 . IT HELPS YOU BREATHE . The neurotransmitter acetylcholine , elicited by the vagus nerve , tells your lungs to breathe . It ’ s one of the reasons that Botox — often used cosmetically — can be potentially dangerous , because it interrupts your acetylcholine production . You can , however , also stimulate your vagus nerve by doing abdominal breathing or holding your breath for four to eight counts . 4 . IT ' S INTIMATELY INVOLVED WITH YOUR HEART . The vagus nerve is responsible for controlling the heart rate via electrical impulses to specialized muscle tissue — the heart ’ s natural pacemaker — in the right atrium , where acetylcholine release slows the pulse . By measuring the time between your individual heart beats , and then plotting this on a chart over time , doctors can determine your heart rate variability , or HRV . This data can offer clues about the resilience of your heart and vagus nerve . 5 . IT INITIATES YOUR BODY ' S RELAXATION RESPONSE . When your ever - vigilant sympathetic nervous system revs up the fight or flight responses — pouring the stress hormone cortisol and adrenaline into your body — the vagus nerve tells your body to chill out by releasing acetylcholine . The vagus nerve ’ s tendrils extend to many organs , acting like fiber - optic cables that send instructions to release enzymes and proteins like prolactin , vasopressin , and oxytocin , which calm you down . People with a stronger vagus response may be more likely to recover more quickly after stress , injury , or illness . 6 . IT TRANSLATES BETWEEN YOUR GUT AND YOUR BRAIN . Your gut uses the vagus nerve like a walkie - talkie to tell your brain how you ’ re feeling via electric impulses called “ action potentials " . Your gut feelings are very real . 7 . OVERSTIMULATION OF THE VAGUS NERVE IS THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF FAINTING . If you tremble or get queasy at the sight of blood or while getting a flu shot , you ’ re not weak . You ’ re experiencing “ vagal syncope . ” Your body , responding to stress , overstimulates the vagus nerve , causing your blood pressure and heart rate to drop . During extreme syncope , blood flow is restricted to your brain , and you lose consciousness . But most of the time you just have to sit or lie down for the symptoms to subside . 8 . ELECTRICAL STIMULATION OF THE VAGUS NERVE REDUCES INFLAMMATION AND MAY INHIBIT IT ALTOGETHER . Neurosurgeon Kevin Tracey was the first to show that stimulating the vagus nerve can significantly reduce inflammation . Results on rats were so successful , he reproduced the experiment in humans with stunning results . The creation of implants to stimulate the vagus nerve via electronic implants showed a drastic reduction , and even remission , in rheumatoid arthritis — which has no known cure and is often treated with the toxic drugs — hemorrhagic shock , and other equally serious inflammatory syndromes . 9 . VAGUS NERVE STIMULATION HAS CREATED A NEW FIELD OF MEDICINE . Spurred on by the success of vagal nerve stimulation to treat inflammation and epilepsy , a burgeoning field of medical study , known as bioelectronics , may be the future of medicine . Using implants that deliver electric impulses to various body parts , scientists and doctors hope to treat illness with fewer medications and fewer side effects . Health Medicine News science Subscribe to our Newsletter ! SIGN UP NOW arrow Lists 25 Amazing Facts About the Human Body BY Kat Long March 19 , 2019 iStock . com / kali9 The human body is an amazing piece of machinery — with a few weird quirks . It ’ s possible to brush your teeth too aggressively . Doing so can wear down enamel and make teeth sensitive to hot and cold foods . Goose bumps evolved to make our ancestors ’ hair stand up , making them appear more threatening to predators . iStock . com / MyetEck Wisdom teeth serve no purpose . They ’ re left over from hundreds of thousands of years ago . As early humans ’ brains grew bigger , it reduced space in the mouth , crowding out this third set of molars . Scientists are n ' t exactly sure why we yawn , but it may help regulate body temperature . Your fingernails do n ’ t actually grow after you ’ re dead . If they were laid end to end , all of the blood vessels in the human body would encircle the Earth four times . Humans are the only animals with chins iStock . com / mhelm3011 As you breathe , most of the air is going in and out of one nostril . Every few hours , the workload shifts to the other nostril . Blood makes up about 8 percent of your total body weight . The human nose can detect about 1 trillion smells . You have two kidneys , but only one is necessary to live . Belly buttons grow special hairs to catch lint . iStock . com / PeopleImages The satisfying sound of cracking your knuckles comes from gas bubbles bursting in your joints . Skin is the body ’ s largest organ and can comprise 15 percent of a person ’ s total weight . Thumbs have their own pulse . Your tongue is made up of eight interwoven muscles , similar in structure to an elephant ’ s trunk or an octopus ’ s tentacle . On a genetic level , all human beings are more than 99 percent identical . iStock . com / BorupFoto The foot is one of the most ticklish parts of the body . Extraocular muscles in the eye are the body ’ s fastest muscles . They allow both of your eyes to flick in the same direction in a single 50 - millisecond movement . A surgical procedure called a selective amygdalohippocampectomy removes half of the brain ’ s amygdala — and with it , the patient ’ s sense of fear . The pineal gland , which secretes the hormone melatonin , got its name from its shape , which resembles a pine nut Hair grows fast — about 6 inches per year . The only thing in the body that grows faster is bone marrow . iStock . com / GlobalStock No one really knows what fingerprints are for , but they might help wick water away from our hands , prevent blisters , or improve touch . The heart beats more than 3 billion times in the average human lifespan . Blushing is caused by a rush of adrenaline biology News The Body 12 Intriguing Facts About the Intestines BY Jordan Rosenfeld March 15 , 2019 iStock When we talk about the belly , gut , or bowels , what we ' re really talking about are the intestines — long , hollow , coiled tubes that comprise a major part of the digestive tract , running from the stomach to the anus . The intestines begin with the small intestine , divided into three parts whimsically named the duodenum , jejunum , and ileum , which absorb most of the nutrients from what we eat and drink . Food then moves into the large intestine , or colon , which absorbs water from the digested food and expels it into the rectum . That needing to poop These organs can be the source of intestinal pain , such as in irritable bowel syndrome , but they can also support microbes that are beneficial to your overall health . Here are some more facts about your intestines . 1 . The intestines were named by medieval anatomists . Medieval anatomists had a pretty good understanding of the physiology of the gut , and are the ones who gave the intestinal sections their names , which are still used today in modern anatomy . When they were n ' t moralizing about the organs , they got metaphorical about them . In 1535 , the Spanish doctor Andrés Laguna noted that because the intestines " carry the chyle and all the excrement through the entire region of the stomach as if through the Ocean Sea , " they could be likened to " those tall ships which as soon as they have crossed the ocean come to Rouen with their cargoes on their way to Paris but transfer their cargoes at Rouen into small boats for the last stage of the journey up the Seine . " 2 . Leonardo da Vinci believed the intestines helped you breathe . Leonardo mistakenly believed the digestive system aided respiratory function . In 1490 , he wrote in his unpublished notebooks , " The compressed intestines with the condensed air which is generated in them , thrust the diaphragm upwards ; the diaphragm compresses the lungs and expresses the air . " While that is n ' t anatomically accurate , it is true that the opening of the lungs is helped by the relaxation of stomach muscles , which does draw down the diaphragm . 3 . Your intestines could cover two tennis courts . . . Your intestines take up a whole lot of square footage inside you . " The surface area of the intestines , if laid out flat , would cover two tennis courts , " Colby Zaph , a professor of immunology in the department of biochemistry and molecular biology at Melbourne ' s Monash University , tells Mental Floss . The small intestine alone is about 20 feet long , and the large intestine about 5 feet long . 4 . . . . and they ' re pretty athletic . The process of moving food through your intestines requires a wave - like pattern of muscular action , known as peristalsis , which you can see in action during surgery in this YouTube video 5 . Your intestines can fold like a telescope — but that ' s not something you want to happen . Intussusception is the name of a condition where a part of your intestine folds in on itself , usually between the lower part of the small intestine and the beginning of the large intestine . It often presents as severe intestinal pain and requires immediate medical attention . It ' s very rare , and in children may be related to a viral infection . In adults , it ' s more commonly a symptom of an abnormal growth or polyp . 6 . Intestines are very discriminating . " The intestines have to discriminate between good things — food , water , vitamins , good bacteria — and bad things , such as infectious organisms like viruses , parasites and bad bacteria , " Zaph says . Researchers do n ' t entirely know how the intestines do this . Zaph says that while your intestines are designed to keep dangerous bacteria contained , infectious microbes can sometimes penetrate your immune system through your intestines . 7 . The small intestine is covered in " fingers " . . . The lining of the small intestine is blanketed in tiny finger - like protrusions known as villi . These villi are then covered in even tinier protrusions called microvilli , which help capture food particles to absorb nutrients , and move food on to the large intestine . 8 . . . . And you ca n ' t live without it . Your small intestine " is the sole point of food and water absorption , " Zaph says . Without it , " you ' d have to be fed through the blood . " 9 . The intestines house your microbiome . The microbiome is made up of all kinds of microorganisms , including bacteria , viruses , fungi , and protozoans , " and probably used to include worm parasites too , " says Zaph . So in a way , he adds , " we are constantly infected with something , but it [ can be ] helpful , not harmful . " 10 . Intestines are sensitive to change . Zaph says that many factors change the composition of the microbiome , including antibiotics , foods we eat , stress , and infections . But in general , most people ' s microbiomes return to a stable state after these events . " The microbiome composition is different between people and affected by diseases . But we still do n ' t know whether the different microbiomes cause disease , or are a result in the development of disease , " he says . 11 . Transferring bacteria from one gut to another can transfer disease — or maybe cure it . " Studies in mice show that transplanting microbes from obese mice can transfer obesity to thin mice , " Zaph says . But transplanting microbes from healthy people into sick people can be a powerful treatment for some intestinal infections , like that of the bacteria Clostridium difficile , he adds . Research is pouring out on how the microbiome affects various diseases , including multiple sclerosis , Parkinson ' s , and even autism . 12 . The microbes in your intestines might influence how you respond to medical treatments . Some people do n ' t respond to cancer drugs as effectively as others , Zaph says . " One reason is that different microbiomes can metabolize the drugs differently . " This has huge ramifications for chemotherapy and new cancer treatments called checkpoint inhibitors . As scientists learn more about how different bacteria metabolize drugs , they could possibly improve how effective existing cancer treatments are . Health Lists microbiome science	[ "Vagus Nerve", "parasympathetic nervous system", "INFLAMMATION" ]
http://mentalfloss.com/article/68038/11-facts-about-grapes-wrath	11 Facts About The Grapes of Wrath BY Joy Lanzendorfer September 21 , 2015 The Grapes of Wrath is John Steinbeck ’ s award - winning political novel about the Great Depression . It follows the Joad family as they ’ re forced to leave their Oklahoma farm and go west to California for work . The 1939 book humanized the “ Okies , ” captured history as it was happening , and earned its author so much personal trouble that he started carrying a gun for protection . Find out more about the classic below . 1 . THE NOVEL WAS INSPIRED BY VISITS TO LABOR CAMPS . Wikimedia Commons In 1936 , the San Francisco News hired Steinbeck to write a series of articles about migrant labor camps in California . The articles , which you can read here , were later reprinted in a pamphlet along with Dorothea Lange ’ s iconic photographs . In the pieces , Steinbeck described Americans living in filthy shacks without running water and suffering from malnutrition , illness , and death . He used much of what he saw in 2 . STEINBECK INADVERTENTLY USED RESEARCH FOR SOMEONE ELSE ' S NOVEL . The author dedicated The Grapes of Wrath to Tom Collins , who managed the Migratory Labor Camp in Kern County , California and helped Steinbeck research the novel . " I need this stuff , ” Steinbeck wrote of the detailed reports Collins gave him about the camps . “ It is exact and just the thing that will be used against me if I ' m wrong . ” But Steinbeck did n ’ t know that another writer , Sanora Babb , had written the reports and was using them as the foundation for her own novel , Whose Names Are Unknown . It was going to be published by Random House when The Grapes Of Wrath hit the bestseller list . Steinbeck ’ s novel upstaged Babb and her book was shelved until she finally published her work in 2004 , the year before she died . 3 . WHILE HE WAS RESEARCHING THE WORK , THERE WAS A RIOT IN STEINBECK ' S HOMETOWN . Steinbeck grew up in Salinas , California , a farming community that was politically divided between workers and agricultural landowners . Although born into the middle class , Steinbeck sympathized with the workingman and worked on a sugar beet farm as a young man . ( He used to pay workers a quarter to tell him their life stories , which sometimes made it into his fiction . ) At the time Steinbeck was writing about the labor camps , the Salinas Lettuce Strike broke out when tension between workers who wanted to unionize , landowners , and the police 4 . STEINBECK FOUND WRITING THE NOVEL HARROWING . While writing , Steinbeck kept a journal of his process . The account shows the emotional ups and downs of an intense writing experience . He knew he was writing something that could be potentially great , but he doubted his ability to do it . “ This book has become a misery to me because of my inadequacy , ” the journal reads . He seemed to find writing not only mentally difficult , but hard on the nerves . “ My stomach and my nerves are screaming merry hell in protest against the inroads , ” he wrote . And again later , “ And here ' s a podcast of an actor reading from the journal . 5 . THE TITLE COMES FROM ' THE BATTLE HYMN OF THE REPUBLIC . ' Steinbeck ’ s wife Carol thought of taking The Grapes of Wrath from " The Battle Hymn of the Republic " : “ Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord / He is trampling out the vintage where the grapes of wrath are stored . ” The poem — later a song — was written by Julia Ward Howe in 1861 . She got “ grapes of wrath ” from Revelation 14 : 19 in the Bible . In choosing the title , Steinbeck was emphasizing that the book was American , not Communist propaganda , as he knew it would be called . 6 . THE BOOK WAS BURNED AND BANNED . The novel was critically acclaimed and a bestseller — some 430,000 copies had been printed by February 1940 . But it was also controversial . The Associated Farmers of California was angered by the book , which implied that they used the migrants for cheap labor . They called the book a “ pack of lies ” and launched an attack against it , publicly burning the work and calling it Communist . Other institutions banned the book because of profanity and because of the ending , when a woman breastfeeds a starving man . 7 . STEINBECK GREW SO AFRAID THAT HE STARTED CARRYING A GUN . Steinbeck encountered so much hostility after came out that he considered giving up writing altogether . Articles in the press , buoyed by the Associated Farmers of California , launched a “ hysterical personal attack ” on Steinbeck . “ I ’ m a pervert , a drunk , a dope fiend , ” he wrote . For a time , the FBI put him under surveillance . In Salinas , people he knew his entire life became unfriendly toward him . He received death threats and was advised by the Monterey County Sheriff to carry a gun . Steinbeck complied . His son , Thomas Steinbeck , said , “ My father was the best - armed man I knew , and went most places armed . ” 8 . THE 1940 MOVIE VERSION WAS A BOX - OFFICE SMASH . While the book did well on its own , the 1940 movie cemented as a classic . Directed by John Ford , it starred Henry Fonda as Tom Joad . Steinbeck reportedly liked Fonda ’ s performance , saying it made him “ believe my own words . ” Ford won an Oscar for Best Director and Jane Darwell won Best Supporting Actress as Ma Joad . 9 . WOODY GUTHRIE WROTE THE BALLAD OF TOM JOAD . Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . When the movie came out , Victor Records asked Woody Guthrie to write 12 songs about the Dust Bowl for an album called Dust Bowl Ballads . One song was supposed to be based on the movie . So Guthrie borrowed a friend ’ s typewriter , sat down with a jug of wine , and typed out the lyrics to “ Tom Joad . ” 10 . THE GRAPES OF WRATH GAVE ROUTE 66 ITS NICKNAME . In the book , Steinbeck writes about Route 66 , the 2,500 - mile - road between Chicago and Los Angeles , which used to be a major artery in the United States . “ 66 is the mother road , the road of flight , ” Steinbeck penned . Since then , the " Mother Road " has been portrayed in everything from Bobby Troup ' s song " Route 66 " to Jack Kerouac ’ s novel On The Road 11 . THE NOVEL LED STEINBECK TO THE NOBEL PRIZE . won the 1940 Pulitzer Prize in Fiction and was a major factor for Steinbeck winning the Nobel Prize in 1962 . Here ’ s his Nobel Prize acceptance speech . Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . books Subscribe to our Newsletter ! SIGN UP NOW	[ "Grapes of Wrath", "John Steinbeck", "political novel" ]
http://mentalfloss.com/article/72297/what-those-laundry-care-symbols-your-clothes-mean	What Those Laundry Care Symbols on Your Clothes Mean iStock Ever paused for several minutes in front of a washing machine because the care symbols on a new garment were impossible to decipher In 1963 the i nternational textile and garment care organization GINETEX was formed and soon after the familiar trademarked symbols were born Today the Federal Trade Commission enforces the Care Labeling Rule There are also standards that manufacturers have to follow when using the symbols on their labels H eres a crash course on the meaning behind some of those symbols MACHINE WASHING GinetexGermany via Wikimedia Commons A symbol that features a threesided figure with a flat bottom flared sides a wavy line about a third of the way down and a number in the middle signifies a machine washing instruction The number represents the maximum temperature in Celsius For example a 30 means that the garment should be washed with cold water that is at or below 30 C or 86 F which is the cold setting on most machines An X through the symbol means that the item should not be washed while a hand inside of the symbol means that it should be hand washed at a temperature between 30 C and 40 C There are several variations on this symbol The number inside can also read 40 or 50 for warmer water or 60 for hot In the place of a number some labels also use dots with one dot for cold two for warm and three for hot water THE CYCLE Niels Bosboom via Wikimedia Commons CC BYSA 25 Lines under the washing symbol signify the cycle no line for Normal one line for Permanent Press and two lines for Gentle or Delicate André Riemann via Wikimedia Commons BLEACHING A triangle on care labels is the symbol for bleach If the triangle is empty any bleaching agent can be used If there are stripes inside of the triangle then nonchlorine bleach should be used and if there is an X through it do not use bleach on the article of clothing at all André Riemann via Wikimedia Commons DRYING Squares on care labels indicate how an item should be dried If the box includes a circle with two dots inside then the item should be tumble dried at a normal temperature or around 80 C On the other hand if the circle within the box only has one dot then lower the temperature to 60 C I f there is an X across the box then do not tumble dry at all Line drying is recommended i f there are lines inside the box instead of circles and dots There are several variations of this symbol one vertical line for line drying two vertical lines for drip line drying and sometimes three for drip drying You can also look for squares with one horizontal line that signify flat drying and two lines indicating that an item should be drip flat dried Diagonal lines one or two in the top left corner of the line flat or drip drying symbols means that it should be done in the shade IRONING André Riemann via Wikimedia Commons The ironing symbol will look familiar to anyone who has played Monopoly When shown alone the symbol means that it is okay to use an iron on the item As with previously mentioned symbols dots inside signify temperature settings and if there is an X dont use it There may also be an X over a pair of vertical lines beneath the iron which means that steam should not be used PROFESSIONAL TEXTILE CARE A1000 via Wikimedia Commons If professional care is recommended labels will show circles often with letters inside The letter P means you should have the item professionally dry cleaned and that the cleaners can use that solvent or hydrocarbons for the job The letter F means that only hydrocarbons should be used and the letter W means that professional wetcleaning is the way to go If there are one or two horizontal lines under the circle it means that the cleaners should treat the items as being more sensitive and should make the necessary adjustments to the mechanical action addition of moisture andor drying temperature Lists 0 Subscribe to our Newsletter	[ "Laundry Care Symbols", "GINETEX", "Care Labeling Rule" ]
http://mentalfloss.com/article/73797/basketball-why-does-home-team-usually-wear-white	In Basketball , Why Does the Home Team ( Usually ) Wear White ? BY Mark Mancini January 15 , 2016 Getty Images Uniform colors have a utilitarian purpose — namely , to help us distinguish between rival clubs on game day . After all , life would get confusing fast if spectators could n ’ t tell which squad was which . At home , most North American football and hockey teams wear vibrant , multi - colored jerseys . And unless special permission to do otherwise is granted , visiting players are — again , for the most part — stuck wearing white . Basketball reverses the trend . In both collegiate and professional contests , it ’ s the home team that normally dons white while their on - court guests show up in something more eye - catching . The NCAA , NBA [ PDF ] , and WNBA [ PDF ] all enforce this general guideline . “ Opposing team uniforms shall be of contrasting colors , ” reads the official NCAA men ’ s basketball rule book . “ The home team shall wear light game jerseys and game shorts and the away team shall wear dark game jerseys and game shorts . This rule may be altered by mutual consent of the competing institutions . ” How did this tradition start ? America ’ s pastime probably had something to do with it . Towards the turn of the 20th century , Major League Baseball clubs began touting dark blue , black , or ( usually ) gray jerseys on the road , and white ones at home . Back in those days , teams sometimes had difficulty finding laundry services outside of their own cities . So , for days on end , visiting players were often left with no choice but to wear the same , unwashed jerseys over and over . Darker outfits , therefore , helped mask the inevitable dirt and grass stains . In its formative years , the younger sport of basketball likely stole and tweaked that custom . At every level from grade school to the pros , clubs usually honor the white - at - home , colors - on - the - road standard . Still , exceptions are out there . Take the Los Angeles Lakers . 1967 saw the storied team adopt a radically new look . Previously , their colors were as follows : navy blue , royal blue , and white . But in that pivotal year , the club introduced its famous purple and gold chromatic scheme . Notably , the Lakers also emerged as the first NBA franchise to make non - white jerseys their standard home attire . Local fans grew accustomed to watching Jerry West and company take care of business in those now - iconic yellow unis Also , fans get to see a whole slew of different jersey colors and designs when a visiting team comes to town . Given how experimental the NBA can get with uniforms ( sleeves ? ! ? ) , a little consistency in your own back yard is much appreciated . Big Questions Sports Subscribe to our Newsletter ! SIGN UP NOW	[ "Basketball", "MARK MANCINI", "NCAA" ]
http://mentalfloss.com/article/73945/24-years-ago-november-rain-excites-confuses-rock-fans	arrow TBT When ' November Rain ' Excited , Confused Rock Fans BY Jake Rossen February 8 , 2018 GunsNRosesVEVO via YouTube Slash had no idea what it was about . Axl Rose insisted it be based on a short story . At roughly nine minutes , it stretched the patience of MTV ’ s viewers . For these reasons — or maybe in spite of them — the music video for the Guns N ’ Roses hit “ November Rain ” remains one of the most infamous , impenetrable rock operas of all time . 您的瀏覽器目前無法識別任何可用的影片格式。按一下這裡以瀏覽關於 HTML5 影片的常見問題。 “ November Rain ” was a single from the group ’ s Use Your Illusion I album . Released in 1991 , it broke into the Billboard top 10 and immediately entered music trivia lore as the longest song to make that list . Rose had started writing it in 1983 , with an original running time of more than 20 minutes For the video , which was released in February of 1992 , the group hired director Andy Morahan , who had supervised two previous G N ' R efforts : Do n ’ t Cry and You Could Be Mine . Rose also enlisted friend and writer Del James to allow them to loosely adapt one of his short stories , “ Without You , ” about a singer haunted by the death of his girlfriend . Model Stephanie Seymour , Rose ’ s girlfriend at the time , played the bride . The crew respected the band ’ s wishes for an increasingly epic approach to their videos by going on location to shoot a wedding ceremony between Rose and Seymour at a makeshift church in a New Mexico desert — fabricating it cost $ 150,000 — and arranging for a concert shoot with 1500 extras ; Slash ’ s guitar solo was covered with swooping helicopter shots . Speaking with authors Rob Tannenbaum and Craig Marks , Morahan described the indulgent nature of the era : “ You ’ ve got five cameras , cranes , helicopter , this big crew . ” He recalled one observer asking him , “ Is this the whole video ? ‘ No , it ’ s about 27 seconds of it . ’ ” ( The video cost a then - record $ 1.5 million . ) Though Seymour ’ s character appears to be elated at the reception , the video implies she commits suicide shortly after . The couple in happier times . GunsNRoses VEVO via YouTube Or not . No one really seems to know what happened . “ To tell you the truth , I have no idea , " Slash told The Huffington Post in 2014 . It was a concept . The song itself is pretty self - explanatory , but the video is so complex . . . I knew there was a wedding in there somewhere and I was not into the concept of the wedding . " Morahan said he has " no idea " why Seymour was shot in a casket with half her face obscured by a mirror . While the spot was n ’ t heaped with MTV Video Music Awards praise ( though it did win one , for Best Cinematography , and earn a nomination for Best Art Direction ) , it has aged well . By the end of 1992 , viewers had voted it their favorite video of the year . Morahan , James , and Rose were even asked to collaborate on an episode of HBO ’ s Tales From the Crypt . That did n ’ t come to pass . But even today , November Rain stands as one of the most - played music videos of the 20th century on YouTube , with more than 940 million views . Watch it enough , and maybe it ’ ll begin to make sense . TBT celebrities entertainment music Music History News Pop Culture retro Subscribe to our Newsletter ! SIGN UP NOW arrow Traumatic Episodes : A History of the ABC Afterschool Special BY Jake Rossen March 28 , 2019 BCI / Sunset Home Visual Entertainment via Amazon My Dad Lives in a Downtown Hotel The Toothpaste Millionaire Me and Dad ’ s New Wife She Drinks a Little Please Do n ’ t Hit Me , Mom High School Narc Do n ’ t Touch . From 1972 to 1996 , no topic was too taboo for the ABC Afterschool Special , an anthology series that aired every other Wednesday at 4 p.m. Each of the standalone , hour - long installments highlighted issues facing teens and young adults , from underage drinking to the stress of living in a foster home . For the millions of viewers tuning in , it might have been their first exposure to a difficult topic — or the first indication that they were n ’ t alone in their struggle . The Afterschool Special originated in the early 1970s , when programming executives at ABC had an epiphany : While there was a lot of content for families and adults during primetime , soap operas for adults in the daytime , and cartoons for children on Saturday mornings , there was relatively little content directed specifically at teenagers and pre - teens . The network saw an opportunity to fill that gap by airing topical specials midweek , when parents watching General Hospital might leave the television on and stick around to watch some TV with their adolescent children . Initially , the network solicited a mix of fanciful stories and serious , issue - based melodramas . In the animated Incredible , Indelible , Magical Physical Mystery Trip , two kids were shrunk down to the size of a cell to travel through their uncle ’ s body . In Follow the Northern Star , a boy ushers a friend through the Underground Railroad to escape slavery . Not long after the series debuted in the fall of 1972 , ABC executives — including Brandon Stoddard , who was initially in charge of the show and was later responsible for getting the landmark 1977 miniseries Roots and David Lynch ' s quirky Twin Peaks onto the air — realized that the more puerile stories may have been working against them . According to Martin Tahse , a producer on dozens of these specials , it was rare for older teens to watch programming intended for younger children . Pre - teens , on the other hand , would watch content meant for an older audience . By season three , the specials were largely made up of topical content . In The Skating Rink , a teen skater overcomes shyness borne out of stuttering . In The Bridge of Adam Rush , a teen copes with a cross - country move after his mother remarries . Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . 0 : 00 0 : 17 The was an immediate hit , drawing an average of 9.4 million viewers between 1972 and 1974 . Many episodes were based on young adult novels , like Rookie of the Year , which stars Jodie Foster as a girl struggling to find acceptance on a boys ’ Little League team , or Sara ’ s Summer of the Swans , about a young woman searching for her missing , mentally challenged brother . The series also sourced material from magazine articles , short stories , and other venues . For 1983 ’ s The Wave , which originally aired on ABC in primetime in 1981 , the story of a high school teacher who describes fascism and Hitler ’ s rise to power by successfully convincing his students to subscribe to a dictatorial rule , was based on the real experiences of Palo Alto teacher Ron Jones . The effect of the topical episodes could be potent . For a 1985 special titled One Too Many , which starred Val Kilmer as an underage drinker and Michelle Pfeiffer as his girlfriend , one viewer wrote in to the Los Angeles Times to explain how the show had impacted her : After watching the titled One Too Many , a story of drinking and driving , I realized I have taken too many chances with my life . I always think I can handle myself and my car after I ’ ve had something to drink . Nothing has happened to me … yet . I ’ d like to thank ABC for showing a program that could possibly save the lives of my friends and me . I ’ ve realized that drinking and driving is not worth the price of life . As Tahse explained to interviewer Kier - La Janisse , the specials resonated with kids because they rarely indulged in what could be considered a fairy tale ending . “ It had to be real , ” he said . “ If kids watched any of my three specials dealing with alcoholic parents , they were never given a fairy tale ending . I saw to that , because I came from an alcoholic father and knew all the tricks and I wanted the kids who watched — many dealing with the same problem or having friends who had alcoholic parents — to know how it really is . ” The shows also picked up their share of awards . One installment , the self - explanatory Andrea ’ s Story : A Hitchhiking Tragedy , won five Daytime Emmys in 1984 , a third of all the Daytime Emmys ABC won that year . A Special Gift , a 1979 show about a basketball player who takes up ballet , won a Peabody Award . By the mid - 1980s , the specials attempted to strike more of a balance between morality plays and lighthearted fare . The 1984 - 1985 season consisted of seven episodes , including three comedies and one musical . In The Almost Royal Family , Sarah Jessica Parker stars as a teen whose family buys a home outside the jurisdiction of Canada and the U.S. In Mom ’ s on Strike , an overworked mother decides to suspend her duties until her family can appreciate her contributions . Gradually , the specials began leaning back toward hot - button topics . Oprah Winfrey ’ s Harpo Productions took over producing the series in 1991 . That season , Winfrey introduced the episodes , including two panel discussions about relationships and race relations . Though the series did revert back to fictional narratives , it gradually lost its footing in the wake of shows that had a more adolescent bent . A “ Very Special Episode ” of Beverly Hills , 90210 or Family Matters was essentially a stealth afterschool special . The series was canceled in 1996 . That the show endured for nearly a quarter of a century is a testament to the craftsmanship of producers like Tahse and the support of ABC , who rarely shied away from difficult topics . Still , Tahse — who died in 2014 — believed that the series ' broad appeal went beyond that . “ The only rule of storytelling that ABC required we follow was … the kid always had to figure out what to do and do it , ” he said . “ No finger - waving by parents , no lectures by parents . It was a kid who was in a situation and found , through his or her own efforts , a solution . ” education entertainment kids News Pop Culture Television tv Batmania : When Batman Ruled the Summer of 1989 March 21 , 2019 JD Hancock , Flickr / / CC BY 2.0 “ Flop ” is how marketing research group Marketing Evaluation Inc . assessed the box office potential of the 1989 Warner Bros . film Batman . The big - budget production , directed by Tim Burton and co - starring Michael Keaton as Batman and Jack Nicholson as the Joker , was expected to be one of the rare times a major Hollywood studio took a comic book adaptation seriously . But according to the marketing data , the character of Batman was not as popular as the Incredible Hulk , who was then appearing in a slate of made - for - television movies . And he was only a quarter as appealing as the California Raisins , the claymation stars of advertising . That prediction was made in 1988 . The film was released on June 23 , 1989 , and went on to gross $ 253.4 million , making it the fifth most successful motion picture up to that point . While Marketing Evaluation may have miscalculated the movie ’ s potential , they did hedge their bet . By the time profits from the movie ’ s merchandising — hats , shirts , posters , toys , bed sheets , etc . — were tallied , the company said , Warner Bros . could be looking at a sizable haul . When the cash registers stopped ringing , the studio had sold $ 500 million in tie - in products , which was double the gross of the film itself . In 1989 , people did n ’ t merely want to see — they wanted to wear the shirts , eat the cereal , and contemplate , if only for a moment , putting down $ 499.95 for a black denim jacket studded with rhinestones . Batmania was in full swing . Which made it even more unusual when the studio later claimed the film had failed to turn a profit . The merchandising blitz of Star Wars in 1977 gave studios hope that ambitious science - fiction and adventure movies would forever be intertwined with elaborate licensing strategies . George Lucas ' s space opera had driven audiences into a frenzy , leading retailers to stock up on everything from R2 - D2 coffee mugs to plastic lightsabers . It was expected that other “ toyetic ” properties would follow suit . They did n ’ t . Aside from 1982 ’ s E.T . , there was no direct correlation between a film ’ s success and demand for ancillary product . In 1984 alone , Gremlins Ghostbusters , and Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom were smash hits . None of them motivated people to flock to stores and buy Gizmo plush animals or toy proton packs . ( Ghostbusters toys eventually caught on , but only after an animated series helped nudge kids in their direction . ) Warner Bros . saw differently . When the script was being developed , producers Jon Peters and Peter Guber were urging writers to make sure scenes were aligned with planned merchandising . They scribbled notes insisting that no onscreen harm come to the Batmobile : It should remain pristine so that kids would want to grab the toy version . As Batman , millionaire Bruce Wayne had a collection of vehicles and gadgets at his disposal — all props that could be replicated in plastic . Batman ' s comic book origins gave him a unique iconography that lent itself to flashy graphic apparel . In March 1989 , just three months before the film ' s release , Warner Bros . announced that it was merging with Time Inc . to create the mega - conglomerate Time - Warner , which would allow the film studio to capitalize on a deep bench of talent to help drive the “ event ” feel of the film . Prince was signed to Warner ' s record label and agreed to compose an album of concept music that was tied to the characters ; “ Batdance " was among the songs and became a # 1 hit . Their licensing arm , Licensing Corporation of America , contracted with 300 licensees to create more than 100 products , some of which were featured in an expansive brochure that resembled a bat - eared Neiman Marcus catalog . The sheer glut of product became a story , as evidenced by this Entertainment Tonight segment on the film ' s licensing push : In addition to the rhinestone jacket , fans could opt for the Batman watch ( $ 34.95 ) , a baseball cap ( $ 7.95 ) , bicycle shorts ( $ 26.95 ) , a matching top ( $ 24.95 ) , a model Batwing ( $ 29.95 ) , action figures ( $ 5.95 ) , and a satin jacket modeled by Batman co - creator Bob Kane ( $ 49.95 ) . The Batman logo became a way of communicating anticipation for the film . The virtually textless teaser poster , which had only the June 23 opening date printed on it , was snapped up and taped to walls . ( Roughly 1200 of the posters sized for bus stops and subways were stolen , a crude but effective form of market research . ) In barber shops , people began asking to have the logo sheared into the sides of their heads . The Batman symbol was omnipresent . If you had forgotten about the movie for even five minutes , someone would eventually walk by sporting a pair of Batman earrings to remind you . At Golden Apple Comics in Los Angeles , 7000 packs of Batman trading cards flew out the door . Management hired additional staff and a security guard to handle the crowds . The store carried 36 different kinds of Batman T - shirts . Observers compared the hysteria to the hula hoop craze of the 1950s . One retailer made a more contemporary comparison . “ There ’ s no question Batman is the hottest thing this year , ” Marie Strong , manager of It ’ s a Small World at a mall in La Crosse , Wisconsin , told the La Crosse Tribune . “ [ It ’ s ] the hottest [ thing ] since Spuds McKenzie toward the end of last year . ” By the time was in theaters and breaking records — it became the first film to make $ 100 million in just 10 days , alerting studios to the idea of short - term profits — the merchandising had become an avalanche . Stores that did n ’ t normally carry licensed goods , like Macy ’ s , set up displays . Not everyone opted for officially - licensed apparel : U.S. marshals conducted raids across the country , seizing more than 40,000 counterfeit Batman shirts and other bogus items . Collectively , Warner raked in $ 500 million from legitimate products . In 1991 , the Los Angeles Times reported that the studio claimed only $ 2.9 million in profit had been realized from merchandising and that the movie itself was in a $ 35.8 million financial hole owing to excessive promotional and production costs . It was a tale typical of creative studio accounting , long a method for avoiding payouts to net profit participants . ( Nicholson , whose contract stipulated a cut of all profits , earned $ 50 million . ) Whatever financial sleight - of - hand was implemented , Warner clearly counted on Batman to be a money - printing operation . Merchandising plans for the sequel , 1992 ’ s Batman Returns , were even more strategic , including a tie - in agreement with McDonald ’ s for Happy Meals . In a meta moment , one deleted script passage even had Batman ’ s enemies attacking a toy store in Gotham full of Batman merchandise . The set was built but the scene never made it onscreen . The studio was willing to give Burton more control over the film , which was decidedly darker and more sexualized than the original . Batman Returns was hardly a failure , but merchandising was no longer as hot as it was in the summer of 1989 . Instead of selling out of shirts , stores ended up marking down excess inventory . McDonald ’ s , unhappy with the content of the film , enacted a policy of screening movies they planned to partner with before making any agreements . By the time Warner released 1995 ’ s Batman Forever , the franchise was essentially a feature - length toy commercial . It paid off . Licensing for the film topped $ 1 billion . Today , given the choice between a film with Oscar - level prestige or one with the potential to have its logo emblazoned on a rhinestone jacket that people would actually want to buy , studios would probably choose the latter . In that sense , the Batmania of 1989 endures . Comics money Movies	[ "' November Rain", "Confused Rock Fans" ]
http://mentalfloss.com/article/73954/why-can-parrots-talk	arrow Animals Why Can Parrots Talk ? BY Anna Green May 2 , 2018 Chloe Effron WHY ? is our attempt to answer all the questions every little kid asks . Do you have a question ? Send it to why @ mentalfloss . com Did you know that birds are the only animals other than humans who can produce human language ? Some species ( SPEE - shees ) or kinds of birds can copy sounds they hear in their environment , and even imitate a few words . Crows , mynah birds , ravens , and hummingbirds can all copy some of the sounds they hear . But the birds that are best at imitating human speech are parrots . They can learn to say hundreds of words , and they understand what some of the words mean . One amazing African Grey parrot named Einstein , who lives at the Knoxville Zoo in Tennessee , can say about 200 words . About half of the bird species sing . They learn these songs from other birds . They can do this because of a part of their brain called the " song system . " Inside this song system is a part called the “ inner core . ” The inner core is essential ( ee - SENT - chall ) or really important to helping these birds learn how to make sounds . Parrots also have an extra part of the song system called an “ outer shell . ” Scientists think the outer shell helps parrots be really good at copying sounds . But they ' re not sure exactly how it works . Parrots are social animals , which means they want to fit in with the rest of their friends . In the wild , parrots usually make bird sounds because they are surrounded by other birds . But around humans , parrots often imitate human words because they see their owners as part of their new family , or “ flock . ” They copy human sounds to fit in with their human flock . But parrots are also really smart . African Grey parrots like Einstein are as smart as a 5 - year - old human ! With training To see and hear Einstein talk to her trainer and sing " Happy Birthday , " watch this TED talk animal behavior Animals kids science WHY Subscribe to our Newsletter ! SIGN UP NOW arrow 12 Memorable Facts About Elephants BY Suzanne Raga August 8 , 2018 iStock . com / Gilitukha Known for their strong family bonds and intelligence , elephants have fascinated humans across time and cultures . As the largest living land mammal , a male African bush elephant typically stands more than 10 feet tall and weighs an incredible 6.6 tons . Although poachers still kill approximately 100 African elephants every day , conservation groups are working to save elephant populations from extinction . Read on for a dozen things you might not know about elephants , from their long history as a political symbol to their legit firefighting skills . 1 . Contrary to popular belief , they ' re not exactly scared of mice . iStock . com / szaphotography Cartoonists have long depicted the funny juxtaposition of a giant elephant terrified of a tiny mouse . Zoologists and elephant trainers have conducted experiments to test whether elephants are truly afraid of rodents , and it seems to be a myth . Mice themselves do n ' t frighten elephants , but the pachyderms have poor vision and can get extremely startled when anything suddenly scurries by . Elephants are probably more afraid of a mouse ' s sudden movement than the mouse itself . 2 . Wild elephants could have populated the U.S. , but Lincoln nixed the idea . iStock . com / saha_avijan In 1861 , President Lincoln received gifts , including elephant tusks and a handmade sword , from Siam ' s King Somdetch Phra Paramendr Maha Mongkut . The king of present - day Thailand also made an interesting offer : Mongkut proposed that Siam would send pairs of male and female elephants to the U.S. to breed in the forests . Americans could then tame the wild elephants and put them to work for the economic benefit of the country . William Seward , Lincoln ' s secretary of state , replied to Mongkut in 1862 , graciously declining his offer . He told the king that since the U.S. already used steam power to efficiently transport goods within the country , elephants simply would n ' t be practical . 3 . The elephant equivalent of thumb - sucking is trunk - sucking . iStock . com / bucky_za When baby elephants want to comfort themselves , they instinctively start sucking their trunks . Trunk - sucking is also a way that a baby elephant can learn how to use her trunk ( which contains between 40,000 and 50,000 muscles ) . Although most elephants , like human babies , grow out of sucking behavior , some adult elephants also suck their trunks when they feel anxious . 4 . They ' ve been the symbol of the Republican Party since 1874 . iStock . com / Niyazz Although elephants had been occasionally used as a symbol for Republicans during the Civil War , cartoonist Thomas Nast , who drew an elephant in an 1874 issue of Harper ' s Weekly , gets the credit for linking the animal with the political party . In later cartoons , Nast continued to draw an elephant to portray the Republican Party , and other cartoonists adopted it , establishing the animal as the GOP symbol . 5 . Barnum & Bailey trained elephants to play baseball . iStock . com / Valerie Loiseleux Baseball is America ' s pastime , so why not teach elephants how to play the game ? In 1912 , thanks to the work of Barnum & Bailey ' s elephant trainer , Harry L . Mooney , the intelligent animals played their first ballgame . Although playing baseball was just one of many tricks that circus elephants learned , Barnum & Bailey capitalized on the concept of elephant baseball by using the image on posters to sell tickets for shows . 6 . Some elephants have been convicted of murder . iStock . com / Pentium2 Although elephants are typically viewed as gentle giants , they are capable of attacking and killing humans . Male elephants undergo musth , a hormonal change that makes them temporarily produce tons of testosterone , resulting in aggression . But even female elephants can kill . In 1916 , a town in Tennessee charged an elephant named Big Mary with first - degree murder for killing her handler . Big Mary , who worked for the Sparks Circus , attacked her handler , possibly after he struck her with a bullhook as she was trying to eat a watermelon rind . Big Mary was convicted and sentenced to execution . Some 2500 residents of the town gathered to watch Big Mary ' s dramatic hanging , which featured a 100 - ton crane and a chain that broke under her weight . 7 . They grieve death . iStock . com / brittak Although we ca n ' t know exactly what elephants feel and how they process death , they seem to show signs that they experience grief when a member of their family ( or another elephant ) dies . When they see a dead elephant , they may vocalize , use their trunks to " hug " the dead animal , or stay with the carcass for hours . Some elephants have also tried to bury the dead body by covering it in leaves and soil . 8 . Trained elephants fight fires in Indonesia . Ishara S . KODIKARA , AFP / GettyImages You probably wo n ' t see an elephant riding on a fire truck anytime soon , but elephants in Indonesia are a vital part of fighting fires . In 2015 , East Sumatra was plagued with multiple fires over a period of several months , so 23 trained elephants from a conservation center went to work . Carrying water pumps and hoses , the elephants helped patrol the land and made sure that new fires were n ' t ignited . 9 . You might see them stroll through your hotel ' s lobby in Zambia . An elephant walks into the lobby of the Mfuwe Lodge in Zambia . Lars Plougmann , Flickr / / CC BY - SA 2.0 Some guests at Mfuwe Lodge in the African country of Zambia get an unusual animal sighting before they even leave the lobby . Each year between October and December , families of elephants walk through the lodge ' s reception area to eat wild mango from a tree in the courtyard . The elephants ' giant size and seeming indifference to their hotel lobby surroundings make for quite a striking sight . 10 . In 2015 , scientists recorded them yawning for the first time . iStock . com / filrom Although scientists speculated that elephants probably yawn , scientists from the University of California , Davis captured the first video of an elephant yawning . If you enjoy watching sleepy animals stretching and yawning , this is for you . Warning : extreme cuteness ahead . 11 . Elephants starred in YouTube ' s first - ever video . iStock . com / iudmylaSupynska On April 23 , 2005 , Jawed Karim made internet history when he uploaded the first video to a certain nascent video - sharing website . Karim , one of YouTube ' s founders , posted an 18 - second scene of himself standing in front of elephants at a zoo . In the video , he speaks about how cool the elephants ' long trunks are . As of August 2018 , it has more than 53 million views . 12 . They snack on old Christmas trees . Zookeepers at Tierpark Berlin , a zoo in Germany , feed unsold Christmas trees to their elephants in early January . The trees are certified pesticide - free , and the elephants seem to enjoy their special snack . Berlin is n ' t the only place where elephants eat Christmas trees , though . Zoos in Prague also treat their elephants to the tasty conifers . This story originally ran in 2017 . News The 20 Most Pet - Friendly Cities in America BY Michele Debczak April 15 , 2019 Pet parents have to look at more than just commute times and real estate prices when finding a new place to live . Factors like walkability , the number of parks , and the availability of pet sitters all dictate how comfortable a new city will be for dogs and their owners . If you ' re looking to make a move with your pooch , pet - sitting site Rover recently teamed up with real estate website Redfin to determine the best cities for dog lovers . Together , the companies looked at a number of different metrics , like how easy it is to walk in each city , the concentration of dog walkers and sitters there , and the number of homes for sale with the word dog in the listing . And to measure the quality of a city ' s pet services , Rover broke down the total hours , minutes , and distance per walk given by the dog walkers in its system . The report found there are dog - friendly cities across the country . Seattle ranked at the very top , followed by Chicago , Denver , and Manhattan . Cities throughout the South , including Austin , Houston , and Atlanta , also made the list , as did a handful of places in California ( including Los Angeles , San Francisco , and San Diego ) . You can check out the full round - up of dog - friendly cities below . And when you ' re ready to make your move , here are some tips for finding a pet - friendly apartment Seattle , Washington Chicago , Illinois Denver , Colorado Manhattan , New York Washington , D.C . Portland , Oregon Los Angeles , California Brooklyn , New York San Francisco , California San Diego , California Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Houston , Texas Austin , Texas Arlington , Virginia Minneapolis , Minnesota Alexandria , Virginia Dallas , Texas Atlanta , Georgia San Jose , California Nashville , Tennessee cities dogs Lists News Pets	[ "Parrots Talk", "African Grey parrots", "human sounds" ]
http://mentalfloss.com/article/76944/15-thrilling-facts-about-basic-instinct	15 Thrilling Facts About Basic Instinct YouTube Twentyfive years agoon March 20 1992Sharon Stone introduced moviegoers to Catherine Tramell a novelist and suspected serial killer who stabs her victims with an ice pick while engaged in acrobatic sex acts Michael Douglaswho starred in another erotic thriller Fatal Attraction played her love interest a San Francisco detective named Nick Curran Directed by Paul Verhoeven and written by Joe Eszterhas who would team up again for 1995s Showgirls Basic Instinct grossed 352927224 worldwide against a 49 million budget making it the ninth highestgrossing domestic film of 1992 The muchdelayed 2006 sequel on the other hand bombed at the box office The controversial movie angered the LGBTQ community particularly in San Francisco where filming was protested because of the psychopathic nature of Stones bisexual character though Stone saw her more as a party girl and Eszterhas thought of her as being omnisexual Here are 15 notsobasic facts about the revolutionary thriller 1 THE SCRIPT SOLD FOR A RECORD 3 MILLION Back in the day spec scripts could sell for millions of dollars Joe Eszterhas joined that club when he sold Basic Instinct a script that took him just 13 days to writefor 3 million in 1990 Eszterhas told The AV Club that the media liked to focus on a writers failures which occurred when Eszterhas Showgirls tanked at the box office CBS Evening News came with a helicopter crew and found me on a beach in Florida and interviewed me about the money I got for Basic Instinct Eszterhas said The other thing that I dont think was quite fair was that after that whole period where scriptsmine and Shane Blacks and half a dozen other writers scriptswent for a lot of money the media zeroed in on the box office for some of those scripts and they always zeroed in on the failures When Basic Instinct went on to earn 400 million worldwide there were no stories that said Executive producer Mario Kassar paid three million bucks for this 2 CATHERINE AND NICK WERE BASED ON REAL PEOPLE Before he became a multimillionaire screenwriter Eszterhas was a police reporter for Clevelands The Plain Dealer I met a cop who just liked the action too much Eszterhas told Nerve He was always in the middle of shootings He was a great cop on one level but on another you suspected he liked it too much Thats what Nick Curran does in Basic Instinct As Catherine says in the movie he got too close to the flame He loved the flame Tramell also comes from a person Eszterhas knew in Ohio this time a gogo dancer in Dayton One night he picked the stranger up and they went back to his hotel room to have some fun She reached into her purse and she pulled out a 22 and pointed it at me he told Nerve She said Give me one reason why I shouldnt pull this trigger I said I didnt do anything to hurt you You wanted to come here and as far as I know you enjoyed what we just did And she said But this is all Basic Instinct come from 3 MICHAEL DOUGLAS AND PAUL VERHOEVEN APPROACHED THE MOVIE AS IF IT WERE A DETECTIVE NOVEL Verhoeven wanted to make a modern version of an Alfred Hitchcock thrillerexcept with a lot more sex In traditional films the killer lurks in a house and the victim walks into the kitchen turns on the radio makes coffee opens a book gets comfortableand then the killer strikes he told The New York Times In this film the killer hidesbut on the bed The situation is the same but the two people are facing each other in bed not the kitchen Douglas agreed with the film noir aspect of the movie Fatal Attraction was a picture close to home for a lot of people because you could identify with those characters he also told the Times It was a reality tale while Basic Instinct is like a detective novel that people like to read in the privacy of their homes Its almost Gothic Its certainly more dramatic And the real question here is Is anybody really worthy of redemption 4 THE ICE PICK SCENE GAVE SHARON STONE NIGHTMARES In a 1992 interview with Playboy Stone revealed that she didnt mind the sex scenes but did mind the violence I made my best friend lie by the bed while I did the scenejust lie there by the camera telling me jokes she said God They had a paramedic with an oxygen mask there because Id start to feel like I was going to pass out By the time she had to loop some of her sequences in postproduction Stone had seen the film and recognized that Catherine was like a carnivorous cat on the kill she said Thats how I understood the energy of it Once I got thatonce I understood the roar of the killI told them I didnt want to loop it one bit at a time like they usually do I wanted to do it all at once I wanted all the lights in the room turned off I wanted to just do it When they turned the lights back on you 5 VERHOEVEN GOT AWAY WITH LONG SEX SCENES BECAUSE IT WAS A THRILLER Basic Instinct was slapped with an NC17 rating and Verhoeven whose contract required a Rrating had to go back to the MPAA eight times before theyd lower the rating to a R Because it was a thriller the idea that Sharon Stone could kill him during sex was always an element of protection the director told Rolling Stone So we could show sex and nudity much longer than normal because there was another element therethe element of threat Mike Medavoy the head of the movies distributor TriStar talked Verhoeven into the lesser rating If we make Basic Instinct as an NC17 it could make 50 million or 250 millionI have no idea Medavoy told Verhoeven But if we make it as an R it will certainly make 150 million So lets do that And it made sense at least from a business point of view so I had to adapt to that Verhoeven said But going back and forth between the studio or the editing room and the MPAA having to go back and change more and more frames it was very unpleasant Strangely enough the shot of Sharon Stone spreading her legs was never a problem Verhoeven ended up cutting about 40 seconds of material which showed up in the European version Actually I didnt have to cut many things but I replaced things from different angles made it a little more elliptical a bit less direct Verhoeven explained to The New York Times 6 THE LEGCROSSING SCENE WAS NOT IN THE SCRIPT Basic Instinct s most famous scene is undoubtedly the interrogation scene where Stone notoriously crosses and uncrosses her legs But Eszterhas didnt write it The scene has been parodied many times throughout the past 20plus years including a 2015 bit with Douglas on James Corden Paul Verhoeven decided that scene would be more fun if Sharon didnt wear any underwear that day Eszterhas wrote in his 2005 memoir Hollywood Animal In other words the most famous moment of any of my films was Paul Verhoevens I am a militant and militantly insufferable screenwriter who insists that the screenwriter is as important as the director who insists the director serves the screenwriters vision and whose most famous and most memorable screen moment was created by the director Paul Verhoeven During a Story Expo QA Eszterhas again talked about that famous scene I think it was brilliant for Paul to do it that way Eszterhas said I deny thats the reason why the movie was a hit In some ways Im really sorry I didnt write the damn scene 7 STONE PLAYED THE INTERROGATION SCENE AS IF SHE WERE PLAYING A GAME Instead of allowing the male law enforcement to intimidate her character Stone played the role with confidence The ruse they useWe have the power were going to show youdidnt cut the mustard with Catherine Stone told Playboy Her attitude was Youre so powerful Arent you cute And of course she had all the power These men put her in a position where she was alone in a chair in the center of an empty roomsurrounded That would be a very intimidating position to be in unless she disarmed them which she did At the police station she could have been stricken and scared But instead she thought This is going to be fun Oh so you want me to sit in the middle of the room here Oh charming Why is that You want to make sure 8 ESZTERHAS REGRETS GLAMORZING SMOKING IN THE MOVIE In 2001 Eszterhas was diagnosed with throat cancer and he lost a significant amount of his larynx He wrote an oped in The New York Times in 2002 about the hazards of smoking especially in the movies Sharon Stones character smokes Michael Douglass is trying to quit he wrote She seduces him with literal and figurative smoke that she blows into his face In the movies most famous and controversial scene she even has a cigarette in her hand He said Big Tobacco loved the movie so much that they launched a Basic brand of cigarettes I think smoking should be as illegal as heroin So I say to my colleagues in Hollywood What we are doing by showing largerthanlife movie stars smoking onscreen is glamorizing 9 STONE DIDNT FEEL COMFORTABLE AROUND DOUGLAS Stone told Playboy she didnt think he felt at ease around her either but it worked for the movie I think that kind of discomfort lends itself to this kind of movie she said Tension is good I basically didnt get to know Michael There was something about the mystery of not knowing each other that lent itself to this situation Its odd because now I have this very intimate bond with a stranger Despite that Stone described working with him as primal It was all about watching him observing his movements provoking him If one were to believe in karma I would 10 VERHOEVEN DIDNT THINK THE MOVIE WAS JUST ABOUT SEX I always thought the movie was about evil Verhoeven told The New York Times I always thought that with an economy falling down with the dangers of life all around youthe danger of AIDS the danger of crimepeople are more aware of the fact that evil is an existing everyday factor in your life But this is my intuition I dont want to push it As an artist as a director its sometimes better not to be too clear with yourself about what youre doing Otherwise you might be pushing too hard 11 STONE MANIPULATED THE DIRECTOR TO GET THE PART Thirteen actresses besides Stone were considered for Catherine but only Stone was willing to do it Just as Catherine manipulates men Stone manipulated the director to get the role Back then Stone wasnt a big name and didnt read for the part fearing shed be disappointed She finally read the script and knew she was right for the role but didnt want to call Verhoevenwhom she had worked with on Total Recall and ask if she could audition for him I wouldnt ask because I didnt want him to test me just because he felt obligated she told Playboy One day Verhoeven had her come in to dub lines for an airplane version of Total Recall so she wore a tight Catherineesque dress to demonstrate to Verhoeven that she could play the maneater part I was being cool Very cool she said I didnt want him to think I was insane but I did want to give him a general idea that I could transform myself Men are visually stimulatedand thats usually enough at least at first The dress worked and Stone tested with Douglas and won the role 12 ESZTERHAS QUIT THE PROJECT BUT CAME BACK LATER ON Eszterhas felt Verhoeven was compromising his script My intention when I wrote the script was that it be a psychological mystery with the love scenes done subtly Eszterhas told the Los Angeles Times in 1990 Every love scene in my script begins with the words It is dark we cant see clearly He then thought Verhoeven and Douglas ganged up on him Michael was leading the fight feeling that Catherine was oneupping his character all the time and that there was no redemption and he wanted the movie to end with him shooting and killing her Eszterhas told the London Screenwriters Festival Paul backed him up I said If you want to do this I wont be involved in killing my own child It would make it into a bad TV movie In my mind this was film noir not a morality tale and thats what made it unique and daring Paul stood up and said I am the director you are the writer you do what I tell you I said Like fck you do A few months later Verhoeven called Eszterhas and decided to return to his version of the script He said he hadnt understood the basement of my script as he called it that it was about good and evil Eszterhas said He not only went back to my draft he actually held a press conference and said this For a director to mumble these words is quite something for him to hold a press conference is mindboggling 13 IT WAS BASIC HORROR FOR STONE TO SEE HERSELF ON THE SCREEN Having abandoned herself so completely to the character when Stone finally saw the film on the big screen she couldnt believe that it was me I couldnt remember doing all the things I had done she confessed to Playboy Halfway through the movie it was as if I were impaled I was just sitting there mouth open staring at the screen listening to my heartbeat and wondering how long it would be before it was over wondering who I should call first to tell them never to see this movie It was basic horror Its one thing when you take enormous risks and go way out on a limb in life Its another thing when someone plays it back for you After struggling on the sidelines for so many years she knew Basic Instinct was the opportunity of a lifetime Im either gonna play this part and its gonna rock things or Im gonna be hanging my head in shame at the supermarket There was no gray area It was an allornothing roll of the dice 14 KATHLEEN TURNER WAS A MODEL FOR CATHERINE For her role as a femme fataletype character Stone referenced Barbara Stanwyck in Double Indemnity and Kathleen Turner in Body Heat Kathleen Turner is a great great actress whom I have always enjoyed watching Stone told Playboy You never know what shes going to do So yes I thought of her when I did my part I thought if Kathleen Turner did this she wouldnt draw a line here shed go further I also thought of Judy Davis If she did this part wed be rocked right out of our seats I saw Impromptu regularly while I was making the movie thinking she has great courage I want to be like her 15 STONE AND ESZTERHAS HAD A ONENIGHT STAND In Hollywood Animal Eszterhas recounted the time he slept with Stone after the movie came out Im glad I nailed her though Not because nailing her felt all that good it was okay But because as a result of Sharon Stones presence in my life I met and married Naomi my one true love he wrote Hes referring to the filming of Sliver Eszterhas wrote the script when Stone had an affair with producer William McDonald who left his wife of five months Naomi Baka for Stone The couple got engaged but eventually Stone dumped him On the plus side Eszterhas swooped in and hooked up with Naomi they are still married today Eszterhas said neither he nor Stone attached too much significance to our onenight stand I figured that since I had written the biggest hit of her life for her she was just saying thank you And I knew that Sharon thought she was flattering me that night by treating me as if I were the director she wouldnt sleep with Verhoeven and not a screenwriter but still Basic Instinct had been the number one box office hit of the year in the whole world I felt I deserved her Lists Movies Pop Culture sex 0 Subscribe to our Newsletter	[ "Thrilling", "Basic Instinct" ]
http://mentalfloss.com/article/77190/6-facts-about-vantablack-darkest-material-ever-made	6 Facts About Vantablack the Darkest Material Ever Made surrey nano systems In the Antenna wing of the Science Museum in London a bronze bust of a man sits behind a wall of glass The face which belongs to BBC presenter Marty Jopson isnt very bigmaybe 6 or 7 inches tall Its highly textured and light catches in its rivets and dimples Aside from the playfully upturned edges of Jopsons mustache theres nothing particularly remarkable about this bust But next to it sits an identical bust that absolutely boggles the mind It looks like someone has cut a hole in the air in the shape of Jopsons head leaving only a gaping empty blackness The texture of the face disappears into a Jump media player Media player help Out of media player Press enter to return or tab to continue Vantablack Blackest Black in the World The One Show 03022016 Vantablack the blackest black in the world so black that it turns anything into abyss The One Show Terms conditions Help This visual magic is the work of Vantablack the darkest material ever made by man The ominously named coating which absorbs virtually all light was created by British company Surrey NanoSystems to help eliminate stray light in satellites and telescopes It has since gathered a rabid following of artists designers and other curious creatives desperate to get their hands on the stuff But despite its popularity theres still a lot of confusion about what this mysterious material actually is and how it can be used mental_floss recently spoke with Surrey NanoSystems Steve Northam to find out about all things Vantablack heres what we learned 1 ITS NOT ACTUALLY A COLOR Lets get technical for a minute Color as we humans know it is the result of the way light is reflected off of an object and into our eyes Different light frequencies translate into different colors Vantablack isnt a color but a material Its made of a forest of tiny hollow carbon tubes each the width of a single atom According to the Surrey NanoSystems website a surface area of 1 centimeter squared would contain around 1000 million nanotubes When light hits the tubes its absorbed and can not escapewhich means that actually Vantablack is the absence of color 2 YOU CANT BUY IT Because its not a pigment or a paint you cant just buy a bucket of it and dip a brush in and slather it onto your walls The nanotubes that make up Vantablack must be grown in the Surrey NanoSystems lab using a complicated and patented process involving several machines a few layers of different substances and some extreme heat From start to finish applying Vantablack to an object can take up to two days according to Northam I had an inquiry yesterday asking how much would it cost for a kilo of Vantablack pigment Northam says First of all 3 IT DOESNT FEEL THE WAY IT LOOKS One of the things that people often say is Can I touch it Northam says They expect it to feel like a warm velvet Though Vantablack does have a sort of soft velvety look to it Northam says that doesnt translate to physical sensation When you touch Vantablack it just feels like a smooth surface Thats because the nanotubes are so small and thin they simply collapse under the weight of human touch Heres how Northam describes it Imagine you have a field of wheat and instead of the wheat being 3 or 4 feet high its about 1000 feet 4 IT HAS ALMOST NO MASS While Vantablack is sensitive to touch its super robust against other forces like shock and vibration This is due to the fact that each carbon nanotube is individual and has almost no mass at all Plus most of the material is air If theres no mass theres no force during acceleration Northam says This makes Vantablack ideal for protected objects that might have to endure a bumpy ride like a space launch for example 5 IT COULD HAVE A NUMBER OF USES BEYOND ITS ORIGINAL APPLICATION The material was originally designed for super technical fields like space equipment where its ability to limit stray light makes it ideal for the inside of telescopes But it could be applied in more everyday objects if the conditions are right Northam says Surrey NanoSystems has already been approached by a handful of luxury watchmakers interested in incorporating Vantablack into their wrist candy and highend car manufacturers want to use it in their dashboard displays for stunning visual appearance Northam says they also have a few smartphone makers knocking on their door Artists are also clamoring to get their hands on Vantablack and make some crazy mindboggling works of art But for now much to the chagrin of thousands of creatives only one artist is allowed to work with the material and thats sculptor Anish Kapoor Surrey NanoSystems gave Kapoor the exclusive rights to using Vantablack in creative arts which Northam says translates into anything thats meant to be observed purely as a work of art He says the company will continuously reassess this agreement but as Vantablack is still such a new material it makes sense that theyd want to have 6 IT WILL BE A WHILE BEFORE ITS USED ON CLOTHES Vantablack could take the little black dress to a whole new level if it can successfully be applied to fabric without compromising its physical properties Northam says the company is working with fabric but Vantablacks foray into fashion is probably a long way off I wouldnt be surprised if at some point we see something along the lines of a black dress he says optimistically but we wont see people walking down the street in it any time soon All images courtesy of Surrey NanoSystems Design tech technology 0 Subscribe to our Newsletter	[ "Vantablack", "highly textured" ]
http://mentalfloss.com/article/77695/12-secrets-witness-protection-program	arrow Lists 12 Secrets of the Witness Protection Program BY Jake Rossen March 29 , 2016 IStock Developed by Justice Department employee Gerald Shur and beginning in 1971 , the Federal Witness Protection Program — or Witness Security Program ( WITSEC ) — has provided safe harbor for over 18,000 federal witnesses and their families in exchange for damning testimony . It was WITSEC and the promise of a government - subsidized hiding place that convinced several “ made ” men of the mafia to turn their backs on organized crime and help prosecutors convict numerous leaders , from John Gotti to several members of the Lucchese family Protecting whistleblowers from the dangerous criminals they implicate does n ’ t come cheap . By some estimates , the government spends upwards of $ 10 million annually [ PDF ] to keep the WITSEC program going . But witnesses with information so provocative their life is at risk make for strong cases : Trials involving WITSEC have an 89 percent conviction rate . The U.S. Marshals assigned with forging new identities for these individuals are notoriously guarded and rarely speak on the record about program specifics . But that has n ’ t stopped bits of information from leaking out . With author Pete Earley , Shur co - wrote a book , WITSEC : Inside the Federal Witness Protection Program , on his career ; over the years , various WITSEC enlistees have spoken to media about the stress of assuming new identities . Here ’ s as much detail about the program you ’ re going to get without finding yourself in a considerable amount of trouble . 1 . THEY HAVE ORIENTATION . For years , WITSEC was plagued by a haphazard method of educating enrollees on what was required of them and what they might expect from being relocated and assigned a new name . In some cases , witnesses waited months for new birth certificates or social security numbers . To help streamline the process , the Marshals instituted a clearinghouse in 1988 for recent inductees in the Washington , D.C. area . The WITSEC Safesite and Orientation Center can house up to six families at a time ; visitors are driven there in vehicles with blacked - out windows and locked in separate rooms to ensure they do n ’ t see one another . If trouble happens to follow , the site can also withstand bomb blasts . Owing to the trauma of upending their lives , psychological counseling is available . Within two weeks , they ’ re shown video of their new location . 2 . THEY ’ RE MOSTLY CRIMINALS . The movie trope of an innocent man or woman caught up in criminal crossfire or as an unwilling party to illegal dealings is a rare event in the real world . Shur estimated that less than 5 percent of relocated witnesses are completely free of any wrongdoing ; the vast majority are career hoods looking to be absolved of charges for their own activities and protected from retribution . Different sources put the recidivism rate for WITSEC members at anywhere between 10 and 20 percent . In 1995 , Portland police chief Michael Chitwood complained that Maine had become a “ dumping ground ” for criminals in the program : Local law enforcement is not informed when a criminal has been dropped off in their territory and often fear they can bring an entire network of illegal activity into an area . 3 . THEY SOMETIMES KEEP THEIR FIRST NAME . Shur — who ran the program for more than 25 years while employed by the Department of Justice ’ s Organized Crime and Racketeering Section in Washington and continued as a consultant after retirement — disclosed in WITSEC that relocated witnesses were not usually given totally unfamiliar new names . To help them acclimate to their new identity , Shur usually allowed them to keep the same first name and even their initials . In addition to reacting when someone addressed them , witnesses could also catch themselves signing their old name before it was too late . Children learning their new last names are sometimes told to practice writing it . 4 . PARENTS ASK FOR BETTER GRADES FOR THEIR KIDS . WITSEC is responsible for assigning new social security numbers , driver ’ s licenses , and birth certificates to qualifying witnesses and their families . If a witness has children , it means school records will need to be modified so educators can see grades from earlier enrollment . Initially , a Washington area school agreed to help by getting redacted records and transferring grades and teacher notes into a new file . While the program usually keeps the same marks , Shur recalled that some parents asked him to improve their children ' s grades . He refused . 5 . THEY USED TO GET GREAT PERKS — LIKE BREAST IMPLANTS . In the 1970s and 1980s , WITSEC was having unprecedented success damaging the infrastructure of the mafia . Major players were testifying against bosses knowing they could start over somewhere else . Initially , the government was so keen on their continued participation — trials could go on for years — that they indulged some unnecessary expenses . Former mob hitman Aladena Fratianno requested ( and got ) the United States to pay for his wife ’ s breast implants , facelift , and dental work . Another had a psychologist backing his claim of poor self - esteem issues , and the government bought him a penile implant . 6 . DIVORCED SPOUSES HAD KIDS HIDDEN FROM THEM . In a landmark case that had far - reaching effects on WITSEC , Thomas Leonhard went public in the early 1970s with a story that was any parent ’ s worst nightmare . Because his ex - wife was married to a protected government witness , Leonhard ( who had visitation rights ) was not allowed to see their daughter on the grounds that her location and new identity would be compromised . When he filed for and was granted full custody , WITSEC officials still refused to disclose her location . The ensuing publicity led to an amendment in 1984 to WITSEC protocol that needs to take joint custody into account when relocating children — although ex - spouses still found it difficult to see their child via a circuitous airplane route under an alias . One father wondered whether he would ever be able to see his daughter ’ s graduation or wedding when she got older . A non - program parent with visitation rights must now agree to have the child relocated . If they refuse and win full custody , the child will not be allowed to remain in their new identity . 7 . THE MONEY DOES N ’ T LAST FOREVER . WITSEC typically pays for witness housing in their new region , new furnishings , and a “ salary ” based on the cost of living in any given area . According to Shur , that amount was dependent on local economics and the size of the family . On average , members receive roughly $ 60,000 from the government before they ’ re expected to land jobs and become self - supporting within six months . At the height of the organized crime offensive , the Justice Department paid out as much as $ 1 million to witnesses who were testifying over long periods of time . 8 . CRIMINALS HAVE USED IT TO COMMIT MORE CRIMES . Law enforcement officials are quick to clarify that WITSEC is not a rehabilitation program : When career criminals who have never earned an honest living and have no job skills enter the workforce , their thoughts can — and often do — turn to illegal activity knowing their status will make it harder to face any consequences . Shur noted that a handful of witnesses used one new identity to run up significant debt , then told Marshals they ’ d been spotted by a rival and feared retribution . With another new name and city , they were able $ 7.3 million in unsecured debt , leading officials to begin threatening disclosure of their identities to creditors if the money was n ’ t repaid . 9 . THEY HAVE TO LIE TO NEW SPOUSES . Getting married as a protected witness means having to do the one thing no partner should be expected to do : lie . All the time . WITSEC members are told not to divulge their prior identity to new spouses in case the relationship ever turns sour and the secret is revealed out of spite . When infamous mobster Henry Hill was in the program , he married Sherry Anders in 1981 . Anders had no idea Hill , who was going by the name “ Martin Lewis , ” had seen more than his share of dead bodies — and happened to still be married under his real name , making her an unwitting party to bigamy . ( The couple soon split up . ) 10 . STATES HAVE THEIR OWN PROGRAMS . WITSEC is a federal program focused on making big cases against criminal enterprises with an accompanying credible threat to a witness ’ s life . But for many eyewitnesses who have observed gang killings or other street - level crime , it ’ s not likely the government is going to intervene . Instead , several regions have programs that offer relocation during and in the months immediately following trials . In Detroit , Project Safeguard provides lodging and food through private funding ; Baltimore is considering a similar program , with officials hoping Congress will approve legislative spending for smaller - scale protection efforts . 11 . PRISONERS CAN HAVE PERKS , TOO . While WITSEC can offer suspended sentences to cooperating witnesses , some will still have to serve time in prison . To help incentivize these individuals , WITSEC can arrange for privileges far beyond the norm for an inmate . In 1996 , the Pittsburgh Post - Gazette revealed protected witnesses in custody enjoyed live lobsters and pig roasts via an anonymous ordering system at a commissary ; they were also granted unlimited phone calls . Some prisoners used the latter to set up criminal activities or run telephonic credit card scams on the outside . 12 . YOU CAN LEAVE ANYTIME — BUT YOU SHOULD THINK TWICE . The U.S. Marshals are proud to say that not a single person has been hurt or killed while under their protection in the WITSEC program . Unfortunately , not all witnesses take the threat on their lives seriously . Some have left the program of their own volition or have broken the rules about returning to high - risk areas . Shur recalled the case of Daniel LaPolla , a witness who decided to ignore the program ' s warnings and return home for a funeral . His home was rigged to blow to pieces as soon as he turned the doorknob . “ It blew up in his face , ” Shur said . All images courtesy of iStock . crime law Lists Subscribe to our Newsletter ! SIGN UP NOW arrow History 11 Fascinating Facts About the War of the Roses BY Mark Mancini April 16 , 2019 The Battle of Towton ( 1461 ) during the War of the Roses . It ' s no secret that George R . R . Martin looked to history for inspiration for A Song of Ice and Fire , his epic , still - in - process series of fantasy novels that serves as the basis for HBO ' s Game of Thrones , which will end its eight - season run in May . ( The Black Dinner of 1440 and the Massacre of Glencoe , for example , served as inspiration for the series ' infamous Red Wedding . ) One of Martin ' s main influences was the War of the Roses — three decades of bloodshed and animosity between the House of Lancaster and the House of York , two rival branches of the English royal family . So before the fight for the Iron Throne subsides — at least on TV — let ' s take a look at its real - life historical counterpart . 1 . The War of the Roses started in 1455 and lasted until approximately 1485 . The War of the Roses was n ' t one long , continuous conflict ; it was a series of minor wars and civil skirmishes interrupted by long periods that were mostly peaceful , if politically tense ( which is why it ' s frequently referred to as the Wars of the Roses , rather than the singular War ) . After the opening battle — the First Battle of St . Albans — broke out on May 22 , 1455 , there was n ' t another major showdown until the Battle of Blore Heath erupted four years later . And the years between 1471 and 1483 were a time of relative peace in England . Things did heat back up in 1483 , as the Yorkist ruler Richard III began clashing with Henry Tudor , an exiled Lancaster nobleman . Tudor prevailed over his foe at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485 and then took the crown as King Henry VII . Two years later , in 1487 , the Battle of Stoke Field essentially ended the Yorkist cause , which some consider to be the true end of the War of the Roses . 2 . The War of the Roses was initially known as " The Cousins ' War . " The conflicts did n ' t come to be called the " Wars of the Roses " until long after the actual fighting stopped . Throughout the 15th century , the House of York used white roses as an emblem , and by 1485 , the House of Lancaster had become associated with red roses . In the 1560s , a British diplomat discussed " the striving of the two roses . " William Shakespeare baked the convenient symbolism into his play , Henry VI , Part I , ( which was most likely written in the 1590s ) . Later , a 1646 pamphlet called the medieval York / Lancaster struggle " The Quarrel of the Warring Roses . " Then David Hume ' s 1762 History of England popularized the term " Wars Between the Two Roses . " From labels like these , the now - ubiquitous " War of the Roses " phrase evolved . 3 . The War of the Roses was caused by a struggle between a deposed King Henry VI and his cousin Richard , the Duke of York . King Henry VI of England . After England lost virtually all of its French holdings in 1453 , King Henry VI suffered a mental breakdown . The Lancastrian monarch seemingly lost his ability to speak , walk unassisted , or even hold up his own head . ( What happened is unclear ; some suggest that he was stricken by a depressive stupor or catatonic schizophrenia . ) Henry VI clearly was n ' t fit to rule , so his cousin Richard , the Duke of York , was appointed Lord Protector and Defender of England in his stead . York ' s political muscle unraveled when Henry VI recovered on Christmas Day 1454 ; his desire to regain power set the stage for the First Battle of St . Albans a few months later . 4 . After being killed during one battle in the War of the Roses , the Duke of York had a fake crown placed upon his severed head . During the May 1455 battle at St . Albans , York met and defeated Henry VI ' s Royal Army with a superior force of 3000 men . In the aftermath , the king was forced to restore York as England ' s Lord Protector — but York did n ' t hold the job for long . After some violent clashes against the supporters of Henry VI ' s biological son ( with whom the Duke was a rival for the throne ) , York died at the Battle of Wakefield in 1460 . As a final insult , his disembodied head was mounted on Micklegate Bar in the city of York — and decorated with a phony crown made of paper ( or possibly reeds ) . 5 . Pope Pius II tried — and failed — to ease political tensions during the War of the Roses . The Pope wanted to enlist King Henry VI as an ally in a potential crusade against the Ottomans . Unfortunately for His Holiness , the War of the Roses was keeping Henry plenty busy at the time . So in 1459 , Pius II sent clergyman Francesco Coppini to England with instructions to ask for the king ' s support — and if possible , negotiate peace between Houses York and Lancaster . Instead , Coppini became a Yorkist sympathizer who vocally denounced the Lancastrian cause . 6 . Early guns were used in some battles of the War of the Roses . Swords and arrows were n ' t the only weapons deployed during the War of the Roses . At archaeological sites dating back to the 1461 Battle of Towton ( a Yorkist victory ) , broken pieces of early handheld guns have been recovered . It ' s suspected that the devices would have blown themselves apart when fired , making them dangerous to wield . Regardless , primitive guns also saw use at the 1485 Battle of Bosworth 7 . After defeating Henry VI , King Edward IV was betrayed by a former ally — and his own sibling . King Edward IV . Edward , one of the sons of the slain Duke of York , deposed Henry VI in 1461 to become King Edward IV . One of the men who helped him do so was Richard Neville , the Earl of Warwick . But the earl soon had a falling out with the new king and , in 1470 , Warwick helped put Henry VI back on the throne after teaming up with Queen Margaret of Anjou and George , the Duke of Clarence ( who was also Edward IV ' s brother ) . The Yorkist king went into exile , but he returned with a vengeance in 1471 . Despite their rocky past , the two brothers reconciled and worked together to overcome the Warwick - led Lancastrian forces at the Battle of Barnet . This victory , and a later triumph over Queen Margaret ' s men , enabled King Edward IV to regain the crown . ( Sadly , in the end things did n ' t work out for the Duke of Clarence — he was executed for treason in 1478 . ) 8 . Edward IV ' s wife , Elizabeth Woodville , took sanctuary in Westminster Abbey twice to escape enemies during the War of the Roses . One reason why Warwick soured on King Edward IV was because he did n ' t approve of the young ruler ' s chosen spouse . In 1464 , Edward IV married Elizabeth Woodville , a widowed mother of two who was five years his senior ( and whose first marriage had been to a Lancastrian knight ) . From October 1 , 1470 to April 11 , 1471 , during Edward ' s exile , Elizabeth and her daughters holed themselves up in Westminster Abbey , where they declared sanctuary . During her stay , she gave birth to a son , Edward V . Elizabeth would return to the Abbey for another prolonged stay that began in 1483 . Edward IV had died earlier that year , and by taking sanctuary in 9 . Two young princes disappeared during the War of the Roses . In the wake of King Edward IV ' s death , the Duke of Gloucester — who ' d been a high - ranking Yorkist commander at the Battle of Tewkesbury — was named Protector of England . Then on July 6 , 1483 , he was crowned as King Richard III . His claim to the throne was not uncontested : Edward IV had two sons , aged 12 and 9 , who were staying in the Tower of London at the time . No one knows what happened to the boys ; they were last seen alive in the summer of 1483 . King Richard III is frequently accused of having the boys murdered , though some suspect that they were killed by another ambitious royal , Henry Tudor . It ' s also possible that the boys fled . 10 . Henry Tudor ended the War of the Roses through marriage . iStock . com / Rixipix After his forces defeated Richard III ' s at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485 , Henry Tudor was crowned Henry VII — some say at the exact spot where Richard III was killed . After he was officially crowned , Henry VII wed Elizabeth of York , King Edward IV ' s daughter , in 1486 . This marriage is part of the reason Houses Lancaster and York are synonymous with roses today , though both used many non - floral emblems ( loyalists of Queen Margaret of Anjou , wife of King Henry VI , identified themselves by wearing swan badges , for example , and Yorkist Richard III made a white boar his personal logo ) . After his marriage to Elizabeth of York , Henry VII was able to portray himself as the grand unifier of two enemy houses . To symbolize this , he introduced a new emblem : A white flower with red trim called the “ Tudor Rose . ” 11 . Richard III ' s body was found under a parking lot in 2012 . King Richard III . Richard III was not destined to rest in peace . In the centuries following the Battle of Bosworth , the dead king ' s body went missing . In 2012 , an archaeological team rediscovered the former king ' s remains beneath a parking lot in Leicester , England . DNA testing helped confirm their identity . Richard III ' s well - documented scoliosis was clearly visible in the spinal column , and it was concluded that he had died of a blow to the skull . The much - maligned ruler was given a ceremonious reburial at Leicester Cathedral in 2015 . Game of Thrones History News war entertainment 11 Easter Eggs You Might Have Missed BY Kristin Hunt April 16 , 2019 Helen Sloan , HBO Game of Thrones is famous for dropping clues of things to come — and subtle nods to George R.R. Martin ’ s books — in casual bits of dialogue or unassuming props . As fans prepare to say goodbye to the beloved HBO series , we ' ve rounded up 11 Easter eggs you might have missed the first time around , from the debut season all the way up to " Winterfell , " the first episode in season 8 . Be sure to watch and listen carefully for future references as the final episodes unfold . 1 . Ser Davos Seaworth said Jon Snow ’ s real name in season 3 . Helen Sloan , HBO In season 7 , the popular R + L = J theory was finally confirmed . Jon Snow is not the bastard son of Ned Stark , as nearly everyone in Westeros believes , but the legitimate son of Lyanna Stark and Rhaegar Targaryen — and the heir to the Iron Throne . Ergo , his real name is Aegon Targaryen . So far , only a handful of characters on the show have figured it all out , but technically , Davos Seaworth called this a long time ago . When Princess Shireen Baratheon taught Davos to read in season 3 , the first word Davos learned was Aegon , foreshadowing Jon Snow ’ s true lineage . 2 . Sansa Starks ’ s wedding gown contained an embroidered story . On , even the clothes have hidden messages . According to the show ’ s costume designer Michele Clapton , the dress Sansa Stark wore when she married Tyrion Lannister was stitched with her life story . The golden gown featured a fish embroidered around the belly to honor her mother ’ s house sigil , as well as a Stark direwolf and a Lannister lion on the back . 3 . Walder Frey ’ s death was outlined earlier in the show . Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . Arya Stark claimed long - awaited vengeance for her family in the season 6 finale , when she finally killed Walder Frey . Before she slit his throat , however , she served him a pie stuffed with the remains of his sons — Black Walder and Lothar . It ’ s a shocking and gruesome scheme , but it ’ s also one we ’ ve heard before . In season 3 , Bran told Hodor and his companions the legend of the Rat King : According to this folklore , a cook in the Night ’ s Watch once killed the son of a visiting king . He chopped the body up and cooked it into a pie that he then served to the king , who loved it so much he asked for seconds . The gods punished the chef by turning him into a large rat who could only survive by eating his own children . As Bran explained , the gods were not offended 4 . The furniture at King ’ s Landing reveals regime changes . Squint hard at the wooden furniture in the Red Keep and you ’ ll notice a lot of dragons . The production team intentionally included these pieces — which are most prominent in Tommen Lannister ’ s bedroom and the Small Council ’ s meeting room — to remind viewers of past power struggles at King ’ s Landing . The dragon furniture implies that the Baratheons and Lannisters kept the Targaryens ' furnishings after they staged a coup , perhaps while they waited on some new bedframes with roaring lions . 5 . Olenna Tyrell referenced family history in Dorne . Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . When Olenna Tyrell called a secret meeting with Ellaria Sand in Dorne , she admitted to being uneasy in the kingdom — and with good reason . " The last time a Tyrell came to Dorne , he was assassinated , ” Lady Olenna told Ellaria . “ A hundred red scorpions , was it ? ” This is a nod to Martin ' s novels , which detail the death of Lyonel Tyrell . The story goes that Lyonel liked to storm Dornish castles , then kick the lords out of their own bedrooms . One night , he wound up in red scorpions fell from the canopy , killing Lyonel and freeing the Dornish from his tyranny . 6 . The magic of Harry Potter is alive in Westeros . Fandoms collided in season 7 when Samwell Tarly asked Archmaester Ebrose for help accessing “ the restricted area of the library . ” The phrase was a familiar one for Harry Potter fanatics ; in the book series and subsequent movies , Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry has a restricted section of the library containing books on dark magic . Sam ’ s request felt like a wink to Harry Potter fans , especially since Archmaester Ebrose was played by Jim Broadbent , who played Horace Slughorn in the movies . But that ’ s not the only connection : Natalia Tena , who plays Nymphadora Tonks in the Harry Potter universe , also appears in as the wildling woman Osha . In her early scenes , she is seen making brooms 7 . The Meereenese love Monty Python . The warriors on are n ’ t above trash talking . According to David Peterson , the show ' s language creator , the Meereense fighter who challenged Daario Naharis in season 4 shouted some very silly insults in Low Valyrian . His words translated to the French guard ’ s speech from Monty Python and Holy Grail — the one that goes , “ Your mother was a hamster , and your father smelt of elderberries ! ” 8 . The Iron Throne includes swords from other fantasy franchises . The swords that form the Iron Throne further link Westeros to other fictional universes . If you look closely , you ’ ll spy Gandalf ’ s sword from The Lord of the Rings movies molded into the back of the throne , as well as the weapon Orlando Bloom wields in Kingdom of Heaven 9 . Ed Sheeran ’ s fate was revealed in a sex scene . Fans were furious when pop star Ed Sheeran appeared in the season 7 premiere as a Lannister soldier Arya Stark encounters in the woods . The response was so negative that Sheeran later joked , “ It was fun being in , but I definitely think they should ' ve killed me off in the episode . ” Well , he almost got his wish . In the season 8 premiere , Bronn visits a brothel and hires three women who ca n ’ t stop talking about the Lannister men who perished in battle . They specifically reference a “ ginger ” named “ Eddie ” who “ came back with his face burned off ” and no eyelids . Ouch . 10 . Euron Greyjoy ’ s fleet hides some famous faces . Speaking of cameos : season 8 has already given us two more . When Theon Greyjoy storms his uncle Euron ’ s ship to free his sister Yara , his men take out the crew with arrows to the face — and , for one especially unfortunate sailor , the eye . That unfortunate sailor was none other than Rob McElhenney , co - creator and star of It ’ s Always Sunny in Philadelphia . Also aboard the ship ? Martin Starr of Silicon Valley fame . 11 . The show ' s co - creators are in the Hall of Faces . In a move straight out of Alfred Hitchcock ’ s playbook co - creators David Benioff and David Weiss have cameoed on their own show — or at least , their faces have . The two men ’ s visages appeared in the Hall of Faces that Arya frequents with Jaqen H ’ ghar . See if you can spot them on your next rewatch . Easter eggs entertainment News Pop Culture Television tv	[ "Witness Protection Program" ]
http://mentalfloss.com/article/78388/10-pop-art-facts-about-keith-haring	arrow Art 10 Surprising Facts About Keith Haring BY Suzanne Raga May 4 , 2018 Nationaal Archief CC BY 4.0 Wikimedia Commons Born on May 4 , 1958 in Reading , Pennsylvania , Keith Haring is best known for his contributions to the New York City art scene in the 1980s . His graffiti - inspired artwork depicted simplified people , dogs , babies , hearts , and flying saucers . He often painted bold lines and bright colors to convey feelings of movement and radiance , and although he died in 1990 at just 31 years old , his artwork and legacy live on . Here are 10 things you might not have known about the artist , who would have 1 . ALL HIS SIBLINGS ’ S NAMES ALSO STARTED WITH THE LETTER ' K . ' Long before the Kardashians , all the children in Keith Haring ’ s family shared a first initial of K . His parents , Allen and Joan Haring , named their four kids Keith , Kay , Karen , and Kristen . The oldest child and only son , Keith loved watching and drawing cartoons like Mickey Mouse , Dr . Seuss , and Peanuts . As a young adult , he moved to New York City to pursue his love of art . Kristen Haring later recalled how her older brother would call home from New York to tell his family about his celebrity dinner companions , such as Grace Jones and Madonna . 2 . NEW YORK SUBWAYS AND STREET CULTURE INSPIRED HIM . Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . Beginning in his early twenties , Haring used chalk to draw art in New York ’ s subways . The walls of the subway stations had panels — empty spaces for advertising — posted with black paper that Haring drew on with white chalk . His subway drawings were simple , and he did dozens of drawings per day in front of people who would watch him and ask him what the drawings meant . 3 . HE FREQUENTLY GOT ARRESTED FOR HIS SUBWAY ART . Although people generally felt positively towards Haring ’ s subway drawings , the NYPD ticketed and arrested him multiple times for vandalism . And despite drawing quickly to avoid getting arrested , he was still caught in the act by the cops . “ More than once , I ' ve been taken to a station handcuffed by a cop who realized , much to his dismay , that the other cops in the precinct are my fans and were anxious to meet me and shake my hand , ” Haring said . By 1984 , Haring ’ s artwork was so popular that people would steal his chalk drawings from subway stations and sell them . 4 . HE BEFRIENDED ANDY WARHOL AND MADONNA . Haring became very involved in the 1980s downtown New York art scene , befriending visual artists and performers such as Andy Warhol and Madonna . In a series of paintings called Andy Mouse , Haring depicted Andy Warhol with sunglasses and Mickey Mouse ears . And Haring tried his hand at fashion designing when he made a jacket and skirt for Madonna to wear for her performances — which she says she ' d " never give up . " She told Rolling Stone that she ' d been introduced to him through a roommate , and then " we started hanging out at [ legendary New York nightclubs ] Danceteria and Mudd Club and the Roxy . … We ' d dance , we ' d watch break - dancing crews there and on the street . " 5 . HIS ORIGINAL ARTWORK IS ALL OVER THE WORLD . Edward Blake via Flickr / / CC BY 2.0 In the 1980s , Haring drew public works murals around New York City , including his " Crack is Wack " mural at East 128th Street and Harlem River Drive . Although he ’ s best known as a New York artist , he did n ’ t stay solely in the city . He traveled all around the world to paint public murals in cities such as Paris , Berlin , Pisa , Sydney , Melbourne , and Rio de Janeiro . In these cities , he painted at children ’ s hospitals , charities , churches , and orphanages . 6 . HE OPENED HIS OWN SHOP TO MAKE HIS ART ACCESSIBLE TO EVERYONE , NOT JUST ART COLLECTORS . In 1986 , Haring opened the Pop Shop , a retail store in Soho ( New York ) , to sell merchandise . The store offered shirts , posters , magnets , and buttons with his artwork on them . Aiming to make his art accessible to a larger audience , Haring opened another Pop Shop in Tokyo in 1987 . Critics accused the artist of engaging in crass commercialism , but Haring asserted that he was doing the opposite of " selling out . " " My work was starting to become more expensive and more popular within the art market , " Haring said . " Those prices meant that only people who could afford big art prices could have access to the work . The Pop Shop makes it accessible . " 7 . HIS AIDS DIAGNOSIS INSPIRED HIS ARTWORK . Ed and Eddie via Flickr / / CC BY - SA 2.0 In 1988 , Haring , who was openly gay , was diagnosed with AIDS , after many of his friends and partners had been dying of AIDS for years . He worked to raise AIDS awareness through his artwork , such as with his piece Silence = Death , and he incorporated symbols of homosexuality and AIDS — a pink triangle , horned sperm , and devils — in his art . " The hardest thing is just knowing that there ' s so much more stuff to do , " he told Rolling Stone in 1989 . " I ' m a complete workaholic . I ' m so scared that one day I ' ll wake up and I wo n ' t be able to do it . " He died of complications from AIDS six months later , at 31 years old . 8 . HE STARTED THE KEITH HARING FOUNDATION TO CONTINUE HIS LEGACY . In 1989 , a year after his AIDS diagnosis , Haring started the Keith Haring Foundation . Besides being passionate about AIDS awareness and prevention , Haring loved working with children to create collaborative murals . During his life , Haring led art workshops for kids in museums and schools around the world . The Keith Haring Foundation gives funding to children ’ s charities , AIDS research , and AIDS education , and it manages and licenses his artwork . Haring ’ s Pop Shop in New York stayed open for 15 years after his death before closing in 2005 . ( The Pop Shop in Tokyo closed in 1988 . ) 9 . THE WORLD ’ S BIGGEST JIGSAW PUZZLE FEATURES HARING ’ S ART . Getty Images You can buy and assemble a massive jigsaw puzzle , which features 32 of Haring ’ s art pieces in one giant puzzle measuring over 17 feet by 6 feet . The 32,256 piece “ Double Retrospect ” puzzle , manufactured by a German puzzle company , weighs 42 pounds and is listed in the Guinness Book of World Records as the largest commercially - available puzzle in the world . 10 . A KEITH HARING BALLOON IN THE MACY ’ S THANKSGIVING DAY PARADE CAUSED TROUBLE . A 48 - foot tall Keith Haring balloon , called “ Figure With Heart , ” appeared in the 2008 Macy ’ s Thanksgiving Day Parade , but it caused a ruckus when it hit the NBC broadcast booth , briefly interrupting the televised broadcast of the parade . The balloon — a white figure holding a red heart over its head — was based on an ink drawing that Haring had done . Manned by Haring ' s father , the balloon was featured in the parade to celebrate 50 years since the artist ’ s birth . Art celebrities Lists News paintings Pop Culture Subscribe to our Newsletter ! SIGN UP NOW	[ "Keith Haring", "Surprising Facts", "graffiti-inspired artwork" ]
http://mentalfloss.com/article/79968/14-surprising-truths-about-tapeworms	14 Surprising Truths About Tapeworms Wikimedia Commons Public domain Like all parasites that can live inside people tapeworms probably fill you with disgust But theyre also fascinating Specially adapted and uniquely armored they inhabit a menagerie of animals including us Here are some facts about our ancient companions 1 TAPEWORMS ARE MORE THAN JUST WORMS People love to call pretty much any long skinny animal a worm Theres a legless lizard for example that weve named the slow worm Inchworms are really moth caterpillarstheyve even got legs And tapeworms get their name because theyre long thin and flat like tape But if you take a closer look at a tapeworm eww youll find that theyre unique parasitic specialists only distantly related to the familiar earthworms in your garden For example 2 THEIR HEADS HAVE SUCTION CUPS AND GRAPPLING HOOKS Head of a Taenia solium or pork tapeworm Image credit Rjgalindo via Wikipedia CC BYSA 30 Adult tapeworms live in animal intestinesand thats not an easy place to call home For one thing its regularly rocked with muscular contractions that push along digestive material and waste Tapeworms need to hang on for dear life To do this theyve evolved specialized heads that carry an arsenal of attachment devices Some have spines or retractable hooks Some have circular suckers or grooves that work like suction cups Many have a combination of these No matter what weapons the tapeworm has at its disposal the purpose is the same to keep it anchored in the intestinal wall so that its body can dangle free and soak up nutrients Yum 3 THEY WEAR THEIR STOMACH ON THE OUTSIDE Tapeworms dont have a gut of their own Instead they use their specialized outer surface to absorb nutrients and excrete waste And they do it pretty efficiently Your small intestine has fingerlike bumps called villi that basically add more intestinal surface creating extra space for absorbing food Tapeworms are also covered in little villuslike bumps that help them soak up more of whatever their host is eating 4 MUCH OF THEIR BODY IS FOR MAKING BABY TAPEWORMS Beyond the head and a sort of neck a tapeworm is just a series of segments each with its own male and female sexual parts As the tapeworm adds newer segments near the head older segments move down the body Eventually they mature and make eggs The parasites host then poops out either eggs or eggfilled segments and thats when things get interesting 5 TAPEWORMS USUALLY NEED MORE THAN ONE HOST Tapeworm in a human appendix Wikimedia Commons Public Domain Those new baby tapeworms are about to take an amazing crossspecies journey Most tapeworms hang out in two or three types of animal hosts across their lifespan The first host gets infected by eating eggs from the environment and the subsequent hosts get infected by eating the previous hosts Tapeworms only grow to their full adult formand reproductive abilityin their final animal home 6 YOUR FAVORITE ANIMAL GETS TAPEWORMS Humans arent the only animals that get tapewormsnot by a long shot These parasites are found across much of the animal kingdom Dogs and cats can get them Birds too Fish get tapeworms as do hyenas antelopes moose wolves insects such as beetles and ants and the list just goes on 7 TAPEWORMS CAN BE HUGE AdultTaenia saginata tapeworm Wikimedia Commons Public Domain Larger animals have larger intestinesand bigger tapeworms Whales get tapeworms and these onboard companions can grow to 100 feet or more Thats over twice the length of the longest giant squid ever discovered 8 THEYRE ANCIENT Not only are tapeworms everywhere but theyve also been around for a loooong time In 2013 scientists from Brazil announced the discovery of tapeworm eggs in fossilized poop from a 270millionyearold shark For context thats tens of millions of years before the first dinosaurs walked the Earth 9 THEYVE BEEN ALL OVER THE PLACE As Carl Zimmer writes in his book Parasite Rex theres a rare tapeworm group that inhabits marsupials in both Bolivia and Australia How did these parasites get to two such faraway spots without hopping on a jet plane The answer is continental drift Long ago the continents of South America and Australia were smushed together and an ancestral marsupialwith an ancestral tapewormroamed their forests When the continents split up so did marsupial populations And the tapeworms came along for the ride 10 THEY CAN MANIPULATE THEIR HOSTS A kingfisher ho lding a stickleback fish Image credit Getty Images Tapeworms rely on their first host getting eaten And some of them dont just sit around and wait for their lucky day and their hosts unluckiest one For example one tapeworm species needs three hosts across its lifespan first a crustacean then a stickleback fish and finally a bird While its inside the fish the tapeworm encourages its host to seek out the warmer waters that help tapeworms grow An infected stickleback becomes larger and more lethargic which makes it an easier target for predatory birds Another tapeworm species exerts similar mental pressure on ants making them less likely to flee when a hungry bird drops by for a snack It also turns the ants yellow for reasons that arent clearbut probably arent purely aesthetic 11 IF YOU GOT A TAPEWORM YOU PROBABLY WOULDNT FEEL SICK People usually get these parasites by eating raw or undercooked meat such as beef pork or fish Sometimes people with tapeworm infections will feel weak or nauseated and they may experience anemia or a vitamin B12 deficiency But most of the time an infected human wont feel any different Often the only sign is those yucky but harmless tapeworm segments in poop As a side note anyone can get these and other tapeworm infections but they are sadly much more common in developing nationsand in underserved communities with poorer sanitary infrastructure 12 BUT SOME INFECTIONS CAN CAUSE PROBLEMS Heres where it gets really gross Improper sanitation may lead someone to consume tapeworm eggs that came out of another person The larval tapeworms then hatch and start roaming the body looking for a safe place to hide out They can latch onto muscle tissue brain tissue where they cause seizures and other body parts causing an infection called Cysticercosis Its relatively rare in the United States though the CDC has labeled it one of five neglected parasitic infections ailments that need more attention 13 ONE TIME A TAPEWORM GAVE SOMEONE CANCER Adult Hymenolepis nana tapeworms Georgia Division of Public Health via Wikimedia Public Domain In 2013 a 41yearold Colombian man showed up at the doctors and tests showed that he had many cancerous tumors But a closer look revealed something peculiar the cancer cells were too small to be human That man also had a tapeworm infectionand those cells were from his tapeworm Yes a tapeworm gave him cancer Theres no need to worry that something similar will happen to you This event was astonishing and astonishingly rare 14 NO YOU CANT DRAW OUT A TAPEWORM WITH MILK iStock Theres a persistent myth that placing bowl of warm milk in front of an infected persons mouth will cause their tapeworm to crawl out While this may attract some nearby stray kittens it wont work on a tapeworm Heres the thing adult tapeworms hang out in your intestines To reach the mouth theyd have to crawl through a veritable gauntlet of digestive tubing squeeze through a sphincter up into the stomach and scale the mighty esophagus Oh and theyd have to smell the milk through all of those guts Tapeworms are very happy staying put thank you If you suspect you have a tapeworm infection visit a doctor for the proper prescription and let medical science remove your unwanted passenger This article has been corrected from the original version Animals Lists parasites science 0 Subscribe to our Newsletter	[ "Tapeworms" ]
http://mentalfloss.com/article/88695/worlds-countries-swapped-according-their-population	The World ' s Countries Swapped According to Their Population BY Alvin Ward November 14 , 2016 Click to enlarge As any resident of New York or Tokyo could tell you , a lot of people can squeeze into some small bits of land . While some countries have rather dense populations , others offer a bit more breathing room . To better illustrate the populations of different countries , Imgur user JPalmz decided to scramble the world map so that each country ' s population was reflected by its corresponding mass of land . That means China , the most populated country , has been moved to the largest land mass , Russia . You can see how all the different countries have found new homes that better accommodate their size in the map above . Interestingly , the United States , Yemen , Brazil , and Ireland did n ' t have to move at all because their land size and population rankings matched . " All of the data is publicly available on Wikipedia , I just wanted to make it more visually presentable , " the creator told indy100 [ h / t Amazing Maps The Afternoon Map is a semi - regular feature in which we post maps and infographics . In the afternoon . Semi - regularly . The Afternoon Map Subscribe to our Newsletter ! SIGN UP NOW	[ "World 's Countries Swapped", "Population" ]
http://mentalfloss.com/article/92248/story-behind-poem-statue-liberty	arrow History The Story Behind the Poem on the Statue of Liberty BY Mark Mancini July 4 , 2018 iStock Today , the lines engraved in bronze on the base of the Statue of Liberty are almost as well - known as the statue itself . But the young woman who wrote “ The New Colossus ” and its famous verses — “ Give me your tired , your poor , your huddled masses yearning to breathe free ” — is n ’ t a household name , and not many know that the poem was n ’ t originally destined for the statue itself . “ A POET OF RARE ORIGINAL POWER ” The New York Historical Society , Wikimedia Commons / / Public Domain Born on July 22 , 1849 to Esther and Moses Lazarus , Emma was the middle child in a group of seven . Her father — a rich sugar refiner who ranked among the founders of New York City ’ s Knickerbocker Club , an elite social group to which multiple Vanderbilts and Franklin Roosevelt would also later belong — was descended from some of the first Sephardic Jewish immigrants to land in the New World . ( One of Emma ’ s great - great - uncles , Moses Seixas , is known for his powerful correspondence with George Washington on the topic of religious liberty . ) It was during her childhood in New York and Rhode Island that Lazarus fell in love with poetry , and in 1866 , when she was 17 , her father paid to have a collection of her original poems — plus some German language pieces that she ’ d translated into English — privately printed . The next year , the book was commercially published as Poems and Translations by Emma Lazarus Written Between the Ages of Fourteen and Seventeen In 1868 , Lazarus met — and impressed — one of her literary heroes , Ralph Waldo Emerson ( then the most significant voice in America ’ s transcendentalism movement ) . The pair began corresponding , and Lazarus would come to regard Emerson as a good friend and mentor . “ Mr . Emerson , ” she once observed , “ treats me with an almost fatherly affection . ” In 1871 , Lazarus published her second book , Admetus and Other Poems ; she dedicated the titular poem “ To My Friend , Ralph Waldo Emerson . ” By that point , Lazarus ’ s work was starting to garner international acclaim . In its review of Admetus and Other Poems , the Illustrated London News raved that “ Miss Lazarus … must be hailed by impartial literary criticism as a poet of rare original power . ” Similar praise was showered upon later works , including the 1874 novel Alide : An Episode of Goethe ’ s Life and poems published in various periodicals . By decade ’ s end , Lazarus had emerged as a well - known and highly respected writer on both sides of the Atlantic . Before long , she ’ d use her newfound fame to champion the cause of the tired , poor , and " huddled masses " who desperately needed sanctuary . RIOTS IN RUSSIA On March 13 , 1881 , Czar Alexander II was assassinated in the streets of St . Petersburg when a team of revolutionaries calling themselves the Narodnaya Volya ( “ People ’ s Will ” ) tossed a bomb at him . Since the Narodnaya Volya included at least one Jewish member , the czar ’ s death launched an epidemic of violent anti - Semitism throughout Russia and modern Ukraine . The situation got even worse in 1882 , when Czar Alexander III canceled a huge number of land deeds held by Jews and forced half a million of them to relocate ; he also forbade Jewish businessmen from trading on Sundays or Christian holidays , an edict that had immense financial consequences . These measures and others like them kicked off a mass exodus of Russian Jews , with the vast majority heading to the United States . By 1914 , around 1.5 million of these refugees had arrived in the U.S. [ PDF ] . Lazarus was extremely moved by their plight . “ [ Until ] this cloud passes , ” the poet said , “ I have no thought , no passion , no desire , save for my own people . ” In the 1880s , she dedicated a number of published essays and poems to Russia ’ s Jews and Jewish immigrants . When she was n ’ t supporting them with her pen , she personally assisted any refugees she could find . At a Manhattan branch of the philanthropic Hebrew Emigrant Aid Society , Lazarus gave free English lessons to newly arrived families . Elsewhere , she ’ d visit those whom immigration officials had quartered in overstuffed — and highly unsanitary — barracks on Ward ’ s Island While the poet was keeping herself busy in New York , a gift for the United States was being constructed more than 3600 miles away . “ THE GODDESS OF LIBERTY STANDING ON HER PEDESTAL ” The New York Public Library Digital Collections / / Public Domain In the 1860s , France had decided to celebrate her long and ( mostly ) peaceful relationship with the U.S. by sending an impressive new statue to the American people . Designed by sculptor Frederic Auguste Bartholdi , the tribute was to take the form of a giant , crowned woman clad in robes and hoisting a torch . Both nations agreed that the French would finance the statue itself while America secured the funding for its base , which would be built on Bedloe ’ s Island ( now known as Liberty Island ) . Part of the money the U.S. required was raised during a raffle at the Bartholdi Pedestal Fund Art Loan Exhibition . Mark Twain , Walt Whitman , and other legendary artists donated works . Lazarus , too , was asked if she ’ d create something for the fundraiser . At first , she declined . “ [ I ] could not possibly write verses to order , ” she explained . However , a chairwoman by the name of Constance Cary Harrison convinced Lazarus to change her mind . “ Think of the goddess of liberty , ” Harrison wrote in a letter to Lazarus , “ standing on her pedestal yonder in the bay and holding the torch out to those refugees you are so fond of visiting at Ward ’ s Island . ” The plea worked : Lazarus agreed to put a poem together . Two days later , she submitted a 105 - word sonnet called “ The New Colossus . ” When auction day came , Lazarus ' s poem sold for $ 1500 ( about $ 37,000 today ) . After that , it was published as part of a souvenir literary portfolio that Harrison distributed . It had a number of fans , including poet James Russell Lowell , who told Lazarus “ I liked your sonnet about the statue much better than I like the statue itself … your sonnet gives its subject its raison d ’ être which it wanted before quite as much as it wanted a pedestal . ” But due to the sonnet ’ s very limited release , “ The New Colossus ” did n ' t attract a mainstream audience — at least , not at first . Unfortunately , Lazarus would n ' t live to see her poem get its due . REDISCOVERING A MASTERPIECE melanzane1013 Flickr / / CC BY - SA 2.0 The Statue of Liberty herself finally arrived in New York Harbor on June 17 , 1885 . At the dedication ceremony over a year later , “ The New Colossus ” was not recited ; in fact , the immigration issue was barely mentioned in any of the addresses given that day . At the time , the statue was seen more squarely as a symbol of the friendship between France and America , particularly as allies in the American Revolution ; it was also seen as an affirmation of republican ideals and a celebration of the end of slavery . The explicit connection to immigrants , in the minds of the general public , came only later — in large part thanks to Lazarus ' s words . Lazarus had spent that fall in Paris , and by the time she returned to New York the next year , she ’ d contracted what eventually became a terminal illness — suspected to be lymphoma . She died on November 19 , 1887 , at just 38 . When she died , it looked like her poem might be little remembered . In its obituary for Lazarus , The New York Times neglected to reference or acknowledge the now - famous sonnet . With Lazarus ' s death , it seemed that " The New Colossus " would fade into obscurity . But it did n ' t , thanks to the efforts of philanthropist and art aficionado Georgina Schuyler — one of Lazarus ’ s closest friends , and , as it happened , a direct descendant of Alexander Hamilton . In 1901 , Schuyler started lobbying to have “ The New Colossus ” engraved onto a bronze plaque and affixed to Lady Liberty ’ s base as a tribute to her friend . Two years later , she got her wish . The sonnet was subsequently rediscovered during the 1930s by those pushing for the U.S. to welcome Jewish refugees then trying to flee Hitler . As “ The New Colossus ” rose in popularity , so too did the woman who had penned it . In 1944 , an organization called the Emma Lazarus Federation of Jewish Women ’ s Clubs was established . A progressive , social justice - oriented coalition , its activist members took to celebrating the poet ’ s birthday every year on Liberty Island . Since then , Lazarus has been inducted into the National Women ’ s Hall of Fame , and her best - known poem has been frequently cited in American debates over immigration . Today , Lady Liberty and “ The New Colossus ” are joined at the hip , and we ' re more likely to remember the statue as a welcome to immigrants than as a tribute to the French - American relationship . To quote biographer Esther Schor , “ You ca n ’ t think of the statue without hearing the words Emma Lazarus gave her . ” This story originally ran in 2017 . poetry Subscribe to our Newsletter ! SIGN UP NOW arrow History How Science — and a Broken Heart — Helped Identify Titanic Bandleader Wallace Hartley ' s Lost Violin BY Jake Rossen July 28 , 2017 In the early morning hours of April 15 , 1912 , as the R.M.S . Titanic was continuing its descent into the chilly , unforgiving waters of the North Atlantic Ocean , bandleader Wallace Hartley urged his seven musicians to continue playing . The apocryphal version has Hartley tucking his violin under his chin and leading them in a rendition of " Nearer , My God , to Thee " as the ship sank . While it makes for a poignant finale , it ' s more likely that Hartley played " Songe d ' Automne , " a slow waltz that scored the untimely demise of more than 1500 passengers , including Hartley and all his bandmates . When bodies began to be recovered in the days to come , authorities took inventory of any personal effects that were found . In this official registry of Hartley , a.k.a. Body 224 , no mention was made of his violin , his bow , or its case . He had been in the water for 10 days . The German - crafted wooden instrument was largely believed to have been lost to the sea . Nearly 100 years later , a UK - based auctioneer named Andrew Aldridge received a phone call from a man with a strange story to tell . Up in his late mother ' s attic , he told Aldridge , was a small collection of items he believed would be of interest to historians and collectors . When Aldridge visited his caller in 2006 , he was shown several items that purportedly belonged to Hartley , including sheet music and a leather valise with the musician ' s initials . But Aldridge ' s attention was drawn to a violin : It was cracked and weathered , with only two strings remaining . A silver plate on the tailpiece read : For Wallace on the occasion of our engagement from Maria . Aldridge felt a surge of excitement . He had facilitated the sale of several relics , but nothing had ever compared to the holy grail of the Hartley violin . If this truly belonged to the musician , it would be one of the most important discoveries from the ship in history . And if it was the violin he played as the ship went down , it would be the most valuable . But how had the violin survived immersion ? And if Hartley secured it to his body before going into the water , why was n ' t it listed among his personal effects ? It would be seven years before Aldridge had his answers . For decades , collectors and researchers had debated the existence of the Hartley violin . Some believed Hartley would be too panicked to bother securing his violin in its case and strapping it to himself before he was forced to go into the water ; others pointed to contemporaneous news accounts which mentioned Hartley ' s violin had indeed been recovered during the salvage operation . " At that point [ in 2006 ] , I think the collecting community generally believed it did not exist , " Craig Sopin , an attorney and memorabilia expert who consulted with the Aldridge & Son auction house , tells Mental Floss . " But a lot of us hoped it did . " Four newspapers at the time reported Hartley had been found with the instrument strapped to him , but those were challenged by more conservative historians who cited the official inventory and its list of items that were returned to family members . These logs noted that Hartley had a fountain pen , money , and a cigarette case , but made no mention of the violin . " There was just no hard evidence , " Sopin says . Hartley himself had been something of an enigma . Born in 1878 as the son of a choirmaster , the bandleader had been a bank teller before pursuing his passion for music . Hartley had been on well over 80 sea voyages before he was hired to lead the musicians on the . It ' s likely he perceived the highly coveted job as a chance to make some good money . In a letter written to his parents the day of the April 10 launch , Hartley implied that wealthy passengers might offer tips . " It was a feather in his cap , " Sopin says . " He was fortunate at first , although not fortunate at all in the end . " An avowed ladies ' man who fancied himself a bit of an early - century hipster — he referred to himself as " Hotley " in correspondence — Hartley had seemingly abandoned his bachelorhood for Maria Robinson , the daughter of a cloth manufacturer . The two were scheduled to be married just months after Hartley ' s expected return , with Hartley looking to support his wife - to - be with more bookings at sea . While Hartley ' s fate became part of a great 20th century tragedy , Robinson ' s personal anguish was never heavily publicized . She wrote letters to authorities in Halifax , Nova Scotia , which had jurisdiction over the wreck , requesting all of Hartley ' s personal belongings be returned to her . In a diary entry dated July 1912 and uncovered during the investigation into the instrument ' s history , Robinson drafted a note thanking them for returning the violin . So why did n ' t the crew of the Mackay - Bennett , tasked with recovering bodies , make any mention of it ? " That turned out to be the easiest hurdle to knock down , " Sopin says . " What we learned is that there were many personal items not logged but returned to family , and their inventory was just not very detailed . " Almost every body had been recovered wearing a life jacket , Sopin says , and almost all went unreported . Like the life jackets , Hartley ' s valise that he kept his violin in would have been strapped to his body , opening up the possibility that the recovery team ignored items worn by the corpses . " It was n ' t something he could put in his pocket , " Sopin says , " so it may not have been considered a personal effect . " The paper trail assembled by Sopin and other researchers provided further credence to the theory that Hartley had taken the violin with him . When Maria Robinson died in 1939 , her sister Margaret was charged with handling her personal possessions . The violin was given to Major Renwick , a bandleader with the Bridlington Salvation Army who also taught music . He gave it to a student of his , a woman stationed in the Women ' s Auxiliary Air Force . She later wrote of the gift that it had suffered damage and was not playable due to It remained in her possession for close to 75 years . The call Aldridge received was from the music student ' s son , who had been responsible for sorting his mother ' s belongings following her death . ( The seller , wishing anonymity , has not disclosed the family name . ) The story was reasonable , but none of it offered conclusive proof that the violin in the attic was the same violin played on the outer deck of the ship during the commotion . For that , Aldridge would turn to experts in the fields of corrosion , silver , and musical instruments to determine if the violin had been in the water the night of April 15 , 1912 . " The best way to describe the research was like a jigsaw puzzle with numerous component pieces , " Aldridge tells Mental Floss . " Each one had to fit together , whether it be scientific , historical , or research . " To date the violin to the night of the wreck , Aldridge first approached the now - defunct UK Forensic Science Services and their trace analysis expert , Michael Jones . ( Citing confidentiality clauses with his former employer , a representative for Jones declined to comment for this story . ) Performing a salinization test would determine whether the instrument had ever been submerged in saltwater . " If that had been negative , the investigation would have ended there , " Sopin says . It was positive . Jones could then examine the metal portions of the violin , including the engraved tailpiece and the lock on the valise , and compare the corrosion to other metal items recovered both from Hartley and from other victims that were in the hands of private collectors . " It was not a quick process , " Aldridge says . " These are not the sorts of items that are easily obtained . " Eventually , Jones was able to determine the deposits were consistent with those found in items definitively known to be recovered from the site . He also tried examining algae on the violin to see if it was consistent with the part of the North Atlantic where the ship struck the iceberg , Sopin says , but results were inconclusive . Because Aldridge ' s intent was to prove its provenance beyond all doubt , the authentication continued . The straps of the valise were measured and found to be 90 inches long , leaving plenty of give to tie the case around Hartley ’ s body . Aldridge also consulted with gemologist Richard Slater , who examined the engraved plate and found no evidence it had ever been removed or recently applied to the instrument . Aldridge took it in for a CT scan at Ridgeway Hospital in Swindon , Wiltshire , England , which revealed stress fractures in the wood — the kind that may have rendered it unplayable according to Renwick ' s student — and a type of glue that would not have dissolved in seawater . ( The heavy leather valise provided additional protection from the water . ) Aldridge also consulted instrument expert Andrew Hooker , who held no opinion about the violin ' s connection to the but confirmed it was made in the late 19th century and was re - varnished and rebuilt , likely owing to the damage incurred after 10 days of immersion . " The violin was nothing special , " Hooker tells Mental Floss . " Just a cheap , factory - made German instrument . " Of course , the instrument ' s value was tied completely to where it was played , and by whom . By 2013 , both Aldridge and Sopin — a notoriously skeptical collector who made for a strong litmus test — were convinced . After seven years and tens of thousands of dollars in expenses , Aldridge believed he had his answer . " I remained neutral until I did n ' t , " Sopin says . " I believe the violin was on the . " The owner ' s desire had always been to take the violin and the other Hartley items to auction . Armed with reams of supporting evidence from forensic experts , that ' s exactly what Aldridge and Son did on October 19 , 2013 . TV satellites and media were parked outside the Devizes , Wiltshire , England facility , the site of the auction . Behind the podium , Aldridge began the bidding at 50 pounds , or roughly $ 65 . Bidders on the floor and via telephone quickly got down to business , taking bids from 80,000 pounds to 500,000 to 750,000 . By the time Aldridge brought down the gavel a final time , the violin had sold for 1.1 million pounds , or $ 1.7 million . ( The valise was sold separately for 20,000 pounds , or $ 26,000 . ) As is often the case with big - ticket auction items , the buyer has no desire to be named — although it ' s probably not Sopin . " I would have considered paying something , " he says , " but not $ 1.7 million . " Sopin believes the buyer is male and resides in the UK . It ' s also known that he allowed the violin to go on display at the Titanic Museum in Pigeon Forge , Tennessee , as well as its sister location in Branson , Missouri , in 2016 . As of now , no other artifact has come close to realizing a similar sale price , a testament to the emotional impact of what would otherwise be an unremarkable instrument . In playing for terrified passengers , Hartley and his band used their talent under extreme duress to maintain a sense of order and civility , likely saving lives in the process . His funeral was reportedly attended by 30,000 to 40,000 people . While Aldridge performed his due diligence above and beyond reasonable doubt , some historians still question why a distressed Hartley would have bothered with the violin at all . " Hartley ' s mother commented on this , " Sopin says . " She thought if he felt there was any hope at all of getting off the ship , he would have taken the violin . " Additional Sources : Auction Background [ PDF ] . music ships	[ "Statue of Liberty", "poems", "Emma Lazarus" ]
http://mentalhealthdaily.com/2014/04/07/oppositional-defiant-disorder-odd-symptoms-causes-treatment/	Oppositional Defiant Disorder ( ODD ) : Symptoms , Causes , Treatment Share Pin Reddit Email 14 Oppositional defiant disorder ( ODD ) is a diagnosis that is usually given to children and / or teenagers who engage in significant defiance of authority figures . This defiance may involve disobeying rules , starting arguments with parents , spiteful behavior , and / or intentionally annoying adults . Although some of this behavior is pretty normal for most kids and teens , if it becomes an ongoing problem that last over 6 months straight , it may be diagnosed as “ oppositional defiant disorder . ” When diagnosing this condition , it is important to compare the individual to other people their age . Do they exhibit significantly more defiance than other people their own age ? Does the defiant behavior interfere with school , work , or social relationships ? If so , then they may have this condition . Before a diagnosis is made , it is important to understand that most kids and teens go through various phases of defiance . However , most kids and teens do not fit the formal diagnosis for oppositional defiant disorder . There is a difference between occasional defiance and chronic defiance . ODD is a condition in which an individual has an ongoing set of uncooperative , hostile , annoying , or defiant behavior towards authority figures . Many people with oppositional defiant disorder also have comorbid behavioral problems such as ADHD , learning problems , mood disorders ( e.g. depression , and possibly anxiety disorders . Oppositional Defiant Disorder Symptoms ( ODD ) Anger outbursts – It is very common for people with ODD to experience outbursts of anger . They may get extremely angry to the point of rage and become angry on a whim . Blaming others for mistakes – Everyone makes mistakes , but people with ODD may blame others for mistakes that they make . For example , if a person with this disorder breaks a piece of furniture , they may come up with an excuse as to why it was n ’ t their fault . Easily annoyed / upset by others – They may get very annoyed with other people to the point that they avoid social interaction . Certain individuals such as siblings and other family members may upset them . Frequent arguments with adults – It is not uncommon for people with ODD to let their defiance get the best of them . This may lead to frequent arguments with adults or individuals in authoritative positions . Intentionally annoying others – When this disorder is not controlled , the person with it may intentionally try to annoy other people . In some cases they may think the annoyance is “ funny ” so they may keep doing it . Low self - esteem – Many people with ODD have comorbid self - esteem issues . This may lead to them experimenting with alcohol and / or other drugs . Mood swings – It is pretty commonplace for these individuals to experience mood swings . One minute they may be fine , the next they may erupt with anger or spiteful remarks towards another person that upset them . Not complying with rules or requests – Individuals with this disorder may not follow any set rules or requests from other people . This makes them extremely difficult to work with because they may refuse to follow a simple set of instructions . Saying mean things when upset – When upset , these individuals may “ flip out ” or start cursing out another person . They may dig deeper than the occasional retaliation and may really try to make another person feel worse than they should . Spiteful / revenge seeking behavior – If something is said or done to these individuals and it upsets them , they may engage in some sort of revenge - seeking behavior . For example they may try to humiliate the person in front of others , they may damage property , or try to make the person feel bad if they feel entitled to revenge . Swearing or frequent profanity – People with this disorder may swear a lot and think it ’ s completely okay . Temper tantrums – In cases where anger gets the best of individuals or they feel as if they can not cope with their emotions , they may throw temper tantrums . Note : It should be noted that not everyone with ODD will experience all of the symptoms listed above . These are a general rule of thumb to go by . Many disorders have similar symptoms , but what distinguishes ODD is the anger - influenced disobedience , hostility and defiance towards authority figures . Below is the official DSM diagnostic criteria for ODD . DSM diagnosis : A . A pattern of negativistic , hostile , and defiant behavior lasting at least 6 months , during which four ( or more ) of the following are present : ( 1 ) often loses temper ( 2 ) often argues with adults ( 3 ) often actively defies or refuses to comply with adults ’ requests or rules ( 4 ) often deliberately annoys people ( 5 ) often blames others for his or her mistakes or misbehavior ( 6 ) is often touchy or easily annoyed by others ( 7 ) is often angry and resentful ( 8 ) is often spiteful or vindictive Note : Consider a criterion met only if the behavior occurs more frequently than is typically observed in individuals of comparable age and developmental level . B . The disturbance in behavior causes clinically significant impairment in social , academic , or occupational functioning . C . The behaviors do not occur exclusively during the course of a Psychotic or Mood Disorder . D . Criteria are not met for Conduct Disorder , and , if the individual is age 18 years or older , criteria are not met for Antisocial Personality Disorder . What Causes Oppositional Defiant Disorder ( ODD ) ? There is no exact cause that can be pinpointed as causing oppositional defiant disorder , but there are various factors that are hypothesized to play a role . Many people believe that genetic factors , environmental triggers , and other individual biological factors play a role in its development . In many cases , ODD is linked to altered functioning of neurotransmitters and hypoactivated responses to stress and reward . Biological factors – Some research indicates that various brain injuries or functional deficits can lead to the development of this disorder . In cases of ODD , researchers have found differences in levels of various neurotransmitters . Serotonin sensitivity : It has been found that various serotonin receptors are more sensitive among children with oppositional defiant disorder . Reduced cortisol reactivity It has also been thought that reduced cortisol reactivity to stressful events may play a role . Amygdala hypoactivity : Hypoactivation of the amygdala to negative stimuli may be a contributing factor . Neurotransmitter alterations : Alterations in serotonin and noradrenaline levels could lead to low sensitivity to punishment . This low punishment sensitivity may make it difficult for children and adolescents to judge inappropriate behavior and punishment . It is also thought that dopamine functioning is altered and leads a person to become hyposensitive to rewards . Hypoactive sympathetic nervous system Hypoactivity ( or underactivation ) of the sympathetic nervous system ( stress response ) to incentives and a low basal heart rate along with hyporeactivity to rewards could play a role in this condition . Poor moods Experiencing unpleasant emotions are also thought to influence this disorder . Impaired executive functions : Executive impairment in response to motivation and paralimbic system impairments in the orbitofrontal and cingulate cortex could contribute to lack of control over unstable emotional behavior . Source : http : / / www . ncbi . nlm . nih . gov / pubmed / 22800761 Genetics – It has been found that many mental illnesses and disorders run in families . If a child has a sibling with oppositional defiant disorder , his or her chances of having the same disorder significantly increase . Similarly , researchers have found that relatives ( especially first - degree ) with a form of mental illness including : attention - deficit disorder , depression , anxiety , and / or other personality disorders could increase likelihood of developing ODD . Environment – Certain environmental factors are thought to contribute to “ triggering ” the disorder . For example , if the individual lives in a very stressful environment and / or has had to deal with excessive stress , they are more prone to developing ODD . Having a dysfunctional family life , poor parenting , and / or inconsistent disciplinary action by parents may contribute to a child or teen ’ s diagnosis of oppositional defiant disorder . Alcohol or drug abuse could also trigger ODD symptoms in a teenager . They may act excessively defiant while under the influence Source : http : / / dare . ubvu . vu . nl / bitstream / handle / 1871 / 17454 / Burke_Journal ? sequence = 2 Oppositional Defiant Disorder Treatment There is no single treatment that is thought to cure oppositional defiant disorder . However , if it is n ’ t properly treated during childhood or teenage years , it may develop into a more serious behavioral problem called “ conduct disorder . ” In many cases , a combination of psychotherapy with familial support can significantly improve the disorder . Medication may prove to be therapeutic if standalone therapy is ineffective . Cognitive Problem Solving Skills : This can help the individual learn what behavior is inappropriate and teaches them how to respond to stress . Many individuals with ODD do not know how to appropriately respond to real - life stressful situations . Cognitive problem solving skills can help teach them how they can deal with stressful situations without getting worked up . Parent - Management Training : In cases where there is a child dealing with ODD , it may be helpful for parents to learn about it and get trained as to how they can cope with it . This is a form of therapy that teaches techniques which use positive reinforcement and discipline for the child with ODD . Family Therapy : In some cases it is highly beneficial for the entire family of the individual with ODD to come in for therapy . During therapy , the individual with ODD ’ s behavior and opposition is addressed . The therapist will then come up with solutions that the whole family can agree upon in order to improve the current situation . Social Skills Training : This can help children and adolescents learn how to effectively communicate with peers in a positive manner . It may help them work on appropriate skills to help them improve relationships and school performance . Usually social skills training is best when done in a natural environment . Medication : In some cases , medication may prove highly beneficial for treating ODD . Among cases in which the ODD is comorbid with another condition such as : ADHD , anxiety disorders , and / or depression , the treatment will typically involve targeting the comorbid condition . In many cases once the other condition such as ADHD , depression , or anxiety is properly treated , the ODD symptoms are significantly reduced . Natural remedies : Some would suggest that adequate amounts of omega - 3 fatty acids ( e.g. fish oil ) could help reduce symptoms . Along with a healthy diet , vitamins , and exercise , these can go a long way . Most people like to give some natural remedies a shot before diving into serious psychiatric drugs . Share Pin Reddit Email 14 Next post : What ’ s the Difference Between ADD and ADHD ? Previous post : 5 Different Types of Schizophrenia	[ "Mental Health", "ODD", "disobeying rules" ]
http://mentalhealthdaily.com/2015/10/17/how-long-does-hydrocodone-stay-in-your-system/	How Long Does Hydrocodone Stay In Your System ? Hydrocodone is a popular pharmaceutical drug commonly prescribed for the treatment of severe pain , and in some cases as an antitussive agent to mitigate chronic coughing . It is a semi - synthetic drug in that it is synthesized from codeine ( an opioid alkaloid derived from opium poppy ) . Upon ingestion of hydrocodone , it facilitates analgesic effects via binding to mu - opioid receptors , as well as delta - opioid receptors ( to a 6 - fold lesser extent ) . As a result of its substantial opioidergic effect ( particularly on the mu - receptors ) , ingestion of hydrocodone can elicit feelings of euphoria , relaxation , and pleasure . For this reason , hydrocodone has a high potential for abuse and dependence and is classified as a Schedule II controlled substance in the United States . It is also associated with rapid onset of tolerance , meaning users quickly become habituated to their dosing and require regular dosage increases to derive ongoing therapeutic benefit . Despite the fact that many people attain necessary analgesic benefit from taking hydrocodone , it is not meant to be used over a long - term . Long - term ingestion of hydrocodone can impair endogenous opioid production and trigger a host of unwanted neurophysiological effects such as : mood swings , vomiting , drowsiness , dizziness , and impaired motor skills . To avoid these deleterious long - term complications , many people discontinue the drug and hope to clear it from their body ( i.e. system ) as soon as possible . How long does hydrocodone stay in your system ? In order to ensure that hydrocodone fully leaves your system , you ’ ll need to first discontinue usage . This typically means facing a multitude of potentially horrific ( but inevitable ) hydrocodone withdrawal symptoms . Understand that the discontinuation process should always be monitored by a medical doctor to avoid unnecessary complications and dangers ( e.g. blood pressure changes , seizures , etc . ) . Assuming you ’ ve completely ceased ingestion of hydrocodone , you ’ re probably wondering how long it will take your body to completely excrete the drug . Research has shown that the elimination half - life of hydrocodone is an average 3.8 hours . In other words , it will take just under 4 hours for your body to excrete 50 % of the hydrocodone . This means that the average hydrocodone will fully excrete hydrocodone from their system in 20.9 hours . Other sources suggest that there could be more variation in half - life of the drug , ranging from 3.3 hours to 4.1 hours . This indicates that certain users may be able to clear the drug from their system quicker ( 18.15 hours ) , while others may have slightly prolonged systemic clearance periods ( 22.55 hours ) . Most users should have cleared the drug from their system within 1 day , but may not clear the metabolite norhydrocodone for up Source : http : / / www . ncbi . nlm . nih . gov / pubmed / 856847 Source : https : / / pubchem . ncbi . nlm . nih . gov / compound / hydrocodone Factors that influence how long Hydrocodone stays in your system There are many factors that can influence clearance rates of hydrocodone , ultimately determining how long the drug ( and its metabolites ) stay in your system . Influential factors to consider when contemplating clearance time include : individual factors ( e.g. age / genetics / liver ) , dosage , regularity of ingestion , and whether other drugs were administered simultaneously . Individual factors It is important to consider the fact that two individuals could ’ ve taken a single - dose of hydrocodone at the same strength ( mg ) and time , yet one may eliminate the drug quicker from his / her system than the other . A variety of individual factors that may dictate rate of clearance include : a person ’ s age , body mass , genetics , liver functionality , and urinary pH . Age : Compared to younger individuals , the elderly ( aged 65 + ) often metabolize and excrete drugs at slower rates . In part , this may be due to the fact that their organs ( e.g. liver / kidneys ) may be functioning suboptimally and / or internal blood flow to the liver may be reduced . Further , elderly are often on other medications and face a variety of other health problems – all of which could delay excretion of hydrocodone . Know that if you are younger , you should clear hydrocodone quicker than an older individual Body height / weight / fat : It is necessary to account for a person ’ s height , weight , and fat when estimating how quickly they are likely to eliminate the drug from their system . A person who is tall / heavy should theoretically clear a 5 mg dose of hydrocodone quicker than a short / lightweight individual . This is due to the fact that the smaller the dose of the drug you ingest proportionate to your body size ( height / weight / fat ) , the quicker the clearance ; vice - versa also applies . Genetics : Various genes are known to influence our ability to metabolize drugs , including hydrocodone . Genetic variants that regulate CYP450 liver enzymes such as CYP2D6 may dictate whether someone metabolizes hydrocodone at a quicker ( or slower ) rate than average . Based on genetics , certain individuals are thought to be “ rapid metabolizers , ” while others are considered “ poor metabolizers . ” This may result in different effects of the drug , but also variability in clearance rates . Food intake : It is thought that taking hydrocodone with food ( especially carbohydrates ) can slow the absorption , whereas taking it on an empty stomach results in expedited absorption . Differences in absorption time could influence rate of clearance from your body . Among those that ingest a high - carbohydrate meal along with hydrocodone , it may slightly delay clearance . Liver / kidney function : Since hydrocodone is metabolized by enzymes in the liver , impaired functionality of the liver may could extend half - life and prolong clearance . For example , someone with cirrhosis may take hours longer to clear hydrocodone from their system compared to an individual with a healthy liver . In addition , renal ( kidney ) impairment may also delay drug clearance . Metabolic rate : A person ’ s basal metabolic rate ( BMR ) is thought to influence metabolism speed of drugs . Someone with a faster - than - average BMR may metabolize and excrete hydrocodone quicker than someone with a slower - than - average BMR . While BMR is largely determined by genetics – factors such as diet , exercise , drugs , and supplements can also influence it . Urinary pH : Though it is unknown as to whether urinary pH has a significant impact on clearance of hydrocodone ( and its metabolites ) , it may play a role . Individuals with more acidic urine may clear hydrocodone more efficiently than those with a highly alkaline urine . Alkalinity of urine is known to promote reabsorption of drugs prior to their elimination , slowing the clearance . Source : https : / / www . ncbi . nlm . nih . gov / pubmed / 22205192 Frequency of use A person who used hydrocodone just once ( e.g. a “ single dose ” user ) is more likely to clear the drug quicker from his / her system than a person who regularly used the drug for years . This is likely due to the fact that when ingested frequently over the course of several days , hydrocodone ( and its metabolites ) are thought to accumulate within the body until they reach a “ peak . ” Once they reach a “ peak , ” the clearance time will be extended for a longer duration . Infrequent or single - dose users are less likely to accumulate as high of hydrocodone levels within their system as frequent users . A single - dose user should be able to clear the drug efficiently from his / her system in under 2 days . On the other hand , frequent / long - term users could take longer than 2 days to fully eliminate hydrocodone ; resulting in a positive urinalysis ( e.g. failed drug test ) for much longer than 2 days . Frequent users may also take a second dose of the drug before their body is able to metabolize and excrete the first dose . To use an analogy , they are essentially adding more wood ( hydrocodone ) to a fire that has n ’ t finished burning ( metabolizing ) the initial wood ( hydrocodone ) . It is also important to consider that levels of hydrocodone metabolite “ norhydrocodone ” may accumulate in frequent users ; prolonging clearance . Taking other drugs If you take other drugs or supplements along with hydrocodone , it could alter the speed by which your body is able to metabolize and excrete it . Since hydrocodone is metabolized by CYP450 ( cytochrome 450 ) isoenzyme CYP2D6 , drugs that affect CYP2D6 may reduce or extend half - life . Drugs classified as “ inhibitors ” of CYP2D6 are known to impair your body ’ s ability to clear hydrocodone from your body . Examples of such CYP2D6 inhibitors include : SSRIs ( Citalopram , Fluoxetine , Paroxetine , etc . ) , Methadone , Amiodarone , Codeine , Deiavirdine , Perphenazine , Serindole , Yohimbine , and more . Talk to your doctor if you suspect that you may be taking a CYP2D6 inhibitor and discuss how it will affect how quickly you ’ re able to metabolize hydrocodone . Realize that certain CYP2D6 inhibitors will slow metabolism to a greater extent than others and that dosing often plays a role . There are also drugs known as “ inducers ” of CYP2D6 , which enhance metabolism of hydrocodone . Examples of such CYP2D6 inducers include : Dexamethasone and Rifampin . These agents should expedite metabolism of hydrocodone , thereby resulting in quicker clearance from your system . How Hydrocodone is Absorbed , Metabolized , and Excreted ( Details ) Following oral administration of hydrocodone , it is efficiently absorbed by the gastrointestinal ( GI ) tract . Research has shown that upon administration of a 10 mg tablet , peak serum levels ( of 26.3 ng / ml ) are attained after approximately 1.3 hours . The drug is metabolized primarily by CYP450 isoenzymes , namely : CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 . CYP2D6 facilitates O - demethylation of hydrocodone , resulting in the formation of metabolite hydromorphone . CYP3A4 catalyzed oxidation ( N - demethylation ) is responsible for generating the metabolite norhydrocodone . Other hydroxymetabolites of lesser significance include : 6 - alpha - hydrocodol and 6 - beta - hydrocodol . Greater than 50 % of hydrocodone clearance is facilitated by CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 pathways , whereas upwards of 40 % of clearance is done via non - CYP pathways . Though orally administered hydrocodone has an elimination half - life of approximately 3.8 hours , the half - life of metabolite norhydrocodone is thought to be 8 hours . This means that norhydrocodone could remain in the body for up to 2 days ( ~ 1.83 days ) before 100 % clearance . For this reason , norhydrocodone is often detectable in urinary drug tests for a longer duration than hydrocodone . The other metabolite hydromorphone has a half - life of 2.3 hours , and is therefore excreted at a quicker rate than hydrocodone itself ( in under 13 hours ) . Urinary excretion following orally ingested hydrocodone consists of : hydrocodone unchanged ( 6 % - 20 % ) , norhydrocodone ( 2 % - 14 % ) , and hydromorphone ( 5 % - 6 % ) . Other metabolites excreted in urine include : dihydrocodeine , isodihydrocodeine , dihydromorphone Concentrations of metabolites are subject to significant variation based on sex . Females tend to have greater norhydrocodone levels ( possibly resulting from increased CYP3A4 density ) , whereas males tend to have greater hydromorphone levels ( from CYP2D6 ) . Research indicates that 70 % of the drug is usually excreted in the first 24 hours , and the remaining metabolites are cleared within 72 hours ( 3 days ) . Source : https : / / pubchem . ncbi . nlm . nih . gov / compound / hydrocodone Source : http : / / www . ncbi . nlm . nih . gov / pubmed / 23995596 Source : https : / / www . ncbi . nlm . nih . gov / pubmed / 9103485 Source : http : / / www . ncbi . nlm . nih . gov / pubmed / 24836897 Source : http : / / www . ncbi . nlm . nih . gov / pubmed / 28931 Types of Hydrocodone Drug Tests There are various types of tests that could be administered to determine whether an individual ingested hydrocodone . These tests include : urine tests , blood tests , saliva tests , and even hair tests . The most common way to test for hydrocodone is via urine tests for the simple fact that metabolites can be detected for up to 2 days after ingestion . Urine tests : This type of testing involves collection of a urine sample followed by laboratory analysis ( called a “ urinalysis ” ) . Since a majority of hydrocodone is eliminated via the urine , a urine sample is among the most effective ways to detect usage . Hydrocodone itself is n ’ t usually detectable in urine after 24 hours , but its metabolite norhydrocodone is detectable for up to 2 days in the urine . If you are subject to urine testing , the sample will likely be analyzed to determine whether norhydrocodone is present . Since norhydrocodone is thought to accumulate in the body of hydrocodone users , the drug may remain detectable well beyond 2 days . Some speculate that users could test positive for up to a full week after their last ingestion via urine samples . Urine tests are thought to be highly accurate , relatively cheap , are minimally invasive compared to a blood test . Furthermore , they provide a longer window of hydrocodone detection compared to a blood test . That said , it is important to realize that females may test positive for hydrocodone for a longer duration than males on a urine test because females have a greater propensity to form norhydrocodone ; the metabolite with a longer half - life . Hair tests : Another modality of testing for hydrocodone ( and opioids ) is via a hair sample . Hair samples typically consist of 20 to 50 follicles ( 3 cm to 6 cm ) that are sent to a lab for analysis . One drawback associated with hair tests for hydrocodone is that they are incapable of detecting recent drug ingestion . This is due to the fact that the body ingests the drug , circulates it , and new hair needs to grow before the drug will show up in outgrowths . That said , hair samples may detect opioid ingestion for up to 90 days after ingestion . The longer the sample of the hair follicles , the greater the chances of detection . Detection of hydrocodone in hair is generally confirmed with GC / MS ( gas chromatography / mass spectrometry ) and ELISA ( enzyme linked immunosorbent assays ) . The amount of hydrocodone present in hair samples seems to be directly correlated with amount ingested . Since hair tests are relatively expensive and require a lag - time between ingestion and testing for accurate results , they are seldom used . However , they are capable of detecting even small amounts of hydrocodone ( pictograms per milligram ) . Saliva tests : This type of testing involves collecting a sufficient amount of “ oral fluid ” to be analyzed . Since it is more difficult to detect the presence of hydrocodone and norhydrocodone ( metabolite ) in oral fluid ( compared to urine ) , saliva tests are n ’ t commonly administered . That said , it is still possible to detect the presence of hydrocodone ( and norhydrocodone ) in salivary fluid . Most individuals subject to a saliva test for hydrocodone will test positive within several hours of drug ingestion . Hydrocodone will remain detectable for up to 1 day after ingestion , whereas norhydrocodone ( a metabolite ) could remain detectable for up to 2 days . Since norhydrocodone is excreted to a significantly lesser extent in saliva than urine , the detection window may be reduced . That said , if saliva fluid is suspected to contain hydrocodone or norhydrocodone , GC / MS ( gas chromatography / mass spectrometry ) may be employed for confirmation . Blood tests : Another way to determine whether someone has ingested hydrocodone is via a blood sample . Blood tests are n ’ t usually preferred to detect hydrocodone due to the fact that the detection window is shorter than other testing modalities ( e.g. urine tests ) and blood draws are highly invasive . Hydrocodone is thought to remain detectable in the blood for between 1.3 and 24 hours post - ingestion . Blood testing is generally reserved for hospitalized patients that may have overdosed on a drug ( or combination ) . Among hospitalized patients , a blood sample is quickly taken and analyzed to determine whether opioids ( such as hydrocodone ) are present . Should a medical professional conclude that an individual is suffering from hydrocodone toxicity , an appropriate agent will be administered to counteract CNS depression . Source : http : / / www . ncbi . nlm . nih . gov / pubmed / 16872564 Source : http : / / www . ncbi . nlm . nih . gov / pubmed / 24944068 Who could be tested for Hydrocodone ? Many people are subject to regular drug testing for opioids that metabolize into morphine . However , since hydrocodone does n ’ t breakdown into morphine , it is n ’ t tested for on standard opioid drug screenings ( e.g. SAMHSA - 5 panels ) . That said , individuals who are suspected to be abusing prescription opioids ( e.g. rehab patients ) may be assessed with extensive testing that is capable of detecting hydrocodone ( plus metabolites norhydrocodone and hydromorphone ) . Athletes : It is n ’ t very likely that athletes will be subject to drug testing that detects hydrocodone . Though the standardized drug tests administered to athletes ( professional and collegiate ) may detect morphine , they will not detect hydrocodone . In the event that a thorough , more extensive test is administered to athletes , the hydrocodone metabolite “ norhydrocodone ” is most likely to be detected . Drug rehab clients : Individuals in rehab are often monitored closely for relapses in drug usage . Many rehab patients will abuse whatever prescription drugs they can get their hands on , including hydrocodone . To ensure that rehab patients are n ’ t abusing prescription drugs during their recovery , extensive drug screenings that test for hydrocodone may be administered . Employees : Certain companies may require that their current and prospective employees undergo extensive drug testing . Occupations such as truck drivers , machinists , repair technicians , and any job that involves operating a motor vehicle or heavy machinery will benefit from screening for hydrocodone . This is due to the fact that hydrocodone depresses the central nervous system ( CNS ) and could increase likelihood of on - the - job errors , impair coordination , and lead to a potentially hazardous / fatal mistake . Military personnel : Those enlisted in the military are often subject to frequent , mandatory ( and randomized ) drug testing . Being in the military requires full alertness , attention to detail , and maximum coordination . Should an individual be taking hydrocodone , it could impair judgment , motor skills , and stamina – leading to compromised performance . For this reason , extensive drug screenings may be administered to determine whether an individual had ingested prescription opioids ( e.g. hydrocodone ) . If hydrocodone is detected among a person in the military , he / she may be delisted Tips to clear Hydrocodone from your system There are several tips to keep in mind if your goal is to clear hydrocodone from your system as fast as possible . Though some of these tips are relatively obvious and common sense , they may expedite clearance times of hydrocodone and metabolites . Understand that these tips may not benefit everyone , and that you should always consult a medical professional if you have questions . Stop taking it : It ’ s pretty easy to understand that if you want to clear a drug from your system , you probably should refrain from taking it . Unfortunately , many people do not comprehend the idea that drugs like hydrocodone typically are metabolized and excreted at a relatively predictable rate ( based on the drug ’ s half - life ) – you ca n ’ t usually speed up the process too much with sneaky tricks . The bottom line is that the longer you ’ ve remained hydrocodone - free , the less likely the drug ( CYP2D6 / CYP3A4 inducers : Hydrocodone is metabolized primarily by isoenzymes in the liver CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 to form respective metabolites : hydromorphone and norhydrocodone . The metabolism can be expedited if an individual is taking a drug and / or medication to enhance activation of these enzymes . This could result in quicker overall clearance times from the body . If you ’ re contemplating taking any metabolic “ inducers , ” always talk to your doctor to verify safety and / or potential contraindications . Urinary pH : Though not often discussed , it is known that a person ’ s urinary pH can influence drug clearance times . Increasing the acidity of your urinary pH is known to speed up clearance rates of drugs like hydrocodone . Those who have highly alkaline ( pH ) urine tend to retain the drug for a longer duration prior to excretion because high alkalinity facilitates drug reabsorption . To maximize the likelihood of the fastest possible excretion , maintaining a sufficiently acidic urinary pH may help . Hydration / Diet : There is some evidence to suggest that decreased urinary output could lead to drug reabsorption . To ensure that your urinary output is adequate , you ’ ll want to make sure you ’ re drinking plenty of water . Do n ’ t go overboard and think that drinking a “ ton ” of water will clear the drug faster because it wo n ’ t . That said , staying sufficiently hydrated will facilitate normative clearance whereas dehydration may prolong excretion . Exercise : Getting some daily exercise in the form of cardio ( e.g. running ) is known to enhance various physiological functions that may influence hydrocodone clearance . Exercise improves blood flow and circulation to organs ( including the liver and kidneys ) , thereby optimizing metabolism and clearance times . Additionally , exercise increases metabolism and aids in the clearance of exogenous substances ( such as hydrocodone ) . Have you been drug - tested for Hydrocodone ? If you ’ ve been drug tested for hydrocodone , leave a comment discussing your experience . Mention the modality of drug testing you endured ( e.g. urine testing ) and whether you passed ( i.e. tested negative ) or failed ( i.e. tested positive ) . If you failed the test , how long had hydrocodone ( and its metabolites ) remained in your system following your last ingestion ? If you were able to pass a drug test , mention whether you used any tricks to expedite the clearance of hydrocodone from your system . To help others better understand your situation , discuss whether you were a regular hydrocodone user , your age , whether you were taking other medications ( e.g. CYP2D6 inhibitors ) that may have prolonged clearance .	[ "Hydrocodone", "pharmaceutical drug", "United States ." ]
http://meow-cats.com/	Cat Breeds Cat Breeds , Different Types of Cats From the earliest history of cats dating over 9,500 years , they have often figured alongside man and been a popular subject of many legends . Breeding by themselves , cats were mainly used for hunting down and killing rodents . With the progress of time and human intervention , hybridization took place in different parts of the world giving rise to many different cat breeds that became country specific , beginning from naturally occurring domestic breeds that were native to a particular geographic region . Careful breeding over several generations have brought about seventy distinctive cat breeds though only about forty types of cats of these domestic breeds are internationally recognized . Categorized into two major categories ; the short haired and the long haired , they are found in a variety of cat breeds often specific to a country or region . This is evident in the combination colors , pattern of coat , shape of head , and length of hair , folding of ears and bobbed tails or tailless cats as the Munchkin cat . Some cat breeds are variations of a particular breed of cat as seen in the Balinese cat which is just a variation of the longer haired version of the Siamese cat . Historically some cat breeds have basically remained unchanged in their physical shapes and appearance for over a thousand years , as can be traced in the Japanese Bobtail and as evident in ancient Egyptian paintings of the Egyptian Mau The Persian cat and Siamese cat are the commoner breeds found all over the world . Persians being the oldest cat breed are often not pedigreed and these types of cats are referred to as domestic long hairs . They make good specimens for cat shows and are good companions . They are quiet and come in different color forms . Siamese cats on the other hand are raspy voiced attention seekers , very communicative and intelligent . They are very affectionate and love to be stroked . With short hair lying close to their skin they are athletic and slim in form and sport large ears . Savannah cats and Ocicats are among the newer cat breeds hybridized off domestic and wild cat specimens . Cornish Rex the hairless Sphynx cat and the newest breed , the allergy free cat , called Allerca are other known newer breed of cats . The Sphynx also known as the Canadian Hairless is significant for its lack of coat . Its appearance is rather strange . It appears to be hairless , but in fact it is not . It has no hair to keep it warm and therefore loves to cuddle against people and other animals . Eyebrows and whiskers maybe present or either totally absent . They have heavy bodies and wedge shaped heads . The Sphynx is loving , lively and a loyal breed of cats . Maine Coon is a domestic cat and has a distinctive physical appearance . It is the official cat in the state of Maine . The Maine Coon has a large bone structure . This breed of cat was popular in cat shows . Its coat is long and flowing and the body is rectangular in shape . The Maine Coon is known for its gentle personality . The average weight of a male cat is twelve to eighteen pounds and a female cat weighs between ten and fourteen pounds . They come in a variety of colors . Foreign Blue or the Russian Blue has a lovely silvery blue coat . They tend to be rather timid around strangers , but are quite playful and intelligent . They have a close relationship with humans and are popular cats because of their coat and their personality . The Russian Blue has a lean body and is known for having an undercoat which is very soft in texture . They enjoy playing with toys and get along with children in the household . An Abyssinian cat is known to be a direct descendent of the sacred cat in Egypt . There is a definitive resemblance between the Abyssinian and the ancient Egyptian cat . This breed of cat is in between a Burmese and a Siamese . It is a colorful cat and very beautiful in its appearance . It shows a lively and eager interest in its environment . The Abyssinian is of medium size and is muscular and strong . Birman cat is a domestic cat . It is separate from the Burmese cat . Its body is pale with deep blue eyes . They sport little white boots which are actually their white paws . The Birman cat is supposedly originated from Burma . Birmans are bred for companionship with humans . They form a close bond with their owners . They seem to be very intelligent and take a keen interest in their surroundings . When a Birman is a kitten it requires constant attention and as it grows up it tends to be very lively and playful . Ragdoll is a breed of cat known for its color point coat and distinct blue eyes . Its coat is silky and soft and has long semi long hair . It has an affectionate nature and is well known for its placid and docile temperament . When a Ragdoll is picked up it has a tendency to become limp . They are considered to be laid back and gentle in nature . A male Ragdoll weighs approximately twenty pounds and a female weighs up to fifteen pounds . Tabby cat has dots , stripes and swirling colors which is very similar to the Calico cat . The Tabby cat ’ s distant descendant is known to be the African Wildcat . The Tabby has an ‘ M ’ marked on its forehead . The Tabby has four patterns such as classic , spotted , mackerel and ticked . This pattern shows up in other cat breeds which make a Tabby not a real breed . Domestic shorthaired cat is not pedigreed ; rather it is a fancy cat name to describe a shorthaired cat . They have a wide range in coloring and are similar to a Tabby ’ s coat . Domestic shorthaired cats tend to look different in various countries and do not have an exact body shape . American Shorthair migrated to North America with early British settlers . They were brought to protect the British settler ’ s precious cargo from mice and rats . The American Shorthair has a lean and large body which is similar to the British Shorthair . Male cats of this breed tend to be much larger than females . These cats require a lot of loving care and have long tails and bodies that are slender and sleek . The American Shorthair comes in more than eighty different colors and a variety of patterns . Types of Cats Body types of cats Oriental – slender body , long and triangular head , almond - shaped eyes , large ears , long nose , long tail , long legs . Example of this type of cats : Oriental Shorthair , Siamese Cat Balinese Cat Foreign – body shape is less slender than the oriental type , but a cat is rather athletic . A cat has long tail , long legs , large ears , almond - shaped eyes . Example of this type of cats : Turkish Angora Abyssinian Cat Russian Blue , Somali . Semi - Foreign – a little less slender body type or more thick set than foreign type . Example of this type of cats : Devon Rex Egyptian Mau Havana Brown Munchkin Sphynx Semi - Cobby – round body type with a round broad head , short legs . Example of this type of cats : American Shorthair British Shorthair Scottish Fold Singapura Cobby – short , muscular , compact body type with roundish eyes and head , small ears , short nose , short tail . Example of this type of cats : Persian Cat Manx Himalayan , Exotic Shorthair , Substantial – large cats that are not rounded or stocky . Example of this type of cats : Maine Coon Bengal Ragdoll Siberian Norwegian Forest Cat Birman Cats come in a variety of colors , sizes , shapes and with distinctive characteristics . Cats have short or long legs , ears that are pointed and narrow heads . Some faces are round , some are flat . They are shaggy , fluffy or hairless . Cats have short tails , fluffy tails or no tails . Cats are popular pets and are great companions for humans . Many people around the world keep cats as pets and they continue to be wonderful friends to a human household ! Cats have long been a source of mystery to us . They have occupied positions of high esteem . They grace our homes and bring us countless hours of joy . They come in many breeds , colors , temperaments . Some even believe they have the power to comfort and this can lead to healing . Want to know more about different cat breeds ? Come back later ! Visit our special website concerning feline health . It provides information about cat diseases , sick cat symptoms and common health problems , how to treat your pet , how to prevent the disease and more . Cat Breeds , Different Types of Cats \| Types of Cats \| Body types of cats 63 Responses to Cat Breeds Anonymous says : March 29 , 2011 at 6 : 26 pm I am wondering what cat breed is : birma + domestic house cat susan fazzle says : April 9 , 2011 at 1 : 32 am sometimes my cat lets me know he wants something , and I get the feeling it ’ s something specific , but I ca n ’ t figure out what it is . I have tried catnip , and special treats , and so forth . I do not want to spoil him ; I keep on wondering if there ’ s some nutrient that he is missing out on . He gets complete indoor formula for cats made by purina . He never gets outside . ANGELIQUE May 14 , 2011 at 5 : 59 pm For one thing purina is not all that good for cats because it has wheat , soy , grains , etc . that cats do not normally eat . They are carnivores , and are often allergic to all that added stuff . they need a high protien food . Wellness complete is and excellent brand as it has no additives or by products , it is expensive but because it is high protein it keeps them full longer and therefore eat less which about makes it even . I have 4 cats and go through a bag about once marlene hall June 17 , 2011 at 11 : 30 am Hi Angelique , makes a lot of sense , will Wellness complete prevent crystals forming in a male cat Cathy September 6 , 2013 at 1 : 13 pm Yes I Agree ! Spoil Him ! I spoiled my cat and he is the sweetest thing . . I ’ m all for spoiling my animals . Oreo kitten May 16 , 2011 at 12 : 58 am You should let him outside . Maybe that ’ s what ge wants because they need to go and be free . It ’ s unhealthy to stay inside always like for a human . Unless he really does n ’ t want to go out Science May 19 , 2011 at 12 : 49 pm According to statistics , indoor cats live longer and have less health issues , so I think it only feels that they are healthier living outdoors , science disagrees with feeling in this and I would like to put my money on science . Proper diet and lot of activities make a happy cat , if it is outdoors or indoors does not really matter for them for a cat counter - top is adventure as much as large rock , they do n ’ t think why they chase , they just enjoy from the chase , thing we humans sometimes need to learn . CatLover June 24 , 2011 at 2 : 01 pm Not all cats should be let outside . Ragdoll cats lack survival instincts and do not know how to defend themselves , which results in them being beaten up . This , however , may not apply to cross - breeds , as my Ragdoll - cross has very good survival instincts ! Lynda September 7 , 2011 at 11 : 11 pm I read your comment on meow - cats . com and see that you have a Ragdoll cross - breed . I am thinking of giving a rescue Ragdoll / domestic shorthair cross a home and keeping it indoors . I might get a small harness for taking it outside for the toilet and a bit of fresh air . I lost our previous DSH on the busy road nearby , so did n ’ t want to risk that again . Have only had a DSH before . Do you have any tips ? Would this cross have health CatLover September 17 , 2011 at 12 : 10 pm “ Domestic Shorthair ” is just a fancy way of describing a short - haired moggie – your ordinary mix - breed . So inherited health problems depend on that specific Domestic Shorthair ’ s parents ’ breeds and related health problems . As for Ragdolls , I ’ m not aware of any breed - related health issues . As I said , my Ragdoll - cross has pretty good survival instincts and commonly beats up dogs three times his size ( and he ’ s pretty big ) . Staying indoors is always safer for cats , but Jason Polson May 18 , 2011 at 11 : 38 pm I ’ m pretty sure your cat wants mice . Lizzy Demeyer November 2 , 2011 at 3 : 04 am Have u tried moist cat food sher November 7 , 2011 at 5 : 29 am Maybe your cat wants you to sit down so he can get in your lap . . i have a cat that meows at me until i do just that , and sit and pet her . sher November 7 , 2011 at 5 : 41 am It is difficult to provide enough stimulation for an indoor cat … if you can provide a window perch near a tree and window screen , he will sit in the window all day and all night enjoying smells & sounds . Then be sure and have a feather on a stick to switch around and let him chase . If he does go outside such toys will bore him , but you will risk injury and death , either from cars or fights with other cats or animals . You need to be in the right neighborhood . My personal feeling is , what kind of life is it to be locked inside ? Live free or die … catney April 11 , 2011 at 12 : 12 am Does anybody know what cat breed is black and fluffy cats ANGELIQUE May 14 , 2011 at 5 : 54 pm just a common mix , there are a ton admin August 11 , 2011 at 6 : 19 pm this is Bombay Cat paula massey May 9 , 2011 at 6 : 03 pm I need a rescue cat that has the least allergies for me . I had a Main Coon for years and had minimal allergies with her . I want another cat but am not sure about which kind or mix I should look for . I do n ’ t want to have to bring a cat home and have to get rid of her , if my allergies become too much . I know there are breeds who are less allergic for some reason . I think maybe a Norwegian Forest was one , but I am not sure May 14 , 2011 at 5 : 52 pm Hi , people who are not allergic to cats are often allergic to Maine Coon , myself being one . I ’ ve never been allergic to any cat until I got a Coon . On the other hand Siamese are said to be less allergic to people . this is because of the dander of both species . No guarantees but … … one word of warning . Siamese that come from a shelter often have issues . They need one person , and in a shelter they do not get that and feel rejected and can be nasty Jada May 31 , 2011 at 8 : 02 am I adopted a Siamese and a snow shoe from a shelter who were found as strays as kittens . They were about 5 weeks when found and I got them @ 8 weeks . Funny thing – the Siamese is lovable and is suffering with separation anxiety now . She has to be near both of us and loves to be touching one of us @ all times . The snowshoe still hides alot . They are both a little over 2 now and were a great choice . I too have clergies and neither of them bother me . Oreo kitten May 16 , 2011 at 12 : 54 am I want to know what breed my kitten was . She had long fur very soft and fluffy and was black and White with little brown bits . If anyone could tell me I would be really grateful lexi May 18 , 2011 at 1 : 19 am i need some help figering out what types of kittens i have i pretty sure the are Egyptian mau but they are just a little bit fluffier than that type of kitten peggs May 25 , 2011 at 1 : 01 am i feed two stray cats that have crinkeld ears . . both sides . could that really have been a blood vessel thing . . or is it a type of breed … they are large cats . .long fluffy hair . wide faces . thank you for reading peggs October 28 , 2011 at 1 : 20 pm Could you be a bit more specific with ‘ crinkled ’ ? Are they folded forward like a Scottish Fold or are they curled backward like an American Curl ? These are the only breeds I am aware of that have ‘ crinkled ’ ears , or it could be a birth defect or something . A vet might be able to tell , but if they ’ re strays it might be hard to give them a check - up . Mike January 14 , 2012 at 7 : 30 am I volunteer to work at a cat shelter and one of the cat has crinkled ears . I was told that it is due to inbreeding . She is unusually smaller than other cats . Margarida June 2 , 2011 at 2 : 06 am Olá ! Eu vou ter agora uma gatinha com um mes e meio , mas já tenho um gato adulto que é um pouco ciumento ! Mas eu queria que ele tivesse companhia , mas tenho medo que ele faça medo a gatinha , podem ajudar - me ? Obrigada : ) December 11 , 2011 at 9 : 19 am Olá ! Eu não falam Português bem , mas eu acho que posso ajudar . Tente manter o gatinho novo em um quarto separado e apresentá - los lentamente . Não forçá - los a ser amigos , pois eles podem ficar estressados e com medo . Observá - los atentamente quando estão juntos no começo , mas não fazer intervir a menos que eles estão seriamente indo para machucar uns aos outros . Alguns gatos , embora nunca , aprender a conviver , não importa o quão duro você tente . Espero que isso ajude . * O * R * E * Y July 20 , 2011 at 8 : 56 pm cats are so dumb DOGS R SO COOL AND THIS WEBS IS SOOO … December 11 , 2011 at 9 : 20 am Cats are smarter than dogs . You ca n ’ t get eight cats to pull a sled through snow . - by Jeff Valdez Dave DeChaine July 26 , 2011 at 2 : 08 am Question : My wife and I are looking for a new cat to join our family since our “ Shadow ” passed away recently after 17 joyous years with her . My wife loves cats but she is allergic to the dander . I ’ ve heard there is a breed ( possibly Russian ) that does not have the normal cat dander . If anyone has any information on this or can lead me to a web site , I ’ d be very appreciative . Thanks Sandy August 11 , 2011 at 6 : 17 pm Thank you for information about types of cats and cat breeds . I tried to understand what type of cat breed my cat is and I did it because of your great website ! My cat is definitely Bombay cat ! I wonder . Thanks for meow - cats . Johan August 14 , 2011 at 4 : 50 pm All these cat breeds are beautiful . name August 25 , 2011 at 11 : 13 am I love Sphynx ’ s . They may look ugly , but they ’ re friendly . Rover Sweets September 11 , 2011 at 5 : 24 am My cat has a flabby pouch on her abdomen and she loves to jump onto high counters . She also sleeps a lot in the most uncomfortable places and HATES catnip . Does anyone have any idea what kind of cat she is ? Thanks ! Sierra September 27 , 2011 at 4 : 17 pm You discover a cat that has short legs , long silky fur , a fluffy tail , round ears , round feet and big eyes . The cat does NOT have a flat face , so you know the cat is not a Persian or a Himalayan . What breed might it be ? October 7 , 2011 at 7 : 50 am This sounds like it might be a Munchkin . janet October 1 , 2011 at 4 : 04 am my cat bam in 15 ponds and stands 4 feet tall on his hind legs . he has a very long tail and squeecks not meows . bam ’ s coat is shot and black with a mottled brown undercoat that can be seen in sunlight . there is a patch of white between his two front legs - chest area . his eyes are somewhat almond . they are greenish - yellow with a light blue around the black . bam loves to attack me sometimes not to playfully . what is he ? Brandon December 15 , 2011 at 3 : 55 am He sounds like a domestic shorthair . My cat is about that big and has the same eyes and is about the same weight . Domestic shorthairs come in a wide array of colors . Mine is white with blue on his face and a blue spot on his back and has a long blue tail . Jane October 18 , 2011 at 11 : 59 pm all of these cat breeds are beautiful ! I like meow - cats and all types of cats and cat breeds . _ Kate October 19 , 2011 at 12 : 04 am My favourite cat breed is Devon Rex . I know , almost everyone likes Siamese Cats , but I like Devon Rex breed of cat ! November 6 , 2011 at 1 : 03 pm Can anybody tell me of any breeders of the Chinese Li Hua ( pronounced – “ Le Wah ” ) ? I have tried doing a Google search , but have n ’ t found anything helpful . I want some information on the breed to write an article and I would be very appreciative if anyone could tell me of any Chinese Li Hua breeders anywhere in the world ( though preferably and English - speaking area ! ) . Thanks ! Anonymous January 2 , 2012 at 9 : 42 pm What Do You Do If Your Cat Is 3 - 5 months Old And She Wants To Go Outside But It Is Really Cold February 7 , 2012 at 12 : 49 pm If your kitten has never been outside before , it is wise to make the first few trips in the Great Outdoors on a leash or harness ( harness is safer – my kitten mastered the knack of slipping out of the collar - and - leash and making a break for it ) . When the kitten knows the way around the garden and knows the way back , then try letting it out by itself . ( It is wise to train it to come when called before you let it outside . ) Cats do n ’ Cat lover February 4 , 2012 at 10 : 08 am I love your website about cat breeds and types of cats . I want to know more about rare cat breeds and wild types of cats like Manul , Leopard , etc . Could you write about it ? she March 17 , 2012 at 5 : 54 am i think my best friend ’ s cat might be a mix of ragdoll and a british shorthair . Kit - Cat March 19 , 2012 at 9 : 08 pm My 1 year old male care is all black , huge fluffy tail and furry paws , fur grows between his claws . Ca n ’ t find what breed he is . Can u help me ? Green Eyes . Thank you . ~ Catherine Gary Johnson March 30 , 2012 at 12 : 25 am What breed of cat black and has very thin hair from eyes to ear and around mouth ? June 23 , 2012 at 10 : 07 pm I have a black cat dhe is very long and slender she has big ears and the space between her eyes and ears only has a few hairs . She almost looks bald there she also has a wide forehead ( space between her ears ) . If anyone could tell me id be suer excited her cousin we got at the ssme time has turned out to be a snow shoe so we are just curiouse JoAnna May 4 , 2012 at 11 : 42 pm Will you tell me how you did that background , Its amazing ! admin May 8 , 2012 at 8 : 58 pm Thank you ! This is my cat Ksa ( cat breed is mix of Bombay and Siberian Cat ) , I made a photo of her and decided to use it in the design of my website as a cat that brings good luck . : ) Later I will make a page about her ! May 27 , 2012 at 11 : 35 am I am searching for breeders of the Antipodean breed of cat . I understand it is a fairly new breed , but I ca n ’ t seem to find any breeders anywhere in the world ! Can anyone help me ? Rusty May 29 , 2012 at 4 : 33 am I rescued a female kitten about 6 years ago . She has a trait I ’ ve not seen discussed . Where ever she has had her fur trimmed ( like when I had her fixed they shaved her tummy ) it has n ’ t grown fully back , it is just covered with a soft short fur . One spot on her foot got a boo - boo & after the sore healed , once again only a short fur grew back . She looks similar to the British Longhair or the Ragdoll . Is this trait of Cinderstar September 6 , 2012 at 2 : 23 am I have a new kitten , he ’ s about four months old starting the eleventh . He ’ s a gray - brown and has a white chest … . and long legs and a long skinny tail . Do you know what breed that is ? Bambi September 11 , 2012 at 3 : 43 am Thank you for great information on types of cats and domestic cat breeds ! I have found the breed of my kitty here ! ! ! _ Oreo ' s Momma November 5 , 2013 at 2 : 47 am Hello Folks , I just posted a pic of my Oreo , here on the site . He looks a little more like a fox than he does a cat , but that ’ s why I got him from someone . She had a pic of his sister , who I almost got , then she sent me a pic of him , and that was it , he was mine . He ’ s a black and white soft shorthair , with a bit of a long nose , and has gold eyes . I think I did find his breed , here on the site , but not sure . I ’ m a dog person myself , but when I saw him , I could n ’ t help myself . Surprisingly he gets along with my daughter ’ s cat . When her cat first came back home she was not the nicest to him , especially because of how young he was , but it only took a matter of about a day or 2 , and she was fine . She cleans him , and treats him like he ’ s her son … too funny , since he sometimes treats her like she ’ s So , does anyone know of a breed that ’ s got a nose like that ? If you browse through pics on the site , you should be able to see him . It ’ s under my name … Laura M November 5 , 2013 at 4 : 10 am Hi Laura , Your cat may be American Shorthair cat or non - breed bicolor cat . Actually , many of different breeds of cats may have bicolor hair color . For example , Persians , Siberians , Maine Coons , Ragdolls , Norwegian Forest Cats , etc . By the way , your story is here – http : / / meow - cats . com / story - about - your - cat / cats - stories - part - 15 /	[ "Cat Breeds" ]
http://meow-cats.com/ragdoll-cat/	About the Sphynx Cat Description Of A Siberian Cat All About The Ragdoll Cat The Ragdoll breed of cat is also known as Cherubim and Ragamuffins . These cats are very quiet , relaxed and have an easy going disposition . The reason they are called the Ragdoll cat breed is because when you pick them up , they tend to stay floppy and limp , similar to a ragdoll . Three Types Of Ragdoll Cat Ragdoll breed of cat is of three different types , which are mitted , bicolour and colour pointed . Most ragdoll cat breeds are colour pointed , which means the fur of their body is of a lighter shade than the fur at the points of the body , which are their face , ears , legs and tail . Ragdoll cats mature very slowly , and they grow their full coat of fur and establish its permanent colour at about two years of age . At four years , it reaches its full size and weight . Attributes Of The Ragdoll Cat Ragdoll cats tend to be large , and have somewhat long hair . Their heads are usually broad and they have wide eyes . Their paws are large and round , and they have long , bushy tails . They have a thick , silky coat . Many of them have striking blue eyes . Ragdolls are very quite animals and often prefer a calm environment . They have soft voices but you will find that they purr surprisingly loudly . Those with semi long hair need little maintenance , but you do need to brush their hair at least once a week to prevent hairballs . Ragdolls are good pets Ragdoll cats are a very popular breed of cats as they have a very beautiful appearance , and tend to be very loyal , trusting and affectionate . They are very friendly and docile so they get along with not only their owners and their favorite people , but can also be quite friendly to house guests . Ragdolls enjoy being held and carried and are at their best when spending time with their owners . Posted in Ragdoll Cat 29 Responses to All About The Ragdoll Cat Joe says : August 5 , 2010 at 5 : 10 am I want a cat like this they are very pretty . My friend has one and its really fluffy . thanks for the information Reply Joy says : August 11 , 2010 at 4 : 02 pm This cat looks like the one I ’ m getting Reply Airam September 1 , 2010 at 6 : 15 pm I want to own this breed of cat , but I do n ’ t know where to get this . . Here in the Philippines this cat is quite unfamiliar , most cats here are domestic , siamese and persian breed . . How I wish I could own this too , but do you think they can get along easily with other breeds ? Tammy Baugh March 24 , 2011 at 6 : 14 am Yes the ragdoll will get along so well with other pets in the house or people that often you have to be the one to protect him or her from harm . Because they will not defend theirselves . I breed ragdolls in the states but would never ship anything living . To me my pets are precious family members . Ashimp June 21 , 2011 at 6 : 58 am I am having a hard time distinguishing my cat from a long haired siamese or a ragdoll . She acts more like a siamese but has more physical characteristics of a ragdoll . Tangie May 2 , 2012 at 9 : 17 am She could be a mix of both Stephanie July 6 , 2017 at 6 : 37 pm What do you mean they wont defend themselves ? Dominique December 5 , 2010 at 9 : 03 pm Sooo cute Izabella February 13 , 2011 at 11 : 37 pm all you need is CAT ! : ) Gerald Owens May 9 , 2011 at 6 : 12 pm Where can I buy one of these cats in South Carolina ? Ansie Stoffberg May 13 , 2011 at 7 : 06 pm Ragdoll cat is something special . We were on holiday for 2 weeks . My cat Pamper just died , we could not found out how she died . She was only 10years old . Where in South Africa can I buy one ! Mary McGrath May 22 , 2011 at 2 : 38 am We ’ ve had Holly for about 7 years , and she ’ s such a dream , and looks quite a bit like the cat in the above photo . She is quite frightened of loud noises , rustling bags , and strangers , but maybe that ’ s her personality , or based on what happened to her before we adopted her . She loves to play fetch , sit on my lap and really “ looks ” at me with human eyes . I only wish her old brother ( Siamese ) would n ’ t pester Nicole August 21 , 2011 at 4 : 31 pm I ’ m getting a rag doll cat for me and me only i ca n ’ t wait ! Kaz October 20 , 2011 at 6 : 19 am Just to balance the praise — worthy though it no doubt often is — with an alternative experience , I have a male ragdoll cat whose just under 1 year old . He does not like to be held , is never willing to sit on my lap , and spends most of his time bullying my two female shelter cats . I spent over $ 500.00 hoping to get an affectionate cat and what I got is an over - sized meanie . He does go limp when I pick him up , for a little while anyway , gina November 4 , 2011 at 6 : 20 am Thank you for your honesty . Yes these cats are sweet and do go limp ( sometimes when picked up ) but do n ’ t be fooled by all the writings of them being so gentle and calm all the time … ragdoll cat can holds it ’ s own with the biggest and feisty of them all and ‘ usually ’ is the aggressor . Great cat . Owner of Ragdoll Bi - Colour Blue in Ottawa Ontario December 7 , 2011 at 4 : 28 pm Hi I have a BEAUTIFUL female Ragdoll , and she is anything but friendly . I have actually heard her growl at strangers , and once I thought for sure she would attack a kitten , so I asked the owner of that kitten to leave . My baby was only about 6 months old then ( she is 10 months old now ) . I have had her since she is 10 weeks old and the breeder should never ever have left her go that young ( at that time I had no idea how important those weeks between 10 I would not introduce a new pet in my home due to her personality . She is outrageously insecure , possessive of me and growling like a dog when another animal is within earshot tells me she would not do well ( neither would the other animal ) if she had to live with another animal , or even person as I am a young senior living alone and she sometimes barely tolerates me . There was a time I thought she was psychotic and I have n ’ t ruled out the possibility that as she gets older , Just because the cat is a Ragdoll , it does n ’ t assure you that each of them are wonderful . Mine has a pedigree a mile long and came from a reputable breeder in Navan , Ontario . max November 15 , 2011 at 8 : 31 pm i have a very fluffy cat named mustache and i love him Sarah Sale November 30 , 2011 at 3 : 40 am Ragdolls are adorable ! ! ! ! lenny December 24 , 2011 at 4 : 18 am my sister has one ragdoll cat , its very stupid Veronica March 26 , 2012 at 5 : 39 am I have , ( I think ) , I am told a ragdoll . I had him since he was 6 weeks , My problem is I was living with my son and his family and they surprised me with him . They then obtained a puppy . Well , they both grew up together , they slept together and we let them out in the backyard together almost everyday . I moved and took him with me and now he wants to go out everyday . i believe he thinks he is a dog . I do n ’ Mickey April 14 , 2012 at 1 : 09 am I love Ragdolls , have ever since I first read about them . I am definitely getting one for my first cat . However , I do want to put in a correction to the description at the beginning of the page – Ragdolls are not Ragamuffins . Ragamuffins are actually a separate breed . They are very similar though , the only difference really being the fact that Ragamuffins come in any colour combo except points , and Ragdolls are just pointed with no other colour patterns . Ruth April 16 , 2012 at 5 : 30 am I have 2 male 7 year old rag dolls ( not from the same litter ) and they have been around children and a visiting sheltie since they were kittens . Jaspers very vocal and quite shy and will disappear when strangers visit . He is affectionate but not overly and will only really sit next to me for stroking he purrs loudly too , he ’ s not very playful and you have to encourage him . Neo is very different he follows you everywhere , even bathroom , scratching at doors to get your attention . he ’ KimYates October 6 , 2014 at 2 : 43 pm I have a raggie and he loves everyone and any attention but especially attatched to me , he was adopted so I wanted him to have some company when I was working so I adopted a desexed persian cross female and that seemed to work . I think your raggie is missing his or her friend so is acting up , you may need to get another cat for company . andrew @ freedomcinemafestival . org November 18 , 2014 at 7 : 51 am Buddy Lambert the blue point ragdoll came to us from the woods as a poorly socialized feral juvenile , covered head to toe in dreadlocks and addicted to scratching and biting everyone and everything in sight . Over a year of attentive care and loving training and now he is greatly improving with many typical ragdoll behaviors beginning to show , but he still wo n ’ t sit on my lap without getting into a plastic bin for protection first , and like other posters , he goes limo when picked up but quickly begins to struggle if held michael B November 14 , 2015 at 9 : 17 pm Have concern about Ragdolls / MaineCoons / Ragamuffins wanting to bite or even getting aggressive Is there a good age to buy when we could tell its personality ? I ’ m single quasi - retired , travel 2 / 3 days at a time . No other pets . Occasional guests . Roomed for 11 years with a female , Russian Blue , who was laid back and friendly , No problems . She may have been a mix , as she was 18 lbs . Wanted a similar different breed . Thanks	[ "Ragdoll Cat", "Ragamuffins", "Cherubim" ]
http://mercatus.org/expert_commentary/subsidized-loans-drive-college-tuition-student-debt-record-levels	Government Spending Expert Commentary July 11 , 2013 Subsidized Loans Drive College Tuition , Student Debt to Record Levels The Washington Examiner Veronique de Rugy Senior Research Fellow A proposal to restore the lower interest rate of 3.4 percent on student loans from its recently increased 6.8 percent for another year failed in the Senate on Wednesday . The common response to this vote is that it is a tragedy . It is n ' t . First , even the 6.8 percent rate , students are still benefiting from a significant subsidy ; the rate on similar loans that students obtain in the private market is about 12 percent . Second , extending the lower rate would be reckless since it would continue to artificially inflate the student loan bubble . Data from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York shows that over the past decade , student loan debt has increased by 281 percent , from about $ 260 billion in the first quarter of 2004 to $ 990 billion in the first quarter of 2013 and is now higher than the country ' s collective credit card debt . In the past year alone , student loans debt has increased by $ 20 billion . In addition , by keeping student loan rates artificially low , the federal government is contributing to the rapid increase in college tuition . As it did in the housing market , free or reduced - priced money has artificially inflated the price of a college education . Federal student aid , whether in the form of grants or loans , is the main factor behind the runaway cost of higher education . As Cato Institute economist Neal McCluskey explained in an April 2012 article for U.S. World & News Report : " The basic problem is simple : Give everyone $ 100 to pay for higher education and colleges will raise their prices by $ 100 , negating the value of the aid . And inflation - adjusted aid - - most of it federal - - has certainly gone up , ballooning from $ 4,602 per undergraduate in 1990 - 91 to $ 12,455 in 2010 - 11 . " Thus begins a classic upward price spiral caused by government intervention : Subsidies raise prices , leading to higher subsidies , which raise prices even more . Yet this higher education bubble , like the housing bubble , will eventually pop . Meanwhile , large numbers of students will graduate with more debt than they would have in an unsubsidized market . What ' s the harm in that ? First , in the current slow economic growth environment , many recently and expensively graduated students have a hard time finding a job but they still have to repay their loans . As a result , the overall default rate for those receiving a federal student loan is 23 percent . To put this number in perspective , at the peak of the housing crisis in May 2009 , first - mortgage default rates reached 5.7 percent ; the default rate for second mortgages reached its high - water mark two months earlier at 4.7 percent . Also , according to researchers at the New York Fed , another way that the surge in student - loan debt has been turning investment in education for many borrowers from a good investment to a bad one . The rise in student debt followed by a surge in default has damaged the credit scores of student borrowers relative to non - borrowers , a stigma that may pursue them for a while . More important , taxpayers face two equally bad outcomes : They are subsidizing millions of dollars in interest for student loans that they should n ' t have to shoulder , and they likely will pick up the tab for underpaid student loans . In fact , according the Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) , the losses shouldered by taxpayers due to student loans will amount to $ 95 billion over the next ten years . Unfortunately , the Senate continues to refute to take up a measure that passed the House that would link interest rates to the financial markets . The bill , which incorporated one of the president ' s FY2014 budget suggestions , would protect taxpayers from having to guarantee low rates for students at a time when the CBO expects some sort of upward movement in the rates , and hence borrowing costs , faced by the federal government . It would also provide an important price signal to potential students at the time when they decide whether to go to college or not and whether to borrow and how much to borrow . Government Spending Workforce Participation Institutional Analysis Economics and Public Policy	[ "student loans", "Drive College Tuition" ]
http://merchantaccounts.expertmarket.co.uk/pci-compliance	Home Merchant Accounts - PCI Compliance Guide 2019 PCI Compliance Guide 2019 This article will give you an overview of PCI compliance regulations and suppliers for UK merchants , as well as the cost of PCI compliance . Learn about the different PCI compliance levels and how to comply with PCI DSS under each of these categories . What Is PCI ? PCI DSS is an acronym that stands for Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard . PCI DSS is an information security standard for all businesses around the world that handle cardholder information for the major debit and credit cards . This means that any merchant accepting card payments face to face with a PDQ machine , online through a payment gateway or as a MOTO payment through a virtual terminal must comply with PCI DSS , or ensure that the services he or she uses are PCI DSS compliant . PCI Compliance Levels & Requirements PCI Compliance Levels are worked out based on a number of factors , including the size of a business , the amount of transactions processed per year , and the method through which these transactions are processed . There are four different levels , but each credit card provider ( Visa , MasterCard , American Express and so on ) have different requirements to ensure they meet the PCI DSS . All levels are subject to a self - assessment questionnaire in order to assess if they are PCI compliant . The details of each level are outlined below : Level Merchant Criteria Validation Requirements 1 Merchants processing over 6 million Visa transactions annually ( all channels ) or Global merchants identified as Level 1 by any Visa region • Annual Report on Compliance ( “ ROC ” ) by Qualified Security Assessor ( “ QSA ” ) or Internal Auditor if signed by officer of the company • Quarterly network scan by Approved Scan Vendor ( “ ASV ” ) • Attestation of Compliance Form 2 Merchants processing 1 million to 6 million Visa transactions annually ( all channels ) • Annual Self - Assessment Questionnaire ( “ SAQ ” ) • Quarterly network scan by ASV • Attestation of Compliance Form 3 Merchants processing 20,000 to 1 million Visa e - commerce transactions annually • Annual SAQ • Quarterly network scan by ASV 4 Merchants processing less than 20,000 Visa e - commerce transactions annually and all other merchants processing up to 1 million Visa transactions annually • Annual SAQ recommended • Quarterly network scan by ASV if applicable • Compliance validation requirements set by merchant bank PCI Level 1 Level 1 refers to businesses that process over 6 million payments a year and therefore applies to large companies and those who deal with a large volume of sales or payments . Businesses must complete an annual self - assessment questionnaire and are subject to quarterly scans via an ASV ( PCI SSC Approved Scanning Vendor ) . Merchants who have suffered a major attack or hacking of data will also be classed as Level 1 . This level of PCI compliance costs the most , since it usually affects large companies who have lots of software and hardware to upgrade to meet security standards . There are also the added costs of training an internal auditor . PCI Level 2 Level 2 refers to businesses that process between 1 million and 6 million payments a year . In order to ensure Level 2 PCI DSS compliance , businesses must complete an annual self - assessment , are subject to a quarterly ASV scan , as well as an on - site assessment . PCI Level 3 Level 3 refers to businesses that process 20,000 to 1 million payments a year via ecommerce , and therefore could apply to both large and medium sized businesses . Level 3 requires an annual self - assessment as well as the quarterly security scan by the ASV . PCI Level 4 Level 4 refers to businesses that process up to 20,000 payments a year via ecommerce , or up to 1 million payments via other channels . Eligible for Card Machine Quotes ? Click your Monthly Turnover to find out < £ 1k £ 1 - 5k £ 5 - 10k £ 10 - 15k £ 15 - 20k £ 20 - 25k £ 25 - 30k £ 30 - 35k £ 35 - 40k £ 40 - 45k £ 45 - 50k £ 55 - 60k £ 60 - 70k £ 70 - 80k £ 80 - 90k £ 100k + PCI DSS Compliancy Requirements In order to accept card payment either face to face or online , you will need to meet certain security requirements . These ensure security and fraud protection when you store , process or transmit cardholder data . Meeting these requirements is usually what causes PCI compliance costs to be so high , as your your systems , including software and hardware , may need to be upgraded . Firewall You will have to install and maintain a firewall configuration to protect cardholder data , as well as ensure that you do not use any vendor - supplied defaults for system passwords to prove that your site is secure . Encryption Make sure that the transmission of cardholder data across public networks is encrypted in order to protect data that has been stored on your systems . Vulnerability Management Program This involves using a regularly updated anti - virus software on all systems that could be affected by malware , in order to ensure that secure systems and applications are in place . Restrict Access To Data By assigning a unique ID to each person with computer access ; and limiting physical access to cardholder data to key personnel , you will be able to prove that you have implemented strong access control measures . Regularly Monitor And Test Networks By tracking and monitoring all access to network resources and cardholder data , you will be able to identify any weak spots that could compromise your security . Privacy Policy Maintain a policy that addresses information security . Although most merchants already have most processes that protect cardholder information and data in place , having formal structures implemented will ensure that preventative measures are maintained , and will avoid potential liability in the event of fraud due to the theft of data . In addition , merchants who were not PCI DSS compliant at the time of a security breach ( that resulted in cardholder information being accessed ) can also be fined in line with credit card scheme penalties . Cost for PCI Compliance The costs of securing PCI compliance vary according to a number of factors , including the business size , their annual revenue , the amount of transactions processed a year as well as factors such as whether they have been the targets of hackers and security breaches . The reason these PCI compliance costs can vary includes factors such as whether businesses need to upgrade their software , which can have a huge impact on businesses with a lot of equipment to upgrade . For businesses whose systems are up to date and meet security requirements , the cost of PCI compliance can be low . Mostly , compliance costs result from the need to upgrade security systems and processes . Most merchant account providers offer services to ensure that businesses are PCI compliant , and will manage this on their behalf for around £ 20 a year . There may be additional costs for ASV scans , which could be priced at around £ 35 a quarter . Businesses may also be charged a ‘ non - compliance ’ fee based on the efforts of the merchant account to work to make them compliant , and will drop this fee once the requirements are met . All businesses , including large and small businesses , need to ensure compliance no matter what their revenue is and any costs associated by making sure that they are compliant should be considered in advance . PCI Compliance Assessment PCI compliance is monitored by the PCI Security Standards Council ( PCI SSC ) , which is an open forum that operates globally to organise , develop and implement data protection security standards . They strive to ensure that all businesses that handle credit and debit transactions are aware of and respect all data security measures , regardless of their location . Although the PCI Security Standards Council is an independent organization , it was founded by American Express , Discover , Mastercard , Visa and JCB International , in order to ensure that people using their services online or otherwise were being protected . The primary purpose of data regulation under PCI compliance is to reduce payment card fraud over the internet , and increase data security for the cardholders . Merchants are required to complete a self - assessment questionnaire in order determine that they meet the appropriate guidelines and then are subject to a security test via an ASV if their transactions are carried out over the internet , or if any personal details are stored . The best way for businesses to determine which level they belong to is to speak to the merchant account providing services on their behalf . They will have an accurate number of the transactions processed and can offer advice to help answer some of the questions on the self - assessment form . Penalties for Non - Compliance Merchants who are non - compliant can be faced with huge fines . In cases of compliance violations , payment brands can fine the acquiring bank anywhere from £ 3000 upwards . The banks then pass this fine down until it reaches the merchant , which for most businesses , can be a damaging amount . Your bank can also choose to terminate your account , or increase your transaction fees . PCI Compliance Service Providers TrustWave Trustwave is one of the leading providers of PCI compliance solutions , working with major credit card processing companies such as Barclaycard . They cover all business types from small businesses through to large businesses , as well as online , face to face and over the phone sellers . Not only can they ensure that businesses themselves are compliant , but they can also check that merchant account companies and service providers are also PCI compliant in order to then offer this service to their clients . Offering services including security training , actual compliance services as well as reviews and audits of systems , Trustwave are a recommended service who will ensure total compliance with solutions best suited to your needs . Verizon Verizon are another major provider of PCI compliance solutions , who can help businesses as well as service providers to ensure their systems are secure and are in the best interests of their clients . Offering services which include business impact analysis , readiness assessment , compliance management and consulting , Verizon can offer a complete range of services to get a business PCI certified . They can help businesses at all PCI compliance levels by tailoring the appropriate services for their needs . Reliable and affordable , Verizon already provide PCI compliance services to businesses including Elavon Merchant Services Europe , Monitise and others . K3DES LLC K3DES are the recommended PCI compliance service provider by PayPal , using effective analysis and management to ensure that businesses are PCI compliant at every level . Their broad range of services includes assessments , training , vulnerability scans ( both internal and external ) as well as application penetration testing and more . An expert in PCI compliance , K3DES come approved from the PCI Security Standards Council which gives businesses assurance that their PCI compliance needs are in safe hands . Offering businesses of all sizes tailored PCI compliance solutions , the company will work with clients in order to ensure proper certification . Sysnet Sysnet provide PCI compliance solutions for businesses all over the world , including World Pay . They offer a comprehensive range of services to ensure that businesses meet PCI standards whilst also checking these regularly to ensure that they continue to meet expectations . They provide assessment , consultancy and validation services as well as carrying out their own ASV scanning and penetration testing . With a broad range of services which can be used by businesses of any size , at all PCI compliance levels , Sysnet are a recommended choice for businesses . The above are just some of the recommended PCI compliance service providers who can give businesses the tools they need in order to ensure that they are PCI certified and that they can offer their customers the best level of service and security and ensure protection against identity theft . Getting Started The most important step is to develop a system inventory to identify all the systems that store , process , or transmit your customers ’ payment card details . Documenting the flow of this data will identify the systems that need to be protected , and the security that needs to be implemented to keep them protected . Next Steps Get a detailed list of the most relevant merchant account services for your business by filling out the form above with your details and Expert Market UK will bring you results based on your business needs . Now Read	[ "PCI", "DSS", "Payment Card Industry" ]
http://mercurejakartasimatupang.com/	learningwarereviews Mercure Jakarta Simatupang Hotel Mercure Jakarta Simatupang is a unique design concept hotel for convenient business travel productive meetings and special weekends away In addition to elegant hotel rooms a rooftop bar and a restaurant that serves up superb culinary experiences Read the rest of this entry Jalan RA Kartini No 18 Lebak Bulus Jakarta Selatan 12440 P 6221 75 999 777 Reservation 6221 75 999 789 F 6221 75 999 798 H6680accorcom Tweets by Mercure_Smtpg Whats On in Jakarta Posted on 06 Aug Sports War for Sports Mania at Karumba Rooftop The Sports War is calling for you Sports Mania Meet the big screen on Karumba Rooftop and enjoy your favorite sport broadcast from now on Are you a big fan of Christian Ronaldo who moved to Juventus recently Or you have an unchanged love with Lionel Messi on Barcelona Or maybe looking forward for Posted on 26 Jul Media Appreciation Night Mercure Jakarta Simatupang Introduced Executive Chef Noldy Herling Mercurejakartasimatupangcom Mercure Jakarta Simatupang has had an exceptional 45 years journey across the board in the business hotel segment in South Jakarta Recognising the solid support that led to the performance Mercure Jakarta Simatupang took the time and place to personally thank the media at a INSTAGRAM TAP	[ "Mercure Jakarta Simatupang", "Jakarta Selatan", "business travel" ]
http://mercyhealthclinic.org/about-us/	About Us Mercy Health Clinic is a not - for - profit , non - sectarian , community based primary health care provider serving medically underserved , low - income residents of Montgomery County , Maryland . The Clinic , with more than 150 dedicated volunteers , is committed to continually seek ways to improve and expand the quality primary medical care , educational support and pharmaceuticals it provides free of charge to people who might otherwise not receive health care . Mercy Health Clinic relies on support from individuals , corporations , foundations , community service organizations and religious groups who generously donate their time , talent and resources to the Clinic and the patients it serves . Clinic hours and location	[ "Mercy Health Clinic", "pharmaceuticals", "corporations" ]
http://meridiancity.org/local_government.aspx?id=5587	Serving on a Commission Home Government Serving on a Commission Citizen involvement is an essential ingredient for strong local government . The City of Meridian promotes citizen involvement by inviting residents to serve on a variety of commissions , committees , and councils designed to assist the City in its information gathering and deliberative processes , several of which are also delegated with decision - making authority . It is the duty of each commission ’ s membership to provide feedback and direction to the Mayor , City Council , and City Departments on a wide array of community issues . Things to consider before applying : Members of these groups serve on a voluntary basis and receive no financial compensation . Participation requires a significant time commitment ( approximately 10 - 15 hours per month ) . Some groups have a limited number of members ; in these instances a vacancy must exist in order for a new applicant to be considered . After all applications have been received and reviewed , the Mayor makes an appointment which must be confirmed by the Meridian City Council . Applicants must : Fulfill the residency requirements stated in the Call for Applications . Not be employed by the City of Meridian . Not serve on more than one City board or commission at the same time . How to Apply for a Vacant Position : To apply for a vacant position , please submit the following items to the Mayor ’ s Office by 5 : 00 p.m. on the date of closing . ( Address : Meridian City Hall , 33 E . Broadway Avenue , Meridian , ID 83642 ) Completed and signed application form Letter of interest sent to Mayor Tammy de Weerd , 33 E . Broadway Avenue , Meridian , ID 83642 Up - to - date resume listing education and relevant work and volunteer experiences For Additional Information Application forms and additional information are also available through the City Clerk ’ s Office , located on the first floor of Meridian City Hall at 33 E . Broadway Avenue in Meridian , or by calling ( 208 ) 888 - 4433 .	[ "Commission", "Citizen involvement", "local government" ]
http://meriduniya11.com/tips/khasra.html	Measles ( Khasra ) Measles ( Khasra ) is a highly infectious disease cause by virus . Measles immunization was widely available ; it used to be significant cause of childhood illness and death . Measles is confused with other viral fever accompanied with rash by the elders in the household . In Pakistan generally known as “ khasra . ” In this article , you will know the history , causes , difficulties and cure for measles . The virus of measles is dangerous then other viruses because it spreads in air but beside this there is a vaccine that can cure measles 100 % . The vaccine of measles had been founded in 1963 . Paramyxovirus is the virus that can cause measles . If a person is infected then the temperature of body can be reach up to 104F / 40c . In the past few months it is has been discovered that in Punjab , mostly in Lahore over 6000 cases has been reported . There are 60 to 70 cases are reporting dally in the province of Punjab . Therefore , the Government is trying to do every possible thing to stop this dangerous disease . The vaccination is started all over the province . The vaccine of measles is provided in every hospital of province now it is the duty of all the parents to vaccinate all their children up to 5 years old . Please first take advice Khasra Kay Liay In Urdu ( Measles In Urdu ) Kya app jante hain kay duniya bhar mein bachon mein paya jane wala sab se ziyadah mutadi marz ( aik bache se dosre bache ko lagne wala ) kon sa hai ? App Ko maloom hona chahiye wo marz khasra hai . Is mozi marz ka naam aksar humare kanon mein parta hai . Lekin hum mein se aksar is ki sangini se bilkul waqif nahi . yad rakhein tamam tarah ke degar mutadi amraz / infections ya to pani ke zarye , khoon ke zarye , luab kay zarye ya khurak wagherah ke zarye phalte hain magar ap khasra ke virus ke bhayanak pan ka andaza is baat se laga sakte hain kay khasra ka virus duniya ka wo wahid virus haijo hawa ke zarye phelta hai . Yani aik mutasira Watan e aziz Pakistan mein abhi pichle saalon mein dengue ka afriyat dor aya tha . Is ne Pakistan khososan Punjab ke tamam hukumati aur niji idaron ke dhancho ko hila kar rakh deya tha . Abhi dengue se Pakistan kay awam ki jan choti hi thi ke Sindh aur jonobi Panjab mein khasra ki shaded waba phel gai . Ese mein ye zarori tha ke awam ko khasra kay bare mein tamam zarori malomat farham karne ka ehtemam kia jaye . Khasra par likha jane wala mazmon bhi awam ki falah aur sehat e amma ki gharz o aghayat se tehrir kia gaya hai . Is mazmon mein mandarja zel haqaiq se ap bakhubi aghah hosakein ge . • Khasra ( Measles ) ki ab tak ki mukhtasir tarikh • Khasra ( Measles ) ki wajohat • Khasra ( Measles ) ki alamat aur pechidgiyan • Khsara ( Measles ) ki baqidah tashkhis • Khasra ( Measles ) ki rok tham aur Khasra Ka ilaj mualja Khasra ( measles ) ko rubella ya marbely bhi kaha jata hai . Pori duniya mein aik esa dor bhi aya tha ke khasra bachon mein mujod aik intehai aam paya jane wala mutadi marz / infection howa karta tha . Shumali America mein pheli bar is par tehqiq hoi thi . 1960 ki dehai ke aghaz mein sirf shumali America mein panch lakh ( 500,000 ) bache is ka shikar hoye the . 1963 mein khasra ki vaccine daryaft hoi aur is ne sab kuch badal kar rakh deya . Aaj jab khasra ke chand naye cases taraqi yafta mumalik mein zahor pazir howe hain . Magar taraiqi pazir mumalik mein ye waba ki sorat mein namodar hote hain . Agarcha marizon ki aik bari tadad is infection se sehatyab ho jati hai , magar khasra ki sangen pechidgiyan bhi samne asakti hain . Infection ke shoro mein dimagh ke hisse waram zadah ho sakte hain jis ko encephalitis yani dimagh ki sozish kehte hain . Aik esi pechidgi hai jo foran to nahi balke kai saalon bad der se bhi namudar ho sakti hai . Is kay natije mein dimagh ke mukhtalif hisson ki tabahi hoti hai . Insanon mein vaccine se jin Mutadi amras ki rok tham bilkul mumkin hojati hai khasra ka shumar in bimariyon mein hota Iqsam hain . Lekin insanon mai khasra ki sirf ek khas tarah ki antigenic qism pai jati hai . Is ka matlab ye hai ke agar Pakistan mein ek bari or muasar Ammonization yani vaccine ki Muhim shuru ki jaye aur phir is ko batariq ahasn mukamal kar liay jaye yahi buland tareen ammonization sharah tak kamiyab jid o jhead ki jaye to is virus ko mukamal tor par khatam kiya ja sakta hai jese chechak or smallpox or polio ko khatam kiya ja chuka hai . Khasra Ki Wajohat : Khasra aik khas kism ke virus se lahaq hota hai jis ka naam paramyoxvirus hai . Ye hawa mein mujod chote chote aabi qatrat droplets ke zarye is waqat phelta hai jab aik mutasira infected waram zadah shakhs khansta hai , sans lata hai ya nak ke zarye chenkta hai . Influenza virus to ap ne suna aur pharha ho ga . Is influenza virus ke baraks khasra virus darwazon ke handles aur tele phone waghera jesi dosri ashya par ziyadah der tak nahi rehta . Ye aik hawa mein rehne wala virus hai aur is ka ye matlab hai Khasra ki Alamat : Aik dafa infection ho jane ke bad aik ya do hafte tak koi alamat namodar hoye baghair hi virus tadad mein barhta rehta hai . Ese kehte hain incubation . Is kay baad alamat namodar hoti hain jese khansi , nazla , bukhar , aankhon ka surkh ho jana aur aanso ’ on ka behna waghera . Bacho mein chirchirapan bhi peda ho sakta hai . In abtedai alamat ke taqriban do din bad koplik ’ s spots mun ke andar molar danton ke nazdiq galon ke andoroni side par zahir hote hain . Koplik ’ s spots ropcik ’ s chote size ke surkh ang ke be qaidah se spots ya dagh hote hain jin ke andoroni markaz mein safeed ya nila rang hota hai taqriban do din ke baad bare size ke brown ya surkh ubhre hoye dhabe namodar hote hain ye rash ( dhar par ) kanon se peche aur baad mein sath hi peshani aur chere par zahir hote hain . Is Aik daf ajab rash mukamal tor par ghayab ho jate hain to jism ki jild kuch kuch bore rang ki nazar aane lagti hai aur upar jid ki tahein jald hi bad mein azkhud utarna shuru ho jati hain aur jism se utarti jati hain . Ye rash dard nahi karte aur bikul kharish nahi karte kuch log roshni se bohat hassas ho jate hain aur in ki aankhein surkh aur sozish zadah ho jati hain . Infection ke uroj ke doran bohat ziyadah darja harat ka bukhar waqaya ho jata hai yani 104F / 40c tak . Jab rash zahir hote hain to is se char din phele se khasra mutadi contagious sorat ikhteyar kar leta hai . Is liay ye bohat behtar ho ta hai ke is doran khasra zadah log dosre logon se dor rahein tak ke dosre log mutasir na ho sakein . Khasra ka amal amoman sadah marahil ke sath ghuzar jata hai . Kuch pechidgiyon ke sath kuch cases mein to sangen masail janam le sakte hain . Aik bari pechidgi namoniya hai jo phephron ka waram ( infection ) hota hai . Khasra azkhud kabhi bhi sakht namoniya ka bais nahi banta balke khasra madafiti nizam ( immune system ) ke sath jor jata hai aur phephron ko waram zadah kar deta hai . Phir is ke bad bacteria asani se phrphron meindakhil ho jata hai aur phephron ko super infect kar deta hai . Jarasimi waram ( infection ) Khasra Ki Tashkhis : ye intehai aham hota hai ke khasra ki janch jald azjald ki jaye chunke bemari apne ibtedai marahil mein chupi hoi hoti hai . Ap ka doctor ap ki medical history le ga aur physical checkup amal mein laye ga tak ke khasra ki tashkhis ho jaye . Aam nishanat aur alamat mein rash , bukhar , nazla , chenkein aur khansi shamil hai . Surkh aankhein asani se dekhi ja sakti hain aur ye khasra ki tashkhis mein intehai karamad hain . Agar kisi mariz ke sath khasra riwayti alamt yani nazla , zukam wazerah bilkul mujod nahonto mariz ke mun ke andar se muina besiyon haqaiq bata deta hai . Sdurkh chote se beqaidah dagh ( spots ) mun ke andar dekhe jasakte hain . Jin ko coplik ’ s spots kehte hain . Ye galon ke andar ki dewaron par , molar danton ke nazdik paye jate hain . Har spot ka nela yasafed markaz hota hai . Coplik ’ s spotskhasra ki yaqini aur haqiqi alamat hote hain . Aur jo abtedai alamat ke do din bad namudar hote hainaur jo ke rash bane se do din qabl zahor pazir hote hain . Jo doctor sahib in coplik ’ s spots ko mun ke andar dekh lete hain wo amoman khoon test ya degar tissue test ko is gharz se ahmiyat nahi dete ke tashkhis ho sake balke is liay in tests ko tajwiz karte hain ke test sehat e aama ko malhoze khatir rakh kar faidah de sakte hain . Tak ke khasra oat braks ko qabo mein karne mein madad mile . Khasra Ka ilaj : Common cold ya aam nazla zukam ki tarah khasra bhi aik virus infection yani virus zadah waram hota hai . jis ka muqabla insane jism bari kamyabi se karta haiaur aik muqarar waqat ke bad infection zail hojata hai . Koi esi adwiyat nahi jo kay khasra ke virus ko khatam kar sakein . Bas faidamand ilaj mualja sirf wo hi hai jo kay alamat ko zail karne mein madad de . Missal kay tor par acetaminophen ya ibuprofen brufen bukhar ko kam kar sakta hai khansi aur gale ki kharash wagherah kay liay jo adwiyat hoti hain wo in alamat ko khatam karne mein madad de sakti hain . Doctor saheban vitamin A ki ziyadah maqdar ki khurakein de sakte hain aur tajwiz kar sakte hain . In bachon ko jin ko khasra ho jata hai ya jin ko khasra hone ka khatrah hota hai . Wo bache ziyadah rusk par hote hain jo khasra ki wajah se hospitals mein dekhil hote hain . Ya wo bache jin ka madafati nizam antehai kamzor ( suppressed ) hota hai . Ya wo bache jin ko vitamin A ki kami ka marz lahaq hota hai ya wo bache jo in mumalik se safar kar ke kahein pohanchte hain , jahan par Humare elm ka mutabiq vaccine ki wajah se ye tahafoz sari zindagi ke liay hota hai . Sirf 15 % cases mein marizon ko bohat maoli gheir mutadi khasra ho sakta hai . Vaccine dene ke taqreban 10 din bad ye is liay hota hai ke vaccine zindah viruson par mushtamil hoti hai magar ye virus intehai kamzor strain ke hote hain . Wo maaein ji ko khasra ho chukka ho un ke han janam lene wale bache aik saal tak khaSra se mehfoz rehte hain . Chunke khas kism ke antibodies maa ke madafati nizam mein se bache ko muntaqil ho jate hain is wajah se khasra ki vaccine is tarah bache mein phele saal ki umar tak kaam bhi nahi kar skati . Ziyadah mustamil yani istemal mein laya jane wala tariqa ye hai ke bachon ko 12 se 15 mah ki umar mein vaccine de di jaye aur phir 4 ya 6 baras ki umar mein aik booster doze ( khurak ) de di jaye . Yani jab wo school ya kinder garden jane lagein . khasra ki vaccine aam tor par mumps aur rubella vaccine ke sath mila kar aik hi injection mein di jati hai jis ko MMR vaccine kaha jata hai . Ye vaccine khasra ko un bachon mein parwan charhne se rok sakti hai jo ke virus zadah hote hain . Magar ye bhi mumkin hai agar vaccine mariz mein virus ke hamla hone se 72 gante ke andar andar de di jaye . Aam tor par khasra ki vaccine I bachon ko nahi deni chaheye jo aik saal se chote hon , un maaon ko jo ke hamla hon ya un logon ko jin ka madafati nizam bori tarah mutasir air nuqsan zadah ho . Yan agar aik hamla urat ya nozidah bacha is khasra virus ka shikar ho jaein to vaccine ke bajaye in ko immune serum globuline de janai chaheye . jis mein virus ke khilaf insane jism ko tahafoz faraham karne wale khas kism ke anti bodies hoti hain . Tamam tar adwiyat ka aik genes ka naam aur aik brand naam hota hai . Brand naam wo hota hai jo adwiyasaz adare apni product ko deya karte hain . warning : Tamam Dawayein Apne Doctor Ke Masware ke Begair Istemal na karein .	[ "Measles", "infectious disease", "virus" ]
http://merseamusic.blogspot.com/2012/03/how-can-technology-help-in-classroom.html	Education Articles How Can Technology Help in the Classroom ? Teachers who strive to improve their classroom setting often wonder about the addition of technology and how it might help their students . While the debate about whether technology helps or harms students continues , parents and teachers must understand the potential benefits of using technology in the classroom . Improving Technical Skills : In this modern world that constantly produces new and improved technological advances , the skills that come with technology are vital to future success . Children need to learn skills like typing , research and communication via technological devices early . By learning the basic skills in school while they are young , students are able to improve their ability to keep up in this ever - changing world . Increasing Motivation : New technological devices are ideal when it comes to motivating students . Books , paper and pen are often boring and make it challenging to motivate the students . Bringing in a new gadget that has e - books or interesting learning tools helps draw in students and motivate them to try completing tasks because they are able to also try out the new device . By motivating the students to learn the technology , teachers are also helping them learn vital skills like reading , arithmetic and sciences . Helping Special Needs : Technology used in the classroom can also help students who have special needs keep up with their peers . For example , a student who has problems hearing can use a tablet with a record to written feature that allows him or her to record the lecture as the teacher speaks and then see the written form of the lecture . This helps him or her keep up with the activities in class . Technology is useful in a wide range of applications that helps students who have special needs of any type . Depending on the particular disability , Working Together : Students who are striving to learn the use of a new technological device often end up working together and improving their communication skills through tutoring , discussion and simple inquisitiveness . As students discuss and try new ideas while learning the new technology or software , they are improving their ability to work out problems without the help of adults and become better at communicating . This ability to work together to solve problems carries forward into adulthood , when students will need the skills to succeed in future careers . Technology is a useful tool that teachers can add to the classroom setting . It has a wide range of potential benefits that can improve student learning , motivate and help for better life skills . As teachers incorporate more devices and technological items to the classroom , the students will benefit from the improvements to the learning environment and ultimately will see improved success that increases self - confidence . Lexi Davis is a writer who enjoys writing on a number of different verticals . For more on technology in the classroom , Edu Vel offers readers information on higher education technology clickers in the classroom . Reactions : funny 0 interesting 0 cool 30 comments : Unknown July 19 , 2013 at 2 : 06 AM I agree with your essay writing here that bringing technology to a classroom setting can make it worthwhile for the students . Teachers and other school authorities should take this matter into consideration for the sake of the pupils ' future . Reply Replies Nicole Morgan September 1 , 2014 at 7 : 48 PM Hello everyone . . . I am Nicole Morgan by name , currently living in California , USA . I am a widow at the moment with two kids and i was stuck in a financial situation in August 2014 and i needed to refinance and pay my bills . I tried seeking loans from various loan firms both private and corporate but never with success , and most banks declined my credit . But as God would have it , I was introduced to a Man of God a private loan lender who gave me a loan of $ 87,000USD and today am a Evelyn Russell September 21 , 2017 at 12 : 17 PM Testimony of financial breakthrough from GOD through the help of Funding Circle Loan INC . ( fundingloanplc @ yahoo . com OR Call / Text + 14067326622 ) . . . Hi I ' am Evelyn Russell resident at 808 NE 19th St Oklahoma City , I am a single mother blessed with 2 daughters . For a while now I have been searching for a genuine loan lender who could help me with a loan as I no longer have a job , all I got were hoodlums who made me trust them and at the end they took my money without giving me any loan , my hope was lost , I got confused and frustrated , it became difficult for my family to feed with a good meal Reply ivan koki November 25 , 2013 at 1 : 47 PM Thank you for the read . Honestly you covered the topic and broadly examined all areas . If i was to write this http : / / www . essay - writings - service . com / i would have done a few things differently myself but you have definitely inspired me to get into the world of blogging . Thanks heaps for the post i really appreciate it . Have a good day and keep blogging Grace A . Porter March 5 , 2014 at 9 : 20 AM This comment has been removed by the author . Grace A . Porter March 5 , 2014 at 9 : 22 AM This comment has been removed by the author . March 5 , 2014 at 9 : 28 AM i think that students should always be allowed to take their electronics home . so yah . Sophia Mike March 25 , 2014 at 12 : 29 AM I am agree with you this post is really helpful for all young students i like that essay writer who write this article i am very helpful here and i am spread this information for all students . keep it up . Nipun Tyagi May 11 , 2014 at 3 : 58 AM INSTANT PAYDAY LOANS : http : / / www . samedaypaydayloanss . co . uk / Paul May 13 , 2014 at 1 : 20 AM This article is good Nicole Morgan September 1 , 2014 at 7 : 48 PM Hello everyone . . . I am Nicole Morgan by name , currently living in California , USA . I am a widow at the moment with two kids and i was stuck in a financial situation in August 2014 and i needed to refinance and pay my bills . I tried seeking loans from various loan firms both private and corporate but never with success , and most banks declined my credit . But as God would have it , I was introduced to a Man of God a private loan lender who gave me a loan of $ 87,000USD and today am a guillermo smith April 6 , 2015 at 3 : 06 AM I can surely say that I have to again visit this link because it ’ s truly awesome and appreciative work guys ! ! payday loans with flexible payment options Marta Roden May 18 , 2015 at 2 : 45 AM I am really a great fan of your blog ! ! I love writing way that ’ s awesome . online loans Marta Roden June 10 , 2015 at 4 : 20 AM I do not have words to praise your blog , am quite impressed from your website and wanna see more on this soon , so provide more information this is my special request to you . cash loan lenders Mahmud Firoz September 14 , 2015 at 10 : 15 PM very Information - able post . Thanks for sharing this knowledgeable information . I think Its really helpful for people . Now I want to share some thing about forex signal . To know more details fell free to visit us forex signals James Lackey October 13 , 2015 at 3 : 29 AM i like your blog very much . it is very informative . The resumes composed by Professional Resume Writing Service will correspond with you and guarantee that you get the resume that showcases your value as an employable candidate . They guarantee that skills and shrouded gifts are shortlisted in a manner that the resume just elements the most noteworthy parts of an individual . Albert jack February 7 , 2016 at 10 : 49 PM That ’ s a nice site you people are carrying out there . cash loan Paul Smith February 11 , 2016 at 4 : 52 AM Thank you so much for the awesome writing piece ! Time marches on so it will be interesting to see where the digital world takes us . Technology moves forward : ) The most qualified and cheap essay writing service is easy to cooperate with . Anonymous November 16 , 2016 at 4 : 15 AM Apart from this kind of healthy physical environment , GAFL also maintain a respectful and orderly environment throughout the academy so that students know how to behave well and take responsibility for their actions . Best Schools in Rajarajeshwari Nagar \| Best Schools in Kengeri N Rana December 16 , 2016 at 10 : 21 PM This is very knowledgeable post . Thanks for the sharing . My son will be starting going to preschool in next year and I have been trying to prepare her as much as possible . Using fun games and other ideas to teach him and this one is my favorite website for that http : / / www . kidsfront . com / academics / class / 1st - class . html Jenny Hills Alcott April 4 , 2017 at 12 : 42 PM TESTIMONEY OF TRANSFORMATION WITH THE HELP OF LEXIELOANCOMPANY @ YAHOO . COM I am writing this Testimony because am really grateful for what MARTINEZ LEXIE did for me and my family when I thought there was no hope he came and make my family feel alive again by lending us loan at a very low interest rate of 2 % , well I have been searching for a loan to settle my debts and bills for the past months all I met scammed and took my money total 6,500usd until I finally met a God sent Lender . I never thought that there are still genuine lenders on the internet but to Claire Merrett July 16 , 2017 at 10 : 38 PM Whatever you have provided for us in these posts really appreciative . payday loan Evelyn Russell September 21 , 2017 at 12 : 17 PM Testimony of financial breakthrough from GOD through the help of Funding Circle Loan INC . ( fundingloanplc @ yahoo . com OR Call / Text + 14067326622 ) . . . Hi I ' am Evelyn Russell resident at 808 NE 19th St Oklahoma City , I am a single mother blessed with 2 daughters . For a while now I have been searching for a genuine loan lender who could help me with a loan as I no longer have a job , all I got were hoodlums who made me trust them and at the end they took my money without giving me any loan , my hope was lost , I got confused and frustrated , it became difficult for my family to feed with a good meal Dr . Johnson December 13 , 2017 at 11 : 16 PM I do n ’ t waste my free time that ’ s why I read the informative things when I got this blog I really enjoyed reading this . Google Web Mark Shoemake December 31 , 2017 at 11 : 15 PM Just saying thanks would n ’ t just be enough , for the fantastic fluency in your writing . Wordpress website flipindia April 22 , 2018 at 10 : 43 PM Searching for banking courses after graduation ? Find variety of unique job oriented courses LearnwithFlip for perfect specialization in banking . Blogger July 5 , 2018 at 11 : 30 AM QUANTUM BINARY SIGNALS Professional trading signals sent to your mobile phone daily . Start following our signals right now & profit up to 270 % daily Unknown August 19 , 2018 at 10 : 38 PM Shreyas Enterprises home loans in Vizag Shreyas Enterprises Vizag is engaged in offering Home Loans to the clients In Visakhapatnam . A crew of experienced personnels works with enthusiasm for rendering best services Credit loan August 25 , 2018 at 9 : 25 PM Assalamu Alaikum , Are you in need of an urgent loan ? we offer worldwide loan to who in need of loan the business opportunity you having being looking for is here again . email us now at : farhancredit247 @ gmail . com LOAN APPLICATION FORM 1 ) Full Name : 2 ) Gender : 3 ) Loan Amount Needed : . 4 ) Loan Duration : 5 ) Country : 6 ) Home Address : 7 ) Mobile Number : 8 ) Monthly Income : 9 ) Occupation : ) Where did you here about us ? farhancredit247 @ gmail . com call or add us on what ' s app + 1 ( 307 ) 216 - 4782 Best Regards . Abdul James Jackson September 25 , 2018 at 3 : 59 AM Nice one . People are becoming aware of this kind of topic and I would like to thank the author for writing this kind of article for the benefit of people . Society Newer Post Older Post Home Subscribe to : Post Comments ( Atom )	[ "Technology Help", "Classroom", "Technical Skills" ]
http://mesa.edu.au/bryozoa/default.asp	Bryozoans Introduction The Bryozoa , also known as Ectoprocta or commonly as moss animals , are a phylum of aquatic invertebrate animals that resemble corals . They are found in marine , brackish and freshwater habitats . Marine species are common on coral reefs but a few occur in oceanic trenches , and others are found in polar waters . . Some species have been found at depths of 8,200 metres but most live in much shallower water . There are around 5,000 to 8,000 species known . Nearly all live as colonies , individual members of a bryozoan colony are about 0.5 millimetres . Colonies range in size from 1 centimetre to over 1 metre with most under 10 centimetres across . The shapes of colonies vary widely , this depends on the pattern of budding by which they grow , the variety of zooids present and the type and amount of skeletal material they secrete . Colony lifespans range from one to about 12 years . They are filter feeders that sieve food particles like phytoplankton , diatoms and other unicellular algae out of the water using a retractable lophophore , a " crown " of tentacles lined with cilia . The lophophore and mouth are mounted on a flexible tube which can be can be turned inside - out and withdrawn into the polypide ( area that contains the internal organs ) . Predators of marine bryozoans include nudibranchs , fish , sea urchins , pycnogonids , crustaceans , mites and starfish . Freshwater bryozoans are preyed on by snails , insects , and fish . Individuals are not fully - independent animals and are called zooids . The main type of zooids are known as autozooids , which are responsible for feeding and excretion . Autozooids supply nutrients to non - feeding zooids through channels . Some types of bryoozoan colonies have various types of non - feeding specialist zooids , some of which are hatcheries for fertilized eggs , and some also have special zooids for defense of the colony . In autozooids the gut is U - shaped , with the mouth inside the " crown " of tentacles and the anus outside it . Colonies take a variety of forms , including fans , bushes and sheets . One type of Bryozoan , the Cheilostomata , produce mineralized exoskeletons and form single - layered sheets that encrust over surfaces . Some encrusting colonies may grow to over 50 centimetres and contain about 2,000,000 zooids . These species generally have exoskeletons reinforced with calcium carbonate , and the openings through which the lophophores protrude are on the top or outer surface . There are no respiratory organs , heart or blood vessels . Instead zooids absorb oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide through the body wall and especially through the lophophore . Within a colony the individual zooids are not completely isolated . Each zooid is connected to its nearest neighbours by a strand of protoplasm . this enables nutrients to be Zooids of all the freshwater species are both male and female at the same time . Although those of many marine species function first as males and then as females , their colonies always contain a combination of zooids that are in their male and female stages . All species release sperm into the water . Some also release eggs into the water , while others capture sperm using their tentacles to fertilize their eggs internally . In some species the larvae have large yolks , go to feed , and quickly settle on a surface . Others produce larvae Each colony grows by asexual budding from a single zooid known as the ancestrula , which is round rather than shaped like a normal zooid . This occurs at the tips of " trunks " or " branches " . Encrusting colonies grow around their edges . The body wall and whatever type of exoskeleton is produced by the epidermis is called the cystid . The exoskeleton may be organic ( chitin , polysaccharide or protein ) or made of the mineral calcium carbonate . What type of zooid grows where in a colony is determined by chemical signals from the colony as a whole or sometimes in response to the scent of predators or rival colonies . The other main part of the bryozoan body is known as the polypide . It is located almost entirely within the cystid and contains the nervous system , digestive system , some specialized muscles and the feeding apparatus . One fast - growing bryozoan found off the northeast and northwest coasts of the USA has reduced kelp forests so much that it has affected local fish and invertebrate populations . Bryozoans have spread diseases to fish farms and fishermen . Over 125 species are known to grow on the bottoms of ships , causing drag and reducing the efficiency and maneuverability of the ships . They may also cause fouling of piers , and docks . Bryozoa Image from Virtue School Project Encrusting bryozoan From Seagrant Flustrellidra hispida Image © Alexander Semenov Flickr Bryozoan Image © Ria Tan Flickr Lacy Bryozoan Image © Ken - ichi Ueda References http : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / Bryozoa www . bryozoa . net / bryointr . html www . ucmp . berkeley . edu / bryozoa / bryozoa . html www . bio . umass . edu / biology / conn . river / bryozoa . html http : / / paleo . cortland . edu / tutorial / Bryozoans / bryozoans . htm http : / / www . sms . si . edu / irlspec / introbryozoa . htm Thanks to I would sincerely like to thank the many members of the community who have given me permission to use their wonderful images for this unit . Their contributions really make this unit come alive ! Bryozoan structure Next : Photo Gallery . . .	[ "Bryozoans", "phylum of aquatic", "polypide" ]
http://meshbodyaddicts.com/	Mesh Body Addicts The Mesh Body Addicts Fair 2018 is here August 1 2018 Hi Maddicts This year Im proud to celebrate another year of the MBA Fair in SL o As always we have some incredible new items Bento Fairs and Events Fashion Fitmesh Maddict MBA Fair News Updates News Flash Other SFW Weekly Fitmesh Finds 3 Comments The Mesh Body Addicts Fair is nearly here July 22 2018 Hey Maddicts I cant believe its that time of year again time for the MBA Fair The Fair as always will open at 1201am Bento Fairs and Events MBA Fair News Updates News Flash Other SFW Leave a comment SLs 15 Improvements An Update May 7 2018 Hi Maddicts You know where theres newness theres meeeee Well this week Catwa has released Steffi and Eva bento mesh heads Im really taken with Bento Fashion Fitmesh Maddict Mesh Head Reviews News Updates Other SFW Leave a comment MBA News Vlog Ep 2 April 17 2018 Hi Maddicts Here it is your latest MBA News Vlog Dar SFW Leave a comment MBA News Vlog Ep1 April 10 2018 Hey Maddicts Im trying something new so for the first time here is my rambling attempt at MBA News This week featuring Bellezas Bento Bento Mesh Head Reviews News Updates Other SFW Leave a comment Bellezas Bento Update is here April 3 2018 Hey Maddicts ITS FINALLY HERE BELLEZA LOVERS Yes its not April fools the bento mesh body updates are out Heres some quick info for Bento Mesh Body Reviews News Updates News Flash Other SFW 8 Comments Page look weird Please disable addons like Ad Block for this website to support my work thank you Advertisements Event Sponsors Forums Introduce yourself Mesh Body Discussion Mesh Head Discussion MBA Blog Comments Suggestions Meta Register Entries RSS Comments RSS WordPressorg Blog Stats 3916925 hits Categories Mesh Body Reviews Mens Bodies Signature Gianni Bento Mesh Heads Maitreya Lara v40 Belleza Jake Mesh Bodies 101 Mesh Bodies for Beginners Belleza Freya Isis Venus Belleza Venus Isis and Freya Adam v2 Blog Feeds Be Happy in SL Fashioncentric iheartsl Mamava Bloggers Group Second Life Fashion Addict SL Fashion Directory SL News Portal SLFeedPlus Spectacular SL Upps feeds bloggers Blogs I 3 Belleza Maitreya Skin Addiction SLink The Mesh Project	[ "The Mesh Body Addicts" ]
http://message.snopes.com/showthread.php?t=1482&page=2	21 15 January 2007 , 05 : 02 AM Esprise Me Join Date : 02 October 2005 Location : Los Angeles , CA Posts : 6,952 I once sneezed 12 times in a row . I ' ll take an orgasm over that experience any day of the week . 22 15 January 2007 , 07 : 11 AM LyndaD Join Date : 14 December 2005 Location : Visalia , CA Posts : 2,323 My sneezes usually come in three ' s or more . A really good sneeze ( or series of sneezes ) feels good , but not THAT good . Perhaps the person who originally equated sneezing with orgasms was n ' t doing it right ( I do n ' t mean the sneezing ) . Regardless , my sneezes are loud , having been heard 3 houses down on a cold day when doors and windows are all shut . DS2 sneezes like me , while the others have much gentler , girly - type sneezes . People often ask me if I ' m catching a cold when i sneeze , and look at me doubtfully when I assure them I ' m not . COlds and flu usually result in coughs that sound like a barking seal and give me headaches . 23 15 January 2007 , 08 : 51 AM Little Galaxy Join Date : 21 November 2003 Location : Melbourne , Australia Posts : 886 Quote : Originally Posted by kmcm I have also heard the one which says that every time you sneeze your heart stops . I ' d be long dead by now if this was true ! I ' ve heard that one , and someone once told me that every time you sneeze , you lose brain cells . Which would n ' t mean much , because you lose brain cells all the time , anyway . I usually sneeze twice , but it ' s mostly due to dust or excessive sunlight . ( Apparently in some people squinting can trigger the sneeze reflex . ) I hardly sneeze when I have a full - on cold . 24 15 January 2007 , 04 : 45 PM evilrabbit Posts : n / a Quote : Originally Posted by Kersten As a kid , I saw an episode of Clarrissa Explains It All ( I believe that was the show ) and she said the number of times you sneeze in a row has a meaning . Anyone heard this ? I ca n ' t remember what each number meant , so I found an example on the internet . A guy claims that : 1 sneeze = dust / allergies 2 sneezes = a cold 3 sneezes = the flu It surely ca n ' t be like that for everyone ( if anyone at all ) . . . some people sneeze many , many times in a row ! On a related note , anyone heard that how many times you sneeze in a row is " genetic " ? I remember that episode . . .I do n ' t think it was meant to be an actual " rule , " more a matter of " It ' s just a sneeze , I ' m not getting the flu . . . " I ' m a multi - sneezer . 25 15 January 2007 , 04 : 51 PM frogpond Join Date : 10 November 2005 Location : McDonough , GA Posts : 4,248 My supervisor sneezes all the time and when she sneezes it is alway 3 times or more . My first day at the library she sneezed and I started to say " bless you " but one of my coworkers said " wait - she always sneezes more than once ! " 26 15 January 2007 , 04 : 55 PM Buckle Up Join Date : 23 October 2006 Location : New Mexico Posts : 6,163 Dropbear One for sorrow , Two for joy , Three for a girl , Four for a boy , Five for silver , Six for gold , Seven for a secret Never to be told . It finally came to me . . .that was in a Counting Crows song . Surely they are too deep and dark a band to be referring to sneezes ? 27 15 January 2007 , 05 : 14 PM 1958Fury Join Date : 05 October 2005 Location : Nashville , TN Posts : 4,668 Natiam Kind of OT but I always heard that when you sneeze you have one - tenth of an orgasm . I seem to remember one of those animated sex - ed videos that , in trying to explain the concept of an orgasm to children , described it as being like a sneeze . Last edited by 1958Fury ; 15 January 2007 at 05 : 14 PM . Reason : Left out a word 28 15 January 2007 , 05 : 31 PM lazerus the duck Posts : n / a Buckleupp It finally came to me . . .that was in a Counting Crows song . Surely they are too deep and dark a band to be referring to sneezes ? It ' s way older than a counting crows song , it does refer to magpies . I ' ve sneezed 37 times in a row through hayfever when I was 13 . Someone else was counting as I woke up in hospital . 29 15 January 2007 , 06 : 02 PM Ieuan ab Arthur Join Date : 19 October 2005 Location : Toronto , ON Posts : 2,234 Multi - Sneezer Hi All : I am definitely a " multi - sneezer " ( i.e. , never one without two or three ) . In my salad days , I could get all the pets running for cover with a sneezing attack However , what really bothers me is the non - sneeze . You know you have to sneeze and can feel it coming , but for whatever reason it never seems to happen . You stand there like an idiot going through extreme facial contortions for ten or so seconds . But in the end , lunchbag letdown . It ' s even worse on the telephone when you ' re so tied up in the facial contortions , you ca n ' t even tell other person what is happening . BTW , how does a non - sneeze fit into the magpie counting poem ? Ta ra ' wan , Ieuan " clearing the tubes " ab Arthur 30 15 January 2007 , 11 : 30 PM Le Chevalier Blanc Join Date : 05 November 2004 Location : Sunnyvale , CA Posts : 127 Sneezing when full Little Galaxy I usually sneeze twice , but it ' s mostly due to dust or excessive sunlight . ( Apparently in some people squinting can trigger the sneeze reflex . ) I hardly sneeze when I have a full - on cold . That , I have heard is relatively common . For me , I actually sneeze when I ' m " full " ( i.e. had too much to eat ) . Back in the dark ages of the internet ( circa late 1990 ' s ) I actually found a web page that referred to my condition , but I have been unable to find a reference to it since . Needless to say , this gets me sneezing 5 - 10 times in a row . - Le Chevalier Blanc " Chivalry is not dead . . . it ' s just paralyzed from the neck up . " 31 15 January 2007 , 11 : 58 PM Cervus Join Date : 21 October 2002 Location : Florida Posts : 21,206 Up until a few years ago I was always a double - sneezer . They were so fast it was almost like two sneezes at the same time . I never thought about it being odd until one day in school when someone made a comment about it - then I suddenly became self - conscious about my sneezing . Somehow over the years I became a single - sneezer for the most part . I have the common sneeze reflex when walking out into bright sunlight , but I ' ve never sneezed due to a cold or other illness . 32 16 January 2007 , 12 : 14 AM Doug4 . 7 My kids tell me this about the sneeze # : 1 = someone is thinking nice of you 2 = someone is thinking bad of you 3 + = you just have a cold 33 16 January 2007 , 12 : 44 AM Hyper Squirrel Join Date : 06 January 2007 Location : NY Posts : 2,245 1958Fury I seem to remember one of those animated sex - ed videos that , in trying to explain the concept of an orgasm to children , described it as being like a sneeze . They told us it was like the happiness you feel when you win a soccer game - - do n ' t know where that one came from ! 34 16 January 2007 , 02 : 46 AM Bramble Silvertree Umm . . . Gotta go ! I suddenly have the urge to buy a soccer ball ! 35 16 January 2007 , 02 : 47 AM Hyper Squirrel Join Date : 06 January 2007 Location : NY Posts : 2,245 Bramble Silvertree Umm . . . Gotta go ! I suddenly have the urge to buy a soccer ball ! You can imagine how excited we were to find out we were playing soccer in gym that day . . .We were all convinced we were having orgasms ! 36 16 January 2007 , 05 : 31 AM Bramble Silvertree Oooh ! What happens if you sneeze 10 times while winning a soccer game ? ? 37 16 January 2007 , 05 : 49 AM Join Date : 05 October 2005 Location : Nashville , TN Posts : 4,668 They told us it was like the happiness you feel when you win a soccer game - - do n ' t know where that one came from ! I did n ' t play a lot of sports in high school . . . Now I feel like I missed out . . . Anyway , the video I mentioned , I think this might be it . Last edited by 1958Fury ; 16 January 2007 at 05 : 50 AM . Reason : left out a word 38 16 January 2007 , 07 : 12 AM Don Enrico Join Date : 05 October 2004 Location : Hamburg , Germany Posts : 7,725 Kersten On a related note , anyone heard that how many times you sneeze in a row is " genetic " ? My SO usually sneezes twice ( sometimes three times ) - and so do her mother and her sister . I always assumed it to be genetic , but I will come back with additional information when our daughter will be born in June . . . Ieuan ab Arthur However , what really bothers me is the non - sneeze . You know you have to sneeze and can feel it coming , but for whatever reason it never seems to happen . You stand there like an idiot going through extreme facial contortions for ten or so seconds . But in the end , lunchbag letdown . Have you tried looking into the light ? As has been said , direct sunlight ( and , to a lesser degree , artificial light ) in the eyes can trigger the sneeze reflex . It does n ' t work " out of the blue " ( like , when I ' m not about to sneeze ) for me , but is does in the situation you describe . Don " Hatschi ! " Enrico 39 16 January 2007 , 08 : 07 AM Eddylizard Join Date : 15 June 2006 Location : Tonbridge , Kent , UK Posts : 17,857 Le Chevalier Blanc That , I have heard is relatively common . For me , I actually sneeze when I ' m " full " ( i.e. had too much to eat ) . Back in the dark ages of the internet ( circa late 1990 ' s ) I actually found a web page that referred to my condition , but I have been unable to find a reference to it since . Needless to say , this gets me sneezing 5 - 10 times in a row . - Le Chevalier Blanc " Chivalry is not dead . . . it ' s just paralyzed from the neck up . " I thought I was the only one - I too sneeze several times after a heavy meal . Intrigued I poked about a bit - a google for gustatory rhinitis gives some info . 40 16 January 2007 , 12 : 55 PM Skeptic Join Date : 16 July 2005 Location : Logan , Queensland , Australia Posts : 1,802 I always sneeze if I eat any strong mint sweets . Without fail .	[ "series of sneezes )", "brain cells ." ]
http://messageboard.dremel.com/Topic1327.aspx	Dremel Storage Cases Dremel Storage Cases Options Author Message DremelEagle Posted 13 Years Ago Supreme Being Group Forum Members Last Active 9 Years Ago Posts 10 Visits 36 I am looking to find a store or online source to purchase one of these cases I have noticed with respect to Dremel that they do not offer this case anymore It is roughly 8 tall is 8 deep and 12 long The bottom 2 drawers are designed for your tool and larger accessories while the top sliding tray holds all your bits securely and keeps them organized With the handle on top and those on the sides it is easy to carry and can also be hung on the wall and lifted right off for ease of transportation Make it an Awesome Dremel Day Robert Quote DremelEagle Posted 13 Years Ago Supreme Being Group Forum Members Last Active 9 Years Ago Posts 10 Visits 36 Thank You for your input I have seen a few on Ebay There are times where they are few far between Then all of a sudden there are 2 or 3 and the popularity can really drive the price up I was hoping there was just a regular website that might sell them everyday Make it an Awesome Dremel Day Robert Quote DremelEagle Posted 13 Years Ago Supreme Being Group Forum Members Last Active 9 Years Ago Posts 10 Visits 36 Thank You for Looking out for the Case Much Appreciated Make it an Awesome Dremel Day Robert Quote N7UJG Posted 12 Years Ago Supreme Being Group Forum Members Last Active 11 Years Ago Posts 87 Visits 24K Dremel Deluxe Window Storage Case Model 5009673 httpwwwcporotarytoolscom Harley Vancouver Washington US Quote Dremyfan Posted 12 Years Ago Supreme Being Group Forum Members Last Active 5 Years Ago Posts 225 Visits 412 Hi Robert It looks like if Dremel answers your question in httpwwwdremelcomenusat And in another side it says A If youre having trouble finding them purchase them directly from us by calling 18004373635 Also Contact the Dremel Experts for assistance Phone 18004373635 toll free 12625541390 7am6pm CT MonFri Email Send us an email I hope that this adds up to help you Enrique Quote conklin69er Posted 8 Years Ago Forum Member Group Forum Members Last Active 8 Years Ago Posts 1 Visits 1 I just bought the Dremel 4000 and bought a smaller tackle box for it The tackle box works great to hold all my bits and hold the Dremel in the bottom That is the best thing I can suggest and Im sure it will work great for any Dremel Tackle box WalMart 700 Works awesome Go redskins Quote	[ "Dremel", "DremelEagle", "Deluxe Window Storage Case" ]
http://messageboards.makemeheal.com/facelift/alcohol-and-facelifts-t33093.html	General Error SQL ERROR [ mysql4 ] Ca n ' t connect to local MySQL server through socket ' / var / lib / mysql / mysql . sock ' ( 2 ) [ 2002 ] An sql error occurred while fetching this page . Please contact an administrator if this problem persists . Powered by phpBB © 2000 , 2002 , 2005 , 2007 phpBB Group	[ "Error" ]
http://messageboards.makemeheal.com/tummy-tuck/apple-cider-vinegar-with-food-empty-stomach-t109410.html	General Error SQL ERROR [ mysql4 ] Table ' . / phpbb3 / phpbb_sessions ' is marked as crashed and should be repaired [ 145 ] An sql error occurred while fetching this page . Please contact an administrator if this problem persists . Please notify the board administrator or webmaster : forums @ makemeheal . com Powered by phpBB © 2000 , 2002 , 2005 , 2007 phpBB Group	[ "error" ]
http://messui.1emulation.com/	These include all needed files MESSUI 0204 32bit MESS only MESSUI 0204 64bit MESS only These include all needed files MAMEUI 0205 32 bit MAMEUI 0205 64 bit Download MAME Plus This is the last release of MAME Plus If you want to use the UI version you need to download both packages MAME Plus 0168 32 bit MAME Plus UI 0168 32 bit Main Site HBMAME backup page ARCADE Official MAMEUI64 site Raine FB Alpha WinKawaks DeMUL WinArcadia	[ "MESSUI" ]
http://messybeast.com/freak-feet.htm	Note : Contrary to suggestions on some bulletin boards , the images here are not photoshop . With the exception of those labelled as artist ' s impressions these are photos of medical conditions . This page is intended as a medical reference . Offsite links to images on these pages is not supported - bandwidth costs money ! POLYDACTYLY : EXTRA TOES & DOUBLE PAWS A full article on the various types and causes of polydactyly in cats can be found at Polydactyl Cats . Only a summary appears here . The normal cat ' s front paw has 4 toes and one dewclaw ( rudimentary toe or thumb not reaching the ground ) making 5 toes in total . The back paw has 4 toes , giving a total of 18 toes . A polydactyl has one , two or more extra toes on one or more feet . There are different forms of polydactyly caused by a variety of genes that affect the foot in different ways . Some result in extra toes , others give extra dew - claws or turn the dew - claw from a rudimentary A more damaging form affects the leg as well as the foot and is called " triphalangeal pollex - radial hypoplasia " ( Twisty Cat mutation ) . This gives the thumb ( pollex ) an extra joint and 3 bones ( tri - phalangeal ) instead of 2 , making it resemble a human finger rather than a rudimentary dew - claw . The triphalangeal thumb may be duplicated giving two thumbs . The toe next to it may also be duplicated . In its mild form , only the paw is affected and the only way to tell Cats with radial hypoplasia ( RH ) have greatly shortened forelegs but normal length hind legs . They often sit upright on their haunches looking like a rabbit or squirrel . Their shortened forelimbs may be too short to use for walking so the cat must hop like a rabbit or kangaroo . The habit of sitting upright results in reports of " squittens " ( squirrel - kitten hybrids ) . The record number of toes found on a cat is 32 ( 8 on each paw ) reported in October 1974 . This was a male cat called " Mickey Mouse " owned by Mrs Renee Delgade of Westlake Village , California , USA . This cat may have had double - paws where each paw is actually 2 fused mirror image paws . This condition is seen in humans where there is a central thumb with four fingers either side of it ( making a natural baseball catcher ' s glove ! ) . There have been reports of A female cat named " Triple " owned by Mr and Mrs Bertram Bobnock of Iron River , Michigan , USA in 1976 , had 30 toes , but these are arranged on 5 legs and 6 paws ! The back left leg has 2 complete lower leg extensions from the hock down , and one of those lower legs had 2 paws . This is either due to the conjoined twin condition or possibly a birth defect which caused the growing tip of the limb bud to split into two and each part of the fork continued to develop In May 2002 Jennifer Beierle wrote about a litter of kittens whose total of toes exceeds that of Big Foot and his litter - mates . Her non - polydactyl cat got pregnant by an unknown tomcat and produced 10 kittens . Seven were polydactyls . Two kittens had 26 toes , two had 23 toes , two had 22 , one had 21 , and two kittens had the normal 18 toes . This includes one kitten with 7 - toed double - paws in front and 6 toes on hind paws and one kitten with double dewclaws on Polydactyl Cats along with photos of other polydactyls and other paw oddities . There are several reports of cats with 28 toes ( the current record ) , but currently none that exceed this number . A 2003 report of a cat with 32 toes at an American rescue shelter has not been verified , photos suggest it is more likely to be 22 toes . SYNDACTYLY AND ECTRODACTYLY - SPLIT FOOT Syndactyly ( hypodactyly ) is the opposite of polydactyly . Instead of having additional toes , two or more toes are fused . In the most familiar form , Ectrodactyly or split foot , the cat ' s forefeet ( rarely the hind feet ) have two toes giving it the appearance of a crab or lobster claw . In humans , the condition is sometimes known as " lobster - hand " . The other digits have either been suppressed altogether or each of the cat ' s toes is made up of two or more fused digits . A paper by A G Searle ( in " Annals of Eugenics " Vol . 17 , Part 4 , pp . 279 Syndactyly is rarer than polydactyly so I was interested to receive details of a cat with 4 affected paws . Each paw resembles a crab ' s pincer ( hence the common name of " Lobster Claw Syndrome " ) , having only 2 toes which are semi - opposable . The cat even uses them as pincers to hold toys and small objects . The toes are apparently oriented one facing upwards and one facing downwards ( i.e. a degree of twisting ) . Syndactyly varies from webbed toes to fused digits . The fused digits can be simple Like polydactyly , the condition rarely causes problems so long as the claws are kept clipped . The cat can still run and climb . The only time I have seen a lobster - clawed cat was with a feral cat in a trap - neuter - release program . This may not have caused problems to the cat in the wild ( on a farm ) , but it caused problems in temporary captivity as the claws kept getting caught on the wire mesh . The actual claws were slightly overgrown due to problems with stropping them . In Where the two toes are made of fused digits , the claws may form superclaws in the same way as described earlier . There is also the possibility that the cleft between the toes extends further than is normal into the paw itself . Small objects , thorns etc may become trapped between the toes . If the toes splay apart e.g. when the cat has jumped down from a high platform , there is the small chance that the claws will spread apart under its weight and the skin between them may tear . These problems are not common In May 2005 , Stephanie Rubeck of Newark , Ohio , sent this picture of her 4 week old kitten " Faith " who has syndactyly of the left front paw . The vet refused to see the kitten until she reached 6 weeks old on the grounds that a defective kitten would be rejected by the mother and not survive that long . Syndactyly is a minor ( cosmetic ) defect that does not affect suckling or threaten long - term survival . Faith is one of a litter of two and her brother is solid black with no Theo ' s left paw . Photos copyright 2006 , Carly Tuck Theo is 2 years old in February 2007 . Neither Theo ' s mother nor father had any deformities . His father was the local tomcat ( a very big black cat ) and his mother was a pet cat . Theo had two sisters and one brother ( one ginger , one tabby and one black ) , all with normal paws . Theo was taken to the vets after Carly got him when he was a few months old . Carly wondered if the claw hanging away from the paw could be cut off so it did n ' t hinder him . The vet explained that in order to have done that , Theo should have had the surgery as a very young kitten . Theo had already adapted to his deformity and the vet explained that he ' d have little trouble using that paw ( but would operate if Theo did experience problems ) . Theo walked and jumped Zack , belonging to Carrie , is a neutered 5 year old male with syndactyly of both front paws . He has two toes on one front paw ( including a superclaw ) and three toes on the other , not counting the dew claws . Zack can not retract any of his front claws . In addition , his front feet are very short compared to his hind feet and the toes lack some finger joints . When standing , he looks as if he ' s on the very tips of his front toes . Short toes is These photos and x - rays have been sent by Carla Reiss whose cat Bimmer has a deformed foot . The x - rays were provided by The Center for Advanced Veterinary Care in Manchester , NH , USA . Each side of the deformed foot has two digits , plus additional claws here and there . The wrist is not properly formed , with the tibia and fibula being uneven lengths . The digits , some associated with the tibia and some with the fibula , criss - cross . Carla ’ s vet , Deborah Kelloway , said SYNDACTYLY - OTHER FUSED TOES While the lobster - paw condition may be genetic or congenital , other forms of syndactyly are probably congential ( non - inherited ) . Fused central toes also occur ( these seem more likely on the hind paws ) . Anastopoulos Thanos of Sparti , Greece provided images and details of a different form of fused toes : " A few months ago I adopted a pair of stray kittens found on the street outside my house . 1female and 1male . They have developed a liking to the indoors . The reason for this email is an anomaly on the hind paws of the female cat ( " Zooka " , see photos ) . If I ’ m right its called syndactyl , a union of the ‘ toes ’ . It does not appear on the front Fused centre hind toes Raimi Cyan Rayfield is another case of fused central digits . There were two feral sister cats whom each had a litter of kittens two days apart . The shleter in Seattle , WA , USA fostered all 12 . One of the kittens , Raimi , has a fusion of the center pads and the nails forming a " superclaw " which does not retract . The inner digit ( not the dew claw ) nail turns outward on the same paw . Only one paw is affected . There appears to be a little pad in between the In June 2008 , Stine Ødegård came across this instance of fused toes in a Birman kitten where the 2nd and 3rd toe on the left hind foot were fused . No related cats have this defect . Because it occurs on one hind foot and not both hind foot , this is a developmental anomaly and not a genetic defect . Somehow the developing limb bud misinterpreted instructions or may have been damaged rsulting in two toes fused together . Nikki Raver provided this photo of her syndactyl grey kitten , Eugene . On Monday April 16 , 2007 a stray tortie cat that had " adopted " her family gave birth to 3 kittens . The final and smallest kitten to be born had deformed front paws . The other 2 kittens have normal paws . The photo was tekn when Eugene was less than a day old . His right paw is more severely deformed than the left paw . The left paw ( harder to see in the photo ) has the correct number of toes , Eugene ( photo : Nikki Raver ) Above is another case of non - symmetrical fused toes . Virginia Gothard ( Charlotte , NC , USA ) provided this photo of " Mitty " , from a litter born in July 2010 . Mitty appears to have the dew claw ( thumb ) and first digit fused and a cleft between the fused digit and the rest of the toes . STUBBY HIND PAW Anlina Sheng ' s cat , Violet , has a stubby foot and shortened , thick tail . The tail may be a genetic trait as Violet ' s ancestry is unknown ( Scottish Folds sometimes have this trait ) while the foot appears to be a congenital condition . Violet was adopted from a shelter aged 8 months old and had a brother and a sister , both normal . Her left foot has a central pad which points straight downward from her leg , rather than being angled toward the back of the foot when at rest . Her tail is about 6 inches long and quite thick and stiff . She can move it and bend it , but it does n ' t have the same supple range of motion that other cats ' tails do . The vertebrae in her tail are much thicker than in other cats , probably about 50 % thicker than most cats ' tails . compared to my other cat who is the same size as her . SINGLE HOOK CLAW / PARTIAL FORELIMB Kathey ' s cat , Hobie , was born with 3 1 / 2 legs . His front right leg ends in one hook shaped claw . In 2007 , Hobie was 5 years old - a huge and very long cat given a clean bill of health by the vet . Kathey got Hobie when he was 6 weeks old . He manages well on 3 1 / 2 legs and his hind quarters are more developed and muscular than his fore quarters . Though affectionate and playful , he is less active than many other cats and tends Hobie Lizzie Ellis has provided photos of several other hook - like oddities . BRACHYDACTYLY Brachydactyly is not to do with the number of toes , but the length of the toes . Brachydactyly means " short toes " . I have only seen one brachydactylous cat in the flesh - a ginger and white male rescue cat whose toe - pads attached directly to the palm of the paw i.e. he lacked the " finger sections " . It was necessary to trim the claws regularly and they grew at irregular angles . The lack of jointed toes resulted in minor mobility problems e.g. in running and on landing when jumping , but he Zack , decribed and shown in the section on syndactyly has brachydactyly as a side - effect . The toes of his front feet lack a joint as a result of the feet not forming normally . The photos show a 7 week old kitten that presented with short toes , some fusion and also a flat chest . The kitten was active and not hampered by the shortened toes . In these cases , it is sometimes necessary to remove the claws on the affected feet because they grow at abnormal angles . UNEVEN LENGTH TOES some individual cats have curious toes e.g. uneven length of toes or a twisted toe . These are one - offs caused by early injury or the way the limb has developed in the womb ( i.e. not inherited trait ) . " Bryn " writes " One of our cats has a curious toe on one back foot . It is much smaller than the other four , and is pushed up , so that when the foot is viewed from the bottom , she appears to have three toes . The small toe has a claw . All Courtney Kahler ( 2003 ) provided the following photos and information about her cat Kolohe whose condition is similar to syndactyly , but probably congenital ( birth defect ) not hereditary . " I have a cat ( Kolohe ) who either was born with syndactyly in one front paw or she has a congenital defect very similar . She is essentially missing one toe , has a thumb for a dew claw with a non - retractable claw , and the other 3 toes are semi - fused but do have retractable claws . The smallest toe on the Her breeder believed this was a congenital defect not genetic since she has never seen it before in any other kittens . But both parents are spayed / neutered so if it is genetic it wo n ’ t appear again . Kolohe is also spayed . It has no effect on her whatsoever , she is as active as any other Tonkinese and can play and climb with no problem . I do have to keep the one claw clipped because it can snag on the carpet . When she sits up she sits with that paw out to OUTWARD POINTED PAWS Jennifer Jones ( Columbia , Maryland , USA ) wrote to me in October 2006 of a cat whose front paws pointed outward " like a ballerina in first position " . The paws did not adversely affect her movement . The vet had only seen this condition in livestock , never in domestic cats . Unfortunately , Jennifer ' s cat had multiple health problems , not related to the feet , and had to be euthanized . Allyson Dill ( Nova Scotia , Canada ) has a cat named Petey with outward pointing paws . According to his history , Petey has Himalayan ancestry . His front paws point outward in much the same manner as a ballerina ' s feet , and his left " wrist " has an unusual inward bend . This anomaly has been present since his adoption at 5 months old , and does not hinder his activities in any way so the vet was not concerned with it being a problem . His feet are also very large , most noticeably HORNED PAW PADS A full article on the various types and causes of polydactyly in cats can be found at Horned Pawss . Only a summary appears here . Sandi A Surace ' s polydactyl cat , Sassy , has a thumb on both front paws . In between the thumb and the " regular " digits , she has 2 smaller additional toes , complete with retractile claws . In addition to these , Sassy has what appears to be tiny claws growing our of the terminal pads of the paws ( the " fingertip " pads ) . Two of these were already 2mm long , made of claw - like material and pointed like claws . These were present from kittenhood and turned out to be Seby Bell ' s cat " Morris " also has claw - like or horny growths on otherwise normal feet . Each toe , including the pad of the dewclaw , has what looks like a tiny stunted claw underneath . Morris ' s father has exactly the same growths on his paws so it looks to be an inherited trait . The growths do n ' t appear to be attached to bone , which might rule out extra toes , unless they are floating toes ( as with dewclaws on some dogs ) . There are two things Susan Jack of Kensington Maryland , Washington DC also has a cat with horned paws ( Feb 2005 ) . Four month old Sophia has reverse growths on all of her front toes and on some of the back toes . The vet had come across these before and noted that they were quite rare . The growths do n ' t restrict Sophia from climbing as long as they are clipped back . Although the " horns " do n ' t have a nerve or blood supply , they do grow . Although it is impossible to tell exactly what they are from photographs and without a hands - on examination ( which hopefully a vet will provide in due course , possibly with an X - ray ) these may be horny outgrowths from the paw pads , bony growths ( either from the toe bone or directly from the skin ) or duplicate claws due to an injury or malformation of the nail - bed on the end of the toe . It is interesting that all of the toes have these growths right under the claws and appear to In 2004 , Sylvia Gallus wrote that one of her cats has " double claws " and that the " lower claw " grows until it meets the real claw , much like pincers . The " lower claws " are n ' t bony or hard as claws and can be clipped off without the cat even noticing . Sylvia Gallus also wrote of her stray ' s unusual " palm " pads on three of his paws . Though they seem swollen , they do n ' t contain any fluid and are not painful . They feel MORE ANOMALIES If you have come to this page directly from a search engine , please check out FELINE MEDICAL CURIOSITIES for the full index of topics including What Causes Medical Curiosities ? Extra or Deformed Toes , Paws and Limbs , Split Foot , Twisted Limbs , Mummification of Limbs , Accidental Part - Amputation of Limbs , Curly Tails Conjoined Kittens Anomalies of the Fur and Skin , the Green Kitten , Hairlessness , Curly Fur , All Black Siamese ( Porphyria ? ) , Pink Cats Cranio - Facial Deformities : Hydrocephaly , Cleft Palate , Anomalies of the Eyes and Ears , Two - Headed / Two - faced Kittens Anomalies of Size : Dwarf Cats , Giant Cats , Fat Cats Miscellaneous Anomalies : The Dancing Cats of Japan BOOKS ABOUT ANOMALIES If you are interested in medical curiosities , books worth reading are " Mutants : on the Form , Varieties and Errors of the Human Body " by Armand Marie Leroi and " Anomalies and Curiosities of Medicine Vols 1 and 2 " by George M . Gould & Walter L . Pyle . The Gould & Pyle books were published in 1896 and are in the public domain . You can download text - only versions of Gould & Pyle from several websites so do n ' t waste money on text - only versions of the book ; MESSYBEAST CATS : CURIOUS CATS AND MEDICAL ANOMALIES You are visitor number	[ "Polydactyl Cats .", "triphalangeal pollex-radial hypoplasia", "radial hypoplasia" ]
http://messybeast.com/genetics/hybrid-equines.htm	Equid ( horse , donkey , zebra ) hybrids are well known and some are bred commercially . The generic term for a zebra hybrid with a horse , pony , donkey or ass is a zebroid . The generic term for a hybrid of a zebra with any type of donkey or ass is a zebrass . The usual naming convention for hybrids is a " portmanteau word " comprising first part of male parent ' s name + second part of female parent ' s name Father Mother Offspring Donkey ( jack ) Horse ( mare ) Mule ( male ) , John ( male ) , Molly ( female ) Horse Donkey ( jenny / jennet ) Hinny Zebra Donkey ( jenny / jennet ) Zebrass , Zedonk , Zebronkey , Zonkey , Zebadonk , Zebryde , Zenkey ( Japan ) , Hamzab ( Israel ) Zebra Horse Zorse , Golden zebra , Zebra mule , Zebrule Pony Zony Shetland Pony Zetland Donkey ( jack ) Zebret , Donkra Hebra A horse / zebra hybrid foal at the Rothschild Zoological Museum , Tring , England . Zebras that are hand - reared or reared with domestic horses or donkeys can become tame enough to be led , ridden or used as draught animals . Those raised with horses or donkeys may prefer to mate with horses or donkeys rather than with zebras . MULES , MOLLIES AND HINNIES Mules ( donkey stallion / horse mare ) are bred as draught animals . Mules and hinnies are depicted in Egyptian art circa 1400 BC and were valued as draught animals by the Romans . Male mules are sterile , but fertile female mules ( mollies ) sometimes occur and can be mated to either a horse or donkey stallion . In France , the Poitou donkey is used almost exclusively for siring large , strong mules on Poitou horse mares . Jack donkeys are reportedly often reluctant to mate with horse mares and may have to be trained to The hinny ( horse stallion / donkey mare hybrid ) is less common . The head of a hinny is more horse - like than the head of a mule . They are harder to produce than mules as stallion / jenny matings are less likely to result in pregnancy . Hinnies are smaller and finer boned than mules . This was believed to be due to the donkey mare having a less roomy womb , but the difficulty in impregnation suggests it is largely genetic . Donkeys have 62 chromosomes while horses have 64 chromosomes ; hybrids are less According to the “ Illustrated Natural History ” by the Rev JG Wood ( 1853 , 1874 ) : The cross - breed between the horse and the ass , which is commonly known by name of the Mule , is a very valuable animal for certain purposes , possessing the strength and power of the horse , with the hardiness and sure foot of the ass . The largest most useful Mules are those which are produced by a male ass and a mare , the large Spanish Ass being the best for this purpose . In Spain and in many eastern countries the Mule is an animal of some importance , the parents being selected as carefully In " The Variation Of Animals And Plants Under Domestication " Darwin wrote : " The ass has a prepotent power over the horse , so that both the mule and the hinny more resemble the ass than the horse ; but that the prepotency runs more strongly in the male - ass than in the female , so that the mule , which is the offspring of the male - ass and mare , is more like an ass , than is the hinny , which is the offspring of the female - ass and stallion . " In " The Variation Of Animals And Plants Under Domestication " Darwin elaborated : " Colin , who has given in his ' Traite Phys . Comp . ' tome 2 pages 537 - 539 , [ . . . ] is strongly of opinion that the ass preponderates in both crosses , but in an unequal degree . This is likewise the conclusion of Flourens , and of Bechstein in his ' Naturgeschichte Deutschlands ' b . 1 s . 294 . The tail of the hinny is much more like that of the horse than is the tail of the mule , and this is generally accounted for by the males of Professor Cossart Ewart crossed kiangs ( a type of wild ass ) to ponies to test the theory that the then newly discovered Przewalski horse was a hybrid rather than a distinct species . This summary appeared in the Western Times ( among others ) on 30th June , 1903 : THE WILD HORSE . INTERESTING DISCUSSION OF NEW BREED . The paper by Professor Ewart on the wild horse laid on the table at the recent meeting the Royal Society Edinburgh has now been printed and circulated . The writer states that decided to breed a number of kiang - horse hybrids to test the view hold by many zoologists that the horse discovered by the celebrated Russian traveller Przewalsky , said to the true wild horse , was not entitled to rank as distinct species , but was merely a hybrid between the kiang and a Mongolian or other While most the zoologists who hesitated to regard Przewalsky ' s horse as representing a distinct and primitive type favoured the view that it was a mule ; some asserted it in no way essentially differed from an ordinary horse . The colts brought from Central Asia , they said , were the offspring of escaped Mongol ponies . Others affirmed that they failed to discover any difference between the young wild horses in the London Zoological Gardens and Iceland ponies of a like age . To test the first of these assertions , I , as already mentioned , FERTILE MULES AND HULES Mules are generally sterile , but several female mules have produced offspring when mated to a purebred horse or ass . This is so rare that the Romans had a saying , " cum mula peperit , " meaning " when a mule foals " - the equivalent of " when hell freezes over . " When a mule gave birth in Albania in 1994 , it was thought to have unleashed the spawn of the devil on a small village . When a mule gave birth in 2002 in Morocco five years ago , locals feared it signalled the Donkeys have 62 chromosomes while horses have 64 chromosomes . As well as different numbers , the chromosomes have different structures . Mules and hinnies have 63 chromosomes that are a mixture of one from each parent . The different structure and number usually prevents the chromosomes from pairing up properly and creating successful embryos . Since 1527 there have been more than 60 foals born to female mules around the world and probably additional unreported ones . However , mollies have a strong maternal drive and will kidnap foals of horses and donkeys sharing the same paddock . From The Royal Natural History , edited by Richard Lydekker and published 1894 : There appear to be no authenticated instances of mules breeding among themselves ; although the female mule will occasionally produce offspring with the male horse or ass . And it is somewhat remarkable that it does not appear that the hybrids between any other members of the Equine family are mutually fertile . However , Cornevin and Lesbre stated that in 1873 an Arab mule was fertilized in Africa by a horse stallion , and produced female offspring . Both parents and the offspring were taken to the Jardin d ' Acclimatation in Paris where the mule had a second female colt sired by the same stallion and then two male colts , one sired by an ass and the other by a horse stallion . The female progeny were fertile , but their offspring were feeble and died at birth . Cossar Ewart gives an account of a recent Indian case in In the 1920s , a mule mare called " Old Beck " ( Texas A&M ) produced a mule daughter called " Kit " . When Old Beck was bred to a horse stallion she produced a horse son ( he sired horse foals ) . When bred to a donkey , she produced mule offspring . Likewise , a mare mule in Brazil has produced two 100 % horse sons sired by a horse stallion . There is an unverified case of a mare mule that produced a mule daughter ( this may be another account Old Beck ) According to “ AMERICA MAKES SOME NEW ANIMALS ” by Frank Thone ( Miami Daily News Record , 7th March , 1929 ) : - THE old dictum that hybrids are all sterile and ca n ’ t reproduce has , of course , been handled pretty roughly in all these experiments . In some cases it holds , in others it does n ’ t .Anyhow , the doctrine seems to have been established originally by reference to the most familiar of domestic hybrids , the mule . Mules as a rule do not breed , yet in the recent past two undoubted cases of mule mares giving birth to healthy foals have come to light . Erasmus Haworth of Lawrence , Kansas , A molly gave birth to 2 foals in Nebraska in the mid - 1980s . The event prompted the first genetic testing of a mule ' s offspring . Tests showed no evidence the mother passed along any genetic markers from her donkey father , who was also the father of the foals . This is called " hemiclonal transmission " . She passes on only her horse DNA with no shuffling of horse and donkey genetic material . In April 2007 , a 7 year old black molly , “ Kate ” , owned by ranchers Larry and Laura Amos gave birth at a Grand Mesa ranch near to Colbran . Kate was one of 10 mules purchased from Pleasant Plains , Arkansas and would already have been pregnant . Genetic testing at the University of Kentucky and the University of California at Davis confirm that Kate is a mule and that the foal is her offspring . This rules out stolen foals that were donkeys or mulish - looking horses . Her son has a donkey - A fertile hinny in China is believed to be a unique case . Her offspring was sired by a donkey . Named " Dragon Foal " , one would have expected a donkey foal if the mother had passed on her maternal chromosomes in the same way as a mule . However , Dragon Foal appears to be a strange donkey with some mule - like features . Her chromosomes and DNA tests confirm she is a previously undocumented combination . In Morocco , a mare mule produced a male foal that is 75 % donkey and 25 % horse Asses have 62 chromosomes , horses have 64 so the hybrids have 63 . When there ' s an odd number of chromosomes , meiosis ( cell division to form gametes ( egg or sperm cells ) ) does n ' t work correctly . This causes hybrid sterility . Nature has a way round this called meiotic drive . Genes from each parent become tightly linked instead of independently assorted . The genes from one parent - usually the mother - will be over - represented in the gametes produced by the hybrid offspring . Normally when cells divide ZEBRA / DONKEY ( ZEBRA / ASS ) HYBRIDS Zedonks ( zebronkeys , zonkeys , zebadonks , zebrydes ) are zebra stallion / donkey hybrids . Zebrets are donkey stallion / zebra mare hybrids and are rare . Other names have been used : zenkey ( Japan ) and hamzab ( Israel ) . Generic terms are zebrass , zebra mule and zebra hinny . Zebrasses resemble donkeys with a striped pattern overlaided on the donkey ' s background colour . Usually there is clear striping on the legs , a dorsal stripe . There may be facial stripes and indistinct stripes on the body . According to Dorcas Zebra / ass hybrids have been recorded since at least the 1850s . According to the “ Illustrated Natural History ” by the Rev JG Wood ( 1853 , 1874 ) : Between the zebras and the domestic ass several curious Mules have been produced , and may be seen in the collection of the British Museum . It is worthy of notice that wherever a cross breed has taken place , the influence of the male parent seems to be permanently impressed on the mother , who in her subsequent offspring imprints upon them some characteristics of the interloper . In his " The Variation Of Animals And Plants Under Domestication " , Darwin wrote : " I have seen , in the British Museum , a hybrid from the ass and zebra dappled on its hinder quarters . [ . . . ] Many years ago I saw in the Zoological Gardens a curious triple hybrid , from a bay mare , by a hybrid from a male ass and female zebra " . Zebrass males are generally sterile in spite of Darwin ' s report of that horse mare x zebrass stallion hybrid ( is it possible the stallion was a quagga rather than a hybrid ? ) . A zebrass foaled at Schoenbrunn in 1841 . German zebroid ( 1929 ) Hybrid of Grevy ' s Zebra and Somali Ass ( 1929 ) " Ass - zebra " ( " Wonders of Animal Life " edited by J A Hammerton ( 1930 ) ) . Possibly one of the Sells - Floto Circus Hyneys . Grevy ' s zebra / ass hybrid . A Grevy ’ s zebra stallion was presented to USA by King Menelik of Abyssinia . President Roosevelt . It lived at the National Zoo from 1904 to 1919 and was loaned for a while to the US Dept of Agriculture for use in cross - breeding experiments with horses and asses . At least some of the hybrid offspring went to Sells - Floto circus . Sells - Floto Circus advertised one of the hybrids as : A New Member Of The Animal Kingdom . A strange beast came into being a short time ago , and naturally it was the Sells - Floto Circus which seized upon it as thing of interest to the public at large That beast was the ‘ Hyney , ’ a Government animal , now being exhibited with the Circus to show the wonderful results of the propagation and breeding of entirely different animals . For the parents of the Hyney were brought from widely separated parts of the earth . After years of experiments , in which attempts were made Circa 1909 . Zebra / ass hybrids bred at the National Zoo and shown performing in the circus . Two zebroids drawing a cart in 1915 An article from New York Times , June 16th , 1973 , announced the birth of a zebra / donkey hybrid at the Jerusalem Zoo . They called it a " hamzab " from the Hebrew for donkey - zebra and erroneously claimed it to be the first of its kind born anywhere . A breeding programme at Colchester Zoo , England in 1975 produced three zedonk hybrids from Arabian Black Ass mares and A Chapman ' s Zebra stallions . In Christmas week of 1975 their third zedonk foal was born . Previous attempts at crossbreeding zebras with horses The Chestatee Wildlife Preserve in Georgia , U.S. had its own zonkey on July 21 , 2010 . A donkey sanctuary in Shropshire has a zorse called Zulu , a zedonk called Zambi , and a zebra hinny called Zee ( the latter results from a donkey stallion and zebra mare ) . The sanctuary does not condone breeding zebroids , but had rescued the three hybrids which had been bred in the USA where donkey / zebra and horse / zebra crosses are bred on several ranches as exotic riding or driving animals . Ippo the ' Zonkey ' was born after a zebra stallion climbed out of his enclosure to mate with an endangered donkey at an animal reserve in Florence , Italy . The sire had been rescued from a failing zoo . The mother was a Donkey of Amiata , an endangered species , in a neighbouring field . 1970s zebra / donkey hybrid , photographed 2006 at Colchester Zoo , England . Herbert Goodchild ' s painting of a zebrass in 1899 Usually a zebra stallion is paired with a horse mare or ass mare , but in 2005 , a Burchell ' s zebra named Allison produced a zebrass ( a zebret ) called Alex sired by a donkey at Highland plantation in St . Thomas parish , Barbados . In " Origin of Species " ( 1859 ) Charles Darwin mentioned four coloured drawings of hybrids between the ass and zebra . In his " The Variation Of Animals And Plants Under Domestication " , he mentions an unusal zebra triple - hybrid : " I have seen , in the British Museum , a hybrid from the ass and zebra dappled on its hinder quarters . [ . . . ] Many years ago I saw in the Zoological Gardens a curious triple hybrid , from a bay mare , by a hybrid from a male ass and female zebra . " and " a compound hybrid which I saw in the Zoological Gardens , from a mare by a hybrid ass - zebra , closely resembled its mother in its tail . " If true , this is the only account of a fertile zebrass stallion . In " Darwinism An Exposition Of The Theory Of Natural Selection With Some Of Its Applications " ( 1889 ) , Alfred Russel Wallace commented on the production and appearance of hybrids : " Crosses between the two species of zebra , or even between the zebra and the quagga , or the quagga and the ass , might have led to a very different result . " THE ZEBRULA Although there is a much more detailed page about this specific hybrid and its uses , here is a summary . A widely circulated report , published in May 1903 , writes : " That entirely new species of animals may be created is demonstrated by the latest achievements of the world ’ s greatest animal hunter , Carl Hagenbeck . On his animal ranch near Hamburg , Germany , Hagenbeck has for some time past been devoting himself to the creating of new species of animals and birds . He has obtained new varieties of deer and mules and wonderful crosses between the zebra and the horse . [ . . . ] Probably the furthest developed of the new species , of animals he is creating is the cross between the According to the Croydon Chronicle and East Surrey Advertiser , 19th December 1903 ( among many others ) : Scientific Cross - breedings . Carl Hagenbeck , of Hamburg , the well - known wild animal dealer , [ . . . ] is trying to introduce the zebrule , or hybrid horse and zebra into the German Army in place of mules . We know that the zebrules are being tried in the Indian Army . NEW DRAFT ANIMAL DOOMS ARMY MULE . CROSS BETWEEN HORSE AND ZEBRA IS SUPERIOR . DOES NOT CONTRACT DISEASE . More Lively Than the Animal That Provokes Cussing and Can not Be Less Intelligent . ( Various , August 1903 ) The days of the mule are numbered . Within the next few centuries his melodious voice will have been stilled forever . This is the prophecy of United States Consul General Richard Guenther , at Frankfort , Germany , who sends a report to the state department on the chances of the zebrula , a cross between the horse and zebra , superceding the mule . He says of the qualifications of the zebrula : “ German papers contend that it has been demonstrated that the mule , the cross between the horse and donkey , is inferior to the cross between horse and zebra . Formerly the opinion prevailed that the zebra was almost extinct . The opening up of Africa , particularly the eastern part , reveals these fine animals in large numbers . Compared with horses and cattle , they possess peculiar advantages , as they are immune against the very dangerous horse disease of Africa , and also against the deadly “ tztze . ” The question was therefore raised whether Other newspapers of the time wrote " The days of the mule are numbered , comes the word from Germany , where a new animal , the Zebrula , has been evolved to take the place of the gentle - eyed , melodious - voiced and hard - hoofed little animal . The new animat1 is the result of a cross between the horse and a zebra . The nomenclature of horseology would indicate that a better name for the new quadruped would - be the zehorska . " “ A report from the November 25th , 1904 edition of the Olsburg Gazette mentions the zebrulas at the World ’ s Fair : “ The Zebrula . A new breed of horseflesh has come into public notice , namely , the Zebrula . Some of these animals are being shown at the World ’ s Fair . They originated in Africa from a cross of the Zebra stallion and the horse mare . They are said to be highly regarded in South Africa , where they are valuable on account of not being affected by the bite of the On January 27th , 1905 , The Times Dispatched asked “ Will Zebrulas Come Here ? [ American ] Government May Experiment With New Zebra Horse Cross . It is understood that the government has under consideration the importance of zebras for the purpose of experimental breeding with the horse . The Agricultural Department has been asked to take up this work , but as Uncle James Wilson Is pretty well acquainted with the American mule and his good qualities , it is not sure that he will spend much time or money on the new breed . The hybrid Later on , The Cincinnati Enquirer of May 1st , 1905 wrote : “ Three Zebrulas Added To the Curiosities of the Cincinnati Zoological Garden . Three zebrulas have been received at the zoo from the Hagenbeck Company at Hamburg , Germany . The animals have been in this country for some time , and were a part of the big collection of wild animals which was exhibited at the St . Louis World ’ s Fair by Hagenbeck . The zebrula is a hybrid animai , which is secured by crossing the zebra with either a donkey or a Ultimately , the zebrula was to become a circus curiosity as this cutting from The Kingsport Times of August 20 , 1925 indicates : " ZEBRAS AND ZEBRULAS DO TRICKS AT WILL OF CHRISTY ' S TRAINERS . For the first time in the history of wild animal training zebras and zebrulas have been taught to perform tricks and obey the will of their trainer . Some fine specimens of these animals are with Christy Bros , trained wild animal show , which will exhibit in Kingsport on Monday , September 14 . The striped equine has always been the Here we have an account of the hybrid from The Elyria Reporter on August 22nd , 1905 : “ To experiment With Zebrula . Zebrula , .a newly coined word . Is applied lo a peculiar appearing animal . The zebrula is a cross between a full - blooded , vicious zebra and an American horse . The zebra , as students of natural history are informed , is the hardest of all four - footed , hay - eating animals to handle . It is more treacherous than either the lion or tiger , and is ten times more From The evening News , September 7th , 1922 : “ Science is just now Interested In hybrids of the zebra stock . There is a flecky - built faintly - striped zebrula at the Zoo , a cross between a zebra and a Shetland pony . In Southern Indiana the zebra has been successfully mated with Arabia mares , producing the zebroid , a tough but docile beast of burden . One advantage expected of this cross Is the longevity that the sire may be able to confer on his progeny . In his native Africa he sometimes reaches The Daily Courier of December 7th , 1936 , mentioned the zebrula in brief : “ Mule , Jennet and Zebrula . Of animals which owe their existence to man the mule and the jennet are the oldest examples , and no one can deny that the mule is a most useful creature Hardy as a donkey , strong as a horse , surefooted and tireless , there is nothing like it for rough country traveling Its success caused the production of the zebrula which is a cross between the horse and zebra . The zebrula is as strong as ZEBRA / HORSE , ZEBRA / PONY HYBRIDS Zorses or zebrules are zebra stallion / horse hybrids and zonies are zebra stallion / pony hybrids . Zorses are sometimes called golden zebras due to dark stripes overlaying a chestnut background , though the colour depends on the colour of the horse parent . The zetland is a one off accidental zebra / Shetland pony hybrid . Zebroid is a blanket term for zebra / horse hybrids . Any of the zebra species can be used in breeding zebroids ; the colour depends on the colour of the horse ; usually there is clear striping on the legs , Piebald zorses are produced when a zebra is crossed to a piebald horse . Stripes are visible on the colored areas of the coat . The white patches form a startling contrast with these striped patches . A hybrid called " Eclyse " was bred in Germany in 2007 from a zebra mare and piebald or skewbald horse stallion ( piebald = black - and - white , skewbald = any - other - colour - and - white e.g. brown / bay / chestnut with white ) . Pied zorses are not commonly bred . In " Origin of Species " ( 1859 ) Charles Darwin wrote : " In Lord Moreton ' s famous hybrid from a chestnut mare and male quagga , the hybrid , and even the pure offspring subsequently produced from the mare by a black Arabian sire , were much more plainly barred across the legs than is even the pure quagga . . In his " The Variation Of Animals And Plants Under Domestication " , Darwin wrote : " I have seen , in the British Museum , a hybrid from the ass and zebra dappled on its hinder quarters . [ . . . ] Many years ago I saw in the Zoological Gardens a curious triple hybrid , from a bay mare , by a hybrid from a male ass and female zebra " . and further described Moreton ' s hybrid ; In the famous hybrid bred by Lord Morton ( ' Philosoph . Transact . ' 1821 page 20 . ) from a chestnut , nearly purely - bred , Arabian mare , by a male quagga , the stripes were " more strongly defined and darker than those on the legs of " the quagga . " The mare was subsequently put to a black Arabian horse , and bore two colts , both [ . . . ] plainly striped on the legs , and one of them likewise had stripes on the neck and body . In " Darwinism An Exposition Of The Theory Of Natural Selection With Some Of Its Applications " ( 1889 ) , Alfred Russel Wallace commented : " Crosses between the two species of zebra , or even between the zebra and the quagga , or the quagga and the ass , might have led to a very different result . " Raymond Hook of Nanyuki , Kenya , is claimed to have bred the first zebroids by crossing a Grevy ' s zebra stallion with domestic mares ( date unknown ? ) . The hybrids had Grevy - like narrow stripes and a tufted tail , but were more horselike in conformation and color . The strong , sure - footed , docile and mulelike zebroids were used as pack animals by climbers on Mount Kenya ' s lower slopes . Grevy ' s zebra has also been crossed with donkey mares . Carl Hagenbeck produced zebrules ( zebra / pony 1899 zebra / horse hybrid 1899 zebra / horse hybrid 1904 zebra / horse hybrid In " Anomalies and Curiosities of Medicine " by George M Gould and Walter L Pyle ( 1896 ) wrote : The influence of the paternal seed on the physical and mental constitution of the child is well known . To designate this condition , Telegony is the Word that was coined by Weismann in his " Das Keimplasma , " and he defines it as " Infection of the Germ , " and , at another time , as " Those doubtful instances in which the offspring is said to resemble , not the father , but an early mate of the mother , " - or , in other words , the alleged influence of a previous sire on In the year 1815 Lord Morton put a male quagga [ a type of zebra ] to a young chestnut mare of seven eighths Arabian blood , which had never before been bred from . The result was a female hybrid which resembled both parents . He now sold the mare to Sir Gore Ousley , who two years after she bore the hybrid put her to a black Arabian horse . During the two following years she had two foals which Lord Morton thus describes : " They have the character of the Arabian breed as decidedly as can Cossar Ewart , Professor of Natural History at Edinburgh ( 1882 - 1927 ) and a keen geneticist , crossed a zebra stallion with pony mares in order to disprove telegony , or paternal impression , a common theory of inheritance at the time . Cossar Ewart found that zebra - horse hybrids were brown with faint stripes . When the same mares were subsequently mated with a pony , the resulting foals showed none of the markings or temperamental characteristics of a zebra . He completely undermined Lord Morton ' s case by pointing out that similar bandings occur Gos de Voogt wrote , in “ Our Domestic Animals , their habits , intelligence and usefulness ” ( translated from the French by Katherine P . Wormeley ; edited for America by Charles William Burkett ; Ginn and Co . ; Boston ; 1907 ) : Lately a Scotch naturalist , J . C . Ewarts , who has made himself a name in this domain , mated a zebra stallion , named Matopes , with a mare from one of the Scotch islands . The product was a foal which received the name of Romulus , the new race being called zebrules , Sir John , a colt , and the fillies Bunda and Black Agnes , which were both sold to Hamburg ; the English government then bought them and sent them to India , where they were trained for service in a mountain An experiment that disproved telegony . Left , a striped zebra - horse hybrid , produced by mating a mare with a zebra stallion . The same mare was then mated with a horse stallion , and produced the filly shown below , which bears no traces of any effect of the previous sire . The experiment was carried out by the US Government and reported in " Genetics in Relation to Agriculture " by E B Babcock and RE Clausen . ( " The Science of Life " by H G Wells , J Huxley and GP Wells ( In " The Science of Life " ( c 1929 ) by H G Wells , J Huxley and GP Wells , the authors wrote " To - day it is possible to assert without any question that telegony is a mere fable , which could only have gained ground in the days when men were ignorant of the true mechanism of fertilization and reproduction . The supposed instances of telegony which are constantly being reported even to - day , invariably . Perhaps the most famous example is that of Lord Morton ' s mare . The mare , a pure Arabian , was mated with a zebra stallion , and produced a hybrid foal . On two later occasions , she was bred Above : The King ' s Hybrid ( 1902 ) . This is the animal that Hammerton later described in 1930 . A REMARKABLE ZEBRA HYBRID . ( The Sketch , 30th July 1902 ) The accompanying photograph of a remarkable zebra hybrid which Lord Kitchener brought home for presentation to the King is of peculiar interest . The animal ( which , properly speaking , should be described as a “ quagga , " being a cross between a zebra and a pony ) was bought as a yearling in South Africa by Captain A . C . Webb , of the Johannesburg Remount Depot , who , after training it to the saddle , sent it home by Lord Kitchener as a present to His Majesty . The quagga is an inch and In " Animal Life and the World of Nature " ( 1902 - 1903 ) , WP Dando ( Fellow of the Zoological Society , London ) writes : Much interest has been aroused at the Zoo by the presentation by His Majesty the King of a hybrid Zebra , a cross - breed between a stallion horse and a Burchell ' s zebra mare . This animal was sent over to England by Lord Kitchener , who discovered it among the remounts placed at his disposal in the Transvaal during the war . The zebra markings are fairly distinct on all four legs , also slightly across the loins and at the root of the tail , continuing a few inches up the centre of the buttocks . In " Wonders of Animal Life " ( 1930 ) , J A Hammerton , it noted that crosses were made between Chapman ' s zebras and a ponies during the South African War . In " Wonders of Animal Life " ( 1930 ) edited by J A Hammerton , it notes : During the South African War , an attempt was made by the Boers to evolve a new animal to supplement the supply available for transport work . A cross was obtained between a Chapman ' s zebra and a pony and a specimen was captured by the British and presented to King Edward VII by Lord Kitchener . The animal was produced chiefly for hauling guns . It was photographed by W S Berridge . WP Dando FZS , in the 1902 / 03 encyclopedia " Animal Life and the World of Nature " described the same hybrid as a cross with a Burchell ' s zebra . McClintock noted that a Chapman ' s zebra stallion , kept by Friedrich von Falz - Fein at Askania - Nova in southern Russia actually preferred to mate with domestic mares rather than with a Chapman zebra mare . Eventually the stallion killed his zebra mate by biting her to death . In “ Out of Africa ” , the African memoirs of Baroness Karen Blixen ( 1885 - 1962 ) published in 1937 , Blixen writes : ” It is a much debated question whether it is possible to cross domestic animals with the game : many people have tried to create a type of small horse fitted to the country , by breeding from zebra and horses , though I myself have never seen such cross - breeds . ” Today , zorses and zonies are relatively common . Zebra hybrids are considered better suited ( through better temperament and more horse - like / donkey - like conformation ) than pure zebras to being ridden or used for draught . They are resistant to some of the diseases that afflict horses and donkeys , hence they have been used use in Africa for trekking and draught . In the USA they are bred as riding and show animals , because of their interesting appearance . in Manila Zoo in 2011 , a domestic stallion that found itself isolated by ZORSE / ZONY COLOURS Zebras are normally bred to solid colour horses / ponies to produce offspring with striping over the whole body . The interaction of chestnut and zebra striping gives rise to the alternative name " golden zebra " . The striping pattern depends on the type of zebra used . When bred to a piebald ( black - and - white ) horse ( US : piebald pinto ) or to a skewbald ( brown / bay / chestnut - and - white ) horse ( US : skewbald pinto ) or to particoloured USAnian breeds known as " Paint " DARWIN ON HYBRID EQUIDS In " Origin of Species " ( 1859 ) Charles Darwin mentioned four coloured drawings of hybrids between the ass and zebra . He noted " In Lord Moreton ' s famous hybrid from a chestnut mare and male quagga , the hybrid , and even the pure offspring subsequently produced from the mare by a black Arabian sire , were much more plainly barred across the legs than is even the pure quagga . Lastly , and this is another most remarkable case , a hybrid has been figured by Dr . Gray ( and he informs me that The Equus indicus [ onager ] a hybrid , raised at Knowsley ( ' Gleanings from the Knowsley Menageries ' by Dr . J.E. Gray . ) from a female of this species by a male domestic ass , had all four legs transversely and conspicuously striped , had three short stripes on each shoulder and had even some zebra - like stripes on its face ! Dr . Gray informs me that he has seen a second hybrid of the same parentage , similarly striped . In his " The Variation Of Animals And Plants Under Domestication " , Darwin wrote : " I have seen , in the British Museum , a hybrid from the ass and zebra dappled on its hinder quarters . [ . . . ] Many years ago I saw in the Zoological Gardens a curious triple hybrid , from a bay mare , by a hybrid from a male ass and female zebra . and further described Moreton ' s hybrid ; In the famous hybrid bred by Lord Morton ( ' Philosoph . Transact . ' 1821 page 20 . ) from a chestnut , nearly purely - bred , Arabian mare , by a In that book , Darwin concluded : " The ass has a prepotent power over the horse , so that both the mule and the hinny more resemble the ass than the horse ; but that the prepotency runs more strongly in the male - ass than in the female , so that the mule , which is the offspring of the male - ass and mare , is more like an ass , than is the hinny , which is the offspring of the female - ass and stallion . " In " The Variation Of Animals And Plants Under Domestication " Darwin elaborated : " Colin , who has given in his ' Traite Phys . Comp . ' tome 2 pages 537 - 539 , [ . . . ] is strongly of opinion that the ass preponderates in both crosses , but in an unequal degree . This is likewise the conclusion of Flourens , and of Bechstein in his ' Naturgeschichte Deutschlands ' b . 1 s . 294 . The tail of the hinny is much more like that of the horse than is the tail of the mule , and this is generally accounted for by the males of In " Darwinism An Exposition Of The Theory Of Natural Selection With Some Of Its Applications " ( 1889 ) , Alfred Russel Wallace commented : " Crosses between the two species of zebra , or even between the zebra and the quagga , or the quagga and the ass , might have led to a very different result . " OTHER EQUID HYBRIDS All equid species will hybridise to produce viable offspring , though the offspring are generally sterile with only a few exceptions . Hybrids between Equus africanus ( wild African ass ) x Equus asinus ( domestic donkey ) hybrids are fully fertile . . Hybrids between the Equus caballus ( domestic horse ) and Equus przewalskii ( Przewalski horse ) , a primitve wild species , are fertile despite their differing chromosome numbers ( 66 for the Przewalski horse , 64 for the domestic horse ) . The onager ( Equus hermionus ) is an Asiatic ass or hermione . According to Dorcas McClintock in " A Natural History Of Zebras , " Grevy ' s zebra has 46 chromosomes ; plains zebras have 44 and mountain zebras have 32 . The domestic horse has 64 chromosomes . Although all 3 zebra species have been crossed with domestic horses , the 2 dissimilar sets of chromosomes inherited by a zebra hybrid can not mix because of differences in number , size and shape . As a result , almost all zebra hybrids are sterile . In captivity , plains zebras have been crossed with mountain zebras . The hybrid foals According to Crandall , some hybrids ( " racial intergrades " ) were foaled by a Hartmann ' s mare and sired by a Cape stallion between 1924 and 1931 ; one of these was sent to London Zoological Gardens and figured by Antonius ( 1951 : 196 ) . Crandall noted that Gray ( 1954 ) listed many crosses between zebras and both horses and asses , wild and domestic . In most cases the male hybrids seemed to be sterile , but there was some evidence indicating that females may sometimes be sterile . Several of these hybrids MOOSE - HORSE HYBRID ? In July 2006 , a rancher in French - speaking Quebec province , the Gaspe Peninsula , claimed a funny - looking foal was the result of a mating between a wild moose and a mare . The male foal , called Bambi , has a relatively large , heavy - looking head with a drooping mouth and has long , relatively thick legs . The owner , Francois Larocque , claimed it had the head of a moose on a horse ' s body . Bambi allegedly likes to spend time in a nearby forest where moose live . BACK TO HYBRIDS & MUTANTS INDEX INDEX	[ "HYBRID EQUINES", "portmanteau word", "hand-reared" ]
http://mestainedglass.com/	M E Stained Glass \| Print \| Welcome to M E Stained Glass M . E . Stained Glass has been creating , restoring , repairing and protecting historic , domestic and commercial stained glass windows for over a quarter of a century . In that time our family run business has established an enviable reputation and we are proud to have been involved in projects at some of the country ' s finest buildings . Our expertise enables us to work within English Heritage , Architect or Church Diocese specifications and guidelines where necessary . Our work has been featured on Channel 4 ' s Grand Designs series , where we were involved in the £ 1 million restoration of historic Hellifield Peel , near Skipton , North Yorkshire - see our Case Studies pages for more information . We are based in Loughborough , Leicestershire , and cover wide areas around Reford , Doncaster , Nottingham , Derby , Leicester and Nationwide . The services we offer are : Stained Glass Window Restoration Stained Glass Window Repairs Stained Glass Window Commissions Leaded Lights Church Window Protection Steel Window Casements If you would like any more information regarding the Stained Glass Window services that we provide , or would like to arrange a free , no obligation site visit or estimate then please do n ' t hesitate to get in touch . You can contact us either by email at mestainedglass @ hotmail . co . uk or telephone us on 07712 662092 . Further contact details and options are available on our Contact Us page . Main Menu Home Company History Stained Glass Restoration and Repair Leaded Window Restoration New Commissions Steel Window Casements Steel Window Casement Refurbishment Church Window Protection Case Studies Gallery Customer Testimonials Contact Us Our Services Stained Glass Window Restoration Stained Glass Window Repair Stained Glass Window Commissions Leaded Lights	[ "M E Stained Glass", "Stained Glass Window Restoration", "Leaded Lights" ]
http://metalgear.wikia.com/wiki/Scott_Dolph	in : Male MGS2 Characters Snake Tales Characters and 2 more Scott Dolph English Edit Share Commandant Scott Dolph Biographical information Nationality American Died August 8 , 2007 USS Discovery , Manhattan Physical description Eye color Brown Hair color Blond Ethnicity African American Career and family information Affiliation ( s ) United States Marine Corps Occupation Officer Notable family Wife Fortune ( daughter ) Jackson ( son - in - law ) Unborn grandchild Vamp ( possible Lover ) Behind the scenes Main appearance ( s ) Metal Gear Solid 2 : Sons of Liberty Created by Hideo Kojima Designed by Yoji Shinkawa Voiced by ( Japanese ) Daisuke Gōri Voiced by ( English ) Kevin Michael Richardson MGS2 Phil LaMarr MGS2 : DGN Scott Dolph was the Commandant of the United States Marine Corps as of the Tanker Incident in 2007 . He was the father of Helena Dolph Jackson , otherwise known as Fortune of Dead Cell . He was very protective of her , quoted as saying : " I have a daughter - - and it is my greatest wish never to have her , or her children , experience the horror of nuclear war . " Contents show Biography RAY project Following the Shadow Moses Incident , Commandant Scott Dolph oversaw the development of Metal Gear RAY , designed to put an end to the proliferation of Metal Gear derivatives that emerged after plans for Metal Gear REX were leaked onto the black market . He also realized that most of the Navy would not support their plan , and there were attempts by officials with Air and Submarine backgrounds and with an agenda to cash in on the increase of nuclear proliferation , as well as a major party , trying to derail the RAY project , but he was confident that the RAY project would succeed . The Manhattan Incident See also : Tanker Incident and the Big Shell Incident Dolph salutes after finishing his speech . On August 8 , 2007 , Dolph and his Marines were transporting the RAY prototype for field testing on board the USS Discovery , when the ship was hijacked by Revolver Ocelot and the Gurlukovich Mercenaries . At the time , Dolph was giving a speech to his men concerning Metal Gear RAY , and was unaware his ship was under siege , to which he also intended to broadcast his speech live to an unknown receiver , as well as various members of the military in addition to the Marines on board the Ocelot made his presence known after Dolph finished his speech , and during the resulting confrontation , Dolph was held at gunpoint by Sergei Gurlukovich . However , Ocelot betrayed his supposed ally , and both Sergei and Dolph were mortally wounded and killed , respectively , by Ocelot in a tense shootout ( the latter expired immediately via a gunshot to his brow ) . He also expressed shock shortly before his demise that the Patriots were trying to steal , or take back , as Ocelot stated , RAY . Dolph ' s death was later covered up as the result of a training accident . After death Fortune blamed Solid Snake , who was present at the time , for her father ' s death , though Ocelot himself eventually told her the truth , moments before he shot her atop Arsenal Gear . In addition , she also believed that her father ' s ghost cursed her with her apparent supernatural luck . Personality and traits According to Snake , Dolph was rumored to be bisexual , having had a relationship with Vamp while he was still married to his wife . Dolph apparently possessed nanomachines in his body that forced him to substitute the phrase , " La - Li - Lu - Le - Lo , " in place of , " the Patriots . " Behind the scenes The character of スコット・ドルフ Sukotto Dorufu was named after the Konami representative of same name , who , at one point , was Hideo Kojima ' s personal translator . The real life Dolph was one of the voice actors of the hostages in Metal Gear Solid 2 . Dolph also appears as a rapper in Konami ' s Dance Dance Revolution series , under the alias Scotty D . Metal Gear Solid 2 : Sons of Liberty Concept art . According to ' s " Grand Game Plan " for Metal Gear Solid 2 , Dolph ' s speech contained additional dialogue that was cut from the final version . The reasons for its removal was possibly due to most of the Arsenal Ship plotline being removed from the final version . The dialogue was originally to occur be between the lines " The Metal Gear RAY you see here is to prevent that possibility , " and " We the Marines will lead the charge to a new world order with Metal Gear RAY , " and were as follows : General Scott Dolph : This project was evolved from the Arsenal Ship Program advanced from the mid - 90s by the 25th Chief of Naval Operations , Admiral Mike Boorda . Some say that has led to it being cursed . Admiral Boorda ' s death was indeed unfortunate . However , we must carry RAY to its completion . [ . . . ] The predecessor to this project was the Arsenal Ship Program advanced of the mid - 90s . However , the man heading it up , Admiral Boorda , unexpectedly committed suicide in May of 1996 , resulting in the When logging in during the Tanker Chapter , the term " Policenauts " is seen in brackets behind Scott ' s username , alluding to the earlier Kojima game of the same name Metal Gear Solid 2 : Substance In the Snake Tales scenario " Dead Man ' s Whisper , " Dolph invites Solid Snake to the Big Shell to participate in a terrorist simulation , and has Vamp act out as a terrorist . To keep Snake from drawing attention to himself , he also gives him the alias " Iroquois Pliskin . " However , the terrorist simulation ends up turning into the real deal after Vamp massacres the SEAL squad that was originally supposed to act out the simulation in Strut F . Dolph later learns that Vamp ' s original plan was to take revenge on everyone in order to make it appear as though Jackson , former leader of Dead Cell , had been wrongly imprisoned . However , Vamp ends up being used by Navy Captain O ' Brien in his goal to " tame " Dead Cell . Dolph was originally supposed to be executed by Vamp , but later retires as a result of the incident . Metal Gear Solid 4 : Guns of the Patriots Dolph makes a cameo appearance as a ghost near a collapsed furnace in the casting facility of Shadow Moses during Act 4 . It should be noted that he is the only character other than Master Miller , who was killed three days before the Shadow Moses Incident happened , who appears as a ghost in Shadow Moses despite not actually being involved in it ( not counting the development team ' s ghosts ) . Metal Gear Solid 2 Digital Graphic Novel Dolph appeared in Metal Gear Solid 2 Digital Graphic Novel with the same role as in the main game . In this appearance , he was voiced by Phil LaMarr , who coincidentally also voiced , who was rumored to be Scott Dolph ' s lover . Appearances Metal Gear Solid 2 : Substance Non - canon appearances Snake Tales Metal Gear Solid 4 : Guns of the Patriots ( ghost ) Sources Metal Gear Solid 4 Database Notes and references , Konami Computer Entertainment Japan ( 2001 ) . This is mentioned in an optional Codec conversation with Otacon , during the Tanker Incident . Also , the reason why the receiver is listed as unknown is because a heavy firewall blocked Otacon ' s attempts to pinpoint the receiving location , and it is never revealed exactly who the speech is being transmitted to . characters Solid Snake Raiden Otacon Colonel Rosemary AI Peter Stillman Mr . X Emma Emmerich Solidus Snake Revolver Ocelot Fortune Fatman Olga Gurlukovich Liquid Ocelot Sergei Gurlukovich Richard Ames U.S. President Johnson Gary McGolden John - Dee Max Smithson Navy Captain Conservation group VIP Jennifer Admiral Boorda Johnny Sasaki Julie Danziger Olga ' s child Karen Hojo Categories Male MGS2 Characters Snake Tales Characters Americans Parents Languages : Deutsch Español	[ "Scott Dolph", "Commandant", "Marine Corps" ]
http://methods.sagepub.com/book/reliability-and-validity-in-qualitative-research	Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research Chapters Front Matter Back Matter Objectivity in Qualitative Research Reliability and Validity The Problem of Validity Toward Theoretical Validity The Problem of Reliability Ethnographic Decision Making The Four Phases of Qualitative Research Copyright Series Introduction Contrast and irony provide the definitional context for this series of monographs on qualitative methods Contrast is inevitable because the label itself makes sense only when set against something it is not Irony is also inevitable because the denotative contrast between the qualitative and quantitative is so often misleading if not downright false The mandate for the series is then paradoxical We wish to highlight the distinctions between methods thought to be qualitative and quantitative but also to demonstrate that such distinctions typically break down when subject to scrutiny Alongside the Sage Series on Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences comes the Sage Series One way of approaching the paradox is to think of qualitative methods as procedures for counting to one Deciding what is to count as a unit of analysis is fundamentally an interpretive issue requiring judgment and choice It is however a choice that cuts to the core of qualitative methodswhere meanings rather than frequencies assume paramount significance Qualitative work is blatantly interpretive but as the work in this series demonstrates there are a number of increasingly sophisticated procedures to guide the interpretive acts of social researchers The monographs in this series go beyond the short confessionals usually found in the methodology sections of research reports They also go beyond the rather flat programmatic treatments afforded qualitative methods in most research textbooks Not only are qualitative methods becoming more variegated going well beyond the traditional look listen and learn dicta issued by traditional field researchers they are also being shaped more distinctly by explicit philosophical and moral positions This series seeks to elaborate both qualitative techniques and the intellectual grounds on which they stand The series is designed for the novice eager to learn about specific modes of social inquiry as well as for the veteran researcher curious about the widening range of social science methods Each contribution extends the boundaries of methodological discourse but not at the expense of losing the uninitiated The aim is to minimize jargon make analytic premises visible provide concrete examples and limit the scope of each volume with precision and restraint These are to be sure introductory monographs but each allows for the development of a lively research theme with subtlety detail and illustration To a large extent John Van Maanen Peter K Manning Marc L Miller Editors Introduction The most venerable tradition among qualitative methods is unquestionably participant observation Strictly speaking this stiff but precise phrase refers more to the oscillating situation of researchers as they move in through and out of the field than it does to a particular research technique Jerome Kirk and Marc Miller in this first volume of the Sage Series on Qualitative Research Methods classify fieldwork situations in terms of a highly general process model of participantobservation research They do so well within the conventional wisdom of what constitutes science and as their title suggests concern themselves largely with issues surrounding the scientific status of field data Notes 1 Most such errors are hermeneutic in the sense that they represent misunderstandings of the relationships of parts to wholes 2 Following the oral tradition of science we regard data as a mass noun like love or jewelry and assign it a singular verb 3 See Tukey 1977 and Hartwig and Dearing 1979 for a discussion of a recent trend by statisticians to construct quantitative techniques more appropriate to qualitative research 4 For wellknown introductions to these concepts in the social science and participant observation applications see for example Cronbach and Meehl 1955 Selltiz et al 1963 Webb et al 1966 Sjoberg and Nett 1968 and Becker 1970 5 Bearing in mind that the term measurement in many contexts implies the assessment of degreethat is nonqualitative observationit will be convenient here to regard qualitative observations as a special case of measurement 6 The terms reliability and validity are reminiscent of the physicalscience notions of precision and accuracy In physics precision refers to a feature of reporting a measurementroughly speaking to the amount of accuracy being claimed Spurious precision consists of reporting a measurement in such detail that it has neither reliability nor validity To avoid spurious precision one restricts the report to the level of specificity at which an accurate statement can be made Thus both reliability and validity are subsumed under the concept of accuracy 7 According to Bonjean et al 1967 Sroles fivequestion Anomia scale with 28 independent citations was the seventh most frequently used measure in sociology during the period 19541965 8 In making use of the term invidious it may perhaps be unnecessary to remark there is no intention to extol or depreciate or to commend or deplore any of the phenomena which the work is used to characterize The term is used in a technical sense Veblen 1931 34 9 Spradley 1979 used the term translation competence to refer to the ethnographically undesirable tendency of informants to provide prepackaged partyline and extraemic answers to questions 10 Historical treatments of anthropological fieldwork are found in Penniman 1974 Hodgen 1964 and Stocking 1983 11 A member of the research team Francois Péron was perhaps the first paid ethnographic fieldworker Unfortunately Péron ignored much of his assigned task largely because he was a selfappointed spy intent on studying British settlements in the spirit of French colonial expansion Moore 1969 12 At Oxford Tylor was the first Instructor in Anthropology 1883 and first Professor and Lecturer of Anthropology 31 December 1898 in the British Isles For reports on early worldwide distributions of the anthropological teaching force see Dorsey 1894 and MacCurdy 1899 1902 13 Nowhere is Tylor cited as actually having conducted fieldwork however the circumstances of poor health and a wealthy family resulted in a restorative trip to the New World and a firsthand appreciation of Mexican and tropical cultures Harriss 1968 opinion is that Morgans work would not be considered a bonafide field experience by modern standards since it did not involve continuous or prolonged contact with the daily routine of a given local community 14 Freilich 1977 prefers to say anthropology grew from infancy to childhood during the period 18601900 Kluckhohn 1949 4 contends that It would be going too far to call the nineteenthcentury anthropology the investigation of oddments by the eccentric 15 We have done disservice in this section to Adolf Bastian 18261905 Bastian traveled the globe as a ships surgeon in the mid1800s he returned to Berlin to publish his ethnographic findings became Curator of Ethnography founded the Königliches Museum für Völkerkunde helped organize the Berlin Society for Anthropology Ethnography and Prehistory and coedited the journal Zeitschrift für Ethnologie Lowie 1937 devotes an entire chapter to Bastian who must have invented the image of anthropologists as connoisseurs of foreign cultures while terrorizing in their own 16 Boass anthropological research among the Baffin Island Eskimo 18831884 and Pacific Northwest peoples Kwakiutl work beginning 1886 the Jesup North Pacific expedition 18971902 ranks among the earliest fieldwork on record Other nineteenthcentury fieldworkers include Karl von den Steinen Brazilian expeditions in 1884 and 1887 the Torres Strait expedition team A C Haddon and associates 1888 and 1889 and certainly Sir Walter Baldwin Spencer and Frank J Gillen By 1899 these last two researchers had spent more than two decades among the Australian Arunta with the consequence that both of us are regarded as fully initiated members of the same tribe 1904 x 17 That as will be shown the discipline of sociology has contributed its full share to the technology of fieldwork counts for little in the common assumption of both disciplines that cultural anthropologists are somehow the custodians of qualitative methods 18 Descriptions of the Chicago School as fortified by Park are found in Stein 1960 Madge 1962 and Faris 1967 19 The rise of the Chicago School was greatly facilitated by the fact that many citizens of Chicago wanted their city understood and were willing to underwrite social research 20 The terms participant observation and objective observation are attributed to Lindeman 1924 Interestingly Anderson 1961 reports that he was unfamiliar with these labels at the time he conducted fieldwork for The Hobo The two men later collaborated Anderson and Lindeman 1930 21 This terminology arises from a Jorge Luis Borges 1964 account of an author who labored to compose the Quixote in precisely the same words as Miguel de Cervantes 22 Perhaps the best resolution of the original debate is that power is something experienced from the bottom not from the top It is a common experience to have ones whim frustrated by some person or agency with the power to do so but a rare experience indeed to be able to impose ones whim on others Power is indeed exercised but those who exercise it rarely have the choice about whether or how to do so for the power only exists by virtue of accommodating those other interests that support it Naturally the investigator who interviews and identifies with whereas the one who interviews and identifies with the powerful will discover that the untrammeled exercise of power is only a myth 23 Certain anthropologists eg Brady 1983 have taken Freeman to be challenging the competence and integrity of one of their culture heroes and favorite people and have entirely dismissed his work as crude and intended only to shock This does not appear to have been his intent Modern ethnography was in its very beginnings at the time of Meads research and to criticize her findings out of historical context would be equivalent to criticizing Edisons original light bulb for burning out after a few seconds 24 Bridgman 1927 is one statement of the position most vulnerable to this kind of error 25 This extreme is approached for example by Mehan and Wood 1976 26 Friedman 1967 doubts even this in social psychology 27 These terms Invention Discovery Interpretation and Explanation are used as technical terms in the ways defined here In order to avoid proliferation of jargon rather more vulgar labels have been used for activities subsumed under these major phases Glossary APPARENT VALIDITY Face ValidityThe obviousness of the relationship between an observational procedure and what it is intended to observe Chapter 3 CHECKING THE VALIDITY An aspect of INTERPRETATION At issue is whether or not the researcher is calling things by their right names Chapter 6 CHECKING THE RELIABILITY An aspect of INTERPRETATION At issue is under what conditions results might be replicated Chapter 6 COPPING DIRECTIONS An aspect of INVENTION At issue is the problem of arriving at the field Chapter 6 COPPING A TASTE At issue is the preliminary and freeform exchange between the observer and observed Chapter 6 COPPING A LOOK An aspect of INVENTION At issue is the first exposure to a studied culture Chapter 6 DIACHRONIC RELIABILITY External ReliabilityThe extent to which the same observation made at different times yields the same information Chapter 5 DISCOVERY Data Collection Working the fieldThe second field phase of qualitative research that distinguishes it from nonqualitative research Chapter 6 EXPLANATION Report writing Leaving the fieldThe fourth and final phase of scientific research beginning after data has been collected and analyzed presentation of a thematic point to a particular audience Chapter 6 FIELD NOTES Timely and verbatim records kept by a field researcher may include diarylike material and tentative interpretation Chapter 5 INSTRUMENTAL VALIDITY Criterion ValidityThe correspondence between an observation and a different and accepted observation of the same thing Chapter 3 INTERPRETATION Analysis Reading the fieldThe third phase of scientific research beginning after an appropriate amount of data has been collected from a particular time and place organization and summary of data drawing conclusions from the data Chapter 6 INVENTION Research design Finding the fieldThe first phase of scientific research comprising all the activity leading up to the collection of data Chapter 6 OBJECTIVITY A commitment to integrating new findings into the cumulative body of collective knowledge and confronting ideas with data as well as argument Chapter 1 PHENOMENOLOGY Emphasis on the process of observation sometimes to the exclusion of concern for external reality Chapter 1 POSITIVISM Emphasis on external reality sometimes to the exclusion of concern for the process of observation Chapter 2 PRAGMATISM Emphasis on a continuing concern with the observer the observed and the activity of observation manifest in social science under the name symbolic interactionism Chapter 1 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH 1 Research involving counting 2 Research not involving counting 3 Observation and interaction with the target of study on its own home ground ethnography fieldwork naturalistic research participant observation Chapter 1 QUIXOTIC RELIABILITY Multiple observations yielding identical information in field research often a signal of problems in validity Chapter 5 RELIABILITY The extent to which the same observational procedure in the same context yields the same information for the implications of the term same see diachronic quixotic synchronic reliability Chapter 5 SCORING A CHANCE An aspect of DISCOVERY At issue is the securing of the situation to collect data Chapter 6 SCORING AN ENDING An aspect of DISCOVERY At issue is knowing when and how to stop collecting data Chapter 6 SCORING THE FACTS The central aspect of DISCOVERY At issue is the gathering of data Chapter 6 SPLITTING THE SCENE An aspect of EXPLANATION At issue is the consequence of the observer leaving the field Chapter 6 SPLITTING THE TAKE An aspect of EXPLANATION At issue is the dividing of research costs and benefits between the observer and the observed Chapter 6 SPLITTINGUP An aspect of EXPLANATION At issue is the stopping of data collection activities Chapter 6 SYNCHRONIC RELIABILITY Internal ReliabilityThe extent to which two simultaneous observations or two observations of an unchanging target yield the same information Chapter 5 THEORETICAL VALIDITY Construct ValidityThe quality of the relationship between an observation and the element of a model that represents it Chapter 3 VALIDITY The quality of fit between an observation and the basis on which it is madesee apparent instrumental theoretical validity often the issue is the naming of variables Chapter 3 References ADAMS R N and J J PREISS eds 1960 Human Organization Research Homewood IL Dorsey AGAR M H Ethnographic evidence Urban Life 12 1983 3248 AGAR M H Toward an ethnographic language American Anthropologist 84 1982 779795 AGAR M H 1980 The Professional Stranger New York Academic ANDERSON J R 1980 Cognitive Psychology and Its Implications San Francisco Freeman ANDERSON N 1961 The Hobo Chicago Chicago orig pub 1923 ANDERSON N and E C LINDEMAN 1930 Urban Sociology New York Knopf BADASH L Chance favors the prepared mind Henri Becquerel and the discovery of radioactivity Archives of the International Historical Society 18 1965 5566 BECKER H S 1970 Sociological Work Chicago Aldine BERREMAN G D Anemic and emetic analysis in social anthropology American Anthropologist 68 1966 346354 BEVERIDGE WIB 1950 The Art of Scientific Investigation New York W W Norton BLACK M and D METZGER Ethnographic description and the study of law in L Nader The Ethnography of Law American Anthropologist 67 1965 6 Special Publication Part 2 141165 BLUMER H 1968 Symbolic Interactionism New York PrenticeHall BLUMER M The society for social research J Thomas The Chicago School Urban Life 11 1983 4 Special Issue 421439 BONJEAN C M R J HILL and S D McLEMORE 1967 Sociological Measurement San Francisco Chandler BORGES J L 1964 Pierre Menard author of the Quixote in Labyrinths New York New Directions 3644 BOWEN E S Bohannan L 1954 Return to Laughter New York Harper BRADY I Speaking in the name of the real Freeman and Mead on Samoa American Anthropologist 85 1983 4 Special Section 908944 BRIDGMAN P W 1927 The Logic of Modern Physics New York Macmillan BRIM J A and D H SPAIN 1974 Research Design in Anthropology New York Holt Rinehart Winston CARROLL L 1960 The Annotated Alice M Gardner ed New York Clarkson N Potter Carrolls book pub originally in 1865 CLARK T N 1971 Community Politics New York Free Press COLEMAN J S 1973 The Mathematics of Collective Action Chicago Aldine CRONBACH L J and P E MEEHL Construct validity in psychological tests Psychological Bulletin 52 1955 4 281302 CRUTCHFIELD R S Conformity and character American Psychologist 10 1955 191198 DAHL R H 1961 Who Governs New Haven CT Yale DEGERANDO J 1969 Considerations on the Various Methods to Follow in the Observation of Savage People FCT Moore trans Berkeley University of California orig pub 1800 DICKE R H PJE PEEBLES P G ROLL and D T WILKINSON Cosmic blackbody radiation Astrophysical Journal 142 1965 414419 DORSEY G A The study of anthropology in American colleges The Archaeologist 2 1894 368373 DOUGLAS J D 1976 Investigative Social Research Beverly Hills CA Sage DUMONT J 1978 The Headman and I Austin University of Texas Press DURKHEIM E 1951 Suicide J Spaulding and G Simpson trans New York Free Press orig pub 1897 EAGLY A H Sex differences in influenceability Psychological Bulletin 85 1978 86116 EMERSON R M 1983 Introduction part 1 in R M Emerson ed Contemporary Field Research Boston Little Brown EMERSON R M Powerdependence relations ASR 27 1962 3141 ETZIONI A 1964 Modern Organizations Englewood Cliffs NJ PrenticeHall EVANSPRITCHARD E E 1951 Social Anthropology New York Free Press FARIS REL 1967 Chicago Sociology 19201932 San Francisco Chandler FLEMING A 1946 History and development of penicillin pp 123 in A Fleming ed Penicillin Its Practical Application Philadelphia Blakiston FRAKE C O Notes and queries on ethnography A K Romney and R G DAndrade Transcultural Studies in Cognition American Anthropologist 66 1964 3 Special Publication Part 2 132145 FREEDMAN J L J M CARLSMITH and D O SEARS 1970 Social Psychology Englewood Cliffs NJ PrenticeHall FREEMAN D 1983 Margaret Mead and Samoa Cambridge MA Harvard FREEMAN L C 1968 Patterns of Local Community Leadership Indianapolis BobbsMerrill FREILICH M ed 1977 Marginal Natives at Work Anthropologists in the Field New York Wiley FRIEDMAN N 1967 The Social Nature of Psychological Research New York Basic Books GEERTZ C 1974 From the natives point of view on the nature of anthropological understanding Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 2745 GOLDBERG P Prejudice toward women International Journal of Group Tensions 4 1974 5363 GOLDSCHMIDT W letter to the editor American Anthropologist 84 1982 3 641643 GRAFF G 1979 Literature Against Itself Chicago University of Chicago Press HARRIS M 1979 Cultural Materialism New York Random House HARRIS M 1968 The Rise of Anthropological Theory New York Crowell HARTWIG F and B E DEARING 1979 Exploratory Data Analysis Sage University Paper series on Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences 0716 Beverly Hills Sage HIRSCH E D Jr 1976 The Aims of Interpretation Chicago University of Chicago Press HODGEN M T 1964 Early Anthropology in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries Philadelphia Pennsylvania University Press HUNTER F 1953 Community Power Structure Chapel Hill University of North Carolina Press JANIS I L and P B FIELD 1959 Sex differences and personality factors related to persuasibility in C I Hovland and I L Janis eds Personality and Persuasibility New Haven CT Yale JOHNSON A W 1978 Quantification in Cultural Anthropology Stanford CA Stanford University Press JUNKER B H 1960 Field Work Chicago University of Chicago Press KLUCKHOHN C 1949 Mirror for Man New York McGrawHill LABOV W and P FANSHEL 1977 Therapeutic Discourse New York Academic LEACH E R 1967 An anthropologists reflection on a social survey pp 7588 in D C Jongmans and P C Gutkind eds Anthropologists in the Field Assen Van Gorcum LEVISTRAUSS C 1961 A World on the Wane J Russel trans New York Criterion Books orig pub 1955 LINDEMAN E C 1924 Social Discovery New York Republic LOWIE R 1937 The History of Ethnological Theory New York Rinehart LYND R S and H M LYND 1929 Middletown New York Harcourt Brace Jovanovich MACCOBY E E and C N JACKLIN 1974 The Psychology of Sex Differences Stanford CA Stanford University Press MACCURDY G G The teaching of anthropology in the United States Science 15 1902 371 211216 MACCURDY G G Extent of instruction in anthropology in Europe and the United States Science 10 1899 260 910917 MADGE J 1962 The Origins of Scientific Sociology New York Free Press MALINOWSKI B 1967 A Diary in the Strict Sense of the Term N Guterman trans New York Harcourt Brace Jovanovich MAQUET J J Objectivity in anthropology Current Anthropology 5 1964 4755 MARCH J G 1966 The power of power pp 3970 in D Easton ed Varieties of Political Theory Englewood Cliffs NJ PrenticeHall MEAD M 1973 The art and technology of field work pp 246265 in R Naroll and R Cohen eds A Handbook of Method in Cultural Anthropology New York Columbia orig pub 1970 MEAD M 1972 Blackberry Winter New York Morrow MEAD M 1965 Anthropologists and What They Do New York Watts MEAD M 1928 Coming of Age in Samoa New York Morrow MEHAN H and H WOOD 1976 The Reality of Ethnomethodology New York Wiley MILLER C O F SKOOG M H VON SLATZA and F M Kinetin a cell division factor from Deoxyribonucleic acid Journal of the American Chemical Society 77 1955 1392 communication to the editor MOORE FCT 1969 Translators introduction in J Degerando The Observation of Savage Peoples Berkeley University of California Press MURDOCK G P 1967 Ethnographic Atlas Pittsburgh University of Pittsburgh Press MURDOCK G P 1949 Social Structure New York Macmillan NUNNALLY J 1959 Tests and Measurements New York McGrawHill PALMER V 1928 Field Studies in Sociology Chicago University of Chicago Press PELTO P J and G H PELTO 1978 Anthropological Research New York Cambridge University Press PENNIMAN T K 1974 A Hundred Years of Anthropology New York Morrow PENZIAS A A and R W WILSON A measurement of excess antenna temperature at 4080 Mcs Astrophysical Journal 142 1965 419421 PIAGET J 1954 The Construction of Reality in the Child M Cook trans New York Basic POLSBY N W 1980 Community Power and Political Theory New Haven CT Yale POPPER K R 1959 The Logic of Scientific Discovery New York Basic POWDERMAKER H 1966 Stranger and Friend New York W W Norton RABINOW P 1977 Reflections on Fieldwork in Morocco Berkeley University of California Press RAIFFA H 1968 Decision Analysis Reading MA AddisonWesley ROSS L G BIERBRAUER and S HOFFMAN The role of attribution processes in conformity and dissent American Psychologist 31 1976 148157 Royal Anthropological Institute 1951 Notes and Queries on Anthropology London Routledge Kegan Paul 6th edition Royal Anthropological Institute 1929 Notes and Queries on Anthropology London Author 5th edition Royal Anthropological Institute 1874 Notes and Queries on Anthropology London British Association for the Advancement of Science 1st edition SARKAR N K and S J TAMBIAH 1957 The Disintegrating Village Colombo Sri Lanka Ceylon University SocioEconomic Survey of Pata Dumbara SEGALL M H D T CAMPBELL and M H HERSKOVITS 1966 The Influence of Culture on Visual Perception Indianapolis BobbsMerrill SELLTIZ C M JAHODA M DEUTSCH and S W COOK 1963 Research Methods in Social Relations New York Holt Rinehart Winston SISTRUNK F and J W McDAVID Sex variable in conforming behavior Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 17 1971 200207 SJOBERG G and R NETT 1968 A Methodology for Social Research New York Harper Row SMALL A W Fifty years of sociology in the United States American Journal of Sociology 21 1916 6 721864 SONTAG S A hero of our time The New York Review of Books 1 1963 7 68 SPENCER W B and F J GILLEN 1904 The Northern Tribes of Central Australia New York Macmillan SPRADLEY J P 1979 The Ethnographic Interview New York Holt Rinehart Winston SROLE L Social integration and certain corollaries ASR 21 1956 709716 STEIN M R 1960 The Eclipse of Community Princeton NJ Princeton University Press STOCKING G W Jr 1983 Observers Observed Madison Wisconsin University Press TAX S 1955 From Lafitan to RadcliffeBrown a short history of the study of social organization in F Eggen ed Social Anthropology of North American Tribes Chicago Chicago University Press TUKEY J W 1977 Exploratory Data Analysis Reading MA AddisonWesley Van MAANEN J 1982 Fieldwork on the beat in J Van Maanen et al eds Varieties of Qualitative Research Beverly Hills CA Sage 103151 Van MAANEN J ed 1979 Qualitative Methodology Administrative Science Quarterly 24 Special Issue 4 VEBLEN T B 1931 The Theory of The Leisure Class New York Modern Library orig pub 1899 WARNER W L and P S LUNT 1941 The Social Life of a Modern Community New Haven CT Yale University Press WEBB E J D T CAMPBELL R D SCHWARTZ and L SECHREST 1966 Unobtrusive Measures Chicago Rand McNally WHITING JWM et al 1966 Field Guide for a Study of Socialization Six Cultures Series Vol 1 New York Wiley WHYTE W F 1955 Street Corner Society Chicago Chicago University Press About the Authors JEROME KIRK is Associate Professor of Comparative Sociology and Urban Anthropology at the University of California Irvine He received a BA in mathematics from Reed College and a PhD in sociology from The Johns Hopkins University In pursuit of his interest in collective innovation and social change he has conducted field research in Polynesia and South America as well as in a wide variety of North American sites His articles have been published in such journals as American Anthropologist American Journal of Sociology American Political Science Review American Sociological Review Anthropological Linguistics Public Opinion Quarterly and Social Forces MARC L MILLER is Assistant Professor of Marine Studies and Adjunct Assistant Professor of Anthropology at the University of Washington He received his PhD from the University of California Irvine in 1974 He specializes in the sociology of work and occupations formal organizations recreation leisure and tourism and has conducted field research in Mexico South America and on the East and West coasts of the United States He has published in Coastal Zone Management Journal Human Organization New Scholar Urban Life Ocean Development and International Law Social Networks Work and Occupations and Environment and Behavior among other professional journals Qualitative Research Methods Series Editor JOHN VAN MAANEN Massachusetts Institute of Technology Associate Editors Peter K Manning Michigan State University Marc L Miller University of Washington 1 RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Kirk Miller 2 SPEAKING OF ETHNOGRAPHY Agar 3 THE POLITICS AND ETHICS OF FIELDWORK Punch 4 LINKING DATA Fielding Fielding 5 THE CLINICAL PERSPECTIVE IN FIELDWORK Schein 6 MEMBERSHIP ROLES IN FIELD RESEARCH Adler Adler 7 SEMIOTICS AND FIELDWORK Manning 8 ANALYZING FIELD REALITY Gubrium 9 GENDER ISSUES IN ETHNOGRAPHY 2nd Edition Warren Hackney 10 SYSTEMATIC DATA COLLECTION Weller Romney 11 METAETHNOGRAPHY Synthesizing Qualitative Studies Noblit Hare 12 ETHNOSTATISTICS Qualitative Foundations for Quantitative Research Gephart 13 THE LONG INTERVIEW McCracken 14 MICROCOMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Pfaffenberger 15 KNOWING CHILDREN Participant Observation with Minors Fine Sandstrom 16 FOCUS GROUPS AS QUALITATIVE RESEARCH 2nd Edition Morgan 17 INTERPRETIVE BIOGRAPHY Denzin 18 PSYCHOANALYTIC ASPECTS OF FIELDWORK Hunt 19 ETHNOGRAPHIC DECISION TREE MODELING Gladwin 20 WRITING UP QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Wolcott 21 WRITING STRATEGIES Reaching Diverse Audiences Richardson 22 SELECTING ETHNOGRAPHIC INFORMANTS Johnson 23 LIVING THE ETHNOGRAPHIC LIFE Rose 24 ANALYZING VISUAL DATA Ball Smith 25 UNDERSTANDING ETHNOGRAPHIC TEXTS Atkinson 26 DOING CRITICAL ETHNOGRAPHY Thomas Cite List Share Text Methods Map Validity Explore the Methods Map Format APA Copy to Clipboard Or Export to your manager Endnote Please note that some file types are incompatible with some mobile and tablet devices If you encounter a problem downloading a file please try again from a laptop or desktop Open Cancel Have you created a personal profile Login or create a profile so that you can create alerts and save clips playlists and searches LoginRegister Please log in from an authenticated institution or log into your member profile to access the email feature LoginRegister A Small A Normal A Large Cancel	[ "Qualitative Research", "Reliability", "Validity" ]
http://methods.sagepub.com/reference/encyclopedia-of-evaluation/n378.xml	Objectives - Based Evaluation In : Encyclopedia of Evaluation Encyclopedia Edited by : Sandra Mathison Published : 2005 DOI : https : / / dx . doi . org / 10.4135 / 9781412950558 . n378 + More information Online Publication Date : January 1 , 2011 Keywords instructional objectives Disciplines Anthropology Business and Management Communication and Media Studies Criminology and Criminal Justice Economics Education Geography Health Marketing Nursing Political Science and International Relations Psychology Social Policy and Public Policy Social Work Sociology Print ISBN : 9780761926092 \| Online ISBN : 9781412950558 Buy in print Entry Reader ’ s Guide Entries A - Z Subject Index Download PDF Show page numbers Objectives - based evaluation refers to a class of evaluation approaches that centers on the specification of objectives and the measurement of outcomes . Specifically , objectives - based evaluation ( sometimes referred to as objectives - oriented or . . . Looks like you do not have access to this content . Login Do n ’ t know how to login ? Concepts , Evaluation Personnel Evaluation Advocacy in Evaluation Evaluand Evaluation Evaluator Evaluator Roles External Evaluation Formative Evaluation Goal Grading Independence Internal Evaluation Judgment Logic of Evaluation Merit Metaevaluation Objectives Personnel Evaluation Process Evaluation Product Evaluation Program Evaluation Quality Ranking Standard Setting Standards Summative Evaluation Synthesis Value Judgment Values Worth Concepts , Methodological 360 - Degree Evaluation Accountability Achievement Affect Analysis Applied Research Appraisal Appropriateness Assessment Audience Best Practices Black Box Capacity Building Client Client Satisfaction Consumer Consumer Satisfaction Control Conditions Cost Cost Effectiveness Criterion - Referenced Test Critique Cut Score Description Design Effects Dissemination Effectiveness Efficiency Feasibility Hypothesis Impact Assessment Implementation Improvement Indicators Inputs Inspection Interpretation Intervention Interviewing Literature Review Longitudinal Studies Measurement Modus Operandi Most Significant Change Technique Norm - Referenced Tests Opportunity Costs Outcomes Outputs Peer Review Performance Indicator Performance Program Personalizing Evaluation Rapport Reactivity Reliability Sampling Score Card Secondary Analysis Services Setting Significance Situational Responsiveness Social Indicators Sponsor Stakeholder Involvement Treatments Triangulation Concepts , Philosophical Verstehen Aesthetics Ambiguity Amelioration Argument Authenticity Authority of Evaluation Bias Conclusions , Evaluative Consequential Validity Construct Validity Context Credibility Criteria Difference Principle Empiricism Epistemology Equity External Validity Falsifiability Generalization Hermeneutics Inference Internal Validity Interpretation Interpretivism Logical Positivism Meaning Means - End Relations Moral Discourse Objectivity Ontology Paradigm Pareto Optimal Pareto Principle Phenomenology Point of View Positivism Postmodernism Postpositivism Praxis Probative Logic Proxy Measure Rationality Relativism Subjectivity Tacit Knowledge Trustworthiness Understanding Validity Value - Free Inquiry Values Veracity Concepts , Social Science Capitalism Chaos Theory Constructivism Critical Incidents Deconstruction Dialogue Disenfranchised Experimenting Society Feminism Great Society Programs Ideal Type Inclusion Lesbian , Gay , Bisexual , and Transgender Issues in Evaluation Minority Issues in Evaluation Persuasion Policy Studies Politics of Evaluation Qualitative - Quantitative Debate in Evaluation Social Class Social Context Social Justice Ethics and Standards The Program Evaluation Standards Certification Communities of Practice ( CoPs ) Confidentiality Conflict of Interest Ethical Agreements Ethics Guiding Principles for Evaluators Honesty Human Subjects Protection Impartiality Informed Consent Licensure Profession of Evaluation Propriety Public Welfare Reciprocity Social Justice Teaching Evaluation Evaluation and Approaches Accreditation Action Research Appreciative Inquiry Artistic Evaluation Auditing CIPP Model ( Concept , Input , Process , Product ) Cluster Evaluation Community - Based Evaluation Connoisseurship Cost - Benefit Analysis Countenance Model of Evaluation Critical Theory Evaluation Culturally Responsive Evaluation Deliberative Democratic Evaluation Democratic Evaluation Developmental Evaluation Empowerment Evaluation Evaluative Inquiry Experimental Design Feminist Evaluation Fourth - Generation Evaluation Goal - Free Evaluation Illuminative Evaluation Inclusive Evaluation Institutional Self - Evaluation Judicial Model of Evaluation Kirkpatrick Four - Level Evaluation Model Logic Model Models of Evaluation Multicultural Evaluation Naturalistic Evaluation Objectives - Based Evaluation Participatory Action Research ( PAR ) Participatory Evaluation Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation Quasiexperimental Design Realist Evaluation Realistic Evaluation Responsive Evaluation Success Case Method Transformative Paradigm Utilization - Focused Evaluation Evaluation Practice around the World , Stories Afghanistan Belgium Cambodia Ethiopia Germany Greece Guyana Israel Niger Scotland South Africa Spain The Netherlands Uganda Evaluation Planning Budgeting Consultants , Evaluation Contract , Evaluation Evaluability Assessment Evaluation Plans Needs Assessment Planning Questions , Evaluation Evaluation Theory Activity Theory Evaluation Theory Program Logic Program Theory Theory in Action Theory - Driven Evaluation Transdiscipline Laws and Legislation A Nation at Risk Aid to Families With Dependent Children ( AFDC ) Elementary and Secondary Education Act ( ESEA ) Goals 2000 Government and Evaluation Government Performance and Results Act ( GPRA ) Legislative Monitoring No Child Left Behind ( NCLB ) Organizations Abt Associates Active Learning Network for Accountability and Performance in Humanitarian Action ( ALNAP ) American Evaluation Association ( AEA ) American Institutes for Research ( AIR ) Buros Institute Center for Instructional Research and Curriculum Evaluation ( CIRCE ) Center for Research on Evaluation , Standards , and Student Testing ( CRESST ) Center for the Study of Evaluation ( CSE ) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) Centre for Applied Research in Education ( CARE ) ERIC Clearinghouse on Assessment and Evaluation Evaluation Center , The Evaluation Research Society ( ERS ) Evaluators ' Institute ™ , The General Accounting Office ( GAO ) International Development Evaluation Association ( IDEAS ) International Development Research Center ( IDRC ) International Organization for Cooperation in Evaluation ( IOCE ) International Program in Development Evaluation Training ( IPDET ) Joint Committee on Standards for Educational Evaluation Mathematica Policy Research MDRC National Assessment of Educational Progress ( NAEP ) National Institutes of Health ( NIH ) National Science Foundation ( NSF ) Organisation for Economic Co - operation and Development ( OECD ) Performance Assessment Resource Centre ( PARC ) Philanthropic Evaluation RAND Corporation Research Triangle Institute ( RTI ) United States Agency of International Development ( USAID ) Urban Institute Westat WestEd World Bank World Conservation Union ( IUCN ) People Abma , Tineke A . Adelman , Clem Albæk , Erik Alkin , Marvin C . Altschuld , James W . Bamberger , Michael J . Barrington , Gail V . Bhola , H . S . Bickel , William E . Bickman , Leonard Bonnet , Deborah G . Boruch , Robert Brisolara , Sharon Campbell , Donald T . Campos , Jennie Chalmers , Thomas Chelimsky , Eleanor Chen , Huey - Tsyh Conner , Ross Cook , Thomas D . Cooksy , Leslie Cordray , David Cousins , J . Bradley Cronbach , Lee J . Dahler - Larsen , Peter Datta , Lois - ellin Denny , Terry Eisner , Elliot Engle , Molly Farrington , David Fetterman , David M . Fitzpatrick , Jody L . Forss , Kim Fournier , Deborah M . Freeman , Howard E . Frierson , Henry T . Funnell , Sue Georghiou , Luke Glass , Gene V Grasso , Patrick G . Greene , Jennifer C . Guba , Egon G . Hall , Budd L . Hastings , J . Thomas Haug , Peder Henry , Gary T . Hood , Stafford L . Hopson , Rodney House , Ernest R . Hughes , Gerunda B . Ingle , Robert Jackson , Edward T . Julnes , George King , Jean A . Kirkhart , Karen Konrad , Ellen L . Kushner , Saville Leeuw , Frans L . Levin , Henry M . Leviton , Laura Light , Richard J . Lincoln , Yvonna S . Lipsey , Mark W . Lundgren , Ulf P . Mabry , Linda MacDonald , Barry Madison , Anna Marie Mark , Melvin M . Mathison , Sandra Mertens , Donna M . Millet , Ricardo A . Moos , Rudolf H . Morell , Jonathan A . Morris , Michael Mosteller , Frederick Narayan , Deepa Nathan , Richard Nevo , David Newcomer , Kathryn Newman , Dianna L . O ' Sullivan , Rita Owen , John M . Patel , Mahesh Patton , Michael Quinn Pawson , Ray Pollitt , Christopher Porteous , Nancy L . Posavac , Emil J . Preskill , Hallie Reichardt , Charles S . ( Chip ) Rist , Ray C . Rog , Debra J . Rogers , Patricia J . Rossi , Peter H . Rugh , Jim Russon , Craig W . Ryan , Katherine E . Sanders , James R . Scheirer , Mary Ann Schwandt , Thomas A . Scriven , Michael Shadish , William R . Shulha , Lyn M . Simons , Helen Smith , M . F . Smith , Nick L . Stake , Robert E . Stanfield , John II Stanley , Julian C . Stufflebeam , Daniel L . Tilley , Nick Torres , Rosalie T . Toulemonde , Jacques Trochim , William Tyler , Ralph W . VanderPlaat , Madine Wadsworth , Yoland Walberg , Herbert J . Walker , Rob Weiss , Carol Hirschon Whitmore , Elizabeth Wholey , Joseph S . Wildavsky , Aaron B . Worthen , Blaine R . Wye , Christopher G . Publications American Journal of Evaluation Evaluation & the Health Professions Evaluation and Program Planning Evaluation Review : A Journal of Applied Social Research Evaluation : The International Journal of Theory , Research and Practice New Directions for Evaluation ( NDE ) Practical Assessment , Research on Evaluation ( PARE ) The Personnel Evaluation Standards The Program Evaluation Standards EvalTalk Guiding Principles for Evaluators Qualitative Methods Archives Checklists Comparative Analysis Constant Comparative Method Content Analysis Cross - Case Analysis Deliberative Forums Delphi Technique Document Analysis Emergent Design Emic Perspective Ethnography Etic Perspective Fieldwork Focus Group Gendered Evaluation Grounded Theory Group Interview Key Informants Mixed Methods Narrative Analysis Natural Experiments Negative Cases Observation Participant Observation Phenomenography Portfolio Portrayal Qualitative Data Rapid Rural Appraisal Reflexivity Rival Interpretations Thick Description Think - Aloud Protocol Unique - Case Analysis Unobtrusive Measures Quantitative Methods Aggregate Matching Backward Mapping Benchmarking Concept Mapping Correlation Cross - Sectional Design Errors of Measurement Fault Tree Analysis Field Experiment Matrix Sampling Meta - analysis Multitrait - Multimethod Analysis Panel Studies Pre - Post Design Quantitative Data Quantitative Weight and Sum Regression Analysis Standardized Test Statistics Surveys Time Series Analysis Representation , Reporting , Communicating Cartooning Executive Summary Metaphor Narrative Narrative Representation Photography Poetry Recommendations Reporting Representation Storytelling Voice Systems Change Complex Adaptive Systems Incremental Change Learning Organization Organizational Change Organizational Culture Quality Assurance Quality Circles Quality Control Strategic Planning Syndemic Systems and Systems Thinking Technology Alpha Test Beta Test Electronic Surveys Instructional Technology , Evaluation of Utilization Conceptual Use Evaluation Use Intended Users Intended Uses Misuse of Evaluations Process Use Utility Tests Utilization of Evaluation Utilization - Focused Evaluation All A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Go to the first page Go to the previous page 0 Go to the next page Go to the last page No items to display Entries Per Page : 40 Abma , Tineke A . 1 ABT Associates 1 185 Accessibility 1 – 2 Accountability Accreditation Accuracy See Achievement 7 – 8 Achievement tests , 184 398 Action model , Action research Active Learning Network for Accountability and Performance in Humanitarian Action ( ALNAP ) 10 Activity theory Adaptive systems See Adelman , Clem 10 – 11 201 Adult learning , 32 – 33 144 Adversarial evaluation Advocacy in evaluation Aesthetics Affect 14 Affirmative action , 188 Afghan utilization - focused evaluation case , 433 – 434 African American perspective , 187 African Evaluation Association , 22 23 29 40 – 41 African self - empowerment case , 40 – 41 Aggregate matching 14 Aid to Families with Dependent Children ( AFDC ) 14 – 15 Albæk , Erik 15 Alkin , Marvin C . 15 283 435 Alpha test Altschuld , James W . 15 – 16 Ambiguity 16 Amelioration American Educational Research Association ( AERA ) , 122 American Evaluation Association ( AEA ) American Institutes for Research ( AIR ) 17 American Journal of Evaluation ( AJE ) 17 278 Analysis 17 – 18 Angoff procedure , 398 Applied research 18 Appraisal 18 Appreciative inquiry 18 – 19 Appropriateness 19 Aptitude - treatment interactions , 95 Archives 19 74 Argument 20 320 Artistic evaluation Assessment 22 Assessment Reform Network , 216 Associations of evaluative practice 22 – 23 Associazione Italiana di Valutazione , At - risk populations , Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) , 34 Attitudes Attribution theory , 34 Audiences Auditing 23 – 24 127 321 369 Australasian Evaluation Society ( AES ) , 23 Australian Longitudinal Study on Women ' s Health , 242 Authenticity 24 Authority of evaluation Autocratic evaluation , 109 Autonomy principle , 199 A Nation at Risk 271 Cite List Share Text Methods Map Research Methods Explore the Methods Map Related Content Format APA Copy to Clipboard Or Export to your manager Endnote Please note that some file types are incompatible with some mobile and tablet devices . If you encounter a problem downloading a file , please try again from a laptop or desktop . Open Cancel Have you created a personal profile ? Login or create a profile so that you can create alerts and save clips , playlists , and searches . Login / Register Please log in from an authenticated institution or log into your member profile to access the email feature . Login / Register A Small Normal Large Cancel	[ "Objectives-Based Evaluation" ]
http://metricviews.org.uk/2007/11/how-big-hectare/	← Why trundle at 186 when you can whizz along at 300 ? An expatriate ’ s perspective on metrication → How big is a hectare ? Posted on 2007 - 11 - 16 by admin One of the least known metric units – and one which journalists and estate agents seem to struggle with – is the hectare ( ha ) . So perhaps it will help to relate this very useful measure to the sizes of sports fields . Article ( including diagrams ) by Martin Vlietstra . Q : How big is a hectare ? A : 10 000 square metres . Q : How big is that ? A : It is the equivalent of a square , each side having a length of 100 m . Q : What does that look like ? Many sports fields have an area that is comparable to a hectare . In some sports the size of the field is fixed ; in others , the size of the field can be adjusted within limits to suit the land that is available . This article lists a number of sports whose fields are of the order of a hectare in size . The associated diagrams are all at the same scale ( 1 : 20 000 originally , but may look different on screen ) . Athletics ( Typically 1.2 ha inside the track ) The International Amateur Athletic Association has laid down the rules for athletic tracks that are used in competitions An athletics track is 400 m long ( measured 20 cm from inside perimeter ) . The IAAF does not define the length of the straight section . If this section is 50 m , then the area inside the track is 1.194 ha ( shown in green on the associated diagram ) . If the straight section is shorter , then the area increases until eventually we have a perfect circle which would have an area of 1.27 ha . Football ( International size : 0.62 ha to 0.82 ha ) The Federation Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) dictate that for international matches , the length of the pitch shall be between 100 m and 110 m and its width shall be between 64 m and 75 m . The smallest international football field is therefore 0.62 ha and the largest international football field in 0.82 ha . Non - international matches may be played on fields between 90 m and 120 m long and 45 m and 90 m wide . Cricket ( Typically 1.25 ha ; Lords 1.43 ha ) The laws of cricket are maintained by the Marylebone Cricket Club ( MCC ) . This only specifies the length of the cricket pitch ( 20.12 m ) ; it does not specify the distance of the boundary from the pitch . Lords Cricket Ground , the home of the MCC , is played on a rectangular field 136 m long and 109 m wide with well - rounded corners . After allowing for corners having been rounded , it has an area of 1.43 ha . The cricket ground at the author ’ s home town is roughly circular Rugby ( International size : 1.008 ha ) The laws and regulations of rugby dictate the maximum size of rugby fields ; international matches are invariably played on fields that are of maximum size . The maximum width of a rugby field is 70 m and the maximum length between the goal posts is 100 m . In addition there is a ‘ in - goal area ’ that extends a maximum of 22 m behind the goal line . Thus the maximum size of the field is a rectangle 144 m in length and 70 m in width giving an area of 10080 m² ( which is Baseball ( Between 0.83 ha and 1.12 ha ) The field dimensions used in Major League Baseball MLB ) are laid down in the Official Rules . The exact shape of the outfield varies from field to field , but using the layout shown in the above diagram , the area of Major League Baseball fields can be shown to vary between 0.83 ha and 1.12 ha . The rules of the MLB do not apply to other leagues and so in areas where land is at a premium , the fields in lower leagues might be smaller than the minimum in the MBL . References : Athletics – www . iaaf . org / newsfiles / 23484 . pdf Baseball – http : / / mlb . mlb . com / mlb / official_info / official_rules / foreword . jsp Cricket – www . lords . org / laws - and - spirit / laws - of - cricket / laws / Rugby – http : / / blog . rugbystore . co . uk / rugby - rules / Football – http : / / www . fifa . com / worldfootball / lawsofthegame . html [ Strictly speaking the hectare is not part of the International System of Units ( as it is a non - standard term for 10 000 square metres ) . However , it is useful to have a unit intermediate between the square metre and the square kilometre , and the hectare is accepted for use with the International System . It is in widespread use in other countries that use the metric system – Ed ] Likes 9 Dislikes 5 This entry was posted in General Sport . Bookmark the permalink ← Why trundle at 186 when you can whizz along at 300 ? An expatriate ’ s perspective on metrication → 60 Responses to How big is a hectare ? Older Comments Michael Glass says : 2016 - 12 - 06 at 11 : 35 Hang on , guys . The article was about the size of a hectare , and this was explained quite well . A hectare is eight times the area covered by an olympic swimming pool . To put it in other terms , a hectare is the area of a square with sides of 100 metres , that is ten thousand square metres . An acre is roughly two fifths of a hectare and hectare is roughly two and a half acres . It ' s not propaganda and it ' s not talking points or spin . It ' s just simply the mathematics of the situation . Likes 27 Dislikes 3 salihi nuhu abdullahi says : 2017 - 05 - 04 at 14 : 37 what are the others sport pitch ? . Like Basket ball , Hand ball , Swimming etc . 1 1 Alex Bailey 2017 - 05 - 05 at 15 : 19 I can tell you that for ice hockey an international size rink would usually be 60 x 30 m though there are often several metres variation each way , so about 0.18 ha if you ignore the rounded corners . Ironically , being a Canadian sport , North American rinks ( mainly those used for professional games in leagues such as the National Hockey League ) are measured out in feet ( 200 x 85 ) but this comes out at 61 x 26 m , roughly 0.16 ha . 3 Martin Vlietstra 2017 - 05 - 06 at 20 : 56 @ Gil Ben - Ari ( posted 2009 - 10 - 09 ) . You wrote " A chain ? ? ? what type of chain . . . " . In today ' s world the chain is certainly an obsolete unit , but when it was invented in about 1620 by Edmund Gunter ( 50 years before John Wilkins published the first real attempt at a metric system ) , it was a forerunner to metrication . The chain was divided into 100 links . The rationale behind this was to simplify the calculation of areas by using decimal numbers for doing the tedious calculations . There were 10 square chains in an acre . Once the surveyor had completed his measurements in square chains ( and decimals thereof 4 James 2017 - 07 - 08 at 06 : 47 You guys are idiots . First of all you cant spell . Second of all you say 1 hectare is 100 ares . Wtf are ares ? Then below pic you state 1 ares equals 2.47 acres . Wtf ? Idiots . Editor . An are is 100 square metres . 1 hectare is about 2.47 acres . I have not been able to see where we say that " 1 ares equals 2.47 acres " but when I do so I will amend it . 0 31 Michael Glass 2017 - 07 - 10 at 07 : 16 James , if you ' re going to criticise others ' spelling you should n ' t misspell ca n ' t . Ca n ' t is short for can not ; cant is hypocritical and sanctimonious talk , typically of a moral , religious , or political nature . 25 2 makasa magi 2017 - 11 - 08 at 20 : 04 well understood , thank you for the explanation . 2 Craig Brigley 2018 - 02 - 27 at 17 : 33 For the record . . . Canada ' s official system of measurement is metric . Many people still use the imperial system from habit or from association with industries and products from the USA , ie . construction , aviation , paper . For almost 50 years , road signage , consumer packaging , public education , etc . are in metric . 5 0 James McGuire 2018 - 03 - 04 at 22 : 44 Excellent explanation , thank you very much ! Neilth 2018 - 07 - 20 at 13 : 47 So it looks like the Millennium ( Principality ) Stadium . Good now I ’ ve got a visual comparison . Older Comments	[ "hectare", "metric unit", "Martin Vlietstra" ]
http://metro.co.uk/2013/05/07/james-bond-fan-uncovers-ms-real-name-from-skyfall-scene-3714729/	James Bond fan uncovers M ’ s real name from Skyfall scene Ann Lee Tuesday 7 May 2013 9 : 22 am Judi Dench played M alongside Daniel Craig in Skyfall ( Picture : Getty ) The true identity of James Bond ’ s MI6 boss has finally been revealed by an eagle - eyed fan watching Skyfall . Mystery has long surrounded 007 ’ s mentor , known only by her codename M , but her real name has been unveiled as Olivia Mansfield . A fan freeze - framed a single camera shot in Skyfall , lasting just a split - second , during a scene where Bond ( Daniel Craig ) is given a box containing a Royal Doulton bulldog draped in a British flag , which usually sits on M ’ s ( Judi Dench ) desk . Blogger Phil Noble Jr spotted the name while watching Skyfall ( Picture : AP ) Blogger Phil Noble Jr zoomed in to find the words ‘ From the Estate of Olivia Mansfield Bequeathed to James Bond ’ on the box ’ s inscription . Meg Simmons , archive director for Bond production company Eon , said : ‘ We ’ ve searched around and as far as we can see this is the first and only time anyone ’ s ever revealed M ’ s real name . Advertisement ‘ It may not have been spoken , but if you were watching on a big enough screen it could have been visible , so we ’ d argue it ’ s now canon . ’ The discovery has sparked speculation among other Bond fans that M ’ s codename could be a tribute to Mansfield Smith - Cumming , the first head of MI6 , who signed letters with the letter C . Advertisement	[ "James Bond", "Skyfall", "MI6" ]
http://metro.co.uk/2015/08/04/20-signs-youre-from-yorkshire-5308685/	20 signs you ’ re from Yorkshire Sam Ramsden Tuesday 4 Aug 2015 9 : 09 am To the rest of the world Yorkshire is just another English county , but those who occupy it will argue differently . Yorkshire folk view themselves as the chosen ones and beam with pride at the stereotypes that come with being from ‘ God ’ s own county ’ . But just how Yorkshire , or proper Yorkshire , are you ? 1 . To you , ‘ chuffed ’ is an emotion . To a lot of people ‘ chuffed ’ does n ’ t mean anything , however in Yorkshire it is a legitimate emotion – and yes , it is in the dictionary . 2 . You say ‘ eh ’ whenever you do n ’ t understand something . Short , sweet but extremely effective , in Yorkshire uttering these two letters is the best way of signifying your absolute confusion . This made the dictionary too ( albeit the urban version ) . 3 . Homemade Yorkshire puddings are the only option . Sorry Aunt Bessie , you just wo n ’ t do . Homemade Yorkshire puddings are a real test of your Yorkshire roots . If you decide to go frozen , you will be judged . Advertisement 4 . Yorkshire Tea is the only tea that exists . In Yorkshire this is our holy water , for many it is our blood type . Do not suggest any other brand as we simply wo n ’ t recognise it . Fun fact : Yorkshire Tea has made several cameos in the TV show Friends and we do n ’ t let people forget that . 5 . The word ‘ the ’ is n ’ t even a thing . We ’ ve all heard the rumours about this word ’ s existence , but we just do n ’ t find it necessary . 6 . Your accent strengthens when surrounded by fellow Yorkshire folk . ( Picture : Press Association Images ) In Yorkshire we love our accent , the broader the better , so it ’ s only natural to take it a step further when together . 7 . Red roses simply do not exist . Red rose ? You mean white . Next . 8 . You ’ re referred to as ‘ our lass ’ or ‘ our lad ’ . How else would people be able to identify you without this title ? MORE : 10 reasons Yorkshire is the absolute worst 9 . You ’ ve fallen victim to the bread cake / bread roll / tea cake argument . Relationships have been forever ruined by this argument , engage at your own risk . 10 . You ’ ve also fallen victim to a scone vs scon pronunciation face - off . Scone ? Scon ? Whatever , it still tastes good . ( Picture : Getty ) Just how do you pronounce this delicious treat ? For the sake of your own well - being , it ’ s best not having an opinion . Just eat it . 11 . You ’ re in your bikini at anything above 15 degrees . Even the suggestion of sunlight is enough for us Yorkshire folk to strip down . It ’ s over 15 degrees outside ? We ’ ll take that with a smile on our face . Advertisement 12 . A Sunday roast is n ’ t just tradition , it ’ s mandatory . Sunday is n ’ t a Sunday without a giant pile of meat drowning in gravy , complimented by homemade Yorkshire puds . 13 . You knew what a ‘ mardy bum ’ was before the Arctic Monkeys song . Yes this is a legitimate phrase that , to us Yorkshire folk , makes perfect sense . If you do n ’ t appreciate our slang and use of language then quite frankly , you ’ re a bit of a mardy bum . 14 . You ’ re scared of the letter T . In Yorkshire this letter is a rarity , and it ’ s used as little as humanly possible . The more you use it , the posher you are – those are the rules ! 15 . Lunch can be called dinner and dinner can be called tea . We even confuse ourselves sometimes . 16 . You ’ re able to drop the c - bomb in everyday conversation . Try saying the ever - so - innocent word ‘ could n ’ t ’ in a Yorkshire accent … 17 . You understand the phrase ‘ tin tin tin ’ . In Yorkshire this sentence makes total sense . I challenge any outsiders to try and figure out what on Earth we are talking about . 18 . You like a bargain . ‘ Ow much ? ! ’ is a phrase that will leave the mouths of most Yorkshire folk whenever they spend even the smallest amount of money . We like a bargain and are n ’ t afraid to admit it . 19 . You like what you say and say what you bloody well like . Yorkshire folk are n ’ t afraid to voice their opinion . When we have one , you ’ re going to hear it . 20 . You bring up Yorkshire as often as you possibly can . Yorkshire pride is something you ’ re born with . Yorkshire and its many achievements will be brought up at every opportunity . An example of our beaming pride was seen at last year ’ s Tour De France and in the ‘ Yorkshire Independence Party ’ ( yes , such a thing exists ) . It is God ’ s own county after all ! MORE : 17 ways my kids make me lose my s * * * every day 7 times Tom Hardy reached peak Tom Hardy in Taboo 32 thoughts Northerners living in London have every day	[ "Yorkshire folk", "God ’s own county", "Homemade Yorkshire puddings" ]
http://metrocorpcounsel.com/articles/8527/retaliationdiscrimination-or-interference-why-it-matters-under-fmla	Retaliation / Discrimination Or Interference : Why It Matters Under The FMLA The Federal Family and Medical Leave Act ( " FMLA " ) arms employees with two types of causes of action against employers . The FMLA ' s " interference " provision declares it " unlawful for any employer to interfere with , restrain , or deny the exercise of or the attempt to exercise " any right provided by the FMLA . 29 U.S.C. 2615 ( a ) ( 1 ) . And its " retaliation / discrimination " provisions prohibit employers from discharging or discriminating against employees for " opposing any practice made unlawful " by the FMLA This dichotomy of claims informs the framework for analyzing an FMLA claim . Retaliation / discrimination claims are analyzed under traditional anti - discrimination burden - shifting standards - the McDonnell Douglas and Price Waterhouse standards . But these traditional standards do not apply to interference claims . Rather , when an employee asserts interference with his or her FMLA entitlement , he or she generally has to show only that he or she was entitled to benefits under the FMLA and was denied them . Put simply , if an employee is denied a lawfully entitled right under the FMLA , the employer is deemed to have violated the FMLA regardless of the employer ' s intent . On the surface , this dichotomy appears self - evident . It becomes convoluted , however , in a wrongful discharge claim brought under the FMLA . Consider a hypothetical : Average Jane employee of ABC corporation starts to have attendance problems . When confronted by Supervisor Nice Guy she provides vague or unacceptable excuses . So , Supervisor Nice Guy places Jane on a performance improvement plan warning her to improve her attendance . Initially , Jane ' s attendance improves . But it begins to deteriorate and , as a result , Supervisor Nice Guy approaches Jane again about her absences . She admits that some of her absences were to care for her ill child and the remainder were unexcused . Jane is terminated based on her excessive Under these facts , Jane took the leave she wanted . She is not claiming that ABC prevented her from taking the FMLA - protected leave she needed or denied her an FMLA entitlement . Therefore , Jane is not asserting a straightforward interference claim within the purview of 2615 ( a ) ( 1 ) . Nor is Jane asserting that ABC terminated her employment for opposing an act prohibited by the FMLA . So , she is not asserting a direct claim under the retaliation / discrimination provisions of the FMLA . Rather , Jane asserts a claim That said , courts agree that an employer violates the FMLA if it discharges an employee in retaliation for taking FMLA - protected leave . But should this type of claim be litigated as an FMLA " interference " or " retaliation / discrimination " cause of action ? The distinction can be critical to the viability of the employee ' s claim because it dictates the standard of proof applied . Yet , litigants and courts continue to struggle with how to characterize a wrongful discharge claim . This semantic confusion has led many courts to apply anti - Some litigants contend the confusion ended with the Ninth Circuit ' s decision in Bachelder v . American West Airlines , Inc . , 259 F . 3d 1112 ( 9th Cir . 2001 ) . There the Circuit Court found that FMLA regulation 29 C.F.R. 825.220 ( c ) was the controlling authority for a wrongful discharge claim . Section 825.220 ( c ) states , in pertinent part , that " employers can not use the taking of FMLA leave as a negative factor in employment actions , such as hiring , promotions or disciplinary actions . " The Court concluded that , although 825.220 ( c ) speaks in terms of discrimination , it implements the " interference with the Id . at 1125 . Despite Bachelder , the Third Circuit continued to apply anti - discrimination burden - shifting standards to wrongful discharge claims . See Conoshenti v . Public Service Electric & Gas , 364 F . 3d 135 ( 3d Cir . 2004 ) . In a footnote , however , the Third Circuit weighed in on the interference versus retaliation / discrimination debate , agreeing with the Bachelder Court that a wrongful discharge claim under the FMLA is brought under regulation 825.220 ( c ) . Id . at 146 n . 9 . But , while acknowledging that the regulation appeared to be an implementation of the FMLA ' s interference provision , the Court held that " [ 825.220 ( c ) ' s ] text unambiguously speaks in terms of ' discrimination ' and ' retaliation ' and we shall , of course , apply it in a manner consistent with that text . " Like the Third Circuit , many courts readily apply the traditional anti - discrimination standards to wrongful discharge claims . Indeed , even some district courts in the Ninth Circuit , albeit incorrectly because of the binding authority there , apply these standards . See Liu v . Amway Corp . , 347 F . 3d 1125 , 1136 ( 9th Cir . 2003 ) . But plaintiffs are fighting more than ever for the Bachelder standard . For example , in two recent district court cases out of the Third Circuit the plaintiffs argued that the defendant employer was not entitled to the benefit of the shifting burden of persuasion under either McDonnell Douglas or Price Waterhouse . Although unsuccessful , the continued discussion may ultimately force the Third Circuit to revisit its Conoshenti footnote . See Hicks v . Tech Indus . , 2007 WL 1300774 , * 18 ( W.D. Pa . May 3 , 2007 ) ; Tamayo v . Deloitte & Touche , LLP , 2007 WL 135975 , * 5 ( D.N.J. January 16 , 2007 ) . More important , some Circuits ' landscapes , such as the Second Circuit , remain wide open for persuasion and argument . Courts in the Second Circuit allow suits in which plaintiffs claim they were terminated for taking FMLA - protected leave to proceed as both a retaliation and interference claim . And , the Second Circuit has somehow avoided the question as to what standard should be utilized in analyzing FMLA wrongful discharge claims - i.e . McDonnell Douglas / Price Waterhouse or Bachelder . As a result , some district courts in the Second Circuit apply the analysis , while others follow the standard enunciated in . In the Southern District of New York , for example , while one court explicitly refuses to apply the standard to a wrongful discharge claim , see Mann v . Mass . Correa Elec . , J.V . , 2002 WL 88915 ( S.D.N.Y. January 23 , 2002 ) , another applies both standards denying summary judgment and ultimately avoiding the issue . So , when faced with a wrongful discharge claim premised on the FMLA , what ' s an employer to do ? First , the employer ' s counsel should immediately become familiar with the relevant jurisdiction ' s treatment of these types of claims . Generally , the defense should attempt to control the characterization of the claim and should not permit the employee to couch his wrongful termination claim as an interference cause of action . Employers must be vigilant in promoting the application of the anti - discrimination burden - shifting standards , to avoid application of Then , with the desired legal framework in mind , defendants should devise a thorough litigation strategy early on . To accomplish this , employers must consider what testimony and discoverable documents the plaintiffs will be seeking to support an interference claim , and where to guide discovery to fall within the anti - discrimination framework . They should also consider whether the plaintiffs have direct or indirect evidence and , thus , whether the standard will apply . Armed with this information , employers will be better equipped to move for summary judgment and argue for the application of anti - discrimination standards . In these situations , it may be common that the employer will prevail on the law but ultimately be denied summary judgment on the facts . But this result is far better , and leaves more room for debate and favorable outcomes , than if the employee ' s claim was treated as an interference cause of action . Published July 1 , 2007	[ "Federal Family and Medical Leave Act ( \" FMLA \" )", "\" retaliation / discrimination", "Law Business Media" ]
http://metroford.com.au/new-demo-used-cars-brisbane.html	Home New demo used cars for sale in Brisbane New demo used cars for sale in Brisbane Refine Your Search Make Year Colour Price Range Transmission Gearbox Cylinders Body Doors Seats Fuel Odometer Trim Sorted by Showing 1 15 of 93 results 1 2 7 Used 2009 Mazda 2 Neo 6990 Drive Away 2802 Per week 97042kms 5speed Manual 5door Hatchback View Details Used 2011 Ford Focus Ambiente 8490 Drive Away 3404 Per week 76462kms 5speed Manual 5door Hatchback View Details Used 2013 Ford Fiesta Trend PwrShift 8990 Drive Away 3604 Per week 107082kms 6speed Automatic 5door Hatchback View Details Used 2013 Ford Focus Trend PwrShift 8990 Drive Away 3604 Per week 112187kms 6speed Automatic 5door Hatchback View Details Used 2014 Holden Cruze Equipe 11990 Drive Away 4807 Per week 57650kms 6speed Automatic 5door Hatchback View Details Used 2012 Nissan XTrail ST 13490 Drive Away 5408 Per week 113857kms 1speed Automatic 5door Wagon View Details Used 2015 Ford Ecosport Titanium PwrShift 13980 Drive Away 5605 Per week 34747kms 6speed Automatic 5door Wagon View Details Used 2014 Hyundai i30 Active Tourer 14750 Drive Away 5913 Per week 39064kms 6speed Automatic 5door Wagon View Details Used 2015 Mitsubishi Outlander ES 4WD 18990 Drive Away 7613 Per week 85685kms 6speed Automatic 5door Wagon View Details Used 2013 Hyundai Veloster SR Coupe Turbo 19490 Drive Away 7814 Per week 53654kms 6speed Automatic 4door Hatchback View Details Used 2016 Holden Captiva Active 2WD 20990 Drive Away 8415 Per week 35488kms 6speed Automatic 5door Wagon View Details Used 2015 Mazda CX3 sTouring SKYACTIVDrive iACTIV AWD 20990 Drive Away 8415 Per week 60780kms 6speed Automatic 5door Wagon View Details Demo 2018 Ford EcoSport Ambiente 20990 Drive Away 8415 Per week 2823kms 6speed Automatic 5door Wagon View Details Used 2013 Honda CRV VTiS 4WD 21490 Drive Away 8616 Per week 64834kms 5speed Automatic 5door Wagon View Details Used 2015 Ford Kuga Titanium PwrShift AWD 23990 Drive Away 9618 Per week 62784kms 6speed Automatic 5door Wagon View Details Financed available to ABN Holders over 5 years on a Chattel Mortgage with a 30 Residual Value Repayment subject to approval fees and charges payable To approved Applicants only Please contact us for details including terms conditions Showing 1 15 of 93 results 1 2 7 Disclaimer Please confirm price specifications and features with the Dealership The Dealers actual prices may vary from the published price for a number of reasons including additional charges applicable under the laws in your state Contact the dealer to confirm the final drive away price that will apply to your purchase The Dealer and its providers of data have been diligent in providing accurate and complete information However the Dealer and its providers do not warrant the accuracy or completeness of the data Please contact the dealer to confirm the details of this vehicle Use of this website indicates your acceptance of our Terms Conditions Start a new search Search Cars for sale Search Cars By Budget Search Cars By Stock Number New Demo Used Make Any Any Model Transmission Any Price From Min Price To Max Cant see the vehicle youre looking for Please contact us for our free nonobligation vehicle sourcing service Its fast its safe its free Search Our Stock	[ "used cars", "sale", "Brisbane" ]
http://metromodularhomes.ca/	Welcome Show Homes FAQ Greenbuilt About Us Contact Welcome to Metro Modular Homes Metro Modular Homes has been supplying manufactured and modular homes throughout BC for over thirty six years Our success has been knowledge and exceptional service from start to finish We provide fully experienced setup and finishing crews with quality construction We will do what it takes to earn your business Greg Stewart Owner View Popular Floor Plans Mt Baker APPROX 2110 sqft Mt Garibaldi APPROX 2680 sqft View Show Homes Monday to Friday 900 AM 500 PM Saturday 1000 AM 500 PM Sunday Closed Project Gallery Living Room Living Room Living Room Living Room Living Room Living Room Living Room We will custom build the way you want it Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video Metro Homes is known as the sensible way of building with excellent value for the price our manufactured homes are built at or above the BC Building Code requirements We strive to achieve the best value for your money through efficient construction methods and well planned layouts From initial design to delivery in 812 weeks depending on design building has never been so easy Largest selection of BC Modular homes We have a large selection of show homes We welcome you to visit our factorybuilt model show homes in Kamloops BC located at 936 Yellowhead Highway at the Northern end of Kamloops	[ "Metro Modular Homes" ]
http://metroplazahotel.in/	Home Rooms Facilities Photo Gallery Contact us Metro Plaza Hotel And we like to keep it that way ! See rooms The gateway to hospitality Book these Rooms Guests Favorite Rooms Economy Rooms Rooms in Metroplaza Hotel Well decorated rooms , the rooms offer guests the perfect amalgamation of traditional hospitality . 24 - hour room service 24 Hours Hot & Cold Water Doctor on call Laundry Service Superior Rooms Rooms in Metroplaza Hotel Well decorated rooms , the rooms offer guests the perfect amalgamation of traditional hospitality . Free Wi - Fi 24 - hour room service 24 Hours Hot & Cold Water Doctor on call Laundry Service Super Deluxe Rooms Free Wi - Fi Facilities Free Wi - Fi Book your stay at Hotel Metroplaza , Mangalore , and get complimentary wi - fi all around the property , for the duration of your entire stay ! Complimentary Breakfast A complimentary breakfast is just like any other breakfast you have every day . The only difference is that it ' s for free ! Doctor on Call Your well being is of utmost importance to us . Keeping this in mind , our front office staff sees to it that doctors are available at any given time during emergencies . Laundry Laundry services provided to the guests , so that you can go fresh & impeccable for your important appointments . About us About us Beaches & Pilgrimage Sights Parks & Malls Metro Plaza hotel is located in the heart of the city next to the railway station in Mangalore . Welcomes you for a comfortable stay during your tour . Whether you are for pleasure trip or on business , you are sure to find a suit your preferences . We would provide best suited accommodation during your trip . We have 38 rooms in the hotel , the rooms and suite of your hotel luxurious and spacious and with A / C in all rooms .	[ "Metro Plaza Hotel", "Mangalore" ]
http://metroplexflyers.com/club/default.html	CALL US TODAY AT 9728058878 Club Membership The Metroplex Flyers flying club provides members access to quality rental aircraft and a list of certified flight instructors aligned with the club to provide an excellent environment for attaining proficiency improving flight skills and enjoying the advantages that general aviation affords all at a reasonable cost Requirements for members include Initiation fee of 100 This covers our administrative costs of processing new members into the system or restoring members who have left for period of 3 months or more after becoming a member Monthly assessments of 40 per member These amounts are billed quarterly to your credit or debit card information on file These amounts enable us to defray portions of our fixed costs incurred to maintain our fleet and provide the convenience services to members eg online scheduling dispatching etc thereby enabling us to reduce the hourly rental costs of the aircraft to members The benefits enjoyed by club members include Average of 20 per hour discount on any aircraft in our fleet Up to 10 discount on pilot supplies including training material from our affiliated Pilot Shop Invitation to and priority enrollment for club sponsored training and safety seminars For pilots that fly with any degree of frequency the club membership provides the most economical and effective way to manage the costs of flying Metroplex Flyers boasts over 80 active club members with a wide array of aircraft and stateoftheart simulators from TWO locations in the Dallas Fort Worth Metroplex hence the name Metroplex Flyers To join you need only to download the attached form package which needs to be completed and delivered to either our Addison or Meacham locations along with copies of your Medical Certificate and both sides of your Pilot License Once received we will review your application to determine what the checkout requirements will be for each of the aircraft types we have available for rental If you seek instruction we will provide you with a list of those instructors that are checked out in our aircraft and are affiliated with the club For any questions you have please contact us at 844 FLYMETRO 3596387 At Metroplex Flyers the Skys the Limit Download Club Membership Documents	[ "Metroplex", "pilots", "members" ]
http://metwashairports.com/iad/other-public-transportation-options	Other Transportation Options Other transportation providers with service to / from Dulles International Parking Information Metrorail / Silver Line Express Bus Rental Cars Washington Flyer Taxi Service Other Public Transportation Board buses on the second curb after exiting down the ramp from Baggage Claim Fairfax Connector Bus Route 981 and Route 983 Local bus with stops at the Smithsonian Udvar - Hazy Air & Space Museum . Route 983 serves the museum and operates only during museum hours . Route 981 operates outside of museum hours . Both routes serve locations in Reston , including the Wiehle - Reston East Metrorail Station Metrobus Route 5A Bus to Rosslyn VA and L ' Enfant Plaza in Washington , D.C. includes a stop enroute at the Herndon - Monroe Park and Ride Garage . Virginia Breeze An intercity bus service connecting Blacksburg , Virginia with Union Station in Washington , D.C. Daily route will include several stops in the New River Valley , Shenandoah Valley , and Northern Virginia , including Dulles International Airport .	[ "Transportation Options", "Dulles International" ]
http://mexicanfood.about.com/od/fiestaappetizers/r/SavorySopes.htm	Mexican Appetizers Appetizers & Snacks Main Dishes Mexican Mains Savory Sopes Recipes with Topping Ideas Esparta Palma / Flickr Total : 25 mins Prep : 15 mins Cook : 10 mins Yield : 15 sopes ( serves 4 ) By Chelsie Kenyon Updated 12 / 29 / 18 These sopes are fried masa cakes and they are delicious topped with savory meats and veggies . Sopes make a great appetizer because of their small size . Make them extra small and add minimal toppings for a perfect finger food . Or make sopes your main dish by topping them high with large chunks of cooked meats and veggies . Topping Ideas Show Full Recipe	[ "Savory Sopes", "Recipes" ]
http://mexicanhistory.org/Independence.htm	The war for Independence 1810 - 1821 Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla Jose Marcia Morelos y Pavon Congress of Chilpancingo Army revolt in Spain Plan de Iguala Independence Unlike in America , where there was a broad groundswell at indignation at English abuses and taxation without representation , only a few conspired for independence in New Spain . There were some military officers kept out of the highest ranks by virtue of being born in New Spain rather than the motherland . Merchants and civil servants exposed to ideas of the Enlightenment and the American and French revolutions . The most radical were the parish priests who saw the suffering of their Indian parishioners firsthand . Most Creoles ( Criollo ) wished to change the system so that they could have equality with the peninsulares , but not equality for all . Creole discontent with Spanish rule had been brewing since the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1767 . Many of the Jesuits were Creoles . When Napoleon occupied Spain in 1809 , direct Spanish control over the colonies was lost and the flame of rebellion spread .The lower classes , the Indians and mixed castes had nothing much to lose , their lot was so hard . They did rebel , but these rebellions were not organized enough to Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . The Mexican War of Independence Charles IV Despite a lack of fervor for radical change as in France and America , events in Europe caused it to be a necessity . Unlike the wise Charles III , his son Charles IV ( 1788 - 1808 ) exploited the wealth of the colonies . The most ruinous decision was to take the charitable funds of the church to help pay for European wars . These church funds were sources of credit for Creoles . The church had to call in their mortgages , destroying many Creoles financially .Uprisings against Charles IV in Spain forced him abdicate in favor Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . It all began with a " shout " , with Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla calling on the people of New Spain to fight for their independence The Mexican Wars for Independence This perceptive history paints Mexico ' s 1810 – 1821 struggle for independence There was more turmoil in Spain when Napoleon forced the Spanish Bourbons into exile and place his brother Joseph on the Spanish throne in 1808 . Because Spain was virtually cut off from its colonies during the Peninsular War of 1808 - 1814 , Latin America was , in these years , ruled by independent juntas . Without a true Spanish monarchy , many Creoles thought they should rule themselves . The peninsulares thought otherwise .The Inquisition was used to spy against and try those who agitated for reform . By 1810 many secret societies were formed by Creoles to Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla One of the first to call for independence was priest Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla ( May 8 , 1753 – July 30 , 1811 ) in Guanajuato . He became a bishop in 1778 and was investigated by the Inquisition in 1800 for questioning the celibacy of priests ( he had a mistress ) , reading proscribed books , doubting the veracity of the virgin birth and the infallibility of the pope and considered the king a tyrant .However , none of these charges could be proved and he was released . However , he lost his position as a Ignacio Allende He became the priest in the city of Dolores in 1803 . A few years later he met the revolutionary Ignacio Allende , a captain of the cavalry . Allende introduced him to his revolutionary coterie and planned an uprising for December 8 , 1810 . However , the plot was discovered and they decided to strike for independence at once .Hidalgo rang the church bells and summoned his parishioners and delivered his famous grito ( cry ) de Dolores on September 16 , 1810 . Until he delivered his speech he was a minor figure in the revolutionary movement The initial response was enthusiastic . With Hidalgo at their head , they marched for San Miguel , gathering more recruits along the way . They took San Migual without trouble and the local militia joined the rebels . They started to pillage and Hidalgo could not control them . Next they took Celya and then marched on Guanajuato . There the peninsulares gathered in a makeshift fortress and decided to wait for aid from Mexico City . History of Mexico - The of the fight for Independence Alhondiga de Granaditas La Antorcha encendida : la toma de la Alhondiga de Granaditas It never came and over 500 peninsulares were killed holding out in the Alhondiga de Granaditas ( public granary ) and 2,000 rebels were killed . Hidalgo and Allende felt strong enough at this time to split their forces . Within a month they had taken the important silver mining town of Zacatecas , San Luis Potosi and Valladolid . By late October the army had about 80,000 marching on Mexico City . Site of the battle of Monte de las Cruces La Batalla del Monte de Las Cruces The professional army was defeated by sheer numbers at Monte de las Cruces . The army retreated into Mexico City . An immediate attack on Mexico City might have taken the city and brought independence then . However , Hidalgo had taken heavy losses and was short of ammunition . He was also hesitant to let the undeciplined forces lose on Mexico City . Over Allendes objection he decided to retreat into toward Guadalajara and the Spanish forces under General Felix Calleja began to regroup . The rebels took Guadalajara . Battle of Puente de Calderon La Antorcha Encendida ~ Puente de Calderón Battle of Puente de Calderon The Spanish army engaged them at Puente de Calderon . In the middle of the battle , a Spanish cannon shot hit a rebel ammunition wagon and the resulting explosion caused a panic in the rebel army and thousands of rebels broke rank and ran , turning into a rout . Hidalgo and Allende took what was left of their forces and retreated northward . They were betrayed and captured in the Texas territory and executed for treason by firing squad on July 31 , 1811 . Their decapitated heads hung of the walls where the Spaniards were slaughtered at Miguel Hidalgo was executed at the Government Palace of Chihuahua on July 30 , 1811 by a Spanish firing squad The Independence movement after the death of Miguel Hidalgo Jose Maria Morelos y Pavon Jose Maria Morelos y Pavon The popularity of the Independence movement waned after this . The movement was continued under the mestizo priest Jose Maria Morelos y Pavon ( September , 30 , 1765 , – December 22 , 1815 ) , who had been recruited by Hildago . Morelos organized his soldiers into small bands that carried out guerrilla warfare . By 1813 they won enough territory to encircle the capital . Morelos proved to be a talented strategist , and became one of the greatest revolutionary military commanders of the independence movement . In his first nine months , he won 22 victories Congress of Chilpancingo ( September to November 1813 ) Morelos then held a congress in Chilpancingo to discuss the plans for the nation once the Spanish were driven out . They issued a Declaration of Independence , those opposed to it were guilty of treason . In their constitution that declared that suffrage should be universal and that slavery and the caste system should be abolished . Government monopolies should also be done away with and replaced with a 5 % income tax . Catholicism would remain the official religion of the state . Viceroy Apodaca Meanwhile , the Spanish army gathered strength and broke the encirclement , retaking many towns . Gradually , the rebel army dwindled and in 1815 Morelos was captured and executed . The execution of Morelos With the execution of Morelos the Independence movement reached its lowest point . For the next 5 years the movement was little more than guerrilla fighting by a number of independent bands without coordination . After awhile only two major bands remained , one led by Guadalupe Victoria with about 2.000 troops around Puebla and Vicente Guerrero with about 1,000 around Oaxaca . By 1819 , the Spanish viceroy , Juan Ruiz de Apodaca was able to report to king Ferdinand that the situation was under control .He offered a pardon for all who would lay down their arms . King Ferdinand VII Army revolt in Spain Meanwhile , King Ferdinand had been gathering a powerful fighting force to quell the more serious Independence movements in South America . At Cadiz , Spain , in January 1820 , troops who had assembled for an expedition to America were angry over infrequent pay , bad food , and poor quarters and mutinied under the leadership of Colonel Rafael del Riego y Nunez .Colonel Rafael Riego declared himself in revolt and thousands of troops followed . The Spanish troops demanded that the king should abide by the liberal Spanish Constitution of 1812 which affirmed the sovereignty of the people Ironically , the Creoles found this change too liberal , and began to support Independence and secretly meet with the former colonel Agustin de Iturbide to be their leader to insure a more conservative government . Iturbide had fought against the rebels for nearly a decade . He resigned from the royal army after being accused of corruption . The Creoles convinced the viceroy to reinstate him in the army . Colonel Iturbide Plan de Iguala In 1820 viceroy Apodaca placed colonel Iturbide in charge of 2,500 men to fight Guerrero . Iturbide marched his force toward those of Guerrero and instead of fighting him asked for a meeting and peace if he could dictate the terms . Guerrero agreed and on Feb 24 they issued the Plan de Iguala , the major points of which were that : independent Mexico would be a constitutional monarchy , led by King Ferdinand or another European prince , . The Catholic Church would remain the only official church in the country , Creoles and peninsularies would have equal Flag of the Army of the Three Guarantees The three guarantees which it was meant to defend : religion , independence , and unity . Mexico was to be a Catholic country , independent from Spain , and united against its enemies . This was a much more conservative plan than that of Morelos . The revolution of Hidalgo and Morelos never gathered support from the conservative upper classes of New Spain , this plan could and military units and common people began to defect to the Army of the Three Guarantees . Priests spoke in support of it from the pulpit . Even many Spanish in Mexico supported the plan since they saw a future for themselves in Mexico , unlike the earlier more radical plans that demanded death or exile of the peninsulares .After many cities fell to the Army of Independence Celebration in Mexico City Independence The Crown was not ready to give up New Spain and appointed a new viceroy , Juan de O ' Donoju , the last viceroy of New Spain . O ' Donoju became convinced that Spain could not hold on to Mexico , and accepted the Plan de Iguala and signed a treaty at Cordoba . One more proviso was added by Iturbide ; if no European leader was available to become the emperor of Mexico , a Mexican congress would chose an emperor , this was to become an important point . On September 27 , 1821 , Iturbide Colonial Mexico 1519 - 1713 Home First Mexican Empire 1821	[ "America", "Spain", "Napoleon" ]
http://mexicanspanish.com/nicknames/	Thursday , February 18 , 2016 Blog Nicknames in Spanish Posted by Mark Robert Alexander During my first extended visit to Mexico , I went to a party and talked to a guy who had introduced himself as Salvador . The next day I ran into a mutual friend who had also been at the party . He mentioned that he saw me talking to Chava . I had recently learned that chava means girl , so I told him that I had n ’ t talked to una chava at the party . So he laughed and set me straight : Chava is a nickname for Salvador , a man ’ s name . Just as in English , where we can say Bob for Robert or Sue for Susan , many names in Spanish have accepted variants . Some nicknames are formed simply by chopping off the end ( Mauricio → Mau Fernando / a → Fer Victor → Vic ) or by adding a diminutive suffix ( Miguel → Miguelito ) . Others are not so transparent . It is helpful to be prepared for the most common ones . Nicknames in Spanish Name Nickname Alberto , Roberto Beto Alfonso Poncho Antonio Toño Dolores Lola Eduardo Lalo Francisco Paco , Pancho Guadalupe Lupe Guillermo Memo Isabel Chabela Jesús Chuy , Chucho José Pepe María Eugenia Maru Nacho Ignacio People with two nombres can use nicknames for both : José Antonio → Pepe Toño The situation with names and nicknames presents a special challenge for learners . As you can see from my anecdote above , many people will introduce themselves with their given name ( their nombre de pila ) rather than with the name you ’ ll hear later . If you do n ’ t know the standard name - nickname associations , you can easily get lost . If you do n ’ t know whether someone uses a nickname , you can always ask : Oye , ¿ te dicen Lalo ? ¿ O prefieres que te digan Eduardo ? Me dicen Lalo Consider this conversational exchange . — ¿ Cómo te dicen ? — Pues me llamo Eduardo pero mis amigos me dicen Lalo . My name is Eduardo but my friends call me Lalo . From this example , you can see that llamar is used for the name and decir is used for the nickname . Note that decir , not llamar , translates as call here . Ser is also possible : Me llamo ______ pero soy ______ para los cuates . ( telenovela dialogue ) Apodos , sobrenombres There is n ’ t a well - established word for nicknames . Most people will simply say A los Guillermos les dicen Memo Apodos or sobrenombres normally describe some physical or psychological trait . El Greñitas might stick for a little kid with crazy hair . Gangsters and celebrities often get apodos as well : El Chapo ( from chaparro , shortie ) , La Tigresa ( the tigress ) . Note the use of the definite article . Nombres de cariño A nombre de cariño is a pet name you call your lover : ( mi ) amor , ( mi ) vida , cosita , gordito / a , flaco / a , nene / a ( baby ) , peque ( from pequeño , child ) . La Chabela To show either affection or contempt , the definite article can be used before a person ’ s name or nickname when you are referring to them in the third person : Ayer me vi con la Tatis ( from Tatiana ) . ¡ Ojo ! Not everyone does this . Check first whether this usage is common among your social circle before trying it out . Naming a baby For talking about naming a baby , the verb you want is poner . Previous Post Por si las moscas Next Post Acta	[ "Nicknames", "Spanish" ]
http://mexicofoodandmore.com/breakfast/mexican-bread-styles.html	Mexico Food – Drinks & More ! ! Pastes Hidalguenses Chicken Enchiladas Verdes Mexican Bread Styles If there is something that Mexicans look for to eat at the time for breakfast or dinner is a delicious piece of sweet bread . In Mexico bread come right after tortillas as the second most eaten food in the country . Now , we are not talking about that is sold in plastic bags at the supermarkets , we are talking about traditional and authentic Mexican . The list of styles , forms , flavors and names is quite long , but some of the most recognized names are : conchas , bigotes , chilindrinas , elotitos , limas , ojo de buey , polvoron , pata de mula , tostada , picon , mantecado and many many more . They are baked on places called “ Panaderias ” bakeries where you go , take a platter and tongs and pick your favorite breads . The prices may vary from one place to another , but generally for a piece of you would pay around 30 to 60 cents ( USD ) a piece . Families have the custom to get in the morning , when many of the bakeries make early morning fresh and warm , and they keep it for the day , maybe to have a dessert after lunch or dinner along with a cup of hot chocolate , champurrado or just plain milk . Bread is also featured as part of special festivities and in some cases , flavors and shapes are unique of certain towns . There is one called Rosca de Reyes that is baked throughtout the country only around January 6 , as part of the tradition of the arrival of the Three Wise Men , but we ’ ll talk about it later . Posted by Magdiel This entry is filed under Bread Breakfast . You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed . You can skip to the end and leave a response . Pinging is currently not allowed . Leave a Reply ( Will be Moderated ) You must be logged in to post a comment . Our Best Recipes Click on the pictures to go to the recipes Pozole Chicken Breast Guacamole Red Rice Tlayuda Lentil Stew Mole Poblano Beef Kabobs Scrambled Eggs Tacos al Pastor Carne Asada Deviled Shrimp Chicken Milanese Coconut Prawns with Mango Sauce Mexican Lasagna Pork Ribs with Green Sauce Mexican Chilaquiles Tlalpeño Soup Recipe Search Engine 73,712 SPAM KILLED WP Spam Free Subscribe	[ "Mexican Bread" ]
http://mexicoschools.net/district_information	Mexico School District 59 Home All District Calendar District Information Employment Opportunities For Parents Students For Staff News District Information Administration Bids Request for proposal Board of Education Business Department District Operations District Policies District Wellness Program EBAY Store Health Services School District Report Card Special Services Staff Directory Technology Transportation TraumaInformed School Initiative Mexico School District 59 District Information District Information ADMINISTRATORS Dr Zachary Templeton Superintendent Dr Larry Nelson Assistant Superintendent Jeff Anderson Activities DirectorVice Principal Mexico High School Travis Blevins Assistant Principal Mexico High School Melissa Chastain Principal Hawthorne Elementary Amber Crane Principal Eugene Field Elementary School Chris Denham Principal Hart Career Center Casey Echelmeier District Instructional Technology Facilitator Brad Ellebracht Principal Mexico High School Joyce Fenner Director of Food Service Kerri Ferrari Director Alternative Education Deborah J HillHaag Principal Mexico Middle School Dana Hunt Technology Director Curtis Jackson Director of Operations Julie Lower Assistant Principal Mexico Middle School Rebecca Moppin Principal McMillan Elementary School Stephanie Norris Business Manager Desiree Pezley Assistant Principal Eugene Field Elementary Brandon Schafer Assistant Principal Hawthorne Elementary Emily Schmidt Director Special EducationEarly Childhood Education Dr Zachary Templeton Superintendent Dr Zachary Templeton Superintendent	[ "District", "Information", "ADMINISTRATORS" ]
http://mezcalphd.com/2013/10/mezcal-tequila-sotol-bacanora-raicilla-pulque-and-more/	Mezcal , Tequila , Sotol , Bacanora , Raicilla , Pulque , and More … Posted by Mezcal PhD on October 14 , 2013 in Mezcal 101 \| 44510 Views \| 57 Responses As you certainly all know by now , any distilled agave - based spirit is a mezcal . So under the broad category of mezcal , we have a variety of spirits that are unique in their own right . Also , in the general family of agave - based alcohol , there is pulque , which is derived from the agave but is not distilled Sotol is made from the Desert Spoon Beyond tequila and mezcal , these spirits are not widely known , though as the growth of tequila and mezcal continue , I think these spirits may slowly seep into the consciousness of agave connoisseurs . Also , as I get a fair number of questions about these agave alternatives on my blog , Twitter , or FaceBook , I thought a post on this topic would be useful to many . It actually helps me to sort it all out in my head as well . Hopefully yours too ! Before , we get into some detail , here is a basic schematic of what this world looks like . Simple , yet instructive , right ? At the top , there is Agave ( which by the way is derived from the Latin word meaning “ noble ” – so it belongs at the top ) . Directly below Agave , there is Mezcal , which is the category that envelops all spirits that are distilled from the agave plant . Then mezcal , of course , has the sub - categories below it . I also put mezcal as a sub - category of itself , because that bottom row is really how people think about the world of agave distillates . Off to the right at the top , is Pulque . Pulque is also derived from the agave , but it is not a distilled beverage . Let ’ s take a look at all the categories with a handful of the distinguishing characteristics of each : Mezcal Mezcal is any distilled spirit made from the agave plant So Tequila , Sotol , Bacanora , etc are all mezcals Mezcal has an internationally recognized Denomination of Origin ( granted in 1995 ) , which means that mezcal can only be made in 8 designated regions of Mexico Mezcal has been regulated within Mexico since 1994 , and is overseen by COMERCAM , but only since 2005 has mezcal been officially certified Mezcal can be made from any type of agave with enough sugars to make it work There are roughly 40 to 50 different varieties of agave that can be used to make mezcal Mezcal is typically produced by baking the hearts of the agave , or pinas , in earthen pits , which imparts a smoky flavor to the mezcal There are somewhere around 70 mezcal brands currently being imported into the U.S . Tequila Tequila can only be made from the Blue Agave ( Agave tequilana ) , also frequently referred to as the century plant Tequila has an internationally recognized Denomination of Origin ( granted in 1978 ) , which means that tequila can only be made in 5 designated regions of Mexico The regulation process for tequila began in the 1940 ’ s within Mexico , and the NOM has been periodically updated over the years Tequila is regulated within Mexico by the CRT Tequila can be as little as 51 % agave , but all the good ones are 100 % agave With tequila , the hearts of the agave are pressure cooked in large industrial ovens , known as autoclaves , which does not impart any special flavor characteristic to the resulting tequila There are something like 1,500 tequilas imported into the U.S . Sotol Sotol is made from the Dasylirion wheeleri , or Desert Spoon , and it is also known as the Sotol plant . Dasylirion wheeleri is stem succulent related to yucca and agave . It was formerly in the agave family but now is classified as a member of the Nolinaceae family according to The Succulent Plant Page ( and many others ) . So to be clear , Sotol is NOT made from an agave , therefore , not technically a mezcal . I suspect people in Mexico really could not give a crap about this technicality ( “ Hey Juan , can you believe this shit ? They changed the freaking taxonomy ! ! ? ? ” ) , so I have kept it in this post as an agave distillate . Sotol has a Mexican denomination of origin , not an international DO Sotol received its Mexican DO in 2004 The sotol NOM , regulating production , etc was passed on April 15 , 2004 Sotol is regulated within Mexico by the Consejo Mexicano de Sotol ( formed in 2004 ) , and can only be produced in the Northern Mexican States of Chihuahua , Coahuila , and Durango The few commercial sotol producers only use wild sotol plants , which take 15 years to mature . It generally takes one plant to produce one bottle of sotol ( compared to tequila or mezcal where one plant can produce 5 - 10 bottles , though there are exceptions ) The pinas are cooked in above ground ovens and distilled in column stills , so it does not have the smokiness of mezcals . There are only a handful of sotol brands imported into the U.S. , with Hacienda de Chihuahua being the most notable Bacanora Bacanora is produced from the wild agave Pacifica , also called agave Yaquiana ( A . angustofolia ) , or simply bacanora , a plant that grows in the mountain range of the State of Sonora , which is the only region where bacanora can be produced The NOM says bacanora can only be made from Agave angustifolia Bacanora is a mezcal Bacanora is named after the town Bacanora , which is in Sonora Since November 6 , 2000 , bacanora has had a Mexican DO , but not an international one The bacanora NOM , regulating production , etc was passed on October 28 , 2005 Bacanora is regulated by the Consejo Sonorense Promotor de la Regulacion del Bacanora , formed in 2006 Like mezcal , the hearts of the pina are roasted in earthen pits imparting a smoky flavor to the final product I only know of one bacanora brand that can be found in the U.S. : Cielo Rojo Bacanora Raicilla Raicilla is produced in seven municipalities of Jalisco and is frequently associated with the Puerta Vallarta area Raicilla is made from the agave lechuguilla ( Agave inaequidens ) , and agave pata de mula ( Agave maximiliana ) , and it also goes by its regionally common name , agave raicilla Raicilla is a mezcal Raicilla does not have a DO or a NOM , however since 1997 , there is a collective mark , “ Raicilla Jalisco ” , to protect production and establish the Mexican Council of Raicilla Promoters . All raicilla producers must now be members of the council and there are currently around 70 members . With Raicilla , the hearts of the agave are cooked in above ground ovens so it is not smoky like mezcal Perhaps the best known raicilla distiller is Destilador del Real , though it can not be found in the U.S. From the picture above , I think they could use a bit of branding and marketing help . You think ? Pulque Pulque is not a distilled agave product , but rather a fermented alcohol product made from the sap of the agave – the sap is called aguamiel , translated as “ honey water ” Pulque is the color of milk and has a sour , yeast - like taste It is 3 - 8 % ABV , so similar to beer in alcoholic content Pulque has no NOM or DO or anything else that I am aware of You can find canned pulque in the U.S. , though all reports suggest it pretty much sucks On the other hand , in Oaxaca , you can get fresh pulque , which can be very good If you live in NYC , you can try it at Pulqueria , a downtown mezcal and tequila den Others Sikua . Produced in Michoacán , Sikua was / is mezcal made in this state before Michoacán was included in the mezcal DO . The sikua nomenclature is most likely being left behind now since Michoacán can now officially make mezcal . Agave distillate . In 2006 , an “ agave distillate ” NOM was passed to govern all mezcal making regions not recognized under a DO . So these regions can make a mezcal , but not call it one . And they are left with the appealing choice of calling it an “ agave distillate ” . Unjust , it seems . Charanda . Sometimes you hear about charanda being made in Mexico so I thought I would throw it in here . It is basically rum made in Mexico . Nothing to do with agave . Some other obscurities can be found here , but they are so far afield , they are not worth my effort That is the run down . Maybe you have to be an agave geek , which I am , to care about anything beyond tequila and mezcal . But knowledge is power my friends ! So go forth and drink some mezcal ! ! Posted in Mezcal 101 \| Tagged agave distillate bacanora Cielo Rojo Dasylirion wheeleri desert spoon Destilador del Real Hacienda de Chihuahua Sotol mezcal Pulque raicilla Raicilla del Real sikua sotol tequila	[ "mezcal", "pulque", "Raicilla" ]
http://mfbiomes.weebly.com/chameleons.html	Home Coconut Tree Crimson Hedgehog Cactus White Poplar Animals in Tropical Rainforest Ants Animals in the Tundra Horseshoe Crab Animals in the Grassland Green Sea Turtles Chameleons Penguins Chameleons In the world , there are more than fifty kinds of chameleons . Almost half of all the species live in Madagascar , which means they live in a Rain Forest . Dwarf chameleons are the smallest in the world and can be the size of a baby ' s thumb and sometimes as big as a cat ! Can you believe it ! Have you ever seen a chameleon ' s humongous tongue ? Well , they sometimes curl their large tongue to grab themselves from trees and eat their prey ! Chameleons that live in trees have five toes and they can look two different directions at the same time . These crazy animals communicate by changing he colors of their skin ! TAXONOMY Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Cordata Class : Reptilia Order : Squamata Suborder : Lacertilia Family : Chamaeleonidae Chameleons mate several times a year . The interesting part is that some female chameleons lay eggs and some give birth to babies like humans ! Amazing ! Resources : CHAMELEONS Ranger Rick CHAMELEON CRAZY http : / / www . chameleoncrazy . com / classification . php Powered by Create your own unique website with customizable templates . Get Started	[ "Chameleons", "Rain Forest", "changing colors" ]
http://mftautos.us/	Home Inventory Finance INVENTORY FINANCING CONTACT 2004 Acura TL 32 wNavi 130642 Miles V6 32L Natural Aspiration Automatic 5Speed 18 city 26 hwy Gasoline 4995 5995 Make Model Max Price Featured Vehicles 4995 5995 2004 Acura TL 130642 miles Search by Make Acura 3 Audi 1 BMW 5 Cadillac 4 Chevrolet 8 Chrysler 3 Dodge 3 Ford 10 Honda 18 Hyundai 8 Infiniti 1 Jeep 7 Kawasaki 1 Kia 2 Lincoln 1 Mazda 2 MercedesBenz 3 MINI 1 Nissan 9 Toyota 9 Volvo 2 Search by Price Under 1K 1 Under 2K 14 Under 3K 34 Under 4K 53 Under 5K 74 Under 12K 98 Under 21K 101 About Us Welcome to MFT AUTO located in Lodi NJ your number one source for quality used vehicles With our impressive inventory of cars trucks and SUVs were sure to meet your needs and budget Our team is made up of automotive professionals you can trust and we guarantee a hasslefree satisfying car buying experience We look forward to serving you in the near future Looking for a New Vehicle We can help find the right vehicle for you Contact Us	[ "impressive inventory", "automotive" ]
http://mgaguru.com/mgtech/electric/et119.htm	The MGA With An Attitude MGAguru . com MGAguru . com BRAKE LIGHT SWITCH - ET - 119 The MGA uses a hydraulic pressure switch for the brake lights . This switch is located on top of the lower frame rail in the right side of the engine bay below the starter switch . It has a 1 / 8 - NPT tapered pipe thread fitting and is screwed into the top of a 5 - port brass connector block that also connects four steel brake pipes ( see picture ) . Note that the 5 - way fitting is different for MGA Twin CAM and " Deluxe " cars . Here the tapered pipe thread for the pressure switch is on the side rather than on top . This will have a different part number for the 5 - way fitting . The switch normally has two wires connected , Green for power input from the switched fuse , and Green with Purple stripe for signal output . For MGA 1500 the brake switch signal power goes to the turn signal relay unit . For MGA 1600 the brake switch signal power goes directly to the brake lights . The original style switch has set screw terminals . Slightly newer switches may have push - on spade terminals . Replacement switches are made by some well known brand names , like Lucas , Bosch , Echlin . There will also be numerous off - brands that you may or may not recognize , some in plain white boxes bearing a retailer ' s number tag , and some made in the cheapest labor shops on the planet with questionable quality . Some recent issue switches have very cheap internal contacts that may work okay when new but degrade quickly to fail in short order . Major brand switches are usually okay , while some off - brands are commonly A common failure mode for the brake switch is for it to require excessive pedal force to make the electrical contact . This is unacceptable when the brake lights may not light up at all with moderate braking action . You should be able to press the brake pedal with two fingers and make the brake lights light up . It is far less likely for the switch to stick in the " on " condition ( almost never ) . If the switch remains on after actuation , check first that the brake hydraulic system is not holding some Brake lights work only with ignition on . If they do n ' t light up when you step on the brake pedal , try shorting across the brake switch terminals with a paper clip or a key . If that makes the brake lights work , then you have a bad brake switch . If not , then you need more electrical diagnostic work . Grab a test light , ground the clip wire , and probe the brake switch terminals . With key on the green wire terminal should have power . If not , then follow the green wire back toward the power source . The prior connection is a snap connector in the harness near the starter switch ( just above the brake switch ) . Try wiggling the wires here to see of you can restore a good connection . Otherwise the connection before that is a green wire on the fuse block where you may find a blown fuse or a dirty fuse clip . When you do have power on the Green wire at the brake switch , then pressing the brake pedal should make the connection to have power on the brake switch output terminal . If not , then you have a bad switch . For the MGA 1500 model the Green / Purple wire goes through a snap connector near the starter switch , then on to terminal 5 on the turn signal relay . For the MGA 1600 model the Green / Purple wire goes to a 3 - way snap connector at rear of the car , aft of To remove the brake switch you can disconnect the wires , then use a larger socket wrench to unscrew it from the 5 - way block . Beware that the pipe connector block is attached to the frame with a single bolt . Wrenching on a stubborn brake switch could rotate the connector block and damage some brake pipes . If the switch does not unscrew easily , then find a way to hold the 5 - way block so it can not turn while you unscrew the switch . The brake switch has a tapered pipe thread . When installing a new switch you can wrap the male thread with Teflon tape to make a good seal on the thread without over tightening the fitting . If you have the new switch taped up and ready to install , you can remove the old one and install the new one immediately without losing brake fluid , in which case you may not need to bleed the brakes afterward .	[ "MGA", "hydraulic pressure switch" ]
http://mgefanon.wikia.com/wiki/Jubjub_Bird	in : Mamono Jubjub Bird Edit Comments ( 1 ) Share Jubjub Bird This pic belongs to the original artist , i am using it show what the mamono on average looks like . Habitat Wonderland Disposition Calm , Lustful , Fickle Diet Omnivorous , Male Spirit Energy NOTE : This species was created prior to the reveal of the canonical Jubjub on September 16 , 2015 . For information on the canon Jubjub , go here . Disclaimer Edit This is my interpretation of the Jubjub that created several months . This is a fanon mamono and admittably not canon . With that in mind please enjoy . Profile The Jubjub Bird is a subspecies of harpy that has recently been discovered to inhabit Wonderland . The first Jubjub bird was a harpy that stole a hat from a Mad Hatter who was hosting a tea party that the QoH attended . The hat however was enchanted so when the harpy tried it on the first Jubjub bird was created . The Jubjub bird unlike most harpy species is highly intelligent and calm . Like other harpies they love to sing and compose nonsense poems and sonets . It is common to see them surrounded by children , who love to laugh at the insane bits of music that they produce . When they find a husband , they are sure to fill their ears with lewd melodies and poems all day long . Especially during sex . Further study has proven that the Jubjub bird surprising intelligence comes from the hatter hats that they wear on their head . When their hat is nocked off they experience a sharp drop in intelligence . After around 45 seconds they become overcome with lust they rape the first man they spot viciously . Once their wombs have been filled to the brim with a male seed ' s or their hat is placed back on their head , they regain their normal calm disposition . However if they are in the middle of sex it is likely they will continue to thrust their hips until their captured male is sucked dry . Knowing this to be a case once a Jubjub bird lays her eggs she will go off and steal a equal number hats to her eggs . Jubjub birds have no mating season . Jubjub birds also display a surprising level of aggression when it comes Jabberwocks . If a single Jubjub spots a Jabberwock with a man , they will swoop down and try to steal him from her . If the Jabberwock is pregnant though or has children , the Jubjub bird will not attack . This aggression will turn into a friendly rivalry if the Jubjub bird is married though . The Jubjub birds claws are laced with highly concentrate DE . If these claws scratch a male or a non harpy monster , they will develop a powerful desire to compose tunes and poems . If the afflicted was a human women , they will slowly transform into Jubjub bird . The speed of the transformation is dependent on body size with children and loli ' s being turned instantly while full grown women will take the day to change . Jubjub birds almost never attack so the danger of being transformed into one is relatively minor . Categories Mamono Add category	[ "Jubjub Bird", "Wonderland", "Omnivorous" ]
http://mgm-inc.com/	Land Surveying Construction Staking Building Design Inspection Public Infrastructure Land Site Development Having been in practice since 1987 Martinez Guy Maybik Inc is a Texas established corporation with offices located in Houston Corpus Christi and most recently San Antonio Texas Over its three decades of existence MGM has distinguished itself as a multiservice quality driven civilstructural engineering and land surveying consulting firm With many years of experience to draw from MGMs professional personnel have a comprehensive knowledge and practice in the areas of municipal drainage roadway bridge storm sewer wastewater water building site development and special structural designs as well as land surveying This extensive experience allows MGMs staff to quickly and Since its inception Martinez Guy Maybik Inc is proud to have served clients the likes of the Texas Department of Transportation City of Houston City of Corpus Christi City of Robstown Utility Services Landrys Inc AutoZone National Tire Battery and Ybarra Interests to name a few Overview MGM is a registered DBEMBE company	[ "Overview" ]
http://mgrlaw.com/criminal-law/reckless-driving/	Criminal Defense Lawyer Reckless Driving Criminal Defense : Reckless Driving Reckless Driving is a gross misdemeanor crime in Washington State , it carries a maximum penalty of 365 days in jail and a $ 5,000 fine . The elements of a Reckless Driving charges involve the driving of a vehicle with the willful and wanton disregard for the safety of persons or property . A person who is convicted of Reckless Driving in the State of Washington will likely have their driver ’ s license suspended for 30 days by the Department of Licensing . If such a suspension is imposed , the driver will need to purchase SR - If you have been charged with a criminal offense , please talk to an experienced criminal defense lawyer about your case and possible defense . Having a criminal defense attorney represent you is important , as they can fully understand the elements of the charge , the burden of proof for the prosecutor , whether to have an judge or jury trial , how to present a trial , and alternatives to trial . A criminal defense attorney can not guarantee results , but can properly walk you through this complicated process . Please contact one of our experienced criminal defense attorneys to discuss you possible criminal misdemeanor charges . You can contact us at 425 - 255 - 4542 or visit our other criminal defense articles on our web page . Our firm is available to assist you in your legal needs . Print E - mail Domestic Violence Negligent Driving	[ "Criminal Defense : Reckless Driving", "misdemeanor crime", "Washington State" ]
http://mhaguide.com/how-much-does-a-health-administrator-make/	How Much Does a Health Administrator Make The salary of a healthcare administrator can be extremely high , however the salary entirely depends on the position the person holds . Healthcare managers do not perform the same functions but rather work in various areas . Knowing what area you might have an interest in will provide you with better knowledge regarding your potential salary . Nevertheless , for this article we will focus on trying to provide you with various salaries for various positions in healthcare management . This ultimately will make it easier to understand your worth . Here , we try to answer the key Fellowships Most healthcare administration students have thought about fellowships , however there are not a huge amount of them available . Nevertheless , they can be a great tool to use when figuring out your own salary . Fellowships are general in that the position requires the person to work in multiple departments . Knowing this , the salaries of fellowships can provide you with the base compensation you should receive in any position . The thought is that fellowships do not pay the greatest , however it might be the lowest amount your degree is worth salary wise . According to a 2010 survey , fellows received a salary of $ 50,000 per year . This is a good gauge in that unless you are in a government position , this should be the lowest salary you might receive once you have graduated from a MHA degree program . Bear in mind that factors such as experience and skill do mean a lot so try to be honest with the level of skill and experience you have . Practice Managers This is one area where the salary van vary from $ 50,000 to over $ 100,000 and ultimately it depends on whether the practice is affiliated with a hospital and how many physicians the practice has . For small practices , $ 56,000 appears to be the average while in practices of 7 or more physicians the salary jumps to $ 77,000 per year . This assumes a general family practice rather than a specific specialty clinic . Imaging and Radiology Managers This is another popular area considering how many outpatient centers are available both in hospitals and corporate organizations . Nevertheless , often these positions require some working knowledge of imaging and radiology and perhaps a previous career as a technician in the field . Nevertheless , the average salary is $ 93,000 . Admissions Director The Admissions Director normally is the person who deals with and manages all the issues related to admitting patients . In a sense , your department is the first point of contact for most patients in hospitals . These positions are extremely important in hospitals but are also used in larger physician practices . The average salary is $ 85,000 . Medical Records Director Obviously , this position deals strictly with all patient medical records . Knowing the amount of compliance and privacy needed for these records , this position is ultimately one of the most important in any healthcare facility . Currently , the average salary is $ 102,000 per year . We will be continuing to review specific occupations on our site to help you understand where you might fit in within a healthcare organization . Please keep in mind that experience is ultimately the most important tool you will have but an MHA degree can provide you with the extra push to gain one of these management positions . As always , please feel free to search our degree directory	[ "Health Administrator", "salary" ]
http://mhcc.maryland.gov/consumerinfo/longtermcare/MedicaidLTCWaiverServices.aspx	PREPARING FOR LTC LIVING AT HOME ALTERNATE LIVING RESOURCES Medicaid LTC & Waiver Services A waiver is a special program designed by a State to cover needed home and community - based services ( HCBS ) as an alternative to receiving care in an institution such as a nursing home . To become a waiver participant an individual must qualify by meeting certain criteria . Each waiver will have different criteria ; for example , having a certain medical condition or needing a specific level of care The following links will provide more specific information on additional resources . Information concerning Long Term Care : https : / / mmcp . health . maryland . gov / longtermcare / pages / Home . aspx Medicaid waiver programs allow individuals who want to receive care in the community to participate in these programs if eligible . That information is located here : https : / / mmcp . health . maryland . gov / waiverprograms / pages / Home . aspx The Medical Day Care Waiver is located here : https : / / mmcp . health . maryland . gov / longtermcare / pages / Medical - Day - Care - Services . aspx The Model Waiver is located here : https : / / mmcp . health . maryland . gov / waiverprograms / pages / Model - Waiver - Fact - Sheet . aspx Nursing Home Services Information : https : / / mmcp . health . maryland . gov / longtermcare / pages / Nursing - Home - Services . aspx Waiver for Adults with Traumatic Brain Injury : https : / / bha . health . maryland . gov / pages / Traumatic - Brain - Injury . aspx The Maryland Community Options Waiver , Community First Choice ( CFC ) , and the Community Personal Assistance Services Waiver provide community services and supports to enable older adults and people with disabilities to live in their own homes . Home and Community - Based Options Waiver https : / / mmcp . health . maryland . gov / longtermcare / SiteAssets / SitePages / Community % 20First % 20Choice / HCBOW % 20Fact % 20Sheet % 2011 . 17 . 15 . pdf Community First Choice https : / / mmcp . health . maryland . gov / longtermcare / SiteAssets / SitePages / Community % 20First % 20Choice / CFC % 20Fact % 20Sheet % 20 - % 20July % 202015 . pdf Community Personal Assistance Services https : / / mmcp . health . maryland . gov / longtermcare / SiteAssets / SitePages / Community % 20First % 20Choice / CPAS % 20Fact % 20Sheet % 2010 . 14 . 15 . pdf	[ "Medicaid LTC", "Waiver Services" ]
http://mhcc.maryland.gov/consumerinfo/longtermcare/SeniorHealthInsuranceProgram.aspx	PREPARING FOR LTC LIVING AT HOME ALTERNATE LIVING RESOURCES Senior Health Insurance Program ( SHIP ) Despite its name , SHIP is not an insurance program , but it is a valuable service meeting an important need of Medicare beneficiaries of any age in understanding their health insurance benefits , bills , and rights . The Maryland SHIP program provides trained staff and volunteer counselors in all 24 counties . Counselors provide in - person and telephone assistance in a variety of areas , such as : billing problems ; assistance applying for help for low - income beneficiaries ; assistance with denials of payment , appeals and grievances ; and advice on health care fraud and abuse . SHIP counseling services are confidential and free of charge . To find out more information about the SHIP program , contact your local Information & Assistance Office : http : / / www . aging . maryland . gov / Pages / StateHealthInsuranceProgram . aspx	[ "Senior Health Insurance Program", "Medicare beneficiaries" ]
http://mhealth.amegroups.com/	Does a textmessaging program to promote early childhood development reach the highest risk families Background Bright by Three BB3 a nonprofit organization that promotes caregiver behaviors to support language development in young children was augmented with a textmessaging program Bright by Text BBT in 2015 While some evidence suggests that textmessaging can promote early development it is unknown if these interventions are reaching children at increased sociodemographic risk for developmental delay The purpose of this study is to compare sociodemographic characteristics of caregivers who did and did not enroll in BBT About mHealth About mHealth EditorinChief Editorial Board Manuscript Submission Online Submission Submit Multimedia Files AME Editing Service English Editing Translation Reprint Permission Reprint Permission Advertising Sponsored Supplements Advertising Contact us General editorial enquiries Email editorthemhealthorg Copyright related contact Email permissionsamegroupscom Commercial Sales contact Reprints advertising etc Email salesamegroupscom Latest NIH Funded Editorial Telemedicine and psychiatrya natural match Charles R Doarn mHealth 2018 4 60 19 December 2018 PDF Full Text Meet the Professor Sandra I McCoy leveraging elements of games to improve sexual health Brad Li mHealth 2018 4 59 14 December 2018 PDF Full Text Meet the Professor Danielle Arigo communication is what allows science to advance Brad Li mHealth 2018 4 58 14 December 2018 PDF Full Text Review Article A scoping review of mental health mobile apps for use by the military community Linna TamSeto Valerie M Wood Brooke Linden Heather Stuart mHealth 2018 4 57 12 December 2018 PDF Full Text Original Article Specific features of current and emerging mobile health apps user views among people with and without mental health problems Louise K Thornton Frances J KayLambkin mHealth 2018 4 56 06 December 2018 PDF Full Text Original Article Does a textmessaging program to promote early childhood development reach the highest risk families Maureen Cunningham Sheana Bull Monica C McNulty Kathryn Colborn Catia Chavez Stephen Berman Jean McSpadden Jared Wigdor Mandy A Allison mHealth 2018 4 55 29 November 2018 PDF Full Text Original Article Evaluating the patient experience with urological video visits at an academic medical center Steven ThelenPerry Rohan Ved Chad Ellimoottil mHealth 2018 4 54 19 November 2018 PDF Full Text Meet the Professor Mei R Fu mHealth facilitates realtime detection and prediction of lymphedema Brad Li mHealth 2018 4 53 09 November 2018 PDF Full Text Meet the Professor Brooks C Wingo researchers have to learn from the setbacks adapt the plan and dont give up Brad Li mHealth 2018 4 52 05 November 2018 PDF Full Text Original Article Vending machines in commercial sex venues to increase HIV selftesting among men who have sex with men Chrysovalantis Stafylis Lauren J Natoli Jamie A Murkey Kristie K Gordon Sean D Young Mark R McGrath Jeffrey D Klausner mHealth 2018 4 51 31 October 2018 PDF Full Text Original Article EndCancer development and pilot testing of multimedia recruitment for a text message campaign to increase cancer screening Nicole M Harty Kirstin Le Grice Christi Cahill Sheana Bull Andrea Dwyer mHealth 2018 4 50 31 October 2018 PDF Full Text Original Article A comparison between paperbased and mHealth tools for collating and reporting clinical cases of lymphatic filariasis and podoconiosis in Ethiopia Sarah Martindale Hayley E Mableson Biruk Kebede Fikre H Kiros Abraham Tamiru Belete Mengistu Anna Krueger Charles D Mackenzie Louise A KellyHope mHealth 2018 4 49 26 October 2018 PDF Full Text Meet the Professor John C Sieverdes mHealth has the opportunity to make a worldwide difference Brad Li mHealth 2018 4 48 19 October 2018 PDF Full Text Review Article Innovations in digital interventions for psychological trauma harnessing advances in cognitive science Erik Andersson Emily A Holmes David Kavanagh mHealth 2018 4 47 19 October 2018 PDF Full Text Viewpoint Smartphone apps providing social comparison for health behavior change a need for better tailoring to person and context Danielle Arigo Jerry M Suls mHealth 2018 4 46 08 October 2018 PDF Full Text Apps for Highlights Expecting great expectations when expecting Beenish M Chaudhry More Onto the bulls eye Beenish M Chaudhry More Mind is your body Susanne H Stanley 1 Beenish M Chaudhry 2 More Focused Issues mHealth Infrastructure issues and solutions More The role of mHealth in mental health More Evidencebased eHealth adoption and application More Announcement 2017 Annual Report of mHealth 2017 Annual Report of mHealth More mHealth is now indexed in PubMedPMC A tremendous step forward mHealth is now indexed in PubMedPMC A tremendous step forward More 2016 Annual Report of mHealth 2016 Annual Report of mHealth More Indexing In PubMed In PMC Publishing Information mHealth is published by AME Publishing Company	[ "mHealth", "PubMed" ]
http://mhhe.com/biosci/ap/ap_casestudies/cases/ap_case03.html	Return to Main Page Chief Complaint : 8 - year - old girl admitted for severe second - and third - degree burns following her rescue from a burning house . History : Angela Creighton , an 8 - year - old white female , was transported by ambulance to the emergency room after being rescued from her burning house . She was asleep at night when a spark from the family fireplace started a fire , leaving her trapped in her bedroom . By the time the fire rescue squad arrived , she had suffered severe burns and excessive smoke inhalation . In the emergency room , Angela was unconscious . She had second - degree burns over 5 % of her body and third - degree burns over 15 % of her body - - both covering her thoracic and abdominal regions and her right elbow . Her vital signs were quite unstable : blood pressure = 55 / 35 ; heart rate = 210 beats / min . ; and respiratory rate = 40 breaths / min . She was quickly deteriorating from circulatory failure . Two IVs were inserted and fluids were administered through each . Her vital signs Angela regained consciousness the following morning , surprisingly complaining of only minor pain over her trunk . Following debridement of her burns and application of a broad - spectrum , topical antibiotic , a plastic epidermal graft was applied over the burned areas . Despite treatment with a broad - spectrum antibiotic , she developed a systemic staphylococcal infection , necessitating a switch to a different antibiotic . Angela began a long , slow recovery . Her position in bed had to be changed every 2 hours to prevent the formation of decubitus ulcers ( i.e. bedsores ) . She lost 9 pounds over the next 3 weeks , despite nasogastric tube feeding of 5000 calories ( " Kcals " ) per day . After 9 weeks , sheets of cultured epidermal cells were grafted to her regenerating dermal layer . By the 15th week of her hospitalization , her epidermal graft was complete , and she was back on solid foods , her antibiotics were discontinued , Questions 1 . Briefly describe the three major layers that make up healthy skin . Enter your answer here . Answer 2 . Briefly describe the extent of damage seen in first - degree burns , second - degree burns , and third - degree burns . Enter your answer here . Answer 3 . Why was this girl relatively pain - free when she woke up ? 4 . Explain why this patient ' s blood pressure was so low and her heart rate so high upon arrival at the emergency room . 5 . Why was it important to immediately administer intravenous fluids to this girl ? 6 . What is a " broad - spectrum " antibiotic , and why did she need it ? Is healthy skin normally colonized by bacteria ? 7 . Why was skin - grafting necessary in this patient ? ( Why not just let the skin heal on its own ? ) 8 . Describe the series of events that occur in skin which is healing with the help of a skin - graft . 9 . Why are bedridden patients at risk for developing decubitus ulcers ? Where on the body do such ulcers most commonly occur ? 10 . Why did the patient lose so much weight despite being on a very high - calorie diet ? 11 . What long - term problems may the patient have as a result of extensive scar tissue formation over her trunk and her right elbow ? Return to Main Page Copyright © 2000 The McGraw - Hill Companies . All rights reserved . Any use is subject to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy McGraw - Hill Higher Education is one of the many fine businesses of The McGraw - Hill Companies If you have a question or a problem about a specific book or product , please fill out our Product Feedback Form For further information about this site contact mhhe_webmaster @ mcgraw - hill . com or let us know what you think by filling out our Site Survey	[ "Chief Complaint", "Angela Creighton", "History" ]
http://mhi-nb.com/	The Mind Health Institute Newport Beach is a multidisciplinary mental health clinic that is focused on providing the best possible care through collaboration and adherence to evidencebased standards Our clinic is run solely by mental health professionals who are not only leaders in the field but are also committed to the absolute highest professional and ethical standards of care All of our providers are licensed and fully committed to maintaining advanced certifications and many are awarded at both the local and national levels for their contributions to the mental health field	[ "Mind Health Institute", "Newport Beach", "collaboration" ]
http://mhmg.memorialhermann.org/locations/mhmg-downtown/	Home Locations MHMG Downtown Locations Find a Doctor Schedule Now Memorial Hermann Medical Group Downtown 832 6585140 tel 832 6585155 fax 919 Milam Street Suite 103 Houston TX 77002 Directions Street Parking Now Open 700am 400pm Show All Hours General Information Services Schedule An Appointment Physicians Parking General Information About Your Memorial Hermann Medical Group Downtown Clinic Memorial Hermann Medical Group MHMG Downtown provides high quality primary care and travel medicine for downtown and midtown Houston employees employers and residents Our family medicine healthcare provider focuses on delivering comprehensive medical care to patients of all ages in a friendly compassionate environment MHMG Downtown is conveniently located for employees and residents to access primary care and wellness benefits Dr Carmenates attended medical school in San Jose Costa Rica and completed her residency at The University of Texas Medical School at Houston Family Practice Program at Memorial HermannTexas Medical Center and LBJ Hospital A native of Cuba Dr Carmenates is fluent in English and Spanish and delivers care with a familycentered focus Her clinical interests include hypertension diabetes and adolescent medicine Memorial Hermann Medical Group Downtown is within steps of major businesses located in the heart of downtown in Bank One Center above Becks Prime The clinic also has convenient street parking Services Memorial Hermann Medical Group Downtown provides the following medical services Acute illness care Travel medicine Employment and annual physicals Gynecologic exams Immunizations and flu shots Schedule An Appointment Schedule An Appointment In Three Easy Steps Choose a Location Choose a Doctor or Service Choose an Appointment Time Choose a Memorial Hermann Medical Group location near you Select a physician or the ScheduleNow button to schedule Click on an available appointment time or call the number above Olga Carmenates MD MHMG Downtown 919 Milam St Ste 103 Houston TX 77002 832 6585140 NOTE Please arrive 10 min prior to appointmentPhysical scheduled for same day CALL office If coming for a physical exam please fast 6hrs prior to appointment If unable to fast pt will be asked to return This office does not accept cash New patients Established patients Timeslots with no colored bar at top can be booked by any patient type new or established Wed Dec 26 Thu Dec 27 Fri Dec 28 Sat Dec 29 Sun Dec 30 Mon Dec 31 Tue Jan 1 830 am 845 am 915 am 930 am 945 am 1030 am 1045 am 700 am 730 am 815 am 845 am 915 am 930 am 330 pm 700 am 730 am 745 am 815 am 830 am 845 am 330 pm Powered by Physicians Dr Olga Carmenates MD Family Medicine Doctor Show More Parking Memorial Hermann Medical Group Downtown is within steps of major businesses located in the heart of downtown in Bank One Center above Becks Prime The clinic also has convenient street parking	[ "MHMG Downtown" ]
http://mhwiki.hitgrab.com/wiki/index.php/Tournament	Tournament navigation search Contents hide 1 General Rules 2 Duration 3 Number of members 4 List of Tournaments 4.1 Normal Tournaments 4.2 MEGA Tournaments 4.3 Event Tournaments 5 Rewards 6 History and Trivia 7 Images 8 See also 9 External Links This article is about the competitive gameplay feature . For other uses , see Tournament ( disambiguation ) Tournaments are mice - catching competitions . In order to join a tournament , hunters have to join or create a Hunting Team , then click Tournaments option from the Teams drop - down menu on the game navigation . This will display a list of active and upcoming tournaments , allowing hunters to browse tournaments and view information about a specific tournament , including the number of teams involved , how the scoring works , and within which locations the tournament takes place . A Join button is located at the right of each row of tournaments . Do note that unlike the old tournaments , hunters have to enter the tournament themselves as their captain can not enter for the entire team . A hunter can register for up to three upcoming non - overlapping tournaments at a time . Upon joining a tournament , a heads - up display ( HUD ) will appear near the top of the game informing hunters how long until the tournament starts , how many fellow team members have joined the same tournament , how many active team members are in the same tournament , and some controls to invite teammates and friends to compete together . A small circular icon on the right of the HUD will show a blue question mark when the hunter is at a location that can earn tournament points . If the hunter can not earn tournament points at the current location , the small circular icon will show Upon the tournament starting , the HUD will change to indicate the amount of time remaining , along with your team ' s current points and rank . Should hunters need a reminder of the scoring rules , they can click the name of the tournament on the HUD to view the tournament details . While in an active tournament , sounding the Tourney Horn will send teammates in the same tournament on hunts if they are ready to hunt , and vice versa , only those in your Hunting Team will bring you along for a hunt . Each team member could be in a different location but as long as they are ready to hunt , they will be brought along on a hunt when a teammate sounds the horn . Team members do not have to be friends with each other to be brought along on hunts during tournaments . Trap checks still occur during an active tournament , but they do not count toward earning tournament points nor do they add to the multiplier . As soon as the tournament is over , normal horn hunts resume as usual . Team members can see the Team Journal , which records the last four private events of each team member , whether or not the team is currently involved in a tournament . This allows a team to track if all hunters were brought along for a hunt , even if they missed a mouse , and also see when a team member has received a King ' s Reward A hunting team is required to participate in Train Rides at the Gnawnian Express Station ; a player can not participate in a tournament and a train ride simultaneously . General Rules Individual members can only be in one tournament at a time , although teams can participate in different tournaments at the same time . Hunters can not join a tournament that has started . Only a certain amount of team members can join a tournament . Hunters who leave a tournament early can not claim prizes Spend Tournament Tokens at the Tournament Shop in Valour . Tournaments with less than 6 teams will automatically cancel . Duration Depending on the tournament , its duration ranges from 3 hours to 3 days ( 72 hours ) . The duration affects the number of Tournament Tokens rewarded if the team is in the top 50 % and above . See the Rewards section for more information . Barring a few rare exceptions , tournaments usually start and end on the hour in GMT / UTC time . Number of members The maximum number of players per team usually ranges from 3 to 5 players , with 4 - player tournaments being the most common . The exceptions are Valentine ' s Solo and Valentine ' s Couples , which are 1 and 2 - player tournaments respectively , available during Valentine ' s Day event . On rare occasions , 8 - player 10 - player and 12 - player tournaments were also available . List of Tournaments Main Article : Tournament / List Normal Tournaments Baker ' s Dozen Bazaar Burglary Burroughs Rift : Dirty Burroughs Rift : Polluted Burroughs Rift : Stay in the green Burroughs Riftwalking Catacombs Competitors Crushed Ice Derr Tribal Hunting Desert Market Mice District Dangers Dragon Slaying Elub Tribal Hunting Forgotten Tournament Fort Rox Fortitude Full Moon Fungal Cavern : Spelunking Furoma Master Hunt Furoma Rift : Enter the Pagoda Gauntlet Gladiators Gnawnia Riftwalking Goliath Rift Showdown High Seas Hunting Indigenous Mouse Hunting King ' s Challenge Laboratory Potion Hunting Library Brawl Lich Look Out Lost in the Labyrinth Mousoleum Mastery Nerg Tribal Hunting Oxygen Collecting Plateau Perils Queso Canyoneering Rift Resonation Rift Undead Rising Riftiago Foraging Slushy Showdown Slushy Struggle Subterranean Showdown Sunken City Deep Diving Sunken Danger Sunken Treasure Hunting Tails from the Crypt The Lost , the Cursed , and the Ugly The Shrubberies Treasure Hunter Tribal Isle Grand Tournament Tribal Isles 2 : Jungle Adventures Undead Rising Varmint Valley Bounty Hunt Warpath Marching Warfare on the Warpath Whisking through the Woods Zugzwang ' s Tournament MEGA Tournaments MEGA Halloween Tournament MEGA New Years Snow Golem Celebration Tournament 2017 MEGA Tournament : Baker ' s Dozen MEGA Tournament : Bonus Luck MEGA Tournament : Builder Battling MEGA Tournament : Burroughs Rift Risky Redline MEGA Tournament : Festive SUPER \| hunt+ MEGA Tournament : Furoma Fury MEGA Tournament : Gnawnia Riftwalking MEGA Tournament : High Risk Meadows MEGA Tournament : Hoarder Hunting MEGA Tournament : Mega Boss Battle MEGA Tournament : Mega Masters MEGA Tournament : Mega Mutiny MEGA Tournament : Mega Sensei Stockpile Smackdown MEGA Tournament : Mega World Tour MEGA Tournament : Miser Madness MEGA Tournament : Rare Rodents MEGA Tournament : Rift / Anti - Rift Meadows MEGA Tournament : Sunken City MEGA Tournament : Toxic Cleanup Competition MEGA Tournament : Tribal Isles MEGA Tournament : Winter Hunt Event Tournaments 10th Year Birthday Bash ! Bad Moon Rising Birthday Bash Birthday Party : Cupcake Year 1 Birthday Party : Cupcake Year 2 Birthday Party : Cupcake Year 3 Birthday Party : Cupcake Year 4 Birthday Party : Cupcake Year 5 Birthday Party : Cupcake Year 6 Birthday Party : Cupcake Year 7 Bocconcini Battle Calamity Carl ' s Cozy Competition Calling all Calligraphers Costume Competition Costumed Cruising Cozy Costumed Cruising Dance Floor Dance Off Dance - A - Thon Dark Chocolate Spring Hunt Spectacular Dragon Deception Elf Encounters Elf Extravaganza Extra , Extra ! Scare All About It ! Festive Dress - up Festive Fiasco Festive Fodder Festive Lich Look Out Festive SUPER \| hunt+ Fifth Birthday Bash Fixin ' the Glitchpaw Halloween 2017 Low Level Haunting Halloween 2017 High Level Haunting Halloween Haunting Happy New Year Tournament High Stakes Hunting Love is in the Air ! MegaBuy Mart Mega - Tournament Mousey Marathon New Ghouls on the Block Red Envelope Roundup Scary Shortcuts Tournament Snakey Struggle Snow Fortress Showdown Snow Golem Builders Tournament 2017 Snowflake Flurries Snowflight Stockpiling Spring Hunt Spectacular 2012 Spring Hunt Spectacular 2015 Spring Hunt : All Rifts Riftwalk Toboggan Novice Tournament Toboggan Intermediate Tournament Toboggan Expert Tournament Valentine ' s Couples Valentine ' s Solo Valentine ' s Third Wheel Year of the Monkey Tournament Zombie SUPER \| hunt+ Zombies , Zombies , Zombies ! Rewards By competing in tournaments , hunters can earn collectible trophies and badges , as well as tournament tokens that can be spent at the Tournament Hall . All hunters participating in a tournament , upon its completion , should receive a notification informing them of their team position as well as rewards . Alternatively , hunters can also claim the prize by clicking on the Team History tab on the team profile page which would indicate the tournament ( s ) for which they have yet to claim the prize . All reward items are only given to hunters who took part in the tournament and stayed until it ended . If a hunter leaves before the tournament ends , no reward can be earned . In addition , the hunter must remain in their same team when claiming their reward . If you leave your tournament team before claiming your reward ( or the team is disbanded by the captain ) , the reward can not be claimed . The number of teams that entered the tournament , the length of the tournament , and your team ' s rank upon the tournament ' s completion determine what reward you receive . If fewer than 6 teams enter a tournament , it will automatically be cancelled , so that all tournaments are guaranteed to award at least three trophies while still only rewarding top 50 % finishers . All tournament ties are calculated at the end of the tournament ; if two teams tie for first , then both teams are awarded a Gold Trophy , and the next Position Collectible Tokens per hour * 3 hours 4 hours 5 hours 6 hours 8 hours 12 hours 18 hours 24 hours 48 hours 72 hours 1st Place Gold Tournament Trophy 1.5 5 6 8 9 12 18 27 36 72 108 2nd Place Silver Tournament Trophy 1 3 4 5 6 8 12 18 24 48 72 3rd Place Bronze Tournament Trophy 0.5 2 2 3 4 9 24 36 Challenger ( Top 10 % ) Tournament Challenger Badge 0.45 11 22 33 Competitor ( Top 25 % ) Tournament Competitor Badge 0.375 7 27 Participant ( Top 50 % ) Tournament Participant Badge 0.25 1 Bottom 50 % None 0 0 * After multiplying by the number of hours , non - integer values are rounded up to the nearest integer . During the Halloween 2013 event , hunters who participated in Halloween Haunting High Stakes Hunting Zombies , Zombies , Zombies ! , and Bad Moon Rising tournaments received varying amounts of Spooky Charms Brain Charms Ghoulgonzola Cheese , Candy Corn Cheese , Halloween Candies Cobwebs on top of the existing rewards . Similarly , the Zombie SUPER \| hunt+ rewarded SUPER \| brie+ Haunted Ultimate Luck Charms Brain Charms Halloween Candies Cobwebs , and Spooky Surprises on top of existing rewards . During the Great Winter Hunt 2013 , the event tournaments Bocconcini Battle Festive Fodder Snowflight Stockpiling Snowflake Flurries Festive SUPER \| hunt+ awarded SUPER \| brie+ Snowball Charms Snowball Bocconcini Festive Ultimate Luck Charms Winter Charms Advent Chocolate on top of existing rewards . Additionally , upgrades to the Ice Armoury increase token rewards by 50 % and awards Ice Coins During MouseHunt ' s Sixth Birthday in 2014 , the event tournaments Dance - A - Thon Dance Floor Dance Off awarded Birthday Goodie Bags on top of existing rewards . Additionally , upgrading the Dance Leaderboard added Cupcake Colby Party Charms to the rewards . Additionally , the team as a whole ( regardless of whether individual players join or leave ) earns progress towards unlocking additional slots for the . The team profile page tracks how many trophies and badges the team has collected . Slot Required Tournaments First 5 Default 6th 10 completed 7th 10 Participant badges ( top 50 % ) 8th 10 Competitor badges ( top 25 % ) 9th 50 completed 10th 50 Participant badges ( top 50 % ) 11th 50 Competitor badges ( top 25 % ) 12th 25 Challenger badges ( top 10 % ) Train rides do not count towards required tournaments , and have a different reward system History and Trivia Tournaments were initially released on 13 May 2009 , but were discontinued on 8 June 2010 . After more than a year , it was finally re - released on 28 December 2011 . The Team Journal was re - released on 28 March 2012 , along with the introduction of the Tournament Challenger Badge to recognize a top - 10 % finish . Once in a while , a tournament will be renamed after a special event , such as the UK Birthday Meet Tournament Tournaments were further enhanced on 17 May 2013 , with several new tournaments , a maximum team size of 12 , and the ability to pre - register for up to three tournaments at once . Most tournaments from 20 – 24 May 2013 awarded double As of 8 April 2014 , tournaments with less than 6 teams will automatically cancel . Images Standard Tournament Endurance Tournament Boost Tournament See also Tournament / Archive Tournament / List External Links Team History Tournament Listings Tournament Scoreboards Category Gameplay	[ "Tournament", "Hunting Team", "heads-up display" ]
http://mi.extendedhelp.mobileiron.com/40/all/en/desktop/MobileIron_Tunnel_Configuration.htm	MobileIron Tunnel Configurations A MobileIron Tunnel configuration defines a perapp VPN connection between an iOS client or a Windows client and Sentry using MobileIron Tunnel 21 Applicable to iOS 7 and Windows 10 To create a MobileIron Tunnel Configuration for iOS Go to C onfiguration Add Select the MobileIron Tunnel configuration to display the Create MobileIron Tunnel Configuration page Enter a name for the configuration Enter a description Click the iOS icon The Configuration Setup section is displayed In the Sentry Settings section Choose a sentry profile from the Sentry Profile pulldown menu Choose a sentry service from the Sentry Service pulldown menu Enter an email address to receive debugging information In the MobileIron Tunnel section choose one of the following options for Legacy App Support Enabled Specify the use of the Tunnel Legacy app for all iOS versions Enabled for iOS 7 8 only Specify the use of the Tunnel Legacy app for iOS 7 and 8 and the use of the Tunnel app for iOS 9 In the Custom Data section choose or specify values for the following settings for MobileIron Tunnel apps Custom Data Keys and string values for custom data Safari Domains Disconnection Timeout Specify the idle time after which VPN will disconnect Set to 0 if the connection should stay open indefinitely Network Rules Specify rules to match values based on DNS Domain DNS Server Address SSID URL String Probe and Interface Type Action Specify whether VPN connection should Connect Disconnect or Ignore based on the specified Network rules Connection Rules Specify Domains Action Connect or Disconnect DNS Server and URL Probe Click Next Select a distribution for this configuration To create a MobileIron Tunnel Configuration for Windows Go to Configuration Add Select the MobileIron Tunnel configuration to display the Create MobileIron Tunnel Configuration page Enter a name for the configuration Enter a description Click the Windows icon The Configuration Setup section is displayed Choose a sentry profile from the Sentry Profile pulldown menu Choose a sentry service from the Sentry Service pulldown menu Enter an email address to receive debugging information Select Standard or Advanced option for Tunnel App settings In the Advanced option you can enter KeyValue pairs only In the Standard option select an Always On position ON is the default setting This is a Windows 10 feature that enables the active VPN profile to connect automatically on these triggers User Signs In Network change Note The Always On settings works for Force Tunnel only If needed click Create New Group to create a new list of apps that will have all the traffic flow through VPN Enter a path for the app in the App Type pulldown menu Click Lookup Apps to search for Windows 10 apps in the Windows App Store Enter the name of the app in the search field Select an app to add it to the App Identifier In the Traffic Filters section click to add filter All traffic is sent through the tunnel if no filters are configured Enter an IP address range in the Traffic Filter screen to limit traffic allowed through the tunnel to these IP addresses In the DNS section click to add a Domain and DNS Server IP Click Next Select a distribution for this configuration	[ "MobileIron Tunnel", "Configurations" ]
http://miamifitbox.com/healthy-food/	Home Healthy Food Healthy Food We at MiamiFitBox take pride in what we do and always strive for excellence Our goal is to provide you with high quality healthy meals that will help you achieve your fitness goal faster if that is what you are going for or just to keep you healthy while eating delicious chefnutritionist made meals We offer wide range of option from breakfast meals over healthy meal plans made by our chefnutricionist to custom meals where you can build your meals the way you like them every time Feel free to browse options bellow and hopefully you will give us the pleasure to cater for you and help you in achieving any of your goals whether that is eating healthy occasionally or a healthy lifestyle change weve got you covered Shop by Price 000 2500 2500 4300 4300 6200 6200 8000 8000 9800 Custom Healthy Meals Traditional Meal Plan Weight LossShredding Meal Plan Healthy Signature Breakfast Meals Lean Protein by the Pound Vegetarian Sort by Featured Items	[ "Healthy Food", "high quality", "delicious" ]
http://michaelbluejay.com/house/bankoffer.html	Evaluating the bank ' s offer « Back : Find a Lender » Next : Decide whether to use a real estate agent Now you know how much you can borrow ! You should already have a rough idea of how much you can borrow based on the How much home can you afford ? page , but now you get to find out exactly how much the bank is willing to lend you . Once the bank has processed your application and run your credit report they know how much they ' re willing to loan you . Sit down with them and go over the results . Or more specifically , they know how much they think you can afford in the way of a monthly payment . Let ' s say they figure you ' re good for $ 1000 a month . For that $ 1000 a month you ' ll get a much bigger loan on a 30 - year term than you will on a 15 - year term . The lender will tell you how much they ' ll loan on each term , depending on how big your down payment is . Get the Pre - Qual Letter A lender who has qualified you for a loan can give you a " Pre - Qual Letter " which says that very thing . ( That they ' ve qualified you for a loan . ) Having such a letter helps show realtors and sellers that you ' re serious about wanting to buy a house and that you ' re not just a window - shopper . Get a Pre - Qual Letter from each bank that qualifies you for a loan . Evaluating Different Options The bank will probably give you at least a couple of different , confusing options for your mortgage . They do this to make more money , because if you pick the wrong option you ' ll wind up paying more . Let ' s see how to evaluate the different options . Fixed Rate vs . Adjustable Rate Mortgages ( FRM vs . ARM ) On a normal mortgage the interest rate stays the same over the life of the mortgage . This is called a fixed - rate mortgage , or FRM . If interest rates are low then your lender will try to sell you on an adjustable rate mortgage , or ARM , where the interest rate varies over the life of the loan . If interest rates are low they do n ' t want to get locked in to getting a low rate from you for 30 years , so they ' ll hope you take an ARM so they can raise the rates later . Why on earth would you agree to this ? Well , below the current FRM rate . Then they ' ll tell you that they ' ll limit the increases to a certain amount so you wo n ' t have to worry about ridiculously high interest rates . So should you take the ARM or not ? The general rule of thumb is , take the FRM unless the rate is above 10 % , in which case take the ARM ( after scrutinizing it closely ) . Always make sure you read the fine print on an ARM offer , but unfortunately the details in ARM offers are varied and hard to analyze . . It ' s worth paying an independent financial advisor $ 50 to evaluate the offer for you if you do n ' t understand it , or if you ' re not sure it ' s as good a deal as the bank says . Do n ' t get this one wrong : the foreclosure crisis of 2006 - 07 was due in large Mortgage Points ( Origination Points and Discount Points ) Origination Points Most banks charge you a fee to give you a loan . Basically , they ' re charging you money for the right to charge you more money . Their fee for doing so is called the Origination Fee . The fee is a certain number of points . A point is 1 % of the loan amount . So if you ' re borrowing $ 200,000 , and the lender charges one point , you ' ll pay a fee of $ 2000 for the privilege of getting the loan . This is part of the closing costs , usually the biggest part , in fact . You can usually have this amount added to your loan amount so you do n ' t have to pay it in cash at closing . Different banks charge different amounts of origination points , and some banks do n ' t charge origination points at all . This is something to consider when you ' re shopping around for a loan . And some banks that normally charge points will reduce or eliminate the origination fee if you ask - - and if they think you ' re going to take your business to another bank . Discount Points As you know , the lower the interest rate , the better . So many banks will offer you a deal : they ' ll offer you a certain interest rate , but they ' ll let you buy the right to an even lower interest if you pay them some points . For example , they might offer you a rate of 7 % , but tell you that you can have a rate of 6.5 % instead if you pay 3 points ( 3 % of the loan amount ) . Is this a good deal or not ? There ' s no way to know unless you run the numbers through a calculator . So . . . presenting the Discount Points Calculator ! Here ' s how it works : Buying points lowers your monthly payment . So we ' re going to figure how long it takes for the savings from your lower payment to overcome the cost of buying the points . Discount Points Calculator The Loan Interest rate w / o points Interest rate with points Loan amount $ Number of points Length of mortgage years Results Monthly payment w / o points $ 1079 Monthly payment w / points 1049 Monthly savings from buying points 30 Upfront cost of points 1900 Buying points becomes a good deal after . . . 5.3 years This means that if you ' re going to stay in your house for more than 5.3 years , then it ' s better to buy the points . However , it might not be better to buy a home in the first place ( vs . continuing to rent ) . To see whether it ' s better to buy or to rent , see the rent vs . buy calculator Note that while most closing costs can be rolled into the mortgage , discount points can not . The whole point of points ( from the bank ' s perspective ) is to get some money from you up front . Get another offer Do n ' t forget our advice from our find a lender page : Shop around by getting a second offer from another bank or broker You do n ' t have to make your decision about which bank or broker to go with right now - - you can save that for when you know exactly which house you want to buy . Amount spent so far . Red items apply towards the purchase . Amounts are typical , not exact . $ 40 Credit Check To the Lender $ 40 Total « Back : Find a Lender » Next : Decide whether to use a real estate agent If you liked this site then you might like some of my other sites : How to Find Cheap Airfare How to Save Electricity How to get listed & ranked well in Google Entire site © 1999 - 2017 Michael Bluejay Inc . • All information is " use at your own risk " Contact	[ "bank 's offer", "Pre-Qual Letter", "Adjustable Rate Mortgages" ]
http://michaelgaulden.com/	By Michael Gaulden My Way Home A memoir His life was barely worth a dollar He slept outside on park benches in stairwells under bushes Michael lived in shelter after shelter across the United States With his father incarcerated and his mother disabled he stayed homeless for ten years From the age of seven to seventeen Michael with his mother and sister journeyed along his own underground railroad desperately searching for a way to free his family from the sewers of society Michael learned death was a big part of youth homelessness Education was not To survive he to become something more Caught in between two worlds his dreams and reality violence gangsters hunger poverty and sorrow marked his daily life Michael vowed to change his fate through getting his high school diploma He never hoped to dream that not only would he graduate from high school but also a prestigious California university This is the true story of a homeless boy marked for prison or worse who fought against tremendous odds and persevered to achieve and professional success Buy This Book 1695 print Debut Author Michael Gaulden Michael Gaulden received his Bachelors of Arts from the University of California Los Angeles He is a former qualitative and quantitative researcher for UCLAs Black Male Institute a research institution whose goal is to conduct reliable research practical interventions and effective programs that enrich the educational experiences and life chances of minority males in the United States Mr Gaulden is the former Director of Business and Community Relations for Reality Changers a college prep organization with a focus on building first generation college students He is experienced in business development communications and community relations He is currently the Career Exploration Mr Gaulden is the debut author of My Way Home a memoir that chronicles growing up homeless for ten years in the innercity Published Books Pages Chapters Your circumstance is not a reason for failure It is the reason you must succeed Michael Gaulden Upcoming Events August 25 2018 Festival of Books San Diego CA Join us at Liberty Station for the Rise Above author talk 305 pm Meeting room 2 The venue address is 2620 Truxtun Road San Diego CA 92106 Join me	[ "My Way Home", "Michael" ]
http://michaelhorowitz2.blogspot.com/2007/03/home-routers-can-be-dangerous-very.html	Saturday , March 3 , 2007 Home routers can be dangerous . VERY dangerous . Most home users with a broadband connection have a router that sits between the cable or DSL modem and their computer ( s ) . If that is you , read this carefully . On second thought ( thanks Leo ) everyone should read this posting because the simple question of whether there is a router in your home / office sitting between you and the Internet is not the trivial question it used to be . Way back , broadband modems ( cable and DSL ) were separate pieces of hardware from routers . No more . So even if there is a single box between your computer ( s ) and the outside world , it may very well be both the modem and the router . NOTE : This problem does not affect you if you have a single computer directly connected to a broadband modem that is only a modem and not also a router . Good luck figuring this out . It also does not effect dial - up users . It is very likely to apply to small businesses ( large businesses probably have qualified techies configuring their routers ) . Both wired and wireless WiFi connections are equally vulnerable . Just by looking at a web page , you can lose your life savings . Let me explain . A malicious computer program can live inside a web page and run automatically when the page is viewed . This new type of malicious software will modify configuration settings in your router such that when you type in the name of your bank to go to its website , you will instead end up at the website of a bad guy imitating your bank . You enter the userid / password for your bank and the next day there is no money in your accounts . Nothing is more dangerous than this on the Internet . Every router has a website built into it that is used for configuring the dozens of options . To make configuration changes you log into this website with a userid / password ( the router also has a default IP address that can be used to access its internal website ) . For the malicious program to make changes to your router , it needs to know the userid / password . This is only possible if the default password was not changed when the router was installed . That is , if a good computer nerd installed the router change it now ! How can the malicious program know the default userid / password for your router ? How can it even know which router you have ? It does n ' t need to know your exact router model . There are only a handful of companies making the most popular routers . The default userid and password used by these companies is well known . All the program has to do is try them all . It ' s not a long list . If you do n ' t know the userid / password to log into your router , I ca n ' t stress how important it is to find out . In addition , you also need to know the internal IP address of the router so that you can access it with a web browser . Let me re - state the problem to hopefully scare you into action . If you enter " www . citibank . com " into your web browser ( or use a Favorite / Bookmark ) then everyone knows you will go to Citibank ' s website . But , if you are the victim of this attack , it will not be true . You may end up at a website that looks exactly like Citibank ' s but is designed for the sole purpose of stealing your userid / password . Even worse , you may end up Not to pick on Citibank , they are just used as an example . Computers on the Internet have a unique number assigned to them . They talk to each other using these numbers ( us nerds call them IP addresses ) . Words and letters and names such as google . com or michaelhorowitz . com exist solely for the convenience of human beings . There is a huge system on the Internet called DNS that translates domain names into their corresponding numbers . Every time you ask for a website by name , your computer first contacts a DNS server machine to translate the name to the unique number . This happens The way this attack works is by changing the DNS server computers you use for translating names to numbers . Thus if www . citibank . com should translate to 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 , the DNS computers of the bad guys would instead translate it to 88 . 55 . 11 . 99 ( the numbers are just for illustration ) which just so happens to be their identity theft website . Think of it as having a total stranger translating spoken languages . You can never be sure if the translation is accurate or not Adding to the danger of this attack is that it ' s undetectable . That is , anti - virus and anti - spyware software will not protect you . No files are put on your computer . In fact , no changes are made to your computer at all ! Still worse , to review the settings in your router to see if anything has been changed , takes a computer nerd . Its too techie for normal people . As I said , this is as dangerous as dangerous gets . Technically , this type of attack is known as pharming . Phishing refers to tricking a human being to go to the wrong website . Pharming involves tricking your computer to go to the wrong website . The malicious program is written in a programming language called JavaScript . JavaScript programs live inside web pages and are executed by your web browser when you view a page . They are not executed by your operating system . This is not a Windows problem , it affects Macs and Linux too ( any OS in fact ) . You can disable JavaScript in your web browser , but it ' s not practical as so many web sites require it . You might however , consider using two web browsers and having JavaScript turned off in one of them and use this browser when visiting iffy websites . The Firefox browser has an optional NoScript extension that turns off JavaScript by default and then easily lets you enable it on a site by site basis . It ' s a very popular extension . The following is a bit techie . You can , and should , also protect your router by changing its IP address . This does n ' t offer perfect protection , but does make it harder for the malicious software to find your router . Another way to protect yourself is modifying the TCP / IP settings on your computer so that you do n ' t get DNS services from your router . Let me explain : Typically when your computer needs to translate a domain name to a number ( IP address ) it asks the router to do this and the router , in turn , talks to a dedicated DNS computer run by your ISP . A large organization may run their own DNS computers . The whole point here is that the bad guys can modify the router to talk to their DNS server . Every ISP runs at least two dedicated DNS computers and they will be glad to provide their IP addresses ( it ' s probably listed on the website of your ISP , this is n ' t a secret ) . My point here is to configure TCP / IP on your computer to talk directly to the DNS server of your ISP and avoid having the router acting as a middleman . Thus , even if the router is talking to a bad / compromised DNS server computer , you are not asking the router to do the DNS Posted by Michael Horowitz Labels : pharming Routers	[ "Michael Horowitz", "broadband connection", "Home routers" ]
http://michaeljordansworld.com/stats_finals.htm	Michael Jordan ' s World Michael Jordan Finals Stats Michael Jordan ' s numbers in the NBA Finals Michael Jordan played six NBA Finals in his 15 - year career . And he won them all . . . His 41.0 points per game in 1993 are still an NBA record Here you have his stats in the Finals . Michael Jordan Finals Career Average : YEAR Opponent G MPG FG % 3P % FT % ORB DRB RPG APG SPG BPG TO PF PPG 1990 - 91 Lakers 5 44.0 .558 .500 .848 1.6 5.0 6.6 11.4 2.8 1.40 3.6 3.6 31.2 1991 - 92 Trail Blazers 6 42.3 .526 .429 .891 1.0 3.8 4.8 6.5 1.7 0.33 2.0 3.5 35.8 1992 - 93 Suns 6 45.7 .508 .400 .694 2.5 6.0 8.5 6.3 1.7 0.67 2.7 3.3 41.0 1995 - 96 Supersonics 42.0 .415 .316 .836 3.7 5.3 4.2 0.17 3.0 2.8 27.3 1996 - 97 Jazz 42.7 .456 .320 .764 1.5 5.5 7.0 6.0 1.2 0.83 2.2 2.3 32.3 1997 - 98 Jazz 41.7 .427 .308 .814 1.5 2.5 4.0 2.3 1.8 0.67 1.7 2.2 33.5 Finals 35 43.0 .481 .368 .806 1.8 4.4 6.0 0.66 2.4 2.9 33.6 Finals Career Totals YEAR Opponent G Min FG M - A 3P M - A FT ORB DRB REB AST STL BLK TO PF Points 1990 - 91 Lakers 5 220 63 - 113 2 - 4 28 - 33 8 25 33 57 14 7 18 18 156 1991 - 92 Trail Blazers 254 81 - 154 12 - 28 41 - 46 23 29 39 10 2 10 21 215 1992 - 93 Suns 274 101 - 199 10 - 25 34 - 49 15 36 51 38 10 4 16 20 246 1995 - 96 Supersonics 252 51 - 123 6 - 19 56 - 67 22 32 25 1 17 164 1996 - 97 256 72 - 158 8 - 25 42 - 55 9 33 42 36 7 13 14 194 1997 - 98 250 70 - 164 4 - 13 57 - 70 9 15 24 11 4 13 201 Finals 35 1506 438 - 911 42 - 114 258 - 320 57 154 211 209 62 23 85 103 1,176 Advertisement	[ "Michael Jordan", "NBA" ]
http://michaelporterdvm.blogspot.com/2013/02/equine-hock-arthritis.html	Michael Porter , Equine Veterinarian Mobile Equine Veterinary Service Contact Info Dr . Porter @ 352 - 258 - 3571 portermi . dvm @ gmail . com Read more about Dr . Porter And PHD Veterinary Services @ http : / / performancehorsedoc . com Friday , February 15 , 2013 Equine Hock Arthritis Figure 1 The radiograph above ( Figure 1 ) is of a horse ' s hock or tarsus . This view is also known as the " Lateral " view or side view . The equine hock joint is made up of 4 individual joints which are labelled above . The bottom two joints are also known as the distal hock joints and include the distal inter - tarsal joint ( DIT ) and the tarsal metatarsal joint ( TMT ) . When " injecting " hocks , these are the most common joints treated and are often referred to as the Figure 2 In Figure 2 and 3 , there are radiographic changes that indicate osteo - arthritis of the tarsal metatarsal joint space . These changes were noted during a prepurchase exam of a 5 year old horse . The horse was sound during the exam and did NOT respond to hock / stifle flexion . The million dollar question is what to recommend to the buyer based on these findings . In my clinical experience , most horses with these changes will eventually need intervention via intra - articular cortisone injections . I believe that horses with these changes are MORE With management , i.e , hock injections , these horses can compete at the highest level and succeed ! As such , these findings do NOT constitute a FAILING grade during the prepurchase exam however the buyer needs to be prepared for the strong likelihood of routine " maintenance " . This can easily result in hundreds to thousands of dollars per year that should be considered into the price of the horse . Figure 3 Posted by Michael Porter DVM at 10 : 24 AM Email This BlogThis ! Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest Labels : bog spavin hock arthritis hock djd hock injections hock radiographs mobile vet mobile veterinarian prepurchase exam tarsus Reactions : funny 0 interesting 0 cool Newer Post Older Post Home Subscribe to : Post Comments ( Atom )	[ "Florida", "southern Georgia", "Dr . Porter" ]
http://michaelrucker.com/sandbox/pqq/pqq-rich-food/	PQQ Foods Several readers have inquired about PQQ foods and whether diet alone is sufficient to obtain enough pyrroloquinoline quinone to be biologically effective . The answer — relative to what is known about optimizing growth in rodent nutritional growth experimental models — is probably yes . However , some rather broad assumptions have to be made , because of the limited amount of data regarding the forms of PQQ in different foods . Natto and green tea are two quality PQQ foods For perspective , Dr . Steinberg out of the University of California , Davis has presented data that suggests PQQ is needed at ~ 200 - 400 micrograms per kilogram of dry food . Given that most lactating mammals have the same vitamin and mineral requirements , when those amounts are expressed on a food energy or dry food weight basis , one might infer humans — who consume about 300 to 500 grams of dry food per day ( about 2000 Kcal ) — need up to 100 - 200 micrograms of PQQ per day . You can learn more about the benefits of PQQ by clicking here In the section , Pyrroloquinoline quinone and CoQ10 , we previously discussed that pyrroloquinoline quinone exists as salts or as complex derivatives of amino acids , imidazolopyrroloquinolines , and abbreviated IPQs . For PQQ consumed in the diet ( even as a supplement ) , much of it is converted to IPQ ( Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Improves Growth and Reproductive Performance in Mice Fed Chemically Defined Diets ) . In human milk , the ratio of IPQ to PQQ was estimated to be about 8 : 1 ( Characterization of Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Amino Acid Derivatives by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry and Detection in Human Milk ) . In foods , it is reported that the ratio under assay conditions may be closer to 2 : 1 ( Simple and Sensitive Method for Pyrroloquinoline Quinone ( PQQ ) Analysis in Various Foods Using Liquid Chromatography / Electrospray - Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry ) . Regrettably , tissue preparation , acidity or alkalinity , and temperature can impact and alter PQQ and IPQ values . For example , under alkaline conditions ( above pH8 ) almost all pyrroloquinoline quinone is converted to derivatives when PQQ is introduced into a complex mixture or environment . PQQ Foods * * In addition to the values taken from published papers , some of the values are from conference reports or abstracts presented at meetings . As noted in the main body copy , there is a lot of variability . Kamazama et al . in their 1995 Biochemistry Journal paper report ~ 0.06 micrograms as the PQQ concentration in dried skim milk per 100 grams of milk solids . However , later in an abstract of a paper presented at the Biochemical Society Transactions in 2000 in England , they report detection and quantization of IPQ in human breast milk Characterization of Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Amino Acid Derivatives by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry and Detection in Human Milk , i.e. ~ 140 - 180 micrograms ( PQQ + IPQ ) per 100 g of milk solids . Moreover , Fluckinger et al . reported that the PQQ concentration of milk is 15 - 150 micrograms / 100 mL or 150 to 500 micrograms / 100 grams of bovine milk solids . For the Fluckinger assays PQQ was separated and then measured using a 16 - channel electrochemical detector , a highly precise and sensitive procedure . All other assay involved sophisticated separation and mass spectrometer for detection , also highly precise and sensitive . The information above is Levels of pyrroloquinoline quinone in various foods ) . Some of the values are higher than corresponding values for foods analyzed by Noji et al . ( Simple and Sensitive Method for Pyrroloquinoline Quinone ( PQQ ) Analysis in Various Foods Using Liquid Chromatography / Electrospray - Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry ) . Although the number of foods analyzed is small , an important finding is that PQQ has been observed in all tissues analyzed to date in both plants and animals . In the above table , Column A indicates some of the currently available sources for pyrroloquinoline quinone ( for which compositional values have been obtained ) . Column B are amounts taken mostly from the Kumazawa et al . paper , but are expressed as micrograms of PQQ per 100 grams of food ( ~ 1 / 4 lb ) and not as nanograms per grams of food ( as they were originally reported ) . Next , in column C , the amounts in column B are multiplied by 5 - 10 to obtain an estimate of micrograms of Profiling Food Consumption in America . The question is whether a typical selection of food can yield the minimum amount that corresponds to optimizing growth in animal models , i.e. about 100 - 200 microgram per day . If you ’ re curious about pyrroloquinoline quinone intake please visit PQQ Dosage , What size pyrroloquinoline quinone pills should I take ? Regarding various conclusions , the first is that much better data is needed . However , setting aside that concern and assuming the actual values for pyrroloquinoline quinone in PQQ foods may be at the median ( middle ) of the estimates provided , one can guess that a typical intake in humans is indeed about 0.3 mg or 300 micrograms of pyrroloquinoline quinone per day or more . That amount is very much in line with the amount of pyrroloquinoline quinone or PQQ + IPQ needed to stimulate growth in animals . It is also an amount that is found in human milk , which is always a good starting point for assessing a need related to growth or maintenance . So what can we conclude about PQQ foods ? In the paper by Kumazawa et al . Levels of pyrroloquinoline quinone in various foods it is stated that probably the PQQ in animal tissues are derived at least in part from their diet and that the levels of pyrroloquinoline quinone in plant tissues are in the aggregate about 10 times those in animal tissues . In a review by Rucker et al . Potential physiological importance of pyrroloquinoline quinone , the same conclusion was reached , particularly given that stomach microflora does not make an abundance of PQQ . The data also begs the question do we need supplements and if so how much ? Many of the PQQ products sold are in the 10 - 20 mg range . As indicated in the section — PQQ Dosage , What size pyrroloquinoline quinone pills should I take ? — we discuss that the reasonable pyrroloquinoline quinone dosage , like many supplements , for an active adult is probably the result of an arbitrary decision . It can be confidently speculated that pyrroloquinoline quinone ( PQQ ) was present throughout the earliest phases of biological conception . This is because compounds with the properties of PQQ are present in stellar dust . Cometary grains are considered to be the precursors of organic materials in early life on the earth . It can also be argued that compounds with the properties of PQQ would have been important in initiating the early chemical processes important to evolution . Consequently , for animals and humans , there appears to have been continuous exposure to PQQ - like compounds . PQQ ’ s chemical properties are novel , somewhat like combining the best attributes of the vitamins : ascorbic acid riboflavin pyridoxine ( vitamin B - 6 ) … into one molecule . Under appropriate conditions , PQQ is capable of catalyzing repeated oxidation and reduction reactions on a per molecule or molar basis hundred of times more efficiently than ascorbic acid and is capable of modifying amino acids to produce products , such as those that result from B - 6 dependent enzymes . Moreover , PQQ is very stable to heat and harsh chemical environments . Pyrroloquinoline quinone is also water soluble . The potential number of catalytic cycles ( number of repeated reactions ) depends very much on chemical stability . PQQ does not easy As a final point , unlike many dietary factors and biofactors , the pyrroloquinoline quinone found in PQQ foods ( and its derivatives ) are sustained in tissues and seem to play a fundamental role related to energy metabolism . In this regard , the need for PQQ might vary depending on your desired outcome . 17 Comments Michael Rucker September 20 , 2010 functional - supplements Permalink	[ "PQQ Foods", "biologically effective", "optimizing growth" ]
http://michelsenpackaging.com/recycling/	Central Washington Recycling Michelsen Packaging Company operates recycling centers in both Yakima and Wenatchee known as Central Washington Recycling Central Washington Recycling accepts the following recyclable materials Old corrugated containers Mixed paper newspapers magazines documents etc Aluminum cans Plastic bottles 1 PET soda bottles and 2 HDPE milk jugs Drop boxes for mixed paper are located around Yakima with proceeds going to charities What happens to the recyclable materials we collect Old corrugated containers are sold to paper mills to be made into new boxes Mixed paper is used in our own manufacturing processes Aluminum is shipped to Anheuser Busch and remanufactured into beverage containers Plastics are shipped to a manufacturer of resin pellets Central Washington Recycling no longer accepts electronic waste or glass of any kind Locations Yakima Central Washington Recycling 102 N 2nd Ave Yakima WA 98902 509 2483513 MondayFriday 800am400pm Donation bins available Saturday 800am1100am Map Wenatchee Central Washington Recycling 1105 Hawley Wenatchee WA 98801 509 6622157 or 509 6636671 MondayFriday 800am400pm Donation bins available Saturday 800am1100am Map	[ "Central Washington Recycling", "Michelsen Packaging" ]
http://michigan-open.org/safe-drug-disposal/	Safe Drug Disposal Opioid Disposal Information and Resources Why should I dispose of my opioids We recommend disposing of your unused opioids as soon as you finish taking it 115 people die each day in the US from opioidrelated overdoses that is more than the number of people killed in car accidents or by guns Opioids are often involved in accidental poisonings and intentional misuse Every 10 minutes a child visits the emergency room for medication poisoning 125 million people age 12 and older misused opioids in the last year Three in five teens say prescription pain medication is easy to get from their parents medicine cabinet How do I dispose of my opioids Approved opioid collectors primarily pharmacies and law enforcement agencies and special takeback events are the safest way of disposing unneeded medications While flushing your unused opioids is preferable to keeping them in your home we recommend safe disposal at an approved opioid collector You can find an approved opioid collector near you on our Opioid Disposal Map If you can not get to a drive or an authorized opioid collector you can safely dispose pills in your household trash by following the below steps Step 1 Remove medicine from original container and mix do not crush with an unpalatable substance such as kitty litter or used coffee grounds Step 2 Place mixture in a sealed bag or container Step 3 Throw sealed bag or container in household trash Step 4 Scratch out personal information on prescription label and dispose original medicine container	[ "Opioid Disposal", "kitty litter" ]
http://michiganbankruptcyfirm.com/	Michigan ' s Top Bankruptcy Team Moran Law Helps Good People Through Bad Times Get a Free Consultation Our Team Free E - Book Contact Us Michigan bankruptcy attorney ryan moran I ’ m committed to constant improvement of our knowledge , processes , customer service , and business practices . We ’ re always improving every single day . And I can tell that our clients really appreciate the level of excellence we commit ourselves to with every single case . Moran Law Holds the Highest Rankings from Organizations that Matter Most Get a Free Consultation Credit Card Debt If you ’ re overwhelmed by credit card debt , you ’ re not alone . Learn how Moran Law can help you . Learn More » Foreclosure Have you have fallen behind on your mortgage payments and you are worried about foreclosure ? Learn More » Medical Expenses Many individuals and families are experiencing “ medical bankruptcy . ” Learn how Moran Law can help . Wage Garnishment Wage garnishment can tip the scales , turning a tough financial situation into an impossible one . Creditor Harrassment We can stop harassing calls , threats of legal action and embarrassing calls to family and friends . Bankruptcy is the start of your new financial future . We ’ re not in the business of repeat customers . — Ryan Moran , Founding Partner Moran Law ' s 100 % Money - Back Guarantee 100 % of your money will be returned to you if an error on our part causes the court to decline your bankruptcy filing . This includes your filing fee . Learn More MORAN LAW “ OVERCOMING ADVERSITY ” SCHOLARSHIP If you are a high school senior or current college student currently enrolled in a community college , trade school , or university in Michigan apply for the $ 1,000 Moran Law “ Overcoming Adversity ” Scholarship . Learn More Read More Reviews Moran Law Office is n ’ t like any other lawyers I ’ ve ever met . They truly care about their clients , and do n ’ t charge you for every little phone call or paperclip . They ’ re very friendly , helpful , and knowledgeable about the whole bankruptcy process . Highly recommend ! — K.T . Professionalism . Moran Law handled my bankrupcy case , and did an excellant job ! Everything ran smoothly . I was afraid of what would happen in court , but Ryan / Moran team represented me and provided adequate guidence and encouragement . I am now on more solid financial footing and able to build a better financial base with confidence . — Dianne Great firm ! Quick answers & true professionalism . We went to this firm during one of the lowest times of our lives . We felt like losers and idiots . The attorney was very professional , nonjudgmental , and reassuring . He quickly evaluated our situation , and advised us of our legal rights . I did n ’ t believe the outcome could be good for us . We went to court and everything he advised us of was true . I would not hesitate to recommend this law firm to anyone in need . — David Awesome Attorney ! I was in a huge bind . I had one day and they were coming to seize property . Ryan took my call and saw me in a matter of hours . He filed an emergency bankruptcy and put an end to it . The process was fast and simple . Could not have been more pleased . — Jerry 1 2 3 4 Get a Free Consultation	[ "MICHIGAN BANKRUPTCY", "ATTORNEY", "RYAN MORAN" ]
http://michiganobits.tributes.com/browse_obituaries?city=Inkster&state=MI	Browse Obituaries and Death Records in Inkster , Michigan Charles Benjamin Thompson , 95 - Mar 6 , 2019 Kimberly Steward , 64 - Feb 23 , 2019 Lance E . Guddeck , 48 - Feb 2019 James Dixon - Jan 2019 Mary Lee Brown , 79 - Jan 21 , 2019 Ondre Martin - Jan 2019 Josie Pierce , 91 - Jan 17 , 2019 Bernard Doutherd , 88 - Jan 15 , 2019 Roger Dale Cope , 66 - Jan 10 , 2019 L.C. Clark , 45 - Dec 28 , 2018 Barbara Downer , 47 - Dec 20 , 2018 Thomas Lindsay , 75 - Dec 17 , 2018 John Charles Williams , 63 - Dec 2018 Robert Marshall Carble , 64 - Oct 15 , 2018 Mary Alice Steed , 70 - Oct 12 , 2018 Irene V . Keith , 85 - Sep 26 , 2018 George Stanley Kuszak , 79 - Sep 2018 Carolynne White , 74 - Sep 21 , 2018 Robert Lee James , 79 - Sep 18 , 2018 John Charles Williams , 63 - Aug 2018 We are constantly trying to improve our data and make the search for obituaries as easy as possible . We encourage your input . When you have found an obituary of interest , you have the option of upgrading that obituary with more recent and relevant content unless the obituary is already assigned to another user . You may always enhance any obituary with your condolences , stories or photos . If you believe that there is incorrect or improper information on a particular obituary and you can not correct it , please contact customer support to resolve the issue .	[ "Death Records", "Inkster", "Browse Obituaries" ]
http://michiganvca.org/staff/erik-lundberg/	Profile Erik Lundberg University of Michigan Endowment Chief Investment Officer Erik Lundberg is the Chief Investment Officer at the University of Michigan responsible for directing and overseeing the Universitys 94 billion in investment programs which includes the 7th largest endowment among US educational institutions His primary responsibilities include developing and implementing asset allocation for all of the Universitys investment programs evaluating current and prospective investment managers exploring alternative investment strategies and ensuring successful communication and relations with the University and its Investment Advisory Committee Prior to joining the University in 1999 Mr Lundberg held several positions with Ameritechs investment office which was charged with overseeing 22 billion in pension and Back to overview	[ "Erik Lundberg", "Chief Investment Officer", "University of Michigan" ]
http://mickspicks.com/	Micks Picks The Finest Handmade Ukulele Bass and Guitar Picks in the world	[ "Handmade Ukulele" ]
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/timeline/people/huygens.html	Visit the Molecular Expressions Website Galleria Photo Gallery Silicon Zoo Chip Shots Screen Savers Museum Web Resources Primer Java Microscopy Win Wallpaper Mac Wallpaper Publications Custom Photos Image Use Contact Us Search Home Christiaan Huygens ( 1629 - 1695 ) Christiaan Huygens was a brilliant Dutch mathematician , physicist , and astronomer who lived during the seventeenth century , a period sometimes referred to as the Scientific Revolution . Huygens , a highly gifted theoretical and experimental scientist , is best known for his work on the theories of centrifugal force , the wave theory of light , and the pendulum clock . At an early age , Huygens began work in advanced mathematics by attempting to disprove several theories established by the ancient Greeks in simple geometry . He was also very interested in astronomy and telescopes and spent a considerable amount of time devising methods to improve both the optical and mechanical performance of the telescope . His achievements in astronomy were reported in his 1659 book entitled Systema Saturnium , in which he noted his discovery of the rings encircling the planet Saturn as well as his observations about the moon , the planets , and the Orion nebula . Huygens ' keen interest in astronomy probably led to his efforts in the measurement of time and other matters relating to mechanical physics . He was heavily involved in a seventeenth century controversy with Vincenzo Viviani as to the exact inventor of the pendulum clock , which he presented as an accomplishment of Dutch Science in his 1673 book Horologium Oscillatorium . This work may well have been one of Huygens ' finest efforts , because he also suggested important principles of gravity in a vacuum , and many aspects of classical physics including centrifugal force . During the middle seventeenth century , Huygens wrote a small treatise on the calculus of probabilities based on the theories of Pascal and Fermat and spent several years in England . His reputation as a scholar and scientist were becoming world renowned at this point and he was offered a pension by French King Louis XIV to relocate to Paris . In France , Huygens ' work on timepieces progressed to the point of the inclusion of a balance spring to increase reliability and accuracy . The first watch using this principle was finished in 1675 , whereupon it was In 1681 , Huygens returned to Holland where he began to construct optical lenses with extremely large focal lengths , which were eventually presented to the Royal Society of London , where they remain today . Continuing along this line of work , Huygens perfected his skills in lens grinding and subsequently invented the achromatic eyepiece that bears his name and is still in widespread use today . Huygens left Holland in 1689 , and ventured to London where he became acquainted with Sir Isaac Newton and began to study Newton ' s theories on classical physics . Although it seems Huygens was duly impressed with Newton ' s work , he was still very skeptical about any theory that did not explain gravitation by mechanical means . In 1690 Huygens returned to Holland where he published a book started in 1687 on the physics of light entitled Traité de la Lumière , in which he suggested a theory to explain the wave - like nature of light . Huygens was unconvinced by the particle theory of light advanced by Newton , primarily because he thought the rapid speed of light would only be possible if light were composed of waves . He suggested that light waves traveled on an invisible " ether " that filled the void throughout air and space . In his famous " Huygens ' Principle " , he suggested that each point in a light wave could be explained by miniature wavelets that combined to form a wavefront . Huygens ' theories neatly explained the laws of refraction , diffraction , interference , and reflection and he went on to make major advances in the theories concerning the phenomena of double refraction ( birefringence ) and polarization of light . Huygens ' work in the fields of mathematics and physics led to significant steps forward in the advancement of science , particularly the fields of optics , astronomy , and mechanical physics . Reflection and Refraction with Huygens Wavelets - Near the beginning of the eighteenth century , Dutch physicist Christiaan Huygens proposed that each point in a wave of light can be thought of as an individual source of illumination that produces its own spherical wavelets , which all add together to form an advancing wavefront . This interactive Java tutorial is designed to illustrate the reflection and refraction of light according to the multiple wavelet concept , now known as the Huygens ' principle BACK TO PIONEERS IN OPTICS Questions or comments ? Send us an email . © 1995 - 2019 by Michael W . Davidson and The Florida State University All Rights Reserved . No images , graphics , software , scripts , or applets may be reproduced or used in any manner without permission from the copyright holders . Use of this website means you agree to all of the Legal Terms and Conditions set forth by the owners . This website is maintained by our Graphics & Web Programming Team in collaboration with Optical Microscopy at the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Last Modification Friday , Nov 13 , 2015 at 02 : 19 PM Access Count Since December 24 , 1999 : 77690 Visit the websites of our partners in education :	[ "Christiaan Huygens", "Dutch mathematician", "Scientific Revolution" ]
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/timeline/people/niepce.html	Visit the Molecular Expressions Website Galleria Photo Gallery Silicon Zoo Chip Shots Screen Savers Museum Web Resources Primer Java Microscopy Win Wallpaper Mac Wallpaper Publications Custom Photos Image Use Contact Us Search Home Joseph Nicéphore Niepce ( 1765 - 1833 ) Joseph Nicéphore Niepce was a French researcher who is most famous for producing the first known photograph . Born on March 7 , 1765 to a moderately wealthy family , Niepce pursued a variety of careers , including teaching and military service . However , around 1795 he settled on his family estate in Chalon - sur - Saône , France to concentrate of research and experimentation with his brother Claude . The brothers explored a variety of fields , but were primarily concerned with building a combustion engine that could be used with boats . Moderately successful , they patented their invention known as the pyreolophore in 1807 . The device utilized a piston - and - cylinder system and initially used lycopodium powder for fuel . The pair hoped to eventually make a profit from their invention and spent much of their time attempting to improve upon it . Eventually , Claude moved to London , England in hopes of finding a successful way to exploit the engine , while Niepce remained in France . Around 1813 , Niepce became involved in another pursuit , which was spurred by the increasing popularity of the art of lithography . Extremely innovative , Niepce developed a slightly different process that he called heliography , in which he placed transparent engravings on plates coated in a light sensitive varnish that he had composed . However , as an inferior artist , Niepce wanted to further alter the process in such a way that engravings were not necessary . To do so , he combined use of the camera obscura and silver salts , which were known to darken when exposed to sunlight , and first endeavored to produce a photograph in 1816 . Though he successfully captured a rough image , it faded away shortly thereafter . For the next ten years Niepce continued his experiments , seeking a way to make a photographic image permanent . Finally , on a bright summer day in 1826 , Niepce created the first permanently fixed photographic image , a view of his courtyard fixed upon a pewter plate . Exposure of the image took approximately eight hours and , therefore , Niepce realized that further advances needed to occur before the process could be commercialized . Thus , though he was initially hesitant , in 1829 he formed a partnership with Louis - Jacques - Mandé Daguerre in hopes Nevertheless , when Niepce died of a stroke in 1833 he had not yet attained the recognition or financial success he desired . Daguerre , however , continued modifying Niepce ' s photographic technique , releasing the daguerreotype in 1839 . The new form of photography quickly grew in popularity and Daguerre soon overshadowed Niepce . Nevertheless , without Niepce ' s pioneering efforts , Daguerre may never have triumphed , forever altering the history of photography . BACK TO PIONEERS IN OPTICS Questions or comments ? Send us an email . © 1995 - 2019 by Michael W . Davidson and The Florida State University All Rights Reserved . No images , graphics , software , scripts , or applets may be reproduced or used in any manner without permission from the copyright holders . Use of this website means you agree to all of the Legal Terms and Conditions set forth by the owners . This website is maintained by our Graphics & Web Programming Team in collaboration with Optical Microscopy at the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Last Modification Friday , Nov 13 , 2015 at 02 : 19 PM Access Count Since March 12 , 2003 : 64000 Visit the websites of our partners in education :	[ "Joseph Nicéphore Niepce", "pyreolophore", "heliography" ]
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/anatomy/brightfieldgallery/amphibianskin20xsmall.html	Microscopy Primer Light and Color Microscope Basics Special Techniques Digital Imaging Confocal Microscopy Live - Cell Imaging Photomicrography Microscopy Museum Virtual Microscopy Fluorescence Web Resources License Info Image Use Custom Photos Partners Site Info Contact Us Publications Home The Galleries : Photo Gallery Silicon Zoo Pharmaceuticals Chip Shots Phytochemicals DNA Gallery Microscapes Vitamins Amino Acids Birthstones Religion Collection Pesticides BeerShots Cocktail Collection Screen Savers Win Wallpaper Mac Wallpaper Movie Gallery Brightfield Microscopy Digital Image Gallery Amphibian Skin Amphibians are cold - blooded animals that are generally considered the most primitive terrestrial members of the phylum Chordata . Frogs , toads , salamanders , newts , and caecilians are all members of this zoological class , each exhibiting a larval stage with gills that develops in an aquatic environment , external fertilization , and lungs in adulthood . Due to their habitation of both terrestrial and freshwater locales at various stages in their life cycle , amphibians have a unique kind of permeable skin . Both oxygen and water are allowed to pass in and out of the delicate integument in order that homeostasis and a sufficient level of respiration may be maintained at all times , even when the animal is underwater . The skin of amphibians is also unusual because it must be kept in a relatively moist to help draw oxygen through the skin . In order to sustain the necessary moisture level , amphibians The skin of amphibians may exhibit a wide variety of colors and patterns . In many species , these characteristics of the skin help them blend into their natural environments in order to avoid predation . However , certain amphibians display bright warning colorations and patterns that may include hues of red , yellow , orange , and black , which serve as a bright signal to predators that they may be poisonous . Indeed , several species , such as the cane toads and poison arrow frogs , are equipped with skin glands that secrete powerful toxins . BACK TO THE BRIGHTFIELD MICROSCOPY IMAGE GALLERY Questions or comments ? Send us an email . © 1998 - 2019 by Michael W . Davidson and The Florida State University All Rights Reserved . No images , graphics , scripts , or applets may be reproduced or used in any manner without permission from the copyright holders . Use of this website means you agree to all of the Legal Terms and Conditions set forth by the owners . This website is maintained by our Graphics & Web Programming Team in collaboration with Optical Microscopy at the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Last modification : Friday , Nov 13 , 2015 at 02 : 19 PM Access Count Since November 25 , 2003 : 66075 All of the images in this gallery were captured with a QImaging Retiga camera system . For more information on these cameras , use the button below to access the QImaging website : For more information on microscope manufacturers , use the buttons below to navigate to their websites :	[ "Amphibian Skin", "cold-blooded animals", "Chordata" ]
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/anatomy/magnification.html	Microscopy Primer Light and Color Microscope Basics Special Techniques Digital Imaging Confocal Microscopy Live - Cell Imaging Photomicrography Microscopy Museum Virtual Microscopy Fluorescence Web Resources License Info Image Use Custom Photos Partners Site Info Contact Us Publications Home The Galleries : Photo Gallery Silicon Zoo Pharmaceuticals Chip Shots Phytochemicals DNA Gallery Microscapes Vitamins Amino Acids Birthstones Religion Collection Pesticides BeerShots Cocktail Collection Screen Savers Win Wallpaper Mac Wallpaper Movie Gallery The Concept of Magnification A simple microscope or magnifying glass ( lens ) produces an image of the object upon which the microscope or magnifying glass is focused . Simple magnifier lenses are bi - convex , meaning they are thicker at the center than at the periphery as illustrated with the magnifier in Figure 1 . The image is perceived by the eye as if it were at a distance of 10 inches or 25 centimeters ( the reference , or traditional or conventional viewing distance ) . Since the image appears to be on the same side of the lens as the object , it can not be projected onto a screen . Such images are termed virtual images and they appear upright , not inverted . Figure 1 presents an illustration of how a simple magnifying lens operates . The object ( in this case the subject is a rose ) is being viewed with a simple bi - convex lens . Light reflected from the rose enters the lens in straight lines as illustrated in Figure 1 . This light is refracted and focused by the lens to produce a virtual image on the retina . The image of the rose is magnified because we perceive the actual size of the object ( the rose ) to Interactive Java Tutorial Simple Magnification Explore how a simple magnifying lens operates to increase the perceived size of an object . When you look into a microscope , you are not looking at the specimen , you are looking at the image of the specimen . The image appears to be " floating " in space about 10 millimeters below the top of the observation tube ( at the level of the fixed diaphragm of the eyepiece ) where the eyepiece is inserted . The image you observe is not tangible ; it can not be grasped . It is a " map " or representation of the specimen in various colors and / or shades of gray from black to white . The expectation is that the image will be an accurate representation of the specimen ; accurate as to detail To understand how the microscope ' s lenses function , you should recall some of the basic principles of lens action in image formation . We will now review several different imaging scenarios using a simple bi - convex lens : Light from an object that is very far away from the front of a convex lens ( we will assume our " object " is the giraffe illustrated in Figure 2 ) will be brought to a focus at a fixed point behind the lens . This is known as the focal point of the lens . We are all familiar with the idea of a " burning glass " which can focus the essentially parallel rays from the sun to burn a hole in piece of paper . The vertical plane in which the focal point lies is the focal plane The distance from the center of the convex lens to the focal plane is know as the focal distance . ( For an idealized symmetrical thin convex lens , this distance is the same in front of or behind the lens . ) The image of our giraffe now appears at the focal plane ( as illustrated in Figure 2 ) . The image is smaller than the object ( the giraffe ) ; it is inverted and is a real image capable of being captured on film . This is the case for the camera used for ordinary scenic photography . The object is now moved closer to the front of the lens but is still more than two focal lengths in front of the lens ( this scenario is addressed in Figure 3 ) . Now , the image is found further behind the lens . It is larger than the one described above , but is still smaller than the object . The image is inverted , and is a real image . This is the case for ordinary portrait photography . Interactive Java Tutorial Image Magnification Explore how the image of the giraffe is magnified by a simple thin bi - convex lens . The object is brought to twice the focal distance in front of the lens . The image is now two focal lengths behind the lens as illustrated in Figure 4 . It is the same size as the object ; it is real and inverted . The object is now situated between one and two focal lengths in front of the lens ( shown in Figure 5 ) . Now the image is still further away from the back of the lens . This time , the image is magnified and is larger than the object ; it is still inverted and it is real . This case describes the functioning of all finite tube length objectives used in microscopy . Such finite tube length objectives project a real , inverted , and magnified image into the body tube of the microscope . This image comes optical tube length of the objective . In the last case , the object is situated at the front focal plane of the convex lens . In this case , the rays of light emerge from the lens in parallel . The image is located on the same side of the lens as the object , and it appears upright ( see Figure 1 ) . The image is a virtual image and appears as if it were 10 inches from the eye , similar to the functioning of a simple magnifying glass ; the magnification factor depends on the curvature of the lens . The last case listed above describes the functioning of the observation eyepiece of the microscope . The " object " examined by the eyepiece is the magnified , inverted , real image projected by the objective . When the human eye is placed above the eyepiece , the lens and cornea of the eye " look " at this secondarily magnified virtual image and see this virtual image as if it were 10 inches from the eye , near the base of the microscope . This case also describes the functioning of the now widely used infinity - corrected objectives . For such objectives , the object or specimen is positioned at exactly the front focal plane of the objective . Light from such a lens emerges in parallel rays from every azimuth . In order to bring such rays to focus , the microscope body or the binocular observation head must incorporate a tube lens in the light path , between the objective and the eyepiece , designed to bring the image formed by the objective to focus at the plane of the fixed diaphragm of the eyepiece . The magnification of an infinity - corrected objective equals the focal length of the tube lens ( for Olympus equipment this is 180mm , Nikon uses a focal length of 200mm ; other manufacturers use other focal lengths ) divided by the focal length of the objective lens in use . For example , a 10X infinity - corrected objective , in the Olympus series , would have a focal length of 18mm ( 180mm / 10 ) . Objective Focal Length Discover how changes in magnification and tube length affect objective focal length . An easy way to understand the microscope is by means of a comparison with a slide projector , a device familiar to most of us . Visualize a slide projector turned on its end with the lamp housing resting on a table . The light from the bulb passes through a condensing lens , and then through the transparency , and then through the projection lens onto a screen placed at right angles to the beam of light at a given distance from the projection lens . The real image on this screen emerges inverted ( upside down and reversed Now we will describe how a microscope works in somewhat more detail . The first lens of a microscope is the one closest to the object being examined and , for this reason , is called the objective . Light from either an external or internal ( within the microscope body ) source is first passed through the substage condenser , which forms a well - defined light cone that is concentrated onto the object ( specimen ) . Light passes through the specimen and into the objective ( similar to the projection lens of the projector described above ) , which then projects a real , inverted , and magnified image of the specimen to a fixed plane within the microscope that is termed the intermediate image plane ( illustrated in Figure 6 ) . The objective has several major functions : The objective must gather the light coming from each of the various parts or points of the specimen . The objective must have the capacity to reconstitute the light coming from the various points of the specimen into the various corresponding points in the image ( Sometimes called anti - points ) . The objective must be constructed so that it will be focused close enough to the specimen so that it will project a magnified , real image up into the body tube . The intermediate image plane is usually located about 10 millimeters below the top of the microscope body tube at a specific location within the fixed internal diaphragm of the eyepiece . The distance between the back focal plane of the objective and the intermediate image is termed the optical tube length . Note that this value is different from the mechanical tube length of a microscope , which is the distance between the nosepiece ( where the objective is mounted ) to the top edge of the observation tubes where the eyepieces ( oculars ) are inserted . The eyepiece or ocular , which fits into the body tube at the upper end , is the farthest optical component from the specimen . In modern microscopes , the eyepiece is held into place by a shoulder on the top of the microscope observation tube , which keeps it from falling into the tube . The placement of the eyepiece is such that its eye ( upper ) lens further magnifies the real image projected by the objective . The eye of the observer sees this secondarily magnified image as if it were at a distance of 10 inches The eyepiece serves to further magnify the real image projected by the objective . In visual observation , the eyepiece produces a secondarily enlarged virtual image . In photomicrography , it produces a secondarily enlarged real image projected by the objective . This augmented real image can be projected on the photographic film in a camera or upon a screen held above the eyepiece . The eyepiece can be fitted with scales , markers or crosshairs ( often referred to as graticules reticules or reticles ) in such a way that the image of these inserts can be superimposed on the image of the specimen . The factor that determines the amount of image magnification is the objective magnifying power , which is predetermined during construction of the objective optical elements . Objectives typically have magnifying powers that range from 1 : 1 ( 1X ) to 100 : 1 ( 100X ) , with the most common powers being 4X ( or 5X ) , 10X , 20X , 40X ( or 50X ) , and 100X . An important feature of microscope objectives is their very short focal lengths that allow increased magnification at a given distance when compared to an ordinary hand lens ( illustrated in Figure 1 ) . The primary reason that microscopes are so Eyepieces , like objectives , are classified in terms of their ability to magnify the intermediate image . Their magnification factors vary between 5X and 30X with the most commonly used eyepieces having a value of 10X - 15X . Total visual magnification of the microscope is derived by multiplying the magnification values of the objective and the eyepiece . For instance , using a 5X objective with a 10X eyepiece yields a total visual magnification of 50X and likewise , at the top end of the scale , using a 100X objective with a 30X eyepiece gives a visual magnification of 3000X . Total magnification is also dependent upon the tube length of the microscope . Most standard fixed tube length microscopes have a tube length of 160 , 170 , 200 , or 210 millimeters with 160 millimeters being the most common for transmitted light biomedical microscopes . Many industrial microscopes , designed for use in the semiconductor industry , have a tube length of 210 millimeters . The objectives and eyepieces of these microscopes have optical properties designed for a specific tube length , and using an objective or eyepiece in a microscope of different tube length will lead to changes Modern research microscopes are very complex and often have both episcopic and diascopic illuminators built into the microscope housing . Design constrictions in these microscopes preclude limiting the tube length to the physical dimension of 160 millimeters resulting the need to compensate for the added physical size of the microscope body and mechanical tube . This is done by the addition of a set of parallelizing lenses to shorten the apparent mechanical tube length of the microscope . These additional lenses will sometimes introduce an additional magnification factor ( usually around 1.25 - 1.5X ) that must be taken into tube factor in the user manuals provided by most microscope manufacturers . Thus , if a 5X objective is being used with a 15X set of eyepieces , then the total visual magnification becomes 93.75X ( using a 1.25X tube factor ) or 112.5X ( using a 1.5X tube factor ) . In addition to the parallelizing lenses used in some microscopes , manufacturers may also provide additional lenses ( sometimes called magnification changers ) that can be rotated into the optical pathway to increase the magnification factor . This is often done to provide ease in specimen framing for photomicrography . These lenses usually have very small magnification factors ranging from 1.25X up to 2.5X , but use of these lenses may lead to empty magnification , a situation where the image is enlarged , but no additional detail is resolved . This type of error is illustrated in Figure 7 with photomicrographs of liquid crystalline DNA . The photomicrograph in Figure 7 ( a ) was taken with a 20X plan achromat objective under polarized light with a numerical aperture of 0.40 and photographically enlarged by a factor of 10X . Detail is crisp and focus is sharp in this photomicrograph that reveals many structural details about this hexagonally - packed liquid crystalline polymer . Conversely , the photomicrograph on the right ( Figure 7 Care should be taken in choosing eyepiece / objective combinations to ensure the optimal magnification of specimen detail without adding unnecessary artifacts . For instance , to achieve a magnification of 250X , the microscopist could choose a 25X eyepiece coupled to a 10X objective . An alternative choice for the same magnification would be a 10X eyepiece with a 25X objective . Because the 25X objective has a higher numerical aperture ( approximately 0.65 ) than does the 10X objective ( approximately 0.25 ) , and considering that numerical aperture values define an objective ' s resolution , it is clear that the latter choice would be the best . If photomicrographs of the same viewfield were made with each objective / eyepiece combination described above , it would be obvious that the 10x eyepiece / 25x objective duo would produce photomicrographs that excelled in specimen detail and clarity when compared to the alternative combination . The range of useful total magnification for an objective / eyepiece combination is defined by the numerical aperture of the system . There is a minimum magnification necessary for the detail present in an image to be resolved , and this value is usually rather arbitrarily set as 500 times the numerical aperture ( 500 x NA ) . At the other end of the spectrum , the maximum useful magnification of an image is usually set at 1000 times the numerical aperture ( 1000 x NA ) . Magnifications higher than this value will yield no further useful information or finer resolution of image detail Range of Useful Magnification ( 500 - 1000 x NA of Objective ) Objective Eyepieces ( NA ) 10x 12.5x 15x 20x 25x 2.5X ( 0.08 ) - - - - - - x x 4X ( 0.12 ) 10X ( 0.35 ) 25X ( 0.55 ) 40X ( 0.70 ) 60X ( 0.95 ) 100X ( 1.40 ) x = good combination Table 1 These basic principles underlie the operation and construction of the compound microscope which , unlike a magnifying glass or simple microscope , employs a group of lenses aligned in series . The elaboration of these principles has led to the development , over the past several hundred years , of today ' s sophisticated instruments . Modern microscopes are often modular with interchangeable parts for different purposes ; such microscopes are capable of producing images from low to high magnification with remarkable clarity and contrast . Contributing Authors Mortimer Abramowitz - Olympus America , Inc . , Two Corporate Center Drive . , Melville , New York , 11747 . Michael W . Davidson - National High Magnetic Field Laboratory , 1800 East Paul Dirac Dr . , The Florida State University , Tallahassee , Florida , 32310 . BACK TO ANATOMY OF THE MICROSCOPE Questions or comments ? Send us an email . © 1998 - 2019 by Michael W . Davidson and The Florida State University All Rights Reserved . No images , graphics , scripts , or applets may be reproduced or used in any manner without permission from the copyright holders . Use of this website means you agree to all of the Legal Terms and Conditions set forth by the owners . This website is maintained by our Graphics & Web Programming Team in collaboration with Optical Microscopy at the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Last modification : Friday , Nov 13 , 2015 at 02 : 18 PM Access Count Since September 12 , 1998 : 309410 For more information on microscope manufacturers , use the buttons below to navigate to their websites :	[ "microscopy Primer", "Magnification" ]
http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Bordetella_pertussis	Bordetella pertussis navigation search This is a curated page . Report corrections to Microbewiki A Microbial Biorealm page on the genus Bordetella pertussis Contents hide 1 Classification 1.1 Higher order taxa 1.2 Species 2 Description and significance 3 Genome structure 4 Cell structure and metabolism 5 Ecology 6 Pathology 7 Application to Biotechnology 8 Current Research 9 References Classification Higher order taxa Kingdom : Bacteria Phylum : Proteobacteria Class : Betaproteobacteria Order : Burkholderiales Family : Alcaligenaceae Genus : Bordetella Species : B . pertussis Species Other Names : “ Haemophilus pertussis ” ( Pribram 1933 ) “ Bacterium tussis - convulsivae ” ( Lehmann and Neumann 1927 ) " Hemophilus pertussis " ( Bergey et al . 1923 ) , and " Microbe de la coqueluche " Bordet and Gengou 1906 . [ 10 ] NCBI : Taxonomy Description and significance is a small , Gram - negative , coccoid bacterium about the size of 0.8 µm by 0.4 µm . It is an encapsulated immotile aerobe that does not make spores . produces a number of virulence factors , including pertussis toxin , adenylate cyclase toxin , filamentous hemagglutinin , and hemolysin . It can not survive in the environment ; it must reside in a host either in small groups or singly . It grows at an optimal temperature of 35 - 37ºC . [ 1 ] is a strict human pathogen that is the causative agent of pertussis ( whooping cough ) . Its natural habitat is in the human respiratory mucosa . Whooping Cough , or pertussis , is a respiratory infection in which a “ whooping ” sound is produced when the sufferer breathes . Pertussis kills an estimated 300,000 children annually , most of which occur in developing countries . [ 6 ] Genome structure strain Tohama I has its complete genome sequenced . The genome consists of 1 circular chromosome with 4,086,189 nucleotides ( 3867 genes ) . Approximately 67 % of the genome is GC rich and its coding density is 82 % ( 1056 bp / gene ) . [ 10 ] The IncP - 1 beta plasmid pBP136 from is also sequenced . It contains 41,268 bp nucleotides and carries 46 ORFs . Two of the ORFs are similar to genes with unknown function from a plant pathogen called “ Xylella fastidiosa ” . pBP136 plasmid do not contain any accessory genes that code for antibiotics , mercury resistance , or xenobiotic degradation . Its role in the bacteria is unclear and is still under investigation . [ 9 ] Cell structure and metabolism is an aerobe and thus uses aerobic respiration as its metabolism . is also a Gram - negative bacterium so its cell structure consists of an outer membrane , an inner membrane and a periplasmic space with a thin peptidoglycan layer in between . On its outer membrane , has unusual lipoopolysaccharides ( LPS ) , endotoxins that are unlike those from other Gram - negative bacteria . It is different in that it contains two forms differing in its phosphate composition of the lipid portion of the LPS . This form is designated Lipid X , instead of the usual Lipid A form . The role of the unusual LPS is not fully understood in the pathogenesis of pertussis . [ 8 ] Ecology Humans are its only host . The B . pertussis bacterium resides in the upper air pathways , mostly the trachea and the bronchi . The pathogen is transmitted from person to person through droplets of respiratory secretions that are either coughed or sneezed into the air by an infected person . Without its host ’ s respiratory mucus , the pathogen can not be sustained in the environment . [ 12 ] Pathology Humans are its only host . Pertussis is a severe , highly contagious respiratory disease characterized by outbursts of coughing followed by “ whooping ” sound during breathing in . Often vomiting takes place with discharge of sticky mucus . The bacteria are transmitted directly from person to person and are most contagious in its early stage of the disease . The symptoms of pertussis are similar to a common cold : runny nose , sneezing , mild cough , and low - grade fever . [ 1 ] has several virulence factors , one of which is the adenylate cyclase toxin ( CyaA ) . It is the agent that causes whooping cough . CyaA invades eukaryotic cells by a calcium - dependent mechanism in which the CyaA catalytic domain is directly moved across the target cell ’ s plasma membrane . CyaA contains a series of a Gly - and Asp - rich nonapeptide repeats of the prototype GGXG ( N / D ) DX ( L / I / F ) X ( where X can be any amino acid ) . This prototype is a is the pertussis toxin ( PT ) . Pertussis toxin ADP ribosylates mammalian G ( i ) proteins and is a key component in the early stages of the respiratory infection . PT targets respiratory tract macrophages in promoting the infection . [ 5 ] Furthermore , like any infection , attachment to epithelial cells is a major factor in colonization . The filamentous hemagglutinin ( FHA ) is the virulence factor mediating adhesion to host cells . [ 11 ] Application to Biotechnology has been use in medicine to develop a vaccine in order to combat the deadly childhood disease , whooping cough . The current vaccine utilizes a chemically - inactivated whole cell vaccine that has dramatically reduced the occurrence of whooping cough around the world . While side effects of the vaccine were apparent during development , they did not outweigh the risks of an epidemic . As the incidence of pertussis declined around the world and the treatment of the disease slowly diminished , people ’ s concern of the adverse reactions and the demand for an improved pertussis vaccine Current Research Specificities of Antibodies : The attachment of the microbe to the host cells is a vital step in most bacterial infection . In this research , the Bordetella pertussis ’ attachment and ability to colonize in its host cells are investigated using different antibodies . Two anti - immunoglobulins ( IgG and igA ) effectively reduced attachment to host epithelial cells . This was accomplished with fimbriae - specific antibodies . Other antibodies targeting other areas were ineffective in inhibiting attachment of the bacteria to host cells , with the exception of antifilamentous hemaglutinin antibodies . However , compared to the effectiveness of fimbrae specific antibodies , the degree of antifilamentous hemaglutinin antibodies ’ success of inhibiting B . pertussis ’ attachment to its host cell is much smaller . [ 12 ] Antigenic divergence of strains : Antigenic divergence is a major problem for vaccination because what was once an effective way to combat pathogenic microbe organisms will be no longer effective . Recent studies have suggested that such dilemma has been observed in , the causative agent of whooping cough . The antigenic divergence between vaccine strains and circulating strains is the cause of the resurgence of pertussis incidences despite heavy vaccination . For all prevaccination strains and strains isolated in the 1960s and 1970s the ptxA2 and ptxA4 alleles were dominant . In the early 1970s , a shift in the principle allele was observed and the ptxA1 allele became common . It is still the predominant strain in the population . Another strain was also found in all prevaccination strains with the allele prn1 . As with ptxA strain , a shift in the prn strain was also seen in which the proportion of prn1 allele is declining and the proportion of prn2 and prn3 alleles are rising . The antigenic divergence of predominant strains over the years had affected the effectiveness of vaccines which were developed to fight earlier pertussis strains , but are ineffective toward the latter strains . This shift in the proportion of different strains may explain the persistence of pertussis ( whooping cough ) . Therefore , more effective vaccines need to be developed to combat this disease . [ 3 ] Drug research for improved vaccine : The current vaccine is a whole - cell vaccine which means that the vaccine uses whole dead cells . The whole - cell vaccine has been very effective for the majority of the population , but some people develop severe adverse reactions to this vaccine . This acute allergic reaction to the vaccine is caused by the bacteria ’ s lipopolyaccharide ’ s endotoxic activity . Like other Gram negative bacteria , possesses lipopolysaccharides ( LPS ) on its outer membrane . Normally , the lipid component of LPS , which possesses the toxicity , is anchored inside the bacteria ’ s own membrane . However , sometimes when the bacteria die , some of the LPS get released into the environment and thus exposing the toxic part of the LPS . Some bacteria possess LPS - modifying enzymes that can alter LPS ’ s endotoxic activity . These researchers investigated two such enzymes , PagP and PagL . The research suggested that the expression of PagP elevated LPS ’ s endotoxic References 1 . Baron , Samuel MD , Rhonda C . Peake , and Deborah A . James et al . Medical Microbiology . Galveston ( TX ) : University of Texas Medical Branch , 1996 . 2 . Bauche C , Chenal A , Knapp O , Bodenreider C , Benz R , Chaffotte A , and Ladant D . “ Structural and functional characterization of an essential RTX subdomain of Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin . ” J Biol Chem . 2006 . 281 ( 25 ) : 16914 - 26 . 3 . Borisova O , Kombarova SY , Zakharova NS , van Gent M , Aleshkin VA , Mazurova I , and Mooi FR . “ Antigenic divergence between Bordetella pertussis clinical isolates from Moscow , Russia , and vaccine strains . ” Clin Vaccine Immunol . 2007 . 14 ( 3 ) : 234 - 8 . 4 . Burnette , W . , Mar , V . , Whiteley D . , and T . Bartley . “ Progress with a recombinant whopping cough vaccine : a review . ” J R Soc Med . 1992 . 85 ( 5 ) : 285 – 287 . 5 . Carbonetti NH , Artamonova GV , Van Rooijen N , and Ayala VI . “ Pertussis toxin targets airway macrophages to promote Bordetella pertussis infection of the respiratory tract . ” Infect Immun . 2007 . 75 ( 4 ) : 1713 - 20 . 6 . Crowcroft NS and Pebody RG . “ Recent developments in pertussis . ” Lancet . 2006 . 367 ( 9526 ) : 1926 - 36 . 7 . Geurtsen J , Steeqhs L , Hamstra HJ , Ten Hove J , de Haan A , Kuiperse B , Tommassen J , van der Ley P . “ Expression of the lipopolysaccharide - modifying enzymes PagP and PagL modulates the endotoxic activity of Bordetella pertussis . ” Infect Immun . 2006 . 74 ( 10 ) : 5574 - 85 . 8 . Harvill , E . , Preston , A , Cotter , P . , Allen , A . , Maskell , D . , and J . Miller . “ Multiple roles for Bordetella lipopolysaccharide molecules during respiratory tract infection . ” Infect Immun . 2000 . 68 ( 12 ) : 6720 - 8 . 9 . Kamachi K , Sota M , Tamai Y , Naqata N , Konda T , Inoue T , Top EM , Arakawa Y . “ Plasmid pBP136 from Bordetella pertussis represents an ancestral form of IncP - 1beta plasmids without accessory mobile elements . ” Microbiology . 2006 . 152 : 3477 - 84 . 10 . NCBI database entry “ Bordetella pertussis ” < http : / / www . ncbi . nlm . nih . gov / Taxonomy / Browser / wwwtax . cgi ? mode = Info&id = 520&lvl = 3&p = mapview&p = has_linkout&p = blast_url&p = genome_blast&lin = f&keep = 1&srchmode = 1&unlock > ( retrieved on Apr 29 , 2007 ) . 11 . Perez Vidakovics ML , Lamberti Y , van der Pol WL , Yantorno O , and Rodriguez ME . “ Adenylate cyclase influences filamentous haemagglutinin - mediated attachment of Bordetella pertussis to epithelial alveolar cells . ” FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol . 2006 . 48 ( 1 ) : 140 - 7 . 12 . Pittman , M . “ The concept of pertussis as a toxin - mediated disease . ” Pediatr Infect Dis . 1984 . 3 ( 5 ) : 467 - 86 13 . Rodriques ME , Hellwiq SM , Perez Vidakovics ML , Berbers GA , and van de Winkel JG . “ Bordetella pertussis attachment to respiratory epithelial cells can be impaired by fimbriae - specific antibodies . ” FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol . 2006 . 46 ( 1 ) : 39 - 47 . Edited by Linda Wang a student of Rachel Larsen and Kit Pogliano Category Curated Pages	[ "Bordetella pertussis", "Microbial Biorealm", "Bacteria" ]
http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Community-Acquired_Methicillin-Resistant_Staphylococcus_Aureus_%28CA-MRSA%29	Community - Acquired Methicillin - Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ( CA - MRSA ) navigation search This is a curated page . Report corrections to Microbewiki By : Tom Hardacker Contents hide 1 Introduction 2 Origins of MRSA 3 Spread of Infection and Pathology 4 Diagnosis and Treatment 5 Mechanisms of Resistance 6 Methods of Prevention 7 Future Research 8 Conclusion 9 References Introduction Figure 1 Staphylococcus aureus . Source : Netwellness . org Staphylococcus aureus is a circular , anaerobic , Gram - positive bacterium that is prevalent in the nose and skin of most individuals ( Figure 1 ) . The bacteria are capable of undergoing aerobic respiration as well as anaerobic fermentation . S . aureus is a catalase - positive microbe , meaning that it produces the enzyme catalase , lending it the ability to convert hydrogen peroxide ( H 2 O ) to water and oxygen . In many instances , the catalase test distinguishes Staphylococcus from Streptococcus . The coagulase ( an enzyme that induces clot formation ) test distinguishes most strains of S . aureus from other Staphylococcus species ( 7 ) . The genome of S . aureus , which was mapped in 2001 , contains 2.8 Mbp and approximately 2,600 open reading frames . Genes encoding resistance to antibiotics are located on plasmid vectors throughout the genome and are easily transferred to other individuals by means of horizontal gene transfer . While the majority of individuals who are colonized by are simply carriers , this organism can cause a wide array of illnesses if introduced into the body . Infections can range from mild skin irritation to more serious conditions such as endocarditis ( inflammation of the inner heart ) , meningitis , pneumonia and Toxic Shock Syndrome ( TSS ) , among others . Infections by can also be prevalent in post - surgical wounds and due to the overuse of antibiotics ; certain strains of this organism have become resistant to common treatments . For these reasons , certain strains of this organism have become increasingly problematic in hospitals and healthcare settings , as well as the general community . Methicillin - Resistant ( MRSA ) is a strain of that exhibits resistance to the β - lactam antibiotic methicillin ( as well as other β - lactams ) , a common treatment for these infections . MRSA infections can be classified into two major groups : Hospital - acquired MRSA ( HA - MRSA ) and Community - acquired MRSA ( CA - MRSA ) . HA - MRSA is responsible for post - operative wound infections , or infections resulting from implanted devices such as catheters , that are acquired within the healthcare setting . Typically , patients infected with HA - MRSA are immune - compromised and here Origins of MRSA Figure 2 Methicillin . Source : Wikipedia . org Methicillin was developed by the pharmaceutical company Beecham in 1959 in response to bacteria ( namely ) that were resistant to the drug penicillin . Like penicillin , and other β - lactam antibiotics that were later developed , methicillin acts by inhibiting cell - wall synthesis in Gram - positive bacteria . This class of antibiotics binds to the transpeptidase enzyme ( also called penicillin binding proteins , or PBPs ) , which is used by bacteria to cross - link peptidoglycan layers in the cell wall . The β - lactams competitively inhibit these enzymes and prevent these bacteria from successfully undergoing cell division . This ultimately leads to cell death and is a Methicillin was particularly effective upon its introduction into medical use because of its resistance to β - lactamases secreted by bacteria that actively degraded the β - lactam ring in penicillin . The presence of the ortho - dimethoxyphenyl group on methicillin prevents enzymatic hydrolysis of the β - lactam ring ( Figure 2 ) . However , quickly after its introduction into clinical use , began to show resistance to methicillin . The mechanism of S . aureus resistance to methicillin is very similar to the mechanism of resistance to penicillin . Resistance hinges on the presence of the mecA gene in the chromosome . This gene encodes penicillin binding protein 2A ( PBP2A ) , which significantly decreases methicillin ’ s affinity to bind to the PBP targets . The mecA gene is a part of the mobile element Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome ( SCCmec ) and is easily transferred among communities by means of plasmid transfer ( 3 , 5 ) . In 1961 , only two years after its introduction into clinical use , methicillin - resistant strains of were reported in the United Kingdom . Soon thereafter , similar cases emerged in Japan , New Zealand , Australia , and the United States . Each strain carried a distinct SCCmec ( Type I - V ) that determine resistance capacity ( Figure 3 ) . Resistance to the β - lactam antibiotics is easily transferred among individuals by means of a plasmid vector . This mechanism of transfer allows for the rapid rise of resistance among strains . Though the cases were associated strictly with healthcare settings ( HA - MRSA ) and most often with immune - compromised patients , strains developed the capacity to easily infect otherwise healthy individuals in a community setting . Certain genetic differences between HA - and CA - MRSA have been noted and are theorized to provide an ease of transfer that is associated with CA - MRSA . Though the exact mechanisms of this evolution have remained somewhat unclear , recent research has shown that CA - MRSA infections in the United States have been caused by a strain known as USA300 . This same research has suggested that , though there has been minimal evolutionary divergence ( based on very few single Figure 3 Evolutionary origins and patterns of descent within CC5 and CC30 . Each strain carries a distinct SCCmec . ( A ) The proposed pathways to the major EMRSA clones of ST5 ( underlined ) and the origins of GISA – ST5 - II are shown . ( B ) The origin of MRSA – ST36 - II ( underlined ) is shown . MSSA – ST36 is on the proposed evolutionary pathway from MSSA – ST30 to MRSA – ST36 but isolates with this genotype have not been observed so far . Source : Kennedy , et . al . PNAS 105 . Spread of Infection and Pathology lives harmlessly in the mucous membranes of the nose on about 33 % of the general population ( 14 ) . When the organism is able to penetrate the skin or mucous barriers it can lead to infection . The most common methods of spread outside of a hospital setting include : contact with pus from an infection site , skin - to - skin contact or sharing towels , clothing or athletic equipment with an infected individual . The compound hyaluronidase , which is produced by , destroys soft tissue and allows for easier spread once inside the body . Once an infection has occurred , the first , most common symptom is a significant abscess on the epidermis ( Figure 4 ) . From this abscess , proteolytic enzymes produced by enable it to disperse throughout the body and cause secondary infections . The organism is now able to cause pneumonia and also infection of the joints , bones and heart valves . CA - MRSA strains also produce enterotoxins , which can cause serious illnesses . These toxins can be the cause of certain forms of food poisoning , Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome ( SSSS ) , and Toxic Shock Syndrome ( TSS ) . SSSS is a rare disease that usually affects infants by the production of an exfoliative enterotoxin . TSS is the most widely known byproduct of CA - MRSA infections . Improper use of tampons has been the cause of the vast majority of TSS cases , as the tampon can create a nutrient - rich environment for to live . Symptoms include hypotension , fever , rash and can lead to hepatic and renal dysfunction , membrane hyperemia and thrombocytopenia ( 11 ) . Figure 4 MRSA infections typically present with a localized site of infection , surrounded by red , swollen tissue . Source : PBS . org Outbreaks of CA - MRSA are most common in athletic teams , prisons and military training centers and often occur in large clusters . As previously discussed , athletic teams will typically spread the infection rapidly based on skin - to - skin contact during participation in competition and / or sharing of towels or equipment in the locker room . Thus , one infected individual can rapidly pass the infection on to multiple teammates by means of this mechanism . In 2000 , ten members of a Pennsylvania college football team presented with CA - MRSA infections , with In recent years , professional teams have experienced MRSA outbreaks . Since 2003 , the Cleveland Browns , Washington Redskins and St . Louis Rams have all had multiple members infected by . There have been several notable cases of MRSA in Ohio , including several professional and high school - level incidents around the Cleveland area . In 2005 , two members of the Toronto Blue Jays presented with MRSA colonies . In all cases , each sports organization sterilized locker rooms , replaced outdated whirlpools , provided surgical scrub soap to combat turf burn - induced infections and increased education regarding MRSA . A 2003 study of a MRSA outbreak in a Georgia prison revealed that the likelihood of MRSA infection was inversely associated with hand - washing and showering were found to be at a higher risk for infection . Furthermore , the study found that younger ages as well as obesity are risk factors for MRSA infection . Younger age was hypothesized to result in a more active lifestyle , which in turn caused more abrasions , etc . in this setting . Obesity may lead to differing patterns of MRSA skin colonization , which can increase the potential for infection ( 15 ) . Figure 5 Methicilin - resistant cases by week of training . Increased infection rates correlate with training exercises that increase susceptibility to MRSA infections . Source : Turabelidze , et . al . CDC 3 . MRSA outbreaks are also problematic at military training facilities where close contact and sharing of equipment exist as significant risk factors . During a MRSA outbreak at a military training facility from October 2000 to July 2002 monthly incidence rates fluctuated from approximately 4.9 to 11 cases per 1,000 recruits . The recruits , between 17 - 25 years of age , most frequently presented with MRSA colonies on the extremities ( 73.7 % ) . It was noted in this study that there were more cases of infection during warmer months as well as during high infection - risk infections are known to be spread more readily in warmer months ( 2 ) , but other reasons for this seasonal spread were theorized . Some recruits complained of bug bites that lead to infection , which are seasonal . More frequently exposed skin is also a likely source of transmission in this case , particularly in instances where training put recruits in close physical contact . In 2002 , administrators placed anti - bacterial hand soaps at every recruit sink , extended time allotted for showering and cleaning , prohibited towel and razor sharing , and recommended that hand Diagnosis and Treatment CA - MRSA is differentiated from HA - MRSA based on an individual ’ s exposure to healthcare settings . If the patient has not been hospitalized ( typically , the timeframe for hospitalization is up to one year ) , does not have any catheters or dialysis , and has not been recently admitted into a nursing home , etc . then any MRSA infection is likely community - acquired . On a microbiological level , CA - MRSA has been shown to be genetically different from HA - MRSA and the two strains can be differentiated based on Strategies for diagnosing and treating CA - MRSA with a focus on Skin and Soft Tissue Infections ( SSTIs ) are outlined by the Center for Disease Control ( CDC ) . skin infections are commonly mistaken for spider bites by patients , as they are similar in their appearance . Any condition that may potentially exist in conjunction ( or as a result of ) a MRSA infection , such as pneumonia , osteomyelitis , or septic arthritis , is also regarded as potentially resulting from CA - MRSA . If a physician suspects that an infection is the result of then a culture will be taken to obtain a definite identification ( a blood , urine or drainage sample may be taken depending on the type of infection ) . These cultures not only serve to make a definite diagnosis , but also to track individual strains of MRSA . For furuncles , abscesses and septic joints , the primary treatment option is incision and drainage by a physician . In controlled trials , this method has been shown to be 90 % effective in dealing with CA - MRSA infections . If the SSTI is progressing more rapidly , then a physician may choose to supplement the drainage of the wound with antimicrobial therapy ( antibiotics , etc . ) . Depending upon the rate of methicillin - resistance in the MRSA colony ( identified based on lab cultures ) a reasonable first - line antibiotic approach would include There are currently two main mechanisms that antibiotics are able to successfully inhibit growth . One mechanism is to prevent the cross - linking of the peptidoglycan layer . Vancomycin works by this mechanism Gram - positive bacteria . As outlined by the CDC , this drug has been deemed one of “ last resort ” based on its adverse effects on the kidneys and hearing . Though resistance has been low in response to vancomycin ( though it was originally discovered in 1958 ) some cases of vancomycin - intermediate S . aureus ( VISA ) and a handful of vancomycin - resistant ( VRSA ) have been noted . The use of avoparcin in agriculture is suspected to have contributed to the rise of resistance to this antibiotic . The other mechanism is the inhibition of bacterial transcription . Linezolid and the tetracylines bind and prevent the 30S ribosomal subunit from binding the 50S subunit and initiating transcription . Clindamycin preferentially binds the 50S subunit to illicit the same result . This prevents from synthesizing necessary proteins , which ultimately leads to cell death . Resistance to linezolid has remained extremely low ( < 0.5 % ) in the United States ( 9 ) . Rifampin inhibits DNA - dependent RNA polymerase in and also leads to cell death based on its failure to transcribe necessary proteins ( 10 ) . Mechanisms of Resistance MRSA has gained resistance to the β - lactam antibiotics by means of enzymatic inhibition as well as altering target enzymes . Some resistant strains of are able to synthesize an enzyme called β - lactamase , which binds to the β - lactam antibiotics and inactivate them . However , the clinical drug Augmentin is used to disable the β - lactamase enzyme and is often used in conjunction with the β - lactam antibiotics . Since β - lactams bind PBPs on the cell membrane of , the main strategy of resistance is to alter these proteins . Once the organism alters the PBPs , the β - lactam antibiotics have a significantly decreases affinity for the substrate ( PBPs ) . This is the main mechanism of resistance employed by the MRSA strains of ( 16 ) . As discussed previously , the gene conferring resistance to the β - lactam antibiotics is located on the mecA gene and is easily transferred among individuals by means of a plasmid vector . This gene encodes for PBPs with altered structure and decreases the β - lactam affinity for this substrate by the mechanism described above . Vancomycin - resistance has been traced to the presence of the vanA gene , which operates by the same mechanism to prevent vancomycin and other glycopeptides antibiotics from binding their substrate on the peptidoglycan of Methods of Prevention Frequent hand - washing with soap and / or alcohol - based hand rubs has shown to be an effective way to prevent the spread of CA - MRSA . Individuals should shower immediately after any athletic event and avoid sharing bar soap , razors or towels in the process . Uniforms and athletic clothing should be washed and thoroughly dried after each game or practice . Since cuts and abrasions are the most common mechanisms of infection among athletes , they should be covered with clean bandages during each athletic activity . Any items that are shared and contact Future Research Recent development of antibiotics to combat MRSA infections has slowed significantly in recent decades . This trend is largely due to the exorbitant cost associated with developing , testing , and marketing new treatments . There have been new developments from pharmaceutical industries that have produced new potential antibiotic treatments . Cerexa and Telavancin are two new antibiotics that are currently undergoing testing and evaluation by the Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) . Both of these antibiotic treatments are effective against MRSA in lab settings ; however , they use similar modes of action as prior treatments . Figure 6 a . Structure of platensimycin . b . In vivo studies on platensimycin . Dosing at 50 g h - 1 showed small decrease in viable cells from the infected kidney . However , a 104 – 105 fold decrease ( 4 and 5 log reduction ) were achieved with 100 and 150 g h - 1 , respectively . Dosing at 150 g h - 1 showed 40 % of the kidneys with no viable , whereas dosing at 100 g h - 1 showed 20 % of the kidneys without detectable viable . Error bars indicate s.d. observed with five infected mice . The results were confirmed by a repeat experiment . c . Whole - cell labelling assay16 with platensimycin . The assay was performed with a serial dilution of platensimycin , starting at 500 g ml - 1 . Platensimycin showed no significant inhibition against syntheses of DNA ( open circles ) , cell wall ( filled triangles ) , protein ( open squares ) and RNA ( open triangles ) but greatly inhibited phospholipid synthesis ( filled circles ) , providing an IC50 value of 0.1 g ml - 1 . Error bars indicate s.d. for three individual experiments . d . Direct binding assay results of [ 3H ] dihydroplatensimycin and E . coli FabF ( ecFabF ) in the presence and absence of n - dodecanoyl coenzyme A ( lauroyl - CoA ; C12 - CoA ) and the C163Q mutant protein . Error bars indicate s.d. observed with six replicate wells . Source : Wang , 2006 . Nature 446 . However , recent research has isolated the antibiotic platensimycin from soil samples in South America ( Figure 6a ) . This antibiotic is naturally produced by the organism Streptomyces platensis and has been shown to inhibit fatty acid synthesis in Gram - positive bacteria , most notably . Lab testing has shown that significant dosing can significantly decrease cells in infected tissue ( Figure 6b ) . Platensimycin selectively binds and inhibits β - ketoacyl - ( acyl - carrier - protein ( ACP ) ) synthase I / II ( FabF / B ) and effectively inhibits the biosynthesis pathway of fatty acids ( Figure 6c ) . Furthermore , because this antibiotic has a novel mode of action , it showed no cross - resistance to other resistant strains ( MRSA , VISA , VRSA ) in research settings . MRSA colonies in infected mice were eradicated with the treatment of platensimycin and this drug is by means of a delivery vector ( the most promising of which is named PTSA1 . 2 / A ) . Studies have shown that existing resistance had no effect on the delivery of this treatment and a greater than 3 log drop in colony counts occurred at 6 hours after treatment administration ( 13 ) . Conclusion infections represent a growing problem in today ' s society . The use of antibiotics , which lead to the subsequent antibiotic - resistance in the organism , has caused cases of infections to be increasingly difficult to treat . Rapid transmission of resistance genes on plasmid vectors has enabled resistance to common treatments to be widespread . Despite the fact that multiple classes of drugs have now become ineffective in treating MRSA , significant development of novel drugs is not occurring . New drugs that are being developed mostly rely on similar mechanisms as their predecessors , which can Though the prevalence of HA - MRSA is alarming , the rise of CA - MRSA in recent history is nearly as troublesome . Genetic elements allow CA - MRSA to rapidly spread and infect otherwise healthy individuals who have had no contact with any hospital setting . Simple cuts or abrasions are sufficient to acquire the disease , which is particularly alarming since millions of individuals suffer these risk - factors on a regular basis . Furthermore , knowledge regarding prevention is seriously lacking . This has led to poor prevention methods on sporting teams , in prisons and References 1 . Center for Disease Control Prevention of Methicillin - Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections . http : / / www . cdc . gov / ncidod / dhqp / ar_MRSA_AthletesFAQ . html # 5 2 . Chin J , editor . Control of Communicable Diseases Manual . 17th ed . Baltimore : United Book Press , Inc . ; 2000 . 3 . Enright , M . ; Robinson , D . ; Randall , G . Feil , E . ; Grundmann , H . ; Spratt , B . “ The evolutionary history of methicillin - resistant Staphylococcus aureus ( MRSA ) ” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . Volume 99 . Pg . 7686 - 7692 . 4 . Gantz , N . “ Methicillin - Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections Among Competitive Sports Participants - - - Colorado , Indiana , Pennsylvania , and Los Angeles County , 2000 — 2003 ” Center for Disease Control . Volume 52 . Pg . 793 - 795 . http : / / www . cdc . gov / mmwr / preview / mmwrhtml / mm5233a4 . htm 5 . Jennings , Barbara . “ Methicillin - Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ” Smith College Molecular Biology 360 . 6 . Kennedy , A . ; Otto , M . : Braughton , K . ; Whitney , A . ; Chen , L . : Mathena , B . ; Miediavella , J . ; Byrne , K . ; Parkins , L . ; Tenover , F . ; Kreiswerth , B . ; Musser , J . ; DeLeo , F . “ The evolutionary history of methicillin - resistant Staphylococcus aureus ( MRSA ) ” The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . Volume 105 . Pg . 1327 - 1332 . http : / / www . pnas . org / content / 105 / 4 / 1327 . full . pdf + html 7 . Matthews , K.R. ; Roberson , J . ; Gillespie , B.E. ; Luther , D.A. ; Oliver , S.P. “ Identification and Differentiation of Coagulase - Negative Staphylococcus aureus by Polymerase Chain Reaction ” The Journal of Food Protection , Volume 60 . June 1997 . Pg . 686 - 688 ( 3 ) http : / / www . ingentaconnect . com / content / iafp / jfp / 1997 / 00000060 / 00000006 / art00015 8 . Mitscher LA . Antibiotics and Antimicrobial Agents . Foye ' s Principles of Medicinal Chemistry . Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ; 2002 9 . Saager B , Rohde H , Timmerbeil BS , et al ( September 2008 ) . " Molecular characterisation of linezolid resistance in two vancomycin - resistant ( VanB ) Enterococcus faecium isolates using Pyrosequencing " . Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 27 ( 9 ) : 873 – 8 . doi : 10.1007 / s10096 - 008 - 0514 - 6 . PMID 18421487 . 10 . Sigma Aldrich . “ Antibiotic Mechanisms of Action . ” http : / / www . sigmaaldrich . com / life - science / biochemicals / antibiotic - explorer / Mechanism - of - Action . html 11 . Tolan , R . “ Staphylococcus Aureus Infection ” Infectious Disease . http : / / emedicine . medscape . com / article / 971358 - overview 12 . Turabelidze , G . ; Lin , M . ; Wolkoff , D . ; Dodson , D . ; Gladbach , S . ; Zhu , B . “ Personal Hygiene and Methicillin - Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Infection . ” Center for Disease Control . Volume 3 . http : / / www . cdc . gov / ncidod / eid / vol10no5 / 03 - 0604 . htm 13 . Wang , et . al . “ Platensimycin is a Selective FabF Inhibitor with Potent Antibiotic Properties ” Nature . Volume 441 . Pg . 358 - 361 . http : / / www . nature . com / nature / journal / v441 / n7091 / abs / nature04784 . html 14 . Whitt , Dixie D . ; Salyers , Abigail A . . " 14 " . Bacterial Pathogenesis : A Molecular Approach ( 2nd edition ed . ) . USA : ASM Press . ISBN 1 - 55581 - 171 - X . 15 . Zindermann , C . ; Conner , B . ; Malakooti , M . ; LaMar , J . ; Armstrong , A . ; Bonker , B . “ Community - Acquired Staphylococcus aureus Infections Among Military Recruits ” Center for Disease Control . Volume 5 . 16 . Zoidis , J . “ Mechanisms of Resistance , Emergent Strains , and Methods of Control . RT For Decision Makers in Respiratory Care . December 1998 . Edited by student of Joan Slonczewski for BIOL 238 Microbiology , 2009 , Kenyon College Category Curated Pages	[ "Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus", "bacterium" ]
http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Endomycorrhizal_fungi	Endomycorrhizal fungi navigation search Contents hide 1 Introduction 2 Arbuscular Mycorrhizae 3 Ericoid Mycorrhizae 4 Arbutoid Mycorrhizae 5 Monotropoid Mycorrhizae 6 Orchid Mycorrhizae 7 Function of Endomycorrhizal fungi 8 Conclusion 9 References Introduction Endomycorrhizal fungi ( more commonly referred to as endomycorrhizae ) is one of the major types of known mycorrhizae which differs from the another type of mycorrhizae , ectomycorrhizae , in structure . Unlike ectomycorrhizae which form a system of hyphae that grow around the cells of the root , the hyphae of the endomycorrhizae not only grow inside the root of the plant but penetrate the root cell walls and become enclosed in the cell membrane as well ( 1 ) . This makes for a more invasive symbiotic relationship between the fungi and the plant . The penetrating This image depicts the symbiotic relationship between an endomycorrhizal fungus in alfalfa root http : / / jpkc . sdau . edu . cn / zbgpp / vocabulary / endomycorrhiza . htm Arbuscular Mycorrhizae Endomycorrhizae have several functions , the major one being nutrient acquisition . Endomycorrhizae facilitate the exchange of nutrients between the host plant and the soil . Mycorrhizae aid in the uptake of water , inorganic phosphorus , mineral or organic nitrogen , and amino acids . In exchange for the mycorrhizae providing all of these nutrients , the plant in turn provides the mycorrhizae with carbon ( 1 ) . This relationship benefits both organisms immensely . The mycorrhizae greatly increase the surface area of the plant ’ s root system which is hugely beneficial in areas where drought is Ericoid Mycorrhizae Ericoid mycorrhizae are found in inhospitable environments , particularly acidic environments ( 5 ) . The fungi involved in this symbiotic relationship are Ascomycota . Despite the harsh conditions the mycorrhizae are still able to take up nitrogen and phosphorous for the host plant . The mycorrhizae also helps to regulate the acquisition of iron , manganese and aluminium ions which are often present in highly available forms in acidic soils ( 6 ) . Ericoid mycorrhizae differ not only in where they are found but also in structure . Instead of forming arbuscules the fungi forms hyphal coils in This image depicts the hyphal coils of an ericoid mycorrhizae http : / / mycorrhizas . info / ozplants / l - eric1 . jpg Arbutoid Mycorrhizae Arbutoid Mycorrhizae are found in the plant genera Arctostaphylos and Arbutus . The fungi that form arbutoid mycorrhizal relationships are basidiomycetes . Most fungal species that form ectomycorrhizal associations are also basidiomycetes . In arbutoid mycorrhizal associations a fungal sheath , or mantle covers the roots of the host plant , similar to the structure of ectomycorrhizal associations . The fungal hyphae also form a structure known as a Hartig Net into the outer cortical cells . Nutrients acquired from the soil pass through the mantle into the roots of the host plant . Because the sheath can also function Monotropoid Mycorrhizae Until recently monotropoid mycorrhizae were thought to be part of the arbutoid mycorrhizae group . While arbutoid mycorrhizal hyphae penetrate and from extensive structures within the cells of the host plant , monotropoid mycorrhizae do not penetrate the cell walls of the host plant . Monotropoid fungi produce no chlorophyll . Because of this they are unable to perform photosynthesis or produce their own carbohydrates . Due to their inability to perform either of these functions the monotropoid mycorrhizal fungi use their hyphae to acquire not only minerals and nutrients , but also to obtain carbon from their host plant Orchid Mycorrhizae At some point in their life cycle all orchids go through a period of time where they are not photosynthetic . During this time the orchid can not perform photosynthesis or manufacture its own carbohydrates so it must rely upon mycorrhizal fungi to provide it with nutrients . Generally orchids are not photosynthetic when the orchid is in the seedling stage of its life . During this time the orchid relies on the mycorrhizal fungi to provide the nutrients , particularly carbohydrates , needed for the growth of the seedling . In many cases orchid seeds will not begin to Function of Endomycorrhizal fungi Endomycorrhizae have several functions , the major one being nutrient acquisition . Endomycorrhizae facilitate the exchange of nutrients between the host plant and the soil . Mycorrhizae aid in the uptake of water , inorganic phosphorus , mineral or organic nitrogen , and amino acids . In exchange for the mycorrhizae providing all of these nutrients , the plant in turn provides the mycorrhizae with carbon . This relationship benefits both organisms immensely . The mycorrhizae greatly increase the surface area of the plant ’ s root system which is hugely beneficial in areas where drought is common . This Conclusion Endomycorrhizal fungi are an incredibly diverse group of organisms that are highly adapted their environments . They were probably crucial in the colonization of land by plants . They perform so many functions for their host plant and it is undebatable that the variety and success of vascular plants would be greatly diminished without mycorrhizal fungi . These symbiotic relationships have evolved over many millions of years into highly functioning associations that benefit both species . References ( 1 ) Bonfante , P . , and Genre , A . " Mechanisms underlying beneficial plant - fungus interactions in mycorrhizal symbiosis . " Nature Communications 48 ( 2010 ) . ( 2 ) [ Peterson , R . L . ; Massicotte , H . B . & Melville , L . H . ( 2004 ) . Mycorrhizas : anatomy and cell biology . National Research Council Research Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 660 - 19087 - 7 . ] ( 3 ) Brundrett , M . " MYCORRHIZAL ASSOCIATIONS : The Web Resource . " Mycorrhizal Associations : Arbuscular Mycorrhizas . N.p. , 2008 . ( 4 ) Davies , F . " Dr . Davies Research Page . " Dr . Davies Research Page . Texas A&M University , n.d . ( 5 ) [ Smith SE & Read DJ ( 2008 ) Mycorrhizal Symbiosis . Academic press , London . ] ( 6 ) Moore , D . " David Moore ' s World of Fungi : Where Mycology Starts . " Ericoid Mycorrhizas . David Moore , n.d. ( 2013 ) ( 7 ) Moore , D . " David Moore ' s World of Fungi : Where Mycology Starts . " Arbutoid Mycorrhizas . David Moore , ( 2013 ) ( 8 ) Moore , D . " David Moore ' s World of Fungi : Where Mycology Starts . " Monotropoid Mycorrhizas . David Moore , ( 2013 ) ( 9 ) Moore , D . " David Moore ' s World of Fungi : Where Mycology Starts . " Orchid Mycorrhizas . David Moore , ( 2013 ) Edited by Alexandra Schaal , student of Joan Slonczewski for BIOL 116 Information in Living Systems , 2013 , Kenyon College Category Pages edited by students of Joan Slonczewski at Kenyon College	[ "Endomycorrhizal fungi", "mycorrhizae" ]
http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Enterobacter_aerogenes	Enterobacter aerogenes navigation search This is a curated page . Report corrections to Microbewiki A Microbial Biorealm page on the genus Enterobacter aerogenes . From Dr . Kaiser Microbiology . Contents hide 1 Classification 1.1 Higher order taxa 1.2 Species 2 Description and significance 3 Genome structure 4 Cell structure and metabolism 5 Ecology 6 Pathology 7 Application to Biotechnology 8 Current Research 9 Other members of same genus 10 Energy Source 11 References Classification Higher order taxa Bacteria ; Proteobacteria ; Gammaproteobacteria ; Enterobacteriales ; Enterobacteriaceae ; Enterobacter Species Discussions on the true taxonomy of E . aerogenes presently exist due to the genomic distance between E . cloacae and Klebsiella . Research shows that E . aerogenes is more closely related to Klebsiella ( 47 - 64 % ) than E . cloacae ( 44 % ) . Description and significance The Enterobacteriaceae family includes genera of Escherichia , Shilgella , Salmonella , Enterobacter , Klebsiella , Serratia , Proteus , amongst others . The gram - negative bacteria resides in soil , water , dairy products and inhabits a natural flora in the gastrointestinal tract of animals as well as humans . The rod shaped Enterobacteriaceae exists in a variety of sizes ; are not spore forming ; are both motile ( with peritrichous flagella ) or nonmotile ; grow both aerobically and anaerobically ; are active biochemically ; ferment ( versus oxidize ) D - glucose as well as other sugars , often with gas production ; reduce nitrate to nitrite ; contain the enterobacter common antigen ; The genus Enterobacter is more specifically a nosocomial opportunistic pathogen and is sought out to be one of the many key causes for extraintestinal infections next to E . coli . Infections commonly attributed to are respiratory , gastrointesntinal , and urinary tract infections , specifically cystits , in addition to wound , bloodstream , and central nervous system infections ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) . Furthermore , E . cloacea and are the species most commonly associated with aduilt cases of meningitis . Colonies of Enterobacter strains may be slightly mucoid . In the clinical setting , Enterobacter cloacae are the most frequently isolated in samples of infected hospitalized patients . The majority of the infections are etiologically due to inadvertent transfer of bacteria during surgery or prolonged treatment in hospitals in patients who use venous or urethral catheters . Enterobacteriaceae may account for 80 % of clinically significant isolates of gram - negative bacilli and for 50 % of clinically significant bacteria in clinical microbiology laboratories . Additionally , they account for nearly 50 % of septicemia cases and more than 70 % of urinary and intestinal tract infections . The severity of these infections thus create an Genome structure are smaller , rod - shaped cells that are motile and encapsulated compared to others in the same family of Enterobacteriaceae . The complete genomic information ( 88 % is coded ) has not been entirely sequenced as of yet , however , there is some research that shows studies on mutations as well as show evidence of replication through plasmids . stain samples had no extrachromosomal elements ( 9 ) . Plasmid analysis remains as one of the most utilized laboratory techniques used , but PFGE , RAPD , ribotyping , enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus ( ERIC ) , PCR , and amplified fragment length polymorphism is also used . The replicon name is R751 . The bacteria consists of DNA and is circular . Its length is recorded as 53,435 basepairs long and contains no structural RNAs . The G + C content is 64 % and no psuedo genes are recorded for ( 9 ) . Cell structure and metabolism Enterbacter aerogenes is a gram - negative , rod shaped bacterium that contains flagella surrounding it ' s outer surface . as well as others in its genus are known to be resistant to antibiotics , especially . Research shows that two clinical strains of exhibited phenotypes of multiresistance to β - lactam antibiotics , fluoroquinolones , chloramphenicol , tetracycline , and kanamycin . Both strains showed a porin pattern different from that of a susceptible strain . They had a drastic reduction in the amount of the major porin but with an apparently conserved normal structure ( size and immunogenicity ) , together with overproduction of two known outer membrane proteins , OmpX and LamB ( 8 ) . Ecology are found in the soil , water , dairy products , and in the intestines of animals as well as humans . They are most frequently found in the gastrointestinal tract and are studied in clinical sites in stool samples . The minimum , optimum and maximum pH for replication is 4.4 , 6.0 - 7.0 , and 9.0 ( 6 ) . has been plated on several different medias and have been observed under several types of testing . The results are as follows - tested negative when treated with / for : Indol , Methyl red , Hydrogen sulfide ( by way of TSI ) , Urease , Arginine dihydrolase , Phenylalanine deaminase , and Dulcitol . tested positive when treated with / for : Voges - Proskauer , Simmons ' citrate , KCN , Motility , Lysine decarboxylase , Ornithine decarboxylase , Gas from glucose , Lactose , Sucrose , Manntiol , Salicin , Adonitol , Inositol , Sorbitol , Arabinose , Raffinose , and Rhamnose . Delayed positive results were obtained from : Gelatin ( 22 ° C ) and Malonate ( 11 ) . In other words , resembles but the leusine decarboxylase test is positive and gelatin liquification is late . is also , often times confused with Klebsiella aerogenes . However , is motile and urease negative while K . aerogenes is nonmotile and urease positive ( 5 ) . In actuality , research shows that " E . aerogenes is more related to Klebsiella aerogenes ( 47 - 64 % ) than it is to ( 44 % ) ( 9 ) . Different species of like are known to be found on a number of seeds and plants while E . sakazakii is commonly seen in infants who were given infant milk - based powder formulas ( 9 ) . Pathology causes disease in humans through inadvertent bacteria transfer in hospital settings . A selection of enteric bacteria like are opportunistic and only infect those who already have suppressed host immunity defenses . Infants , the elderly , and those who are in the terminal stages of other disease or are immunosuppressed are prime candidates for such infections ( 9 ) . Additionally , as well as other enteric bacteria , is known to have drug - resistant characteristics . There has been some success in dealing with infections through antibiotics , however , the fast development of multidrug resistence has become an increasingly growing problem ( 3 ) . These multiresistant strains have caused outbreaks in intensive care units ( ICUs ) in Belgium , France , Austria , and the United States and has further become more emergent than its sister species E . cloacaw ( 12 ) . Research has shown that is resistant to ampicillin and it has been more recently discovered that it is resistant to imipenem ( 11 ) . In general , the pathogenic mechanisms expressed by strains of are unknown . Like other strains such as , they express type 1 and type 3 fimbraie . Most strains also express an aerobactin - mediated iron uptake systems , commonly associated with extra - intestinal human bacterial pathogens . Some strains may produce a haemolysin resembling the α - haemolysin produced by strains of E . coli . Additionally , an outer membrane protein , OmpX , may be a pathogenic factor for strains . This particular protein appears to reduce the production of porins on the gram - negative bacteria , leading to decreased sensitivity to β - lactam antibiotics and therefore might play a role in cell invasion of the host ( 7 ) . species produce type 1 or type 3 mannose sensitive hemagglutinins ( MSHA ) and rarely produce mannnose - resistant hemagglutinins . The only exception being E . gergoviae . Additionally , production of a variety of siderophores by enterobacters is also commonly seen . generate the hydroxyamate siderophore aerobactin , which is commonly used with microbial species that cause invasion disease . Additionally , several toxins have been found to be produced by species . Usually these toxins are described to having single strains or are limited in the number of isolates ( 9 ) . Preventative measures can be taken to reduce infection of by monitoring careful , aseptic surgical techniques ( 3 ) . Catheters should be removed and venous needles and tubing should be taken out and put in new locations . Treatment for is difficult due to the highly resistant nature of the species . Enterobacter strains are resistant to penicillins and other cephalosporins because of the production of chromosomal beta - lactamase with cepholosprinase activity . Additionally , many are resistant to tetracycline , chloramphenicol and to streptomycin , as well as other aminoglycosides ( such as gentamicin and fluoroquinolones ) . Most strains may appear to be susceptible to cefotaxime on primary testing , however , they often possess an inducible chromosomal cephalosporinase , allowing for the rapid development of resistance during treatment or therapy ( 7 ) . Risk factors for nosocomial species like infections include hospitalization of greater than 2 weeks , invasive procedures in the past 72 hours , treatment with antibiotics in the past 30 days , and the presence of a central venous catheter . Specific risk factors for infection with nosocomial multidrug - resistant strains of species should be taken into account and include the recent use of broad - spectrum cephalosporins or aminoglycosides and ICU care ( 13 ) . In addition to the expanded spectrum of cephalosporins , was recently shown to develop resistance to carbapenems in a 39 - year - old Chinese male following a cadaveric liver transplant . The original infection was thought to be related to the immunosuppressive characteristics of chemotherapy that the man received for liver cancer , facilitating a shift of microorganisms from the intestinal tract into the blood and other parts of the body . Post operation but prior to carbapenem therapy , a carbapenem sensitive strain of was extracted from the bile , abdominal dopsy and blood . Despite carbapenem therapy , the patient developed multiple abcesses in the abdominal region , eventually leading to a second liver transplant two months later , at which time carbapenem resistant was isolated from the blood and abdominal fluid . The patient subsequently developed septic shock and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome resulting from the immune and systemic response to the resistant bacteria . ( 18 ) . Carbapenem resistance can emerge after 40 days of carbapenem resistance and its mechanism can be directly correlated with the loss of the OmpE36 gene along with the production of multiple beta - lactamases that confer its resistance to other broad spectrum antibiotics as well . Overall , these results are unfortunate as carbapenems are “ almost a last resort in end - stage infection . ” For such scenarios , propositions of using “ old ” drugs such as colistin have been made , despite their great nephro - and neurotoxicity ( 18 . ) Enterobacteriaceae aerogenes cause a variety of infections , often transmitted in the hospital setting . More importantly , Enterobacteriaceae aerogenes has shown to display multidrug resistance due largely to mutations that encode porins ( protein channels ) and membrane efflux pumps that pump out antibiotics before they can harm the organism . These have been shown to be non - specific which accounts for their multiple drug resistance . Structurally unrelated molecules such as B - lactam antibiotics , quinolones , tetracyclines , and chloramphenicol are all kept at bay . New drugs targeting this bacterium must focus on this Application to Biotechnology Studies show that has an increasing drug resistance rate . High levels of drug resistance in enterobacteria were found in accordance to aminoglycosides and broad - spectrum and fourth generation ceftazidime ( > 40 % ) and cefepime ( 15 % ) . stains showed production of extended - spectrum β - lactamases ( ESBLs ) . A resistance such as this one often arises de novo in patients receiving empiric therapy for systemic infections . These drug resistant enterobacters can later emerge to produce severe or fulminant illnesses in immunosuppressed patients ( 9 ) . Drug resistance such as these are common products of . Several drug therapies appear to be effective , however , after prolonged treatment , resistance arises and new drugs must be administered . The involved resistance mechanisms exhibited by strains of are associated with alterations of the outer membrane that cause a porin decrease and lipopolysaccharide modifications . As a result of its antibiotic resistance , many researchers have reverted back to " old drugs " such as colistin in addition to imipenem to treat severe infections . Current Research In a case study used to determine the cause of infections in the aorta , isolation of two strains : S . pneumoniae were discovered and extracted from a 72 year old male suffering from epigastric pain , fevers , and chills . The orgin of is unknown but is thought to be a result from and undiagnosed urinary tract infection or pneumonia . Research prior to this indicate that this case study is only the second report in the literature noting multiple organisms in infectious aortitis concerning S . pneumoniae . In addition to this , has only been reported as a cause of infectious aortitis in the setting of aortic grafts . This is the first time that Enterobacter has been reported in cryptogenic infectious aortitis . The study concluded that infections of the aorta are rare , are caused by various pathogens , and are difficult to diagnose . Symptoms that the patients may experience include fever and abdominal pain ( and a palpable , pulsatile abdominal mass if the aorta is aneurysmal ) . Blood cultures , if positive , can be helpful , as are CTA , and leukocyte scintigraphic imaging . The eefABC locus , which encodes a tripartite efflux pump , was cloned by complementation of an Escherichia coli tolC mutant . became less susceptible to a wide range of antibiotics . Data from eef : : lacZ fusions showed that eefABC was not transcribed in the various laboratory conditions tested , but instead increased transcription from Peef ( from an hns mutant ) . Additionally , EefA was detected in expressing a dominant negative E . coli hns allele . Research concluded that many H - NS target genes are involved in bacterial adaptation to stressful environmental conditions and virulence . The biological relevance of the eef operon silencing is still not known . However , like other commensal or pathogenic bacteria , has to undergo drastic changes in its gene expression profile in order to adapt to the host - associated conditions ( 15 ) . Other are being observed especially those concerning the species Enterobacter sakazakii which is an infant formula - borne pathogen that causes severe meningitis , meningoencephalitis , sepsis , and necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates and infants , creating a high fatality rate . The outer membrane protein A gene ( ompA ) and sequences from E . sakazakii ( ATCC 51329 ) , were cloned in the pGEM - T Easy vector and sequenced . A high degree of homology with ompA genes of other gram - negative bacteria belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae was discovered when the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences were compared to those in GenBank . The proteins were found to have an identity of 89 % and a sequence conservation of 94 % at the amino acid level . Similarly , the ompA gene of had sequence identities of 86 % and 88 % at the nucleic acid and amino acid levels . Additionally , with , 87 % and 90 % with serovar Typhimurium , and 85 % and 88 % with Shigella flexneri . A signal peptide cleavage site prediction analysis thus revealed a 21 - amino - acid N - terminal signal sequence similar to those found in E . coli , E . aerogenes , S . flexneri , and S . enterica serovar Typhi ( 16 ) . Recent research has been conducted in hopes to identify a correlation between presence of extended spectrum beta lactamase encoded plasmids ( “ ESBL ” ) and the drug resistance of different gram negative bacteria . Using six different species , including “ Enterobacter aerogenes ” , data was collected to try to assay the effect of ESBL . Of the six species studied , all of them except for one were positive for the ESBL plasmid . In turn , they displayed resistance to " gentamicin , amikacin , and ciproflaxin " as well as a resistance to beta lactam A recent case study investigated five isolates of E . aerogenes showing resistance to β - lactam and fluoroquinolones during therapy of a patient who underwent myocardial revascularization . The patient was administered broad - spectrum antibiotics including imipenem and polymyxin , consequently giving rise to imipenem and polymyxin - resistant mutants of E . aerogenes due to modifications in porin synthesis and LPS balance . Five isolates of these resistant strains termed A , B , C , D , and E were compared using PFGE ( Pulse - Field Gel Electrophoresis ) to parental strand ATCC13048 . A Other members of same genus We found an interesting article on the bacteria Enterobacter cloacae . This article talks about Enterobacter cloacae and how it is resistant to third generation cephalosporins . Cephalosporins are under the class of B - Lactam antibiotics and these type of antibiotics work by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis . B - Lactams covalently binds to and inactivates transpeptidase enzymes ( which are responsible for cross - linking the amino acid that form the peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall ) . Since the the transpeptidase enzyme is now inactivated by the antibiotic , and the cell wall can no Energy Source One of the bi - products of fermentation is hydrogen gas . The ability of to produce hydrogen through the fermentation of a variety of sugars , including glucose , galactose , fructose , mannose , mannitol , sucrose , maltose , and lactose , has led scientists to investigate the use of this bacteria ’ s metabolism as a means of acquiring clean energy . Many bacteria can produce hydrogen through fermentation at a neutral pH , and is no exception . Its optimal pH for hydrogen production is between 6 and 7 . However , maintaining that high of a pH is difficult during fermentation because the process yields acidic products such as acetic acid , succinic acid , and lactic acid , and the accumulation of those products causes a decrease in pH . Typically , bacteria cease fermentation and thus cease the production of hydrogen at such low pH levels . However , one strain of , HO - 39 , has the ability to continue fermentation at pH levels as low as 4 . This quality makes strain HO - 39 desirable as an energy source because it will continue energy production without much regulation of the bacterial environment . When bacterial fermentation is inhibited at low pH levels , alkali must continually be added to the bacterial culture in order to counteract the low pH that is caused by the accumulation of the organic acids . Alkali is expensive and , consequently , is uneconomical for the harnessing of energy . Using an aciduric will reduce the amount of alkali that is necessary to maintain hydrogen production . Thus , this bacterium could be used as a cost - effective , clean energy source ( 17 ) . References 1 . Brooks , Geo F . , MD ; Karen C . Carrol , MD ; Janet S . Butel , PhD ; Stephen A . Morse , PhD . Jawetz , melnick , & Adelberg ’ s Medical Microbiology . 24th ed . New York : McGraw Hill , 2007 . 2 . Lederberg , Joshua ; Martin Alexander [ et al . ] . Encyclopedia of Microbiology . 2nd ed . San Diego , Ca . : Academic Press , 2000 3 . Sankaran , Neeraja . Microbes and People an A - Z of Microorganisms in Our Lives . Phoenix , Az . : Oryx Press , 2000 4 . National Center for Biotechnology Information site : http : / / www . ncbi . nlm . nih . gov / sites / entrez ? Db = genome&Cmd = ShowDetailView&TermToSearch = 11232 5 . Collins , C.G. ; P.M. Lune , J.M. Grange , J.O Falkinham III . Microbiological Methods . 8th ed . London : Arnold , 2004 6 . Atlas , Ronald M . ; Richard Bartha . Microbial Ecology Fundamentals and Applications . 4th ed . Menlo Park , Ca . : Bemjammin / Cummings Publishing Company , Inc . , 1998 7 . Greenwood , David ; Richard C.B. Slack ; John F . Peuthere . Medical Microbiology , a Guide to Microbial Infections : Pathogens , Immunity , Laboratory Diagnosis and Control . Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone , 2002 8 . National Center for Biotechnology Information site : http : / / www . pubmedcentral . nih . gov / articlerender . fcgi ? tool = pmcentrez&artid = 153306 9 . Janda , J . Michael ; Sharon L . Abbott . The Enterobacteria 2nd ed . Washington D.C. : ASM press , 2006 10 . National Center for Biotechnology Information site : http : / / www . ncbi . nlm . nih . gov / sites / entrez ? Db = genome&Cmd = ShowDetailView&TermToSearch = 11232 11 . Bailey , W.R. and E.G. Scott . Diagnostic Microbiology , 4th ed . St . Louis , Mo . : The C.V. Mosby Co . , 1974 12 . De Gheldre , Y . [ et al . ] . National Epidemiologic Surveys of Enterobacter aerogenes in Belgian Hospitals from 1996 to 1998 . J Clin Microbiol . 2001 March 39 ( 3 ) : 889 – 896 13 . Fraser , Susan L . MD , [ et al . ] . Enterobacter Infections . eMedicine . 2007 Jan . 14 . Rhondina , Matthew T . [ et al . ] . Abdominal Aortitis due to Streptococcus pneumoniae and Enterobacter aerogenes A Case Report and Review . J Gen Intern Med . 2006 July ; 21 ( 7 ) : C1 – C3 . 15 . Masi , Muriel , [ et al . ] . The eefABC Multidrug Efflux Pump Operon Is Repressed by H - NS in Enterobacter aerogenes . J Bacteriol . 2005 June ; 187 ( 11 ) : 3894 – 3897 . 16 . Kumar Mohan Nair , Monoj [ et al . ] . Cloning and Sequencing of the ompA Gene of Enterobacter sakazakii and Development of an ompA - Targeted PCR for Rapid Detection of Enterobacter sakazakii in Infant Formula . Appl Environ Microbiol . 2006 April ; 72 ( 4 ) : 2539 – 2546 . 17 . Yokoi , Haruhiko , et al . “ Characteristics of Hydrogen Production by Aciduric Enterobacter aerogenes Strain HO - 39 . ” Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering Vol . 80 No . 6 ( 1995 ) : 571 - 574 . Print . 18 . Chen , Hao , Ying Zhang , Ya - Gang Chen , Yun - Song Yu , and Shu - Sen Zheng . " Sepsis resulting from Enterobacter aerogenes resistant to carbapenems after liver transplantation . " Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases International 8.3 ( 2009 ) : 320 - 322 . Web . 23 Apr 2010 . < www . hbpdint . com / pdfdown . asp ? id = 1243 > . 19 . Thiolas , Aurélie , Claude Bollet , [ et al . ] Successive Emergence of Strains Resistant to Imipenem and Colistin in a Patient . Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy , 2005 April ; 49 ( 4 ) : 1354 - 1358 . 20 . Sharma J , Ray P , Sharma M . Plasmid profile of ESBL producing Gram - negative bacteria and correlation with susceptibility to β - lactam drugs . Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2010 ; 53 : 83 - 6 21 . A H Seeberg , R M Tolxdorff - Neutzling , and B Wiedemann Chromosomal beta - lactamases of Enterobacter cloacae are responsible for resistance to third - generation cephalosporins . Antimicrob . Agents Chemother . , Jun 1983 ; 23 : 918 - 925 . 22 . Thiolas , Aurélie , Claude Bollet , [ et al . ] Successive Emergence of Enterobacter aerogenes Strains Resistant to Imipenem and Colistin in a Patient . Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy , 2005 April ; 49 ( 4 ) : 1354 - 1358 . 23 . Chevalier , J . , Bredin , J . , Mahamoud , A . , Mallea , M . , Barbe , J . , & Pages , J . ” Inhibitors of Antibiotic Efflux in Resistant Enterobacter aerogenes and Klebsiella pneumoniae Strains ” Antimicrobial Agents And Chemotherapy , 2004 . Volume 48 , Issue 3 . p . 1043 - 1046 . Parts of this page were created by Tiffany M . Liu , a student of Professor Rachel Larsen at the University of California , San Diego . Edited by Paul Erpelo / Salvatore Grasso / Everardo Mojica / Joseph Truong and Frank Wolf / Kimberly Klages and Sandra Montes / Daisy Mendez students of M Glogowski at Loyola University Categories Curated Pages Pages edited by students of Mary Glogowski at Loyola University	[ "Enterobacter aerogenes", "Microbial Biorealm", "Ecology" ]
http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Erwinia_amylovora	Erwinia amylovora navigation search This student page has not been curated . A Microbial Biorealm page on the genus Erwinia amylovora Contents hide 1 Classification 1.1 Higher order taxa 1.2 Genus species 1.3 Common Name 1.4 Description and significance 1.5 Genome structure 1.6 Cell structure and metabolism 1.7 Ecology 1.8 Pathology 1.9 Antibiotic Resistance 1.10 References Classification Higher order taxa Bacteria ; Proteobacteria ; Gammaproteobacteria ; Enterobacteriales ; Enterobacteriaceae ; Erwinia Genus species Common Name Fire Blight Description and significance is a gram negative , facultative anaerobic , rod shaped bacteria . This bacterium is motile by peritrichous flagella at 37 ° C ; it is not motile at 28 ° C . It is negative for the Voges - Proskauer test and positive for gelatin hydrolysis and it releases gas when it undergoes glucose fermentation ( 1 ) . Fire blight , a disease that affects and can cause extensive damage to apple and pear trees , is caused . It received its name from the appearance of the infected leaves and branches , which often appears blackened as if scorched by fire ( 4 ) . It can destroy apple and pear blossoms , shoots , limbs , and even whole trees ( 2 ) . It can also affect other plants in sub - family Pomoideae of the family Rosaceae3 . It is native to North America but spread to northern Europe in the 1950s and 1960s . It has continued to spread throughout the eastern Mediterranean since the 1980s and throughout Europe ( 3 ) . Genome structure Cell structure and metabolism Ecology Pathology is a casual pathogen that causes the contagious disease fireblight . Fireblight mainly affects pears , apples , and ornamental plants of the Roseaceae family . Infections typically begin in spring due to optimal moisture and temperature conditions . The first sign of infection is a blossom with a water - soaked appearance . If the infection is not controlled and the infection progresses the blossoms , shoots and branches will wilt , ooze , and die . can survive over winter in cankers and become an active infection again in spring . The affected areas of the plants appear shriveled and blackened as if they were scorched by fire ; hence the term “ fireblight . ” A primary infection occurs when the bacterium enters the plant via open stomata . Consequently , necrotic lesions and bacteria - laden exudate engulf the plant . The death of the plant often occurs once the roots have been invaded . Streptomycin antibiotic sprays have been shown to prevent the spread of infection . Other techniques , such as pruning — the removal of infected areas — have also proved to be an adequate measure is found mostly in the Northern Hemisphere in places like North America , Canada , Europe , but also in New Zealand . can cause severe outbreaks leading to loss of flower and subsequently , loss of fruit . This bacterium more harshly affects young trees . The two main agents used as antimicrobial agents against are copper and streptomycin . However , strains of Erwinia amylovora resistant to streptomycin have been reported in various geographic areas . Methods of prevention include but are not limited to controlling how lush the trees are especially during youth , sterilizing pruning equipment , and removal of formed cankers . Erwinia amylovora is profoundly challenging to control . The normal manner used to treat infected plants is to destroy the entire crop , which is very costly , or to spray with antibiotics ; however , this is no longer legal in most of Europe due to the increase in antibiotic resistance displayed by bacteria repeatedly exposed to antibiotics . It has been questioned whether E . amylovora uses quorum sensing to regulate the virulence of its phenotype ( 7 ) . Many Gram negative cells use small N - acyl - homoserine lactone ( AHL ) molecules to trigger quorum sensing activity , and it has been demonstrated that E . amylovora does indeed use quorum sensing ( 7 ) . This aspect of E . amylovora has not been discovered earlier because it takes much longer than usual for the bacteria to begin synthesizing AHL ( 7 ) . Evidence for this is that the supernatant of high density , older cultures of E . amylovora stimulates quorum sensing responses in younger E . amylovora cultures and a standard autoinducer biosensor Vibrio harveyi , suggesting that E . amylovora uses the same AHL mechanism to trigger quorum sensing as the standard does ( 7 ) . The resultant traits , the production of two extracellular polysaccharides , amylovoran and levan ( detected by measuring levansucrase ) , and the cell ’ s increased tolerance of oxidative stress may be measured ( 7 ) . Additionally , there are genes present in the genome of E . amylovora ( involved with AHL ) homologous to those in other organisms that use quorum sensing ( 7 ) . Finally , comparing the degree of virulence in a wild type strain versus a strain of the bacteria transformed with a gene that destroys AHL , the mutant strain whose AHL is immediately destroyed shows significantly less severe symptoms as compared to the wild type ( 7 ) . As possible future treatment of the disease , E . amylovora could be combated by either creating transgenic crops containing the gene for the protein which degrades AHL , or by exposing the crops to large amounts of bacteria which naturally produce this protein ( 7 ) . Antibiotic Resistance The recent increase in drug resistance for , specifically streptomycin , is a danger for many of the pear orchards in the western United States . Streptomycin is a drug commonly used in the prevention of growth of E . amylovora , or fire blight . The increased fear of the newly streptomycin resistant fire blight is that pear orchards that have little to no exposure to the antibiotic are showing streptomycin resistant strains ( 6 ) . In a prolonged absence of streptomycin , E . amylovora has not shown a decrease in resistance ( 6 ) . furthermore does not show a significant difference in mutation rate in accordance with a high or low exposure to streptomycin . . Previous studies have indicated that the streptomycin resistance in is caused by a chromosomal mutation ( 6 ) . Many new antibiotics have been used to treat fire blight with positive results and showing little to no resistance . Further studies will need to be conducted in the resistance to other antibiotics against References 1 . J . G . Holt et . al . Bergey ’ s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology . 2 . Wilcox , Wayne . “ Fire Blight ” http : / / www . nysaes . cornell . edu / pp / extension / tfabp / firepm . shtml 3 . EPPO . “ Data Sheets on Quarantine Pests : Erwinia amylovora ” http : / / www . eppo . org / QUARANTINE / bacteria / Erwinia_amylovora / ERWIAM_ds . pdf 4 . “ Fire Blight ” http : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / Erwinia_amylovora 5 . Percy , H . " HortFACT - Fire blight ( Erwinia amylovora ) in apples and pears - An Introduction to the Disease . " 22 Apr . 2009 < http : / / www . hortnet . co . nz / publications / hortfacts / hf205017 . htm > . 6 . Schroth , M . N . , Segun V . Thomson , and W . J . Moller . " Streptomycin Resistance in Erwiniaamylovora . " Ecology and Epidemiology 69.6 ( 1979 ) : 565 - 68 . Web . < http : / / www . apsnet . org / phyto / PDFS / 1979 / Phyto69n06_565 . pdf > . Created by students of M Glogowski , Jonathan Everson , Erin Koller , Adam Kennedy , Amanda Bowler , Jennifer Cox , John Cealey and Billy Zhao 7 . Molina , L . , Rezzonico , F . , Défago , G . , and Duffy , B . “ Autoinduction in Erwinia amylovora : Evidence of an Acyl - Homoserine Lactone Signal in the Fire Blight Pathogen ” Journal of Bacteriology , May 2005 . Vol . 187 . p . 3206 - 3213 , Categories Uncurated Pages Pages edited by students of Mary Glogowski at Loyola University	[ "Erwinia amylovora", "gram negative", "casual pathogen" ]
http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Role_of_microorganisms_in_Sewage_Treatment	Role of microorganisms in Sewage Treatment navigation search This student page has not been curated . By : Shi - Chun ( Timothy ) Jou Contents hide 1 Introduction 2 physical environment 2.1 Sewage composition 2.2 Oxygen level 2.3 pH 2.4 Temperature 2.5 Nutrients availability 3 Microbial processes 3.1 Aerobic 3.2 Anaerobic 4 Key microorganisms 4.1 Microorganisms with aerobic microbial process 4.2 Microorganism with anaerobic microbial process 5 Current Research 6 References Introduction Figure1 : general scheme of sewage treatment which shows the flow from primary treatment to tertiary treatment , and solid sludge digestion is also shown . Sewage treatment is a process in which the pollutants are removed . The ultimate goal of sewage treatment is to produce an effluent that will not impact the environment [ 1 ] . In the absence of sewage treatment , the results can be devastating as sewage can disrupt the environment . The general processes of sewage treatment are primary , secondary and tertiary treatment . Primary treatment involves physical separation of sewage into solids and liquid by using a settling basin . The liquid sewage is then transferred to secondary treatment which focuses on removing the dissolved biological compound by the use of micro - organisms . The micro - organisms usually use aerobic metabolism to degrade the biological matter in the liquid sludge . Then tertiary treatment is required to disinfect the sewage so that it can be released into the environment . The solid sewage separated from primary treatment [ 2 ] physical environment Figure 2 : sewage composition in a urbanized city [ 17 The environment of the sewage treatment plant has to be controlled precisely because bacteria are sensitive to the oxygen level , pH level , temperature , and level of nutrient . In order for efficient degradation of biological matter to occur , these factors are controlled manually . Sewage composition Sewage is composed of organic matter such as carbohydrates , fats , oil , grease and proteins mainly from domestic waste . It also contains dissolved inorganic matter such as nitrogen species and phosphorous species mainly from agricultural use [ 3 ] . It is essential to remove the nutrients before they are released to the environment because it interferes natural habitats by altering the chemical composition such as pH or oxygen level both directly and indirectly . Oxygen level Oxygen level is an important factor to secondary and tertiary treatment processes . Secondary treatment , oxygen is required as a terminal electron acceptor in organic matter degradation . For example , nitrification by Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter species requires dissolved oxygen to occur [ 4 ] . Oxygen in secondary treatment is provided manually by pumping oxygen into the sewage continuously which occurs in an aeration tank [ 5 ] . In tertiary treatment , the removal of excess organic matter is enhanced by settling the sewage in a lagoon . This process is also aerobic , but it depends on the diffusion of oxygen because most organic matter has been degraded by secondary treatment [ 5 ] pH Acidity plays a crucial role in the breakdown of organic matter because pH affects the solubility of compounds which indirectly affect the accessibility by bacteria [ 8 ] . Also , bacteria responsible for organic matter degradation are sensitive to the pH of the environment . Extremely high or low pH levels are able to kill bacteria , deposition of organic matter occurs due to lack of degradation [ 6 ] . Hence , the pH of sewage treatment is controlled to be around 7 . A nitrifier in secondary treatment , Nitrosomnas requires a pH between 6 ~ 9 in order to be viable [ 7 ] Temperature The effect of temperature is influential for secondary treatment , but it is not important in primary treatment . Bacterial growth is sensitive to temperature because high temperature can increase the fluidity of the phospholipid bilayer which leads to cell lysis . However , bacteria are known to have higher enzymatic activity at higher temperature because of increased thermal energy . For example , when thermophilic sludge treatment is compared to mesophilic treatment , the sludge biodegradability is higher with thermophilic degradation [ 9 ] . Hence the temperature has to be controlled precisely to maximize the efficiency of degradation but also allow the cell to remain viable . Nutrients availability There are a lot of nutrients available in the sewage because of human waste and agricultural runoff [ 3 ] . Bacteria can harvest the electron from organic matter and transfer it to a terminal electron acceptor which results in the break down of organic matter and energy conservation [ 10 ] Microbial processes There are several microbial processes , and the microbial processes can be catergorized into aerobic and anaerobic . Aerobic After primary treatment , liquid and solid phases are physically separated . The liquid phase is treated with aeration to allow aerobic degradation of the nutrients . The two important microbial processes at this stage are nitrification and phosphorous removal . Nitrification occurs in two discrete steps . First of all , ammonium is oxidized to nitrite by Nitrosomonas . spp , and nitrite is further oxidized to nitrate by Nitrobacter . spp [ 4 ] . Phosphorous removal can occur biologically by the process of “ enhanced biological phosphorous removal . ” The process is demonstrated by the cell taking up phosphorous within their cell , and the biomass is filtered [ 11 ] Anaerobic In the liquid component of sewage , denitrifying bacteria reduce nitrate into dinitrogen gas which liberates nitrate from the sewage [ 13 ] . The solid component of the sewage separated in primary treatment is fermented by bacteria anaerobically [ 12 ] Key microorganisms Microorganiasms can also be categorized by its metabolism . Microorganisms with aerobic microbial process Members of the Nitrosomonas genus is a gram negative bacterium responsible for the first stage of nitrification in sewage . They oxidize ammonium into nitrite . This bacterium prefers a pH around 6 - 9 and nitrify optimally at 20 - 30 ° C Members of the Nitrobacter genus is a gram negative bacterium responsible for the second stage of nitrification in the sewage . It oxidizes nitrite to nitrate using oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor . The bacteria has an optimum pH of 6 ~ 8 , and an optimum temperature of 0 ~ 40 ° C Microorganism with anaerobic microbial process Members of Pseudomonas genus is a gram negative denitrifying bacteria that use the chemical energy in organic matter to reduce nitrate into dinitrogen gas [ 14 ] . Also , members of the bacteroidetes phylum are the gram negative bacteria responsible for the anaerobic fermentation of the solid sludge [ 12 ] Current Research Figure 3 : A general scheme of the function of microbial fuel cell A research has shown the correlation between nutrient removal efficiency , light wavelength and light intensity . Xu et al . discovered that red and high intensity light maximizes the nutrient removal efficiency [ 15 ] . Also , the use of pre - treated sludge is found to generate electricity in a microbial fuel cell [ 16 ] . This can potentially lead to production of renewable energy . References ( 1 ) Zhao , H . , Duan , X . , Stewart , B . , You , B . , Jiang , X . , “ Spatial correlations between urbanization and river water pollution in the heavily polluted area of Taihu Lake Basin , China . ” Journal of Geographical Sciences , 2013 , 23 ( 4 ) : 735 - 752 . ( 2 ) Canler , J.P. , Perret , J . M . , “ Biological aerated filters : assessment of the process based on 12 sewage treatment plants . ” Water Science and Technology , 2011 , 29 : 13 - 22 . ( 3 ) Painter , H . A . , and Viney , M . , “ Composition of a domestic sewage . ” Biotechnol . 1959 , 1 : 143 – 162 . DOI : 10.1002 / jbmte . 390010203 ( 4 ) Wagner , M . “ in situ analysis of nitrifying bacteria in sewage treatment plants . ” Water science and technology , 1996 , 1 : 237 - 244 . ( 5 ) E . Hurwitz . And Wm . A . Dundas . , “ Wet oxidation of Sewage Sludge . ” Water Pollution Control Federation , 1960 , 32 ( 9 ) : 918 - 929 . ( 6 ) Haandel , A . C . , Lettinga , G . “ Anaerobic sewage treatment : a practical guide for regions with a hot climate . ” Bioenger , 1994 , 1 : 174 - 180 . ( 7 ) Etinger - Tulczynska , R . “ A comparative study of nitrification in soils from arid and semi - arid areas of Israel . ” Journal of Soil Science , 1969 , DOI : 10.1111 / j . 1365 - 2389 . 1969 . tb01579 . x . ( 8 ) Vieno , NM , Tuhkanen , T , Kronberg , L . “ Analysis of neutral and basic pharmaceuticals in sewage treatment plants and in recipient rivers using solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry detection . ” Journal of Chromatography . 2006 , 1134 : 101 - 111 , DOI : 10.1016 / j . chroma . 2006 . 08 . 08 . 077 . ( 9 ) Meabe , E . , Déléris , S . , Soroa , S . , and Sancho , L . , “ Performance of anaerobic membrane bioreactor for sewage sludge treatment : Mesophilic and thermophilic processes . ” J . Membr . Sci . , 2013 , 446 : 26 - 33 , DOI : 10.1016 / s . memsci . 2013 . 06 . 018 . ( 10 ) Renuka , N . , “ Nutrient sequestration , Biomass production by microalgae and phytoremediation of sewage water . ” International Journal of Sewage Water , 2013 , 8 : 789 - 800 . ( 11 ) Zou , H . , “ Investigation of Denitrifying Phosphorus Removal Organisms in a Two - Sludge Denitrifying Phosphorus Removal Process . ” Asian Journal of Chemistry , 2013 , 12 : 6826 - 6830 . ( 12 ) Hernon , F . , Forbes , C . , and Colleran , E . , “ Identification of mesophilic and thermophilic fermentative species in anaerobic granular sludge . ” Water Sci Technol , 2006 , 54 ( 2 ) : 19 - 24 . ( 13 ) Chen , K . , and Lin , Y . , “ The relationship between denitrifying bacteria and methanogenic bacteria in a mixed culture system of acclimated sludges . ” Walter Res , 1993 , 27 : 1749 - 1759 , DOI : 10.1016 / 0043 - 1354 ( 93 ) 90113 - V . ( 14 ) Salla , AK . , Abu - Alteen , KH . , and Jafri , Am . , “ Enumeration of Pseudomonas species and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteriophages in domestic sewage . ” Micriobios , 1989 , 60 ( 242 ) : 35 - 43 . ( 15 ) Xu , C . , Cheng , P . , Yan , C . , Pei , H . , and Hu , W . , “ The effect of varying LED light sources and influent carbon / nitrogen ratios on treatment of synthetic sanitary sewage using Chlorella vulgaris . ” World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology , 2013 , 29 ( 7 ) : 1289 - 1300 . ( 16 ) Mohd Yusoff , MZ . , Hu , A . , Feng , C . , Maeda , T . , Shirai , Y . , Hassan , MA . , Yu , C . , “ Influence of pretreated activated sludge for electricity generation in microbial fuel cell application . ” Bioresour Technol , 2013 , 145 : 90 - 96 , DOI : 10.1016 / j . biortech . 2013 . 03 . 003 . ( 17 ) Heukelekian , H . , and J . L . Balmat . " Chemical composition of the particulate fractions of domestic sewage . " Sewage and Industrial Wastes , 1959 , 31 : 413 - 423 . ( 18 ) Lovley , Derek R . " Microbial fuel cells : novel microbial physiologies and engineering approaches . " Current opinion in biotechnology , 2006 , 17 : 327 - 332 . Category Uncurated Pages	[ "Sewage treatment", "microorganism", "anaerobic degradation" ]
http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Staphylococcus_aureus	Staphylococcus aureus navigation search This is a curated page . Report corrections to Microbewiki A Microbial Biorealm page on the genus Staphylococcus aureus Contents hide 1 Classification 1.1 Higher order taxa 1.2 Species 2 Description and significance 3 Genome structure 4 Cell structure and metabolism 5 Ecology 6 Pathology 7 Current Research 8 References Classification Higher order taxa Domain : Bacteria Kingdom : Bacteria Phylum : Firmicutes Class : Cocci Order : Bacillales Family : Staphylococcaceae Genus : Staphylococcus Species : Species NCBI : Taxonomy Description and significance Staphylococci are spherical gram - positive bacteria , which are immobile and form grape - like clusters . They form bunches because they divide in two planes as opposed to their close relatives streptococci which form chains because they divide only in one plane . Colonies formed by S . aureus are yellow ( thus the name aureus , Latin for gold ) and grow large on a rich medium . and their genus Staphylococci are facultative anaerobes which means they grow by aerobic respiration or fermentation that produces lactic acid . As a pathogen , it is important to understand the virulence mechanisms of S . aureus especially the Methicillin - resistant ( MRSA ) in order to successfully combat the pathogen . The increasing population of " super germs " and antibiotic resistant pathogens have increased pressure on researchers to find alternative , more effective ways of fighting these " super germs . " DNA sequencing of this microbe has already isolated the source code of its ' resistance to antibiotics , and further research will more than likely lead us to the path of our next artillery against this and many other pathogens . Genome structure The genome , which is the most common species among the Staphylococcus genome projects , is the most completed genome sequence compared to any other microbial species . The original genome map of was based on the strain NCTC 8325 , initiated by Peter A . Pattee and colleagues . By 2000 , the entire genome of strain 8325 had been sequenced and annotated . Since then , at least six other ‘ ‘ S . aureus ’ ’ strains have been completed ( COL , N315 , Mu50 , MW2 , MRSA252 , MSSA476 ) . The strain NCTC 8325 complete circular genome map shows ~ 2,900 open reading frames , 61 tRNA genes , 3 structural RNAs , and 5 complete ribosomal RNA operons . This strain has about 33 % G + C content and an average gene length of 824 nucleotides with 85 % coding sequence , similar to other strains . Half the coding sequence is located predominantly on one replichore and the second half is located predominantly on the other replichore . Virulence factors are encoded by phages , plasmids , pathogenicity islands and staphylococcus cassette chromosome . Increased resistance for antibiotics is encoded by a transposon ( Tn 1546 ) that was inserted into a conjugated plasmid that also encoded resistance to other things including disinfectants . MRSA ( Methicillin - Resistant ) , which is resistant to the antibiotic methicillin , expresses a modified penicillin - binding protein encoded by mecA gene . This was brought about by many evolutions thought horizontal gene transfer of mecA to a wide variety of methicillin susceptible strains . The genes for antibiotic resistance in are located on plasmids or other similar structures . Diversification within the population is achieved through a combination of mutation , recombination and horizontal gene transfer . Evolution of this bacterium can occur through asymptomatic colonization and / or during the course of the caused disease . Cell structure and metabolism is a gram - positive bacteria , which means that the cell wall of this bacteria consists of a very thick peptidoglycan layer . They form spherical colonies in clusters in 2 planes and have no flagella . Secretions are numerous , but include surface associated adhesins , exoenzymes , and capsular polysaccharides . The capsule is responsible for enhanced virulence of a mucoid strain . The central routes of glucose metabolism are the Embden - Meyerhof - Parnas ( EMP ) pathway and the pentose phosphate cycle . Lactate is the end product of anaerobic glucose metabolism and acetate and CO2 are the products of aerobic growth conditions . can uptake a variety of nutrients including glucose , mannose , mannitol , glucosamine , N - acetylglucosamine , sucrose , lactose , galactose and beta - glucosides . Ecology is among the most common hospital acquired pathogens . It is a normal inhabitant of the skin and mucous membranes in the nose of a healthy human . is infectious to both animals and humans and may only survive on dry skin . It can be spread through contaminated surfaces , through the air and through people . Approximately 30 % of the normal healthy population is affected by as it asymptomatically colonizes on the skin of human hosts . Though some host colonization can be benign , a puncture or break in the skin can prompt this bacterium to enter a wound and cause infections . The best preventive measure is simply regular hand washing ( preferably without antibacterial soaps or hand sanitizers , but that ’ s another story ) and daily bathing . Pathology is the most common cause of staph infections and is responsible for various diseases including : mild skin infections ( impetigo , folliculitis , etc . ) , invasive diseases ( wound infections , osteomyelitis , bacteremia with metastatic complications , etc . ) , and toxin mediated diseases ( food poisoning , toxic shock syndrome or TSS , scaled skin syndrome , etc . ) . Infections are preceded by colonization . Common superficial infections include carbuncles , impetigo , cellulitis , folliculitis . Community - acquired infections include bacteremia , endocarditis , osteomylitis , pneumonia and wound infections also causes economically important mastitis in cows , sheep and goats . In the late 1970 ' s an epidemic of toxic shock syndrome ( TSS T - 1 ) was brought about by a change in host environment . The environment change was encouraged by a creation of modern technology otherwise known as the super - absorbent tampon . This new modern convenience product that had swept the nation ' s females actually created a new nutrient - rich surface area for many bacteria to thrive off of , being a major resident . However , TSS from tampons can be easily avoided by correctly using tampons ( read instructions and warning labels listed with tampon products ) . MRSA : The first serious emergence of antibiotic resistance staph occurred with a specific strain we refer to as Methicillin - Resistant , abbreviated as MRSA . This strain expressed a modified penicillin - binding protein encoded by mecA gene and is present in 4 forms of Staph . Cassette Chromosome . The MRSA , resistant to the antibiotic methicillin , was eventually isolated . Consequently , vancomycin ( the most powerful antibiotic in our arsenal ) became the primary antibiotic used to combat staphylococcus infection . In 1997 a strain of resistant to vancomycin was isolated , and people are once again exposed to the threat of untreatable staphylococcus infection . MRSA strains are currently a very significant health care problem . The sequencing of the genome will hopefully provide insight into how the organism generates such a variety of toxins , and aid researchers in developing ways of combating the versatile bacterium . Current Research Most of the current research on this bacterium involves the proteomics of and MRSA . Staph ’ s resistance to antibiotics has become an increasing problem for today ’ s society and more research is needed to find our next “ super drug ” . There is research focusing on the stress and starvation proteins to predict the physiological state of a cell population ( 7 ) so that we may better understand and find another tactic to combat this bacterium . Another research based on the proteomics is objectively building a protein expression index for various strains and performing comparative analysis of the various strains under different growth conditions ( 8 ) . Methods of achieving this research hold high hopes for development of new techniques . There is also research being done to investigate hospital acquired MRSA , the link between virulence features of , and whether the isolates are from the environment or from patients ( 9 ) . References V . Chan , P . Sherman , B . Bourke . , Bacterial genomes and infectious diseases ( Totowa , N.J. : Humana Press , c2006 ) . Gillaspy , Worrell , Orvis , et al in Gram - positive Pathogens ( eds Fischetti , V . , Novick , R . , Ferretti , J . , Portnoy , D . & Rood , J . ) 381 - 410 ( ASM Press , Washington , D.C , 2006 ) . R . Bruckner , R . Rosenstein in Gram - positive Pathogens ( eds Fischetti , V . , Novick , R . , Ferretti , J . , Portnoy , D . & Rood , J . ) 427 - 451 ( ASM Press , Washington , D.C , 2006 ) . R . Novick in Gram - positive Pathogens ( eds Fischetti , V . , Novick , R . , Ferretti , J . , Portnoy , D . & Rood , J . ) 496 - 510 ( ASM Press , Washington , D.C , 2006 http : / / tigr . org http : / / www . ncbi . nlm . nih . gov Kuroda , M . et al . 2001 . Whole genome sequencing of methicillin - resistant . The Lancet , 357 : 1225 - 1240 Skarr EP , Humayun M , Bae T , et al . 2004 . Iron - source preference of Staphylococcus aureus infections . Science , 305 ( 5690 ) : 1626 - 8 http : / / www . kidshealth . org / parent / infections / bacterial_viral / staphylococcus . html [ Sample reference ] Takai , K . , Sugai , A . , Itoh , T . , and Horikoshi , K . " Palaeococcus ferrophilus gen . nov . , sp . nov . , a barophilic , hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep - sea hydrothermal vent chimney " . International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology . 2000 . Volume 50 . p . 489 - 500 . Edited by student of Rachel Larsen and Kit Pogliano KMG Category Curated Pages	[ "Staphylococcus aureus", "gram-positive bacteria", "immobile" ]
http://microeconomicinsights.org/benefits-corporate-tax-cuts-evidence-local-us-labour-markets/	Highrise Buildings at Daytime by Fancycrave used under CC BY 20 Desaturated with colour filter from original and cropped 2 November 2017 Labour Markets Public Finance Authors Juan Carlos Suárez Serrato Duke University Owen Zidar University of Chicago Booth School of Business Who benefits from corporate tax cuts Evidence from local US labour markets Taxing corporate profits is generally viewed by the public as a progressive and relatively harmless way to raise government revenue But economists have long argued that when firms face higher tax rates the owners are likely to respond by reducing investment lowering employment or simply relocating to lowertax locations As a result some of the burden of the corporate tax will be shifted onto workers in the form of lower wages consumers in the form of higher prices or others such as landowners How much of the burden is shifted away from the owners of firms will depend on features of the market such as how willing they are to move locations relative to workers Some economists argue that most of the burden falls on owners Gravelle 2013 and Clausing 2013 while others find that a substantial part is shifted onto workers see for example Arulampalam et al 2012 and Fuest et al forthcoming and is harmful to economic growth see for example Hines 2017 and OECD 2001 Understanding who bears the costs of corporate taxation is crucial to determine who will benefit from corporate tax cuts and whether they will exacerbate income inequality Our research reassesses this central question both theoretically and empirically We first develop a model showing that the answer can be determined empirically through careful identification of the effects of tax cuts on the local economy We then provide new empirical evidence documenting the effects of business tax changes in US states on the locations of workers and firms and on local wages and living costs Our analysis suggests that the largest beneficiaries from a tax cut would be the owners of firms 40 with landowners and workers splitting the remaining 60 of the economic gains This implies that cuts to corporate taxes are likely to increase inequality Cuts to corporate taxes are likely to increase inequality A key factor driving this result is that the owners of firms may be unwilling to leave high tax locations if there are especially profitable investment opportunities in those places A spatial equilibrium approach to corporate taxation The question of who bears the economic cost or incidence of corporate taxation goes back to the seminal model of Harberger 1962 The classic Harberger intuition is that the more that a factor of production such as workers or capital is able to shift to lowertax alternatives the less it will bear the economic incidence of taxation While Harbergers original analysis was for a closed economy and suggested that capital bears all of the corporate tax his logic has shaped how economists view corporate taxation in open economies If we think that land is immobile and that workers are relatively less mobile than the owners of capital then the burden of corporate taxation will fall on immobile land and relatively immobile workers and not on the mobile owners of capital But this conclusion depends crucially on the assumptions we make about the relative mobility of the factors of production Gravelle 2010 shows how conclusions from various studies hinge on their modelling assumptions while Fullerton and Metcalf 2002 note that few of the standard assumptions about tax incidence have been tested and confirmed Our research develops a new framework in which empirical estimates rather than assumptions determine factor mobility We build a model of the location decisions of workers and firms to analyse how corporate taxation will affect workers landowners and the owners of firms We start with a standard spatial equilibrium model in which workers live in the location that maximizes their utility when considering local wages living costs and amenities The idea is that as more workers move into a location house prices and wages will adjust until it no longer makes sense for people to move in Similarly we consider how changes in local productive amenities costs of production and business taxes affect the location decisions of firms Equilibrium in the labour market connects the choices of workers and firms Figure 1 shows how a local business tax cut affects workers and firms in our model Consider a location with L 0 workers employed at wage w 0 A cut in local business taxes means that more firms move to this location which shifts the demand for labour to the right and puts upward pressure on wages Wage increases are determined in the local labour market as workers move in house prices increase each establishment hires fewer workers and some marginal establishments leave Figure 1 How a local business tax cut affects workers and firms Firms move to this area until the lower tax rate is no longer justified by the combination of the locations productivity and the higher wage As wages increase workers relocate to this area until the increase in living costs and the local amenities no longer make this move desirable The change in wages the vertical distance between the two equilibria A and B will be determined by the shift in labour demand following the tax cut and the effective labour supply elasticity incorporating indirect housing market effects Key determinants of the location decisions of firms and workers A key determinant of how the location decisions of firms and workers interact is how important specific locations are for firms profits and workers wellbeing Formally our model assumes that workers have idiosyncratic tastes for each location and that there are locationspecific factors that make firms more productive and profitable in certain places For example technology firms may find Silicon Valley a more profitable place to be than other locations despite the fact that wages and taxes are high These locationspecific business opportunities limit the degree to which firms and workers are willing to move purely for tax reasons Indeed this feature explains why a state like California with a corporate tax rate of nearly 10 is home to more than one in nine establishments in the United States even though these firms would pay no corporate taxes in neighbouring Nevada Despite a corporate tax rate of nearly 10 California is home to more than one in nine US establishments Our model highlights the fact that the empirical effects of taxes on the location decisions of firms and workers as well as effects on wages and living costs determine the overall burdens of corporate taxation for workers landowners and the owners of firms The effects on workers welfare and landowners profits are relatively easy to measure by examining how wages and land rents change when taxes change But the gains for the owners of firms are harder to quantify because we do not observe profits at the establishment level One of the main insights of our study is that we can use the location decisions of firms to reveal information about the key determinants of firms profits and ultimately about the burden of corporate taxation We show that the increase in profits is related to changes in wages and the responsiveness of firms location decisions to taxes Intuitively if firms place themselves where their aftertax profits are highest then looking at the number of firms that move to a location when taxes are cut reveals a measure of the relative importance of locationspecific factors and ultimately how much profits must have changed to lead the firms to move We show that the change in wages is equal to the shift in labour demand divided by the difference in the slopes of the labour supply and demand curves We then show that the change in the number of firms is related to both the elasticity of labour demand and the increase in the number of firms We can decompose this expression and use empirical estimates of the effects of taxes on firm location employment and wages to determine how much the owners of firms benefit from a corporate tax cut New evidence of the impact of corporate tax changes Quantifying the incidence of the corporate tax requires credible estimates of the effects of taxes on the local economy and on the location decisions of firms and workers To get these estimates we analyse every change in state business taxes in the United States since 1980 Figure 2 plots our estimates of the effects of a tax change on firm location The figure shows that as the owners of firms keep a larger fraction of their profits through lower taxes the number of firms in a given area increases over the following ten years Importantly we also show that tax changes are not related to any trends in firm entry before the tax change something that would be a concern because it would suggest that changes in economic activity could be due to factors other than the tax changes Figure 2 Estimates of the effects of a tax change on firm location Lessons for tax policy The benefits of corporate tax cuts ultimately depend on how mobile firms and workers actually are We highlight that many factors besides the tax rate can be key in shaping mobility and in the case of state taxation these factors are important enough that the gains are shared between firms workers and landowners in roughly equal proportion Financing improvements in education and infrastructure might do more to attract businesses than corporate tax cuts There are a few lessons for tax policy from our analysis Our evidence suggests the possibility that financing improvements in education infrastructure and firm productivity might do more to attract businesses and increase growth than a reduction in the corporate tax rate But it is also important to recognise that the gains from increasing the attractiveness of a location via productivity enhancements rather than cuts to tax rates are likely to vary across locations and to be contextspecific Our work also highlights that many other policy parameters govern the tax base such as investment and loss provisions and these also affect the incidence of business taxes and firm location This column summarizes Who Benefits from State Corporate Tax Cuts A Local Labor Market Approach with Heterogeneous Firms by Juan Carlos Suárez Serrato Duke University and Owen Zidar University of Chicago Booth School of Business published in the American Economic Review in 2016 Further reading Arulampalam Wiji Michael P Devereux and Giorgia Maffini 2012 The Direct Incidence of Corporate Income Tax on Wages European Economic Review 566 103854 Clausing Kimberly 2013 Who Pays the Corporate Tax in a Global Economy National Tax Journal 661 15184 Fuest Clemens Andreas Peichl and Sebastian Siegloch Forthcoming Do Higher Corporate Taxes Reduce Wages Micro Evidence from Germany American Economic Review Fullerton Don and Gilbert E Metcalf 2002 Tax Incidence in Handbook of Public Economics Vol 4 edited by Alan J Auerbach and Martin Feldstein Elsevier Gravelle Jennifer C 2010 Corporate Tax Incidence Review of General Equilibrium Estimates and Analysis Congressional Budget Office Working Paper No 201003 Harberger Arnold 1962 The Incidence of the Corporation Tax Journal of Political Economy 703 21540 Hines James R 2017 Business Tax Burdens and Tax Reform Brookings Papers on Economic Activity OECD 2001 Tax and the Economy A Comparative Assessment of OECD Countries Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development Tax Policy Study No 6 Suárez Serrato Juan Carlos and Owen Zidar 2016 Who Benefits from State Corporate Tax Cuts A Local Labor Market Approach with Heterogeneous Firms American Economic Review 1069 25822624 Media Consultant Romesh Vaitilingam Post navigation Global sourcing in a multicountry world theory and evidence Where star scientists choose to locate the impact of US state taxes	[ "Taxing corporate profits", "government revenue", "US states" ]
http://microscope-microscope.org/basic/microscope-glossary.htm	Abbe Condenser : A specially designed lens that mounts under the stage and is usually movable in the vertical direction . It has an iris type aperture to control the diameter of the beam of light entering the lens system . By changing the size of the iris and moving the lens toward or away from the stage , the diameter and focal point of the cone of light that goes through the specimen can be controlled . Abbe condensers really become useful at magnifications above 400x . The condenser lens system should have a numerical aperture equal to or greater than the Achromatic Lenses : When light goes through a prism or lens , it is bent or refracted . Some colors refract more than others and as a result , will focus at different points , reducing resolution . To help correct this problem , achromatic lenses are used . These lenses are made of different types of glass with different indexes of refraction . The result is a better ( but not perfect ) alignment of some of the colors at the focal point , thereby giving you a clearer image . Arm : The part of the microscope that connects the tube to the base . When carrying a microscope , grab the arm with one hand and place your other hand under the base . Articulated Arm : A type of stand that holds a microscope body . The stand clamps to a table or has a heavy base and has a variety of motion in three dimensions . Base : The bottom support of the microscope ( see arm above ) . Binocular Head : A microscope head with two eyepiece lenses , one for each eye . Generally this term is used in describing a high power ( compound ) microscope . With a low power microscope we say " stereo " head because , unlike the compound microscope , the stereo has a separate objective lens for each eyepiece lens , producing two independent paths of light , one for each eye . In the compound microscope with a binocular head , there are two eyepiece lenses but still only one objective lens and you will not get stereo vision . Body : This term is used mostly with the low power stereo microscopes and it is the basic heart of the microscope without any type of stand ( base ) or illuminators . It usually includes the eyepiece and objective lenses but not the focusing block . C - Mount : This is an adapter used with various types of microscope video or digital cameras . C - mount adapters have a standard 1 " thread size . C - Mount cameras will match up with this same thread size . So the microscope camera will thread onto the microscope c - mount adapter , which sits in the trinocular port of the microscope . It is important to note that c - mount adapters are typically specific to the brand and type of microscope - they should not be mixed and matched . For example you would not use a Coarse Focus : This is the rough ( and basic ) focus knob on the microscope . You use it to move the objective lenses toward or away from the specimen ( see fine focus ) . Coaxial Focus : A focusing system that has both the coarse and fine focusing knobs mounted on the same axis . Usually the coarse knob is larger and on the outside and the fine knob is smaller and on the inside . On some coaxial systems , the fine adjustment is calibrated , allowing differential measurements to be recorded . Condenser Lens : A lens mounted in or below the stage whose purpose is to focus or condense the light onto the specimen . The higher power objective lenses have very tiny diameters and require concentrated light to work properly . By using a condenser lens you will increase the Illumination and resolution . Condenser lenses are not required on low power microscopes . Contrast Plate : A circular opaque plate placed on the stage of a low power microscope . One side is white , the other is black . It can be flipped around depending on the coloration of your specimen . Cover Slip : A very thin square piece of glass or plastic placed over the specimen on a microscope slide . When used with liquid samples , it flattens out the liquid and assists with single plane focusing . Diaphragm : Generally a five hole disc placed under the stage on a high power microscope . Each hole is of a different diameter . By turning it , you can vary the amount of light passing through the stage opening . This will help to properly illuminate the specimen and increase contrast and resolution . The diaphragm is most useful at the higher powers . DIN Optics : A German standard for the manufacturing of microscope lenses . DIN lenses are n ' t particularly better than non - DIN but they will be interchangeable from one DIN microscope to another . They are set to work with a 160mm tube length and have a uniform thread . Most quality microscopes use DIN optics . Diopter Adjustment : When you look through a microscope with two eyepiece lenses , you must be able to change the focus on one eyepiece to compensate for the difference in vision between your two eyes . The diopter adjustment does this . The way to correctly adjust this is to first close the eye over the eyepiece with the diopter adjustment and normally focus the microscope so that the open eye sees the image in focus . Next , switch eyes ( close the open eye , open the closed eye ) and without changing the main focus knobs , focus on Dual Head : A microscope ( usually high power ) with a single eyepiece lens coming out one side and an additional single eyepiece tube coming either off the top or from the opposite side . Dual heads are used so that a teacher can verify what a student is seeing or can be used for video or camera work . It is not recommended that two students do a lab sharing a single dual microscope as it will get to be uncomfortable for the student using the top eyepiece . A more advanced type of research microscope known as teaching microscope can Eyepiece Lens : The lens at the top of the microscope that you look into . They are usually 10x but also are available in 5x , 15x and 20x . Widefield lenses have a large diameter and show a wide area of the field of view . Fine Focus : This is the knob used to fine tune the focus on the specimen . It is also used to focus on various parts of the specimen . Generally one uses the coarse focus first to get close then moves to the fine focus knob for fine tuning . Field of View : Sometimes abbreviated " FOV " , it is the diameter of the circle of light that you see when looking into a microscope . As the power gets greater , the field of view gets smaller . You can measure this by placing a clear metric ruler on the stage and counting the millimeters from one side to the other . Typically you will see about 4.5mm at 40x , 1.8mm at 100x , 0.45mm at 400x and 0.18mm at 1000x . See micrometer . Fixed Arm : A type of stand used with low power microscopes . The arm and body are integral parts of the microscope and connected solidly to the base . Focus : A means of moving the specimen closer or further away from the objective lens to render a sharp image . On some microscopes , the stage moves and on others , the tube moves . Rack and pinion focusing is the most popular and durable type . Head : The upper part of the microscope that contains the eyepiece tube and prisms . A monocular head has one eyepiece , a binocular has two ( one for each eye ) , a dual head has two but they are not together , and a trinocular head has three , one which is generally used for a camera connection . Illuminator : A light source mounted under the stage . Four types of lights are commonly used : Tungsten , Fluorescent , Halogen , and LED . Tungsten is the least expensive and used to be the most common . The downside of a tungsten light is that it heats up and can harm living specimens . Fluorescent is bright , white and runs cool . Halogen is very bright and white but gives off heat like tungsten . LED has become a common microscope light because it is bright , white and provides cool illumination , so it will not harm Immersion Oil : A special oil used in microscopy with only the 100x objective lens ( usually at 1000x total power ) . A drop is placed upon the cover slip and the objective is lowered until it just touches the drop . Once brought into focus , the oil acts as a bridge between the glass slide and the glass in the lens . This concentrates the light path and increases the resolution of the image . Both Type A and Type B are commonly used in light microscopy and the only difference is the viscosity ( B is more viscous ) Inclination Joint : Where the arm connects to the base , there may be a pin . If so , you can place one hand on the base and with the other grab the arm and rotate it back . It will tilt your microscope back for more comfortable viewing . One drawback of tilting it back is that wet samples will run off the slide . Interpupillary Adjustment : When using a stereo or binocular microscope there must be an adjustment for the distance between the viewers eyes . A young child will have a small interpupiliary distance and an adult a larger one . The eyepiece lenses will spread apart or get closer together to fit each individual . This should be the first adjustment to make so that you are comfortably viewing the specimen with both eyes . Mechanical Stage : A mechanical way to move the slide around on your stage . It consists of a slide holder and two knobs . Turn one knob and the slide moves toward or away from you . Turn the other knob and the slide moves left and right . Since everything is upside down on a ( high power ) microscope it takes some getting used to but it is very convenient to have one especially when observing moving specimens like protozoans or other pond water critters . Microscopes either have the bolt on mechanical stage that can be added ( to Micrometer : Also called a micron it is the metric linear measurement used in microscopy . There are 1000 microns in a millimeter . If something is 1.8mm long then it can also be expressed as 1,800 microns ( or micrometers ) long . Mirror : Allows you to direct ambient light up through the hole in the stage and illuminate the specimen without electricity . Mirrors are not commonly sold on microscopes anymore . Monocular Head : A microscope head with a single eyepiece lens . Nosepiece : The part of the microscope that holds the objective lenses also called a revolving nosepiece or turret . Numerical Aperture ( N.A. ) This is a number that expresses the ability of a lens to resolve fine detail in an object being observed . It is derived by a complex mathematical formula and is related to the angular aperture of the lens and the index of refraction of the medium found between the lens and the specimen . To get the best possible image , you should have a condenser system that matches or exceeds the N.A. of the highest power objective lens on your microscope . ( Note , N.A. is only important with high power microscopes ) . Objective Lens : The lens closest to the object . In a stereo ( low power ) microscope there are objective pairs , one lens for each eyepiece lens . This gives the 3 - D effect . On a high power binocular model there is still only one objective lens so no stereo vision . Oil Immersion Lens : An objective lens ( usually 100x or greater ) designed to work with a drop of special oil placed between it and the slide . With oil , an increase in resolution will be noticed . Also , see " Immersion Oil " above . Parcentered : This is an alignment issue . When changing from one objective lens to another , the image of the object should stay centered . Test this by centering something in your field of view . Change to a higher power . Is it still centered ? Almost all microscopes are parcentered . Parfocal : This is a focus issue . When changing from one objective to another , the new image should be either in focus or close enough so that you can refocus with only minor adjustments . Most microscopes are parfocal . Pointer : When you look through the eyepiece lens , you may see a pointer . By turning the eyepiece , you can rotate the pointer around . Post Stand : A type of stand used with low power microscopes . It consists of a single post rising vertically from the base . The microscope body can rotate about the post and also be moved up and down on it . Rack and Pinion : The rack is a track with teeth and the pinion is a gear that rides on the teeth . By turning a knob , the pinion gear moves along the rack . These systems are used in focusing mechanisms , in Abbe condenser focusing systems , and on mechanical stages to move the slide around . Rack Stop ( or Safety Rack Stop ) : Usually set at the factory , the rack stop keeps you from cranking the objective lenses too far down into the slide and damaging something . If you are using a very thin slide , you may find that you ca n ' t get the high power objective lens close enough to the slide to focus . Here you can either adjust the rack stop or place a thin glass slide under your original slide , making it closer to the lens . Resolution : The ability of a lens system to show fine details of the object being observed . Reticle : A very tiny grid pattern inserted in an eyepiece lens . It is used to make actual measurements of the size of objects seen through the microscope . Revolving Nosepiece : See nosepiece . Ring Light : An independent light that usually connects to the microscope body and gives off a ring of light . Semi - Plan Lenses : Lenses are never perfect . If you were looking at something perfectly flat , you might find that much of the center part of your field of view is in focus but out on the edges it is fuzzy and a bit out of focus . Semi - plan lenses improve this deficiency by showing sharper images and less aberrations in the perimeter of the field of view . They are better than standard achromatic lenses but cost a bit more . Slide : A flat glass or plastic rectangular plate that the specimen is placed on . It may have a depression or well to hold a few drops of liquid . Slip Clutch : When students bring the focus all the way up or down and continue to try turning the knob , damage to the focusing system can occur if there was n ' t a slip clutch . It is a mechanical device that protects the gears of the microscope . Stage : The flat plate where the slides are placed for observation . Stage Clips : Clips on the stage used to hold the slide in place . Stage Plate : On a low power microscope , there is a frosted circular glass plate that fits in over the lower illuminator . This is called the stage plate . See also contrast plate . Stand : On a low power microscope , the type of connection between the microscope body and the base . There are three main types : the post , the fixed arm and the universal boom stand . Stereo : Related to microscopes , seeing with both eyes through separate eyepieces and objective lenses . With two objectives , the image looks 3 - D , we see it in " stereo " ! See also Binocular head . Student Proofed : We ' re always trying to outwit the students . Many of the classroom type microscopes have just about everything locked down . You need special tools to remove eyepiece lenses , objective lenses and they have all the safety devices like the rack stop . Not totally student proofed ( like drop proof ! ) but close . Sub - Stage : The area below the stage as in " sub stage illuminator " T - Mount : A type of adapter used to mate SLR cameras ( usually 35mm ) to microscopes . The lens of the camera is removed , and a t - mount is bayonette mounted to the body of the SLR camera and then connected to the additional camera adapter that works with the microscope . Tension Adjustment : This is an adjustment of the focusing mechanism that is made at the factory . It is set so that the instrument is easy to focus but also tight enough so that the stage does n ' t drift when you are not focusing . Stage drift is caused by the weight of the stage ( or tube ) automatically unfocusing the microscope . Trinocular Head : Available on both high and low power microscopes , trinocular heads have two eyepiece lenses ( one for each eye ) and a third port at the top for a camera . Some microscopes give you the option of sending all the light to the trinocular port , or perhaps half and half , or maybe 70 / 30 . On some stereo trinocular heads with dual power , the trinocular port transmits the image through the set of lenses not being used by the stereo eyepieces . Turret : See Nosepiece . Universal Stand : A long boom type arm used to support a ( low power ) microscope body . It has many adjustments allowing the microscope to be aligned in a wide variety of configurations . Generally one uses an external ( LED or fiber optic ) light source with a universal stand . Widefield Eyepiece Lenses : These are wide diameter glass eyepiece lenses . They offer the greatest field of view when looking at specimens . X : Times as in 200x or two hundred times magnification . The magnification of a microscope is determined by multiplying the power of the eyepiece lens by the power of the corresponding objective lens . If a stereo microscope was also using an auxiliary lens this would also be multiplied into the equation to find total magnification . XR : The X is times ( see above ) and the R stands for retractable . High power objective lenses have a spring loaded tip so if they hit the slide , they will retract , and telescope inward . This prevents damage to the lens or slide . For replacement microscope parts view the Suppliers page here	[ "Microscope Glossary", "vertical direction", "diameter" ]
http://microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artapr01/dileptus2.html	Last summer , I watched a Dileptus eat a Litonotus ( also a predatory ciliate ) and in the fall shared my experience in Micscape ( 1 ) . As long as that bloom of large ciliates ( 2 ) flourished in my jar of water , I was entranced . I saw one fat , lethargic , unmistakable Paradileptus robustus , its grotesque shape offset by its transparent clarity . And I saw many Cyclidium — small , filter - feeding ciliates one of which seemed invariably to be present whenever I was observing a larger , less common critter . The Cyclidium would remain motionless , then — zip ! — it would vanish and reappear in a new location . achieves this by bouncing or leaping with its stiffer cilia , rather like Halteria . It does n ' t usually swim . Mostly , it ' s impossible to be sure that the here is the same one that had been till a half - second before over there . They ' re very small — about 25µm long — and all of them look like this : While insisting on the truth of the preceding sentence , I admit that , using oil immersion and far more patience than I normally possess , I have also seen look like this : The little loop — where it looks as if two cilia are joined — is ' s undulating membrane . Its cytostome is near the midpoint of its body , and this membrane directs bacteria and other appropriately sized particles into it . The 100 × objective lets one see that the tiny , apparently motionless ciliate can and does create some impressive feeding vortices in the water around it . Yet my painstaking drawing of this 25 - µm - long critter lacks the anterior " cap " and single , 15 - µm - long - all - by - itself caudal cilium that Jahn gives it ( below ) in How to Know the Protozoa — for even with oil immersion and heroic patience I did n ' t see them on any of the three individuals I observed for my sketch . I did see longer , more active cilia up front , and between then and now — after I finished the drawing and learned to see better — I ' ve noticed the cap and caudal cilium on quite a few of the I ' ve encountered . Here is another representation , of a 27 - µm - long seen with my 40 × objective . I think it captures something essential , something that belongs to the organism itself and not just to the strange little onlooker I ' ve seen off to the side of larger , more interesting protists . Besides letting you see pretty well and hinting at the indeterminacy of what we see through our microscopes ( 3 ) , these illustrations do lead to the rest of this article , which climaxes with a sudden , unexpected , yet ( quite possibly because it was unexpected ) authentic view of what " the literature " on Dileptus did not prepare me for . Here ' s my second adventure with that rapacious carnivore . As usual , it seems , there ' s a big bubble in the center of my slide ; soon , a 600 - µm sets up between it and some algae to hunt . hunts by swinging its neck in long arcs . If the neck encounters prey , it sweeps it toward and into the cytostome that opens where the neck and the body join . Not encountering prey , the neck continues to sweep . . . A second appears and heads toward the bubble ; it rubs against the other , but neither responds to the contact . The second slithers past the first , gets closer to the bubble , and begins its hunting . They ' re quite a sight . Finding either one of these critters would constitute a definite Successful Day at the Microscope . Finding both was awesome . They ' re big — holding my slide to the window light later , I actually saw one of them waving its neck ! And having seen another capture and eat a 65 - µm Litonotus — having seen , not just known it was a " carnivore " and " ate other organisms " — charged my observing of these two predators with palpable tension ; for I knew that soon something violent , astonishing , and real was going to happen . All I needed to do was pay attention . Meanwhile , I could n ' t help wondering at the " companionship " here . Being in intermittent contact , these two were at least as " aware " of one another as my first had been of the it touched , killed , and ingested . How did these carnivores " know enough " not to try to eat each other ? Did each prove immune to the other ' s bio - weaponry ? Or did their chemo - receptors fail to identify another as prey ? ( 4 As the ' necks sweep up and down , they present almost an optical illusion . These illustrations show the necks between edge - on and full ( flat ) view . Really , however , their necks are nearly invisible edge - on ; they ' re ribbon - like , very thin , and with sometimes - visible , wavery edges . Paying extreme attention , one is rewarded by seeing the cilia , longer and finer than I show here , but only momentarily : the neck moves , one adjusts focus , and the cilia are gone . ' neck also contains myonemes , contractile fibers or threads or filaments that determine its thickness and length and shape . Spirostomum ' s myonemes are the world ' s fastest , Lacrymaria olor ' s are probably the stretchiest , and the one inside Vorticella ' s stalk may be the most familiar , but the myonemes in ' neck are impressive and , once identified , easy to observe . They ' re the striations in the first ' neck . Making these observations , I ' ve been noticing a swimming ( not hopping ) along the edge of the bubble . Either it ' s moving leisurely or I ' m watching in slow - motion , seeing the little ciliate move closer and closer to the large predators , move closer and closer to its death , I ' m pretty sure . Just when I ' d given up hope for it — reconciled to the violence about to happen and eager to witness it — I realized that the little had slipped between deadly swings of ' neck . It came even with ' body , and the neck never even touched it ! By some accident , the little critter had escaped . Then ' cytostome appears , black and just large enough . A sort of lip materializes in front of the Cyclidium , and the little swimmer is smoothly and swiftly sucked inside . It was n ' t even big enough to occasion much of a lump . The two continue their hunting . Another appears , having hopped in from somewhere . I ' ve had another Great Day at the Microscope , and I ' ve learned that can ingest its prey without any help at all from its long , strong , wonderful neck . Notes 1 " Dileptus at Dinnertime " appeared in Nov 2000 . 2 These bottom feeders came from a small , stream - fed , dammed pond , but they did n ' t appear until 2½ weeks after I brought them home in early August . I had taken about 3 oz ( total volume ) of soil — some damp , from about 4 " above the shoreline ; some wet , from where water met land ; and some from the bottom about 4 " into the pond — and made an infusion by wrapping the soil / mud in two tissues and suspending it so the tissues maintained contact with boiled well water . ( In 3 days migration from soil to water is noticeable . ) I threw out the mud after 5 days but kept the water , in which a 3 For a demonstration of " objective " indeterminacy , see Bill Ells ' s article , " Optical Illusions and the Microscope , " Dec 2000 . 4 ' hunting is complex . It injects its prey with toxicysts , from the vicinity of its mouth , which by paralyzing make the prey easier to ingest . ( When I watched kill and eat Litonotus , however , I saw die — its pellicle ruptured when ' neck touched it — a good 100 µm from ' mouth . ) The " companionship " I noticed between these two is more likely the result of chemo - receptivity : along with Amoeba proteus , Peranema , Didinium nasutum , and Lacrymaria olor , Dileptus anser has been shown to select its prey by means of chemical attractants and repellants ( Johanna Laybourn - Parry , A Functional Biology of Free - Living Protozoa , 1984 , pp . 41 , 54 ) . Rather undramatically , neither could recognize the other as a potential meal . Comments to the author Comments to the author sent via our contacts page quoting page url plus : ( ' rarbur ' , ' ' ) " > Rosemarie Arbur are welcomed . Microscopy UK Front Page Micscape Magazine Article Library © Microscopy UK or their contributors . Please report any Web problems or offer general comments to the Micscape Editor via the contact on current Micscape Index . Micscape is the on - line monthly magazine of the Microscopy UK web site at Microscopy - UK	[ "Dileptus", "Cyclidium", "Halteria" ]
http://microscopy.berkeley.edu/Resources/instruction/phase_contrast.html	Phase contrast microscopy imparts contrast to unstained biological material by transforming phase differences of light caused by differences in refractive index between cellular components into differences in amplitude of light , i.e. , light and dark areas , which can be observed . As light rays pass through areas within the tissue of different optical path ( refractive index and geometric path length ) they may be retarded in phase by up to 1 4 Ü but will remain unchanged in amplitude . Since the eye can not discern phase differences , a mechanism for transforming phase changes into amplitude changes is required . In the early 1950s Zernike 13 discovered the method by which phase differences can be transformed into amplitude differences . Zernike invented what is now known as positive or dark phase contrast . An alternate method , negative or bright phase contrast , was subsequently developed and has supplanted Zernike ’ s original approach . In positive phase contrast the object ( e.g. , cell component ) appears darker than the surrounding background . In negative phase contrast the object appears brighter than the background . 13 Frits Zernike ( 1888 – 1966 ) received a Nobel prize in 1953 for his discovery of phase contrast . Microscopy Phase annulus	[ "PHASE CONTRAST", "Plant Microtechnique", "Microscopy" ]

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.